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The war on terrorism
mister krabs
Russian commuter train blast kills 40
ROSTOV-ON-DON, Russia, Dec. 5 � A powerful bomb tore through a commuter train near Chechnya during morning rush hour Friday, killing 40 people and wounding scores of others in what authorities described as an act of terrorism.
http://www.msnbc.com/news/1001562.asp?0cv=CB10
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Frank Silbermann
Why are the newsmedia calling them "terrorists" instead of "militants"? Aren't they afraid of compromising their objectivity?
Jason Menard
Originally posted by Frank Silbermann:
Because they're terrorists. Calling them militants would be PC-speak to avoid calling them what they really are.
Vinod John
Actually they are terrorists because they targeted innocent civilian on a public area. Don't you call people who's what to achieve their goal by terrorize other as Terroist ?.
R K Singh
Militants dont blast public transport.
"Thanks to Indian media who has over the period of time swiped out intellectual taste from mass Indian population." - Chetan Parekh
Palestinian militants do.
Joe Pluta
That would make them terrorists.
Originally posted by R K Singh:
Connex do.
Originally posted by Joe King:
Blast it? I don't know about that. Mislay a train loaded with pasengers overnight? Yes.
[ December 08, 2003: Message edited by: Alfred Neumann ]
SCJP1.4, SCWCD
so do the Israel defence forces ??
AW "I" dont like the idea of creating a new country in the name of religion so IMO idea of creating Isreal itself was begining of problems.
The IDF has never attacked public transport. :roll:
Originally posted by Jason Menard:
Oh sorry, it just blast houses.
Yes, these houses are not public, but private properties.
AW Please forgive me as I told you that foundation of Israel is based on the philosphy which "I" dont approve.
Michael Ernest
High Plains Drifter
You think a bunch of boys got together around a beer keg and decided to make an Israel just to get a rise out of the rest of the world?
Make visible what, without you, might perhaps never have been seen.
- Robert Bresson
Actually it was the idea of killing Jews that was the beginning of the problem. The Jews tried to live peacefully in Palestine but massacres of Jews by Palestinians in the 1920's and 30's made the demand for a homeland hard to ignore.
R K Singh: "I" dont like the idea of creating a new country in the name of religion so IMO idea of creating Israel itself was begining of problems.
That still doesn't change what the Palestinians are.
Thomas Paul: "Actually it was the idea of killing Jews that was the beginning of the problem. The Jews tried to live peacefully in Palestine but massacres of Jews by Palestinians in the 1920's and 30's made the demand for a homeland hard to ignore."
Yeah, but the Jewish refugees were buying land from rich Arabs and Turkish absentee landlords that Arab nationalists had hoped to steal once the British were gone.
One could argue that the Palestinians had the same right to massacre unwelcome Jewish refugees as France shall have should they someday decide there are too many Arabs in France.
What is tragic for the Arabs is that not only could they have made a millionaire of every Palestinian with the money they've spent on trying to destroy Israel, but at any time they could have limited the borders of Israel for all time simply by making peace. Israel would have sold them technological know-how for far less money than Europe and America charges. (Heck, Israel _gave_ technical training to poor countries in the 1950s and early 60s just to have foreign friends. They would have done the same for the Arabs, just to get revenge on Europe for the Holocaust.)
The only reason America is a world power instead of Germany is that Germany decided they'd rather destroy themselves than to allow Jews to prosper in Germany. The same thing happened in Russia; people wouldn't accept free-market reforms until most of the Jews were gone, because they were afraid that Russian Jews might benefit. (France would have been the world "hyper-power" had they not proven themselves unworthy by the campaign against the innocent Captain Alfred Dreyfuss, and their policy of turning Jews over to the Gestapo.)
One day soon the world will move beyond oil, just as it has moved beyond wood and coal, and by then it will be too late for an Arab renaissance, Israel or no Israel.
What I know about Israel is following.
In late 1800s Zionist movement started to have a country for "Jews" [for no apparent reason*] and the land which was decided to capture was the one which was referenced in Bible. [why Country for jews is there, where it is today? Answer: because Bible says so. ]
Jews started moving to Palestine by buying lands [remember before late 1800, there were very few Jews in Palestine.] And then, in early 1900s, demanded a seperate country for them by dividing Palestine in the name of religion.
*And the reason they wanted a country for jews[in late 1800s] is that there was no country as Jew country.
This is what I know. Please correct me if I am wrong.
If Palestinians are attacking public transport, then it should not be done. It is wrong.
And if IDF is destroying houses of people OR whenever they feel they attack Palestine is also wrong.
The same 'right' which Germany exercised circa 1939-45, Frank?
This is such utter ballocks that it's hard to know where to start debunking it. The US was an economic juggernaught no later than 1880, long before 'Germany' decided anything about the fate of the Jews. The decisive political factor in the rise of the US to the top of the world power tables was the failure of the southern states to secede 1861-65. Germany certainly drove talented Jews out of Europe and liquidated far more, but most of them never made it to the US. It would be far more accurate to claim that the attitude of the Polish and Russian authorities caused the US to benefit in the relevant timeframe, because that is what caused the mass emigration of European Jews to the US between 1880 and 1920. The pre and post WWII emigration of the few remaining German, Austrian, and French Jews was minescule by comparison.
France's last chance to become a hyperpower certainly passed no later than Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812 or very possibly when they lost out to Britain in the 7 years war, losing their Indian colonies and Canada. Arguably the persecution of the Hugenots was the tipping point in terms of French political economics. It had nothing to do with l'affaire Dreyfus or collaboration with the Gestapo deplorable as both of those were.
Did they "capture" the land or did they "buy" it? You say both, yet these actions are very distinct and should be evaluated differently. If they bought the land and became the rightfull and legitimate owners of the bulk of the land, then whether the Bible or Herb tells them to form a separate nation, it does not seem such an outrageous thing to do. Under what conditions do you deem it acceptable to form a nation ??? Only by military conquest ???
"If" ???
Perhaps your newspapers somehow did not cover all the suicide bombers on Israli buses this year?
Perhaps you missed the deliberate attack on a schoolchidlren's bus killing many tiny girls this year also ???
I am no expert on the history of Israel and am open to hearing both sides, but the deliberate murder of children, and then the rejoicing in it, is something that leaves me with little sympathy for those who do not condemn it...
Originally posted by herb slocomb:
Did they "capture" the land or did they "buy" it?
If some Indians buy lot of plots in USA and then demand seperate nation and freedom from USA.
What will USA do ???
The whole Israel thing has got to be one of the biggest messes in human history. There's several thousand years worth of history that most people just cant get over, for a start. This, I think, means that most countries which try to help negotiate between the many sides just cant understand the level of disagreement between them.
There seem to be several other real big problems which are going to have to be solved at some point in the future:
* The wall. Perhaps a wall is the best option for now. It doesn't help encourage intercommunication, but something that stops bombers getting through could be a good thing. The trouble is the location of the wall. Building it through "Palestinian" territory is probably going to be a huge mistake. It makes Israel seem to be annexing land, which will only lead to more bombers having what they see as reasons for doing the things they do. The UN resolutions passed against it also reflect that fact that it is turning the opinion of many countries against Israel, something that terrorists could use to their own ends.
* The Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territory. In an ideal world, this would not matter, but anyone can see that this is only going to antagonise the Palestinians. Reducing the number of these that are built, or pulling them out of the area would give Israel real credibility at the peace table.
* The lack of co-ordination between the Palestinian groups. One of the main problems with the peace negotiations seems to be that the Palestinian terrorist movement is split into so many different groups. There was a similar problem in NI when the UK was negotiating with the IRA. Even though the IRA would agree to something, there were several splinter groups who didn't agree and carried on. Perhaps one of the lessons that Israel and the Palestinians can learn from NI is that both sides gained far more from peace then from violence. Also, Arafat and his government don't have control over all of Palestine, so any form of collective negotiation seems to be doomed. Perhaps a *properly* democratically elected government in Palestine may help this, rather than a pseudo-government under the control of Arafat.
* Oil. Although oil doesn't have much to do with the Israel issue, it keeps the world interested and involved in the affairs of the middle east. Even if the western countries don't have policies aimed at oil-grabbing, a lot of people think they do, and the west will most likely not be trusted because of it. With Israel closely allied with the country most closely accused (although I do not do so) of interests in oil, it will be always mistrusted by the oil producing middle east countries. One day the west will not need oil so much and the whole world will change. The invention of a cheap and easy to use/refill electric car will probably be the most world changing invention since electricity. When the west pulls out of the middle east, and the oil producing countries loose their income, all sorts of things could happen.
* Acceptance that neither side will get all of the territory - Israel cannot peacefully control the west bank forever, and neither will Israel be removed. Both sides have to accept that they cannot totally "win" and need to make a compromise.
* Finally, there is only one country that really wants to get its hands dirty in the middle east and that is the US. The trouble is that the US are probably the least suitable country to do so, being such strong allies of Israel. There is a bit of a conundrum - a negotiator needs a bit of "clout" and needs to be neutral. Most neutral countries (for example Japan is fairly neutral to the middle-east) don't have the clout to do it and although the US has, it is not neutral. Maybe the EU could have a role here, but they seem unwilling to do so. The US is in a difficult position that it is under pressure to help in the middle east, but also under pressure to back Israel all the way. The number of UN resolutions (not security council, the other one) which only the US backed Israel on goes to show that they are still strongly influenced by what Israel wants. Many arabic countries will look at these votes and stop trusting the US. If the US were to vote against Israel it'd probably have a lot of trouble at home, so not much luck for it there. I'd really like to see the EU step in here - it would reduce the pressure on the US, and improve the standing of the EU.
I am confused about the topic now, I thought we were talking about Israel?
Anyway, do you mean Native American Indians (who already have some degree of independence and exemptions from many laws/regulations and have local governments within the US) or are you talking about Indian Indians?
Maybe there is some difference as to whether a group has always lived in the land. Jews have lived in the land now known as Israel for thousands of years. More have returned to their ancestral lands recently and legally purchased land. It was my understanding that THEY did not unilaterly declare Israel a nation, it was done by UN.
So, in regards to the hypothetical question above, which probably pertains to Indian Indians, is much different in a number of respects to what actually happened in Israel :
1. Jews have for all practical purposes always lived in the land known as Israel. It is their native ancestral land.
2. They constituted a significant amount of the population, perhaps a majority, at the time of Israel's formation.
3. Israel was formed by sanction of UN (not known for its pro-Jewish activities/statements), not unilaterly declared by the Jews themselves.
[ December 09, 2003: Message edited by: herb slocomb ]
If? It's already happened Kemosabe. The US Supreme Court threw it out of court.
It's been happening on a local level though. Indian reservations are frequently not subject to stae or local taxes or jurisdiction. An Indian tribe buys land, joins it to their reservation and Voila it's off the local tax role! Another group of Indians set up a low-cost gas station on the reservation. Not having to pay state fuel taxes it's 10 cents lower than any other fuel station in the area. Puts other fuel stations out of business.
How do we deal with it, RK? Live with it for the most part.
Originally posted by Alfred Neumann:
I wish, they did not demand nation, a Hindu nation, because there is no Hindu nation in that 'continent'.[FYI: Nepal is the only Hindu nation.]
BTW why did they go to court these things are not demanded with in the framework of Law.
I wish the same thing could have been done in Palestine but it did not happen.
Live with it for the most part
Do they demand seperate nation, seperate currency, seperate defence force and seperate democratic govt. ??
By herb:
I thought we were talking about Israel???
I was trying to stimulate the situation or in simple English I was just giving example.
[ December 09, 2003: Message edited by: R K Singh ]
If? It's already happened Kemosabe.
What does Kemosabe mean?
Does it really mean stupid ??
Got it. If this is what you are saying.
I edited my response while you were posting.... :
So, in regards to the hypothetical question , which probably pertains to Indian Indians, is much different in a number of respects to what actually happened in Israel :
My favorite translation:
One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows the Lone Ranger looking in an Indian dictionary and discovering that kemosabe is "an Apache expression for a horse's rear end."
I think this will help you to understand the reality. [actually right now I am not getting the link which had unbiased history of Israel-Palestine conflict. That was just plain history with dates and names.]
AW most of the time I find different truths, basically from both sides and both will tell different story.
But till now I have not seen any document supporting your statement. The only document which supports your statement is "The Holy Bible", I think.
I would like to listen the other story too if you can provide me some good link.
But it is not relevant. The legitmacy of Israel does not, and cannot, in any conceviable way rest on what has happened in the US or what could happen in the US.
[QB][/QB]
Nah. There was an old radio show featuring The Lone Ranger and his Faithful Indian Companion, Tonto. Tonto called the Lone Ranger 'Kemosabe'.
While it may well mean 'horses-ass' in Apache I didn't mean it that way.
My favorite Lone Ranger joke concerns the time when he and Tonto were being circled by a large number of obviously hostile Indians. What do we do now, Tonto? asks the Lone Ranger. What do you mean 'we', White Man? replies Tonto.
Think about it. You may well find that joke applies to the current situation rather well.....
But it is not relevant.
How is it not relevant ??
OK, there is X community living in A country.
Now this X wants diferent country B by dividing A, as A has majority of Y community.
Sorry for taking names. Replace this X,Y and A,B with anything.
[QB]
The historical evidence that the Jews lived in the land now known as Isreal since ancient times is beyound dispute. Even the link you gave admits it but cleverly downplays it. Almost a thousand years ago Judea (wonder where that name comes from?) was a province of the Roman empire.
Faithful friend in this way
I hope I am getting it.
Aryans came from Europe in India almost 5/6000 yrs back. [as per one of the modern history theory, though it is debatable.]
Now we want Europe back
it is turning the opinion of many countries against Israel, something that terrorists could use to their own ends.
For the most part, the US is the only string supporter of Israel, and many countries have been turned against it long, long ago. Mostly due to the fact that it is a Jewish state.
The Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territory. In an ideal world, this would not matter, but anyone can see that this is only going to antagonise the Palestinians.
The Israelis have destroyed settlements in the past when their opponent had been shown willing to actually work for peace. Israeli settlements had been bulldozed when land was handed back to Egypt. I believe the military commander in charge of that operation was Ariel Sharon. The flip-side of the Israeli's giving up the settlements however, is the Palestinians giving up the totaly unrealistic demand for the right-of-return. As long as they insist on this, there will never be peace between Israel and the Palestinians.
Perhaps a *properly* democratically elected government in Palestine may help this, rather than a pseudo-government under the control of Arafat.
What do you mean by "properly" elected in this case? Arafat was elected by the Palestinians.
Maybe the EU could have a role here, but they seem unwilling to do so.
The EU is hardly regarded as neutral. They are extremely distrusted (rightfully so?) by the Israelis.
The number of UN resolutions (not security council, the other one) which only the US backed Israel on goes to show that they are still strongly influenced by what Israel wants.
That's quite a conclusion to draw. I haven't figured out why people keep thinking there is this Jewish conspiracy forcing the US to back Israel. We back them for several reasons, not because their is some small group of influential lobbyists dangling purse strings. We back them because they are a nation similar to us in values. We back them because they are the only democracy in the region. We back them out of kinship. The US has more Jews than does Israel, and many Israeli citizens hold dual-citizenship in the US. Most recently, we closely identify with their fight against terrorism, and just as importanly, the Palestinians continued support and use of terrorism alienates them from the average American.
It's not a conspiracy. Just because a majority of a group supports one side, particularly when a large portion of that majority have many historical reasons to be against a particular side of the conflict, does not mean that the minority is not in the right. If anything, it shows that some countries have no problem accepting terrorism as a weapon if they think the end results are justified.
I'd really like to see the EU step in here - it would reduce the pressure on the US, and improve the standing of the EU.
Again, when Israel has such a distrust for the EU and the UN, it's probably best if the relegate themselves to a supporting role. Both the Palestinians and Israel recognize who the only party who can effectively mediate is. We've demonstrated that we can effectively restrain Israel. The one step that is required, is for the Palestinians to give up terrorism. If the terrorist organizations (or as they often like to call themselves, "charities") were not receiving a steady supply of funding and support from other Arab countries and Europe, they might find it much more difficult to carry out their operations.
Makes no sense. The Aryans still reside in Europe.
So let us say, now there are no Aryans in Europe, then can Indians take Europe back
Since the last several thousand years at least, there have always been Jews in Israel. They fact that they have been there continuosly for that long time period is relevent.
I wanted to point out this, but some how got engaged in some foolish activity.
your hypos get more and more less relevant...
If the Ayans left for thousands of years, then did they not abandon their claims to the land?
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Human Clone and future
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Why do UK people see Bush as a bigger threat than Hussein ?
Teen acquited in DVD hacking
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text:
Designa-se por mercado todo o processo de interação humana de troca voluntária de bens e serviços. Estes não se configuram somente como espaços físicos onde agentes econômicos, vendedores e consumidores, se encontram para realizar operações de compra e venda através de uma unidade monetária: são o próprio processo que conduz a esse resultado, que pode ocorrer em qualquer lugar, físico ou virtual, e incidir sobre todo o tipo de bens ou serviços transacionáveis.

