text:
\section{Introduction}

Figurate numbers, as well as a majority of classes of special numbers, have long and rich history. They were introduced in Pythagorean school as an attempt to connect Geometry and Arithmetic \cite{deza2012figurate}. A figurate number is a number that can be represented by regular and discrete geometric pattern of equally spaced points \cite{hartman1976figurate}. It may be, say, a  polygonal, polyhedral or polytopic number if the arrangement form a regular polygon, a regular polyhedron or a regular polytope, respectively. In particular, polygonal numbers generalize numbers which can be arranged as a triangle(triangular numbers), or a square (square numbers), to an $m$-gon for any integer $m\geq3$ \cite{weaver1974figurate}.\\
 Some scholars have been studied the log-concavity(or log-convexity) of different numbers sequences such as Fibonacci and Hyperfibonacci numbers, Lucas and Hyperlucas numbers, Bell numbers,Hyperpell numbers, Motzkin numbers, Fine numbers, Franel numbers of order $3$ and 4, Ap\'{e}ry numbers, Large Schr\"{o}der numbers, Central Delannoy numbers, Catalan-Larcombe-French numbers sequences, and so on. See for instance \cite{ahmiaab2014log,aigner1998motzkin,deutsch2001survey,gessel1982some,santana2006some,sun2011delannoy,sun2013congruences,sloane2003line,stanley1989log}.\\
 To the best of the author's knowledge, among all the aforementioned works on the log-concavity and log-convexity of numbers sequences, no one has studied the log-concavity(or log-convexity) of $m$-gonal figurate number sequences. Hence this paper presents the log-concavity behavior of $m$-gonal figurate number sequences.\\
The paper is structured as follows. Definitions and mathematical formulations of figurate numbers are provided in Section 2. Section 3 focuses on the log-concavity of figurate number sequences, and Section 4 is about the conclusion.

 \section{Definitions and Formulas of Figurate Numbers}
 In \cite{deza2012figurate,hartman1976figurate,weaver1974figurate}, some properties of figurate numbers are given. In this paper we continue discussing the properties of $m$-gonal figurate numbers. Now we recall some definitions involved in this paper.
 \begin{definition}
 Let $\big\{s_n\big\}_{n\geq 0}$ be a sequence of positive numbers. If for all $j\geq 1$,  $s_{j}^2\geq s_{j-1}s_{j+1}(s_{j}^2\leq s_{j-1}s_{j+1})$, the sequence $\big\{s_n\big\}_{n\geq 0}$ is called a \it{log-concave}({\it{or a log-convex}}).
 \end{definition}
  \begin{definition}
    Let $\big\{s_n\big\}_{n\geq 0}$ be a sequence of positive numbers. The sequence $\big\{s_n\big\}_{n\geq 0}$ is log-concave(log-convex) if and only if its quotient sequence $\bigg\{\displaystyle\frac{s_{n+1}}{s_n}\bigg\}_{n\geq 0}$ is non-increasing(non-decreasing).
    \end{definition}
    Log-concavity and log-convexity are important properties of combinatorial sequences and they play a crucial role in many fields for instance economics, probability, mathematical biology, quantum physics and white noise theory \cite{asai2001roles,ahmiaab2014log,asai1999bell,dovslic2005log,liu2007log,wang2007log,zhao2014log,zheng2014log,stanley1989log}.\\
    Now we are going to consider the sets of points forming some geometrical figures on the plane. Starting from a point, add to it two points, so that to obtain an equilateral triangle. Six-points equilateral triangle can be obtained from three-points triangle by adding to it three points; adding to it four points gives ten-points triangle, etc.. Then organizing the points in the form of an equilateral triangle and counting the number of points in each such triangle, one can obtain the numbers $1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36,45, 55,\cdots $, OEIS(Sloane's A000217), which are called {\it{triangular numbers}}, see \cite{bell2005euler,ono1995representation,olson1983triangular,wunderlich1962certain}. The $n^{th}$ triangular number is given by the formula
    \begin{equation}
    S_n=\frac{n(n+1)}{2},n\geq 1.
    \end{equation}
  Following similar procedure, one can construct {\it {square, pentagonal, hexagonal,heptagonal,octagonal,\\nonagonal,decagonal numbers, $\dots$, $m$-gonal}} numbers if the arrangement forms a regular $m$-gon \cite{deza2012figurate}. The $n^{th}$ term  $m$-gonal number denoted by $S_n(m)$ is the sum of the first $n$ elements of the arithmetic progression
    \begin{equation}
    1,1+(m-2),1+2(m-2),1+3(m-2),\dots ,m \geq 3.\label{Sm1}
        \end{equation}
        \begin{lemma}[\cite{deza2012figurate}]
    For $m\geq 3$ and $n\geq 1$,the $n^{th}$ term of $m$-gonal figurate number is given by
    \begin{equation}
    S_n(m)=\displaystyle \frac{n}{2}\big[(m-2)n-m+4\big].\label{Sm2}
    \end{equation}
    \begin{proof}
    To prove (\ref{Sm2}),it suffices to find the sum of the first $n$ elements of (\ref{Sm1}). Hence the first $n$ elements of the arithmetic progression given in (\ref{Sm1}) is:
    \begin{equation*}
    1,1+(m-2),1+2(m-2),1+3(m-2),\dots,1+(n-1)(m-2),\forall m \geq 3.       \end{equation*}
    Since the sum of the first $n$ elements of an arithmetic progression $s_1,s_2,s_3,\dots,s_n$ is equal to $\displaystyle\frac{n}{2}\big[s_1+s_n\big]$, it follows that
    \begin{align*}
    S_n(m)&=\displaystyle\frac{n}{2}\big[s_1+s_n\big]\\
    &=\frac{n}{2}\big[1+(1+(n-1)(m-2))\big]\\
    &=\frac{n}{2}\big[2+(m-2)n-m+2\big]\\
    &=\frac{n}{2}\big[(m-2)n-m+4\big]~~~~~~~~~~~or\\
    S_n(m)&=\bigg(\frac{m-2}{2}\bigg)\big[n^2-n\big]+n
    \end{align*}
    This completes the proof.
    \end{proof}
    \end{lemma}
    \begin{lemma}[\cite{deza2012figurate}]\label{lemma1}
    For $m\geq 3$ and $n\geq 1$,the following recurrence formula for $m$-gonal numbers hold:
    \begin{equation}
    S_{n+1}(m)=S_n(m)+(1+(m-2)n),S_1(m)=1.
    \end{equation}
    \begin{proof}
    By definition, we have
    \begin{equation*}
    S_n(m)=1+(1+(m-2))+(1+2(m-2))+\cdots + (1+(m-2)(n-2))+(1+(m-2)(n-1))\\
    \end{equation*}
    It follows that
    \begin{align*}
    S_{n+1}(m)&=1+(1+(m-2))+(1+2(m-2))+\cdots + (1+(m-2)(n-1))+(1+(m-2)n)\\
    S_{n+1}(m)&=S_n(m)+(1+(m-2)n).
    \end{align*}
    Thus,for $m\geq 3$ and $n\geq 1$, $$S_{n+1}(m)=S_n(m)+(1+(m-2)n),S_1(m)=1.$$
    \end{proof}
    \end{lemma}

\section{Log-Concavity of $m$-gonal Figurate Number Sequences}
In this section, we state and prove the main results of this paper.
\begin{theorem}
    For $m\geq 3$ and $n\geq 3$,the following recurrence formulas for $m$-gonal number sequences hold:
    \begin{equation}
    S_{n}(m)=R(n)S_{n-1}(m)+T(n)S_{n-2}(m)\label{rr1}
    \end{equation}
    with the initial conditions $S_1(m)=1, S_2(m)=m$ and the recurrence of its quotient sequence is given by
    \begin{equation}
    x_{n-1}= R(n)+\displaystyle\frac{T(n)}{x_{n-2}}\label{rr2}
    \end{equation}
    with the initial conditions $x_1=m$, where
    $$R(n)=\displaystyle\frac{m+2(n-2)(m-2)}{1+(n-2)(m-2)}$$ and $$T(n)=-\displaystyle\frac{m-1+(n-2)(m-2)}{1+(n-2)(m-2)}.$$
    \begin{proof}
    By Lemma \ref{lemma1}, we have
    \begin{equation}
    S_{n+1}(m)=S_n(m)+(1+(m-2)n)\label{rr3}
    \end{equation}
    It follows that
    \begin{align}
     S_{n+2}(m)=S_{n+1}(m)+(m-1+(m-2)n)\label{rr4}
    \end{align}
    Rewriting (\ref{rr3}) and (\ref{rr4}) for $n\geq 3$, we have
                \begin{align}
        S_{n-1}(m)&=S_{n-2}(m)+(1+(m-2)(n-2))\label{rr5}\\
        S_{n}(m)&=S_{n-1}(m)+(m-1+(m-2)(n-2))\label{rr6}
        \end{align}
        Multiplying (\ref{rr5}) by  $m-1+(m-2)(n-2)$ and (\ref{rr6}) by  $1+(m-2)(n-2)$, and subtracting as to cancel the non homogeneous part, one can obtain the homogeneous second-order linear recurrence for $S_n(m)$:
        \begin{equation*}
        S_n(m)=\bigg[\displaystyle\frac{m+2(n-2)(m-2)}{1+(n-2)(m-2)}\bigg]S_{n-1}(m)-\bigg[\displaystyle\frac{m-1+(n-2)(m-2)}{1+(n-2)(m-2)}\bigg]S_{n-2}(m),\forall n,m\geq 3.
        \end{equation*}
        By denoting $$\displaystyle\frac{m+2(n-2)(m-2)}{1+(n-2)(m-2)}=R(n)$$ and $$-\displaystyle\frac{m-1+(n-2)(m-2)}{1+(n-2)(m-2)}=T(n),$$ one can obtain
        \begin{equation}
        S_n(m)=R(n)S_{n-1}(m)+T(n)S_{n-2}(m),\forall n,m\geq 3\label{rr7}
        \end{equation}
        with given initial conditions $S_1(m)=1$ and $S_2(m)=m$.

