text:
Heinz Heckmann (* 11. Juli 1932 in Trier; † 11. Juni 2022 in Butzweiler) war ein deutscher Musikpädagoge, Fagottist, Kirchenmusiker und Komponist.

Biographie

Heinz Heckmann erhielt achtjährig seinen ersten Klavierunterricht. Von 1942 bis 1952 sang er als Chorknabe im Trierer Domchor und studierte von 1950 bis 1952 an der Bischöflichen Kirchenmusikschule in Trier Kirchenmusik. Hieran schlossen sich Studien in Komposition bei Heinrich Konietzny, Dirigieren bei Generalmusikdirektor Philipp Wüst, Klavier bei Hans Schmitt, Chorleitung bei Herbert Schmolzi und Theorie bei Dieter Loskant an der Musikhochschule Saarbrücken, die er 1956 mit einem Abschluss im Fachbereich Instrumentalpädagogik mit dem Hauptfach Klavier beendete. 1956–1959 besuchte er die Meisterklasse für Komposition an der Musikhochschule Saarbrücken bei Heinrich Konietzny und nahm 1956 und 1957 an den von Olivier Messiaen durchgeführten Sommerkursen für Komposition teil. Außerdem studierte er, ebenfalls bei Konietzny, in den Jahren 1957–1959 Fagott.

Seit 1956 war Heckmann u. a. als Klavierpädagoge, Liedbegleiter, Chorleiter und Komponist freiberuflich tätig, 1960–1965 außerdem als Fagottist im Städtischen Orchester Trier unter GMD Rolf Reinhardt. In den Jahren 1963–1995 war er als Schulmusiker an der Ludwig-Simon-Realschule in Trier und von 1988 bis 1999 als Dozent für Klavierspiel, Tonsatz und Gehörbildung an der Bischöflichen Kirchenmusikschule Trier tätig.

Für Vera Ilieva entstand eine Vielzahl von Vokalwerken, die sie selbst oder mit ihrer Gesangsklasse uraufgeführt hat.

Werkverzeichnis
Abkürzungen: UA = Uraufführung, Af = Ausführende, u. a.
Aufführungsmaterial beim Komponisten = Aufm. b. Komp.

Hauptwerke
 1974 Sinfonisches Vorspiel für Orchester
 1978 L'Epitaphe für 8stg. gem. Chor a cap., Text: Francois Villon
 1978/79 Requiem Caniceanum für 5 Gesangssolisten, gem. Chor und Orchester, Text: Heiner Martini
 1981/82 Szenisches Oratorium "Fausta", Text: Heiner Martini, (stark überarbeitete Fassung als Oper, Uraufführung im Rahmenprogramm der Großen Konstantinausstellung im Jahre 2007 in Trier)
 1981 Die vier Apokalyptischen Reiter für vier Solostimmen, Chor und Orchester stark überarbeitete Fassung und Aufführung 2003
 1983 Divertimento für Flöte und Streichorchester
 1985 Friedensmotette "Da pacem, Domine" für gem. Chor a cap.
 1993 Sonate für Violoncello und Klavier
 1993/94 Magnificat für gem. Chor und Orchester
 2000 Märchenoper "Elfenreigen" für fünf Gesangssolisten, Chor, Ballett und Orchester, Libretto: Michaela Putzke
 2003 "Fantasia Himmerodensis super Antiphonam 'Beatus Bernardus'" für Orgel
 2004 Im Zauber der Elemente Impressionen aus der Elementarwelt für Sinfon. Blasorchester
 2008 "Ave Maria" für 6st. Mädchen-, Knaben- oder Frauenchor und Orgel (ad. lib. a cap.)
 2010 "Missa impressionistica" für 6stg. Mädchen-, Knaben- oder Frauenchor und Orgel (ad. lib. a cap.)

Oper
Kategorie I (K.I)
 2000 Märchenoper "Elfenreigen" für fünf Gesangssolisten, Chor, Ballett und Orchester, Impressionen aus der Elementarwelt, Libretto: Michaela Putzke, in deutscher und bulgarischer Fassung, verlegt: GPS-records
 2007 "Fausta – Macht und Ohnmacht Kaiser Konstantins", Text: Heiner Martini, 2006 Umarbeitung des Szenischen Oratoriums "Fausta" mit Neukomposition verschiedener Teile, UA 2. Juni 2007: Theater der Stadt Trier, im Rahmenprogramm der großen Konstantinausstellung in Trier, Af: Annette Johanson (Fausta), Eva-Maria Günschmann (Helena), Andreas Scheel (Konstantin), Daniel Brenner (Crispus), Juri Zinovenko (Fährmann/Laktanz), Chor des Theaters Trier, Philharmon. Orchester der Stadt Trier, Ltg.: GMD Istvan Denés, Inszenierung: Hermann Keckeis, Aufm. b. Komp.

Orchestermusik
Kategorie II (K. II)
 1955 Konzertante Musik für Sinfon. Blasorchester, UA 5. Juli 1985: Universität Karlsruhe, Af: Collegium Musicum der Universität Karlsruhe, Ltg.: Rainer Baum (ursprünglich eine Auftragskomposition des Sinfon. Blasorchesters des Westdeutschen Rundfunks Köln an Heinrich Konietzny, die dieser an H. Heckmann weiterleitete) Aufm. b. Komp.
 1963 Konzert für Oboe, Schlagwerk und Streichorchester, anlässlich der Teilnahme bei einem Kompositionswettbewerb des Kurfürstlichen Kammerorchesters Mannheim wurde es zur Drucklegung dem Mannheimer Musikverlag empfohlen und dort verlegt
 1964 Zweite Sinfonie für Streichorchester, UA 24. Oktober 1965: Theater der Stadt Trier, Festakt zur Einweihung des Musikhauses Schellenberg, Af: Städt. Orchester Trier, Ltg.: GMD Rolf Reinhardt
 1970 Konzert für Klavier und Orchester
 1974 Sinfonisches Vorspiel für Orchester, Auftragswerk des Städt. Orchesters Trier, UA 7. Mai 1975: Theater Trier, 7. Sinfoniekonzert, Af: Städtisches Orchester Trier, Ltg.: MD Charles Vanderzand, Rundfunkproduktion des Rundfunks Sarajevo, Af: Philharmonisches Orchester Sarajevo, Ltg.: Ferenc Palinko, Rundfunkproduktion des SWF's, Af: Rundfunkorchester Kaiserslautern, Ltg.: Klaus Arp, Aufm. b. Komp.
 1975 Divertimento für 8 Holzblasinstrumente, Auftragswerk des Städt. Orchesters Trier, UA 24. August 1975: St. Irminen Trier, Af: Holzbläsergruppe des Städt. Orchesters Trier, Ltg.: MD Charles Vanderzand
 1978 Rundfunkproduktion des SWF's, Ltg.: Rainer Baum Aufm. b. Komp.
 1975 Bühnenmusik zum Märchen "Des Kaisers neue Kleider", Auftragswerk des Theaters der Stadt Trier, UA 9. November 1975: Theater Trier, Af: Städt. Orchester Trier, Ltg.: Francois Monard
 1980 Konzertstück für Balalaika, Bajan und Orchester, Auftragswerk des Intendanten Hermann Wedekind (Staatstheater Saarbrücken), im Rahmen des georgisch-saarländischen Freundschaftsaustausches
 1981 Divertimento für Flöte und Streichorchester, Auftragswerk des Südwestrundfunks in Verbindung mit dem Mainzer Kammerorchester, UA 28. September 1982: Elzer Hof Mainz, Af: Renate Hinterleitner /Kehr (Flöte), Mainzer Kammerorchester, Ltg.: Rolf Reinhardt, Rundfunkproduktion des SWFs, Aufm. b. Komp.
 1985 Concerto für 2 Flöten und Streichorchester
 1986 Concerto für Flöte und Streichorchester
 2004 "Im Zauber der Elemente", Auftragswerk der Landesgartenschau Trier, Impressionen aus der Elementarwelt für Sinfon. Blasorchester, UA 24. Oktober 2004: St. Maximin Trier, Af: Landesjugendblasorchester Rheinland-Pfalz, Ltg.: Kunihiro Ochi, verlegt: GPS-records
 2006/07 Bulgarische Schwarzmeer-Rhapsodie für Klavier und Orchester, UA 26. Mai 2007: Burgas/Bulgarien, Festkonzert der Philharmonie der Stadt Burgas, Af: Philharmon. Orchester Burgas, … (Klavier), Ltg.: Krasimira Kostrova, verlegt: GPS-records

