text:
(12-19-2017 11:15 AM)grsbanks Wrote: I asked Michael about the notification e-mails and why some people didn't receive them.
The reason for this is because there were some 700 people who signed up for the notification. DM42s are being produced at a rate slower than Michael would like but it is what it is. He's basically assembling them on his own. People are being informed by e-mail on a first-come-first-served basis.
So, with the first 100 units on the shelf, the first 100 people to sign up to the notification were, well... notified. With the next 100 units, the next 100 people were notified etc...
Well, thank you for info!
RE: DM42 available for order!!! - salvomic - 12-19-2017 11:22 AM


When starting your first business, it's not always the smartest idea to dive in head first, especially if you don't have the money or expertise (yet) to dominate a brand-new industry. Luckily, there are great home-based businesses not many people take advantage of early on in their careers that can provide the perfect launch pad. Why not start out small to make it big?
Q. What's one home-based business idea that aspiring entrepreneurs can use as a jumping-off point for something bigger?
Tim Ferris' "The 4-Hour Workweek" was the first to showcase information products to the mass market as a viable way to generate cash. Today, there are innumerable success stories (e.g., Nathan Barry and Sacha Greif, Pat Flynn's blog and Chris Guillebeau's "The $100 Startup"). It can be a very fruitful path, but for some reason remains unknown to many. - Michael Simpson, DJZ.


text:
Tessian: 99% of CISOs work overtime due to heavy workloads
Tessian
CISOs
A new survey from Tessian has found CISOs are working beyond their contracted hours, sometimes up to 24 hours more a week to make up for lost time.
Security leaders are working an average of 11 hours extra per week, according to new research from Human Layer Security company Tessian. Nearly one in 10 CISOs work between 20-24 hours extra per week and 59 per cent struggle to switch off from work when the working day is over.
As a result of demanding work schedules, 44 per cent of CISOs admitted that they have missed a doctor's appointment, 42 per cent have missed national holidays like Christmas, 40 per cent have missed a family holiday and one in four haven't taken any paid time off in the last 12 months. A third (33%) said they have been unable to exercise regularly due to work commitments.
When asked which tasks take up their time, nearly two-fifths of CISOs said they are spending too much time on attending departmental meetings (38%), reporting to the board (37%), and delivering security awareness training for employees (35%).
Just over a third (34%) said they spend too much time investigating and remediating threats, including employee-related security incidents. In fact, a report recently conducted by Forrester, commissioned by Tessian, found that security teams spend up to 600 hours per month investigating and remediating threats caused by human error - the equivalent of nearly four employees' full-time workloads. A quarter of security leaders said they spend up to 12 hours per month looking into each threat caused by human error, while one in 10 spend over a day.
Tessian's report reveals that by using security solutions which automatically prevent threats caused by human error, enterprises with 1,000+ employees could save over 26,000 hours in a year by freeing up security teams' time and resources dedicated to investigation and remediation, policy management and security awareness training.
When CISOs were asked what they would do with extra time back in their diaries, spending time with family and friends, looking for ways to improve business strategy and resting ranked top. CISOs also revealed that they feel they are currently spending too little time on their own career development (38%) hiring talent for their team (36%) and researching new industry updates and trends (36%).
Josh Yavor, CISO for Tessian, says: "There is this unfortunate trend of heroism in the security industry. As security leaders, some of our most exciting stories include pulling all-nighters to defend the organisation or investigate a threat. However, we often fail to acknowledge that the need for heroics usually indicate a failure condition and are not sustainable.
"Like any job function, CISOs have their limits and need to advocate for themselves and time constraints to avoid burnout. As leaders, it's critical that CISOs are able to lead by example and to set their teams up for sustainable operational work. Heroics are sometimes unavoidable, but we should be accountable for ensuring they are not the norm."
Tessian surveyed 300 CISOs in the US and UK using third-party survey company Censuswide in September 2021. Survey participants included decision-makers in IT, security, and compliance/risk management.
Find out more about Tessian.
Follow us on LinkedIn.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Exercising Currency Sovereignty Under Self-Imposed Constraints
Posted on 10 December 2014 by peterc
A currency-issuing government is not revenue constrained. It is always able to purchase whatever is available for sale in its own currency. This simple reality is partially concealed by a variety of contrived hoops through which modern day governments require themselves to jump. There are at least two different ways in which we can see past the confusion. The easiest way is to stand back and look at the big picture, both from the standpoint of logic and by considering the monetary and fiscal authorities as two parts of the same entity, the consolidated government sector. For the eagle eyed, this approach may appear to overlook potentially consequential details in the way governments actually spend. In practice, the monetary authority plays one set of roles, the fiscal authority plays another, and many governments have introduced various restrictions on the way in which the two can interact. The present post begins with a bird's eye view of government spending, and then turns to a more detailed consideration of the way in which self-imposed constraints and convoluted operational procedures complicate but do not undermine the sovereignty of a currency-issuing government. The case of the US government is taken throughout as an example, but much of the discussion is also broadly applicable to other currency-issuing governments.
A basic point of logic
As a simple matter of logic, a currency-issuing government that imposes a tax denominated in its own money cannot receive tax payments until it has first issued that money. Likewise, it cannot borrow its money from the non-government without first having issued money. A currency-issuing government creates money when it spends or lends. Tax payments and purchases of government bonds result in the destruction of money. This makes clear, as a matter of first principles, that government spending or lending must occur before tax payments or government borrowing can take place.
In fact, we can be more precise than this. It is only government spending that enables non-government to fulfill its financial obligations to the state. Mostly, when central banks advance government money to non-government (specifically, banks), it is on the condition that non-government supplies collateral in the form of government bonds. The bonds used as collateral only exist because of past government spending. Therefore, when such a condition is in force, it is government spending that comes first. Even in the case of an uncollateralized overdraft on a bank's reserve account, which will attract a penalty, this leaves non-government liable to repay the loan. As such, a government loan to enable a tax payment merely turns the tax liability into a loan liability. For non-government as a whole, the financial obligation created by the imposition of the tax can only be eliminated once government has spent.
The US government, for example, requires taxes to be paid in dollars. To the extent the government spends more than it taxes, the fiscal authority (Treasury) sells government bonds to non-government. Both tax payments and purchases of government bonds are settled via Fedwire when the monetary authority (the Fed) debits the appropriate reserve accounts. Reserves are a form of government money. They are a liability of the Fed and asset of the banks. For taxes to be paid, or government bonds to be purchased, there must be sufficient reserves in the system. If there are not, the Fed will need to do a 'reserve add' by lending to non-government. Since the Fed requires the recipients of the loan to provide collateral in the form of government bonds, and government bonds are the result of past government spending, it is government spending that comes first in the US system, as is the case in other sovereign currency systems.
The consolidated government sector
Often, when we are analyzing the economy as a whole, it is convenient to ignore the distinction between the monetary and fiscal authorities and simply consider them as part of a consolidated government sector in which Congress and the President are at the top of the hierarchy and the Fed and Treasury are their agents. This is fine for many purposes, because internal interactions between different parts of government have no impact on non-government. What matters to non-government is the combined effect of the consolidated government sector's operations.
When viewed in this bird's eye way, the overall effect of government spending and borrowing is easy to see. Government spending, considered in isolation, results in the creation of extra reserves. The recipients of the government spending end up with additional balances in their bank accounts. However, if government net spending is matched by bond issuance, the overall level of reserves is ultimately unaffected because some members of non-government purchase bonds matching the amount of the government spending and this, considered in isolation, drains reserves. In aggregate, total reserves remain unchanged, but there is an increase in net financial assets, held in the form of government bonds. It is as if the government spends, adding reserves, and these extra reserves are exchanged for bonds.
Distinguishing between the Fed and Treasury
The bird's eye view of government spending is fine for most purposes. But if we want to understand the way in which government spending actually occurs under current practices, and confirm that these operational details do not diminish currency sovereignty, it is necessary to peer inside the consolidated government sector. In particular, we need to separate out the actions of the Treasury and Fed and consider the consequences for their respective balance sheets.
Many governments have put in place various self-imposed constraints on their own operations that require them to engage in a more circuitous (and inefficient) series of actions to achieve the same ultimate effect as could be obtained simply by crediting reserve accounts and exchanging them, if desired, for government bonds. Two self-imposed constraints have been prominent in the US:
The Treasury is required to keep an account with the Fed and to draw upon that account when it spends;
The Treasury is forbidden from borrowing directly from the Fed (that is, the Fed is not permitted to buy bonds directly from the Treasury but must instead obtain them in the secondary market).
At first glance, these constraints might seem problematic. We know as a matter of logic that government spending is required before the non-government's financial obligations to the state can be extinguished or government bonds can be purchased. But due to the self-imposed constraints, the Treasury needs balances in its account at the Fed before it can spend and cannot get them directly from the Fed. This makes it appear as if the government is not a currency sovereign at all. It seems as if the government depends on non-government to obtain the dollars it spends. It creates the illusion that the government could be forced into involuntary insolvency, unable to pay its debt, or fall victim to the bond vigilantes. Yet, we know that this is a logical impossibility for a currency-issuing government.
To resolve the apparent contradictions, we need to look more closely at the operations involved. It will help if we have a specific scenario in mind. Suppose the Treasury intends to spend but has a zero balance in its account at the Fed. Suppose, also, to make the situation as "difficult" as possible for the government, that there are initially no funds available in the Treasury's 'tax and loan' accounts, which are held at various banks and can be called in to the Treasury's account at the Fed. Suppose, lastly, that banks presently hold the quantity of reserves that they wish to hold, and so do not currently desire to convert some of their reserves to bonds.
