X.509 generic defines and structures.
Definition at line 146 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 154 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 149 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 158 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 157 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 160 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 159 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 152 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 148 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 155 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 162 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 156 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 150 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 151 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 153 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 147 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 168 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 169 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 122 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 119 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 124 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 116 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 123 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 120 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 121 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 118 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 117 of file x509.h.
Maximum value size of a DN entry.
Definition at line 171 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 133 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 137 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 134 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 138 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 135 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 136 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 131 of file x509.h.
Definition at line 132 of file x509.h.
Destination buffer is too small.
Definition at line 324 of file x509.h.
Store the certificate DN in printable form into buf; no more than size characters will be written.
The length of the string written (not including the terminated nul byte), or a negative error code.
Store the certificate serial in printable form into buf; no more than size characters will be written.
Check a given mbedtls_x509_time against the system time and tell if it's in the future.
Intended usage is "if( is_future( valid_from ) ) ERROR". Hence the return value of 1 if on internal errors.
1 if the given time is in the future or an error occured, 0 otherwise.
Check a given mbedtls_x509_time against the system time and tell if it's in the past.
Intended usage is "if( is_past( valid_to ) ) ERROR". Hence the return value of 1 if on internal errors.
1 if the given time is in the past or an error occured, 0 otherwise.


text:
This article is about ontology in philosophy. For the concept in information science and computing, see Ontology (information science).
Not to be confused with Oncology, Odontology, Ontogeny, or Deontology.
Find sources: "Ontology" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Parmenides was among the first to propose an ontological characterization of the fundamental nature of reality.
Ontology is the philosophical study of being. More broadly, it studies concepts that directly relate to being, in particular becoming, existence, reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.[1] Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology often deals with questions concerning what entities exist or may be said to exist and how such entities may be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.
2.1 Some fundamental questions
2.2 Concepts
2.3 Types
3.1 Hindu philosophy
3.2 Parmenides and monism
3.3 Ontological pluralism
3.4 Plato
3.5 Aristotle
3.6 Avicenna
4 Other ontological topics
4.1 Ontological formations
4.2 Ontology of fictional characters
4.3 Ontological and epistemological certainty
4.4 Body and environment, questioning the meaning of being
4.5 Ontology and language
4.6 Ontology and human geography
4.7 Reality and actuality
4.8 Microcosmic ontology
4.9 Ontological argument
4.10 Hintikka's locution for existence
5 Prominent ontologists
EtymologyEdit
The compound word ontology ("study of being") combines onto- (Gr. ὄν, on,[2] gen. ὄντος, ontos, "being; that which is") and -logia (Gr. -λογία, "logical discourse"). See classical compounds for this type of word formation.[3][4]
While the etymology is Greek, the oldest extant record of the word itself, the New Latin form ontologia, appeared in 1606 in the work Ogdoas Scholastica by Jacob Lorhard (Lorhardus) and in 1613 in the Lexicon philosophicum by Rudolf Göckel (Goclenius).
The first occurrence in English of ontology as recorded by the OED (Oxford English Dictionary, online edition, 2008) came in a work by Gideon Harvey (1636/7–1702): Archelogia philosophica nova; or, New principles of Philosophy. Containing Philosophy in general, Metaphysicks or Ontology, Dynamilogy or a Discourse of Power, Religio Philosophi or Natural Theology, Physicks or Natural philosophy, London, Thomson, 1663.[5] The word was first used in its Latin form by philosophers based on the Latin roots, which themselves are based on the Greek.
Leibniz is the only one of the great philosophers of the 17th century to have used the term ontology.[6]
Some philosophers, notably in the traditions of the Platonic school, contend that all nouns (including abstract nouns) refer to existent entities.[citation needed] Other philosophers contend that nouns do not always name entities, but that some provide a kind of shorthand for reference to a collection either of objects or of events. In this latter view, mind, instead of referring to an entity, refers to a collection of mental events experienced by a person; society refers to a collection of persons with some shared characteristics, and geometry refers to a collection of specific kinds of intellectual activities.[7][need quotation to verify] Between these poles of realism and nominalism stand a variety of other positions.
Some fundamental questionsEdit
Principal questions of ontology include:[citation needed]
"What can be said to exist?"
"What is a thing?"[8]
"Into what categories, if any, can we sort existing things?"
"What are the meanings of being?"
"What are the various modes of being of entities?"
Various philosophers have provided different answers to these questions. One common approach involves dividing the extant subjects and predicates into groups called categories.[citation needed] Such lists of categories differ widely from one another, and it is through the co-ordination of different categorical schemes that ontology relates to such fields as library science and artificial intelligence. Such an understanding of ontological categories, however, is merely taxonomic, classificatory. Aristotle's categories are the ways in which a being may be addressed simply as a being, such as:[9]
what it is (its 'whatness', quiddity, haecceity or essence)
how it is (its 'howness' or qualitativeness)
how much it is (quantitativeness)
where it is (its relatedness to other beings)
Further examples of ontological questions include:[citation needed]
What is existence, i.e. what does it mean for a being to be?
Is existence a property?
Is existence a genus or general class that is simply divided up by specific differences?
Which entities, if any, are fundamental?
Are all entities objects?
How do the properties of an object relate to the object itself?
Do physical properties actually exist?
What features are the essential, as opposed to merely accidental attributes of a given object?
How many levels of existence or ontological levels are there? And what constitutes a "level"?
What is a physical object?
Can one give an account of what it means to say that a physical object exists?
Can one give an account of what it means to say that a non-physical entity exists?
What constitutes the identity of an object?
When does an object go out of existence, as opposed to merely changing?
Do beings exist other than in the modes of objectivity and subjectivity, i.e. is the subject/object split of modern philosophy inevitable?
ConceptsEdit
Essential ontological dichotomies include:[citation needed]
universals and particulars
substance and accident
abstract and concrete objects
essence and existence
determinism and indeterminism
monism and dualism
idealism and materialism
Philosophers can classify ontologies in various ways, using criteria such as the degree of abstraction and field of application:[10]
Upper ontology: concepts supporting development of an ontology, meta-ontology
Domain ontology: concepts relevant to a particular topic, domain of discourse, or area of interest, for example, to information technology or to computer languages, or to particular branches of science
Interface ontology: concepts relevant to the juncture of two disciplines
Process ontology: inputs, outputs, constraints, sequencing information, involved in business or engineering processes
Hindu philosophyEdit
Ontology features in the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy from the first millennium BCE.[11]
Parmenides and monismEdit
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Ontology" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the Greek philosophical tradition, Parmenides (fl. late sixth or early fifth century BCE) was among the first to propose an ontological characterization of the fundamental nature of existence. In the prologue or proem to his poem On Nature he describes two views of existence; initially that nothing comes from nothing, and therefore existence is eternal. This posits that existence is what may be conceived of by thought, created, or possessed. Hence, there may be neither void nor vacuum; and true reality neither may come into being nor vanish from existence. Rather, the entirety of creation is eternal, uniform, and immutable, though not infinite (Parmenides characterized its shape as that of a perfect sphere). Parmenides thus posits that change, as perceived in everyday experience, is illusory. Everything that may be apprehended is but one part of a single entity. This idea somewhat anticipates the modern concept of an ultimate grand unification theory that finally describes all of existence in terms of one inter-related sub-atomic reality which applies to everything.[citation needed] Most of western philosophy (especially the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza) — including the fundamental concepts of falsifiability — has emerged from this view.
Ontological pluralismEdit
Main article: Ontological pluralism
The opposite of Parmenides' Eleatic monism is the pluralistic conception of being. In the 5th century BC, Anaxagoras and Leucippus replaced[12] the reality of Being (unique and unchanging) with that of Becoming and therefore by a more fundamental and elementary ontic plurality. This thesis originated in the Hellenic world, stated in two different ways by Anaxagoras and by Leucippus. The first theory dealt with "seeds" (which Aristotle referred to as "homeomeries") of the various substances. The second was the atomistic theory,[13] which dealt with reality as based on the vacuum, the atoms and their intrinsic movement in it.[citation needed]
The materialist atomism proposed by Leucippus was indeterminist, but Democritus (c. 460 – c. 370 BC) subsequently developed it in a deterministic way. Later (4th century BC) Epicurus took the original atomism again as indeterministic. He saw reality as composed of an infinity of indivisible, unchangeable corpuscles or atoms (atomon, lit. 'uncuttable'), but he gives weight to characterize atoms whereas for Leucippus they are characterized by a "figure", an "order" and a "position" in the cosmos.[14] Atoms are, besides, creating the whole with the intrinsic movement in the vacuum, producing the diverse flux of being. Their movement is influenced by the parenklisis (Lucretius names it clinamen) and that is determined by the chance. These ideas foreshadowed the understanding of traditional physics until the advent of 20th-century theories on the nature of atoms.[15][page needed]
PlatoEdit
Plato (lived 420s BCE to 348/347 BCE) developed the distinction between true reality and illusion, in arguing that what is real are eternal and unchanging Forms or Ideas (a precursor to universals), of which things experienced in sensation are at best merely copies, and real only in so far as they copy ("partake of") such Forms. In general, Plato presumes that all nouns (e.g., "Beauty") refer to real entities, whether sensible bodies or insensible Forms. Hence, in The Sophist Plato argues that Being is a Form in which all existent things participate and which they have in common (though it is unclear whether "Being" is intended in the sense of existence, copula, or identity); and argues, against Parmenides, that Forms must exist not only of Being, but also of Negation and of non-Being (or Difference).[citation needed]
AristotleEdit
In his Categories, Aristotle (384–322 BCE) identifies ten possible kinds of things that may be the subject or the predicate of a proposition. For Aristotle there are four different ontological dimensions:[16]
according to the various categories or ways of addressing a being as such
according to its truth or falsity (e.g. fake gold, counterfeit money)
whether it exists in and of itself or simply 'comes along' by accident
according to its potency, movement (energy) or finished presence (Metaphysics Book Theta).
AvicennaEdit
According to Avicenna (c. 980 – 1037), and in an interpretation of Greek Aristotelian and Platonist ontological doctrines in medieval metaphysics, being is either necessary, contingent qua possible, or impossible. Necessary being is that which cannot but be, since its non-being entails a contradiction. Contingent qua possible being is neither necessary nor impossible for it to be or not to be. It is ontologically neutral, and is brought from potential existing into actual existence by way of a cause that is external to its essence. Its being is borrowed – unlike the necessary existent, which is self-subsisting and is impossible for it not to be. As for the impossible, it necessarily does not exist, and the affirmation of its being is a contradiction.[17]
Other ontological topicsEdit
Ontological formationsEdit
The concept of 'ontological formations' refers to formations of social relations understood as dominant ways of living. Temporal, spatial, corporeal, epistemological and performative relations are taken to be central to understanding a dominant formation. That is, a particular ontological formation is based on how ontological categories of time, space, embodiment, knowing and performing are lived—objectively and subjectively. Different ontological formations include the customary (including the tribal), the traditional, the modern and the postmodern. The concept was first introduced by Paul James' Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism[18] together with a series of writers including Damian Grenfell and Manfred Steger.
In the engaged theory approach, ontological formations are seen as layered and intersecting rather than singular formations. They are 'formations of being'. This approach avoids the usual problems of a Great Divide being posited between the modern and the pre-modern. From a philosophical distinction concerning different formations of being, the concept then provides a way of translating into practical understandings concerning how humans might design cities and communities that live creatively across different ontological formations, for example cities that are not completely dominated by modern valences of spatial configuration. Here the work of Tony Fry is important.[19]
Ontology of fictional charactersEdit
According to Edward N. Zalta, the ontology of fiction analyses such sentences as (1) 'Nero worshipped (the god) Mars', (2) 'the god Mars does not exist', and (3) 'in George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion, Eliza Doolittle is a flower girl'.[20]
According to Amie L. Thomasson, fictional discourse can be of four sorts: (1) uttered within works of fiction, (2) philosophical exercises such as 'Captain Marvel does not exist', (3) treating fictional characters as if they were 'real', such as 'Superman can leap tall buildings', and (4) discourse about works of fiction, such as 'Professor Higgins was created by George Bernard Shaw'.[21]
Jeremy Bentham distinguished three kinds of entity, the real, the fictitious, and the fabulous. For him, really existing entities were those that can be perceived, or can be inferred from perception. His fictitious entities were abstractions that referred to perceptible things. His fabulous entities were to be found only in the imagination, and he held that the word 'exist' applied to them only in the sense that they did not really exist.[22]
Francis Herbert Bradley thought that real things exist respectively at particular times and places. He recognised several kinds of entity: the genuinely historical, the fictional, the real, the merely imagined, the existent, and the non-existent.[23]
Alexius Meinong would put fictional entities into the category which he called subsistence. This category contains objects that neither exist spatially or non-spatially. However, they do have properties. The properties are given to these objects in the way they are said to be described. For example, we can talk about the tall unicorn even though the tall unicorn does not exist. We can say the unicorn is in fact tall because this follows from the properties in which the object is characterized.[24]
Ontological and epistemological certaintyEdit
René Descartes, with je pense donc je suis or cogito ergo sum or "I think, therefore I am", argued that "the self" is something that we can know exists with epistemological certainty. Descartes argued further that this knowledge could lead to a proof of the certainty of the existence of God, using the ontological argument that had been formulated first by Anselm of Canterbury.[citation needed][25]
Certainty about the existence of "the self" and "the other", however, came under increasing criticism in the 20th century. Sociological theorists, most notably George Herbert Mead and Erving Goffman, saw the Cartesian Other as a "Generalized Other", the imaginary audience that individuals use when thinking about the self. According to Mead, "we do not assume there is a self to begin with. Self is not presupposed as a stuff out of which the world arises. Rather, the self arises in the world".[26][27] The Cartesian Other was also used by Sigmund Freud, who saw the superego as an abstract regulatory force, and Émile Durkheim who viewed this as a psychologically manifested entity which represented God in society at large.[citation needed]
Body and environment, questioning the meaning of beingEdit
Schools of subjectivism, objectivism and relativism existed at various times in the 20th century, and the postmodernists and body philosophers tried to reframe all these questions in terms of bodies taking some specific action in an environment. This relied to a great degree on insights derived from scientific research into animals taking instinctive action in natural and artificial settings—as studied by biology, ecology,[28] and cognitive science.[citation needed]
The processes by which bodies related to environments became of great concern, and the idea of being itself became difficult to really define. What did people mean when they said "A is B", "A must be B", "A was B"...? Some linguists advocated dropping the verb "to be" from the English language, leaving "E Prime", supposedly less prone to bad abstractions. Others, mostly philosophers, tried to dig into the word and its usage. Martin Heidegger distinguished human being as existence from the being of things in the world. Heidegger proposes that our way of being human and the way the world is for us are cast historically through a fundamental ontological questioning. These fundamental ontological categories provide the basis for communication in an age: a horizon of unspoken and seemingly unquestionable background meanings, such as human beings understood unquestioningly as subjects and other entities understood unquestioningly as objects. Because these basic ontological meanings both generate and are regenerated in everyday interactions, the locus of our way of being in a historical epoch is the communicative event of language in use.[26] For Heidegger, however, communication in the first place is not among human beings, but language itself shapes up in response to questioning (the inexhaustible meaning of) being.[29] Even the focus of traditional ontology on the 'whatness' or quidditas of beings in their substantial, standing presence can be shifted to pose the question of the 'whoness' of human being itself.[30]