Segundo a teoria Liberal os mercados tendem a chegar ao equilíbrio baseada na lei da oferta e demanda, que defende que os preços serão condicionados a quantidade de pessoas que desejam o produto versus a quantidade desse produto em estoque.

Para a economia é possível separar os tipos de mercados de acordo com a mercadoria disponível: mercados genéricos e especializados, enquanto que no mercado genérico temos todos os tipos de mercadoria disponível, nos especializados temos apenas um produto especifico como opção para os clientes. Os mercados funcionam ao agrupar muitos vendedores interessados e facilitar que os compradores potenciais os encontrem. Uma economia que depende primariamente das interações entre compradores e vendedores para alocar recursos é conhecida como economia de mercado.[3][4]

Origem
Originalmente o termo mercado, do latim, era utilizado para designar o sítio onde compradores e vendedores se encontravam para trocar os seus bens.

Para o pensamento econômico os mercados seriam a coleção de compradores e vendedores que interagem, resultando na possibilidade de troca (Pindick e Rubinfield, 1995) e serviriam como forma de governar as transações econômicas que acontecem no seu meio, definidas pela lei da oferta e demanda.

Já para a visão jurídica, os mercados seriam apenas a forma achada pela sociedade para proporcionar as trocas de forma organizada.

Tais visões levam a um objetivo único dos mercados, já previsto pelo estudioso liberais da economia, o equilíbrio do mercado, pois neste cenário de mercado perfeito todos os compradores e vendedores teriam a mesma informação e seu funcionamento se daria apenas pela procura e pela oferta dos produtos.

Porém existe ainda uma outra forma de entender os mercados, por meio do estudo sociológico, que busca entender o comportamento da sociedade frente aos mercados e que vão criticar o cenário previsto de mercado perfeito. Para essa corrente o consumidor presumido pela teoria neoclássica, com informação completa para sua compra, não existe empiricamente. Segundo a autora Fernanda Wanderley, é possível separar esses estudos sociológicos da economia por parte da sociologia em quatro frentes:

 Enfoque estrutural: Que busca definir os intercâmbios financeiros dos mercados como sendo padrões de relações interpessoais concretas.
 Enfoque cultural: Busca analisar o papel que os significados coletivos podem ter na hora de se definirem as estratégias macroeconômicas a serem seguidas.
 Enfoque cognitivo: volta sua atenção as regularidades dos processos mentais que limitam o exercício da racionalização econômica, como por exemplo as preferências.
 Enfoque político: Segundo a autora esse método de estudo privilegia as lutas pelo poder entre instituições sociais e políticas, como o Estado e as classes sociais, e a forma como essa dualidade afeta os mercados.