This gives us the following situation. The Treasury is only allowed to spend by drawing down its account, but the account is empty. Its tax and loan accounts are also empty. The Treasury is not permitted to borrow directly from the Fed. Evidently, the Treasury will have to auction off bonds to primary dealers or other members of non-government. And it will have to do this before the next act of government spending. But it has also been specified that banks are currently holding the quantity of reserves that they desire, and have no present intention to convert some of their reserves into bonds.
We might wonder, then, where the reserves will come from that are required to settle the Treasury auction? The answer is that they will come from the Fed. The Fed will have to do a reserve add, by lending to non-government, specifically to primary dealers. In doing so, the Fed will require primary dealers to supply collateral in the form of government bonds. The bonds used as collateral only exist because of prior rounds of government spending.
So the first step, before the Treasury issues new bonds, and before primary dealers purchase the bonds, involves the Fed doing a reserve add, which as currency issuer it can do without limit. In short, the Fed lends to primary dealers, who are required to participate in the process. The Fed advances reserves, requiring government bonds as collateral. The collateral will be returned upon repayment of the loan in the second leg of a so-called repurchase agreement or 'repo', which will be timed to offset the effect on reserves of government spending (which, when it occurs, involves the crediting of reserve accounts). But in the first leg of the repurchase agreement, the Fed credits the reserve accounts of the primary dealers' banks and directs the banks to credit the primary dealers' accounts. The resulting surplus of reserves incentivizes a conversion of the excess into bonds.
This makes clear why there is no danger of a lack of demand for government bonds at the Treasury auction. The Fed has created additional reserves, which earn zero or little interest. Agents would prefer to receive more interest than is paid on reserves, and so form a ready market for government bonds. It is equally apparent that market participants have no capacity to pressure the Treasury into offering an interest rate that is much higher than it wishes (for policy reasons) to pay. The choice for non-government agents is between reserves that pay little or no interest and government bonds that pay somewhat higher interest. In any case, if the central bank feels it necessary, it can purchase assets in the secondary market without limit, putting downward pressure on interest rates and exerting downward influence on the cutoff bid at the Treasury auction.
So, as logic had already dictated, government spending must occur before financial obligations to the state can be settled or government bonds purchased. The way the operations are arranged makes it appear as if it is government lending that comes first. But as has already been noted, this is not actually the case. While central bank lending is the first step in the current round of spending, the government bonds that the banks must supply as collateral only exist because of previous government spending. So, it is actually government spending that comes first. It is just that the government spending that created the bonds occurred during an earlier round of spending.
It is worth noticing that the very first time the government spent it could not have used this roundabout process, because it would have been impossible for primary dealers to supply government bonds as collateral. From inception, the currency will be issued either by the government spending or the central bank lending without requiring government bonds as collateral. Needless to say, it would be foolish for the government to take the latter option. From inception, the government will issue the currency by spending. It is only once the system is up and running that the more roundabout method can be introduced. It is presumably introduced for deceptive purposes. It misleads many in the general public into believing that a currency issuer can somehow run out of what it alone can issue. It creates the illusion that the currency issuer is revenue constrained when in actuality it is only constrained by real resources and politics.
Monetary and fiscal operations when the US government spends
It is possible to trace through the sequence of operations that are involved when the US government spends. In normal times, when there is neither quantitative easing nor interest on reserves and the Fed is targeting a positive short-term interest rate, there are six basic steps in the process. The following description is based on a post by Randall Wray and a freely downloadable academic paper by Scott Fullwiler. The six steps are as follows:
1. Repurchase agreement. The Fed credits reserve accounts and instructs the banks to credit the accounts of the primary dealers (the primary dealers mostly are banks) while requiring government bonds as collateral. This step, like later ones, can be represented in T-accounts. (A more sophisticated approach is taken by Fullwiler in the paper linked to above.) It is arbitrarily assumed in the T-accounts that the amount of government spending involved is 10 (million, or perhaps billion) dollars. The repurchase agreement has effects on the T-accounts of the Fed, banks and primary dealers, but the overall impact on net financial assets is zero, since the step just involves an asset swap.
2. Treasury auction. New bonds are offered to non-government. For simplicity, we can assume they are purchased entirely by the primary dealers, but in general that need not be the case. For present purposes, this simplifying assumption makes no meaningful difference to the analysis. The auction will involve a depletion of reserves as primary dealers draw down bank accounts to pay for the bonds, and will add balances to the Treasury's account at the Fed. The action in this step affects the T-accounts of the Fed, the Treasury, banks and primary dealers. As with the first step, overall there is no impact on net financial assets.
3. Deposits in tax and loan accounts. The Treasury adds the balances received as a result of the Treasury auction to its tax and loan (T&L) accounts held at various banks. This action therefore adds both to deposits held at banks and reserve account balances. There will be effects on the T-accounts of the Fed, the Treasury and banks. Here, too, the overall effect on net financial assets is zero.
(NB. Steps 4 and 5 can occur in reverse order without consequence.)
4. Second leg of the repurchase agreement. This reverses step 1. Primary dealers receive back the bonds that were supplied as collateral in step 1 upon repayment of the loan, which involves a debiting of reserve accounts. The T-accounts of the Fed, banks and primary dealers will be affected. Since this is just the reverse of the prior asset swap, the overall impact on net financial assets is zero.
5.The Treasury calls in tax and loan balances ready to spend. This reverses step 3. There is a depletion of deposits held at banks and in reserve accounts, and effects on the T-accounts of the Fed, the Treasury and banks. Once again, the overall impact on net financial assets is zero.
6. The Treasury spends. The Treasury spends by drawing down its account at the Fed, resulting in a crediting of reserve accounts and a crediting of the bank accounts of spending recipients. The T-accounts of the Fed, the Treasury, banks and spending recipients will all be affected. Net financial assets increase by the amount of the government spending.
As mentioned earlier, the aggregate level of reserves remains unchanged as a result of steps 1 through 6. The increase in deposits for spending recipients is offset by a depletion of deposits held by the purchasers of bonds. Even so, non-government as a whole is better off. This is made clear by the fact that total deposits are unchanged but holdings of government bonds have increased. The effect of the government spending, as expected, is to increase net financial assets by the amount of the spending. A summary of the entire 6-step procedure is shown below.
The vertical sums in the bottom row of the table show that: (i) the Fed's assets and liabilities remain unchanged as a result of the operations; (ii) the Treasury has unchanged assets but an additional liability equal to the new issue of bonds in step 2; (iii) the consolidated government sector as a whole has created an additional liability equal to the new issue of bonds; (iv) the assets and liabilities of the banks and primary dealers remain unchanged as a result of the operations; (v) the assets of the spending recipients have increased by the amount of the extra balances in their accounts; and (vi) the increase in net financial assets of non-government equals the change in debt of the consolidated government sector, as it must by definition.
The horizontal sums in columns 6 and 13 of the table show that only the final step in the 6-stage procedure has any net impact on the financial positions of the consolidated government and non-government sectors. The net impact is equal to the reserve add in step 6, which is of the same magnitude as the issue of new bonds in step 2. As we had already discerned on the basis of a bird's eye view, it is as if the government spends and the newly created reserves are exchanged for bonds. However, the first part of the swap is done earlier, in step 2, enabled by the Fed's reserve add in step 1. This is only possible because government spending of previous rounds has resulted in a sufficient supply of government bonds to execute the swap.


text:
Europe, London, United Kingdom
Best London Views – For Free! #1
Best London Views for Free
Top 5 views over London
1. Primrose Hill
2. Parliament Hill
3. Royal Observatory
4. Alexandra Palace
5. Richmond Hill
Did you know that some of the best London views are free to visit? I've shortlisted 5 'green' options for you right here
When you're running down Oxford Street, pushing through the tons of Saturday afternoon shoppers while trying to get your hands on that perfect deal in the Winter sale, I'm sure you sometimes feel the need to scream and make a run for it. Away from the craziness that's Central London.
When I experience these kind of moments, I prefer to take things up a bit higher. Escaped from all the hustle and bustle that takes place below me, I love to take a stroll and unwind on one of the hills London has on offer. Does it sound strange when I say that it's like time moves slower when I'm standing on a hill? People suddenly seem to lower their pace when they walk by with their strollers and family dogs, and you even hear the birds sing their beautiful songs all around you. A completely different world from London we all know.
Need some inspiration? Then take a look at some of my favorite London views and hilltop locations, and see if there's something to your liking:
Primrose Hill is located right across from the London Zoo and Regent's Park, and offers stunning views of central London, Hampstead and Belsize Park. Fun-fact: several prominent persons own a house in the Primrose area, so who knows who you might bump into while taking a morning jog up there. The neighborhood itself also features many cute boutique shops, pubs and restaurants, making it definitely worth a visit.
Getting there: tube: take the Northern Line up to Chalk Farm station. Then, follow Adelaide Rd westbound and turn left at Primrose Hill Rd. Bus: 31 towards Camden Town/Swiss Cottage & C11 towards South End Green/Swiss Cottage (Stop: Primrose Hill Road).
Parliament Hill is part of the exquisite Hampstead Heath park. The park is one of the largest in the capital, covering 320 hectares, and runs from Hampstead to Highgate. Parliament Hill is located in the south-east corner and is definitely a perfect place to unwind and take in stunning views of London. From the One Canada Square skyscraper in the south-east, to London Eye in the west, it's all visible from the open piece of woodland. Parliament Hill is also a popular place for kite flying. Also, it is the gateway to plenty of sights and activities in the surrounding area.
Getting there: tube: Take the Northern Line up to Hampstead. Then, follow Hampstead High St southbound and turn left on Downshire Hill. London Overground: embark at the Hampstead Heath Overground station. Then, follow Parliament Hill. Bus: 214, C2 towards Camden Town/Archway or Highgate Village (stop: Parliament Hill Fields).