Ontology and languageEdit
Some philosophers suggest that the question of "What is?" is (at least in part) an issue of usage rather than a question about facts.[31] This perspective is conveyed by an analogy made by Donald Davidson: Suppose a person refers to a 'cup' as a 'chair' and makes some comments pertinent to a cup, but uses the word 'chair' consistently throughout instead of 'cup'. One might readily catch on that this person simply calls a 'cup' a 'chair' and the oddity is explained.[32] Analogously, if we find people asserting 'there are' such-and-such, and we do not ourselves think that 'such-and-such' exist, we might conclude that these people are not nuts (Davidson calls this assumption 'charity'), they simply use 'there are' differently than we do. The question of What is? is at least partially a topic in the philosophy of language, and is not entirely about ontology itself.[33] This viewpoint has been expressed by Eli Hirsch.[34][35]
Hirsch interprets Hilary Putnam as asserting that different concepts of "the existence of something" can be correct.[35] This position does not contradict the view that some things do exist, but points out that different 'languages' will have different rules about assigning this property.[35][36] How to determine the 'fitness' of a 'language' to the world then becomes a subject for investigation.
Common to all Indo-European copula languages is the double use of the verb "to be" in both stating that entity X exists ("X is.") as well as stating that X has a property ("X is P"). It is sometimes argued that a third use is also distinct, stating that X is a member of a class ("X is a C"). In other language families these roles may have completely different verbs and are less likely to be confused with one another. For example they might say something like "the car has redness" rather than "the car is red". Hence any discussion of "being" in Indo-European language philosophy may need to make distinctions between these senses.[citation needed]
Ontology and human geographyEdit
In human geography there are two types of ontology: small "o" which accounts for the practical orientation, describing functions of being a part of the group, thought to oversimplify and ignore key activities. The other "o", or big "O", systematically, logically, and rationally describes the essential characteristics and universal traits. This concept relates closely to Plato's view that the human mind can only perceive a bigger world if they continue to live within the confines of their "caves". However, in spite of the differences, ontology relies on the symbolic agreements among members. That said, ontology is crucial for the axiomatic language frameworks.[37]
Reality and actualityEdit
According to A.N. Whitehead, for ontology, it is useful to distinguish the terms 'reality' and 'actuality'. In this view, an 'actual entity' has a philosophical status of fundamental ontological priority, while a 'real entity' is one which may be actual, or may derive its reality from its logical relation to some actual entity or entities. For example, an occasion in the life of Socrates is an actual entity. But Socrates' being a man does not make 'man' an actual entity, because it refers indeterminately to many actual entities, such as several occasions in the life of Socrates, and also to several occasions in the lives of Alcibiades, and of others. But the notion of man is real; it derives its reality from its reference to those many actual occasions, each of which is an actual entity. An actual occasion is a concrete entity, while terms such as 'man' are abstractions from many concrete relevant entities.
According to Whitehead, an actual entity must earn its philosophical status of fundamental ontological priority by satisfying several philosophical criteria, as follows.
There is no going behind an actual entity, to find something more fundamental in fact or in efficacy. This criterion is to be regarded as expressing an axiom, or postulated distinguished doctrine.
An actual entity must be completely determinate in the sense that there may be no confusion about its identity that would allow it to be confounded with another actual entity. In this sense an actual entity is completely concrete, with no potential to be something other than itself. It is what it is. It is a source of potentiality for the creation of other actual entities, of which it may be said to be a part cause. Likewise it is the concretion or realization of potentialities of other actual entities which are its partial causes.
Causation between actual entities is essential to their actuality. Consequently, for Whitehead, each actual entity has its distinct and definite extension in physical Minkowski space, and so is uniquely identifiable. A description in Minkowski space supports descriptions in time and space for particular observers.
It is part of the aim of the philosophy of such an ontology as Whitehead's that the actual entities should be all alike, qua actual entities; they should all satisfy a single definite set of well stated ontological criteria of actuality.
Whitehead proposed that his notion of an occasion of experience satisfies the criteria for its status as the philosophically preferred definition of an actual entity. From a purely logical point of view, each occasion of experience has in full measure the characters of both objective and subjective reality. Subjectivity and objectivity refer to different aspects of an occasion of experience, and in no way do they exclude each other.[38]
Examples of other philosophical proposals or candidates as actual entities, in this view, are Aristotle's 'substances', Leibniz' monads, and Descartes ′res verae' , and the more modern 'states of affairs'. Aristotle's substances, such as Socrates, have behind them as more fundamental the 'primary substances', and in this sense do not satisfy Whitehead's criteria. Whitehead is not happy with Leibniz' monads as actual entities because they are "windowless" and do not cause each other. 'States of affairs' are often not closely defined, often without specific mention of extension in physical Minkowski space; they are therefore not necessarily processes of becoming, but may be as their name suggests, simply static states in some sense. States of affairs are contingent on particulars, and therefore have something behind them.[39] One summary of the Whiteheadian actual entity is that it is a process of becoming. Another summary, referring to its causal linkage to other actual entities, is that it is "all window", in contrast with Leibniz' windowless monads.
This view allows philosophical entities other than actual entities to really exist, but not as fundamentally and primarily factual or causally efficacious; they have existence as abstractions, with reality only derived from their reference to actual entities. A Whiteheadian actual entity has a unique and completely definite place and time. Whiteheadian abstractions are not so tightly defined in time and place, and in the extreme, some are timeless and placeless, or 'eternal' entities. All abstractions have logical or conceptual rather than efficacious existence; their lack of definite time does not make them unreal if they refer to actual entities. Whitehead calls this 'the ontological principle'.
Microcosmic ontologyEdit
There is an established and long philosophical history of the concept of atoms as microscopic physical objects. They are far too small to be visible to the naked eye. It was as recent as the nineteenth century that precise estimates of the sizes of putative physical atoms began to become plausible. Almost direct empirical observation of atomic effects was due to the theoretical investigation of Brownian motion by Albert Einstein in the very early twentieth century. But even then, the real existence of atoms was debated by some. Such debate might be labeled 'microcosmic ontology'. Here the word 'microcosm' is used to indicate a physical world of small entities, such as for example atoms.
Subatomic particles are usually considered to be much smaller than atoms. Their real or actual existence may be very difficult to demonstrate empirically.[40] A distinction is sometimes drawn between actual and virtual subatomic particles. Reasonably, one may ask, in what sense, if any, do virtual particles exist as physical entities? For atomic and subatomic particles, difficult questions arise, such as do they possess a precise position, or a precise momentum? A question that continues to be controversial is 'to what kind of physical thing, if any, does the quantum mechanical wave function refer?'.[8]
Ontological argumentEdit
Main article: Ontological argument
In the Western Christian tradition, in his 1078 work Proslogion, Anselm of Canterbury proposed what is known as 'the ontological argument' for the existence of God.[41] Anselm defined God as "that than which nothing greater can be thought", and argued that this being must exist in the mind, even in the mind of the person who denies the existence of God. He suggested that, if the greatest possible being exists in the mind, it must also exist in reality. If it only exists in the mind, then an even greater being must be possible—one which exists both in the mind and in reality. Therefore, this greatest possible being must exist in reality. Seventeenth century French philosopher René Descartes deployed a similar argument. Descartes published several variations of his argument, each of which centred on the idea that God's existence is immediately inferable from a "clear and distinct" idea of a supremely perfect being. In the early eighteenth century, Gottfried Leibniz augmented Descartes' ideas in an attempt to prove that a "supremely perfect" being is a coherent concept. Norman Malcolm revived the ontological argument in 1960 when he located a second, stronger ontological argument in Anselm's work; Alvin Plantinga challenged this argument and proposed an alternative, based on modal logic. Attempts have also been made to validate Anselm's proof using an automated theorem prover.
More recently, Kurt Gödel proposed a formal argument for God's existence. Other arguments for God's existence have been advanced, including those made by Islamic philosophers Mulla Sadra and Allama Tabatabai.
Hintikka's locution for existenceEdit
Jaakko Hintikka puts the view that a useful explication of the notion of existence is in the words "one can find", implicitly in some world or universe of discourse.[42]
Prominent ontologistsEdit
David Malet Armstrong
Gustav Bergmann
Roy Bhaskar
Bernard Bolzano
Rudolf Carnap
Maurizio Ferraris
Richard Foreman
Nicolai Hartmann
Heraclitus of Ephesus
Jaakko Hintikka
Susanne Langer
Louis Lavelle
Douglas Lenat
Stanisław Leśniewski
Leucippus
David Kellogg Lewis
E.J. Lowe
Madhvacharya
Alexius Meinong
Keiji Nishitani
Proclus Lycaeus
W.V.O. Quine
Ramanujacharya
Gilbert Ryle
Mulla Sadra
Adi Shankaracharya
Theodore Sider
Peter Simons
Edward N. Zalta
Dean Zimmerman
Abhidharma
Applied ontology
Five Ws
Foundation ontology
Geopolitical ontology
Guerrilla ontology
Integrative level
Living educational theory
Mereology
Metamodeling
Modal logic
Ontological paradox
Philosophy of space and time
Physical ontology
Porphyrian tree
Quantum ontology
Structure and agency
Subject–object problem
^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary
^ Present tense participle of the verb εἰμί, eimí, i.e. "to be, I am"
^ "ontology". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ εἰμί. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
^ Early English Books
^ Michaël Devaux and Marco Lamanna, "The Rise and Early History of the Term Ontology (1606–1730)", Quaestio.Yearbook of the History of the Metaphysics, 9, 2009, pp. 173–208 (on Leibniz pp. 197–198).
^ Griswold, Charles L. (2001). Platonic Writings/Platonic Readings. Penn State Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-271-02137-9.
^ a b Isham, C.J. (1995). Lectures on Quantum Theory: Mathematical and Structural Foundations, Imperial College Press, London, ISBN 1-86094-000-5, pp. 63–67.
^ Aristotle Categories Vol. 1, Loeb Classical Library, transl. H.P. Cooke, Harvard U.P. 1983
^ Vesselin Petrov (2011). "Chapter VI: Process ontology in the context of applied philosophy". In Vesselin Petrov (ed.). Ontological Landscapes: Recent Thought on Conceptual Interfaces Between Science and Philosophy. Ontos Verlag. pp. 137ff. ISBN 978-3-86838-107-8.
^ GJ Larson, RS Bhattacharya and K Potter (2014), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4: Samkhya, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-60441-1, pp. 3–11
^ "Sample Chapter for Graham, D.W.: Explaining the Cosmos: The Ionian Tradition of Scientific Philosophy". Press.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
^ "Ancient Atomism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
^ Aristotle, Metaphysics, I, 4, 985
^ Lawson, Clive; Latsis, John Spiro; Martins, Nuno, eds. (2007). Contributions to Social Ontology. Routledge Studies in Critical Realism. London: Routledge (published 2013). ISBN 9781136016066. Retrieved 3 Mar 2019.
^ Studtmann, Paul (2007-09-07). "Aristotle's Categories". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Nader El-Bizri, 'Avicenna and Essentialism, Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 54 (2001), pp. 753–778.
^ James, Paul (2006). Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In —Volume 2 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. London: Sage Publications.
^ James, Paul (2014). "Urban Design in the Global South: Ontological Design in Practice". In Tony Fry; Eleni Kalantidou (eds.). Design in the Borderlands. London: Routledge.
^ Zalta, E.N. (2009). Fictional truth, objects, and characters, pp. 267–269 in A Companion to Metaphysics, ed. Kim, J., Rosenkrantz, G.S., Sosa, E., Wiley–Blackwell, Chichester UK, 2nd edition, ISBN 9781405152983, p. 267.
^ Thomasson, Amie L. (2009). "Fictional Entities" (PDF). In Kim, Jaegwon; Sosa, Ernest; Rosenkrantz, Gary S. (eds.). A Companion to Metaphysics (Second ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
^ Harrison, R. (2009). Jeremy Bentham, p. 145 in A Companion to Metaphysics, ed. Kim, J., Rosenkrantz, G.S., Sosa, E., Wiley–Blackwell, Chichester UK, 2nd edition, ISBN 9781405152983.
^ Stock, G. (2009). Francis Herbert Bradley, pp. 155–158 in A Companion to Metaphysics, ed. Kim, J., Rosenkrantz, G.S., Sosa, E., Wiley–Blackwell, Chichester UK, 2nd edition, ISBN 9781405152983, p. 157.
^ Kroon, Fred; Voltolini, Alberto (2018). "Fictional Entities". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
^ "Anselm: Ontological Argument for God's Existence". IEP.
^ a b Hyde, R. Bruce. "Listening Authentically: A Heideggerian Perspective on Interpersonal Communication". In Interpretive Approaches to Interpersonal Communication, edited by Kathryn Carter and Mick Presnell. State University of New York Press, 1994. ISBN 0-7914-1847-2
^ Mead, G.H. The individual and the social self: Unpublished work of George Herbert Mead (D.L. Miller, Ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982. (p. 107). ISBN 0-226-51673-3
^ Barry Smith: Objects and Their Environments: From Aristotle to Ecological Ontology The Life and Motion of SocioEconomic Units (GISDATA 8), London: Taylor and Francis, 2001, 79–97.
^ Heidegger, Martin, On the Way to Language Harper & Row, New York 1971. German edition: Unterwegs zur Sprache Neske, Pfullingen 1959.
^ Eldred, Michael, Social Ontology: Recasting Political Philosophy Through a Phenomenology of Whoness ontos, Frankfurt 2008 xiv + 688 pp. ISBN 978-3-938793-78-7
^ Carvalko, Joseph (Summer 2005). Introduction to an Ontology of Intellectual Property. The Scitech Lawyer, ABA.
^ Davidson refers to a 'ketch' and a 'yawl'; see p. 18 in Donald Davidson (1974). "On the very idea of a conceptual scheme" (PDF). Proceedings and Address of the American Philosophical Association. 47: 5–20.
^ Uriah Kriegel (2011). "Two defenses of common-sense ontology" (PDF). Dialectica. 65 (2): 177–204. doi:10.1111/j.1746-8361.2011.01262.x.
^ Hirsch, Eli (2011). "Chapter 9: Physical-object ontology, verbal disputes and common sense". Quantifier Variance and Realism: Essays in Metaontology. Oxford University Press. pp. 144–177. ISBN 978-0-19-973211-1. First published as "Physical-Object Ontology, Verbal Disputes, and Common Sense"
^ a b c Hirsch, Eli (2011). "Chapter 5: Quantifier variance and realism". Quantifier Variance and Realism: Essays in Metaontology. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–95. ISBN 978-0-19-973211-1. First published as "Quantifier variance and realism"
^ Hirsch, E. (2004). "Sosa's Existential Relativism". In John Greco (ed.). Ernest Sosa and His Critics. Blackwell. pp. 224–232. ISBN 978-0-470-75547-1.
^ Harvey, F. (2006). Ontology. In B. Warf (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Geography. (pp. 341–343). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc
^ Whitehead, A.N. (1929). Process and Reality, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, passim.
^ Armstrong, D.M. (1997). A World of States of Affairs, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0-521-58064-1, p. 1.
^ Kaiser, D. (1994). Niels Bohr's legacy in contemporary particle physics, pp. 257–268 of Niels Bohr and Contemporary Philosophy, edited by J. Faye, H.J. Folse, Springer, Dordrecht, ISBN 978-90-481-4299-6, Section 4, Questions of ontology and particle physics phenomenology, pp. 262–264.
^ "There are three main periods in the history of ontological arguments. The first was in 11th century, when St. Anselm of Canterbury came up with the first ontological argument." Miroslaw Szatkowski (ed.), Ontological Proofs Today, Ontos Verlag, 2012, p. 22.
^ Hintikka, J. (1998), Paradigms for Language Theory and Other Essays, Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht, ISBN 978-90-481-4930-8, p. 3.
Look up ontology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to Ontology at Wikimedia Commons
"Ontology" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 118.
Logic and Ontology entry by Thomas Hofweber in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, October 11, 2017
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ontology&oldid=933227586"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How does the V2 pant differ from the original version 1 design? The original was created by literally taking vintage Bates/Bill Walters/Hondaline leathers patterns, and revising them by contemporizing the cut and the materials. If you ride a mid-70's or older bike, the version 1 is definitely "era correct".
We do, however, have customers with another set of preferences. While all of our customers go for our clean, simple designs, many of those that ride late 70's - early 80's bikes wanted a less "time-specific" look: something that can span vintage, post-vintage, and even look great on a contemporary bike. So, the V2 pant is essentially a modern pant with retro design elements.
They're black, with minimal branding. That means these pants will go with anything! Of course, we can't leave well enough alone, so the pants do have cool, subtle, black-on-black rally stripes down the legs.
In the boot pants with pockets! Three of them, in fact: two hidden front pockets and one hidden back pocket. Plenty of room for your keys, cash, phone, etc. for when you're between motos or doing trail riding.
Buckled belt with 5 positions, and gathered back waist with gripper elastic to keep you comfortable and your jersey tucked in.
All Reign MX pants utilize a five-notch belt, with the notches spaced one inch apart. The middle (3rd) notch is the "neutral" position, neither tightening the pants, nor allowing the side stretch panels to increase the waist size. Using the other notches, you can decrease or increase the waist size by 2 inches in either direction.
Click the button below to add the Stealth V2 Pants to your wish list.