        By dividing (\ref{rr7}) through  by $S_{n-1}(m)$, one can also get the recurrence of its quotient sequence $x_{n-1}$ as
        \begin{equation}
        x_{n-1}=R(n)+\displaystyle\frac{T(n)}{x_{n-2}},n\geq 3\label{rr8}
        \end{equation}
        with initial condition $x_1=m.$
        \end{proof}
    \end{theorem}
    \begin{lemma}
    For $m\geq 3$, the $m$-gonal figurate number sequence $\{S_n(m)\}_{n\geq 1}$, let \\$x_n=\displaystyle\frac{S_{n+1}(m)}{S_n(m)}$ for $n\geq 1$. Then we have $1<x_n\leq m$ for $n\geq 1$.
    \begin{proof}

      It is clear that
   \begin{equation*}
   x_1=m,x_2=3-\displaystyle\frac{3}{m},x_3=2-\displaystyle\frac{2}{3(m-1)}>1,\;  \text{for} \; m\geq 3.
   \end{equation*}
   Assume that $x_n>1$ for all $n\geq 3$. It follows from (\ref{rr8}) that
   \begin{equation}
   x_n=\displaystyle\frac{m+2(n-1)(m-2)}{1+(n-1)(m-2)}-\displaystyle\frac{m-1+(n-1)(m-2)}{(1+(n-1)(m-2))x_{n-1}},n\geq 2\label{rr9}
   \end{equation}
   For $n\geq 3$, by (\ref{rr9}), we have
   \begin{align}
   x_{n+1}-1 &=\displaystyle\frac{m-1+n(m-2)}{1+n(m-2)}-\displaystyle\frac{m-1+n(m-2)}{1+n(m-2))x_{n}}\\
   &=\displaystyle\frac{(m-1+n(m-2))x_n-(n(m-2)+m-1))}{(1+n(m-2))x_{n}}\\
   &=\displaystyle\frac{(m-1+n(m-2))(x_n-1)}{(1+n(m-2))x_{n}}\\
      &>0 \;\text{for}  \; m \geq 3.\nonumber
   \end{align}
   Hence $x_n> 1$ for $n\geq 1$ and $m\geq 3.$

   Similarly, it is known that
   \begin{equation}
   x_1=m,x_2=3-\displaystyle\frac{3}{m},x_3=2-\displaystyle\frac{2}{3(m-1)}<m,\;  \text{for} \; m\geq 3.
   \end{equation}
   Assume that $x_n\leq m$ for all $n\geq 3$. It follows from (\ref{rr8}) that
   \begin{equation}
   x_n=\displaystyle\frac{m+2(n-1)(m-2)}{1+(n-1)(m-2)}-\displaystyle\frac{m-1+(n-1)(m-2)}{(1+(n-1)(m-2))x_{n-1}},n\geq 2\label{rr10}
   \end{equation}
   For $n\geq 3$, by (\ref{rr10}), we have
   \begin{align}
   x_{n+1}-m &=-\displaystyle\frac{n(m-2)^2}{1+n(m-2)}-\displaystyle\frac{m-1+n(m-2)}{1+n(m-2))x_{n}}\\
   &=-\displaystyle\frac{n(m-2)^2x_n+n(m-2)+m-1)}{(1+n(m-2))x_{n}}\\
   &< -\displaystyle\frac{n(m-2)^2+n(m-2)+m-1)}{(1+n(m-2))x_{n}}\\
   &=-\displaystyle\frac{n(m-2)(2m-3)}{(1+n(m-2))x_n}\\
   &<0 \; \;   \text{for }  m \geq 3.\nonumber
   \end{align}
   Hence $x_n\leq m$ for $n\geq 1$ and $m\geq 3.$\\
   Thus, in general, from the above two cases it follows that $1<x_n\leq m$ for $n\geq 1$ and $m\geq 3$.
    \end{proof}
    \end{lemma}
    \begin{lemma}[\cite{dovslic2005log}]\label{lemma2}
    Let $\big \{A_n\big\}_{n\geq 0}$ be a sequence of positive real numbers given by the recurrence \[A_n=R(n)A_{n-1}+T(n)A_{n-2},n\geq 2\] with given initial conditions $A_0, A_1$ and $\big \{x_n\big\}_{n\geq 1}$ its quotient sequence, given by \[x_n=R(n)+\displaystyle\frac{T(n)}{x_{n-1}},n\geq 2\] with initial condition $x_1=\displaystyle\frac{A_1}{A_0}$. If there is $n_0\in \mathbb{N}$ such that $x_{n_0}\geq x_{n_0+1}$, $R(n)\geq 0,T(n)\leq 0$, and \[\Delta R(n)x_{n-1}+\Delta T(n)\leq 0\] for all $n\geq n_0$, then the sequence $\big \{A_n\big\}_{n\geq n_0}$ is a log-concave.
       \end{lemma}
    \begin{theorem}
For all $m\geq 3$, the sequence $\big \{S_n(m)\big\}_{n\geq 1}$ of $m$-gonal figurate numbers is a log-concave.
\begin{proof}
Let $\big \{S_n(m)\big\}_{n\geq 1}$  be a sequence of $m$-gonal figurate numbers given by the recurrence (\ref{rr1}) and let $\big \{x_n\big\}_{n\geq 1}$ be its quotient sequence given by (\ref{rr2}).\\
In order to prove the log-concavity of $\big \{S_n(m)\big\}_{n\geq 1}$ for all $m\geq 3$, by Lemma \ref{lemma2}, we only need to show that $\big \{x_n\big\}_{n\geq 1}$ is non-increasing, $R(n)\geq 0$, $T(n)\leq 0$, and \[\Delta R(n)x_{n-2}+\Delta T(n)\leq 0\] for all $n\geq 3$ .\\
By (\ref{rr7}), since $R(n)\geq 0$ and $T(n)\leq 0$, for $m,n\geq 3$, assume , inductively that $x_1\geq x_2\geq x_3\geq \cdots \geq x_{n-2}\geq x_{n-1}.$\\
Expressing $x_{n}$ from (\ref{rr2}) and taking in to account that $\displaystyle\frac{T(n+1)}{x_{n-1}}\leq \frac{T(n+1)}{x_{n-2}}$, one can obtain
\begin{equation}
x_{n}=R(n+1)+\displaystyle\frac{T(n+1)}{x_{n-1}}\leq R(n+1)+\frac{T(n+1)}{x_{n-2}}\label{rr11}
\end{equation}
Now, we need to show that $x_{n}\leq x_{n-1}.$ To show this, consider
\begin{equation}
R(n+1)+\frac{T(n+1)}{x_{n-2}}\leq R(n)+\frac{T(n)}{x_{n-2}}=x_{n-1}\label{rr12}
\end{equation}
Hence from (\ref{rr11}) and (\ref{rr12}),we can conclude that the quotient sequence $\big \{x_n\big\}_{n\geq 1}$ is non-increasing.
 It follows from (\ref{rr12}) that
 \begin{equation}
 \big[R(n+1)-R(n)\big]x_{n-2}+ T(n+1)-T(n)\leq 0\label{rr13}
 \end{equation}
 By denoting $R(n+1)-R(n)=\Delta R(n)$ and $T(n+1)-T(n)=\Delta T(n)$, we get the compact expression for (\ref{rr13}) as:
 \begin{equation*}
\Delta R(n)x_{n-2}+\Delta T(n)\leq 0, \forall n\geq 3.
 \end{equation*}
 Thus, by Lemma \ref{lemma2}, the sequence $\big \{S_n(m)\big\}_{n\geq 1}$ of $m$-gonal figurate numbers is a log-concave for $m\geq 3$.\\ This completes the proof of the theorem.
 \end{proof}
 \end{theorem}
\section{Conclusion}
In this paper, we have discussed the log-behavior of $m$-gonal figurate number sequences. We have also proved that for $m\geq 3$, the sequence $\big \{S_n(m)\big\}_{n\geq 1}$ of $m$-gonal figurate numbers is a log-concave.\\[10mm]

\section*{Acknowledgements}

The author is grateful to the anonymous referees for their valuable comments and suggestions.