Porém, mesmo com a existências destas diferentes abordagens, na hora de se analisar a economia não necessariamente o analista precisa optar por apenas uma, estes estudos podem ser vistos como complementares, a partir do ponto que buscam explicar diferentes tipos de comportamento da sociedade frente ao mercado e a economia. Como por exemplo a pesquisadora Nadya Guimarães, no ano de 2004 fez um estudo sobre o desemprego em duas metrópoles Tóquio e São Paulo, no qual é possível ver como a sociedade se comporta de forma diferente frente a esse fenômeno, no Japão as pessoas veem esse fato como um grande empecilho as carreiras que tem uma grande relevância na vida das pessoas, já no Brasil o desemprego é visto como algo mais natural que devido a cultura do país é algo comum a sociedade, mesmo o emprego não possui o mesmo valor se comparado ao que o povo Japonês dá.

Atualmente, com o avanço tecnológico, os mercados não necessitam de ser lugares físicos onde compradores e vendedores interagem (Internet).

A definição de mercado poderá ser entendida de duas formas distintas:

 Em sentido amplo: Conjunto de pessoas individuais ou coletivas capazes de influenciar as vendas de um determinado produto
 Em sentido restrito: Conjunto de dados sobre a importância e evolução das vendas de um produto.

Quando nos referimos ao mercado, em sentido amplo ou em sentido restrito, existem três classificações de mercado:

 Mercado real: Volume de vendas efetivo de um determinado produto ou número de consumidores que compram o produto (os consumidores do produto que a empresa fabrica).

        Quota de Mercado é o mesmo que Mercado real da Empresa.

 Mercado potencial: Estimativa do volume a atingir pelas vendas de um determinado produto ou conjunto de compradores que estão em condições de adquirir esse produto (os consumidores que adquirem o tipo de produto fabricado pela empresa e pela concorrência).
 Mercado total: Engloba o mercado potencial de um determinado produto e o mercado dos que não consomem esse produto (toda a população que tenha condições para vir a adquirir um bem ou serviço, mas sem a garantia de vir a adquiri-lo).

Factores de evolução dos mercados
Um mercado é um sistema que evolui no tempo, sob o efeito de variáveis cuja influência se verifica a curto/médio e a longo prazo. É importante identificar esses factores, os quais ajudarão a perceber o que de mais importante se vai passando no mercado e assim adoptar as estratégias e políticas mais indicadas.

Factores de evolução do mercado a curto/médio prazo
 Conjuntura econômica, política e social: as variações conjunturais do do sistema envolta do mercado se reflete no comportamento que este tem, pois impacta as condições de consumo e oferta de produtos, tanto por parte das pessoas quanto por parte das empresas.
 Variações sazonais: é do conhecimento comum que o consumo de muitos produtos varia ao longo do ano – a venda de chapéus-de-chuva aumenta no Inverno e o consumo de gelados sofre um acréscimo no Verão. Existe assim uma certa fragilidade destes mercados, pois um Verão pouco quente e chuvoso pode provocar uma quebra nas vendas de gelados, apenas recuperável num próximo Verão quente.

Factores de Evolução do mercado a  longo prazo
 Tempo: muitos mercados evoluem naturalmente ao longo do tempo à medida que o consumo de certos produtos se vai expandindo e entrando nos hábitos das pessoas. É o caso de muitos equipamentos domésticos, como as máquinas de lavar louça ou os microondas.
 Efeito de substituição de produtos: a substituição de muitos produtos por novos (com o desaparecimento ou não dos antigos) provoca alterações qualitativas e quantitativas nos mercados. Por exemplo, o desaparecimento dos candeeiros de petróleo deu lugar à criação de um espantoso mercado da iluminação eléctrica e o surgimento das máquinas de barbear permitiu, não só a criação desse mesmo mercado, mas também a expansão do próprio mercado concorrente – o das lâminas de barbear.
 A inovação tecnológica como geradora de novos mercados: actualmente, as empresas procuram na tecnologia grande fontes de inspiração para novos produtos e também para a criação de vantagens concorrenciais.
 Grau de concorrência: o aparecimento de novos concorrentes no mercado leva à dinâmica de desenvolvimento desses mercados
 Mercados condicionados: existem mercados que estão condicionados pelo desenvolvimento de outros e, consequentemente, e desenvolvimento deste irá levar ao desenvolvimento do outros. É o caso do mercado da TV por cabo, que está condicionada pelo mercado dos televisores, ou a Internet que está condicionada pelo mercado dos computadores.
 Envolventes política, económica, cultural, demográfica, tecnológica e social: de uma forma geral, os mercados são influenciados pelas condições gerais envolventes.
Estes factores de evolução podem ser objecto de algum controlo e influência por parte dos agentes econômicos, pois nunca podemos esquecer que as empresas são forças activas e actuantes.

Sociologia do Mercado
Nesse contexto, convém destacar a abordagem que a sociologia do mercado retrata acerca das origens e do funcionamento do mercado. O ramo não é unívoco em seu entendimento, porém eles se completam na intenção de explicar uma realidade que não encontra paralelo na literatura econômica tradicional.

Com base nos estudos de Neil Fligstein e Luke Dauter, a sociologia é essencial para apresentar uma visão mais completa dos mercados, com o apoio de uma estruturação social , já que as relações sociais são essenciais para o mercado, na medida em que o retira do campo das ideias e o encontra no cotidiano.

As três grandes correntes sociológicas nos estudos dos mercados são: a teoria das redes, que parte de um pressuposto de construção social do mercado a partir dos laços tradicionais de sua estrutura social; a teoria institucionalista, que parte do pressuposto que a cognição e a ação servem como base para o mercado, a partir de mecanismos de poder, normalmente político, e pelas normas; e, por fim, a teoria da performidade, que acredita que a formação dos mercados tem base na aplicação por indivíduos dos processos técnicos que escolherem mais adequados, com base em sua realidade cultural e cognitiva.

Em última análise, apesar de serem estudadas de forma separada, essas teorias convergem nos mercados tradicionais, sendo frequentemente adotadas em conjunto pelos agentes econômicos.

Classificação dos mercados
Existem dois tipos de mercado:
 Mercado formal
 Mercado informal

O funcionamento de um sistema de mercado se fundamenta em um conjunto de regras, onde se compram e vendem bens e serviços e também fatores de produção.

A quantidade demandada por um bem não depende unicamente do preço do bem em consideração, mas de diversos outros fatores, como, por exemplo, preferências do consumidor, preço de outros bens que possam vir a ser substitutos, renda disponível, etc.

A quantidade ofertada de um bem também depende de vários factores, tais como tecnologia disponível, preço dos fatores de produção, subsídios, impostos, preço do próprio bem, etc.

Elementos principais para a formação de uma estrutura de mercado
 Quantidade de vendedores/ofertantes
 Quantidade de demandantes
 Tipo de produto
 Acesso a informação

Mercado de concorrência perfeita
Segundo Marco António Sandoval de Vasconcellos, o mercado de concorrência perfeita, que também pode ser chamado de mercado perfeitamente competitivo, é o reflexo de um mercado que resulta de uma economia completamente livre, sem barreiras e totalmente transparente. Ele é o ápice da ideologia liberal, sendo a máxima expressão da mão invisível do mercado, em que ele se autorregula, sem a interferência de entes externos.

           Esse mercado é caracterizado pela sua atomicidade, já que existem inúmeros compradores e vendedores garantindo que nenhum deles possa influenciar de forma decisiva em seu funcionamento, pela homogeneidade no produto, que não proporciona vantagens para nenhuma das partes, fluidez de partes, que garante a livre entrada e saída de capital desse mercado, e transparência nas negociações, já que é característica essencial da livre concorrência que todos os participantes tenham acesso as mesmas informações.

           O mercado de concorrência perfeita não existe de fato, porém ele é a base, um modelo construído com base em mercados reais, que deve ser o objetivo das economias reais. Assim, a autora Marie France Garcia-Parpet, realizou um estudo acerca de um mercado no interior da França que reflete esses mecanismo, qual seja, o mercado computadorizado deFontaines-em-Sologne, porém, ela questiona o fato de que ele é puramente um reflexo dos mecanismos de mercado materializados e levados a últimas consequências, ressaltando o fato de que inclusive a escolha pelo modelo econômico de funcionamento foi feita pelos agentes envolvidos nasua criação e desenvolvimento.Resumidamente, ela mostra com base em fatos concretos, refletidos em seus exemplos e na descrição de seu funcionamento que o mercado de Fontaines-em-Sologne é uma "invenção social", fruto do trabalho de alguns agentes com interesses convergentes.

           Ou seja, mesmo o exemplo dessa relação econômica encontrado na sociedade, possui fatores de formação que extrapolam muito o liberalismo econômico aplicado ao caso concreto, já que também reflete as necessidades e lutas da sociedade naquele tempo e espaço determinado, além de suas ideologias individuais, abordagem que nem sempre é considerada em análises econômicas.