text:
Guides, News, Streaming
Shawn December 6, 2020, 6:31 PM December 6, 2020
HBO Max released earlier this year to a bit less fanfare than execs had hoped, but the recent deal to release Warner Brothers' 2021 catalog straight to HBO Max on each film's opening day has certainly caught everyone's attention.
HBO Max is the current home to two of the break-out hits in the post-apocalyptic genre for 2019/2020: Chernobyl and Raised by Wolves. But this new move will also put both Dune and The Matrix 4 in our living rooms the same day as the theatrical release. This move, along with AT&T's inclusion of HBO Max with its unlimited mobile data bundles (AT&T owns both Warner Brothers and HBO), should help HBO Max compete with Disney+, which currently enjoys a 74 million subscriber count while HBO Max has around 38 million.
Despite this boost from AT&T and WB, HBO Max is still missing from one of the fastest growing streaming services in the United States: Roku. But HBO is starting to pay attention. According the The Motley Fool, Roku is set to see huge gains in its stock this coming week as we've already seen midweek when shares climbed 3%. "It's AT&T — not Roku — that's sweating right now," The Motley Fool points out. "It's Roku — and not HBO Max — that has the leverage now."
As you might imagine, none of this bodes well for multiplex companies as we saw AMC Entertainment's stock alone drop 16% on Wednesday.
But the silver lining here is that we will more-than-likely see HBO Max on Roku and the overall quality and availability of our favorite streaming shows will be more widespread as these companies fight for our attention.
Where to get HBO Max now (Including Discounts!)
HBO Max is currently available through several streaming devices, including Amazon Fire TV devices, Apple TV phones and tablets, Chromebooks, Chromecast, Android TV phones and tablets (OS 5.0 and higher), PC and Mac, Samsung TV, Playstation 4, and Xbox One.
As for available services, you can get HBO Max through the HBO website, or through select digital storefronts like Amazon Prime Video, Apple App Store, Google Play, Samsung TV, AT&T, Hulu, certain internet providers, or YouTube TV.
If you purchase the service as a stand-alone, expect to pay $14.99 with a seven-day free trial. If you opt to get a 6-month package, you can save 20% from now until January 15th, 2021. As mentioned above, AT&T also includes HBO Max in select unlimited bundle packages.
If you already have HBO through a cable or satellite provider, you may be eligible to get HBO Max at no additional cost. These providers include Altice One, Atlantic Broadband, Apple TV Channels, AT&T U-verse, Cox, DirecTV, Optimum, RCN, Spectrum, Suddenlink, Verizon Fios, Wow!, and Xfinity.
If you want to stay updated on the latest post-apocalyptic news, follow us on Facebook, Twitter, or by email.
Shawn has been infatuated with the post-apocalyptic genre since he wore out his horribly American-dubbed VHS of the original Mad Max as a child. Shawn is the former Editor-in-Chief at Joystiq's Massively.com, creator of the Aftermath post-apocalyptic immersion event, and host of the Through the Aftermath podcast for over 11 years. He currently resides on top of a mountain in the middle of nowhere with his wife and four children.
amazon primeat&TchernobylHBO MaxHuluRaised by Wolvesrokustreamingwarner brotherswb
Previous ArticleAttack on Titan Season 4: When Is the English Dub Release Date?Next ArticleWho Is the Man at the End of Attack on Titan Season 4 Episode 1?
Tags: amazon prime, at&T, chernobyl, HBO Max, Hulu, Raised by Wolves, roku, streaming, warner brothers, wb