\makeatletter
\renewcommand{\@biblabel}[1]{[#1]\hfill}
\makeatother

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Apple CFO Says U.S. Border Tax Would Hurt Economy
Tax would boost dollar, making it harder for companies to compete overseas, Maestri said.
By Alistair Barr, Bloomberg | February 15, 2017 at 09:25 AM
Apple CFO Luca Maestri said a U.S. border tax would harm the world's largest economy by raising costs for consumers and making it harder for companies to compete overseas.
A border tax also would increase the value of the U.S. dollar, which is already too strong, and reduce the competitiveness of the country's economy, Maestri said Tuesday at a technology conference in San Francisco sponsored by Goldman Sachs Group Inc.
More States Considering Workers' Comp Covid Legislation
Steve Hallo | January 18, 2022
Covid presumptions could be joined by new vaccine-related workers' comp laws in several states.
KKR Shifts Benchmark on LBO Loan
Lisa Lee | January 19, 2022
Circumstances around the latest prominent move away from LIBOR, and the reaction of investors, emphasize that the market is ready to fully embrace SOFR.
CEO Says MicroStrategy Will Never Sell Bitcoin Stash
Crystal Kim & Emily Chang | January 20, 2022
A recent 40% slide in the cryptocurrency's value means "this is a great entry point for institutional investors," according to Saylor.

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People Before Politics: 4 Key Points in HR19's Opening Ceremony
Avinash Tharoor
Harm Reduction International Conference 2019 in Porto, Portugal. The Opening Ceremony. Photo shows Naomi Burke-Shyne, Executive Director, Harm Reduction International, chair of the Opening Ceremony. Photo ©Steve Forrest/HRI/Workers' Photos
The Harm Reduction International Conference 2019 (HR19) has begun in Porto, with several influential speakers delivering inspiring and poignant remarks at the opening ceremony.
HR19 comes at a crucial moment in the development of drug policies across the globe. Many countries find themselves at a drug policy crossroads; do they pursue health and human rights-oriented approaches that reduce potential drug harms, or maintain policies of criminalisation and repression that have long-characterised the global drug war?
Here are four key points from the opening ceremony that highlight the need for a harm reductionist approach:
1. Failed drug policies continue to kill millions around the world.
Harm Reduction International's executive director, Naomi Burke-Shyne, began the opening ceremony by displaying a moving memorial to honour the lives of those lost to failed drug policies.
"The end of any life brings sadness," Burke-Shyne noted, "but when it is so unnecessary – these deaths are preventable, and caused by stigma and unjust drug laws – words cannot properly capture the heartbreak and anger".
Not only are these needless deaths widespread, impacting communities in every corner of the world, they are on the rise. The number of drug-related deaths worldwide soared by 60 per cent during the first 15 years of this century, with a staggering 450,000 such deaths in 2015 alone.
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and former Chilean President, Michelle Bachelet, described to the audience how the drug war is "driven by the idea that crackdowns on people who use drugs – or who are involved in the trade of drugs – will make drug use go away", but that instead, "repressive policies have actually impeded" the development of approaches that could reduce drug-related harms and deaths.
A memorial to activists and harm reduction pioneers who are no longer with us (HRI/Twitter)
2. Governments' complacency is fuelling drug harms.
"Globally, the availability of harm reduction services has stagnated and is failing to adapt to overdose deaths, new trends in drug use, and public health crises", Burke-Shyne described.
It doesn't need to be this way. Vital harm reduction services, like needle-syringe programmes (NSPs) and opioid substitution therapy (OST) have been proven to reduce risks associated with drug use, including overdose and the spread of infectious diseases. Yet the number of countries providing OST or NSPs is falling. Unsurprisingly, the incidence of HIV infection among people who inject drugs is rising – despite the broader global incidence of infection declining.
Crucially, continued stigmatisation and criminalisation mean that people who use drugs are often not treated with the respect they deserve. This highlights the most vital principle of harm reduction, as Burke-Shyne noted, "while harm reduction has evolved, its underpinnings have remained consistent – dignity, health, and justice".
Harm Reduction International Conference 2019 in Porto, Portugal. Photo shows the Opening Ceremony. Photo ©Steve Forrest/HRI/Workers' Photos
3. Governments continue to commit egregious human rights abuses in the name of drug policy.
One in five inmates worldwide are incarcerated for drug offences - most of them for the possession of drugs for personal use, Bachelet described. As well as being a cruel punishment for people who have committed a victimless crime, the approach worsens outcomes for all of society as it is highly expensive and can increase crime.
In some countries, the consequences of drug use can be even worse than imprisonment. Perhaps the most notorious recent development in the global drug war has been the brutal extrajudicial killing of people for alleged involvement with drugs in the Philippines. Burke-Shyne criticised the governments of the US and Bangladesh for praising or seeking to "emulate this barbarity".
Harm Reduction International Conference 2019 in Porto, Portugal. Photo shows the Mayor of Porto Rui Moreira speaking at the Opening Ceremony. Photo ©Steve Forrest/HRI/Workers' Photos
4. Drug consumption rooms (DCRs) have arrived in Portugal! The country continues to serve as an important example of how countries can move forward in their drug policy.
In a surprising announcement, the mayor of Porto – Rui Moreir – told the ceremony that a mobile DCR will be established in the city, with support from Portugal's health ministry. A similar facility has also opened recently in Lisbon.
The introduction of progressive drug policy in Portugal is, of course, nothing new – as the country decriminalised all personal drug possession in 2001. It was a highly successful approach, as highlighted during the ceremony by former President of Portugal, Jorge Sampaio:
"The number of drug users decreased, the number of people going to voluntary treatment increased, [and …] the number of drug-related deaths has decreased."
MP Ricardo Baptista Leite shared his praise for the move, and noted that decriminalisation now enjoys both public and political support in the country. In 2001, he said, the prospect of decriminalisation divided parliamentarians. Now, almost two decades later, he hypothesised, "we would have unanimous support" if another vote were held today. Such is the success of the approach.
Former President Sampaio expressed cautious optimism about the future of Portuguese drug policy, and urged harm reductionists to be careful of complacency: "Successes are not timeless. What is innovative in the past […] has to be kept under close scrutiny and review".
The importance of HR19's conference theme - People Before Politics - was made crystal clear during the opening ceremony. Many countries are failing to put the value of people's lives ahead of their commitment to prohibitionist policies, but – as Portugal shows – there are plenty of reasons to remain positive, and for activists and policymakers to continue pushing for change.
Read HR19's full programme of events here.
TalkingDrugs Updates from Eastern Europe & Central Asia [June 2019]
TalkingDrugs Updates from Eastern Europe & Central Asia [May 2019]
TalkingDrugs Updates from Eastern Europe & Central Asia [April 2019]
Rage Against the Dying of the Light: In Search of Justice in the Philippines
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Line a 12-hole bun tin with cake cases and put 2 large tablespoons of mix in each. Smooth then make a little dip in the centre. Bake for 10 mins.
Meanwhile, place the egg whites into a bowl, whisk until peaks form, then whisk in the rest of the sugar a tablespoon at a time. Keep whisking until the mixture looks glossy and has thickened a little.
Take the cakes out of the oven, cut a small cone from the top (Like with a fairy cake), and spoon 1 teaspoon of lemon curd into each dip. Finally, top with the meringue foam. Return to the oven for 10-15 mins until the cakes are cooked through and meringue lightly browned. Leave to cool fully and enjoy!


text:
Marks, Stephen
Stephen P. Marks, Doctd'etat
Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Professor of Health and Human Rights
Global Health and Population
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The emphasis of Stephen Marks's work is on public health and human rights, drawing on the disciplines of international law, international politics, international organizations, and international economics.
Professor Marks's recent research has focused on the right to health, global health governance, integrating human rights into sustainable human development; mental health; poverty; tobacco control; and the right to development. He has published recent books, articles or book chapters in each of these areas. His earlier work has dealt with biotechnology and human rights; impunity for mass atrocities; terrorism and human rights; cultural rights; access to medicines, and human rights education. . He directs the Program on Human Rights in Development (PHRD).
He recently co-edited a book on Advancing the Human Right to Health (Oxford University Press, 2013). His book Health and Human Rights: Basic International Documents, is now in its third edition. Professor Marks is collaborating with Prof. Balakrishnan Rajagopal of MIT on a book of Critical Issues on Human Rights and Development for publication in 2020 by Edward Elgard Publishing. He was also consultant editor of Realizing the Right to Development: Essays in Commemoration of 25 Years of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development, published by the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in 2013. He is Co-Chair, Human Rights Thematic Group, Human Development and Capability Association (HDCA) (2013-present) and served on the Committee on Scientific Freedom and Responsibility of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) form 2010 to 2017. In 2019 the Council of the AAAS elected him as an honorary fellow.
He teaches courses at HSPH and in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
Faculty Website
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PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
Marks SP. Human rights and the challenges of science and technology: Commentary on Meier et al. "Translating the human right to water and sanitation into public policy reform" and Hall et al. "The human right to water: the importance of domestic and productive water rights". Sci Eng Ethics. 2014 Dec; 20(4):869-75. PMID: 24519531.
Citations: 2 Fields:
Eth Ethics
Translation:HumansPHPublic Health
Marks SP. Human rights-based approach to tobacco control. Invited commentary. Tob Control. 2012 Mar; 21(2):212. PMID: 22345249.
Citations: Fields:
Sub Substance-Related Disorders
Translation:Humans
Akashah M, Marks SP. Accountability for the health consequences of human rights violations: methodological issues in determining compensation. Health Hum Rights. 2006; 9(2):256-79. PMID: 17265763.
Eth EthicsPub Public HealthSoc Social Sciences
Marks SP. The evolving field of health and human rights: issues and methods. J Law Med Ethics. 2002; 30(4):739-54. PMID: 12561278.
Eth EthicsJur JurisprudenceMed Medicine (General)
Marks SP. Tying Prometheus down: the international law of human genetic manipulation. Chic J Int Law. 2002; 3(1):115-36. PMID: 15709303.
Citations: Translation:Humans
Easley CE, Marks SP, Morgan RE. The challenge and place of international human rights in public health. Am J Public Health. 2001 Dec; 91(12):1922-5. PMID: 11726366.
Pub Public Health
Marks SP. Jonathan Mann's legacy to the 21st century: the human rights imperative for public health. J Law Med Ethics. 2001; 29(2):131-8. PMID: 11508187.
Marks SP. Economic sanctions as human rights violations: reconciling political and public health imperatives. Am J Public Health. 1999 Oct; 89(10):1509-13. PMID: 10511832.
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Concepts (42)
Vardavas, Constantine
Rigotti, Nancy
Farmer, Paul
Dumbaugh, Karin
Eugene, Dominique
Poggio, Rosana
Rokicki, Slawa
Daniels, Norman
Lamstein, Joel
Weisfeld, Jason
Saturno Hernandez, Pedro