The Royal Observatory is best known for the prime meridian. It also used to play a big part in the history of astronomy and navigation. If you're not that interested in stargazing, you still might want to consider making a visit, as the location of the Royal Observatory is absolutely breathtaking. Like with most of the places mentioned in this post, you've to climb quite a bit to get to this viewpoint in Greenwich Park. However, it is definitely worth the exercise. When you've taken your panorama pictures of the capital's skyline, walk (or roll?) back down the hill. Here, you can visit the world famous Old Royal Naval College, the Maritime Museum or the delightful Greenwich Market.
Getting there: DLR: alight at either Cutty Sark or Greenwich DLR station. Then, follow the signs to the Royal Observatory. Bus: 129, 177, 180, 188, 286, 386 towards Blackheath Village, Charlton or North Greenwich/Blackheath Village, Deptford or Lewisham (stop: National Maritime Museum). From there, follow the signs to the Royal Observatory.
View from the Royal Observatory
Located in the north of London, Alexandra Palace is an iconic London landmark and the host of concerts, events, and exhibitions. The historical building is set in a gorgeous park in the Borough of Haringey, and is a great place to recharge your batteries. There's loads to do and visit, such as a boating lake, Farmer's Market, and even a deer park. But most importantly, the area around Alexandra Palace boasts jaw-dropping views of the London skyline.
Getting there: train: train services by Great Northern to Alexandra Palace Station. Bus: W3, 184 towards Wood Green/Bounds Green (stop: Alexandra Palace Station). From there, follow South Terrace until you reach Alexandra Palace.
Until now, we've seen some beautiful corners of the capital which feature breathtaking views of the London skyline. But our 'On Top of the World' shortlist wouldn't be complete without mentioning Richmond Hill. Without a doubt, Richmond itself is a true gem, with its village-feel ambiance, the stunning Thames backdrop, and the massive park. But that's not all.
Right between the town center and Richmond Park you can find Richmond Hill. This is a slope that rises above the river Thames and is home to Richmond Palace. You won't be able to see the capital's skyline from there. However, the view of the Thames taking a sharp turn and the meadows below are a real treat for the eyes. On bright days you can even see Hampton Court Palace in the distance. Sir Walter Scott certainly called Richmond Hill ''an unrivaled landscape'' for a reason. It truly is breathtaking.
Getting there: tube/overground: District line or Overground to Richmond station. Hill. Train: train services by South West Trains. From there, follow George St and Hill Street towards the south, followed by Richmond. Bus: 65 towards Ham/Richmond (stop Robins Court).
So, here you go, 5 places to unwind and feel 'On Top of the World'. Away from the hustle and bustle that defines Central London. 'And breathe…'
Do you feel that a certain place is missing from this list? Give your input below in the comments! What are your favourite London views?
Don't forget to check out the second post in this series. More free London views to enjoy!
GreenwichLondonParliament HillPhotographyPrimrosetourismTravelUnited Kingdomviewswanderlust
Széchenyi Thermal Baths Budapest – a Photo Essay
Staycation: citizenM London Shoreditch
Micro-adventures – Travel during the pandemic
2 Thoughts on Best London Views – For Free! #1
The Weekly Legend: Food for Thought for Any Traveler – 10.23.15 | Map Maiden
[…] 3.(Free) Views of London from a Local […]
24 Hours in London
[…] you feel all awake and energized after your workout, take things up higher in the Sky Garden. The Darwin Restaurant on the 36st floor of 20 Fenchurch Street is open for breakfast each day from […]


November 12 is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 49 days remaining until the end of the year.
764 – Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days.
1439 – Plymouth, England, becomes the first town incorporated by the English Parliament.
1555 - The English Parliament decides that Roman Catholicism will be the state religion of England.
1602 - Sebastian Viscaino lands at, and names, San Diego, California.
1793 - Jean Sylvain Bailly, the first Mayor of Paris, is executed on the guillotine.
1892 - William Heffelfinger becomes the first professional American football player on record, taking part in his first paid game for the Allegheny Athletic Association.
1893 - The Treaty of the Durand is signed between present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan; the Durand Line has become the international border between the two countries.
1905 - Newly-independent Norway holds a referendum on its system of government. Most voters decide to have a monarch as their Head of State, over having a president.
1908 - An explosion at a mine shaft in Hamm, present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, kills 348 people.
1912 - The bodies of Robert Falcon Scott and his men are found on the Ross Ice Shelf.
1918 – Austria becomes a republic.
1920 - Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo.
1927 – Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin with complete control of the Soviet Union.
1928 - The ship SS Vestris sinks around 200 miles (320 kilometers) off Hampton Roads, Virginia, killing over 110 people.
1933 - Hugh Gray takes the first-known photograph alleged to show the Loch Ness Monster.
1936 – The San Francisco Bay Bridge is opened.
1942 – World War II: The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal between Japanese and American forces begins near Guadalcanal. The battle lasts for three days.
1944 – World War II: The Royal Air Force launches one of the most successful bombing attacks of war and sinks the German battleship Tirpitz off the coast of Norway.
1945 - Sudirman is elected as the first commander-in-chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces.
1948 - In Tokyo, an international war crimes tribunal sentences seven Japanese military and government officials, including Hideki Tojo, to death for their roles in World War II.
1956 - Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia join the UN.
1958 - A team of rock climbers led by Warren Harding completes the first successful climb of the "Nose" on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley, California.
1968 - Equatorial Guinea joins the UN.
1969 – Vietnam War: My Lai Massacre – Independent investigative journalist Seymour Hersh breaks the My Lai story.
1970 - The Oregon Highway Division attempt to destroy a rotting bleached sperm whale with explosives, leading to the now-infamous "exploding whale" incident.
1973 - It is announced that Gerald Ford is to succeed Spiro Agnew as Vice President of the United States.
1975 – The Comoros join the UN.
1980 – The Voyager 1 space probe takes images of Saturn's rings.
1981 - The Space Shuttle Columbia launches on its second flight.
1982 – In the Soviet Union, Yuri Andropov is selected to become the general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee, succeeding the late Leonid Brezhnev.
1982 – Polish Solidarity leader Lech Walesa is released.
1985 - Xavier Suarez becomes Miami's first Cuban-American Mayor.
1990 – Crown Prince Akihito is formally installed as Emperor Akihito of Japan, becoming the 125th Japanese monarch. He had already succeeded his father Hirohito, who died on January 7, 1989.
1991 – Dili Massacre: Indonesian forces opened fire on a crowd of student protesters in Dili, East Timor.
1994 - Chandrika Kumaratunga becomes President of Sri Lanka.
1995 - Mozambique joins the Commonwealth. As a former Portuguese colony, it is the first Commonwealth member not to have had any historical links with the present-day United Kingdom.
1995 - Azerbaijan holds its first parliamentary elections.
1996 - A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747 and a Kazakh Ilyushin II-76 cargo plane collide in mid-air near New Delhi, India, killing 349 people in the deadliest mid-air collision to date.
1997 - Ramzi Yousef is found guilty of planning the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.
2001 – Taliban forces abandon Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, ahead of advancing Northern Alliance troops.
2001 – A plane crash in the New York Borough of Queens kills all (260) of those on board, and 5 people on the ground. American Airlines Flight 587 had come down shortly after take-off and was bound for the Dominican Republic.
2003 - Shanghai Transrapid sets a new world speed record, 501 kilometers per hour (311 miles per hour), for commercial railways systems, which remains the fastest for unmodified commercial rail vehicles.
2004 – Official Guided by Voices Day in Los Angeles, California.
2004 – Resignation of Colin Powell as United States Secretary of Defense.
2010 - The 16th Asian Games begin in Guangzhou, China.
2011 – In the wake of an economic crisis, Silvio Berlusconi resigns as Prime Minister of Italy. Mario Monti is selected to replace him shortly after.
2013 - One World Trade Center is announced as being the tallest building in the United States.
2014 - The Philae lander from the European Space Agency's Rosetta probe lands on the surface of the Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. It is the first man-made object to land on a comet.
November 12 Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


text:
Progressive Voter Alliance
Doña Ana County, New Mexico
Unified Action
Unified Action Index
Meeting Recap
Meeting Recaps Archive
County Clerk Sheds Light on Elections
Doña Ana County Clerk Lynn Ellins gave a detailed and riveting account of the 2008 election in Doña Ana County. The accusations of voter fraud, including the 46 dead voters, were unfounded. (The details are here.)
Improvements for the future include new sorting equipment, ballot tracking technology, and adequate staffing. Lynn noted that 16- and 17-year olds will now be allowed to work at the polls and gave that legislation a thumbs up.
For more information send email to Lynn, call him at 575-525-6156, or visit the Bureau of Elections online.
Unified Action Update from January Wilderness Hearing
There was a great response to the January unified action which asked participants to support the wilderness legislation introduced by Senators Bingaman and Udall by attending the senate hearing at NMSU on February 15 or by writing or calling the senators.
For more information send email to Nathan.
New Unified Action
Cathilia Flores introduced the February unified action in which participants ask Senator Tom Udall to co-sponsor the cap-and-dividend legislation introduced by Senators Collins and Cantrell.
For more information send email to Cathilia.
Microbank Annual Report Is Here
Connie Richardson brought the annual report of Tiyesenaw, "our" microcredit bank, located in Mchinji in the central region of Malawi. The bank is in its fifth lending cycle and has currently made loans totaling $2,829.79 to 15 small businesses including shops, groceries, second clothing, bicycle transporting, empty sacks, chips, and maize. Connie did all the organizing for the bank, which is part of the FINCA network, and PVA members together made the $5000 in contributions that established the bank in July 2007.
For more information send email to Connie or call her at 575-523-5767.
Report from Senator Bingaman's Office
Greg Bloom, Senator Bingaman's state director commended the community for their support of environmental protection and the excellent turnout at the Senate hearing on wilderness held February 15 at NMSU.