Demais estruturas de mercado
 Monopólio
 Oligopólio
 Monopsônio
 Oligopsônio
 Concorrência monopolística

Marketing e o mercado
Marketing é a gestão dos mercados, fazendo emergir trocas e relações com o intuito de criar valor e satisfazer necessidades e desejos. É um processo através do qual os indivíduos e grupos obtêm o que necessitam e desejam criando e trocando produtos e valor uns com os outros. Embora muitas vezes pensemos no Marketing como sendo apenas praticado por vendedores, os compradores também participam nas actividades de marketing. Os consumidores fazem marketing quando procuram novos produtos e preços vantajosos, que eles consigam suportar

Mercadoria

Mercadoria segundo Karl Marx
Karl Marx em "O Capital" define a mercadoria como tendo um duplo aspecto:
a) como valor de uso, a mercadoria é algo concreto, um objeto de consumo, que pode ser imediatamente utilizado para satisfazer uma necessidade ou que pode ser consumido produtivamente - ser usado como meio de produção de outros objetos ou como matéria-prima;
b) como valor de troca, a mercadoria é uma coisa que pode ser trocada por outra, diretamente - escambo - ou por meio do dinheiro. Marx afirma que, como valor de troca, as peculiaridades dos objetos são deixadas de lado para considerá-los apenas como quantidades abstratas. Por exemplo, 2 kg de arroz tornam-se iguais a uma caixa de fósforos, enquanto que, como coisas concretas (valores de uso), caixas de fósforos e sacos de arroz não tem nada em comum.

Para Marx, esses dois aspectos são constituintes de toda e qualquer mercadoria e formam uma unidade inseparável ao mesmo tempo que conflitante (contraditória). Ele define a sociedade capitalista como tendo posto o valor de uso como meio para o aumento do valor de troca, enquanto as sociedades mercantis pré-capitalistas colocavam o valor de uso como fim e o valor de troca como meio.

Em "O Capital", Marx vê a sociedade capitalista se constituindo na interação e interrelacionamento de três tipos de mercadorias (cada uma tendo o duplo aspecto de valor de troca/valor de uso), que são: a mercadoria-simples, a mercadoria força de trabalho e a mercadoria-capital, sendo que esta última domina e dirige a produção e reprodução dos outros dois tipos. A mercadoria-capital consiste, enquanto valor de uso, nos meios de produção que se acumulam revolucionando-se indefinidamente, e, enquanto valor de troca, no valor que busca se valorizar indefinidamente (a mercadoria-capital não deve ser confundida com o capital propriamente dito, pois este é uma relação social, enquanto a mercadoria-capital é apenas uma coisa econômica); a mercadoria simples consiste, como valor de uso, em objetos que satisfazem uma necessidade e nas  matérias primas, e, como valor de troca, no valor que desaparece com o uso ou tende a conservar seu valor ao ser usada como matéria prima; a mercadoria força de trabalho consiste, enquanto valor de uso, nas habilidades e aptidões humanas e, enquanto valor de troca, no valor que se consome na reprodução da força de trabalho (reprodução das habilidades e aptidões), isto é, o salário, mas é unicamente a utilização da força de trabalho que cria o valor que se acumula indefinidamente na mercadoria-capital. Para uma descrição da interação entre estas mercadorias, ver o artigo mais-valia.

Um aspecto fundamental para entender "O Capital", é o conceito de fetichismo da mercadoria, segundo o qual, na troca de mercadorias, a relação entre pessoas "assume a forma fantasmagórica de uma relação entre coisas". Numa sociedade mercantil (capitalista ou pré-capitalista) ocorre que a troca de mercadorias é a única maneira na qual os diferentes produtores isolados se relacionam entre si. Dessa maneira, o valor das mercadorias é determinado de modo independente dos produtores individuais, e cada produtor deve produzir sua mercadoria em termos de satisfação de necessidades alheias. Disso resulta que a mercadoria mesma (ou o mercado) parece determinar a vontade do produtor e não o contrário.  O fetichismo da mercadoria é o fenômeno social e psicológico onde as mercadorias aparentam ter uma vontade independente de seus produtores.

O desdobramento que Marx faz da crítica do fetichismo da mercadoria forma o núcleo de "O Capital" como crítica do capital, afirmando que este é uma relação social onde o trabalho morto (as coisas, os meios de produção,etc.) domina o trabalho vivo (a atividade dos homens), de modo que os homens passam a existir como meras peças das máquina e instrumentos que, embora sejam os homens que as operam e produzem, formam um sistema mundial que se alimenta do trabalho vivo e busca se acumular indefinidamente.

Bibliografia
 FLIGSTEIN, Neil; DAUTER, Luke. A sociologia dos mercados. Cadernos CRH, v. 25, n. 66, p. 481-499, 2012.
 GARCIA-PARPET, Marie-France. A construção social de um mercado perfeito: o caso de Fontaines-en-sologne. Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura, n. 20, p. 5-44, 2003.
 VASCONCELLOS, Marco Antonio Sandoval de. Economia: micro e macro. ed. 6. São Paulo: Atlas, 2015.
MACHADO, Rosana. China-Paraguai-Brasil uma rota para pensar a economia informal. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Sociais – v. 23, nº67, 2008.
Telles, Vera da Silva (2009). Nas dobras do legal e do ilegal: ilegalismos e jogos de poder nas tramas da cidade. Dilemas: Revista de Estudos de Conflito e Controle Social, v.2, n. 5-6, p. 97-126.
Guimarães,Nadya A.,Hirata,Helena S.,Montagner, Paula e Sugita, Kurumi. (2004). Desemprego - mercados, instituições e percepções: Brasil e Japão numa perspectiva comparada
WANDERLEY, Fernanda. Avanços e desafios da Nova Sociologia Econômica: notas sobre os estudos sociológicos do mercado – uma introdução. Sociedade e Estado, UnB, 17, 2002

Ver também

 Economia de mercado
 Segmentação de mercado
 Mercado de capitais
 Mercado cinza
 Mercado negro
 Mercado financeiro

Mercado
Marketing
Terminologia econômica

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Die Burgruine Wirsberg, auch Wirtesburg genannt, ist die Ruine einer Höhenburg auf dem Burgfelsen nordwestlich des Zusammenflusses von Koser und Schorgast im Markt Wirsberg im oberfränkischen Landkreis Kulmbach in Bayern.

Die Burg wurde um 1200 vom Haus Andechs-Meranien erbaut, 1231 erwähnt, 1554 und im Dreißigjährigen Krieg zerstört. Als ehemalige Besitzer der Burg werden die Herren von Wirsberg genannt. Von der ehemaligen Burganlage sind nur noch Mauerreste erhalten.

Literatur
 Rüdiger Bauriedel, Ruprecht Konrad: Mittelalterliche Befestigungen und adelige Ansitze im Landkreis Kulmbach. Herausgegeben vom Landkreis Kulmbach, Neudrossenfeld 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-033354-5, S. 132 und 182.

 Wolfgang Krüger: Die Deutschen Burgen und Schlösser in Farbe. Burgen, Schlösser, Festungsanlagen, Herrenhäuser und Adelspalais in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und Berlin (West). Wolfgang Krüger Verlag/S. Fischer Verlag GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 1987, ISBN 3-8105-0228-6.

Wirsberg, Burgruine
Wirsberg, Burgruine
Baudenkmal in Wirsberg
Bodendenkmal in Wirsberg
Wirsberg