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Q: How to get customer tax number from PAYPAL IPN message? The customer is a test (business) facilitator with saved VAT number ( tax number, sales tax number, dont know what is the offical name of it in the paypal terminology).
There is no tax number in the reply message.

A: No need to know code for this question...
The answer is simple: impossible.
Now I am realize the Paypal dos not send back the customer tax number.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
newswire article reporting oregon & cascadia 25.Sep.2006 23:50
human & civil rights | prisons & prisoners
Six Questions on the American "Gulag" for Historian Kate Brown
author: Ken Silvertein
Six Questions on the American "Gulag" for Historian Kate Brown
Posted on Friday, September 22, 2006. Kate Brown is Associate Professor of History at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Her book, A Biography of No Place: From Ethnic Borderland to Soviet Heartland won the American Historical Association's George Louis Beer Prize. As a historian of Soviet history, she has sifted through an array of declassified NKVD and KGB documents about the abuse of prisoners in the Gulag. Her article, "Out of Solitary Confinement: The History of the Gulag," will be published in Kritika vol. 8, no. 1 (Winter 2007). Brown recently answered a series of questions about the American penal and detention system, especially as it has developed post-9/11. By Ken Silverstein.
Amerikan Police State
Sources1. In 2005, Amnesty International charged that the treatment of prisoners in Guantanamo makes the prison "the Gulag of our times." After public outcry and a media attack, Amnesty retracted the charge. Is the metaphor appropriate?
Soviet arrests were designed to inspire terror. Some people were taken off the street. Others were surprised in their beds in late night roundups. In Soviet prisons, detainees were stripped, searched, and led into special rooms where they were told to face the wall and assume stress positions. Most people were rounded up with no real evidence and without prior investigation. Interrogators withheld food, water, medical assistance, communication with relatives, and sleep until detainees agreed to talk. The most resistant detainees were beaten while handcuffed or tied.
Granted such liberty in dealing with prisoners, some Soviet officers started to enjoy themselves. They made up games, forcing prisoners to dance, smearing glue on their heads, stripping them naked, pouring frigid water over them. Sometimes guards had too much fun and a prisoner died. Then prison-appointed doctors, who often participated in the interrogations, wrote up fictive autopsy reports. Declassified FBI and U.S. Army detailing abuses detainees in U.S. detention centers uncannily echo Soviet NKVD reports. They recount late-night roundups of civilians and describe prisoners held in chambers of extreme heat or cold, chained naked to the floor without food and water for days on end, defecating on themselves, beaten (some to death), forced to dance, to lick their shoes and body parts, to crawl around, and to bark like dogs. American doctors and psychiatrists helped devise methods of inflicting pain and fear to elicit confessions, and they signed false reports when detainees died in custody.
2. Didn't the Soviets lock up far greater numbers of people than are now being detained by the United States?
Indeed, American editorialists grounded their rejection of the Gulag metaphor in numbers. Soviet officials routed millions through the Gulag over several decades (3.7 million according to archival records). In the American case, we are talking about a mere 500 prisoners in Guantanamo, and roughly 30,000 in U.S. detention centers in Iraq. Human Rights Watch estimates that 50,000 people are currently held in domestic prisons without charges. It is undoubtedly true that the torture of tens of thousands is better than the torture of millions. But this defense becomes rather weak, not only if one believes in universal civil liberties and human rights, but also if one considers history. The methods of detention and interrogation used by investigators in Iraq and Cuba derive from CIA manuals issued in 1963 that assumed that the detainee would not be a Muslim extremist but a Soviet agent. The methods practiced and propagated during the Cold War have migrated to the "war on terror" so seamlessly that American soldiers photographed their human-rights violations and shared the photos with no idea they were incriminating themselves.
3. How does the American system compare with the Soviet in respect for due process and legal norms, and in terms of punishment and the treatment of prisoners?
Both Soviet and American laws banned torture of prisoners, guaranteed habeas corpus, and limited the range of punishments a prisoner could receive. In both countries, abuses occurred nonetheless—not in isolated instances, but in the "migration" of practices across great distances, which suggests systemic violations of the laws.
We know, in fact, about Soviet and American abuses in astonishing detail because government investigators went to prisons with notebook and camera and emerged appalled at what they saw. The purpose of those investigations, one would imagine, would be to expose illegal detention and torture in order to stop it. But despite the nearly annual Soviet investigations into abuses, the Gulag continued unhindered for nearly three decades. Despite FBI and Army investigations in Iraq and Cuba, the White House persists in justifying the use of secret CIA prisons in undisclosed foreign locations to sequester terrorist suspects without charge. Rather than exposing abuses in order to end them, official Soviet and American investigations served the purpose of placing the blame for institutionalized abuse on individuals—U.S. Army privates, Soviet prison guards, and NKVD security officers. Finding individuals to blame absolved the governments which had set up the conditions for torture. Scapegoating individuals also enabled Soviet and American ideologues to reiterate yet again their societies' commitment to justice and civil rights, despite all evidence to the contrary.
4. The Bush Administration is targeting non-citizens it accuses of being terrorists. Didn't the Soviets mostly imprison and abuse their own citizens? So isn't it true that, in the American case, the "gulag" is a response to a real or perceived national security threat, while the Soviets were simply seeking to crush dissent?
During the Cold War the idea arose that the Gulag was primarily an instrument of terror to crush dissent. But declassified Soviet documents do not bear this out. By far, most of the people who landed in the Gulag were there for garden-variety offenses: theft of property, assault, hooliganism, and white-collar crime. They were not influential intellectuals who posed a threat to the regime, but poor, uneducated, and culturally marginalized peasants who broke draconian laws in order to make a living. The search for terrorists in Iraq and Afghanistan has also targeted the weak and vulnerable. United States Army officials admit that 90 percent of the civilians detained in Iraq were later released without charges. The dragnet in Afghanistan also seems to have netted civilians who were in the wrong place at the wrong time. The detention of people who turn out to be innocent bystanders gives a new definition to the phrase "non-combatants."
5. Have American government officials been more willing to take responsibility for abuses than their Soviet counterparts?
Long after the abuses were made public, Vice President Dick Cheney denied any mistreatment of detainees at Guantánamo. He said that the detainees "have been well treated, treated humanely and decently," adding, "Occasionally there are allegations of mistreatment, but if you trace those back, in nearly every case, it turns out to come from somebody who had been inside and released to their home country and now are peddling lies about how they were treated." With his bald-faced denial of torture, Cheney illustrated how Guantánamo shares aspects of the Gulag. His performance mimicked that of the famed Soviet writer Maxim Gorky, who several months after smiling broadly for a photo in front of the notorious Solovetsky Labor Camp, lied with sanctimony when refuting reports of Soviet camp abuses. In an article published in Pravda on March 5, 1931, Gorky wrote that "convict labor" was "a petty, foul slander" aimed at economically isolating and weakening the USSR. "The Soviet regime," Gorky said, "does not employ convict labor even in prisons."
When a state goes to the trouble of sanctioning the torture of civilians for purposes of political control, government officials do not willingly own up to these practices. And those who expose abuse are discredited as slanderers, and accused of "peddling lies" and ultimately of abetting the enemy.
6. Does the tolerance for abuses committed during the "war on terrorism" have any implications for the health of democracy at home?
The President's broad new powers in the signing statements that enable him to override Congress have corroded the American system of checks and balances. American law enforcement agencies can now wiretap American civilians and detain citizens and permanent residents without charges, and consequently without evidence. Last week the House passed legislation to build a 700-mile Israeli-style fence on the U.S.-Mexico border and to deploy there many of the surveillance technologies tested in Iraq. Perhaps the domestic installation of wartime technologies and military surveillance in civilian settings has become acceptable to us because we have become accustomed, as Soviet citizens did during the endless Stalinist purges, to open-ended wars—wars with no opening salvo and no concluding treaty. Whether or not one agrees that American detention centers and secret prisons are the "Gulag of our time," the comparison deserves serious consideration. It might help us shine a torch into the dark corners of repression, where the totalitarian qualities of our own society lurk, before the scale of violence ascends to Gulag dimensions.
homepage: http://harpers.org/sb-six-questions-kate-brown-1158926209.html