With regard to health care reform, he noted that Senator Bingaman's support for a public option, if that should materialize, and his support of the reconciliation process to pass the health care reform legislation if necessary. He reminded us that New Mexico has the second highest rate of citizens without health care insurance (second to Texas) as well as higher-than- average rates of health care related bankruptcy.
For more information visit Senator Bingaman's Web site.
Doris Montoya Endorses Harry Montoya for Land Commissioner
Doris spoke in support of her husband, Harry Montoya, who is running for state land office commissioner. She highlighted his accomplishments as a Santa Fe County Commissioner since 2002, pointing out his commitment to renewable energy, protection of the environment, and transparency in government.
For more information send email to Harry, call him at 505-920-0992, or visit his campaign Web site.
Green Chamber Rocks
Gary Camuñez summed up the recent activites of the Las Cruces Green Chamber of Commerce. Their 300 members intend to affiliate with the Business Alliance for Local Living Economies(BALLE).
They have instituted a first Friday lecture series with the next lecture to be "The Triple Bottom Line," March 5, noon to 1 p.m., at the Mountain View Market. Full information about the first Friday series is here.
They will be rolling out a "buy local" campaign. Gary pointed out that when you buy from a local merchant 45% of the money spent stays in the local community, whereas when you buy from a big box store 13% of the sale stays local.
For more information send email to Gary or call him at 561-702-3771.
Doña Ana Hungry in Desperate Need
A representative of Casa de Peregrinos told of their desperate need for food and donations. Contributions are down 86% and the client load is up 10% this year. She urged people to contribute money or food as generously as possible.
For more information call 575-523-5542, send email to casadepere@yahoo.com, or visit their Web site.
$9.4 Million for Developmentally Disabled Not Being Used
The mother of a child with developmental disabilities informed us that her child and many others have been on a waiting list for services for four years. She stated that 9.4 million dollars has been allocated for services (known as the DD Waiver Program), but the funds have not been released. She urged us to call our elected representatives and demand the release of the DD Waiver funds. You can read more about the situation here.
For more information send email to melissasoulshine@yahoo.com.
Kent Yalkut for Magistrate Judge
Kent asked for our support in his campaign for magistrate judge. He summarized his experience as a lawyer in Las Cruces including work as an assistant district attorney, a municipal judge, and special assistant to the attorney general handling cases for the State Office of Guardianship.
For more information call Kent at 575-621-5820.
Leonor Delgado for Poll Workers and Judge Arrieta
First, in her role as leader of voter protection efforts, Leonor announced that the Democratic Party is looking for poll workers.
Second, in her role as treasurer for Judge Arrieta's campaign, she described the judge as a "hometown boy made good" and urged us to support his campaign.
For more information about either topic, send email to Leonor or call her at 575-523-0286.
Senator Fischmann Needs Help
Bob Hearn let us know that Senator Fischmann is in need of diversion. At the time of the meeting he was confined to Room 617 at Memorial Medical Center with a case of phlebitis—not life threatening—but Steve feels he may die of cabin fever.
You can send Steve an entertaining, distracting email, visit him, or send email to Bob Hearn for more suggestions.
Billy Garrett for County Commission District 1
Billy asked for our support as he runs for the District 1 seat on the Doña Ana County Commission. He noted that a county commissioner needs to see beyond potholes and zoning applications and work for the long term good of the entire county.
For more information send email to Billy.
Diane Denish to Visit Las Cruces
Denish staffer Tomás Talamante said that Diane Denish will be in Las Cruces for the Democratic County Convention on Saturday, February 27. He reminded us that, if elected, she would be New Mexico's first woman governor.
For more information send email to Tomás or visit the campaign Web site.
Jerry Ortiz y Pino for Lt. Governor
Jerry asked for our support in his campaign for lieutenant governor. He spoke of his 40 years' experience as a social worker and observed that the working families in New Mexico seem to him to be far more progressive than their elected officials. He reminded us that getting out the vote will be crucial for Democratic successes in the November election.
For more information send email to Jerry, visit his campaign Web site, or give him a call at 505-243-1509 or 505-250-1280 (cell).
Neri Holguin Endorses Ray Powell for Land Office
Neri spoke as campaign manager for Ray Powell in his run for land commissioner. She referred to the role that Las Crucens have played in exposing problems with the current land office. She spoke of Powell's experience, past successes in the land office, and his commitment to transparency.
For more information send email to Ray or visit his campaign Web site.
Amigos de los Robledos Oppose Wastewater Treatment Plant
Cathie Leslie spoke in opposition to a wastewater treatment plant that has been proposed for a site on Hope Road in the north valley, adjacent to the Rio Grande. In addition to the problematic location, she asserted that the plant is not needed and would be a waste of taxpayer dollars.
For more information send email to Cathie or visit with her at the Farmers' Market on Saturday morning.
Bill McCamley for PRC
Bill asked for our support in his campaign for the Public Regulation Commission. He reminded us of the important role the PRC will play in the regulation of health insurance companies. He sounded a note of populist anger concerning corporate profit taking.
For more information send email to Bill or visit his campaign Web site.
Jane Asche Endorses Ortiz y Pino
Jane Asche spoke in support of Jerry Ortiz y Pino for lieutenant governor, characterizing him as "the progressive candidate of my dreams." She noted his 45-year record of commitment to health care, education, the environment, and ethics reform.
Jane also urged us to give generously to Casa de Peregrinos and said she would be available to accept donations.
For more information send email to Jane or call her at 575-532-8087.
Al Galves Endorses Ortiz y Pino
Al Galves stated his support for Jerry Ortiz y Pino, pointing out that he is particularly impressed with Jerry's commitment to solving problems, citing behavioral health and dropout rates as two areas in particular where Jerry has worked to find solutions.
For more information call Al Galves at 575-522-8371.
Brian Colón for Lt. Governor
Brian asked for our support as he runs for lieutenant governor. He noted his ties to Las Cruces—he met his wife here, his son was born here, and he attended NMSU. He spoke of his commitment to education and the economy. He stated that as former chair of the New Mexico Democratic Party he worked for an a party platform that included the concerns of progressives.
For more information send email to Brian, visit the campaign Web site, or (in a PVA first!) follow him on Twitter or friend him on Facebook.
Evelyn Erhard Endorses Lawrence Rael for Lt. Governor
Evelyn spoke in support of Lawrence Rael and told that Lawrence knew when he was in high school that he wanted to be a public servant and has pursued that goal with tenacity. She related his accomplishments in public service including the Railrunner, keeping Kirkland Air Force Base open, and standing for the civil rights of gays and lesbians.
For more information send email to Evelyn or call her at 575-524-0803.
Judge Mannie Arrieta
Judge Arrieta returned to ask for our support as he runs to retain his seat on the Third District Court. He mentioned that he recently completed his first year on the bench; he likes the job and wants to continue. His work has centered on home and family issues, foreclosures, and credit card cases. He will have an opponent in the general election.
For more information send email to Judge Arrieta.
Health Security for New Mexicans
Martha Stephens announced that there will be a Health Security for New Mexicans meeting in Albuquerque on Saturday, March 6. She pointed out that two important health bills passed the legislature and are waiting for the governor's signature. One bill prevents insurance companies from using gender as a factor when determining insurance rates, and the other sets standards for the percentage of premiums that must go toward patient care.
For more information or to form a car pool to Albuquerque, send email to Martha.
Good News for Otero Mesa
Jason Burke, canvass director for SWEC (Southwest Environmental Center), announced that Otero Mesa is one of 14 sites being considered for National Monument status. On Earth Day, SWEC will publish a full-page Sun-News ad in support of the National Monument idea. They are seeking signatures and contributions to help pay for the ad. Jason reminded us of the mesa's desert grasslands, pronghorns, and an aquifer large enough to serve one million people for one hundred years.
For more information send email to Jason or call him at 575-915-2766.
Democratic Women
Judy Baker, president of Democratic Women of Doña Ana County, invited everyone to attend their next monthly meeting:
Saturday, March 6, 10 a.m.
Farm and Ranch Museum
In celebration of Women's History Month, Bonnie Eisenberg has been invited to speak about women's suffrage. The talk will be Thursday, March 18, at 7 p.m., with "fortifications" starting at 5:30 p.m.
For more information call Judy at 575-640-7942.
Single Stream Recycling for Las Cruces
Al McBrayer announced that Las Cruces now has single stream recycling (no sorting required) available at several sites. It is a step toward curbside recycling, aka, a step in the right direction. As part of that single stream, plastics will now be accepted for recycling in Las Cruces.
On Earth Day, April 17, there will be a recycling event in Young Park from noon to 3 p.m. including a not-to-be-missed demonstration of single stream recycling.
For more information send email to Al or call him at 575-541-9667.
Progressive Democratic Alliance (PDA) Working on Major Issues
Al Kissling announced that the PDA's criminal justice task force is working on treatment alternatives for drug abusing offenders. They will also be working on health care and immigration issues, and Al invited the participation of all those interested in these major issues.
For more information call Al at 575-521-0032.
Laun Smith Endorses Judge Arrieta
Laun spoke of his work as a parenting coordinator for the district court. In that capacity he has seen Judge Arrieta's ability to work effectively with troubled families. Laun asserted that Judge Arrieta is "an asset to the community and should be retained."
For more information send email to Laun or call him at 575-524-3076.
Peter Ossorio on Poll Workers, Favored Candidates, and the ACLU
Peter had three points to make. First, he noted that the impressionable 16 and 17 year olds who will now be able to work at the polls deserve to see the best, most qualified poll workers available. (So please sign up to be a role model!) Second, he announced his intention to support Judge Mannie Arrieta, Ray Powell, and Brian Colon. Third, the ACLU is still treating new members to the big donor treatment—coffee at International Delights with the ACLU big wigs.