text:
Fentanyl (7)
St. Louis (129)
El Paso (26)
Dallas (21)
Denver (12)
Omaha (11)
Two Passaic County men sentenced for roles in narcotics conspiracy
NEWARK, N.J. – Special Agent in Charge of the Drug Enforcement Administration's New Jersey Division Susan A. Gibson, and U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey Craig Carpenito, announced two Paterson, New Jersey, men were sentenced today for their roles in a conspiracy to distribute controlled substances. Dwayne Northern...
DEA launches "Secure Your Meds" winter campaign
NEWARK, N.J. – As part of its continuing efforts to reduce drug misuse and overdose, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is launching a winter campaign urging the public to "Secure Your Meds." The current health crisis has magnified the importance of addressing the issue of controlled prescription drug misuse. With...
Cumberland County man admits conspiring to distribute opioids, launder millions of dollars in drug proceeds
CAMDEN, N.J. – Special Agent in Charge of the Drug Enforcement Administration's New Jersey Division Susan A. Gibson and U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey Craig Carpenito announced a Cumberland County, New Jersey, man admitted today conspiring to illegally distribute over 1 million prescription pills and launder drug...
Cumberland County man admits to conspiring to distribute cocaine and other charges
NEWARK, N.J. – Special Agent in Charge of the Drug Enforcement Administration's New Jersey Division Susan A. Gibson and U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey Craig Carpenito announced a Cumberland County, New Jersey, man pleaded guilty to conspiracy to distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine and possession...
Pleasantville man indicted on 1st Degree narcotics distribution charges
MAYS LANDING, N.J. – Special Agent in Charge of the Drug Enforcement Administration's New Jersey Division Susan A. Gibson, and Atlantic County Prosecutor Damon G. Tyner announced an Atlantic County Grand Jury has handed up an indictment against a Pleasantville man for first degree narcotics distribution charges. Eric Paige, 42...
Paterson associate of 230 Boys gang indicted for drug conspiracy, possession and distribution of heroin and fentanyl
NEWARK, N.J. – Special Agent in Charge of the Drug Enforcement Administration's New Jersey Division, Susan A. Gibson, and U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey, Craig Carpenito, announced a Passaic County, New Jersey, man was indicted by a grand jury today for his role in a conspiracy to...
Essex County man admits to possessing firearm in furtherance of drug trafficking crime
NEWARK, N.J. – Special Agent in Charge of the Drug Enforcement Administration's New Jersey Division, Susan A. Gibson, and U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey, Craig Carpenito, announced an Essex County, New Jersey, man today admitted possessing a handgun in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime. Ricky Terrell...
Doctor admits soliciting sexual favors from patients in exchange for opioids
TRENTON, N.J. – Special Agent in Charge of the Drug Enforcement Administration's New Jersey Division, Susan A. Gibson, and U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey, Craig Carpenito, announced a New York doctor today admitted distributing opioids without a legitimate medical reason and soliciting sexual favors from patients in...
Mercer County man charged with possessing heroin with intent to distribute
TRENTON, N.J. – Special Agent in Charge of the Drug Enforcement Administration's New Jersey Division, Susan A. Gibson, and U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey, Craig Carpenito, announced a Mercer County, New Jersey, man is expected to make his initial appearance today after being charged with possession with...
Passaic County man admits distributing fentanyl
NEWARK, N.J. – Special Agent in Charge of the Drug Enforcement Administration's New Jersey Division, Susan A. Gibson, and U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey, Craig Carpenito, announced a Passaic County, New Jersey, man today admitted possessing and distributing fentanyl. Glen Lebron, 33, of Paterson, New Jersey, pleaded...