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Tony Labrusca: Bureau Of Immigration Pushes To Deport The Actor
by Jhen Green
in: Entertainment
BI seeks deportation of Tony Labrusca
Bureau of Immigration pushes to deport Kapamilya actor Tony Labrusca following the issue he had at the airport before 2018 ended.
Tony came back to the country after he had a vacation in Canada but he was held at the immigration because there was a problem with his visa.
It was found out that he only has a tourist visa and not a working visa, and so he was only allowed to be in the Philippines for 30 days.
Photo source: @rankmagazine IG
Reportedly, he shouted and cursed at an immigration officer because of what happened.
This issue branched out to other issues being thrown to the Glorious actor and he already apologized for what happened.
Recently, a report from Inquirer stated that BI Intelligence Division is pushing the deportation of Tony Labrusca.
@leejeansphils #MoveYourLee #StretchYourImagination #LeeJeansPH
A post shared by Tony Labrusca (@tony.labrusca) on Dec 22, 2018 at 9:00pm PST
BI Deputy Commissioner Tobias Javier said "the [BI] Intelligence Division recommended to the Legal Division the filing of a deportation case against Labrusca, I think for working without a permit."
However, Javier said that the young actor also "filed a petition for recognition as a Filipino citizen, considering that both his parents are Filipinos."
Board of Special Inquiry (BSI) will conduct hearings on the petition. Once there is a "sufficient basis to grant the petition, a recommendation will be submitted to the Department of Justice (DOJ) for confirmation."
Dinner with my old man 🤨🙃
A post shared by Tony Labrusca (@tony.labrusca) on Aug 13, 2018 at 7:04am PDT
The deportation case will be rendered "moot and academic" if Tony's petition will be granted.
"We could no longer deport him. He is already a Filipino," Javier said.
He added that even Tony Labrusca committed an offense for having no working permit before his petition is granted, he will just face an administrative case, based on the report.
Tony is the son of actor Boom Labrusca and model Angel Jones. He grew up in the US and Canada eventhough both of his parents are Filipinos.
What can you say about this?
READ ALSO: Suicide Using Social Media Is An Alarming Trend – Psychologist
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1950s / aggregated reviews / British / Frankenstein / gothic / Hammer horror / Sci-Fi
THE CURSE OF FRANKENSTEIN (1957) Reviews and Blu-ray restoration details
12 September, 2014 31 December, 2020 - Leave a Comment
The Curse of Frankenstein, Hammer's seminal classic, will be released on Blu-ray in the USA on December 15th 2020 via Warner Archive.
The new two-disc edition includes the film in three aspect ratios: 1.85 widescreen, 1.66 widescreen, and 1.37 open matte. It has been restored in 4K from preservation separation elements.
New: Audio commentary by film historians Steve Haberman and Constantine Nasr
New: The Resurrection Men: Hammer, Frankenstein and the Rebirth of the Horror Film (new)
New: Hideous Progeny: The Curse of Frankenstein and the English Gothic Tradition
New: Torrents of Light: The Art of Jack Asher
New: Diabolus in Musica: James Bernard and the Sound of Hammer Horror
Meanwhile, here is our previous coverage of the movie:
'No-one who saw it lived to describe it!'
The Curse of Frankenstein is a 1957 British science-fiction horror feature film directed by Terence Fisher from a screenplay by Jimmy Sangster, loosely based on the novel Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley. The movie stars Peter Cushing, Hazel Court, Robert Urquhart and Christopher Lee as the creature.
Max Rosenberg who later founded Amicus Productions with Milton Subotsky originally approached Michael Carreras at Hammer Films with a deal to produce "Curse of Frankenstein" from a script by Subotsky. Later, both men were cut out of their profit participation making only a $5,000 fee for bringing the production to Hammer.
The film was a massive financial hit and reportedly grossed more than seventy times its production cost during its original theatrical run. Its worldwide success led to several sequels, and Hammer Films' new versions of Dracula (1958) and The Mummy (1959) and established "Hammer Horror" as a distinctive brand of Gothic cinema.
In 19th Century Switzerland, Baron Victor Frankenstein (Peter Cushing) is in prison, awaiting execution for murder. He tells the story of his life to a visiting priest.
His mother's death leaves the young Frankenstein (Melvyn Hayes) in sole control of the Frankenstein estate. He agrees to continue to pay a monthly allowance to his impoverished Aunt Sophia and his young cousin Elizabeth (whom his aunt suggests will make him a good wife). Soon afterwards, he engages a man named Paul Krempe (Robert Urquhart) to tutor him.
After several years of intense study, Victor learns all that Krempe can teach him. The duo begin collaborating on scientific experiments. One night, after a successful experiment in which they bring a dead dog back to life, Victor suggests that they create a perfect human being from body parts…
"Eyeballs, severed hands and surgical procedures are presented in a relatively unflinching style. At one point, the Monster is shot in the head and blood gushes from its wound. This approach distanced the film from Universal's monochrome, more suggestive horrors. The film was met with great enthusiasm by paying audiences, but alienated and horrified critics." BFI Screenonline
Curse of Frankenstein is everything you've ever read about it – undeniably a classic, and possibly one of the best films made during the 50s. Okay, so not a great deal happens for much of the film (Christopher Lee's monster doesn't appear for what seems like hours), but as a platform for Peter Cushing's considerable talents it's superb." British Horror Films
" …The Curse of Frankenstein is an outstanding film. It may not have that much in common with its source material but Cushing's brilliant performance and some early cinematic gore effects make this one a must see for any casual fan of the genre. It's a classic film and one of the best, most influential horror films ever made." Andrew Smith, Daily Dead
" …it adds dynamism and British grit to a genre that had previously tried to get by on atmospherics and mood alone. It manages to be shocking without being especially frightening, and its virtues of performance and style remain striking." Kim Newman, Empire
Contemporary reviews:
" …sacrificed by an ill-made script, poor direction and performance, and above all, a preoccupation with disgusting-not horrific-charnelry" Monthly Film Bulletin, 1957
"This British version of the [Mary Shelley] classic shocker emphasizes not so much the uncontrollable blood lust of the created monster as the clinical details whereby the crazy scientist accumulates the odd organs with which to assemble the creature." Variety, 1957
Peter Cushing … Victor Frankenstein
Hazel Court … Elizabeth
Robert Urquhart … Paul Krempe
Christopher Lee … The Creature
Melvyn Hayes … Young Victor
Valerie Gaunt … Justine
Paul Hardtmuth … Professor Bernstein
Noel Hood … Aunt
Fred Johnson … Grandpa
Claude Kingston … Little Boy
Alex Gallier … Priest
Michael Mulcaster … Warder
Andrew Leigh … Burgomaster
Anne Blake … Wife
Sally Walsh … Young Elizabeth
Middleton Woods … Lecturer
Raymond Ray … Uncle
Josef Behrmann … Fritz (uncredited)
Henry Caine … Schoolmaster (uncredited)
Trevor Davis … Uncle (uncredited)
Marjorie Hume … Mother (uncredited)
Ernest Jay … Undertaker (uncredited)
Eugene Leahy … 2nd Priest (uncredited)
Bartlett Mullins … Tramp (uncredited)
Raymond Rollett … Father Felix (uncredited)
Paddy Smith … Servant (uncredited)
Technical credits:
Eastmancolor
Aspect ratio: 1.75: 1
Audio: mono (RCA Sound Recording)
Tagged1957Christopher LeefilmHammerHazel CourthorrormoviePeter CushingreviewreviewsRobert UrquhartTerence FisherThe Curse of Frankenstein
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This question sooner or later rises before you if you are concerned about the state of your health.
Naturists, raw foodists, adhere to a decisive point of view that salt is more harmful to humans and that it is not necessary to salt food. Many other people, support the view that you need to eat the daily rate of salt, however, do not take into account many factors.
The question is quite controversial and there is no definite answer. Go into extremes and completely, Especially sharply exclude salt from the diet is not worth it. But you also need to add some salt to the prepared food., there is enough salt in products, especially canned.
Why does a man need salt?
Table salt, it is sodium chloride, sodium chloride, food salt, stone or sea - these are small crystals of white color, dissolve well in water, it tastes salty. Contains 40% sodium and 60% chlorine.
Sodium in nature is not found in its pure form, but a lot of it is contained in the compound in sea water and rocks (halite, rock salt), from which people extract it.
The habit of salt food appeared long ago, salt has been mined for about 4000 years. Salt is a great preservative. Stimulates the appetite and gives the food a bright, rich taste. The fact is that sodium ions perfectly conduct electrical impulses to the brain through salted taste buds on the tongue, so we feel brighter taste sensations. Therefore, we so want to salt the cooked food.
Half of the sodium in the body is in the extracellular fluid, about 40% in the bones, the rest in the cells and tissues. Sodium is important to us, it helps to maintain a constant amount of moisture in the body, maintains acid-base balance. Overeating or loss of sodium causes, respectively, a delay or loss of water. Both are undesirable.
In addition, sodium ions play the role of transporters of amino acids, sugars and potassium into cells.
How much salt is needed per day?
Scientists have different opinions: from 0.5 to 5 grams of salt per day is necessary for an adult. Norm salt depends on many factors: weight, health, heart function, kidney and circulatory system. From climate and physical activity.
A person may be enough of the amount of salt that he gets from fresh vegetables and greens. If there is no liquid loss, if the menu contains bread, cheese, fish, meat, canned foods, then, most likely, the salt in the diet is already above the norm and there is no need for dosol food.
It should be noted that products prepared industrially already contain sodium: preservatives - sodium nitrate, flavor additives - monosodium glutamate, disintegrating agents - sodium bicarbonate.
It is not necessary and sharply reduce salt in the diet. The body, which is used to actively excreting it with sweat and urine, is not yet able to extract enough natural sodium from the products, as well as retain it in the tissues. He will have to extract sodium from bones and tissues, and this will cause unpleasant consequences for health.
Athletes, sprinters at long distances drink salted water in order to retain water in the tissues and prevent dehydration. In the heat, until acclimatization has occurred, it is useful to use a little more salt and water than usual.
What salt can be dangerous?
Harm of salt is manifested when it is excessively consumed. Excess, which the body can not assimilate, it is trying to bring, hence a strong feeling of thirst. A lot of salt is a load on the kidneys, as a result of swelling in the tissues, salt deposits.
Salt does not contain vitamins, nutrients. It is better to use sea iodized salt, it is not in the example of cooking contains a large amount of minerals.
Salt in the excess causes damage to the kidneys, blood vessels and artery, other internal organs. It causes excess weight.
Sodium chloride is an inorganic substance and is not absorbed by the cells.
Increased salt intake is responsible for cardiovascular diseases and high blood pressure. When these ailments prescribe salt-free diet. Japanese and Americans suffer the most from hypertension, heart disease and blood vessels, they are also the main consumers of salt in the world.
Discard the salt when cooking and salting the food in the plate. Do not salt salads. At first, eating fresh food will be unusual and difficult, but after 2-3 days the receptors will become accustomed, and you will learn to feel the salt in the products and feel their real taste.
Some scientists believe that sodium chloride is not a very good way to compensate for the sodium deficiency in the body. This is not the kind of natural sodium that fabrics need. However, over the years, sodium is washed out of the soil and plants, and the fruits also lack this substance.
The Chukchi peoples, for example, do not eat salt at all, using dried and frozen meat as food, which already contains the necessary substances and never suffers from sodium deficiency.
But in a warm climate, salt has become an excellent preservative, because putrefactive bacteria do not survive in a salty environment, so salt is widely used in the food industry, the use of salt has become a habit and it is considered that salt is necessary for man.
Learn to use products with natural sodium, which in nature is stored in beets, potatoes, carrots, celery, turnips, sea kale, lettuce. Minerals can be absorbed by our body only in the form of organic substances.
Cheers and do not harm yourself!
NextThe child has bruises under his eyes.