text:
Are All Mustangs Stick Shift? (Know Everything About Ford Mustang's Transmission)
Ford Mustang is a superb muscle car with top-level performance. It's the best automobile production by Ford as it gave the best result in the straight-line speed test. However, people get confused when it comes to its transmission. They do ask, "are all Mustangs stick-shift" and anticipate a detailed answer.
Mustangs are available in automatic as well as manual transmissions because if you see the newer Mustang models, you can easily say that it's no more a muscle car. Instead, the newer Ford Mustangs give an unbelievably sporty performance. For that reason, it's important to know what's the difference between an automatic and a manual Ford Mustang.
Ford Mustang Muscle And Sports Version
If you love muscle cars and are looking to buy a Ford Mustang, you need to know about the performance of the latest models. In other words, you should first decide whether you want to buy the old-school muscle car model like the Ford Mustang Shelby GT500 or the sports version like Mustang GT Fastback.
Apparently, both models look the same. You might not see the difference from the outside because Ford didn't make the body of newer Mustangs slim. However, you will find the reduced weight with the same bulkiness.
Now, the big difference lies in the transmission.
Mustang's Transmission
Back in the past, when there was no Mustang sports version, everyone loved the muscle performance of the Mustang's manual transmission. The stick shift was indeed way ahead of the automatic transmission in terms of speed, shifting gears, and fuel consumption.
But when Ford launched the core sports version of Mustang, it caught the attention of the car fanatics because now they could enjoy the automatic transmission with the top-class handling in the newer models.
Moreover, the recent technology in the Mustang's transmissions has made it possible to hit the top speed using the automatic gearing system.
But that's not a final verdict because there are a number of veteran drivers who prefer nothing over the manual transmission when it comes to the legend of the Ford Mustang.
Have a look at the Automatic Transmission Shift Lever Compatible with Select Ford Models.
Manual Ford Mustang
No doubt, driving a car with a stick shift gives a cool vibe. You have total control over your car. Putting one hand on the gear shaft while keeping the other on the wheel gives the true feeling of driving a car.
The same goes with the Mustang having a manual transmission.
If you want to enjoy every moment of driving your car, you should go for the Mustang with a manual transmission. That gives the purest form of muscle car driving. Therefore, it's the manual transmission that gives the utmost satisfaction and makes you fall for the manual Ford Mustang.
The standard gearbox of a manual Mustang is what drivers like the most. Moreover, you have to be versatile while driving a Mustang with manual transmission. Why?
You have to keep an eye on the RPMs because that's the main aspect of shifting gears. When the engine reaches a certain threshold, that's when you need to change the gears to hit the perfect shift.
Besides, that's the main part missing from the automatic transmission.
Automatic Ford Mustang
With the use of recent automobile technology, all vehicles with automatic transmission are considered to be faster than manual ones.
First, it allows the car to shift gears on its own without any human intervention. You don't have to depress the clutch and then shift the gear. The modern automatic transmission takes care of that.
Second, the automatic transmission in Mustangs is quicker in hitting the perfect shift. So now you don't have to worry about looking at the tachometer and waiting for the engine to reach its peak. The cutting-edge technology in the automatic transmission senses when it's the best time to shift the gear.
Therefore, it's true that not only Ford Mustang but almost all automatic vehicles are taking over the stick-shift cars.
Moreover, you might see the dominance of automatic cars on the residential roads, racing tracks, and even on deserted lands by the year 2030.
Manual vs. Automatic Transmission
The following table gives a brief comparison by highlighting the pros and cons of manual vs automatic transmission.
Real Driver's Feeling Difficult to Learn
Fun to Drive Tiring While Driving in Traffic
More Control Over Your Car Shifting Gears Causes Fatigue in Long Drives
More Powerful Must Remain Focused on RPMs
Better Fuel-Consumption Bad Gear Shifting Affects Clutch and Gearbox
Affordable Maintenance Manual Cars are Rarely Available
Faster Gear Shifting Less Fun to Drive
No Clutch (in most automatic cars) No Control Over Transmission
Need to Shift Gears Once in a While Boring for Some Drivers
Simple to Learn Automatic Vehicles are Expensive
Resale is Easy Poor Fuel-Consumption
Best for Daily Driving on Long Routes Higher Maintenance Cost
Ford Mustang Modification
Regardless of the transmission, there are a plethora of modification options for your Ford Mustang. Since the initial models were muscle cars, the bulkiness of the body was usually lessened by using carbon fiber add-ons.
Moreover, the newer sports models have allowed you to modify the Mustang in multiple ways. You can check out the Ford Racing M5300K Lowering Spring Kit to perform better on straight roads.
Besides, there are other options available, including a cold air intake kit, exhaust system, paddle shifter, and suspension for your Mustang.
You can add or replace these auto parts and enhance the performance of your Ford Mustang for daily driving or drag racing.
If you are looking to run your Mustang on straight roads and need a faster transmission, go for the automatic Ford Mustang. That will give you consistent perfect shifts without worrying about the engine's performance. But keep in mind that the automatic transmission requires more fuel.
On the other hand, get the Mustang with the standard gearbox if you want to enjoy the true essence of driving a car. That will give you better fuel consumption and lower maintenance costs as well.
Are Ford Mustangs Automatic?
Can a Car Be Stick Shift and Automatic? Explained
Are Ford Mustangs Expensive to Maintain?
Are Ford Mustangs Rear Wheel Drive?
Are NASCAR Cars Stick Shift or Automatic?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Your courier, your parcel, no stops, no breaks.
What happens when you choose VIP Delivery?
Upon booking and choosing the VIP delivery experience, the closest courier to you picks up your parcel and delivers it straight away to where it needs to be. No stops, no breaks, no other package pick-ups or drop-offs along the way. It's the fastest service out there!
Finally, anyone can send out parcels in lightning speed without having to line-up at the post office for 10-30 mins and fill-out tedious forms. All it takes is one click! It's easy, it's fast, it's convenient.


text:
Q: Preferred way of conditionally initializing a const What is the preferred way to initialize a const automatic variable? I can think of several.
if statement:
const std::string s;
if( condition ) { const_cast<std::string&>(s) = "first"; }
else { const_cast<std::string&>(s) = "second"; }

?: operator:
const std::string s = ( condition ) ? "first" : second;

immediately invoked function expression:
const std::string s = [ & ] ()
    { if( condition ) return "first" else return "second" } ();

A: C++ Core Guidelines advise to use lambdas for complex initialization, especially of const variables.

A: Your if statement example does not initialize any const, as s is not const.
Regarding other options (this is mainly subjective), here are my guidelines:

*

*Use the ?: (ternary operator) when the expression is short and easy to read. In your case, I think it would be fine.

*Use a IIFE (immediately invoked function expression) or refactor the initialization to a function which returns a value when the initialization logic is long and complex and when it would negatively impact readability of the function where the variable is initialized.

A:
What is the preferred way to initialize a const automatic variable?

The preferred way is as simple as possible.
With a conditional statement:
std::string const a = condition ? "second" : "first";

With a function call (C++17 constexpr here):
constexpr char const* get_const(int condition) {
    switch(condition) {
    case 0: return "first";
    case 1: return "second";
    default: return "default";
    }
}
std::string const b = get_const(condition);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Posting form with CSRF token in Angular Js I want to post a form with CSRF token using angular. I have a working code in Jquery but not able to figure out how the same can be converted to Angular.
$("body").on("click", "#logout", function() {

              var url = "http://localhost/lab/theapp/api/user/logout.json";

            try {
             $.ajax({
                 url: url,
                 type: 'post',
                 dataType: 'json',

                 beforeSend: function (request) {

                   request.setRequestHeader("X-CSRF-Token", $.cookie('token'));
                 },

                 error: function (XMLHttpRequest, textStatus, errorThrown) {
                   alert('button_logout - failed to logout');
                   console.log(JSON.stringify(XMLHttpRequest));
                   console.log(JSON.stringify(textStatus));
                   console.log(JSON.stringify(errorThrown));
                 },
                 success: function (data) {
                   alert("You have been logged out.");

                 }
             });
            }
            catch (error) { alert("button_logout - " + error); }
            return false;

        });

Also how do I access/set cookie using angular?


We will be starting our Fall/Winter Bible study on Monday, Sep 17 at 7pm in Hebrews' Cafe.
If you really want to know Jesus more intimately, learn to really love Him and have a closer relationship with Him, then this is the study for you. Beth Moore's Jesus the One and Only is an 11-week interactive study with a 50-minute video followed by a discussion. There is a study guide available that includes 5 days of personal study between sessions. Our group meets every other Monday night, so this gives you 14 days to complete the personal studies between sessions. The at-home work is NOT required; it simply enhances the study for you. The cost of the study guide is $20.
Beth's video sessions are taped on location in Jerusalem where we will walk the dusty road with Jesus and learn about His life from birth to resurrection and really get to know Him more intimately. Our "11 weeks" will take us to just before Lent where we believe you will experience Easter in a whole new light!


Even though NRS is clearly a "fan" of her, She has not been revealed (yet), however, after receiving multiple teases of her Revenant form and recently her human form, it's same to assume we may finally see her gameplay next week.
That said, please discuss everything about our princess here!
If kitana isn't revealed this upcoming week, I'm gonna jump out of the window.
16bit won't let us down, right? Right? We're not gonna reinvent the wheel, right? I have... just always loved the feeling of hitting someone with air fan and converting since time immemorial.... it was probably the first thing I did in a fighting game that felt "really cool". I would be most aggrieved if her fans were radically changed.
All of these other characters have a teleport, even Liu Kang ffs. Give Kitana her teleport back!
I'm looking forward to Kitana because I have a feeling they'll get super creative with her, like they did with Liu and Lao. And because I'm tired of looking at female zoners.
So far, I'm not that big a fan of either of her skins. I hope her third costume will appeal to me more, otherwise I'm going with her second one.
I just hope you don't have to equip her damn air fans.
They've only shown one skin of hers So far. The other is a color swap i believe because it looks way too similar to the menu art.
I'm so excited to see how she plays. She must be really updated if they're waiting THIS long to show her off. Really really hope she's shown next week.
Give Kitana her teleport back!
I'd rather not have it. Seems every person and their dog is getting one. It's being over used and even though she's had one in the past i'd like to see her just be "normal". If it's part of a move, like assassin parry i can live with that, but otherwise no.
I just hope her MKX outfit will make a return just like how some of the MK9 outfits made a return in MKX.
I really will be pissed if they waste characters like Mileena, Tanya or Sindel in one of her variations.
I hope she plays totally different than before and uses her awesome weapons in lots of creative ways.
I hope she loses that teleport, as I wanna drink the tears of my enemies.
I hope you gonna be able to go nuts with her cloth, fan and mask designs.
And o yeah, I hope they use her non-revenant design on the roster, just like Liu.
I don't think people should worry about Kitana being given moves from other characters as a way to "replace" them again. A lot of Jade fans were very vocal about how distasteful Mournful was in MKX, and hopefully they have listened.
They've only shown one skin of hers So far.
No, we've seen her as a Revenant queen and seen her past self. Those are 2 different skins. We only need to see her last one.
And on top of that there are probably gonna be unlockable skins we haven't seen yet.
They're saving the best for last! Don't despair.
Assuming they go the opposite route of Jade, I expect some crazy move ideas for her.
Maybe she'll have a mode switch similar to batgirl where she has her fans closed in combat which gives her more of an up close style while having her fans open lets her do her projectiles.
Skarlet and Jade both have parries so this seems to be a common trend for the female ninjas- err.. Assassins.
I could see NRS making her uprise be able to alter the trajectory of fans while it's out. Example: she places the tornado in front of her and if she throws a fan into it, it starts to move upward.
Lastly, I could see some of her MKX specials like Sharpen and float come back as well!
NO way in hell would her air fans be a kustom move.
base moves will be air fan, ground fan and upraise.
Not to mention the DLC we'll get.
Give us the kiss of death.
You'll get there in time, don't worry. Until then, try live your life the best you can.
You know why this is your last comment?
Can we get a cool outfit without a loincloth and shoulder pads?