Chorwerke
Kategorie III

Chorsymphonische Werke
Kategorie IIIa
 1978/79 "Requiem Caniceanum" für 5 Gesangssolisten, gem. Chor und Orchester, Auftragswerk der Stadt Trier anlässlich des Erhalts des Förderpreises des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz 1978, UA 13. März 1980: Basilika St. Matthias, Trier, 5. Sinfoniekonzert des Städt. Orchesters Trier, Af: Irmela Neumann (Sopran), Marilyn Schmiege (Mezzosopran), Kenneth Bannon (Tenor), John Pflieger (Bariton), Manfred Volz (Bass), Theaterchor der Stadt Trier, Theater-Extrachor, Chor des Städt. Musikverein und Männergesangverein Kordel, Ltg. Rainer Baum, Aufm. b. Komp.
 1980 "Requiem Caniceanum" dto., Auftrag und Finanzierung einer Schallplatten-produktion, durch den Landkreis Trier-Saarburg, in den Studioräumen des Saarl. Rundfunks, verbunden mit einer erneuten Aufführung am 21. November 1980 in der Hohen Domkirche Trier, Af: Barbara Ikas (Sopran), Rita Szalok (Mezzosopran), Jon Piso (Tenor), John Pflieger (Bariton), Andreas Näck (Bass), Trierer Domchor, Rundfunksinfonieorchester Saarbrücken, Ltg.: Domkapellmeister Klaus Fischbach
 1981 "Die Vier Apokalyptischen Reiter", Oratorium für 4 Gesangssolisten, gem. Chor und Orchester in 7 Sätzen, Text: Pater Manfred Ruhrmann SDS, Auftragswerk des Kultusministeriums Rheinland-Pfalz, 2003 stark überarbeitete Fassung,
 2003 dto. "Die Vier Apokalyptischen Reiter", stark überarbeitete Fassung mit Neukomposition eines 8. Satzes, Text: Apokalypse des Johannes, UA 28. Mai 2003: St. Maximin Trier, 8. Sinfoniekonzert des Philharmon. Orchesters Trier und gleichzeitig Eröffnungskonzert der Moselfestwochen, Af: Stefanie Krahnenfeld (Sopran), Margarete Joswig (Mezzosopran), Helmut Wildhaber (Tenor), Sigmund Nimsgern (Bariton), Trierer Konzertchor, Philharmon. Orchester der Stadt Trier, Ltg.: Manfred May, Aufm. b. Komp.
 1993/94 "Magnificat" für gem. Chor und Orchester, Auftragswerk der Hohen Domkirche Trier, UA 1. Mai 1994: Hohe Domkirche Trier in einem Konzert mit der Thematik "Magnificat", Af: Trierer Domchor, Madrigalchor Klaus Fischbach, Mitglieder des Sinfonieorchesters des Saarl. Rundfunks, Ltg.: Domkapellmeister Klaus Fischbach, Aufm. b. Komp.
 1975 Choralmotette für gem. Chor a cap.: "Nun komm der Heiden Heiland",UA 10. Dezember 1978: St. Paulin Trier, Trierer Kammerchor, Ltg.: Manfred May, Rundfunkproduktion des SWFs Baden-Baden
 1983 Motette zum Fest der Erscheinung des Herrn: "Cum ergo natus esset" für gem. Chor a cap, UA 14. Oktober 1984: Preisträgerkonzert in Freigericht anlässlich der Preisverleihung eines Kompositionswettbewerbs (3. Preis), Af: Budapester Kammerchor, Ltg.: Tibor Szabo, Mitschnitt des Hessischen Rundfunks
 1985 Friedensmotette "Da pacem Domine" für gem. Chor a cap. oder mit Orgel oder mit Instrumentalensemble, UA 20. Oktober 1986: St. Matthiaskirche Budapest, Af: Trierer Kammerchor und Streichorchester des Bela Bartok-Konservatoriums Budapest, Ltg.: Manfred May (weitere Aufführungen in St. Georgs-Kirche Prag, St. Ambroggio Mailand, Jesuitenkirche Trier, Marktkirche Trier sowie Abteikirche Marienstatt, dort Rundfunkproduktion des SWFs)
 1986 "Singt dem Herrn ein neues Lied" für gem. Chor a cap.
 1986 Jesaja, Kap. 17, Vers 29 für 4stg. gem. Chor und Orgel
 1987 "Lamentationes Jeremiae" für gem. Chor a cap.
 1988 "De profundis" für gem. Chor a cap.
 1990 "Tenebrae factae sunt" für gem. Chor a cap., UA 25. März 2001: St. Antonius Trier, Af: Trierer Kammerchor, Ltg.: Manfred May, verlegt: GPS-records
 1993 "Ave Maria" für 8stg. gem. Chor, in den Ausführungen: a) a cap., b) mit Instrumentalensemble, c) mit Orgel
 1994 "Christ ist erstanden" für gem. Chor a cap., Text: aus Goethes Faust II
 1994 "Assumpta est Maria" für gem. Chor a cap.
 1994 "Puer natus esset", Choralmotette für 3stg. Knabenchor und Orgel, UA 15. Januar 1995: l'église paroissiale de Dudelange, Af: PUERI CANTORES du conservatoire de Luxembourg, Pierre Nimax sen. (Orgel), Ltg.: Pierre Nimax jun.
 2000 "Das Leben liegt in Gottes Hand" für Mezzosopran, 2 Kinderstimmen und Orgel, Text: Lotte Bommert, UA 19. November 2000: Jesuitenkirche Trier, Benefizkonzert für Krebsgesellschaft Trier, Af: Vera Ilieva (Mezzosopran), Regine und Natali Buschmann (Kinderstimmen), Domorganist Josef Still (Orgel), verlegt: GPS-records
 2000 Ave Maria I und II für Mezzosopran und Orgel, C-D-Produktion, Af: Vera Ilieva (Mezzosopran), Burkhard Pütz (Orgel), beide Fassungen, verlegt: GPS-records
 2005 "Puer natus esset", Choralmotette für 4-6stg. gem. Chor und Orgel, UA 18. Dezember 2005: St. Antonius Trier, Af: Trierer Konzertchor, Domorganist Josef Still (Orgel), Ltg.: Manfred May, verlegt: GPS-records
 2008 "Halleluja" für 4-6stg. Mädchen-, Knaben- oder Frauenchor und Orgel, leicht verändert liegt die Komposition auch in einer a cap.-Fassung vor, verlegt: GPS-records
 2008 "Ave Maria" für 6st. Mädchen-, Knaben- oder Frauenchor und Orgel (ad libitum a cap.)
 UA 12. Dezember 2009: Mädchenkantorei am Freiburger Münster, Ltg.: Domkantorin Martina van Lengerich. Die gleiche Komposition in einer 5stg. Fassung mit Orgel und in einer a cap.-Fassung: UA 14. März 2010: Jubiläumskonzert, Abteikirche Himmerod, Mädchenchor am Kölner Dom, Ltg.: Domkantor Oliver Sperling, Alle 3 Fassungen verlegt bei: GPS-records
 2010 150. Psalm für 6stg. Mädchen-, Knaben oder Frauenchor und Orgel, verlegt: GPS-records
 2010 "Salve Regina" für 8stg. Mädchen-, Knaben- oder Frauenchor und Orgel (ad libitum a cap.), UA 24. Februar 2011: Kapitelsamt Freiburger Münster, Af: Mädchenkantorei am Freiburger Münster, Domorganist Klemens Schnorr (Orgel), Ltg.: Martina van Lengerich. Diese Komposition auch in folgenden Fassungen: 8stg. gem. Chor a cap. oder mit Orgel; 3stg. Mädchenchor mit Orgel; 2stg. Mädchenchor mit Orgel und für Mezzosopran und Orgel, alle Fassungen verlegt bei: GPS-records

Messen
 1989 "Missa Jesu redemptor" für gem. Chor a cap.
 1990 "Missa pro pace" für gem. Chor und Instrumentalensemble, UA Ostern 1991: Pontifikalamt Hohe Domkirche Trier, Af: Trierer Domchor und Mitglieder des Städt. Orchesters Trier, Ltg.: Domkapellmeister Klaus Fischbach
 1990 Missa "Laudate Dominum" für gem. Chor und Orgel
 1991 Messe für gem. Chor a cap.
 1992 "Et incarnatus est" (aus Credo) für gem. a cap.
 1994 "Herr, erbarme dich" (Kyrie), für 4 stg. gem. Chor, Orgel und Orchester
 1995 3stge Messe a cap. für Sopran, Alt und Bariton
 2008 "Missa pro pueris et puellis" für 4stg. Mädchen-, Knaben- oder Frauenchor, UA 14. März 2010: Jubiläums-Festhochamt Abteikirche Himmerod, Af: Mädchenchor am Kölner Dom, Ltg.: Domkantor Oliver Sperling, verlegt: GPS-records
 2010 "Missa impressionistica" für 6stg. Mädchen-, Knaben- oder Frauenchor und Orgel (ad libitum a cap.), UA 18. März 2011: Rottenburger Dom, Mädchenkantorei am Rottenburger Dom, Ltg.: Domkapellmeister Frank Leenen. Auch in einer Fassung für 2stg. Mädchenchor mit Orgel, eine Bearbeitung für Mezzosopran und Orgel, UA 15. Mai 2011, Abtei Himmerod, Af: Vera Ilieva, Marcus Dahm, Orgel; alle Fassungen, verlegt: GPS-records
 2011 "Missa Beatus Bernardus" für 6stg. Mädchen-, Knaben- oder Frauenchor und Orgel (ad libitum a cap.), verlegt: GPS-records

Chorballaden
 1978 L'Epitaphe für 8stg. gem. Chor a cap., Text: Francois Villon, Auftragswerk des Südwestfunks, UA 5. Oktober 1981: Promotionsaula des Bischöfl. Priesterseminars Trier anlässlich eines Anglistenkongresses der Universität Trier, Af: Trierer Kammerchor, Ltg.: Manfred May Rundfunkproduktion des SWFs, 1996 dto. Schallplattenproduktion, Af: Niederrheinisches Vokalensemble Duisburg, Ltg.: Uwe Maibaum
 1984 "Alte Landsknechte" für gem. Chor a cap., Text: Boris von Münchhausen
 1985 "Langschläfers Morgenlied" für gem. Chor und Klavier, Text: Mascha Kaléko, UA 26. Juni 1994: Kloppenburg, Preisträgerkonzert (Anerkennungspreis), Af: Vokalensemble "Molto cantabile", Kloppenburg, Ltg.: Claus Werner
 1987 "Traumlied" für gem. Chor a cap., Text: P. Manfred Ruhrmann SDS, verlegt: GPS-records
 1990 "Trinkspruch" für Männerchor und Klavier, Text: mündlich überliefert, UA Dezember 1993:Conservatorio del Tolima, Ibagué/Kolumbien, Festkonzert anlässlich der Preisverleihung des Kompositionswettbewerbes 1993 (1. Preis), Titel ins Spanische übersetzt: "Canción báquica para coro mixto"
 1994 "Trinklied" auf einen Text aus dem 16. Jahrhundert für Männerchor a cap. oder mit Klavier
 1994 "Zigeunerliebe" für 4stg. Männerchor a cap., Text: Hans Greis, UA 6. Juli 1997: Bad Brückenau, Festkonzert anlässlich der Preisverleihung des Valentin-Becker-Kompositionspreises (2. Preis), Af: Vokalensemble ehemaliger Regensburger Domspatzen, Ltg.: Johannes Havla, verlegt: GPS-records
 1994 "Der Obdachlose" für gem. Chor a cap., Text: Helga Roloff
 1994 "Der Gondelfahrer", für Männerchor und Klavier
 1994 "Gott, der Weltschöpfer", für gem. Chor und Klavier
 1995 "Grab und Mond" für Männerchor und Klavier, Text: J.G. Seidl, verlegt: GPS-records
 1995 "An den Tod" für 8stg. gem. Vokalensemble a cap., Text: Stefan Andres, Auftragswerk des Niederrheinischen Vokalensembles, UA 12. März 1996: Synagoge Schweich, Gedenken an das Geburtsjahr (1906) von Stefan Andres, Af: Niederrheinisches Vokalensemble Duisburg, Ltg.: Uwe Maibaum
 1996 "Die Eifrigen", für gem. Chor a cap., Text: Stefan Andres