For more information send email to Peter.
Probate Judge Alice Salcido
Judge Salcido asked for our support as she seeks retention as probate judge. She reminded us of her five years of experience in the position and her ongoing efforts to educate the public regarding the work of the probate judge's office.
For more information send email to Judge Salcido or call her at 575-523-0701.
Calling All Film Lovers
Pat Aguirre invited everyone to support the sixth annual White Sands International Film Festival (WSIFF) scheduled April 15-18 in Las Cruces. She pointed out the economic and cultural benefits and opportunities the festival brings to our community and invited volunteers to join her in supporting the festival.
For more information send email to Pat, call her at 575-532-5127, or visit WSIFF online.
Commissioner Krahling
Scott Krahling brought news of the county's slow but steady progress toward the creation of an alternative energy financing district (AEFD). The NM Association of Counties is developing ordinances for the AEFD's. Doña Ana County is working out the details and will, in several months, create its own AEFD.
For more information send email to Scott.
Energy Update from Mark Westbrock
Mark announced that the New Mexico Solar Energy Association will be teaching classes in Las Cruces in the near future and needs a location where they can demonstrate the solar installation process. They are looking for a nonprofit organization that owns a building and would to like to have a solar installation at bargain prices.
Mark reminded us that Bill McKibben will be speaking about climate change at NMSU on March 11, 7:30 p.m., at the Pan Am Center. McKibben in an internationally known climate change expert and activist. You can read about McKibben here, and visit his Web site.
For more information send email to Mark or call him at 575-524-2030 or 575-640-2432 (cell).
The Bob Blog—Must Read
Bob Diven announced the launching of a new Web site, The Church of bob, an outgrowth of "Happy Birthday Darwin." He promised the site will include sermons, book reviews, and all of his cartoons that have been rejected by The New Yorker magazine.
For more information visit thechurchofbob.com.
Alex Cotoia for NM Education Commission
Alex asked for our support in his campaign for New Mexico Education Commission, District 7. He spoke of his experience in politics and argued for the advantages of having diverse points of view—including that of a younger generation—on the commission.
For more information send email to Alex or call him at 505-310-2882.
Dennis Montoya for NM Court of Appeals
Dennis Montoya asked for our support in his run for the New Mexico Court of Appeals. He noted his many years as a civil rights lawyer. He explained that he is seeking public campaign financing and will take no contributions from special interests. To qualify for public financing he needs donations of $5 each from 1,100 individuals. Forms and instructions for contributing can be found on his Web site, DennisWMontoya.com.
For more information send email to Dennis, call him at 505-246-8499, or visit his campaign Web site.
Invitation to Meet Jerry Ortiz y Pino
Cathilia Flores invited everyone to meet Jerry Ortiz y Pino at one of three functions on Friday, February 26.
Cathilia also put in a plug for the movie "Creation" and entreated everyone to ask the Fountain Theater to put it on their schedule. "Creation" is a new film about the life of Charles Darwin, starring Paul Bettany and Jennifer Connelly.
Invitation to Meet Brian Colón
Chris Salas invited everyone to have breakfast with Brian Colón at the Dickerson Event Center on Saturday, February 27.
For more information send email to Chris.
Mary Helen Ratje Endorses Ella Nelson for Mayor of Mesilla
Mary Helen introduced Ella Nelson and spoke of her qualifications for the office of mayor of Mesilla, vouching for her progressive ideas for the town's growth and her vision for the town's future.
For more information send email to Mary Helen.
Update from Representative Joseph Cervantes
Joseph began by assuring us that legislators "are getting your emails and calls and we're listening." He brought good news from the state legislature, pointing to progress on ethics reform and significant funding (10 million) for the state's colonias.
For more information send email to Joseph.
One Peace at a Time
Jim Moore reminded us that local peace enthusiasts have arranged for the showing of a topnotch film—One Peace at a Time—Saturday, March 13, 10 a.m., at the Fountain Theater in Mesilla.
The showing is a fundraiser for a regional peace conference to be held in June 2010, and you will have an opportunity to made a donation. The size of the donation is up to you.
Netflix summed it up like this:
Contemplating the possibility of ensuring that every child receives basic human rights, filmmaker Turk Pipkin travels to 20 countries seeking insight from Nobel Laureates Desmond Tutu, Muhammad Yunus, Steve Chu, and many others. This compelling documentary also features comments from Queen Rania of Jordan and musician Willie Nelson, along with music by Ben Harper, Bob Dylan, Jack Johnson, Cat Stevens and more.
For more information send email to Jim or to Tim Reed.
Stats from the County Clerk
Lynn Ellins made knows that DAC has been allotted one new magistrate position and now has six magistrate districts. He shared some attention-getting voter registration figures for the county. Of the voters who state a party affiliation, 54% are Democrats and 46% are Republicans. However, for all voters the picture is different.
DAC Registered Voters
Democrats 52%
Republicans 29%
Unaffiliated 19%
For more information send email to Lynn.
Representative Jeff Steinborn at Work in Santa Fe
Nathan Small brought greetings from Jeff Steinborn who was unable to attend. He noted Jeff's leadership in Santa Fe and mentioned two accomplishments in the just-completed session. One piece of legislation lowers the tax burden for New Mexico veterans and another will increase transparency in state government through expanded provisions for Webcasting.
For more information send email to Jeff, or call him at 575-635-5615.
Our next meeting will be
March 25, 2010, 7 p.m.
Munson Senior Center*
*If the Munson Senior Center is still being repaired, we will meet at the Mesilla Park Recreation Center. 304 W. Bell Avenue, Mesilla Park.
Next PVA Meeting
** This will be a virtual "meeting" – the recap will arrive in your inbox on:
Stay home and enjoy the PVA recap!
Progressive Voter Alliance © 2021


text:
title: Lojban
layout: page
---

Lojban Resources
--------

* [ko facki fi lo tolslabu valsi](http://valsi.blogspot.hk/): "Discover Some New words!" Posts a Lojban word a day.
* [la .jbotcan.](http://jbotcan.org/): Lojban 4chan.
* [camxes](http://mw.lojban.org/extensions/ilmentufa/camxes-exp.html): An automatic grammar checker of what you write in Lojban (which is unique among all languages!). It can help you quickly understand whether your sentence is grammatically correct.

Learning Lojban
--------

* [Tatoeba](http://tatoeba.org)
* [La Bangu: One-page Vlaste](http://mw.lojban.org/lmw/La_Bangu:_one-page_vlaste)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


35 years ago today he passed away, but has never left us.
Last edited by goonerseba; Aug 16th 2012 at 9:46 am.
Oh get out of here, he was pissin' useless.
great choice....i love the early SUN recordings too.
Is it true that he has still been in the list of 'Top Ten Money Earning Musical Acts' (or something like that) every year since his death?
Last edited by britexpat76; Aug 16th 2012 at 6:53 pm.
3 famous people have died where I remember where I was when I heard it, Elvis was one.
Fantastic choice and one of my faves too Brit.
It was an impossible decsision to choose a song to start the thread as i have so many faves but "in the ghetto" just reminds me of the day he passed as my mum played his songs all day and this one stuck in my head from that day.
He died on the husband's birthday. He's not been forgiven yet.
I'm going to put something a bit more uplifting out there - You can't beat a bit of suspicious minds.


text:
Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Augmented Reality for Mapping Underground Utilities
McManus, T. Neil
Haddad, A.
Thomas Neil McManus
1,2,* and
Assed Haddad
Northwest Occupational Health & Safety, North Vancouver, BC V7K1P3, Canada
Programa de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil
Escola Politécnica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, Brazil
Received: 5 June 2019 / Revised: 16 September 2019 / Accepted: 20 September 2019 / Published: 23 September 2019
Worldwide, infrastructure contains millions of isolated subsurface structures. Most, if not all, meet requirements for classification as confined spaces. Workers routinely enter and work in these structures. Ventilation of these spaces by air exchange induced by natural forces was documented first in 1936. The mechanism of the process remains to be discovered. This investigation utilized 'smoke' tubes to visualize air motion and video capture techniques to record the process. Air moved across the surface of the ground and unpredictably entered the airspace when a single opening in the manhole cover was present. The process is discrete and not continuous. Air moved downward linearly or in circular motion, and moved across the underside of the manhole cover in the direction opposite airflow and down the sidewall of the structure. This produced the rapid mixing in the airspace observed instrumentally. For two openings, entry was more aggressive and predictable. Separation between the openings influenced exchange. Closer spacing (center + circumference) produced better ventilation than wider spacing (circumferential openings opposite each other). Optimizing naturally induced ventilation of these structures has profound importance to minimize risk to passersby and workers who enter and work in them.
visualization of near surface air motion; 'smoke tubes'; isolated subsurface structure; natural forces; video recording
Worldwide, subsurface infrastructure contains millions of isolated structures. Every day, workers routinely enter these structures to perform work tasks. Most, if not all, of these structures meet requirements for classification as confined spaces [1]. Entry and work involving individual confined spaces of this type may not occur for decades.
Ventilation of these structures by air exchange induced by natural forces was first documented in 1936 in a report published by investigators at the (US) Bureau of Mines [2]. Follow-up investigation provided additional detail about the process [3,4,5]. Continuous ventilation of these spaces through air exchange between the external atmosphere and the atmosphere in the airspace induced by natural forces is critically important to safety [6]. Air exchange requires at least one defined path (an opening in the manhole cover or access hatch) [2,6,7].