The ISGAP-Oxford Summer Institute is seeking scholars-in-residence for an intensive two-week workshop-based curriculum development program in interdisciplinary contemporary antisemitism studies.
The program, dedicated to the development of antisemitism studies as a recognized academic discipline, will be held at St. John's College, in Oxford, United Kingdom from July 7, 2019 to July 19, 2019.
The program is intended primarily for professors with full-time college or university positions, though exceptional doctoral and post-doctoral students may also be considered.
Under the guidance of leading international academics, scholars-in-residence will be required to develop a course syllabus and curriculum in the interdisciplinary study of contemporary antisemitism, to be taught in their home university upon completion for course credit, and to be able to offer the course on at least two occasions.
Full and partial Fellowships will be awarded to successful applicants. All accepted applicants must be present in Oxford for the entire duration of the Summer Institute. The Institute will commence Sunday afternoon, July 7, and conclude Friday evening, July 19. Successful applicants may be liable for tuition or processing fees.
A limited number of openings exist for exceptional graduate and undergraduate students to participate as special Elie Wiesel – Martin Luther King Jr. Scholars.
Submit a CV, a letter of intention, and two or three letters of recommendation, a letter from the Chair of the scholars' home department, Dean, or Provost confirming that the participant will be able to teach the course designed within one academic year, ideally on at least two subsequent occasions. Wiesel-King Scholars are not required to submit a letter of approval for teaching a course designed upon the ISGAP-Oxford Summer Institute. The entire submission, which should include all supporting documentation, is welcomed at your earliest convenience. The application deadline is February 18, 2019.
All requests for information should be sent to [email protected].
Please click here to see a collection of lectures from the 2018 ISGAP-Oxford Summer Institute at St. John's College.
Please click here to see a video of highlights of the 2017 ISGAP-Oxford Summer Institute at St. John's College.
Please click here to see a video of highlights of the 2015 ISGAP-Oxford Summer Institute at Hertford College.
ISGAP is an independent non-profit organization.


THOMAS BJÖRN: That was the first green I've missed today on 15. So there's not much you can say, just played awesome. There was a couple of shots there on 7 and 8, 7 got off the bank and pretty much a gimmie and he holed a shot on 8. One of those days, you can't really say much. Thought I played well. Didn't putt maybe as well as I wanted to but I tried to keep it but it was just not to be you can't say anything, though. When you go up against guys that play like that, you just have to take your hat off and say well done.
Q. Are you going to head out there and cheer them on and hope to bring it home?
THOMAS BJÖRN: Yeah, that was the plan when we started the day. Yeah, it's looking good, but there's a long way to go, and this tournament has a way of turning it all around all of a sudden. So we'll cheer them on and hopefully we can get it done.


text:
Find People/
Faculty Profiles/
Professor of Law & Associate Dean for Planning and Evening Programs
"Law school should be useful, interesting, and fun—but not too fun."
Get to Know Stephen R. Alton
What drew you to the law?
I came to the law through my interest in my family's small real estate business. When I was younger, I expected to assume the management of that small business one day, and I thought (correctly) that law would be an excellent preparation for business.
What do you enjoy most about teaching?
I like helping change students' lives through the unique form of education we use in law schools. I also like the give-and-take in class between the students and the teacher. (Some of my students might say that I do more giving than taking but, in reality, that varies from class to class.)
What do you hope students gain from your courses?
I hope that my students will learn in my classes not only the knowledge of the relevant legal issues, rules and policies, but also the discipline to be prepared, which will benefit them and their clients.
What did you do prior to entering academia?
Immediately before I began teaching, I managed my family's small real estate business.
What are you passionate about outside the law?
I love the arts. My wife and I particularly like the visual arts, especially works of art that were created on paper in the first half of the 20th century.
What are your research interests?
I have written in the fields of legal education, legal history, and law and literature. Currently, I'm researching the property law issues that arise in Victorian literature.
Link to my publications.
Presentations are listed on my CV.
Wills and decedents' estates
Texas Real Property
Borderlands Law class at Texas A&M International University in Laredo (May - June 2016)
Associate Dean for Planning and Evening Programs
Texas A&M University School of Law (August 2017-present)
Associate Dean for Planning, Compliance and Evening Programs
Texas A&M University School of Law (August 2016-July 2017)
Professor of Law
Texas A&M University School of Law (2013-present)
Texas Wesleyan University School of Law (1995-2013)
Fulbright Professor of Law, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (2001)
Associate Professor of Law
Dallas/Fort Worth School of Law (1990-1992)
LL.M., Columbia University School of Law
ED.M., Harvard University Graduate School of Education
J.D., University of Texas School of Law
A.B. in History, Harvard University
Association of Former Students' College Level Distinguished Achievement Award (Fall 2015)
CASETA Distinguished Service Award
Texas A&M Faculty Senate, Richard Stadelmann Faculty Senate Service Award
Fort Worth Country Day School Distinguished Alumnus
Texas Wesleyan University Faculty Scholar
Texas Wesleyan University School of Law, Teacher of the Year (four times)
Other Professional Activities
Member, American Bar Association
Member, State Bar of Texas
Member, Tarrant County Bar Association
Life Fellow, Texas Bar Foundation
Board of Directors, Center for the Advancement and Study of Early Texas Art (CASETA) (2007-present)
salton@law.tamu.edu
Monday - Wednesday 3:30 – 6:30 p.m. / Tuesday & Thursday 3:30 – 6:00 p.m. / by appointment
SSRN Author Page
CV [download pdf]


text:
package org.apache.jena.sparql.algebra.optimize;

import org.apache.jena.query.ARQ ;
import org.apache.jena.sparql.ARQConstants ;
import org.apache.jena.sparql.SystemARQ ;
import org.apache.jena.sparql.algebra.* ;
import org.apache.jena.sparql.algebra.op.OpLabel ;
import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
import org.apache.jena.sparql.util.Context ;
import org.apache.jena.sparql.util.Symbol ;
import org.slf4j.Logger ;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory ;

public class Optimize implements Rewrite
{
    static private Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Optimize.class) ;

    // A small (one slot) registry to allow plugging in an alternative optimizer
    public interface RewriterFactory { Rewrite create(Context context) ; }

    // ----
    public static RewriterFactory noOptimizationFactory = new RewriterFactory()
    {
        @Override
        public Rewrite create(Context context)
        {
            return new Rewrite() {

                @Override
                public Op rewrite(Op op)
                {
                    return op ;
                }} ;
        }} ;

    public static RewriterFactory stdOptimizationFactory = new RewriterFactory()
    {
        @Override
        public Rewrite create(Context context)
        {
            return new Optimize(context) ;
        }
    } ;

    // Set this to a different factory implementation to have a different general optimizer.
    private static RewriterFactory factory = stdOptimizationFactory ;

    // ----

    public static Op optimize(Op op, ExecutionContext execCxt)
    {
        return optimize(op, execCxt.getContext()) ;
    }

    // The execution-independent optimizations
    public static Op optimize(Op op, Context context)
    {
        Rewrite opt = decideOptimizer(context) ;
        return opt.rewrite(op) ;
    }

    /** Set the global optimizer factory to one that does nothing */
    public static void noOptimizer()
    {
        setFactory(noOptimizationFactory) ;
    }

    static private Rewrite decideOptimizer(Context context)
    {
        RewriterFactory f = (RewriterFactory)context.get(ARQConstants.sysOptimizerFactory) ;
        if ( f == null )
            f = factory ;
        if ( f == null )
            f = stdOptimizationFactory ;    // Only if default 'factory' gets lost.
        return f.create(context) ;
    }

    /** Globably set the factory for making optimizers */
    public static void setFactory(RewriterFactory aFactory)
    { factory = aFactory ; }

    /** Get the global factory for making optimizers */
    public static RewriterFactory getFactory()
    { return factory ; }

    // ---- The object proper for the standard optimizations

    private final Context context ;
    private Optimize(ExecutionContext execCxt)
    {
        this(execCxt.getContext()) ;
    }

    private Optimize(Context context)
    {
        this.context = context ;
    }

    /** Alternative name for compatibility only */
    public static final Symbol filterPlacementOldName = SystemARQ.allocSymbol("filterPlacement") ;

    @Override
    public Op rewrite(Op op)
    {
        // Record optimizer
        if ( context.get(ARQConstants.sysOptimizer) == null )
            context.set(ARQConstants.sysOptimizer, this) ;

        // Old name, new name fixup.
        if ( context.isDefined(filterPlacementOldName) )
        {
            if ( context.isUndef(ARQ.optFilterPlacement) )
                context.set(ARQ.optFilterPlacement, context.get(filterPlacementOldName)) ;
        }

        if ( false )
        {
            // Removal of "group of one" join (AKA SPARQL "simplification")
            // is done during algebra generation in AlgebraGenerator
            op = apply("Simplify", new TransformSimplify(), op) ;
            op = apply("Delabel", new TransformRemoveLabels(), op) ;
        }

        // ** TransformScopeRename::
        // This is a requirement for the linearization execution that the default
        // ARQ query engine uses where possible.
        // This transformation must be done (e.g. by QueryEngineBase) if no other optimization is done.
        op = TransformScopeRename.transform(op) ;

        // Prepare expressions.
        OpWalker.walk(op, new OpVisitorExprPrepare(context)) ;

        // Convert paths to triple patterns if possible.
        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optPathFlatten) ) {
            op = apply("Path flattening", new TransformPathFlattern(), op) ;
            // and merge adjacent BGPs (part 1)
            if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optMergeBGPs) )
                op = apply("Merge BGPs", new TransformMergeBGPs(), op) ;
        }

        // Expression constant folding
        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optExprConstantFolding) )
            op = Transformer.transform(new TransformCopy(), new ExprTransformConstantFold(), op);

        // Need to allow subsystems to play with this list.