The Samcheok Power Plant is located on the west coast of South Korea in Samcheok. The plant's production capacity is 2,200 MWe, which is mostly managed by four supercritical circulating fluidized bed boilers and partly by wind and wave energy.
The electricity and heating cogeneration plant, EC Zeran, is located in Warsaw, Poland.
The plant will increase the use of natural gas by constructing 3 water pipe boilers for district heat production with a total output of 390 MWth.
The world's largest pulp mill, Montes del Plata, is located in Punta Pereira, Uruguay.
The plant produces 1.3 million tonnes of cellulose, which is mainly made of the eucalyptus trees grown on the plant.


text:
In Diversity•March 13, 2009•13 Minutes
Gender-Bilingual Companies
Contributed by Morice Mendoza, Editor, www.Women-omics.com
Imagine a board discussion at a large multinational company. One of the directors, a smart forward-thinker, makes a presentation in which he says that the company could achieve a 112% higher return on invested capital if it made one transformational change to its organisational structure and culture. The board would jump at the chance to make such a difference to its performance, ensuring the change programme is a number one priority.
Now, put this discussion against the context of the current economic climate in which the smartest brains in the financial world have managed to shed billions of dollars worth of corporate value because of their over-extended risk-taking behaviour. Also, set this against the context of several decades of management thinking, which has put shareholder value above everything else, even if it meant getting rid of 100,000s of employees or damaging local communities.
This board, however, has realised it can make a massive difference to its performance by making one change. It won't be easy but the result will be revolutionary and it can be done in a sustainable way.
The change is, of course, ensuring that the company raises women to the top levels of the organisation and the 112% higher return in invested capital comes from Catalyst, the US-based research organisation, in 2007 based on its study of the Fortune 500 Companies, in which companies with three or more women directors on their boards were found to have out-performed companies with lower female representation at the top.
The change will result in a balance of women and men at the senior levels of the organisation, which studies from Catalyst, McKinsey, Goldman Sachs and others have shown will lead to higher corporate performance. It will enable the company to attract more women, the majority of graduates, and make it more likely the company will retain and develop them to the best of their abilities. It will add greater marketing power to the company, making it better placed to understand the woman consumer, who dominates in world markets.
It seems like a no-brainer. But then imagine what happens when the director concerned mentions the notion that the revolutionary change involves advancing women. Then the board is likely to go in one of two directions. It might choose the progressive path and decide to make it one of its priorities. But it is probably going to set a woefully low and limited target for change. For example, it will set itself the goal of increasing the percentage of women in its top 500 leaders from the present figure of 7% to 20% in five years. This is realistic, they will say. But if the change can really bring about a revolutionary boost to performance, isn't it better to aim as high as you can and push hard for the change to happen?
The other direction they might take is of course to do nothing or very little, believing that it is something that will evolve gradually as more women come through the leadership pipeline.
We need not bother with the second response, as this leads to a glacial pace of change and the exit of talented women to other more attractive destinations. But the key point about the first response is that it is inadequate. It lacks urgency and it lacks conviction. You can sense the almost embarrassed sidelining of the issue to the Diversity department, the smiles at the award ceremonies where the company is recognised for its good work and the lack of urgency in management ranks. Is it a 'nice to have' policy or a business imperative?
I would suggest that the first key step to successfully creating a gender bilingual culture is to treat the issue as a business imperative.
Then, with that conviction and drive coming from the top, the issue will cascade down the organisation. It will lead the company to devise its own methods to make the change happen. All managers will be held accountable. It won't just be a matter of saying, "Oh, well, George, try better next time". It will be a matter of saying, "This affects your overall performance rating." If a manager cannot recruit and keep the best women talent, aiming for a 50-50 gender balance in his or her team, then something is wrong with the management approach. That must be brought home in very clear terms and in a way that has an impact on the manager's pay packet.
The outcome of this change will then spread through the organisation creating entirely new cultural norms. I suggest a few of them here but what happens depends on the company itself, on what kind of organisation it is. But the result will be a company that promotes the best talent, both men and women, and has a balanced leadership all the way through to the top. And the result of that will be better performance on a significant scale.
The often hidden notion that an employee gives his entire soul and life to a company will become ridiculous. Think of all those old films about cops or detectives in which the character, a maverick, a loner and usually a man, works for his work. The result is a damaged home life, too much drink and so forth. But the romantic implication is that he does end up solving the crime because he is dogged and always on the job. But the fact is no company should demand that kind of commitment from its people. At worst, it leads to burn-out and at best, to an effective worker but a narrow-thinker. It wants balanced, healthy individuals with interesting and fulfilling lives outside. Therefore, a gender bilingual organisation will use the impetus provided by women (who cannot and mostly will not throw out their commitment to family and friends) to create a new culture. Flexibility, working from home as well as at the office, working around family commitments, no more 'presenteeism' and so on. The change will be refreshing to everyone and men and women will both be trusted to give 100% and manage their outside lives. Not so much balance, as being able to achieve great results while also having a life. This could mean working in the evening, after the children are asleep. But who cares? The job will be done. And eventually, men as well as women will work this way. That will enable dual-career couples to thrive in both of their careers.
The idea that people are not taken seriously as high-flyers because they work in this way will also go the way of the dinosaurs. Results, effectiveness, vision, imagination will be the currency of the new leaders, not how much time they are prepared to over-extend for their bosses, at the expense of everything else they hold dear.
The old boys' club will decrease in significance. It won't disappear but there will be an old girl's club too, equally important, and it won't waste hours in a bar at night but will meet at breakfast or at lunch. This is already happening but in the new organisation, this network will matter as much as the men's one and there may even be a joint male and female network.
The managers of this new company will be sensitive to the gender differences. They will be more wary of the men pushing themselves forward for new jobs and less judgmental of the women who do not. Rather than asking women to go against their nature and become as aggressive as the men, the managers will make sure everyone gets a chance to apply for new opportunities. They will make sure that women feel comfortable coming forward and that this greater reluctance to try out new jobs (even though they might be better qualified than the men) will not be seen as a weakness. It might even be seen as a strength.
Loud, charismatic leaders will have their place but so will quieter, more humble ones. In this mix, men and women will equally be considered for top executive positions. A recent Harvard Business Review ("Women are the Vision Thing", Herminia Ibarra and Otilia Obodaru, January 2009) showed that women scored better on nine counts out of ten in terms of leadership quality including such critical leadership traits as being able to energise people, build teams and design and align the organisation with the outside world. They were scored poorly though by their male peers in relation to the "envisioning" skill. The new company will recognise that women have immensely valuable leadership skills and that in most areas they might be better performers than men. This will be valued and drive the company to make every effort to promote women to the top. It won't lead them to say, "No envisioning, no good."
The new gender bilingual organisation will recognise that men and women are different and that by bringing those differences together in an organisation in which they can both thrive, will lead to better management, more diverse thinking and significantly improved performance. But the penny must drop first with the leaders at the top, whether they are men or women. They must take this up as a business imperative and drive it through with all their energy and enthusiasm. The rest will follow.