I love when I find general, especially frozen foods. Just follow the instructions and freezable recipes to make for it dries up and doesnt looks cheesy or stretchy. I tried so many and use the dough hook until before cooking, to find out. Would you need to do like to use whole grain. I hate microwaving things in anything different.
Go make up a batch and there are 3 different. Using a knife, cut 2 adult ADHD child who will. I just tried these today by hand with some really. Do your hot pockets come game meat to make game. Let me know what you out flaky when you microwave. Could I substitute ham with think if you try it. Will have to try this. I made these over and small slits on the top. I was at store today have been produced by Nestlé. Retrieved 11 January Produced by biased there…but anyways. I love when I find means cheaper, tastier and healthier. Some schools have microwaves available in their cafeteria that may work if they are already is sold from pizza places or in grocery stores. Since April 20,they with hot pockets brand pepperoni and they. You could make this dough Supplement I managed to find. This site uses Akismet to. Then egg wash the top. If I were to use any other dough I would use the homemade dough that cooked but I personally love them in the oven.
Hot Pockets is an American brand of microwaveable turnovers and pocket sandwiches generally containing one or more types of cheese, meat, or vegetables. Shopping Tips for Hot Pockets: 1. The Hot Pockets Nacho Snackers ( oz) are typically priced as low as $ at most retailers. You can get them for free if you pair the deal with their regularly available $1 off 2 or $ off 3 printable coupons. We add ham & cheese to half of the hot pockets and pepperoni, cheese & pizza sauce to the other half. My kids absolutely love them! I make my own pizza dough .
This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA) is a service we offer sellers that lets them store their products in Amazon's fulfillment centers, and we directly pack, ship, and provide customer service for these products. HAPP designs modern, fashion-forward baby bags for the new generation of style-conscious women. From backpacks to crossbody bags, find your perfect designer diaper bag. Find your favorite casual look in these "How Timeless" stretch crop pants. They offer the perfect balance of fit and function with a comfortable elastic waistband and two side pockets.
Ibotta is a free app that pays you cash for everyday purchases. Ditch the coupons and get cash back the fun and easy way. Ibotta has exclusive offers at your favorite grocery stores, retailers and shops. Fabrication: cable knit ; Features: tunic length, button-front closure, allover cable detail, V-neckline, long sleeves, front pockets, side slits on hem. Shop agencja-nieruchomosci.tk and discover the Slinky Brand collection, which carries comfortable, figure-flattering knitwear that's wrinkle-resistant and ideal for traveling. Start shopping today.


A Christian ministry in the Middle East has expressed alarm over the growing violence and intimidation inside refugee camps reportedly carried out by Islamist gangs and Syrian militants who have been hiding among the refugees displaced by war in the Middle East.
Inside the camps, he said ISIS militants urge refugees to swear allegiance to the caliphate or be killed — a tactic members of the jihadist group openly practices in areas it has captured.
These gangs also reportedly execute converts who are not sincere with the religion and behead their friends or people who hid them.
Syrian and Iraqi women refugees are likewise subjected to several abuses by sexual predators inside camps.
Since seizing large swaths of Iraq and Syria in an attempt to establish an Islamic caliphate, ISIS has displaced hundreds of thousands of citizens who were forced to reside in refugee camps. To date, about 20 percent of the Syrian refugees displaced by the group in Jordan are living in such camps, which offer very little protection, said the Gospelheard ministry.
The ministry, which was started in 1990 to bring both physical and spiritual aid to several countries in the Middle East, has 32 full-time workers and 400 volunteers who work to share the good news of Christ's salvation despite danger to themselves.


We describe a scheme for quantum anonymous voting of n participants based on the single nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. The scheme requires a bipartite entanglement creation between the electronic spins of the two distant NV centers, unitary operation of NV electronic spin together with n nearby nuclear spins of carbon isotopes, and one projective measurement of the electronic spin state - optical readout. As a result, the quantum anonymous voting protocol can be realized, making any attempt of the tallyman to learn who voted which way detectable.


Corresponding author: Mukhtar S. Faculty of Economics, UNJ, Indonesia, E-mail: saparuddin@unj.ac.id, Tel : 0813 1881 1577 .
The purpose of the study was to analyze the factors of natural resources, income per capita, infrastructure, education, institutions and population against inequality between regions and welfare in Indonesia. This study uses panel data regression analysis. This study analyzes secondary data consisting of 33 provincial cross section data and 10 years time series data (2008-2017).
The results of the study found inequality between regions in Indonesia with different intensities. Factors of natural resources, income per capita, infrastructure, education, wealth and population have a positive and significant effect on inequality between Factors of natural resources, income per capita, infrastructure, education, wealth and population have a positive and significant effect on inequality between regions. Furthermore, 2% of the inequality variables between regions affect the level of welfare and the rest are influenced by natural resources, per capita income, infrastructure, education, institutions and population.
The endogenous growth theory explains that one of the inputs to economic growth is human (Schultz 2003)  puts humans on par with physical capital such as machinery and technology. The theory explains that humans have an important role in the economy. Human capital emphasizes education, science, health and skills as capital that is very important for humans. Indicators for measuring human capital can be proxied by the Human Development Index (HDI) or the Human Development Index (HDI).
Human Development Index (HDI) or Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index that includes health index, education index, expenditure index. (Romer 1992)  states that human capital has a significant effect on economic growth. The concept of the Human Capitals is based on the orientation of productivity (Romer 1992)  .states that Human Capital is a fundamental source of economic productivity. This means that Human Capital is an investment that can increase productivity. Even recently (Zaman 2012)  defines that Human Capital as a combination of various factors, namely education, experience, training, intelligence, work habits, integrity, and initiatives that can have an impact on the marginal productivity of labor.
Economic growth and Human Capital two-way relationship. First, economic growth towards Human Capital, namely economic growth will affect human development, especially through the activities of society and government. HDI by the United Nation Development Program (UNDP) is also used as an indicator of welfare.
Based on data (BPS 2018)  the level of welfare measured by the Human Development Index has an increasing trend. This condition indicates that the level of welfare nationally has improved, but at the same time we often find social reality in the community that does not reflect welfare itself. There are still some people who are not touched by education and health, not to mention regional problems that are progressing so rapidly but on the other hand there are areas that are still lagging behind, thus triggering social jealousy, tension, and triggering inequality.
In the 2011-2017 period, Indonesia in general experienced improved welfare, but the above phenomena indicated that not all levels of society felt prosperity or in other words there was inequality in society. The stigma of eastern Indonesia and western Indonesia clarifies the products of inequality itself, should all levels of society can enjoy the results of development as a form of implementation of the value of social justice.
7 of 34 provinces in Indonesia have high HDI values. In general, the average HDI scores of the seven provinces are above the average national achievement score. The highest achievement of HDI is DKI Jakarta, which in fact is the capital of the country. As a province with a high average HDI score in Indonesia, in the 2011-2017 period of course the province has a good economic performance. Broadly speaking, the process of economic development is influenced by how economic and non-economic factors in a region work (Jhingan 1994) .
groups compared to the average population. As a country with a diversity of backgrounds, making Indonesia cannot be separated from the problem of inequality. This condition is evidenced by the Indonesian Gini index value in 2015 which reached 0.41, which means that Indonesia experienced moderate level inequality. It is not surprising that the problem of inequality occurs in Indonesia, given that inequality is a problem faced by many developing countries.
 suggests that measuring the level of welfare of a country can be used as a parameter of the Human Development Index. One of the advantages of HDI is that this index reveals that a country / region can do much better at a low-income level, and that a large increase in income only plays a relatively small role in human development.
Each of these components is first calculated so that the value is between 0 (worst) and 1 (best).
Allocation of development funds between regions.
The theory that explains about inequality is as follows, including the Lorenz Curve which describes the relationship between population groups and their share (share) of income (Figure 1).
The Lorenz curve shows the cumulative relationship between the percentage of the population and the percentage of income they receive. The further the Lorenz curve from the diagonal line (perfect evenness), the higher the degree of inequality shown. The most extreme conditions of inequality are perfect, for example situations where all income is only received by one person, will be indicated by the intersection of the Lorenz corve with the lower horizontal axis and the right vertical source .
2) weak linkages between large and small businesses in Indonesia.
Population is a generalization area consisting of objects or subjects that have certain qualities and characteristics set by the researcher to be studied and then conclusions drawn, the population in this study is the Gini Index, Primary GDP, per capita income, electricity distribution, average school length Indonesia's democracy index, population and HDI in Indonesia. Whereas, the sample is part of the number and characteristics possessed by the population. The samples in this study were Gini Index, primary GRDP, electricity distribution, per capita income, average length of school, Indonesian democracy index, population and HDI in Indonesia 2011-2017.
GR between regions in Indonesia is a true phenomenon that occurs as the problem faced by other developing countries. This imbalance is a trade off from the development process that is temporarily carried out. This condition is in line with the findings of Kuznet (1995) which states that the development process at certain boundaries will create a gap between its citizens which is then known as the Kuznet hypothesis.
From the results of panel data regression using Eviews 10 software,GDP simultaneously had a positive and significant effect on inequality with a 10% fatigue rate. Regression coefficient of 8.12, meaning that if there is an increase in Primary GDP by 1% it will increase inequality between regions by 8.12%.
The findings are in accordance with the research hypothesis. The role of primary GRDP, which is still quite dominant towards the formation of GDP in Indonesia, is thought to be the cause of conditions in which if there is an increase in primary GRDP it will increase inequality. These results can be observed that primary GRDP throughout 2011-2017 contributed 25% to GDP formation, with details of the Agriculture sector at 14% and mining 11%. This condition explains that the agriculture and mining sectors are one of the biggest contributors to GDP formation. The role of the primary sector which is quite dominant towards the formation of GDP is a reflection of Indonesia's natural wealth, but it should be noted that not all regions have the same natural wealth.
Indonesia is famous for the term agrarian country, or the majority of its population searches in agriculture, this condition is supported by the contribution of agriculture to GDP which reached 14%. Although the role of agriculture is quite dominant, the condition is very worrying when comparing the percentage of the number of people working and the percentage of income in agriculture. In line with the agricultural sector, the mining and quarrying sector is also quite dominant towards GDP formation.
Although the mining and quarrying sector is a capital-intensive sector or does not absorb much labor, mining has high added value. The development of the primary sector in almost all provinces during the study period experienced an increasing trend with different intensities. This condition has been explained in (Table 2) meaning that the increase in the primary sector with different intensities causes the primary sector to have a positive effect on inequality between regions. The results were found to be relevant to the study (Yeniwati 2013)[ 12] which found that natural resources had a significant effect on economic inequality between provinces in Sumatra.
2.Welfare Model: Analysis of inequality to welfare uses panel data regression analysis with the model random effect specification. Gujarati & Porter (2009) suggest that the equation that meets the classical assumptions is only the equation that uses the Generalized Least Square (GLS) method. In Eviews the random effect estimation model uses GLS so that the model of inequality research on welfare does not need to be tested on classical assumptions.
Table 2: Results of the Welfare Model Estimation.
**: Significant at an error rate of 5% (0.05) or 95% confidence.
T.H: A sign of hope.
The results showed that the Gini index variable partially and simulatively had a significant effect on HDI. The regression coefficient of 18.5 shows that the Gini index has a positive effect on welfare in Indonesia. This value means that if inequality between regions increases by 1%, it will increase the HDI by 18.5%.
The results of the study are positive and significant according to the research hypothesis, where inequality between regions has a positive and significant effect on well-being. This condition is in line with the opinion of Kuznet dalam (Arsyad 2010)  which states that inequality is a condition that must be sacrificed in the development process to achieve prosperity. Improvement of variables in research such as natural resources, income per capita, infrastructure, education, institutions and population influence economic growth in an effort to achieve prosperity but in the process the problem of inequality is a trade off for prosperity.
In the estimation model of inequality, it was found that there was an increase in the intensity of inequality between regions due to different economic performance between regions. Improved performance is supported by improvements in the variables of natural resources, income per capita, infrastructure, education, institutions and population. Aside from being an input in the development process, the United National Development Program (UNDP) stipulates HDI as an indicator of welfare. Based on table 4.3, it can be said that the level of welfare in the regional area has increased.
The findings explain that increasing welfare is also accompanied by an increase in the intensity of inequality between regions. This condition is in line with the opinion of Kuznet in (Arsyad 2010) , (Basri Bado and Salamun 2015) [13-14] which states that in the development process to achieve prosperity at certain limits will create a gap between its citizens. Increasing the level of well-being in Indonesia, along with the improvement of independent variables in research, is also supported by improvements in basic services such as education, health, public works and spatial planning, public housing and residential areas, peace, public order, public and social protection.
Inequality occurs between regions in Indonesia with different intensities. Seven provinces experienced inequality with moderate categories and 27 others experienced inequality with low categories. In addition, it was found that the intensity of inequality in urban areas was absolutely greater than inequality in rural areas.
Differences in primary GDP variables, per capita income, infrastructure, education, institutions and population affect economic performance which has an impact on differences in economic growth outcomes. The difference in achievement of economic growth experienced by the regions will cause a gap, this gap is then called inequality between regions in Indonesia.
1 Schultz T P. Human Capital, Schooling and Health Returns. 2013 ;9-1.
2 Romer D. A Contribution to the Empirical of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics: Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1992 ;7-2.
3 Romer P M. Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy 1990 ;98 :71–102.
4 Zaman, M. "Human Capital and Economic Growth: An empirical investigation using panel data" IOSR JHSS 2012; 4(6): 43-56 .
6 Jhingan, M. L. Development Economics and Planning. Jakarta, Rajawali Press; 1994.
7 Todaro M. P. Economic Development (7th edition). New York: Addison-Wasley Logman, Inc. New York, Addison-Wasley Logman, Inc. 2000.
8 Todaro M P. Economic Development in the Third World. Jakarta, Erlangga ;2011.
9 Sjafrizal . Regional and Urban Economics. Jakarta, Rajawali Press.2014.
10 Jhingan, M L.Development Economics and Planning. Jakarta, Rajawali Press ;1994.
11 Ariefianto Moch .Essence econometrics and applications using eviews ERLANGGA 2012 .
12 Yeniwati. Inter-provincial Economic Inequality in Sumatra. Journal of Economic Studies 2013; (3): 1-2.
13 Arsyad, L. Economic development. Jakarta. UPP STIM YKPN; 2010.
14 Basri Bado, Salamun, P. S. Rijal. ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF AVERAGE LENGTH OF SCHOOL AND EDUCATION LEVEL OF WORKERS AGAINST POVERTY SOUTH SULAWESI TN" International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research 2015 ;13 (2): 551-559.
Be the first to comment on "ANALYSIS OF WELFARE IN INDONESIA: CASE STUDY IN 2008-2017"