Kantaten
 1971 "Alte deutsche Spruchweisheiten" (aus: "Gepfefferter Spruchbeutel") für gem. Chor und Streichquartett, UA 8. Oktober 1972: Promotionsaula Trier, Af: Trierer Kammerchor, Bösen-Quartett Stuttgart, Ltg.: Manfred May, Aufm. b. Komp.
 1977 "Ein Pferd trabt durch den Morgen", "Und zuletzt" für gem. Chor, Bariton-Solo und 12 Blasinstrumente, Texte: Stefan Andres, UA 17. März 1978: Aula des Stefan-Andres-Schulzentrums Schweich, anlässlich der Einweihung des Stefan-Andres-Brunnen, Af: Trierer Kammerchor, Mitglieder des Städt. Orchesters Trier, Ltg.: Manfred May

Chorsätze
 1969 4 Weihnachtsliedsätze für gem. Chor a cappella: "Vom Himmel hoch", "Freu dich, Erd und Sternenzelt", "Still, still, stil", "Kommet ihr Hirten", UA 1969: Klosterkirche "Haus auf dem Wehrborn" Aach, Af: Trierer Kammerchor, Ltg.: Manfred May verlegt: Anton-Böhm-Verlag/Augsburg
 1985 7 Weihnachtslieder für 3stg. Chor (2 Oberstimmen, 1 Männerstimme): "Es sungen drei Engel", "Vom Himmel hoch, o Englein kommt", "Freu dich, Erd- und Sternenzelt", "Es ist ein Ros entsprungen", "In dulci jubilo", "Ich steh an deiner Krippen hier", "Still, still, weil's Kindlein schlafen will", verlegt: Butz-Verlag, Bonn/St. Augustin
 1996 Chorliederzyklus anakreontischer Lieder (3 Vertonungen) für gem. Chor und Klavier, Texte: Eduard Mörike, UA 12. Oktober 1997: Fellbach, Preisträgerkonzert (Anerkennungspreis), Af: Philharmon. Chor Fellbach, Mirella Gramp (Klavier), Ltg.: Alfons Scheierle

Orgelwerke
 1977 Toccata, Choral, Ostinato und Fuge für Orgel, UA 20. Mai 1981: St. Matthias-Basilika Trier, Domorganist Herbert Voß, Aachen, Rundfunkproduktion des SWFs, Schallplattenproduktion
 1977 Metamorphosen über B-A-C-H für Orgel
 1980 Choralfantasie über die Ostersequenz "Victimae paschali laudes" für Orgel, UA 20. Mai 1981: Basilika St. Matthias Trier, Domorganist Herbert Voß, Aachen, Rundfunkproduktion des SWFs, Schallplattenproduktion
 1982 Fantasie über das Weihnachtslied "Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht", Toccata, Siciliana, Toccata, Siciliana, Fugato, Toccata, Hymnus, UA 28. Mai 1989: Abteikirche Marienstatt, Af: Otto Depenheuer, Bonn, Rundfunkproduktion des SWFs
 1985 "Dein Reich komme", Choralfantasie über die beiden Choralmelodien "Vaterunser im Himmel" und "Vater unser im Himmelreich", UA 22. September 1985: Sankt Gangolf Trier, Af: Pierre Nimax jun., Luxemburg
 1985 Partita über "Herbei, o ihr Gläubigen" für Orgel manualiter, Cembalo oder Klavier verlegt: Musikverlag Kessler, Trier
 1985 Partita über "Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht" für Orgel manualiter, Cembalo oder Klavier
 1987 Partita "Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu Dir" für Orgel
 1987 Partita über "Es ist ein Ros entsprungen" (manualiter), verlegt: Butz-Verlag, Bonn/St. Augustin
 1988 Choralvorspiele über verschiedene Adventslieder: "Es kommt ein Schiff geladen", "Macht hoch die Tür" (verlegt: Musikverlag Kessler Trier), "Nun komm der Heiden Heiland" und "O Heiland, reiß die Himmel auf" UA: Hohe Domkirche Trier, Af: Domorganist Wolfgang Oehms, Trier, verlegt: GPS-records
 1989 Partita über das Adventslied "O komm, o komm, Emanuel" für Orgel, verlegt: Musikverlag Kessler, Trier
 1992 Choralfantasie über "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme"
 1995 Rundfunkproduktion des SWF's mit CD-Einspielung, Af: Domorganist Josef Still, Trier verlegt: GPS-records
 1993 Choralfantasie über das Adventslied "Gott, heil'ger Schöpfer…" UA mit CD-Einspielung: Dudelange, Luxemburg, Af: Pierre Nimax jun., Luxemburg, verlegt: GPS-records
 1994 Choralfantasie über "Tauet Himmel, den Gerechten", verlegt: Musikverlag Kessler, Trier
 1994 "Osterjubel", Fantasie über "Christ ist erstanden", UA 16. Mai 1995: Hohe Domkirche Trier, Eröffnungskonzert der Internationalen Trierer Orgelkonzerte, Af: Domorganist Josef Still, Trier, Rundfunkproduktion des Südwestfunks mit CD-Einspielung, 3. Preis beim Orgel-Kompositionswettbewerb des Feuchtinger Verlages, verlegt: Feuchtinger-Verlag "Regensburger Orgelheft", 1991
 1995 Partita über "Bei stiller Nacht, zur ersten Wacht", Choral, Choralfantasie, Choral semplice, Choral, Toccata, Choral, verlegt: GPS-records
 1997 "Klangspuren" für Orgel
 1997 Kleine Partita in 7 Sätzen für Orgel über das Weihnachtslied "O freudenreicher Tag" verlegt: GPS-records
 1998 Choralfantasien über "Der Geist des Herrn…", "Vom Himmel hoch, o Engel kommt" für Orgel verlegt: GPS-records
 1998 Choralvorspiel Fantasie über "Tau aus Himmelshöhn" für Orgel, UA 21. November 1998: Hohe Domkirche Trier, Af: Domorganist Josef Still, verlegt: GPS-records
 1998 Choralfantasie über "Tau aus Himmelshöhn" für Orgel
 1999 Musik für Marimbaphon, Pauken und Orgel
 2002 "Festliches Präludium" für Orgel, verlegt: GPS-records
 2003 "Fantasia Himmerodensis super Antiphonam 'Beatus Bernardus'", Auftragswerk der Zisterzienserabtei Himmerod, UA: Abteikirche Himmerod, Af: Alfred Müller-Kranich, Trier, verlegt: GPS-records
 2004 "Klangspiralen" I und II für Orgel, Vibraphon und Marimbaphon, UA 10. Juni 2004, Klangspirale I: St. Martin Cochem, Konzert im Rahmen der Moselfestwochen, Af: Marion Osswald (Orgel), Martin Fink (Vibraphon), Johannes Knopp (Marimbaphon)
 2004 "Intrada pastorale" über den Weihnachtsintroitus "puer natus est" für Orgel, UA 1. Dezember 2005: Af: Domorganist Josef Still, Trier, verlegt: GPS-records
 2004 "Zwei Intermezzi in blue" für Orgel, UA 22. Januar 2005: St. Laurentius Saarburg, Af: Gottfried Sembdner
 2005 Kleine Partita über "Maria, Dich lieben…" für Orgel verlegt: GPS-records
 2005 Kleine Partita über "Maria, breit den Mantel aus…" für Orgel, verlegt: GPS-records, s. auch in: Klaus Beckmann, Repertorium Orgelmusik, Schott-Verlag, Mainz 1999, S. 319

Kammermusik
 1954 Erstes Streichquartett, UA 8. März 1955: Konzert der Musikhochschule Saarbrücken, Studierende der Streicherklasse, Produktion des Saarl. Rundfunks
 1958 Kleine Kammermusik für Oboe, Klarinette und Fagott, UA 23. Oktober 1959: Konzert der Volkshochschule Kaiserslautern, Af: Bläsertrio des Saarländischen Rundfunks: Erich Bolz, Oboe; Adolf Hager, Klarinette; Heinrich Konietzny, Fagott, Rundfunkproduktion des Saarländischen Rundfunks, später Übernahme durch den SWF
 1963 Bläserquintett für Flöte, Oboe, Klarinette, Horn und Fagott, UA 21. September 1984: Museum Simeonstift Trier anlässlich der 2000-Jahr-Feier der Stadt Trier, Af: Mainzer Bläserquintett
 1965 Sonate für Klarinette und Klavier
 1971 Sonate für Sopran-Blockflöte und Klavier, UA: Jugend-musiziert-Wettbewerb, Mainz, Af: 5-jährige Ursula Heckmann (Blockflöte), Heinz Heckmann (Klavier)
 1972 Chaconne für Blockflötenoktett
 1974 Reflexionen für Klarinette und Violoncello zu Erzählungen von Franz Kafka, UA 7. Dezember 1975: Theater Trier, Af: Adolf Heinl (Klarinette), Jan Hajec (Cello), Rundfunkproduktion des SWFs
 1978 Capriccio für Violine, Violoncello und Klavier, UA 27. Januar 1986: Kurfürstl. Palais Trier, Af: Elzbieta Kozlowska-Marganiec (Violine), Jan Hajek (Cello), Joachim Maier-Kosacchi (Klavier),
 1979 "Pastorale" für 2 Oboen und Englischhorn
 198? Drei Humoresken für Blockflöte Solo
 1980 Memory aus dem Musical "Cats" von A.L. Webber, für 12 Celli bearbeitet
 1980 "Summertime" aus der Oper "Porgy und Bess" von George Gershwin, bearbeitet für 12 Celli
 1980 "Summertime" dto., bearbeitet für 8 Celli
 1981 Quintett für 2 Trompeten, 1 Horn und 2 Posaunen
 1984 Zweites Streichquartett, UA 11. November 1985: Kurfürstl. Palais Trier, Af: Arco-Quartett Köln, Rundfunkproduktion des SWF's
 1986 Adagio für Bratsche, Cello und Kontrabass
 1988 Intrada für 5 Blechblasinstrumente über das Lied: "Martinus, heiliger Gottesmann"
 1988 Postludium für 5 Blechblasinstrumente über die Lieder: "O Herr, mach uns für Dich bereit" und "Martinus, heiliger Gottesmann"
 1990 Metamorphosen über "Kuckuck, Kuckuck ruft's aus dem Wald" für 4 Celli
 1993 Sonate für Violoncello und Klavier, Auftragswerk des Südwestfunks, UA 19. Februar 1994: Museum Simeonstift Trier, Af: Ursula Heckmann (Cello), Zoe Solomon (Klavier), Rundfunkproduktion des SWF's
 1995 Thema und Variationen über das franz. Lied: "Chevalier de la table ronde" für Saxophonquartett verlegt: GPS-records
 1995 "Mouvement comique pour Saxophone alto solo"
 1995 "Petite suite en trois mouvements pour Saxophone alto"
 1995 "Deux petite morceaux grotesque pour Saxophone alto solo"
 1995 Scherzo für Violoncello und Klavier
 1995 Thema, 4 Variationen und 2 Metamorphosen über das wolgadeutsche Tanzlied "Hallo, hallo, mich beißt ein Floh" für Hornquartett, UA 16. November 2003: St. Irminen Trier, Af: Hornquartett des Philharmon. Orchesters der Stadt Trier
 1997 Barcarolle für Cello und Cembalo (oder Klavier), Auftragswerk des Bischöflichen Museums Trier, UA: Bischöfliches Museum Trier, im Rahmen einer Vernissage italienischer Künstler, Af: Ursula Heckmann (Cello), Josef Still (Cembalo), verlegt: GPS-records