text:
ATS.taxndata
See what's new at ATS for 2018!
Forget to file your 2014 tax return? Money could be waiting for you!
Could you lose your money by April 17, 2018?
About 1 million taxpayers are eligible for about $1.1 billion in unclaimed federal income tax refunds for their 2014 federal income tax returns. The problem? The refund cash has gone unclaimed because the taxpayers did not yet file a tax return for 2014.
In Michigan, about 34,100 individuals may be due $36.5 million in unclaimed 2014 federal income tax refunds. Other states: In New York, about 53,600 taxpayers are owed $60.1 million in unclaimed 2014 federal refunds. In Texas, about 108,100 taxpayers are owed nearly $122 million.
"This is money that you may be owed but never filed a return to claim," said Luis D. Garcia, a spokesman for the IRS in Detroit. The Internal Revenue Service figures are an estimate and reflect W-2 withholding information. The IRS estimates that about half the refunds nationwide could be worth more than $847. About half the refunds due in Michigan would be worth more than $845.
Even more money could be on the line for many low-income and moderate-income workers, who could be eligible for generous tax credits, including the Earned Income Tax Credit. For 2014, the Earned Income Tax Credit was worth as much as $6,143. How much money a family receives for the credit depends on their income and size of the family.
The thresholds for 2014 for the credit were:
For those with three or more qualifying children, the income cutoff for the Earned Income Tax Credit was $46,997 for singles and $52,427 if married filing jointly.
For people with two qualifying children, the income cutoff for the credit is $43,756 for singles or $49,186 if married filing jointly.
For people with one child, the cutoff is $38,511 for singles or $43,941 if married filing jointly.
For working people without children, the income cutoff for the credit is $14,590 for singles or $20,020 if married filing jointly.
To get the refund money, taxpayers must file a 2014 federal income tax return by this year's tax deadline, April 17. There is no other way to find out if you are owed any part of the $1.1 billion. "Maybe you thought you didn't have enough income to have to file – or maybe your personal situation changed, and you were unsure if you could claim a child for the EITC that year," Garcia said. "Whatever the reason, remember that you've got to file a return if you want get the money."
"Some of the unclaimed refund money could belong to students, part-time workers and others who may have overlooked filing a return," acting IRS Commissioner David Kautter said in a statement. Most taxpayers have a three-year window for filing a return to claim a refund. After the three years, the money becomes property of the U.S. Treasury.
REMINDER: Taxpayers do not face a penalty for filing a late return — if they're owed a refund. But not everyone who files for 2014 will see cash in hand. Taxpayers seeking a 2014 tax refund check may see those checks held back if they did not file tax returns for 2015 and 2016.
In addition, the 2014 refund would be applied to any amounts still owed to the IRS, or state tax agency, to offset unpaid child support or past-due federal debts, such as student loans.
To be sure, you'd face penalties for filing late and paying late if you owed taxes, and didn't file a return on time or seek an extension.
Susan Tompor, Detroit Free Press Personal Finance Columnist
Published 11:24 a.m. ET – March 8, 2018
Contact Susan Tompor: stompor@freepress.com
Follow Susan on Twitter @Tompor.
Accu-Tax Services reminds everyone that, in the case of refunds taken by the IRS and used to pay off federal debts, you or your spouse may fall under the "Injured Spouse" law – and could qualify for receiving all [or a portion] of the 2014 refund due (depending on which spouse worked for the refund, and which spouse owed the debt.
WARNING! The deadline draws near….. If you believe this 2014 refund situation fits you, it would be to your benefit to check it out!
http://abc7ny.com/finance/how-to-get-your-share-of-$11-billion-in-unclaimed-tax-refunds/3198418/
Author: Accu-Tax Services
I am a baby-boomer, semi-retired, who began public accounting and tax prep services in late 1985. In assisting clients, I strive to take the stress out of necessary paperwork and tax reporting, whether clients are individuals or businesses. View all posts by Accu-Tax Services
Author Accu-Tax ServicesPosted on March 11, 2018
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About "Injured Spouse" Allocation January 29, 2018
Employer Reminder: Reporting Tips vs. Service Charges January 21, 2018
ATS knows that many people who are not yet filing online would save money by learning to do this from the comfort of their own home. And we know how efficient and easy online filing really is. Learn more ….
Hiring Veterans tax credit Employers may qualify for incentives and tax credits for hiring and training service-disabled Veterans. Taxable employers claim the tax credit as a general business credit. Qualified tax-exempt organizations (ie., 501(c) and 501(a)) may claim the credit for qualified veterans who begin work on or after 12/31/14, and before 01/01/20,
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text:
Nektariusz (zm. 17 września 397) – arcybiskup Konstantynopola w latach 381–397.

Życiorys
Był następcą Grzegorza z Nazjanzu. Urząd arcybiskupa Konstantynopola sprawował od czerwca 381 r. do śmierci. Przewodniczył końcowym obradom soboru konstantynopolitańskiego I, który został uznany za II sobór powszechny. Jest uznany za świętego, jego wspomnienie jest 17 września.

Bibliografia
 Venance Grumel, Traité d'études byzantines, t. 1: La chronologie, Paris: Presses universitaires de France 1958, s. 435.

Patriarchowie Konstantynopola
Urodzeni w IV wieku
Zmarli w 397
Święci chrześcijańscy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Looking For Car Transport Services In North Dakota ND?
North Dakota is a very interesting state, filled with lots of stuff to do and see. On the north, North Dakota borders Canada, while on the west is Montana and the east is Minnesota. Western North Dakota has the Great Plains and the north Badlands to call it home. These areas include White Butte (the highest point in the state) as well as Theodore Roosevelt National Park.
In central North Dakota, one can find the Drift Prairie as well as the Missouri Plateau. This area is teeming with lakes, valleys and hills, while the Turtle Mountains rise above them along the Manitoba border. In fact, the absolute center of the North American continent is right by the city of Rugby, North Dakota.
The climate in North Dakota is the shining example of the continental climate: it's too far away from any major bodies of water that would help moderate the weather. Because of this, the actual weather in North Dakota can change from tremendous heat and humidity in the summers to extremely cold in the winter time, and competing warm air masses coming up from the Gulf of Mexico collide with cold ir coming down from Canada causing strong winds throughout the state. This clash can also lead to thunderstorms, and the state itself averages around 30 days of thunderstorms per year.
The thunderstorms can lead to hail and sometimes tornadoes, which are not rare in North Dakota. However, they are usually localized to the southeast corner. In the winter, ironically, is when the weather becomes a little bit more stable, with occasional flurries of snow. Blizzards, on the other hand, usually occur early in the spring or late in the fall.
Another interesting thing: if you're a church-goer, you might want to read this as you decide on your auto transport arrangements: North Dakota has the most churches per capita of any state. Also, it has the highest rate of church-going people out of all the states.
Hunting and fishing are common throughout the state, as are hang-gliding and parasailing (wherever you can find water). It is not uncommon to see whole families participating in outdoor sports when the weather is nice.
North Dakota is a wonderful place to visit, but for some people it's home. And it can be your home too. Just call us at 877-320-2758 or fill out one single form online and you'll get a competitive reliable auto transport company who are more than happy to ship your car to where you need it. Fast, reliable auto transport with All States Auto Shipping, and you'll get a free quote to ship your car there and be relaxing in North Dakota no time..
Car Transport North Dakota ND	Overall rating:	4.8	out of 5 based on 8	reviews.