The fundamental importance of the discoveries of investigators at the Bureau of Mines cannot be overstated [2,3,4,5]. Active, continuous air exchange occurring between entry and work through a defined path in isolated subsurface structures has the potential to minimize or eliminate contamination encountered at the time of preparing the space for entry and work. The possibility of contamination in the airspace of the structure is the basis for the requirement to test atmospheric conditions prior to opening the manhole cover. Despite the benefit obtained from this action, atmospheric testing prior to opening the access cover to install the ventilation duct does not always occur. In addition, sensors in the instrument may not respond to the contaminant. Hence, minimizing the potential for existence of a contaminated atmosphere in the airspace of the structure adds a layer of protection to the defense intrinsic in regulatory requirements, namely atmospheric testing, ventilation and use of preventive and protective measures. The philosophy underlying defense in depth is that the multiple layers that maintain safety protect against failure involving one or more of them [8].
The discoveries of the investigators at the Bureau of Mines were lost because of World War II and became available recently through indexing in on-line search engines. In recent times, Wiegand and Dunne [9] studied the effect of opening the manhole cover in preparation for entry using a well-mixed atmosphere containing N2O-contaminated air contained in a subsurface telephone vault. Gribble [10] commented about the need for ventilation in tombs in ancient Egypt to facilitate the mining processes involved in this work. Slight change in elevation in the floor of a horizontal structure is sufficient to promote or hinder ventilation induced by natural forces.
The fundamental importance of this knowledge cannot be overemphasized. Yet, enquiry of about 100 practitioners in occupational health and safety, educated formally in this field and knowledgeable about confined spaces at a recent conference held in Vancouver, Canada indicated complete absence of knowledge about ventilation of isolated subsurface structures induced by natural forces [11]. Follow-up inquiries of individuals and groups domestically and internationally indicated similar lack of knowledge. One of the reasons for this lack of knowledge is the absence of discussion in this area.
This article is one in a series describing an investigation of ventilation induced by natural forces in isolated subsurface structures. McManus and Haddad [6] showed that absence of a defined path for air exchange in isolated subsurface structures is a factor in fatal incidents in confined spaces involving hazardous atmospheres and that air exchange in isolated subsurface structures containing one or more openings is actively occurring in a predictable manner. McManus [7] followed up and considerably extended work of investigators at the Bureau of Mines using a hazardous atmosphere reflective of real-world situations. This air exchange is a critical factor in minimizing risk to passersby and workers who must open and enter these structures. McManus [7] and McManus and Haddad [12] showed the linkage between work of investigators at the Bureau of Mines [2,3,4,5] and more modern work performed by Wiegand and Dunne [9]. Work performed by these two groups contained sufficient information to make the argument for ventilation of isolated subsurface structures induced by natural forces. McManus [7] and McManus and Haddad [13] showed the critical relationship between effectiveness of ventilation and the number/area of openings in the manhole cover previously reported by investigators at the Bureau of Mines [2]. The relationship between the number/area of openings in work performed by both groups was approximately the same. McManus [7] and McManus and Haddad [13] also showed that the mathematics of decrease in concentration of N2O through the open manhole and decrease in concentration of CO through opening(s) in the manhole cover were similar. This work also showed that the atmosphere inside the structure under study was rapidly and thoroughly well-mixed.
Investigators at the Bureau of Mines [2,3,4,5] and Wiegand and Dunne [9] commented about influence of surface wind flow in the process. McManus [7] and McManus and Haddad [14] investigated surface air motion. When measured once per second or once per two seconds, wind speed changes rapidly and unpredictably. Zero is a common value in all samples except in June and July. A peak occurs in all samples a 10.7 m/min (3 ft/min). Zero values and the peak at 10.7 m/min are linked. As the number of zeros in a test decreases, the height and width of the peak at 10.7 m/min increases. These changes occur in an annual cycle.
The work discussed in the previous section has advanced this subject considerably. It has, however, also created a mystery: how does air exchange through the opening(s) and what occurs in the airspace to produce the rapid and thorough mixing observed in instrumental readings. While air exchange through two or more openings involving interaction with air flowing along the surface of the ground is somewhat intuitive, air exchange involving a single opening is not at all intuitive. Air exchange induced by natural forces occurs through inhalation and exhalation. These processes can occur discretely as occurs inside the human respiratory system, continuously with simultaneous inhalation and exhalation or through a combination of both actions. In human respiration, inhalation at the level of the opening of the nose and mouth is separate from exhalation.
At this point, the dynamics of the process in isolated subsurface structures remain undiscussed in the literature. The literature is also silent about how to visualize and record the interaction between near surface and surface air motion and the openings in manhole covers in outdoor workplaces. Visualization is essential in order to complete the sequence of movement of the air during ventilation by induced by natural forces.
Visualization to show the sequence of movement of air is considerably more than an academic curiosity. The mechanism by which air exchange occurs has critical importance in design of manhole covers in order to optimize air exchange. Improvements in design are important elements in the Prevention through Design initiative championed by NIOSH [15]. McManus and Haddad [6] advocated for application of Prevention through Design to ventilation of isolated subsurface structures induced by natural forces. As determined by McManus [7], there are limitations to what instruments can provide with regard to movement of air. Visualization provides the means to describe and resolve other problems and to identify opportunities involving ventilation.
A possible starting point for study of this phenomenon in a real-world environment is the methodology used to visualize and study air motion in buildings. Visualization of air motion in buildings is a standard and essential technique to identify and diagnose problems with installed ventilation. This technique can visualize absence and very small changes in air motion. The product used in these applications is known colloquially as the 'smoke' tube [16,17]. Emissions from these tubes when in contact with air resemble white 'smoke'. The investigator makes small gentle puffs so as not to influence air movement. The 'art' involved in creating the puff is to minimize momentum imparted to the puff and the air in the area under investigation. A properly created puff remains motionless unless influenced by moving air. A properly created puff rises in rising air, descends in descending air and moves horizontally in horizontally moving air. That is, the puff adopts the behavior of the air.
The 'smoke' is readily detectable by eye and should be detectable by the sensors in a camera. This work occurred early in the morning prior to sunrise under calm conditions. This schedule provided the opportunity to capture images in the monochrome blue conditions that exist at this time of day. Monochrome lighting enables better capture of the white wisps of 'smoke' created by the 'smoke' tubes because of the contrast between the background and the white of the 'smoke'. Polychromatic bright light from the sun degrades registration of the wisps of 'smoke'.
An important contributor to understanding and appreciating the processes that occur during ventilation of isolated subsurface structures induced by natural forces is video capture and recording. Predicting the manner in which air exchange occurs from instrumental measurements in the absence of other research is not possible. Video is needed from both outside and inside the chamber in order to show the complete sequence of air exchange to enable further analysis. The 'smoke' is readily detectable by eye and should be detectable by the sensors in a camera even at the low level of natural illumination available early in the morning prior to sunrise.
Cameras require sensors capable of capturing video in low light at high resolution (at least 720 p) and at least normally viewed frame-rates. The latter features are essential for capturing still images having high resolution from the video by frame-capture software in order to facilitate analysis of the movement (not performed during this work). Still images having high resolution are required for use in presentations and publications. Current retail cameras provide such capability at reasonable cost.
The environment inside the chamber introduced additional challenges. The cameras require wide-angle lenses in order to frame the image inside the chamber. The internal environment is hostile to the delicate mechanisms that cover the lenses in high-performance cameras because of condensation and dripping. These cameras require protection against contact with surface and condensed water and possibly against impact by mud, sand and small stones that fall from the rim during closing and opening of the manhole cover. Cameras sold for outdoor use under extreme conditions include waterproof cases. Protective cases for other cameras are available as accessories.
Lighting inside the structure is another important consideration. Lighting used externally is less critical than lighting used in the chamber. The only light entering the chamber from the exterior passes through the opening(s) in the manhole cover. This level of lighting is insufficient for producing usable video. Light sources used in the chamber must not radiate heat. Radiated heat potentially can distort movement of the atmosphere in the airspace. The only light sources capable of satisfying the requirement for high output and absence of heat are high-output, battery-powered, portable LED products. Products currently available in retail outlets for home use are suitable for use in this application.
This study occurred in the yard of a construction company located in Vancouver, Canada. The yard contained the installed, isolated subsurface structure (precast concrete vault) under study [7,14] as well as equipment and vehicles used by work crews. Work crews left the yard in the vehicles and equipment early in the morning and returned late in the afternoon.
Video recording occurred in the ambient atmosphere of the structure. Video recording required considerable attention to detail and occurred over a short period (10 to 15 min). Video recording was incompatible with simultaneous, multi-hour operation of the monitoring instruments described previously (McManus, 2016). This work occurred prior to sunrise. A building obstructed exposure to direct light from the sun on the horizon as dawn approached (McManus and Haddad, 2018a).
Cameras used for exterior work (Nikon Coolpix P300 and Nikon Coolpix P7000, Nikon Canada Inc., Mississauga, ON) were mounted on tripods and operated in video mode (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The external tripod was positioned to capture movement of the 'smoke' along the ground. Experience showed the best placement for video capture was a shallow angle with respect to the surface of the ground. The wall of a building blocked exposure to the direct path of light from the approaching daybreak. The combination of the shallow angle of capture and blockage of the direct path of light from the sun by the wall of the building produced the dark monochrome blue background needed to contrast the 'smoke' for optimum video capture.
During interior work, the cameras (GoPro HERO4 Black, GoPro, Inc., San Mateo, CA, USA, and occasionally the Nikon Coolpix P300, Nikon Canada Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada) were attached to the instrument stand and positioned to capture video from the center opening and one opening on the circumference of the manhole cover. The cameras were started manually prior to insertion into the vault.
'Smoke' tubes (Dräger Canada, Mississauga, ON and Mine Safety Appliances (MSA) Company, Cranberry Township, PA, USA) were used to visualize air movement along the surface of the ground and inside the structure. The 'smoke' tube was activated by breaking open the ends and positioning into the top of the plastic container that provided the controlled pressure needed to force air through the tube (Figure 1).