        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.propertyFunctions) )
            op = apply("Property Functions", new TransformPropertyFunction(context), op) ;

        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optFilterConjunction) )
            op = apply("filter conjunctions to ExprLists", new TransformFilterConjunction(), op) ;

        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optFilterExpandOneOf) )
            op = apply("Break up IN and NOT IN", new TransformExpandOneOf(), op) ;

        // Eliminate/Inline assignments where possible
        // Do this before we do some of the filter transformation work as inlining assignments
        // may give us more flexibility in optimizing the resulting filters
        if ( context.isTrue(ARQ.optInlineAssignments) )
            op = TransformEliminateAssignments.eliminate(op, context.isTrue(ARQ.optInlineAssignmentsAggressive));

        // Apply some general purpose filter transformations

        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optFilterImplicitJoin) )
            op = apply("Filter Implicit Join", new TransformFilterImplicitJoin(), op);

        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optImplicitLeftJoin) )
            op = apply("Implicit Left Join", new TransformImplicitLeftJoin(), op);

        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optFilterDisjunction) )
            op = apply("Filter Disjunction", new TransformFilterDisjunction(), op) ;

        // Some ORDER BY-LIMIT N queries can be done more efficiently by only recording
        // the top N items, so a full sort is not needed.
        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optTopNSorting) )
            op = apply("TopN Sorting", new TransformTopN(), op) ;

        // ORDER BY+DISTINCT optimizations
        // We apply the one that changes evaluation order first since when it does apply it will give much
        // better performance than just transforming DISTINCT to REDUCED

        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optOrderByDistinctApplication) )
            op = apply("Apply DISTINCT prior to ORDER BY where possible", new TransformOrderByDistinctApplication(), op);

        // Transform some DISTINCT to REDUCED, slightly more liberal transform that ORDER BY+DISTINCT application
        // Reduces memory consumption.
        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optDistinctToReduced) )
            op = apply("Distinct replaced with reduced", new TransformDistinctToReduced(), op) ;

        // Find joins/leftJoin that can be done by index joins (generally preferred as fixed memory overhead).
        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optIndexJoinStrategy) )
            op = apply("Index Join strategy", new TransformJoinStrategy(), op) ;

        // Place filters close to where their dependency variables are defined.
        // This prunes the output of that step as early as possible.
        // If done before TransformJoinStrategy, you can get two applications
        // of a filter in a (sequence) from each half of a (join).  This is harmless,
        // because filters are generally cheap, but it looks a bit bad.
        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optFilterPlacement) ) {
            if ( context.isTrue(ARQ.optFilterPlacementConservative))
                op = apply("Filter Placement (conservative)", new TransformFilterPlacementConservative(), op) ;
            else {
                // Whether to push into BGPs
                boolean b = context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optFilterPlacementBGP) ;
                op = apply("Filter Placement", new TransformFilterPlacement(b), op) ;
            }
        }

        // Replace suitable FILTER(?x = TERM) with (assign) and write the TERm for ?x in the pattern.
        // Apply (possible a second time) after FILTER placement as it can create new possibilities.
        // See JENA-616.
        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optFilterEquality) )
            op = apply("Filter Equality", new TransformFilterEquality(), op) ;

        // Replace suitable FILTER(?x != TERM) with (minus (original) (table)) where the table contains
        // the candidate rows to be eliminated
        // Off by default due to minimal performance difference
        if ( context.isTrue(ARQ.optFilterInequality) )
            op = apply("Filter Inequality", new TransformFilterInequality(), op);

        // Promote table empty as late as possible since this will only be produced by other
        // optimizations and never directly from algebra generation
        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optPromoteTableEmpty) )
            op = apply("Table Empty Promotion", new TransformPromoteTableEmpty(), op) ;

        // Merge adjacent BGPs
        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optMergeBGPs) )
            op = apply("Merge BGPs", new TransformMergeBGPs(), op) ;

        // Merge (extend) and (assign) stacks
        if ( context.isTrueOrUndef(ARQ.optMergeExtends) )
            op = apply("Combine BIND/LET", new TransformExtendCombine(), op) ;

        // Mark
        if ( false )
            op = OpLabel.create("Transformed", op) ;
        return op ;
    }

    public static Op apply(Transform transform, Op op)
    {
        Op op2 = Transformer.transformSkipService(transform, op) ;
        if ( op2 != op )
            return op2 ;
        return op ;
    }

    public static Op apply(String label, Transform transform, Op op)
    {
        // Use this to apply inside NOT EXISTS and EXISTS
        // Transform transform2 = new TransformApplyInsideExprFunctionOp(transform) ;
        // Remember there is an outer substitue to the NOT EXISTS operation.

        //Transform transform2 = new TransformApplyInsideExprFunctionOp(transform) ;

        Op op2 = Transformer.transformSkipService(transform, op) ;

        final boolean debug = false ;

        if ( debug )
        {
            if ( label != null && log.isInfoEnabled() )
                    log.info("Transform: "+label) ;
            if ( op == op2 )
            {
                if ( log.isInfoEnabled() )
                    log.info("No change (==)") ;
                return op2 ;
            }

            if ( op.equals(op2) )
            {
                if ( log.isInfoEnabled() )
                    log.info("No change (equals)") ;
                return op2 ;
            }
            if ( log.isInfoEnabled() )
            {
                log.info("\n"+op.toString()) ;
                log.info("\n"+op2.toString()) ;
            }
        }
        if ( op2 != op )
            return op2 ;
        return op ;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package voldemort.store.readonly.mr;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLClassLoader;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

import org.apache.commons.cli2.Argument;
import org.apache.commons.cli2.CommandLine;
import org.apache.commons.cli2.Group;
import org.apache.commons.cli2.Option;
import org.apache.commons.cli2.builder.ArgumentBuilder;
import org.apache.commons.cli2.builder.DefaultOptionBuilder;
import org.apache.commons.cli2.builder.GroupBuilder;
import org.apache.commons.cli2.commandline.Parser;
import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configured;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.InputFormat;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.Tool;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.ToolRunner;
import org.jdom.JDOMException;

import voldemort.cluster.Cluster;
import voldemort.server.VoldemortConfig;
import voldemort.store.StoreDefinition;
import voldemort.utils.ReflectUtils;
import voldemort.xml.ClusterMapper;
import voldemort.xml.StoreDefinitionsMapper;

import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableCollection;

/**
 * A runner class to facitilate the launching of HadoopStoreBuilder from the
 * command-line.
 *
 * @author elias
 *
 */
public class HadoopStoreJobRunner extends Configured implements Tool {

    private DefaultOptionBuilder builder = new DefaultOptionBuilder("-", "-", false);
    private ArgumentBuilder argBuilder = new ArgumentBuilder();
    private Parser parser = new Parser();
    private Group allOptions;

    public HadoopStoreJobRunner() {
        super();
        setupOptions();
    }

    private Option createOption(String name) {
        return createOption(name, true);
    }

    private Option createOption(String name, boolean required) {
        Argument argument = argBuilder.withMinimum(1).withMaximum(1).create();
        return builder.withLongName(name).withArgument(argument).withRequired(required).create();
    }

    private void setupOptions() {

        Option input = createOption("input");
        Option output = createOption("output");
        Option tmpdir = createOption("tmpdir");
        Option jar = createOption("jar", false);
        Option mapper = createOption("mapper");
        Option cluster = createOption("cluster");
        Option stores = createOption("storedefinitions");
        Option store = createOption("storename");
        Option chunkSizeBytes = createOption("chunksize");
        Option replicationFactor = createOption("replication");
        Option inputformat = createOption("inputformat", false);

        allOptions = new GroupBuilder().withOption(input)
                                       .withOption(output)
                                       .withOption(tmpdir)
                                       .withOption(mapper)
                                       .withOption(jar)
                                       .withOption(inputformat)
                                       .withOption(cluster)
                                       .withOption(stores)
                                       .withOption(store)
                                       .withOption(chunkSizeBytes)
                                       .withOption(replicationFactor)
                                       .create();
        parser.setGroup(allOptions);
    }

    private static void printUsage(Exception e) {
        System.out.println("Usage: $VOLDEMORT_HOME/bin/hadoop-build-readonly-store.sh \\");
        System.out.println("          [genericOptions] [options]\n");
        System.out.println("Options:");
        System.out.println("-input                <path> DFS input file(s) for the Map step.");
        System.out.println("-output               <path> DFS output directory for the Reduce step.");
        System.out.println("-mapper               <JavaClassName> The store builder mapper class.");
        System.out.println("-cluster              <path> Local path to cluster.xml.");
        System.out.println("-storedefinitions     <path> Local path to stores.xml.");
        System.out.println("-storename            <spec> The name of the store used for the store definition.");
        System.out.println("-replicationfactor    <num> The replication factor to use.");
        System.out.println("-chunksize            <num> The maximum size of a chunk in bytes.");
        System.out.println("-inputformat          TextInputFormat(default)|JavaClassName Optional.");
        System.out.println("-jar                  <path> Optional. The local path to jar with mapper class if not already in $HADOOP_CLASSPATH.");

        System.out.println();
        ToolRunner.printGenericCommandUsage(System.out);

        if(e != null) {
            System.out.println("\nAn exception ocurred:");
            e.printStackTrace(System.out);
        }
    }

    public int run(String[] args) throws Exception {

        Class<? extends AbstractHadoopStoreBuilderMapper<?, ?>> mapperClass = null;
        Class<? extends InputFormat<?, ?>> inputFormatClass = null;
        Cluster cluster = null;

        StoreDefinition storeDef = null;
        int replicationFactor = 0;
        long chunkSizeBytes = -1;
        Path inputPath = null;
        Path outputDir = null;
        Path tempDir = null;