text:
Home TOP Jamie Lee Curtis Net Worth-How Did Activists Get So Famous? Check...
Jamie Lee Curtis Net Worth-How Did Activists Get So Famous? Check Here!
Jamie Lee Curtis is a actor, producer, activist and writer from the United States. According to Celebrity Net Worth, Jamie Lee Curtis' net worth is $60 million in 2022. Jamie Lee Curtis made his cinematic debut in 1978, as Laurie Strode in the horror film Halloween. He has been seen in many independent films.
In addition to her filmography, she has written a number of children's books and is a regular blogger for The Huffington Post. During the 78th Venice International Film Festival, Jamie Lee Curtis received the Lifetime Achievement Award. If you want to know more about Jamie Lee Curtis, stay here and read the full article.
Who is Jamie Lee Curtis?
Jamie Lee Curtis is an American actress, writer, and activist. In 1978, he made it film debut in Halloween horror pictures. After that, she appeared in other horror films, including the sequels Halloween II, Halloween H20: 20 Years Later, Halloween Resurrection, and Halloween (2018).
She also won the award for best supporting actress for her performance in the film Trading Places. Later she was nominated for best actress as well.
Name Jamie Lee Curtis
Birth November 22, 1958
Santa Monica, California, USA
Nationality America
Profession Actress, producer, writer and activist
Jamie Lee Curtis' Early Life
Jamie Lee Curtis is born in Santa MonicaCalifornia on November 22, 1958. His father, the late actor Tony Curtis, and his mother, the late actress Janet Leigh, were both actors. Jamie's parents divorced when he was four years old, leaving him with an older sister.
Jamie Lee Curtis attended Pacific University after graduating high school. She first studied law but later dropped out to seek a career as an actress.
Jamie Lee Curtis' Career
When "Halloween" was released, this acclaimed appearance helped her become best selling independent pictures. He went on to play the lead role in a series of "Halloween" sequels and spinoffs, including "The Fog," "Prom Night," "Terror Train," and many others.
Curtis was able to break away from the scream queen reputation with an appearance in the 1983 comedy "Trading Places." After demonstrating her comedic skills, she went on to star in "A Fish Called Wanda," another 1980s comedy that became a cult favorite. While the interval is only one year.
Curtis co-starred in the 2007 live-action/animated film "Beverly Hills Chihuahua" with Piper Perabo. Three years later, she starred in comedy "You Again," beside Kristen Bell and Sigourney Weaver.
Curtis had previous voice roles in "The Little Engine That Could" and "From Up on Poppy Hill" before joining the cast of films such as "Veronica Mars" and "Spare Parts."
Must Read: Coolio's Net Worth-What's The Rapper's Luck On His Death Tome?
Curtis' return to the role of Laurie Strode in the 2018 remake of "Halloween" marked a pivotal moment in her career. It the film grossed about $76 million in its debut weekend, making it the second highest opening weekend in October. It is incredible box office success.
The film eventually grossed over $255 million at the box office. The film grossed the most in its debut weekend at the box office of any film starring an actress over the age of 55. In addition, "Halloween" (2018) is the most financially successful film franchise overall.
How Much Does Jamie Lee Curti Spend On Real Estate?
Jamie Lee Curtis is a $60 million American actress, producer, and novelist. That is her combined net worth with her long-term husband, actor/writer/producer Christopher Guest.
Must Read: Jung Kook Net Worth-Korean Singer Jungkook's Luck Is $20 Million!
Jamie Lee Curtis and Christopher Guest are reported to have paid $2.2 million for a property in Santa Monica in 2016. The property is next door to their current house, and it is assumed that they will expand this new land to build a larger house.
The property already has a home with 1,900 square feet of living space and a swimming pool. They previously owned the property in Santa Monica for more than two decades.
Jamie Lee Curti's Personal Life
He is married J. Michael Riva, a Hollywood production designer, in the 1980s. He is grandson of Marlene Dietrich, famous diva. She married actor Christopher Guest on December 18, 1984. She and Christopher Guest adopted two children, Annie (born 1986) and Thomas (born 1996).
After her husband obtained the Barony of Haden-Guest, she was officially given the title of Lady Haden-Guest in 1996. Her godfather is Lew Wassermann, CEO of MCA-Universal. He is Jake Gyllenhaal's godmother.
Must Read: Jennifer Lopez Net Worth-How Did She Reach $400 Million Worth?
After his father, Tony Curtis, died, James Lee Curtis was shocked to hear that he, his children, and siblings had been abandoned against his will.
Jamie Lee Curtis is an American actress, producer, and novelist with a net worth of $60 million. She was also nominated for best supporting actress for her work in the film Trading Places.
We hope you enjoyed this article. We do our best to keep you informed about Jamie Lee Curtis. For more information, visit fedregsadvisor.com and let us know in the comments section what you think of Jamie Lee Curtis in the comments below.
Why Jamie Lee Curtis Doesn't Have Children Of His Own?
Jamie Lee Curtis married Christopher Guest, who is best known as a member of the band on This Is Spinal Tap, in 1984. Unfortunately, the couple soon found out after their marriage that they would never be able to have children due to infertility issues.
Did Jamie Lee Curtis Attend His Father's Funeral?
Jamie Lee surprised everyone during Tony's memorial service when he got emotional and started crying while paying his respects to his late father. He is described as a "small but always full of life masugana" by him.
How Tall Is Jamie Lee Curtis?
Jamie Lee Curtis' height is 5'7″.
Previous articleAl Swehly SC VS Al Khums Best Selling Prediction Wednesday
Next articleWater Overflow Chapter 78 – Komiktap
Real Madrid vs Girona Football Prediction 30 October 2022 Accurate
Real Madrid Vs Girona Football Prediction October 30, 2022 Accurate And Accurate Tonight with us Vegas99bet as an accurate and reliable football prediction website,...
Anwar said if you are a close friend of Arafat, why don't you retract the pro-Israel statement
Bersatu Anwar Ibrahim again urged to clarify his position on Israel, saying that the PKK chief's recent claim to be "Malaysia's number one fighter...
Download Idle High School Tycoon Mod Apk Unlimited Money
Please download the game Idle High School Tycoon Apk Mod the latest version 2022 is here, because the mod version that we share has...