The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for the Dräger product (Air Current Tubes, CH 25 301) indicates that the tubes contain anhydrous fuming sulfuric acid and produce a mist when air containing moisture passes through the interior [16]. The Safety Data Sheet for the MSA product indicates that reaction between acetic acid and 1,2-diaminoethane produces diethylamine diacetate smoke [17]. Diethylamine diacetate exists as a solid at ambient temperatures [18]. Sulfuric acid mist is a liquid aerosol [16]. Smokes contain particle sizes ranging from around 0.01 µm to 1 µm and mists from 0.05 µm to 10 µm [19].
The end of the 'smoke' tube was positioned horizontally or at a shallow angle in the direction of the wind on or very close to the manhole cover near the opening of interest and the plastic container gently squeezed to expel non-aggressive puffs of 'smoke' in a horizontal direction directed toward the opening (Figure 1). 'Non-aggressive' has the meaning of avoiding propulsion to minimize forward momentum such that the wind entrained the 'smoke'. This action is critical to ensure that natural forces acting on the air + puff create the movement observed and not bias introduced by aggressive expulsion of 'smoke' from the end of the tube. Discharge of the 'smoke' occurred in several directions in an attempt to create entry into the airstream prevailing at the time of the test.
Video was reviewed for editing using VLC Media Player, Version 2.0.8.0, www.videolan.org. Videos obtained from more than one camera required a common event for synchronization (time stamp). In this case, closure of the manhole cover provided the time stamp. This point of synchronization in some of the videos enabled comparison of subsequent events outside and inside the structure according to occurrence in time. Frame capture from the videos occurred using the capture function of VLC Media Player (www.videolan.org). High-resolution video (as described in a previous section) contained the detail needed to enable capture of high-resolution still images suitable for use in presentations and publications.
Video obtained during this work provided information not available through instrumental monitoring for gases such as CO and therefore was critically important to understanding the manner in which ventilation of subsurface isolated structures occurs through the action of natural forces. The literature does not provide information about entry of air into opening(s) in manhole covers during ventilation induced by natural forces. There are no precedents from which to draw inferences in order to create expectations.
'Smoke' directed horizontally toward the opening in the manhole cover and entrained in near-surface wind flow generally did not enter the opening. During this behavior, the 'smoke' often moved across the opening without change in direction (Figure 3), sometimes moved around the opening along the top surface of the manhole cover (Figure 4), or sometimes moved partially across the opening and then veered upward (Figure 5). The deflected and upward motion indicated escape of air from inside the airspace of the structure through the opening. Deflection of smoke around the opening in the manhole cover (Figure 4) was very unusual and indicative of both air movement along the surface of the ground in the opposite direction and emission of the atmosphere from the opening in the manhole cover. The situation shown in Figure 5 in which the 'smoke' deflected upward at the edge of the opening in the manhole cover was unusual and suggestive of emission of a column of air from the interior airspace of the structure.
On occasion (Figure 6), the 'smoke' made an abrupt 90° change of direction at the edge of the opening in the manhole cover and moved downward toward the airspace of the structure when entrained in near-surface wind flow. Entry of 'smoke' in this manner was not predictable in time or duration.
The preceding observations from video monitoring of a manhole cover containing a single opening also applied to a manhole cover containing two openings. Partial or full entry occurred when more than one opening was present. Entry of 'smoke' was considerably more aggressive and prolonged than when a single opening was present and was not predictable in time or duration.
'Smoke' directed horizontally and entrained into surface airflow readily entered the opening in the upwind position. 'Smoke' did not readily enter the opening in the downwind position. 'Smoke' entered the upstream opening more aggressively and continuously when the two openings are more closely spaced together (center + circumference) than when further apart (circumferential openings opposite each other). This comment reflects instrumental observations [7,13]. 'Smoke' entered both openings in the manhole cover although not necessarily at the same moment in time. (Testing to determine whether simultaneous entry can occur was not feasible in the circumstances described here.)
Previous discussion has focused on entry of air from the external atmosphere into one or more openings in the manhole cover. Video obtained inside the structure corresponding to the same moments in time showed movement of 'smoke' through the opening(s) in the manhole cover and downward and outward into the airspace, respectively, when one or two openings were present. Closure of the manhole cover was a common 'time stamp' for coordinating all videos.
As established from video showing external activity, video for a single opening obtained inside the structure showed that, on occasion, 'smoke' passed through the opening in the manhole cover into the airspace. The 'smoke' appeared to be 'wispy' or 'diaphanous' or 'curtain-like' with folds during the initial passage down the cylinder forming the opening and into the open airspace. There was some similarity with the appearance of the 'Aurora Borealis' (Northern Lights). Downward rotational (Figure 7) and vertical flaring (Figure 8) movement were observable in the opening.
When a single opening was present, the 'smoke' immediately veered horizontally at the bottom of the opening and flowed along the underside of the manhole cover toward the outer wall of the structure in the direction opposite surface air motion. Horizontal movement began immediately after the 'smoke' descended below the lower surface of the manhole cover. Descent of 'smoke' into the airspace was observable on the sidewall on the upstream side of surface air motion. The 'smoke' dispersed rapidly downward into the airspace. Bulk downward movement of the dispersed smoke was visible in the airspace on the side of the structure opposite the direction of surface air movement on the top of the manhole cover.
When two openings (center + circumference) were present, 'smoke' entered the center opening considerably more 'forcefully' than when a single opening was present. The 'smoke' spread and descended rapidly on the side of the center opening upstream from the airflow compared to the situation involving a single central opening. (In this situation, the circumferential opening was at the upstream side of surface airflow along the manhole cover.) The 'smoke' migrated along the underside of the manhole cover and descended rapidly down the sidewall in the direction opposite surface air motion. (In this situation, the circumferential opening was at the upstream side of the manhole cover.) 'Smoke' entering the opening on the upstream side descended rapidly into the airspace, more so than for 'smoke' entering by the center opening. Movement generally occurred in the downward vertical and horizontal direction opposite the direction of movement of smoke observable on the surface of the manhole.
When two openings (center + circumference) were present, 'smoke' entered the downstream opening in similar fashion to the central opening when one opening was present. 'Smoke' entered the upstream opening as described for the corresponding situation in center + circumference.
Controlled movement of air in structures is critically important in ventilation to provide comfort and control of contaminants, yet little discussion about how air actually moves appears in the technical literature. Movement of air observed in this investigation was not unusual compared to what is observable under other circumstances. To illustrate, entry of air into fans mounted on walls and roofs of buildings and operated in exhaust mode to withdraw air from the enclosed airspace occurs in a similar manner. Incoming air typically flows along surfaces and makes abrupt changes of directions to enter the opening of the fan. These installations have geometry similar to the surface of the ground and opening(s) in the manhole cover (flanged opening) [20].
Observation using 'smoke' tubes used in the same manner in this study indicated that large quantities of air flow along the surface of the ground and make an abrupt 90° change of direction during entry into the opening(s) in the manhole cover. A relatively small quantity of air enters the opening from above. The tendency of moving air to follow surfaces in this manner is known as the Coanda effect [21,22]. Such movement was observable during this study during entry of air into the opening in the manhole cover.
Many years of experience with the products chosen for use in this application indicates that the 'smoke' follows and visualizes air movement but does not influence it when used in the appropriate manner. In open air, the 'smoke' moves in the direction of air motion. Air motion visualized in this manner occurs horizontally, vertically upward and downward as well as obliquely upward and downward. When emitted from the glass tube in small non-propulsive puffs in still air, the puff remains in place and intact for a considerable period prior to dispersing.
When a single opening in the manhole cover was present, air flowed across the surface in the direction of the prevailing wind. Infrequently, the air made an unpredictable change of direction and passed downward into the opening in the manhole cover. That is, inflow of air from the exterior visualized in this manner was discrete and not continuous. The plume of air flowing downward into the airspace widened almost immediately and moved horizontally along the underside of the manhole cover in the direction opposite surface air motion and then downward into the airspace. The uncontaminated air diluted the contaminated air in the upper airspace of the structure and continued the process as it descended as shown by dispersion of the 'smoke'. This movement is consistent with the rapid and thorough mixing observed during instrumental studies [7,13].
Availability of the second opening enhanced these processes. This observation also is consistent with the rapid and thorough mixing observed during instrumental studies [7,13]. Non-entry movement of air across a single opening can induce a decrease in static air pressure in an airspace below the pressure of the external atmosphere [20]. This negative pressure could withdraw air from the airspace of the structure. This process is suggested in Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5 through movement of the 'smoke' entrained in air flowing along the upper surface of the manhole cover near the opening. Inhalation of air from the exterior through the opening into the airspace potentially occurs discretely suggesting that this occurs only when the negative static pressure decreases below a 'trigger' or 'tipping' point. At this point inward flow of 'smoke' + air occurs. Inhalation occurred briefly again suggesting another point of control of this part of the process. Surface air movement and difference in temperature between the exterior and the upper airspace and difference in temperature between the upper and lower airspace may influence the process of air exchange. The influence of these factors on this process remains to be investigated.
Video obtained in this study when two openings were present showed considerably greater inflow of air into the interior of the structure than when a single opening was present. This corroborated information provided by instrumental measurements [2,7,13]. Despite the availability of the second opening, inflow was not continuous. When a second opening was present, air entered more aggressively and more regularly and could enter either of the openings depending on the direction of air motion along the surface of the manhole cover. 'Smoke' entered the upstream opening more aggressively and continuously when the two openings were more closely spaced together (center + circumference) than when further apart (circumferential openings opposite each other). Video showing movement inside the structure indicated that air moved downward through the opening in a straight or swirl motion and spread more rapidly horizontally toward the sidewall opposite surface air motion and then moved vertically downward in the unrestricted airspace.