Lieder
 1956 4 Lieder für eine hohe Stimme und Kammerorchester, Texte: George Forestier, UA 15. Mai 1957: Hochschulkonzert der Musikhochschule Saarbrücken, Af: Sibylle Fuchs (Sopran), Orchester der Hochschule Saarbrücken, Ltg.: Dieter Loskant, Aufm. b. Komp.
 1969 Lieder für eine mittlere Stimme und Klavier, Texte: Leopold Ferring, Rundfunkproduktion des SWF's, Af: Klaus Lorenz (Bariton), Josef Müller (Klavier)
 1975 4 Lieder für eine hohe Stimme und Klavier, Texte: Wolfgang Borchert, Auftragswerk des Theaters der Stadt Trier, selbige liegen auch in einer Ausgabe für mittlere Stimme vor, UA 14. März 1976: Museum Simeonstift Trier, Friederike Lapina (Sopran), Dea Baird (Klavier), Rundfunkproduktion des SWFs, Af: Esther Maria (Näck-)Burger (Mezzosopran), Charles Vanderzand (Klavier)
 1977 7 Lieder nach Gedichten von Christian Morgenstern, für Bariton und Klavier, UA 30. Juli 1978: Milwaukee (USA) im Rahmen eines Konzertes des Goethe-Instituts, John Pflieger (Bariton), Katja Philabaum (Klavier)
 1977 5 Lieder nach Texten von Christian Morgenstern (aus "Galgenlieder"), UA 24. Juli 1977: Haus Beda Bitburg, Af: Andreas Näck (Bariton), Heinz Heckmann (Klavier)
 1985 4 Lieder für Sopran und Streichorchester, Texte: Stefan Andres, Auftragswerk der Stefan-Andres-Stiftung, UA 14. September 1986: Stefan-Andres-Schulzentrum, anlässlich einer Literaturpreis-Verleihung, Af: Barbara Ikas (Sopran), Capella Treverensis, Ltg.: Franz Brixius
 1997 "Endlich geschah es" für Mezzosopran und Klavier, Text: Wladimir Solowjow Auftragswerk des Ramsteiner Kreises, Ausgaben in russisch und deutsch, UA Dezember 2000: Haus auf dem Wehrborn, im Rahmen der Buchpräsentation "Valentin Tomberg – Leben, Werk Wirkung", Af: Vera Ilieva (Mezzosopran), Cosima Osthoff (Klavier)
 1998 "Zigeunerliebe", dramatisch-lyrische Szene für Mezzosopran und Klavier, Text: Hans Greis, UA 3. März 2001: Kurfürstl. Palais Trier, Af: Vera Ilieva (Mezzosopran), Gottfried Sembdner (Klavier), verlegt: GPS-records
 1998 "Sieben Liebeslieder" für Mezzosopran und Klavier, UA 3. Oktober 1998: Kloster Konz-Karthaus, Af: Vera Ilieva (Mezzosopran), Ingrid Wessels (Klavier), verlegt: GPS-records
 1999 "Blühende Bäume", Text: Hugo von Hofmannsthal, UA 25. April 1999: Bischöfl. Museum Trier, Af: Vera Ilieva (Mezzosopran), Ingrid Wessels (Klavier), verlegt: GPS-records
 1999 "Juli im Walde", Text: Swatopluk Machar, UA 25. April 1999: Diözesanmuseum Trier, Af: Vera Ilieva (Mezzosopran), Ingrid Wessels (Klavier), verlegt: GPS-records
 1999 "Heidenröslein" für Mezzosopran und Klavier, Text: J.W. Goethe, UA: Kurfürstl. Palais Trier, Af: Vera Ilieva (Mezzosopran), Gottfried Sembdner (Klavier), verlegt: GPS-records
 2001 "Willkommen und Abschied", Text: J.W. Goethe, UA: Blankenheim, Af: Vera Ilieva (Mezzosopran), Ingrid Wessels (Klavier)
 verlegt: GPS-records
 2008 "Freies Geleit", Text: Ingeborg Bachmann, UA 9. Juli 2008: Refektorium Himmerod, Af: Vera Ilieva (Mezzosopran), Hans Appelhans (Klavier)

Klaviermusik
 1956 Introduktion und Intermezzo für Klavier
 1955 Präludium für Klavier Rundfunkproduktion des SWFs, Af: Peter Schmalfuß
 1958 Klavierstücke: Präludium, Intermezzo und Toccata, UA: Konzert Jeunesse musicale, Düsseldorf, Af: Peter Schmalfuß, Rundfunkproduktion: Radio Zagreb und später Saarl. Rundfunk
 1960 Erste Sonate für Klavier, UA 31. Januar 1962: Bitburg, Af: Peter Schmalfuß, Rundfunkproduktion des SWFs
 1961 Suite für Klavier, Rundfunkproduktion Saarl. Rundfunk, Af: Peter Schmalfuß
 1969 Zweite Sonate für Klavier
 1970 Sieben Stücke für Klavier, Rundfunkproduktion des SWF's, Af: Peter Schmalfuß
 1976 Klavierkomposition "Aufwärts", nach einem Bild der Kölner Malerin Erika Zeh-Baird (Grundlage das Buch: "Die Möwe Jonathan"), UA 21. November 1976: Katholische Akademie Trier, im Rahmen einer Vernissage, Af: Dea Baird
 2002 Burlesque Szenen für Klavier, UA15. November 2002: Bischöfliches Museum Trier, Af: Gottfried Sembdner

Auszeichnungen
 1977 Förderpreis des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz
 1984 3. Preis in Freigericht für die Motette "Cum ergo natus esset" zum Fest der Erscheinung des Herrn a cappella
 1991 3. Preis bei Feuchtinger und Gleichauf, Regensburg für "Osterjubel", Choralfantasie für Orgel über das Lied "Christ ist erstanden"
 1993 1. Preis in Ibagué, Kolumbien für "Canción báquica" für vierstimmigen Männerchor a cappella
 1996 2. Preis "Valentin Becker" in Bad Brückenau für "Zigeunerliebe" für Männerchor a cappella
 1997 Anerkennungspreis in Fellbach für die Chorkantate "Anakreontische" Lieder von Eduard Mörike für gemischten Chor und Klavier

Diskographie (Auswahl)
 "Requiem Caniceanum" und Orgelkompositionen: Toccata, Choral, Ostinato und Fuge und Choralfantasie über die Ostersequenz "Victimae paschali laudes",
u. A. Herbert Voß, Orgel, Trierer Domchor, Sinfonieorchester des Saarländischen Rundfunks, Ltg. Klaus Fischbach, Unisono UNS 32128-29

 Choralvorspiel "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme"
Helmut Schwindling, Orgel der Liebfrauenkirche Bitburg sowie Josef Still auf einer CD-Dokumentation der Orgeln der Stadt Trier

 "Ave Maria" Vera Ilieva, Mezzosopran mit Ave-Maria Vertonungen von Giulio Caccini, Luigi Cherubini, Luigi Luzzi, Josef Gabriel Rheinberger, Anton Bruckner, Franz Liszt, Camille Saint-Saëns, César Franck, Nunu Gabunia, Alfred Müller-Kranich, Heinz Heckmann u. A., 2 CDs

Weblinks
 Heinz Heckmanns Webpräsenz
 GPS-Record Musikverlag und Tonstudio

Einzelnachweise

Komponist (Deutschland)
Komponist klassischer Musik (20. Jahrhundert)
Komponist (Kirchenmusik)
Fagottist
Deutscher
Geboren 1932
Gestorben 2022
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
O FreeBSD é um sistema operativo livre do tipo Unix-like que provém do Research Unix via a Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). Porém, por motivos legais o FreeBSD não pode usar a marca registrada Unix, que é um ancestral do BSD, o qual foi historicamente chamado "BSD Unix" ou "Berkeley Unix". A primeira versão do FreeBSD foi lançada em 1993 e hoje em dia o FreeBSD é a distribuição BSD de código aberto mais usada, contabilizando mais de três quartos de todos os sistemas a utilizar derivados do BSD.