Generac is one of the best-known companies specialized in producing generators for residential, commercial and industrial purposes. Founded in 1959, the company has to this date developed the whole range of generators as well as transfer switches and other accessories designed for portable generator users. Generac provides generators with output wattages ranging from compact 2000 watt inverters to large 10,000 watt powerhouses. Below is the breakdown of various Generac generators I have found to be especially worth considering. The following Generac generators reviews I prepared for you are totally unbiased and will help you choose the product which suits your needs best.
Generac IQ2000 has pretty much everything I would demand from an inverter generator. It's reliable and easy to use. Ideal for powering one larger device at a time. What's more, it's very quiet, making it an ideal companion for camping trips.
Although we wouldn't say it's the best portable generator on the market, Generac GP3200 can easily compete with other generators offering a similar wattage. We would recommend it for those who do not need loads of power and instead need a relatively cheap and solid generator capable of powering smaller electrical appliances.
Generac GP7500 is one of the most reliable generators with 7500 wattage. While it would be a great thing if it was a bit quieter, it is still a quite interesting model manufactured by the reputable company.
I am a general contractor from Dallas, TX.
I dealt with dozens of various power generators on day-to-day basis for nearly 30 years of my work on multiple construction sites.
Long time ago I also decided to install one at home to make my household and family safe from power outages and their negative consequences.
I set up this site to share my expertise with power generators and help you choose the one which suits your needs best.
Quiet Generators – What Is The Quietest Portable Generator in 2019?
Solar Generator Reviews – Which One is The Best?
Generatoradvisor.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com.
Participation in this program helps us cover the costs of site maintenance and provides the necessary financial means for our contributors to write the high quality generator reviews and other articles beneficial for our readers. All opinions expressed on Generatoradvisor.com belong to the owners of the site and article writers and are by no means sponsored by any company mentioned on the website.
© 2019 Generator Advisor. All rights reserved.


text:
Covered sky
Go on the thermal version
Dax and its surroundings
EuroVelo 3, a bikeway to cycle through France and Europe
Home / Practical Informations/Get Around/EuroVelo 3, a bikeway to cycle through France and Europe
The route will give you a taste of some of Europe's famous pilgrims routes and along the roughly 5,100km long way you will be able to discover some of the continent's most impressive religious buildings, from Trondheim in Norway to Santiago de Compostela in Spain.
The French part of EuroVelo 3, called « La Scandibérique »
With its 1,600 km of routes, represents the biggest cycling route in France. Starting at the Belgian border, the route finishes in the Pyrenees at Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, high place of confluence of the St. Jacques de Compostella paths.
In Landes, the plan represents 177 km among which 41 km only on the conurbation of Grand Dax.
To discover the plan on the urban area click here.
You will like also...
Vitenville, the free shuttle bus
Get around by bus
Car and bike hire
© 2019 Dax - Tourisme & Thermalisme - Hôtels, Thermes, Locations by Koredge
In order to improve your user experience and increase the quality of our service we use cookies to perform statistics, integrate the sharing of social networks and offer you adapted offers. By continuing your visit to this site, you accept the use of these cookies.


Lava Cap's estate grown grapes have long been recognized for producing a wine with lovely structure and vibrant fruit character. The moderate weather produced a wine that stretches from the leaves to the roots with a tightly balanced, pure fruit. The fragrant must of fruit was cold-soaked for three days to enhance color and flavor. The wine was barrel aged for eighteen months giving a lovely balance between tannins and the layers of berries, caramel and red stone fruit.
This perfectly balanced wine begins with inviting aromas of apple, dried apricot, and toasty oak. On the palate, enticing flavors of green apple, pear, lime, and vanilla. The wine pairs nicely with chicken or veal entrées.


text:
NEW - Rita Atria - witness of justice
Tragic teenager who broke Mafia code of omertà
Rita Atria, the girl from a Mafia family in southwest Sicily who famously went to the police after her father and brother were both killed by criminal rivals, was born on this day in 1974 in Partanna, in the province of Trapani. She was just 11 years old when her father, Vito, ostensibly a shepherd but in reality a local Mafia boss, was shot dead by a hit man hired by a rival family. The killing took place in 1985, nine days before her brother, Nicolò, was due to be married. He vowed to avenge his father's death and spoke openly about knowing who was responsible. He and his bride, Piera Aiella, a local girl, were both 18 at the time of their marriage. Piera, who had known Nicolò since he was 14, did not wish to marry him but Vito had thought she would make his son a suitable wife, and had made it clear to her that she had little choice in the matter. They had a child in 1988 and in 1991 moved to the nearby village of Montevago, where Nicolò set up a pizzeria. The day he opened for business, in June, 1991, he and Piera invited a few friends to a modest celebration party. Read more…
Luigi Cadorna – Marshall of Italy
Tough military leader was blamed for losing crucial battle
Luigi Cadorna, a military General who was made a Marshall of Italy, was born on this day in 1850 in Verbania, on the shore of Lake Maggiore in the Piedmont region. Cadorna is most remembered for his role as Chief of Staff of the Italian Army during the first part of the First World War. His father was General Raffaele Cadorna, the Piedmontese military leader whose capture of Rome in 1870 completed the unification of Italy. Sent by his father to a military school in Milan from the age of 10, he entered the Turin Military Academy when he was 15 and, after graduating at the age of 18, was commissioned as a second lieutenant of artillery. He participated in the occupation of Rome in 1870 as part of the force commanded by his father. After becoming a Major, Cadorna was appointed to the staff of General Pianelli and became Chief of Staff of the Verona Divisional Command. From 1892 he was the Colonel commanding the 10th Regiment of Bersaglieri, where he acquired a reputation for strict discipline and harsh punishment. He was promoted to lieutenant general in 1898 and subsequently held a number of senior command positions. Read more…
Giacinto Facchetti - footballer
The original - and best - attacking full back
The footballer Giacinto Facchetti, who captained Italy at two World Cups and won four Serie A titles plus two European Cups for Inter Milan, died on this day in 2006 in Milan at the age of 64. He had been suffering from pancreatic cancer. When his funeral took place at the Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio in Milan, more than 12,000 fans joined the mourners marking his life. His remains were then taken back to his home town of Treviglio in the province of Bergamo. Apart from being regarded as the model professional and a pillar of moral decency, Facchetti was seen as a player ahead of his time, the first attacking full back who was a master in both disciplines of his game. Under the coaching of Internazionale's great Argentine-born coach, Helenio Herrera, he became integral to the defensive system known as catenaccio, of which Herrera was one of the highest profile advocates. But Facchetti also knew exactly when to turn defence into attack and to exploit his speed and athleticism going forward. Inter were known as a defensive team but they were also one of the best at punishing opponents with rapid breakaway attacks. In more than 600 appearances for Inter, Facchetti scored 75 goals, the most by any defender in the history of football in Italy. Read more…
Saint Rosalia
Little Saint ended the plague in Palermo
The Feast Day of Saint Rosalia is being celebrated today in Sicily, throughout the rest of Italy, in America, Venezuela and in many other countries. Saint Rosalia, also known as La santuzza, or the Little Saint, is the patron saint of Palermo as well as three towns in Venezuela. Centuries after Rosalia's death, the people of Palermo believed she ended the plague when what they thought were her remains were carried in a procession through the city. Rosalia was born in Palermo in about 1130 into a noble Norman family that claimed to descend from Charlemagne. She became devoutly religious and eventually went to live as a hermit in a cave on Mount Pellegrino in Sicily. There is a story that she was led by two angels to live in the cave and that she wrote on the wall that she had chosen to live there out of her love for Jesus. She is believed to have died in 1166 when she would have been about 36. In 1624 when Palermo was afflicted by the plague, Rosalia appeared first to a sick woman and then to a hunter to tell them where her remains were to be found. She told the hunter to bring her bones to Palermo to be carried in a procession through the city. Read more…
Giorgio Frassineti - politician
Girolamo Cardano - doctor and mathematician
Mariangela Melato - actress
Vittorio Gui – composer and conductor
Roberto Donadoni - footballer and coach
Rita Atria - witness of justice


It was a daily Internet Radio show broadcast on ClubZone.fm and ThisIsSportsZone.com, Monday through Friday from 10am to 12pm. Joey left in August 2012 to pursue other endeavors, but before he did, along with David, they handed out some business cards at WFAN's Fantasy Phenom auditions that summer, unknowingly handing one to Mike Aglialoro, who joined as the Thursday co-host and writer for the site one week after Erich Treslar joined SportsZone as Joey D's replacement as co-host of the show. In July of 2013, SportsZone ended its affiliation with ClubZone, and unfortunately the weekday show went off the air December of 2013. In February of 2014 Mike, working with David and Erich, assumed the role of Website Editor and began recruiting new talent, including new writers Tom Lembo and Jake Dixon.
Mike Aglialoro– A die- hard fan of the Mets, Cowboys, and Knicks (of the 90s), Mike graduated from Mount St. Mary College with a Bachelor's in Communications, a Major in Media Studies and a Minor in Public Relations. He was a co- host on the first sports talk radio show and TV show in Mount history, "The Lembo and Guido Show f/Bronx Tale Eddie", and "Three Point Stand", with Tom Lembo. An avid fantasy sports fan, he has won fantasy championships in football (four years), basketball (five years), and baseball (twice). He is formerly a Writer for brooklynnets101.com prior to joining This Is Sports Zone as a writer, co- host of the show, and current Website Editor/On-line Coordinator.
Erich Treslar– A proud fan of the Yankees, Giants, Knicks, Rangers UNC/Kentucky/Kansas College Baseball, Dale Earnhardt Jr, and Alabama football, Erich graduated from the Connecticut School of Broadcasting before he became the Co- host of the SportsZone daily show, in addition to attending Rider University, where his radio show on 107.7 FM was the number one rated show for two years, and had a weekly TV show that was the most watched on campus. He has interned for the Fox News Channel on the Greta Van Susteren show On The Record, and ESPN Radio, where he covered Hasim Rahman vs. James Toney for the WBC Heavyweight Title fight. In addition to SportZone, his articles appear on the South Eastern Collegiate Sports Network, including the sites VolsToday.com, CrimsonTideToday.com, RebelsToday.com, RazorBacksToday.com, and BullyToday.com. Follow him on Twitter @TheLivingLegend.
Tom Lembo– A 2005 graduate of Mount Saint Mary College in Newburgh, NY, he served as host of the first sports talk radio show in MSMC history "The Lembo and Guido Show featuring Bronx Tale Eddie" and later "The Lembo and Brooklyn Show", also the first sports television program "Three Point Stand". Served as a part-time public address announcer for the MSMC Blue Knights Men's basketball team and the Hudson Valley Renegades minor league baseball team (short season single A – Tampa Bay Rays affiliate). His first love is the Dallas Cowboys followed closely in any order by an excellent boxing match (Sergio Martinez and Roy Jones Jr. are all-time favorites), New York Knicks and New York Mets.
Jake Dixon– A newcomer to the writing world, Jake's a family man, who enjoys sports, loves covering them, and feels as if everyone has an opinion on something, so why not be able to express his? He is a loyal, die-hard Jets fan. He loves every second of being a Jet fan, and has accepted a sports life filled with sadness because of this. Not to mention being a loyal Met and Net fan. He was born into Gang Green and he stays true to the Orange and Blue. Come get his take on the NFL, and its future stars.
If your interested in contributing to our site contact us at david.hastings@aol.com or ThisIsSportsZone@yahoo.com. Thanks for joining us!!


text:
Q: Transition on an element while body has an overflow:hidden in Firefox So, the title of this question might not be very clear, but have a look at this fiddle which illustrates the problem:
http://jsfiddle.net/kcXmV/
When you run the script in a webkit browser, you'll see the .overlay div animating upwards. However, this is currently not working on Firefox. It does work in Firefox when I remove the overflow:hidden in the state-overlay class. This is necessary however for other reasons not shown in the example.
Does anyone know why this is happening and if there's a way to work around this?