McManus and Haddad [13] showed similarities between ventilation effectiveness (efficiency) in work performed by investigators at the Bureau of Mines [2] and McManus [7]. Ventilation effectiveness (efficiency) was greatest for the single opening, less for two openings and less again and approximately equal for more than two openings. Two openings provide a 'pressure-balanced' path for the flow of air along the upper and lower surfaces of the manhole cover and inside the airspace. Positive static pressure induced at one opening potentially balances negative static pressure induced at the other because the openings are present in the same airspace. The increase in flow of air readily visible in the video suggests that the 'pressure-balanced path is considerably more favorable to the process than when a single opening is present. The greater increase in flow when the openings are closer together (center + circumference) versus opposite sides of the circumference suggests that the pressure changes induced in the openings act through a distance relationship.
Video assessment discussed in this report is essential for furthering design of manhole covers and access hatches used to provide access to isolated subsurface structures. Optimizing ventilation induced by natural forces between openings is an important improvement for minimizing the risk of work for workers who enter and work in these structures. Video assessment as shown in this study also emphasizes the importance of maintaining the defined path(s) for exchange between the atmosphere confined in the airspace and the external atmosphere in open and unobstructed condition [2,7,13]. Another application of the technique used in this study is determination of the path emission and exposure to atmospheres confined in other isolated structures such as tanks [9]. Overexposure to the atmosphere above the contents that emits from openings during these activities can cause exposure at high level.
The area of physics and engineering with insight into resolving questions concerned with flow of liquids and compressible gases is fluid kinematics [23]. Fluid kinematics uses tracers to document flow as occurred during this study. These studies often involve wind tunnels having the ability to produce motion of fluids under highly controlled conditions to study flow characteristics for example around new vehicles. This equipment uses various techniques to visualize or otherwise render identifiable movement of liquids and gases along surfaces and across gaps and against obstructions. In this investigation, the study occurred outdoors using an actual structure under actual conditions of operation and not a laboratory representation as the model for investigation.
A structure of the type utilized in this study is called a deep cavity with (a) circular opening(s) with flow involving a compressible fluid [23]. A deep versus shallow cavity flow depends on the ratio of the (diameter of the opening)/(depth of the depression). Such flows along surfaces also have considerable implication in design and performance of depressions in the surface of aircraft and the open cavity in a vehicle containing a sunroof. Quantitation of surface airflow observed in this study in another report in this series [14] provides additional detail for consideration.
This study outlined methodology for capturing video showing air movement along the surface of the ground and exchange with the atmosphere in an isolated subsurface structure, a type of confined space. Video obtained during this study showed interaction between the external atmosphere, the air in the opening(s) of the manhole cover and the atmosphere in the airspace of the isolated subsurface structure during air exchange induced by natural forces. This video provided critically important information including the means by which air distributes into the airspace to produce effects observed during instrumental monitoring. With regard to a single opening in the manhole cover, inhalation and exhalation occur as discrete processes. With regard to two openings, inhalation and exhalation appear to operate in parallel and possibly simultaneously. The interaction observable in the video between the external atmosphere and the atmosphere confined in the airspace is responsible for reducing the concentration of air contaminants during ventilation induced by natural forces in isolated subsurface structures. Information provided in the video is consistent with and reinforces information obtained from instrumental measurements. Preliminary study indicated that video of the type obtained during this investigation using readily available, inexpensive equipment has considerable promise for illustrating the interaction between workers and movement and exchange of the atmosphere contained in isolated subsurface structures at the time of opening and preparing for entry. This type of video has immense importance for illustrating this interaction in a way that instruments and other means of detection cannot show.
The following aspects of this article received respective contributions: conceptualization, T.N.M.; methodology, T.N.M.; investigation, T.N.M.; resources, A.H.; writing—original draft preparation, T.N.M.; writing—review and editing, T.N.M. and A.H.; supervision, A.H.; project administration, A.H.; funding acquisition, A.H.
T.N.M. received a scholarship from CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), Brasilia, DF, Brasil. Assed Haddad received a grant from CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), formerly Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas, Brasilia, DF, Brasil (the Brazililian National Research Council) in pursuit of this work. Special thanks are due to Jack Eusebio of Fred Thompson Contractors, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada for permission to work on their premises during this work.
McManus, N. Safety and Health in Confined Spaces; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
Jones, G.W.; Miller, W.E.; Campbell, J.; Yant, W.P. Ventilation of Manholes. 1. Effect of Holes in the Covers on Natural Ventilation (RI 3307); Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines: Washington, DC, USA, 1936.
Jones, G.W.; Miller, W.E.; Campbell, J.; Yant, W.P. Ventilation of Manholes. 2. Effect of the Size of the Manhole on Natural Ventilation (RI 3343); Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines: Washington, DC, USA, 1937.
Jones, G.W.; Baker, E.S.; Campbell, J. Ventilation of Manholes. 3. Effect of Wind Velocity on Natural Ventilation (RI 3412); Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines: Washington, DC, USA, 1938.
Jones, G.W.; Miller, W.E.; Campbell, J. Ventilation of Manholes. 4. Effect of Vertical Ducts in Combination with Openings in Manhole Covers on the Natural Ventilation (RI 3496); Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines: Washington, DC, USA, 1940.
McManus, T.N.; Haddad, A.N. Risk minimization in isolated subsurface structures through ventilation induced by natural forces. Saf. Sci. 2018, 102, 125–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
McManus, T.N. Natural Ventilation of Isolated Subsurface Structures in the Infrastructure. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroí, Brasil, 2016. [Google Scholar]
Perrow, C. Normal Accidents, Living with High-Risk Technologies; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
Wiegand, K.; Dunne, S.P. Radon in the workplace—A study of occupational exposure in BT underground structures. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1996, 40, 569–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gribble, D. Natural ventilation, harnessed by New Kingdom Egyptian tomb builders, may explain the changed floor levels in the Valley of the Kings tomb KV5. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 2009, 24, 62–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
McManus, T.N. Confined Spaces: There's Still Lots of 'Splainin' to Do. Presented at the 2017 AIHA (American Industrial Hygiene Association) BC (British Columbia)-Yukon Industrial Hygiene Conference, Burnaby, BC, Canada, 10 March 2017. [Google Scholar]
McManus, T.N.; Haddad, A. Natural ventilation in isolated subsurface structures in the infrastructure: A review. Environ. Nat. Resour. Res. 2019, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
McManus, T.N.; Haddad, A. Ventilation of an isolated subsurface structure induced by natural forces. Infrastructures 2019, 4, 33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
McManus, T.N.; Haddad, A. Surface air movement: An important contributor to ventilation of isolated subsurface structures? Infrastructures 2019, 4, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). Prevention through Design. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2015. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ptd/default.html (accessed on 10 March 2019).
Dräger Safety. Air Current Tubes, Safety Data Sheet; Revision 12, 14 July 2015; Dräger Safety: Lübeck, Germany, 2015. [Google Scholar]
MSA (Mine Safety Appliances). Ventilation Smoke Tube (Safety Data Sheet); Mine Safety Appliances Company: Cranberry Township, PA, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
Sigma Aldrich. Ethylenediamine Diacetate, Safety Data Sheet, Product Number 420352; Version 5.0, Revision date 28 July 2012; Sigma-Aldrich Brazil Ltd.: Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2012. [Google Scholar]
Friedlander, S.K. Smoke, Dust and Haze. Fundamentals of Aerosol Behavior; Wiley-Interscience: New York, NY, USA, 1977. [Google Scholar]
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). Industrial Ventilation—A Manual of Recommended Practice, 28th ed.; American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
Lubert, C. On some recent applications of the Coanda effect. Int. J. Acoust. Vib. 2011, 16, 144–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tritton, D.J. Physical Fluid Dynamics; Section 22.7: The Coandă Effect; Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, NY, USA, 1977. [Google Scholar]
Haigermoser, C.; Scarano, F.; Onorato, M. Investigation of the flow in a circular cavity using stereo and tomographic particle image velocimetry. Exp. Fluids 2008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1. 'Smoke' generation. 'Smoke' tubes produce aerosols through chemical reaction that resembles smoke. The 'smoke' visualizes air movement when generated in a non-aggressive manner by gently squeezing the plastic container. The camera used externally is readily visible on the tripod. A low oblique angle off axis to the side is the best location for capturing images and video.
Figure 2. The photographic light stand and cameras used in the interior of the space. The cameras are clearly visible in the photo.
Figure 3. Movement of 'smoke' across the opening in the manhole cover. 'Smoke' typically did not interact with the atmosphere in the airspace of the structure.
Figure 4. Deflection of 'smoke' around opening in the manhole cover.
Figure 5. Upward deflection of 'smoke' at the opening in the manhole cover.
Figure 6. Entry of 'smoke' into the single opening in the manhole cover. On this occasion, the change in direction from horizontal to downward was apparent. These changes in direction were very brief and difficult to capture in a photo.
Figure 7. Downward rotational movement during entry of 'smoke' through the opening in the manhole cover into the airspace. This image shows the rotational motion that occurs and the tendency to move near the circumferential surface.
Figure 8. Downward vertical movement of 'smoke' through the opening in the manhole cover.
McManus, T.N.; Haddad, A. Visualizing Air Motion Involving Isolated Subsurface Structures: A Critical Tool for Understanding Ventilation Induced by Natural Forces. Infrastructures 2019, 4, 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4040059
McManus TN, Haddad A. Visualizing Air Motion Involving Isolated Subsurface Structures: A Critical Tool for Understanding Ventilation Induced by Natural Forces. Infrastructures. 2019; 4(4):59. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4040059
McManus, Thomas Neil, and Assed Haddad. 2019. "Visualizing Air Motion Involving Isolated Subsurface Structures: A Critical Tool for Understanding Ventilation Induced by Natural Forces" Infrastructures 4, no. 4: 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4040059