O FreeBSD tem similaridades com o Linux, com duas diferenças maiores no âmbito e na licença: o FreeBSD mantém um sistema operativo completo, i.e. o projeto fornece o kernel, os drivers de dispositivos, o espaço de usuário e a documentação, ao contrário do Linux que fornece apenas o kernel e os drivers e deixa a terceiros o software do sistema; e o código-fonte do FreeBSD geralmente é lançado sob uma licença permissiva BSD em oposição do copyleft GPL usado pelo Linux.

O projeto FreeBSD inclui uma equipe de segurança supervisando todo o software integrado na distribuição base. Uma pequena faixa de aplicações de terceiros podem ser instaladas usando o sistema de gestão de pacotes pkgng ou os Ports do FreeBSD, ou directamente compilando o código-fonte. Devido aos seus termos de licenciamento permissivos, grande parte do código do FreeBSD tornou-se parte integral doutros sistemas operativos tais como o Juniper JUNOS e o OS X da Apple.

Ports
O Sistema de Ports, também chamado de Coleção de Ports ou simplesmente Ports, é um "sistema de instalação" de pacotes prático e eficiente utilizado pelo FreeBSD. Consiste numa estrutura de diretórios, os quais possuem arquivos (Makefiles) que especificam todos os pré-requisitos da instalação, como se deve compilar o código fonte, e o necessário para a instalação dos binários criados de um determinado pacote no sistema. Isto de forma praticamente automática, com pouca ou nenhuma intervenção do usuário.

O suporte do Ports é tão abrangente, possuindo atualmente mais de 24.000 pacotes (2014), que dificilmente é necessário procurar programas em outras fontes.

Arquivos binários pré-compilados do Ports são chamados de "pacotes" e estão disponíveis para download. Eles podem ainda ser automaticamente instalados sabendo-se o nome do pacote e passando este como parâmetro para o comando "pkg_add -r".

A maioria dos programas encontrados no Ports, existem para Linux e em muitos casos não é preciso alterar o código fonte. Significa isto que os ambientes gráficos e as aplicações mais comuns usadas no Linux estão presentes no FreeBSD. O código pode não ter diferenças, mas a compilação cria binários distintos.

Compatibilidade binária com Linux
O FreeBSD fornece compatibilidade binária com muitas outras variações do Unix. O mesmo também é compatível com o sistema operativo GNU/Linux. A razão por trás disso está em poder utilizar programas desenvolvidos para Linux, geralmente comerciais, que só são distribuídos em forma binária e que por isso não podem ser portados para o FreeBSD sem a vontade de seus criadores.

Esta extensão permite que os usuários usem a maioria dos programas que são distribuídas apenas em binários Linux. Quando comparado com o número de programas nativos disponíveis pelo Ports, a quantidade desses programas é insignificante.

Alguns aplicativos que podem ser utilizados sobre a compatibilidade Linux incluem StarOffice, Netscape Navigator, Adobe Acrobat, RealPlayer, VMware Player, Oracle Database, WordPerfect, Skype, Doom 3, Quake 4, a série Unreal Tournament, Firefox com suporte ao Adobe Flash Player e outros. Geralmente não há perda de desempenho na utilização de binários Linux em vez de programas nativos do FreeBSD.

Mascote e lema
Os derivados do BSD em geral tem como mascote um diabinho vermelho chamado Daemon que significa espirito em grego, mas na realidade se refere a programas que rodam na memória autonomamente para servir requisições.

Até 2005, o Beastie era o "logotipo" do FreeBSD, quando foi aberta uma competição para escolher um novo símbolo para o projeto. Em 8 de outubro, ganhou o desenho feito por  Anton K. Gural para ser o novo símbolo do FreeBSD.

O lema do FreeBSD é The Power to Serve, ou seja, "O Poder para servir". Apesar do lema remeter a algo relacionando com servidores ao que aparenta, o FreeBSD é um sistema para propósito de uso geral, ou seja, estação de trabalho, servidores etc. O lema remete ao mascote como citado acima.

História e desenvolvimento do FreeBSD

O projeto FreeBSD teve seu nascimento no início de 1993, em parte como uma consequência do conjunto de manutenção não-oficial do 386BSD (Unofficial 386BSD Patchkit). O primeiro lançamento oficial foi o FreeBSD 1.0 em dezembro de 1993, coordenado por Jordan Hubbard, Nate Williams e Rod Grimes.

O objetivo original era produzir um snapshot intermediário do 386BSD, de forma a poder corrigir uma série de problemas com este sistema, que o mecanismo de manutenção não era capaz de resolver. Alguns se lembrarão do nome inicial do projeto que era 386BSD 0.5 ou 386BSD Interim em referência a este fato.

386BSD era o sistema operacional de Bill Jolitz, que já estava naquele instante sofrendo quase um ano de negligência. Como o mecanismo de manutenção patchkit se tornava mais e mais desconfortável a cada dia que passava, foi decidido que algo tinha que ser feito ao que ofereceram a ele este snapshot interim. Tais planos foram bruscamente interrompidos quando Bill Jollitz decidiu repentinamente retirar sua sanção ao projeto sem nenhuma indicação clara do que deveria ser feito. Não levou muito para ficar claro que o objetivo continuava a valer a pena, mesmo sem a ajuda de Bill, e foi adotado o nome FreeBSD, sugerido por David Greenman.

O Início da divulgação e distribuição do sistema
Os objetivos iniciais foram definidos depois de consultar os usuários recentes do sistema e, uma vez estando claro que o projeto estava na estrada para, talvez, tornar-se uma realidade, entraram em contato com a Walnut Creek CDROM, com o olho aberto à possibilidade de aperfeiçoar os canais de distribuição do FreeBSD para as pessoas que não tinham acesso à Internet.

Walnut Creek CDROM não apenas aprovou a idéia de distribuir o FreeBSD em CD, mas também foi mais longe, ao ponto de oferecer ao projeto uma máquina para trabalho dedicado e uma conexão rápida com a Internet. Sem esta confiança, sem precedentes, da Walnut Creek CDROM no que era, naquele momento, um projeto completamente desconhecido, é muito provável que o FreeBSD não tivesse chegado tão longe e tão rápido ao ponto em que está hoje.

A primeira distribuição em CDROM (e na Internet em geral) foi o FreeBSD 1.0, lançado em novembro de 1993. Era baseado na fita 4.3BSD-Lite (Net/2) da Universidade da Califórnia, Berkeley (U.C. Berkeley), com muitos componentes originados do 386BSD e da Fundação do Software Livre (Free Software Foundation). Foi um sucesso razoavelmente grande para uma primeira aparição e continuaram o ciclo com uma versão altamente bem sucedida, o FreeBSD 1.1 release de maio de 1994.

Transição e impedimentos
Por volta desta época (1994), conforme a Novell e U.C. Berkeley acertaram ao longo do processo penal entre ambas, a respeito da situação legal da fita contendo o Net/2 de Berkeley. Uma das condições do acordo eram as concessões da U.C. Berkeley que implicava que grandes trechos do Net/2 fossem códigos impedidos e de propriedade da Novell, que havia por sua vez adquirido-os da AT&T algum tempo antes.

O que a Berkeley recebeu em retribuição foi a bênção da Novell para o lançamento da versão 4.4BSD-Lite que, quando acontecesse, seria declarado como impedido e todos os usuários do Net/2 seriam fortemente encorajados a mudar de sistema para a nova versão. Isso incluiu o FreeBSD, ao projeto foi dado o prazo final de julho de 1994 para parar de distribuir seu produto baseado na versão Net/2. Sob tais termos de acordo, o projeto poderia lançar uma última versão antes do prazo em questão, o que originou o FreeBSD 1.1.5.1.

O FreeBSD definiu então a árdua tarefa de literalmente se reinventar a partir de um sistema completamente novo e consideravelmente incompleto, o 4.4BSD-Lite. As versões Lite continham grandes blocos de código a menos, removidos pelo CSRG de Berkeley (devido a várias decisões legais), códigos necessários para a construção de um sistema inicializável e que podia ser utilizado em produção e o fato é, que a conversão do 4.4 para a plataforma Intel era altamente incompleta.

O projeto levou até novembro de 1994 para concluir esta transição, quando lançou a versão 2.0 do FreeBSD na rede mundial e em CDROM (em dezembro). Apesar de um pouco bruta naquele instante, a versão teve um sucesso significante, e foi seguida pelo FreeBSD 2.0.5, mais robusto e de mais fácil instalação, em junho de 1995.

Breve histórico de versões
Foi lançado o FreeBSD 2.1.5 em agosto de 1996, que foi bastante popular entre os provedores de internet (ISP) e as empresas a ponto de justificar a viabilidade de outra versão no ramo 2.1-STABLE. Esta versão foi o FreeBSD 2.1.7.1, lançado em fevereiro de 1997, que marcou o término do desenvolvimento mainstream do 2.1-STABLE. Agora em manutenção, apenas aperfeiçoamentos de segurança e outras correções críticas são realizadas neste ramo (RELENG_2_1_0).

O ramo 2.2 do FreeBSD foi iniciado a partir da série parcial de desenvolvimento (-CURRENT) em novembro de 1996, foi intitulado ramo RELENG_2_2, e a primeira versão completa (2.2.1) foi lançada em abril de 1997. Versões posteriores ao longo do ramo 2.2 foram criadas no verão e outono de 1998, sendo a última delas (2.2.8) lançada em novembro de 1998, marcando o início do fim do ramo 2.2.

A árvore foi ramificada mais uma vez, em 20 de janeiro de 1999, iniciando os ramos 4.0-CURRENT e 3.X-STABLE. A partir da 3.X-STABLE, a versão 3.1 foi lançada, em 15 de fevereiro de 1999; a versão 3.2 foi lançada em 15 de maio de 1999; a 3.3 em 16 de setembro de 1999; a versão 3.4 em 20 de dezembro de 1999, e a 3.5 em 24 de junho de 2000, que foi complementada um pouco depois com uma pequena atualização de segurança, o 3.5.1, que incorporava algumas correções de segurança de última hora para o Kerberos. Esta se tornou a versão final para o ramo 3.X.