        CommandLine cmdLine = parser.parse(args);

        List<String> addJars = new ArrayList<String>();

        if(cmdLine != null) {
            inputPath = new Path((String) cmdLine.getValue("-input"));
            outputDir = new Path((String) cmdLine.getValue("-output"));
            tempDir = new Path((String) cmdLine.getValue("-tmpdir"));

            File clusterFile = new File((String) cmdLine.getValue("-cluster"));
            cluster = new ClusterMapper().readCluster(new BufferedReader(new FileReader(clusterFile)));

            File storeDefFile = new File((String) cmdLine.getValue("-storedefinitions"));
            String storeName = (String) cmdLine.getValue("-storename");
            List<StoreDefinition> stores;
            stores = new StoreDefinitionsMapper().readStoreList(new BufferedReader(new FileReader(storeDefFile)));
            for(StoreDefinition def: stores) {
                if(def.getName().equals(storeName))
                    storeDef = def;
            }

            chunkSizeBytes = Long.parseLong((String) cmdLine.getValue("-chunksize"));
            replicationFactor = Integer.parseInt((String) cmdLine.getValue("-replication"));

            ClassLoader cl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
            if(cmdLine.hasOption("-jar")) {
                String jar = (String) cmdLine.getValue("-jar");
                URL[] urls = new URL[1];
                urls[0] = new File(jar).toURI().toURL();
                cl = new URLClassLoader(urls);
                addJars.add(jar);
            }
            mapperClass = (Class<? extends AbstractHadoopStoreBuilderMapper<?, ?>>) ReflectUtils.loadClass((String) cmdLine.getValue("-mapper"),
                                                                                cl);

            if(cmdLine.hasOption("-inputformat")
               && !((String) cmdLine.getValue("-inputformat")).equals("TextInputFormat")) {
                inputFormatClass = (Class<? extends InputFormat<?, ?>>) ReflectUtils.loadClass((String) cmdLine.getValue("-inputformat"),
                                                                                cl);
            } else {
                inputFormatClass = TextInputFormat.class;
            }
        }

        Configuration conf = getConf();

        Class[] deps = new Class[] { ImmutableCollection.class, JDOMException.class,
                VoldemortConfig.class, HadoopStoreJobRunner.class, mapperClass };

        addDepJars(conf, deps, addJars);

        HadoopStoreBuilder builder = new HadoopStoreBuilder(conf,
                                                            mapperClass,
                                                            inputFormatClass,
                                                            cluster,
                                                            storeDef,
                                                            replicationFactor,
                                                            chunkSizeBytes,
                                                            tempDir,
                                                            outputDir,
                                                            inputPath);

        builder.build();
        return 0;
    }

    public static String findInClasspath(String className) {
        return findInClasspath(className, HadoopStoreJobRunner.class.getClassLoader());
    }

    /**
     * @return a jar file path or a base directory or null if not found.
     */
    public static String findInClasspath(String className, ClassLoader loader) {

        String relPath = className;
        relPath = relPath.replace('.', '/');
        relPath += ".class";
        java.net.URL classUrl = loader.getResource(relPath);

        String codePath;
        if(classUrl != null) {
            boolean inJar = classUrl.getProtocol().equals("jar");
            codePath = classUrl.toString();
            if(codePath.startsWith("jar:")) {
                codePath = codePath.substring("jar:".length());
            }
            if(codePath.startsWith("file:")) { // can have both
                codePath = codePath.substring("file:".length());
            }
            if(inJar) {
                // A jar spec: remove class suffix in
                // /path/my.jar!/package/Class
                int bang = codePath.lastIndexOf('!');
                codePath = codePath.substring(0, bang);
            } else {
                // A class spec: remove the /my/package/Class.class portion
                int pos = codePath.lastIndexOf(relPath);
                if(pos == -1) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid codePath: className=" + className
                                                       + " codePath=" + codePath);
                }
                codePath = codePath.substring(0, pos);
            }
        } else {
            codePath = null;
        }
        return codePath;
    }

    private static void addDepJars(Configuration conf, Class[] deps, List<String> additionalJars)
            throws IOException {
        FileSystem localFs = FileSystem.getLocal(conf);
        Set<String> depJars = new HashSet<String>();
        for(Class dep: deps) {
            String tmp = findInClasspath(dep.getCanonicalName());
            if(tmp != null) {
                Path path = new Path(tmp);
                depJars.add(path.makeQualified(localFs).toString());
            }
        }

        for(String additional: additionalJars) {
            Path path = new Path(additional);
            depJars.add(path.makeQualified(localFs).toString());
        }

        String[] tmpjars = conf.get("tmpjars", "").split(",");
        for(String tmpjar: tmpjars) {
            if(!StringUtils.isEmpty(tmpjar)) {
                depJars.add(tmpjar.trim());
            }
        }
        conf.set("tmpjars", StringUtils.join(depJars.iterator(), ','));
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int res;
        try {
            res = ToolRunner.run(new Configuration(), new HadoopStoreJobRunner(), args);
            System.exit(res);
        } catch(Exception e) {
            printUsage(e);
            System.exit(1);
        }
    }
}


On Thursday, 14 December the Commission confirmed its decision to defer the adoption of a draft recommendation on private copying.
On behalf of the artistic and creative community and the content industry, the "Culture first!" Coalition expresses its relief and appreciates the soundness of the Commission's option not to adopt hastily a recommendation that would have jeopardized current remuneration systems for private copying.
We salute the Commission's determination to address intellectual property and cultural issues with all appropriate consideration and proper debates, as also appears in the EU prompt ratification of the UNESCO Convention on cultural diversity.
We recognize its independence of action towards hard pushing industries that praised the pure and simple substitution of current systems by lockers – the so called 'technical protection measures', which efficiency remains questionable – to be put on every music, film or other creative content with the aim of preventing users from making copies of them.
Remuneration for private copying entails no significant extra costs for the hardware industry that markets copy-enabling equipment or media and makes high profits from these sales. Crucially, in exchange of a legitimate top-up to the income of rightholders, it enables consumers to make copies for their private use.
It is currently the only mechanism that allows the creative sector to be compensated for the widespread copying of their works for domestic use.


text:
Mimela mirai är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Yuiti Wada 2001. Mimela mirai ingår i släktet Mimela och familjen Rutelidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Skalbaggar
mirai


Agile, digital solutions to accelerate and streamline wood and fibre sourcing.
We're connecting all wood and fibre actors to an effective ecosystem – enabling real-time supply chain visibility, asset optimisation, speed, agility and operational efficiency.
The service is open to all actors in the industry.
Metsäverkko is a trailblazing electronic service for timber trading and forestry services.
Web-based and user friendly service for wood procurement and production planning.
Step into the forest from the comfort of your own living room.
Creating better efficiency for Harvestia.


I did a goal setting assignment. I recommend you take time and do it yourself if you already haven't. Here is the assignment CLICK HERE—–>Goal Setting Assignment #2 or not . Any who for me this is about believing in God and my self, being fearless and thankful.
Apply for 37 Education career positions. If I apply for 3 positions each week until Dec 31st that's 36 jobs but my favorite number is 7 so I added one. (THIS IS BIG) I admit this scares me but no time to be scared only time to be fearless and believe that God will place me in the correct Education position.
I would like to weigh 137 lb on my birthday. That will make 100 lbs gone for my weight loss journey. 22 lbs to execute from now.
I would like to volunteer and be of service on my birthday no gifts, no cake, no party just helping and serving others.
I would like to complete a nutrition course by the end of the year to become more knowledge about my health and food that I intake.
What goals will you accomplish in the rest of 2015?
Are you using diet pills? You gotta be doing something extra!


text:
title: Nearly Nine on the Mash Stories Podcast
tags:
    - post
    - nearly-nine
    - digital
    - audio
    - mash-stories
---
Too lazy to read? Do your ears work? Then head on over to the MashStories Podcast and give Nearly Nine a listen. The narrator is top notch, even if he slightly mispronounced my last name.

If you are horribly, terribly lazy, I've linked to the audio file on the Read & Discover page. But… you should really take a look at your life.


text:
Julian Fellowes Net Worth
Film, Books
Full Name Julian Alexander Kitchener-Fellowes
Birth Place Cairo, Egypt
Date of Birth Aug 17, 1949 (age 69)
Ethnicity English
Occupation Actor, Novelist, Screenwriter, Film director
Marital Status Married (Emma Joy Kitchener)
Children 1 (Peregrine Kitchener-Fellowes)
Education University of Cambridge, Ampleforth College, Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art
Richest Directors
About Julian Alexander Kitchener-Fellowes
Multi-talented English actor, director, screenwriter, novelist, and politician, Julian Fellowes has an estimated net worth of $10 million. Born in Cairo, Egypt in August 1949. Fellowes has worked as a Conservative member of the House of Lords after landing the role back in 2011. He was initially featured in the television series Churchill's People in 1975 and in 1987 he played Brother Hugo character in the TV series Knights of God. From 2000 to 2005 he appeared in the series Monarch of the Glen, starring as Kilwillie. He has also starred in the movies The Haunting of Julia, Priest of Love, Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend, Damage, Shadowlands, Sherwood's Travels, Jane Eyre, Savage Hearts, Regeneration, Tomorrow Never Dies, Place Vendome, and Shergar. As a writer Fellowes wrote for the TV Mini-series Little Lord Fauntleroy in 1995 and The Prince and the Pauper a year later. He wrote and produced the television series Downton Abbey which he wrote for and worked as executive producer from 2010 to 2014. In 2002 he claimed an Academy Award for Gosford Park and also a Golden Globe Award ten years later, while adding two Primetime Emmy Awards in 2011 for Downton Abbey to his name.
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