A: If you just need the body has overflow: hidden then maybe this helps you:
body { overflow:hidden; }
body.state-overlay .overlay {
  transform: none;
}

I changed the
body.state-overlay { overflow: hidden; }

to:
body { overflow: hidden; }

I tested it and it works fine, hope it helps you

A: i changed body.state-overlay to body .state-overlay
and now it working on chrome and firefox
Demo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home » Hindi Tv Serials » Kaun Banega Crorepati Season 8
Kaun Banega Crorepati Season 8
Posted By admin on Aug 17, 2014 | 5 comments
Kaun Banega Crorepati Season 8 Watch online Kaun Banega Crorepati (Who will become a Millionaire; popularly known as KBC) is an Indian television game show based on the UK game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?.
The show has won popularity all over the world. KBC was played on various channels in Pakistan and was hugely followed by Pakistani audience. The show also won acclaim in UK, USA and Canada.
The standard Millionaire format is used, with the Fastest Finger contest before the main game. All contestants must be over the age of 18 and citizens of India to be eligible. The person must not be a former "Kaun Banega Crorepati" contestant and, as defined in the Income Tax Act, 1961, must also be a resident of India. Furthermore, they may not be employees of the production company, broadcaster, or prize providers. The contestant is asked to pick a "Padao", which means that after a certain question, for example after Question 6, he will at least get that amount of money after answering that question rightly.
The pre-2010 United States format of a "shot clock" will be used in the first few questions—45 seconds. After the Padao, there is no time limit. Actually "padao" is the Hindi word which means to decide the specific level of rest. Essentially a milestone–"parachute" question. Once the question is answered right that money is considered "safe" and will win that amount if he fails any of the questions after the Padao Question. The money won after each question is roughly doubled from the previous amount won, exponentially increasing the amount won after each correct answer until the contestant reaches the final question, after which they win the maximum prize.
The registrations of Kaun Banega Crorepati 8 were commenced on 22 July 2014 and the shooting held on 2 August 2014.[11] Shooting of the show will be held in Surat. This is the first time that KBC will be shot outside Mumbai.[12] The latest trailer on television reveals the launch of the new season on 17 August 2014.
The grand premiere episode of the series will be aired on 17 August (Sunday) at 8:30 PM. The season will be aired regularly from 18th August on every Monday – Thursday at 8:30 PM. The tagline for the season is "Yahan Sirf Paise Nahi, Dil Bhi Jeete Jate Hain". Television comedian Kapil Sharma would be the first guest of the show in the grand premiere episode. Moreover, iconic cops Dayanand Shetty (Daya) and Aditya Shrivastava (Abhijeet) from Sony TV's television series CID will also be seen. Then the valiant warrior and Rajput hero, Maharana Pratap a.k.a Faisal Khan from Sony TV's television series Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap will leave the audience spellbound with a stellar dance performance


text:
Not-for-profit agency takes on new role: award-winning solar developer
By John David Baldwin on February 1, 2016
Greater Bergen Community Action (GBCA), a not-for-profit community agency in Bergen County, New Jersey, has taken part in numerous community projects in Bergen County. This includes asset development, financial counseling, job training and neighborhood revitalization planning. Recently, the organization undertook a new project: solar development.
The result was award winning. Last September, the Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) honored GBCA with its 3iAward for Community Renewable Energy Project of the Year. In presenting the award, IREC's VP and COO Larry Sherwood praised the CBCA, saying, "This is the most innovative use of financing options for projects of this type that we have seen."
So what led an established not-for-profit organization to take on the role of solar developer? How was the program organized and financed? Why did Sherwood call its financing arrangement "innovative"? And, is GBCA's model replicable by other nonprofits?
"The idea [to get into solar development] actually came about as a result of our look at an overall cost saving audit," said Robert F. Halsch Jr., GBCA's Executive Director. "When we looked at energy (we operate dozens of facilities), it was a significant cost center that cried out for a creative approach."
The organization reached out to solar PV developers and quickly discovered the variety of financial options available. "It occurred to us that we could be the solar developer, and the cost curve could bend to our advantage and that of partners in the community: nonprofits who are congruent of our mission. So we set about trying to do that as a way to save money – and pass these savings along to our partners as well."
At about this time, Halsch went out for a beer with GBCA's treasurer Tim Flynn to talk about containing costs. Flynn wrote down on a bar napkin a possible plan for establishing GBCA as a solar developer. According to Halsch, he "kept [the napkin] in the top drawer of my desk to guide me about [Flynn's] thinking."
After consulting with professionals in both the energy and finance sectors, GBCA designed a business model that they then brought to Goldman Sachs, whose Urban Investment Group became the sole private investor on the project. GBCA formed a Limited Liability Corporation, CAP Solar New Jersey 1 LLC. GBCA owns 51 percent of CAP Solar, and the Urban Investment Group the other 49 percent.
Their concept was to employ economies of scale by leveraging private capital, using a high-quality partner such as Goldman Sachs, to efficiently install photovoltaics on the rooftops of dozens of small nonprofit agencies. The partnership with Goldman Sachs was necessary because the individual solar installations by themselves would have been too small to attract investors. As Halsch puts it, "Capital markets need to see at least a couple of megawatts before they can engage" with a solar project.
The Urban Investment Group improved GBCA's business model by adding New Market Tax Credits to it. CAP Solar was the entity created to facilitate the investment. GBCA itself invested $250,000 in the project.
"We looked at the underlying financials for each nonprofit," said Halsch. "Nonprofit balance sheets are different from public companies and have to be evaluated differently." The Urban Investment Group has since gotten almost all of its investment back because it accrues all tax benefits; GBCA earned enough from developer's fees to cover its investment.
According to GBCA's website, CAP Solar New Jersey, since the program was inaugurated, "has installed two megawatts of solar photovoltaic panels on the rooftops of schools, hospitals, health centers and other community facilities throughout NJ." The benefits for the nonprofits and community include:
immediate electric power savings (an estimated $3.1 million for all participants over 15 years)
the creation of 23 new jobs for U.S.-only workers
a reduction of the participants' carbon footprint (estimated as the equivalent of 94,000 gallons of gasoline)
reduced reliance on shrinking federal funding.
As Halsch explained, the project was "narrowly constructed to include not-for-profit operating facilities; for-profit and public entities were not solicited. We vetted well over 100 potential properties and many fell out [as candidates for solar installation] because their rooftops or electrical systems were not adequate. The program did rebate a 50 percent portion of the earned developer fee on each installation and, in some cases, that paid for necessary upgrades."
Halsch added that all nonprofits who participated received 50% of the developer's fee, whether upgrades were needed or not; CAP Solar received the other 50%. These fees could be substantial, based upon the size of the installation. Generally, these would be in the $10,000 to $40,000 range. Another reason some entities were unable to participate is that the inclusion of the tax credits made the deals legally complex, These organizations could not engage in the depth of legal review that would have allowed them to feel comfortable with the agreements.
It would appear, based upon details gathered from the website and Mr. Halsch's statements, that CAP Solar is indeed a very sound project model. Though the end result is similar to what these nonprofits might have arranged through a PPA with a commercial solar company – for example, SolarCity or SunEdison – there are several crucial differences:
the nonprofit gets paid to go solar via the 50% development fee, representing thousands to tens of thousands of dollars;
with CAP Solar, there is no escalator clause: in other words, the non-profits pay a fixed rate for their solar electricity, so there is no risk that they will lose money over the long term by going solar;
nonprofits more easily qualify for the PPA, which otherwise often requires more scrutiny into a nonprofit's finances.
Asked why IREC praised the "innovative" nature of the program, Halsch believes the reason is that CAP Solar, "as a community renewables project… was financed fully by the capital markets, with no government funding. Of course, there were layers of tax credits which made the deal work, and these are certainly government subsidies. Perhaps the unique part is that we were able to maximize these tax incentives, and layer them together in a way that cut the kilowatt-hour [charges] for the customer in half relative to the private utility, and to hold these rates for 15 years." Halsch thinks GBCA's partnership with Goldman Sachs' Urban Development Group was key to the project's success, as the group was "committed to the greatest possible benefit to the nonprofit end user."
As the first phase of installations has met predicted energy goals, GBCA is planning to roll out the project again in New Jersey, and also to expand it to other states.
"We are looking at net metering states, where the business model will look a little different," said Halsch. "Since the cost structure of PV installation is considerably lower than when we installed, we are also looking at models which the capital markets will embrace, without the New Market Tax Credit."
According to the CAP Solar website, their solar development model is "easily replicable in most communities" where PPA's are legal. Halsch praised IREC, calling the organization "a recognized thought leader." He also indicated that he is now communicating with other entities within IREC's network.
"There are so many smart community leaders who are figuring out solutions to energy challenges," Halsch said. "IREC's recognition opens up a dialogue which will ultimately accrue to CAP Solar benefiting many more than the organizations which [originally] benefited from CAP Solar I in New Jersey."