Outro ramo foi iniciado em 13 de março de 2000, de forma emergencial na metade do ramo 4.X-STABLE, considerado agora o ramo -STABLE corrente. Posteriormente houve várias versões desta série: 4.0-RELEASE foi apresentado ao mundo em março de 2000, e a versão mais recente, 4.10-RELEASE surgiu em maio de 2004. Existiriam versões adicionais ao longo do ramo 4.X-STABLE (RELENG_4) ainda em 2003.

A versão 5.0-RELEASE, muito aguardada, foi anunciada em 19 de janeiro de 2003. O resultado culminante de aproximadamente três anos de trabalho, esta versão colocou o FreeBSD no caminho do suporte avançado a multiprocessamento simétrico, suporte avançado a aplicações multithread e apresentou ao público suporte às plataformas UltraSPARC® e IA64. Esta versão foi seguida pela 5.1 em junho de 2003.

Em novembro de 2005 foi lançada a versão 6.0, sendo melhorada até à versão 6.4, lançada em novembro de 2008.

No ano de 2008 em fevereiro foi lançada a versão 7.0.

A versão 8.0 foi lançada em novembro de 2009 e em junho de 2013 a 8.4.

O lançamento da versão 9.0 foi feito em janeiro de 2012, desde setembro de 2013 está disponível a 9.2

A versão 10.0 foi lançada em janeiro de 2014.

A versão 11.0 foi lançada em outubro de 2016.

A versão 12.0 foi lançada em dezembro de 2018.

A última versão estável é a 13.0, havendo suporte para as versões 12.2 e 11.4, conhecidas como Legacy.

Produtos baseados no FreeBSD
 Darwin, o núcleo do Mac OS X é em grande parte baseado no FreeBSD.
 OpenDarwin, um projeto completamente separado da Apple que foi inicialmente baseado no Darwin.
 TrueOS, anteriormente PC-BSD, é uma distribuição do FreeBSD projetada para uso desktop com instalador e gerenciador de pacotes simplificado.
 GhostBSD, distribuição baseada no TrueOS projetada para uso em desktop.
 BSDeviant é uma distribuição live CD que cabe em um Mini-CD
 ClosedBSD
 GNU/kFreeBSD
 Ging é uma distribuição live CD baseada no Debian GNU/kFreeBSD, indiretamente baseada no FreeBSD.
 DragonFly BSD
 Firefly BSD
 FreeSBIE, similar à distribuição Knoppix do Linux. O projeto FreeSBIE também inclui um conjunto de ferramentas para ajudá-lo a fazer seus próprios live file systems e CDROMs FreeSBIE.
 Frenzy é outro live CD baseado no FreeBSD, direcionado principalmente para usuários russos.
 PicoBSD é uma versão em disquete do FreeBSD.
 m0n0wall é um pacote de firewall baseado no FreeBSD.
 pfSense é um firewall/roteador basedo no m0n0wall e no FreeBSD.
 FreeNAS é um servidor NAS baseado no FreeBSD/m0n0wall.
 TrustedBSD
 Gentoo/FreeBSD
 DesktopBSD
 PlayStation 3
 PlayStation 4

Ver também

 BSD
 NetBSD
 OpenBSD
 DragonFly BSD
 Linux
 Licença BSD

Ligações externas
 Sítio oficial
 Sítio secundário do FreeBSD
 Projeto de documentação em português
 FreeBSD ports - (en)
 Documentação traduzida pelo grupo NPF
 FreeBSD 8 FreeBSD 8 review (en)
 Grupo de Usuários de FreeBSD do Sul do Brasil

FreeBSD
Sistemas operacionais tipo Unix
Sistemas Unix-like leves
Sistemas operativos
Sistemas operacionais livres


If you are between the ages of 5 and 60 and grew up with a television in the US, you probably will know what I mean if I say, "One of these things is not like the other." This was (is) a favorite snippet from the popular children's show Sesame Street. If you don't know what I am talking about, you can view an example at the Sesame Street website. The Sesame Street lessons teach young children how to notice differences, and how to to categorize.
People naturally create categories. Just like learning a native language happens naturally, so does learning to categorize the world around us.
Categorizing doesn't emerge as a skill until about age 7. Younger than 7, and certainly younger than 5, thinking about categories just doesn't make sense to children. After the age of 7, however, people become fascinated with categorizing information.
If you don't give people categories they will create their own — Just as the visual cortex will impose patterns on what we see, whether there are really patterns there or not (see the post on patterns), people will impose categories when they are confronted with large amounts of information. People use categorization as a way to make sense of what is around them, especially when they feel overwhelmed with information.
Self-organized vs. other-organized — While working on my master's thesis at Pennsylvania State University, I conducted research on whether people would remember information better if it was organized by other people, or whether they would remember it better if they organized it themselves. What I found was that it didn't really matter. What mattered most was how well it was organized. The more organized the information the better people remembered it. Some people (those who measured high on "locus of control" measures) preferred to organize the information in their own way, but self vs. other organization schemes did not really matter as long as the information was well organized.
What do you think? Are you one of the people who prefer to organize information into your own categories? Do you appreciate it when a website is well-organized? If you are a website designer, do you spend enough time figuring out how to best organize the information? Do you use techniques like card sorting to work through different organization strategies with your target audience?
I am reading Your blog for some time now and I am just enjoying it! I am engineer and writing my own blogs. Beside of that, I always was interested in psychology and human behavior.
You just combined several of my interests in one!
Thank you, great work and good luck!
Susan, I think you should write a book about anti-patterns, which upset people called….What Makes Them Sick. I am being serious. It is basically 100 Things to Avoid as a Web Designer. I would love to see that book. Eagerly awaiting the publication of your 100 Things book.
PS Still want you for Big Deign 2011. I have not heard back. July 15-16 are the dates.
could you provide some references for the article? Its really interesting and I would like to read the sources and get further information.
For me categories are a must for websites that host a lot of content. Besides word categories, I am a big fan of intuitive UI, working with lots of colors, and icons.


text:
Steven Malanga
Steven Malanga is an American journalist. He is a contributing editor to City Journal and a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, which publishes City Journal. His primary area of focus is economic development within dense urban centers, with a particular emphasis on those areas in and surrounding New York and the Tri-State Area.
He has written extensively on the issues of collective bargaining, the differential in pay scale between public and private employees, and the political dynamics set in motion by the growth of non-profit entities within large cities. His recent book is The New New Left. In 2010, Malanga published Shakedown: The Continuing Conspiracy Against the American Taxpayer, warning that a self-interested coalition of public-sector unions and government-financed community activists would harm taxpayers. In 2013, former Florida Governor Jeb Bush called Malanga "the best thinker on state and local fiscal matters".[1]
Malanga has written for years warning that public-sector unions and poor political leadership have bankrupted once-rich states, like California and New Jersey, with unsustainable pension and benefits systems for their public employees.[2][3] Malanga has also profiled cities facing budgetary problems, including Stockton, California;[4] Atlantic City, New Jersey;[5] Harrisburg, Pennsylvania;[6] Houston, Texas;[7] and Dallas, Texas.[8] In 2013, former Florida Governor Jeb Bush called Malanga "the best thinker on state and local fiscal matters".[9]
Prior to his work for City Journal, Malanga served as managing editor of Crain's New York Business for a period of seven years, as well as executive editor of the same publication, also for seven years.
Honors include an award from the Association of Area Business Publications for best investigative story of the year, as well being named a finalist for the Gerald Loeb Award for Excellence in Financial Journalism for co-writing a series entitled Nonprofits: New York's new Tammany Hall.
His work has appeared in a diverse array of print media, including The Wall Street Journal, The New York Daily News, The New York Post, among other publications.
Malanga holds a B.A. in English Literature and Language from St. Vincent's College, as well as an M.A., in the same subject, from the University of Maryland.
^ "Steven Malanga Speaks at the CATS Roundtable Radio Show". 7 December 2015.
^ Malanga, Steven. "Pension tidal wave is about to crash down on taxpayers". Washington Examiner.
^ Malanga, Steve (12 January 2015). "The Pension Sink Is Gulping Billions in Tax Raises". Wall Street Journal – via www.wsj.com.
^ "Stockton's Unlearned Lessons". City Journal. 23 December 2015.
^ "Boardwalk Vampire". City Journal. 27 January 2016.
^ "The Lessons of Harrisburg". City Journal. 23 December 2015.
^ Daily, Investor's Business (3 October 2016). "In Fast-Growing Texas, Local Debt Has Soared". City Journal.
^ "Pension Collapse in Big D". City Journal. 9 December 2016.
^ "Steven Malanga". City Journal.
Manhattan Institute Scholar|Steven Malanga
Union U.
Rampant Fraud: Inside The Medicaid Mess
City Journal: Steven Malanga Archive
The Curse Of The Creative Class
The Nation v. The Economist: A battle of ideas between two of the world's most respected weekly magazines
Appearances on C-SPAN

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
 * "Retained Mode" - like playing with blocks
 * Redrawing is managed for you
 * Hit-detection is provided for you
 * Maintaining a DOM tree representing graphical elements
 * CSS applies to SVG elements
 * Cannot draw as many shapes as Canvas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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That could have been the end of her story. Instead, it was only the beginning. Paige's memoir calls for readers to choose action over complacency, compassion over cruelty—and above all, to be Positive.
Includes twenty-five photos from Paige's personal collection throughout.


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Veterans Helping Veterans
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Jack Voight had a vision of bringing veterans together to share conversation and camaraderie.
He never dreamed the fledgling group would grow to such significant proportions.
Voight is the founder of Vets and Friends of Wisconsin Inc. – an Appleton-based nonprofit organization that strives to make life better for military veterans through benefits, services and socialization.
Vets and Friends has a no-charge coffee house and a food pantry at 2508 N. Richmond St. It's also a social center with a backyard garden area complete with patio furniture and a non-alcoholic bar, giving veterans a comfortable place to relax and chat.
But it has become more than just a gathering place for veterans. In addition to serving free breakfast to veterans on Fridays and free lunch on Saturdays, Vets and Friends helps homeless veterans find housing and offers mental health services through a local therapist-counselor affiliated with the VA Community program.
"Originally, I thought this would be a small group of guys just having a place to get together and talk," said Voight. "I didn't realize it would grow so fast. By the end of 2020, it looks like we're going to have close to 600 members. We're actually starting to get a little cramped here."
Membership is free and the meals are available to family and friends of veterans. A large group of volunteers – comprised mostly of veterans – works hard to make sure the meals come off without a hitch. Vets and Friends has partnered with St. Joseph Food Program, which provides nearly 60 percent of the food served.
Oh, and there is much more. The group recently started a clothes pantry to provide free apparel for veterans and has a service officer available to help veterans with disability benefits. Future plans include putting together profiles of local veterans who have contributed to the community and establishing a Vietnam Wall featuring pictures and profiles of local Vietnam vets.
"A lot of people don't realize that well-known people in our community like Oscar Boldt and John Mielke are veterans," said Voight. "Our members are from 20 to 99. Our oldest member, Lloyd Ellefson, is 99. He was a World War II veteran, a Battle of the Bulge guy."
What's amazing about Vets and Friends – the only nonprofit veterans coffeehouse in Wisconsin – is that it has been around for less than three years. Voight, a Vietnam veteran and a former insurance agent, remodeled his old insurance building in 2017 and later added an annex for the food pantry and meeting rooms. A seven-member board of directors was appointed the same year to oversee the organization.
"A lot of exciting things have happened," said Voight, 74, a former state treasurer and New London High School graduate. "I started it but can't take all the credit because a lot of veterans and volunteers have put in a lot of effort. We're serving 3,000 hot meals a year now and it takes a lot of volunteers to pull that off. We've been so fortunate to have our partnership with St. Joseph's food pantry.
"I really appreciate all the help and support we've received. We have a lot of different resources available. We don't want our veterans to go through things alone. We want to pull together, hang together. The sharing of stories and camaraderie among our veterans has been tremendous."
Vicky Vosters on June 25, 2020 at 7:06 pm
Great place. Thanks to Jack, the board of directors and everyone who helps out. We owe our freedom to all the veterans.
Jamie - Editor on September 3, 2020 at 3:14 pm
Wonderful people doing wonderful work! Support our Vets!


Enables readers to master and apply the operator-theoretic approach Control of nonlinear systems is a multidisciplinary field involving electrical engineering, computer science, and control engineering. Specifically, this book addresses uncertain nonlinearity. Beginning with how real plants are modeled as operator-based plants, the author develops a systematic methodology that enables readers to understand a quantitative stability result, a critical factor in any nonlinear control system's stability and performance. Operator-Based Nonlinear Control Systems: Design and Applications focuses on the operator-theoretic approach, offering detailed examples on how to apply it to network controlled systems. In addition to current research results, the author explores future research directions and applications of the operator-theoretic approach. The book begins with an introduction that defines nonlinear systems. Next, it covers: Robust right coprime factorization for nonlinear plants with uncertainties Robust stability of operator-based nonlinear control systems Tracking issues and fault detection issues in nonlinear control systems Operator-based nonlinear control systems with smart actuators Nonlinear feedback control for large-scale systems using a distributed control system device Throughout the book, discussions of actual applications help readers understand how the operator-theoretic approach works in practice. Operator-Based Nonlinear Control Systems is recommended for students and professionals in control theory engineering and applied mathematics. Working with this expertly written and organized book, they will learn how to obtain robust right coprime factorization for modeled plants. Moreover, they will discover state-of-the-technology research results on robust stability conditions as well as the latest system output tracking and fault detection issues that are challenging today's researchers.


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Major Milestone Achieved in the Multi-Year Regional Housing Needs Allocation Process
Santa Barbara County Association of Governments Board of Directors vote 12-1 to distribute 24,856 housing units to the region's eight cities and unincorporated areas to adequately plan to meet future housing needs.
The Santa Barbara County Association of Governments (SBCAG) Board of Directors voted 12-1 to distribute the final 24,856 countywide regional housing needs allocation (RHNA) number to local cities and the county for their future housing production planning efforts over an eight-year period between the years of 2023 and 2031. Director Al Clark, Carpinteria City Councilmember, voted in opposition. The distribution methodology prioritizes reducing countywide jobs-housing imbalance and advances five statewide objectives, such as promoting infill development, affirmatively furthering fair housing, and seeking parity across the region as it relates to housing offered to various income-level housing needs. The board's action allocates 60 percent of the final countywide number to South Coast where 60 percent of the region's jobs exist. Local jurisdictions have a 45-day appeal period to appeal their own allocation, or another jurisdiction's allocation.
"While the Regional Housing Needs Allocation process is technical, it can also be acrimonious and misunderstood. At the end of the day, our responsibility as cities and counties is to do everything we can to help housing production for people who live and work in our communities," said SBCAG Vice-Chair Das Williams, Supervisor First District. "This is vital for our region's prosperity, to meet climate change goals and reduce impacts of traffic congestion resulting from the imbalance between affordable housing opportunities and where jobs exist."
The adopted allocation methodology distributes housing units through a two-step process that is representative of Santa Barbara County's distinct subregions – North County and South Coast to allow for an intentional focus on the county's respective, subregional jobs-housing imbalance. The first step factors existing and forecasted jobs to address the current jobs-housing imbalance while also acknowledging future conditions will change over time. The second step allocates housing units to each respective local jurisdiction giving equal weight to social equity considerations of communities experiencing overcrowding and cost burden. Cost burden is defined by households expending more than 30 percent of income on housing and overcrowding is defined by households with more than one person per room, including a living room. The housing unit number assigned to each jurisdiction is then respectively balanced per income level type i.e., very low to above moderate in comparison to the region to ensure there is an equity of income levels represented among all the local jurisdictions in Santa Barbara County.
The table below provides allocations shared with cities and the county following the SBCAG Board action based on the final housing need determination and methodology.
Local jurisdictions will have 45-day appeal period to appeal their own allocation, or another jurisdiction's allocation. The close of the appeals period is expected to be May 3, 2021. At the close of the appeals period, SBCAG will notify all local agencies of any appeals received. If no appeals are received SBCAG will issue final RHNA allocations. The final plan will be considered by the SBCAG Board during the August 2021 meeting.
ATTACHMENTS (LINKS):
March 18 Regional Housing Needs Allocation SBCAG Board Staff Report
March 18 Regional Housing Needs Allocation SBCAG Board Powerpoint Presentation
WHAT IS RHNA?
RHNA is the State's fair share housing law. It requires local governments to plan for a minimum number of housing units across four income groups. The State's Housing and Community Development department is responsible for determining each region's need. Regional agencies, such as SBCAG, are responsible for developing a methodology to allocate the housing units to local governments. Finally, each local government, by updating its Housing Element, accommodates its share of housing need. This is the 6th cycle which covers the 2023-2031 period. More information can be found on HCD's Regional Housing Needs Allocation and Housing Elements' webpage.
Reducing Countywide Jobs-Housing Imbalance Focus of Meeting Future Housing Needs
Allocating 24,856 housing units for housing production planning efforts in the region's eight cities and unincorporated areas to be considered at the March 18 meeting of the Santa Barbara County Association of Governments Board of Directors.
At 10 a.m. on Thursday, March 18, the Santa Barbara County Association of Governments (SBCAG) Board of Directors will consider adoption of a regional housing needs allocation (RHNA) distribution methodology for the region. The methodology will delineate exactly how many housing units, of the final 24,856 countywide number, local cities and the county must address in their respective planning efforts for future housing production over an eight-year period between the years of 2023 and 2031. In February, the SBCAG Board of Directors approved the final RHNA determination number of 24,856, which was 15 percent below the draft figure. The methodology before the SBCAG Board on March 18 proposes to allocate 60 percent of the final 24,856 countywide number to South Coast where 60 percent of the region's jobs exist. The meeting will be held with remote virtual participation with multiple ways the public can participate, which are outlined on the agenda available at www.sbcag.org.
SBCAG, in consultation with the region's cities and county planning and community development division staff as well as California's Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD), explored a variety of potential distribution methodologies between February and December 2020 to meet state objectives. The proposed methodology, which was discussed by the SBCAG Board on December 17, 2020 and reviewed by HCD in February 2021, seeks to address the region's jobs-housing imbalance as well as advance the five statutory RHNA objectives, such as promoting infill development, affirmatively furthering fair housing, and seeking parity across the region as it relates to housing offered to various income-level housing needs.
Specifically, the proposed methodology distributes housing units through a two-step process that is representative of Santa Barbara County's distinct subregions – North County and South Coast to allow for an intentional focus on the county's respective, subregional jobs-housing imbalance. The first step factors existing and forecasted jobs to address the current jobs-housing imbalance while also acknowledging future conditions will change over time. The second step allocates housing units to each respective local jurisdiction giving equal weight to social equity considerations of communities experiencing overcrowding and cost burden. Cost burden is defined by households expending more than 30 percent of income on housing and overcrowding is defined by households with more than one person per room, including a living room. The methodology allocates housing units to local jurisdictions based on their relative proportion of cost burdened and overcrowded households. The housing unit number assigned to each jurisdiction is then respectively balanced per income level type i.e., very low to above moderate in comparison to the region to ensure there is an equity of income levels represented among all the local jurisdictions in Santa Barbara County. The table below provides draft allocations based on the final housing need determination and proposed methodology.
The final RHNA methodology was presented to SBCAG Technical Planning Advisory Committee earlier this month. The technical committee is comprised of community development and planning staff from Santa Barbara County's eight cities and the county as well as a representative from Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District. The committee voted unanimously, with the cities of Carpinteria and Solvang absent, to recommend the SBCAG Board of Directors adopt the final methodology.
Should the SBCAG Board adopt the methodology, local jurisdictions will have 45-day appeal period to appeal their own allocation, or another jurisdiction's allocation consistent with Government Code Section 65584.05(b). The close of the appeals period is expected to be May 3, 2021.
California Department of Housing and Community Development Review of the Draft Regional Housing Need Allocation Methodology Letter (February 12, 2021).


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Q: No se puede convertir el objeto COM del tipo 'Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.ApplicationClass' C# estoy generando un reporte en Word en mi aplicativo(c# , WindowsForms), y funciona todo bien al ejecutarlo en mi computador, pero cuando lo compilo y lo ejecuto en el computador de otro usuario me sale este error al generar el Word, he intentando instalar/copiar las DLL en el computador del usuario final :

*

*Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel

*Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word

Pero no consigo algún resultado.
Error :

No se puede convertir el objeto COM del tipo
  'Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word.ApplicationClass'  al tipo de interfaz
  'Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word._Application'.  Ocurrió un error de
  operación debido a que la llamada QueryInterface en el componente COM
  para la interfaz con IID '{00020970-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}'
  generó el siguiente error:  Biblioteca no registrada. (Excepción de
  HRESULT: 0x8002801D (TYPE_E_LIBNOTREGISTERED)).

A: Tuve le mismo problema al importar el contenido de un documento de Word al control RichTextBox, en una PC sin problema en otra, obtenía dicha excepción.
Solo Repararé Office (aunque funcione Word, Excel, etc.) desde el panel de control y ya se resolvió el problema.
Saludos

A: Hola tenia el mismo problema y tome como referencia el comentario

Tuve le mismo problema al importar el contenido de un documento de Word al control RichTextBox, en una PC sin problema en otra, obtenía dicha excepción. Solo Repararé Office (aunque funcione Word, Excel, etc.) desde el panel de control y ya se resolvió el problema.

Y funciono de maravilla.
Solo tienes que hacer lo siguiente:

*

*Entrar al panel de control.

*Seleccionar la versión de office instalada

*Dar clic en la opción cambiar

*Seleccionar reparación rápida.

Después de eso ejecute mi aplicación y funciono sin problema.
VS 2019 con Office 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Why is the hyperplastic polyp a marker for the precancerous condition of the gastric mucosa?
Immunohistochemical expression of activated caspase-3 in human myocardial infarction.
Relationship and prognostic significance of phospho-(serine 166)-murine double minute 2 and Akt activation in node-negative breast cancer with regard to p53 expression.
A clear cell malignant gastrinoma of the pancreas with cytoplasmic accumulation of lipid droplets.
Claudins 1, 3, 4 and 5 in gastric carcinoma, loss of claudin expression associates with the diffuse subtype.


About seven years ago I wrote a biographical piece on Frank Swift for the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Swift was born 100 years ago (Boxing Day 1913) and so it feels appropriate to mark the centenary of his birth by publishing the profile here.
When I wrote this piece I had written about 70,000 words of a 110,000 word biography of Swift I was planning to have published. The idea was that it would be a companion book, written in a similar style and comprising of a similar number of photos, as my biography of Joe Mercer "Football With A Smile".
Sadly, the publisher I was with at the time hit a number of problems and it was decided they couldn't publish the book and another person has since written his story of Frank's life and so my book will not now be published. Despite those issues I do want to stress that I believe Frank Swift to be one of the most important footballing figures the game has ever been blessed with. He was a true sporting giant and I hope the following words do him justice and help to highlight his place in national sporting history.
Swift, Frank Victor (1913-1958), footballer and journalist was born in Blackpool, Lancashire on 26 December 1913, the second son of five children. From his earliest memories, he was always obsessed with the game of football, playing at every opportunity with his brothers, one of whom, Fred, became first team goalkeeper for a variety of clubs, most notably Blackpool, Oldham Athletic and Bolton Wanderers.
On leaving school Swift went to work for the Blackpool Gasworks as a coke-keeper and each Saturday he kept goal for his employers' football team. As his confidence grew he took the unusual step of writing to the prominent local Lancashire Combination side Fleetwood. In August 1931 they tested him in a trial match containing a mix of first team and reserve players, and after a good performance Harold Colley, secretary of Fleetwood, signed Swift. The goalkeeper was named in the Fleetwood reserve side for the opening West Lancashire League game of the 1931-32 season. Sadly, nerves got the better of Swift and he pulled out of the match shortly before kick off. Despite this setback Colley and the Fleetwood committee recognised Swift's potential and persuaded him to make his debut in the Fleetwood Reserve side against Blackburn Rovers 'A' team on 23rd September 1931. By the end of the season Swift was established as the regular Reserve goalkeeper and at the start of the 1932-33 season it was widely acknowledged that he was on the verge of replacing first team 'keeper Phil Barraclough, father of actor Roy Barraclough. He was also drawing attention from League clubs.
On 8th October 1932 17 year old Swift was given a trial by First Division Manchester City and on 16th November 1932 he became registered as a Manchester player. No transfer fee was paid as Swift was not a contracted Fleetwood player, however City secretary Wilf Wild made a donation of 10 guineas to the Fylde club in recognition of their role in his development on 23rd March 1934.
Swift's progression at City was rapid. In February 1933 he first appeared for the reserves, and on Christmas Day 1933 he made his first team debut against Derby County. The game resulted in a 4-1 defeat however as the previous match had ended in a 8-0 defeat and injuries limited competition for places, Swift managed to retain his place for the rest of the season. In fact he didn't miss a single League or Cup game until 17th September 1938 (a 6-1 defeat by Millwall).
The 1933-34 season brought much attention Swift's way as he helped City to FA Cup glory. The Manchester side beat Portsmouth 2-1 however the emotion of the game took its toll on the twenty year old goalkeeper. As referee Stanley Rous blew the final whistle Swift fainted. Immediately, the press found an appropriately sensational story to sell the following day's newspapers and Swift – at the time the youngest goalkeeper to appear in the FA Cup final - became a household name. Twelve months earlier he had paid 2s 6d to watch City face Everton in the 1933 final. The transformation from spectator to cup winning hero touched the nation.
Enormous crowds watched most of City's cup games during 1934 with both the Maine Road, Manchester (84,569) and Hillsborough, Sheffield (72,841) attendance records being set, but these crowds brought tragedy and Swift, with his close position to the packed terraces, witnessed many injuries and in later life he commented on the sight of a dead supporter being carried out at Hillsborough. Possibly because of that experience he remained passionate about conditions for supporters.
Swift's career continued to progress, however during the summer months football took a back seat as he and his brothers operated a sailing boat providing trips along the Blackpool coast. It was while performing this activity that he met his future wife, Doris Potter. Swift was married on 27 July 1935 in Blackpool. That year he appeared in a trial match for 'The Rest' against the England side.
In 1936-37 he was a key presence as City won the League Championship for the first time, and two years later he was on the verge of an England cap when war broke out, causing all League football to be cancelled. A decision was taken to keep morale boosting internationals going and, on 18th November 1939, Swift made his international debut against Wales at Wrexham, although officially wartime internationals were not recognised as full internationals by the FA. Inevitably, opportunities were few and far between during the following years – only two internationals were played in 1940 – however Swift did manage a total of 14 wartime and victory international appearances.
Post-war he made 19 full international appearances, keeping 9 clean sheets, including two games as captain, making Swift the first goalkeeper to captain England in the twentieth century. His first match as captain was against Italy in Turin, May 1948, and he guided England to a significant 4-0 victory. At the final whistle, Swift was carried shoulder high by his team mates after a tremendous performance and in later years Tom Finney and Tommy Lawton, amongst others, claimed this as Swift's greatest game.
After representing Great Britain in 1947, Swift made his final international appearance on 9th April 1949 against Scotland at Wembley. Much to the annoyance of Manchester City and the regret of supporters, he had chosen to retire while at the top of his game, and on 27th April 1947 he appeared in what was supposed to be his final home game – a surprise 3-0 defeat by Arsenal. Supporters invaded the pitch as Swift was chaired off the field by team mates. Similar scenes were observed eleven days later at his final match in Huddersfield and Swift was feted with a celebratory procession back over the moors to Manchester.
Fate determined however that Swift was to play again. Alec Thurlow, his replacement became ill with Tuberculosis, and Swift was persuaded to fill the void, although he stipulated he would only keep goal until City found a replacement. He went on to make four appearances with his last match being a goalless game at home to Everton in September 1949. By that time the Manchester side had hastened their search for a replacement and were ready to take a gamble on ex-Luftwaffe paratrooper Bernhard (Bert) Trautmann. It is often overlooked that City's desperation to find a replacement for Swift caused the side to controversially select the former Prisoner of war.
Swift could have played both domestic and international football for a further couple of seasons, however his desire to retire increased his reputation. His former teammate at City Matt Busby tried tempting him out of retirement to play for Manchester United, while City stubbornly retained his registration until 1951.
In retirement Swift became a representative for the confectionary firm Smallman's and developed a career as a sporting columnist for the News of the World. His opinion on issues such as World Cup football, refereeing, European competition, and all the other main issues of the 1950s entertained readers. By 1957 he was assigned to cover Manchester United's European campaigns and he took the opportunity to call for the authorities to subsidise supporter travel abroad.
It was while fulfilling this role that Swift was killed on 6th February 1958. He was flying with United back from their February 1958 match in Belgrade when their plane crashed while trying to take off at Munich. In fact it was the sight of Swift – a man very popular on the continent and well known as England's former 'keeper - which made Professor Frank Kessel of the medical team aware that the victims were members of an English football team.
Mancunians of both Blue and Red persuasion were devastated by the disaster. Swift, who by this stage was also President of the Manchester City Supporters' Club, was sorely missed. The Sports Editor of the News of the World wrote a touching obituary. He revealed how the newspaper had received calls, letters, and telegrams from thousands of people around the world expressing their sorrow. These calls came from ordinary supporters and from significant international figures, even Senor Bernabeau, the President of Real Madrid, called. Swift's humour, courage, and general humility had touched everyone in the game.
Swift possessed the common touch, always known for his great rapport with the public. He was recognised more as a showman than a daring style of goalkeeper, nevertheless he was a tremendously gifted goalkeeper who found League and Cup success before the age of 24, and appeared in 375 peacetime first team fixtures for Manchester City and a total of 33 full and wartime internationals for England. Both his retirement and his death were premature.
In 1977 a street close to Manchester City's Maine Road ground was named in his honour.
F. V. Swift, Football From The Goalmouth (1948), Frank Swift articles, News Of The World (1955-58), · F. Taylor OBE, The Day A Team Died (1983), G. James, Manchester: The Greatest City (1997), · G. James, Manchester City The Complete Record (2006), G. James, Interview with Sir Tom Finney (1992), Manchester City FC Archive.