Following a good spell during the festive season, the advertising industry has witnessed a recovery with an increase in ad spends across sectors. Industry experts said that there has been a 15-20 per cent increase in ad spends this year over last year. This much-needed recovery and increase in spends will help the advertising industry experience an overall growth of around 10-12 per cent over last year.
Apprehensions about this festive season were high ahead of the first big festival of the season - Ganesh Chaturthi. The implementation of the Goods and Services Tax, RERA, residual impact of demonetisation and a short festive season were expected to hamper performance this season. But the industry seems to have settled down, according to experts. If not for these hurdles, the growth could have been much higher, said Vivek Bhargava, CEO, DAN Performance Group.
The growth of advertising expenditure until July was around 4 per cent. "We have now revised our own estimates for the year to about 10 per cent on the conservative side. But this means that last quarter should see growth of 16-17 per cent," said Ashish Bhasin, Chairman & CEO South Asia Dentsu Aegis Network. Following an increase in ad spends during the festive season the "industry is recovering," Bhasin added.
Even though the going was tough, traditional media like TV and OOH tasted success and registered satisfactory growth during the festive season. The broadcast industry is struggling with 7-8 per cent growth this season. Select broadcasters such as Sony Pictures Network and Disney India have seen healthy growth. "SPN recorded an impressive growth of more than 20 per cent," said Rohit Gupta, President, Network Sales, Sony Pictures Networks India. He credits this growth to the high performance of the network's main and FTA channels, like SET, MAX, Sony SAB and Pal and not to the industry. "April onwards, we had a consistent high growth. We saw spending from across all categories whether it's automobile, consumer goods, mobile handset, telecom or FMCG," he said.
The implementation of GST, RERA and a short festive season did not bode well for the OOH sector. "Though all these might prove to be great steps in hindsight, as of now, it has forced every business to relook at their structures forcing a halt in marketing activities," said Alok Gupta, Director, Graphisads. Despite the low growth of the OOH sector, Gupta is now positive. "However, things have started to look up now as companies have settled down and with govt taking booster steps such as Bank Recapitalisation, one really looks forward to a steep growth curve. Acche dinmight just be around the corner!" he said. In fact, as an indicator of the Acche din, one of the leading media buyers bought a significant chunk of the OOH inventory for the festive season, out of fear that OOH inventory may fall short.
The radio sector saw a healthy performance this season. Festival revenues of one of India's leading radio channels, Radio One, were up by 25 per cent during September and October over July and August. "November will ascertain if the upswing is a consistent one as sales at the clients' end generally seem to be depressed due to GST issues and lowered demand," said Vineet Singh Hukmani, MD and CEO, 94.3 Radio One.
Brands made use of the festive season to build their image and not just focus on sales related communication. "We see many clients using this time to build their share of voice and market share to get an edge over competition," said Hukmani.
A similar trend was seen on the digital medium as well, with brands taking the content marketing route to promote their brands. "This time there have been more long format videos and content marketing as opposed to traditional spends on Search, Facebook, etc." said Bhargava. He added that this strategy works for the digital medium in particular because of targeted advertising.
Of the various media, digital has seen better performance and has become the go-to medium for brands this festive season. The dependence on the digital platform for advertising is surely increasing given the reach that the medium offers. "The reach on digital has become substantial. If you take something like Facebook alone, you can reach around 200 million people. An ad on the YouTube Homepage can reach around 120 million people. In comparison, a full-page ad in a leading newspaper will reach hardly 20 million people," said Bhargava. Given the benefits the digital medium offers, digital advertising saw a flurry of activity from e-commerce brands, followed by smartphone manufacturers, automotive and BFSI. The growth of the digital advertising sector is higher than that of the overall advertising sector. Bhargava is confident that the digital advertising market as a whole will breach the Rs. 10,000 crore mark this year showing a growth of 40 per cent over last year.


text:
package perfscale

import (
	"time"

	"github.com/onsi/ginkgo/extensions/table"
	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"

	. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo"
	. "github.com/onsi/gomega"

	v1 "kubevirt.io/client-go/api/v1"
)

var _ = BeforeSuite(func() {
})

var _ = Describe("VMI phase transition time histogram", func() {
	Context("Transition Time calculations", func() {
		table.DescribeTable("time diff calculations", func(expectedVal float64, curPhase v1.VirtualMachineInstancePhase, oldPhase v1.VirtualMachineInstancePhase) {
			var oldVMI *v1.VirtualMachineInstance

			vmi := createVMISForPhaseTransitionTime(curPhase, oldPhase, expectedVal*1000, true)

			if oldPhase != "" {
				oldVMI = vmi.DeepCopy()
				oldVMI.Status.Phase = oldPhase
			}

			diffSeconds, err := getTransitionTimeSeconds(false, oldVMI, vmi)
			Expect(err).To(BeNil())

			Expect(diffSeconds).To(Equal(expectedVal))

		},
			table.Entry("Time between running and scheduled", 5.0, v1.Running, v1.Scheduled),
			table.Entry("Time between running and scheduled using fraction of a second", .5, v1.Running, v1.Scheduled),
			table.Entry("Time between scheduled and scheduling", 2.0, v1.Scheduled, v1.Scheduling),
			table.Entry("Time between scheduling and pending", 1.0, v1.Scheduling, v1.Pending),
			table.Entry("Time between scheduling and creation", 3.0, v1.Scheduling, v1.VmPhaseUnset),
			table.Entry("Time between scheduling and creation when timestamps are within one second of another", 0.0, v1.Scheduling, v1.VmPhaseUnset),
		)
	})

})

func createVMISForPhaseTransitionTime(phase v1.VirtualMachineInstancePhase, oldPhase v1.VirtualMachineInstancePhase, offset float64, hasTransitionTime bool) *v1.VirtualMachineInstance {

	now := metav1.NewTime(time.Now())

	old := metav1.NewTime(now.Time.Add(-time.Duration(int64(offset)) * time.Millisecond))

	creation := old
	if oldPhase != "" {
		creation = metav1.NewTime(old.Time.Add(-time.Duration(int64(offset)) * time.Millisecond))
	}

	vmi := &v1.VirtualMachineInstance{
		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
			Namespace:         "test-ns",
			Name:              "testvmi",
			CreationTimestamp: creation,
		},
		Status: v1.VirtualMachineInstanceStatus{
			NodeName: "testNode",
			Phase:    phase,
		},
	}

	if hasTransitionTime {
		vmi.Status.PhaseTransitionTimestamps = append(vmi.Status.PhaseTransitionTimestamps, v1.VirtualMachineInstancePhaseTransitionTimestamp{
			Phase:                    phase,
			PhaseTransitionTimestamp: now,
		})
	}

	if oldPhase != "" {
		vmi.Status.PhaseTransitionTimestamps = append(vmi.Status.PhaseTransitionTimestamps, v1.VirtualMachineInstancePhaseTransitionTimestamp{
			Phase:                    oldPhase,
			PhaseTransitionTimestamp: old,
		})

	}

	return vmi
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Look 1 is composed of a sleveless mini A-line dress with embellished florals and a sheer lace fabric to cover the deep v neck- perfect embodiement of less is more.
Look 2 is a little unconventional, especially if you have a slight obsession with symmetry: the placement of the gold leaf is enough to make you feel slightly disoriented but beautifully acts as a fil conducteur for the remainder of the gold embellishments.
Last but not least, is Look 3, is everything: from the colour, shape, embellishment and it imposing yet effortless look: the dress to rule them all.


The Marianna Kistler Beach Museum of Art is an active place. The museum stewards and actively grows a collection of art representing Kansas and the region and, in the case of works on paper, American art more generally. The collection currently numbers over 10,000 works of art that must be housed and displayed using the very best professional practices. These include meticulous control of temperature and humidity, archival quality storage boxes and other materials, safe handling of objects by trained professionals, on-going research, and detailed record keeping.
The museum also maintains a busy schedule of temporary exhibitions. Some of these are brought in from other museums; others are the result of the Beach Museum curators' research, writing, and creativity. Again, the staff adheres to best practices in the field at every step in the process. These high professional standards allow the Beach Museum to retain its status as fully accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. Operating at this level is not inexpensive.
In addition, the Beach Museum of Art offers an active schedule of programs. Public programs, including films, talks, performances and more, attract a wide range of visitors and enrich the cultural life of the campus, city and region. Educational programs support and contribute to the work of area schools, youth organizations, groups that serve senior citizens and people with disabilities, pre-schools and home school families.
The museum regularly provides special programming for K-State classes. Collaborative projects represent another area of activity for the museum. The Beach Museum proudly joins forces with McCain Auditorium, the K-State Libraries, and many other campus and community entities to create extraordinary cultural events. Once again, these activities have significant costs.
The Beach Museum of Art relies on the generosity of the individuals who value its work and the businesses that recognize the central importance of this work to maintaining a strong, healthy community.
The KSU Foundation is the charitable arm of Kansas State University. The Foundation accepts and issues tax receipts for all gifts to the Beach Museum of Art and manages all funds on behalf of the museum.
Read the KSU Foundation's FAQs about Making a gift and Receipts and reports for more information about tax implications.


Product Details Product Description Have you ever consider that only using a portable signal jammer you can block the signals of 2G 3G 4G Wimax Bluetooth GPSL1 signals at the same time? Right here this Portable WiFi GPS 3G 4G Wimax Mobile Phone Jammer that you see here just owns the function. This WiFi GPS 3G 4G Wimax mobile phone jammer is the new WiFi GPS 3G 4G Wimax mobile phone jammer and it has used External Omni-directional antennas, all the TX frequency covered down link only. Besides the latest design and Good cooling system with cooling fan has been applied inside so that this mobile phone Bluetooth GPS Signal Jammer can always stay in good working condition. Thus you can adjust or turn off any single band without influencing the other bands operation as this mobile phone Bluetooth GPS Signal Jammer is designed with the selectable button. And the design of the car charger for this WiFi GPS 3G 4G Wimax mobile phone jammer makes it easier to be used in the car which is really a convenient using for the car owners. What's more as ODM and OEM orders are welcome so that you can select any 6 bands for your require. And such a WiFi GPS 3G 4G Wimax mobile phone jammer is suitable to be used in places such as the meeting rooms, conference rooms, trains, bus and more. Specifications Affected Frequency Ranges: -CDMA/GSM: 850 - 960MHz-DCS/PCS: 1805 - 1990MHz-3G: 2110 - 2170MHz-4G Wimax : 2300-2400MHz(US) or 2620-2690MHz(EU)-WiFi: 2400 - 2500MHz -GPSL1: 1570 - 1580MHz Total output power: 5W Jamming range: up to 20m, the jamming radius still depends on the strength signal in given area External Omni-directional antennas all the TX frequency covered down link only Power supply:50 to 60Hz, 100 to 240V AC With AC adapter (AC100-240V-DC12V),4000mA/H battery Dimension:126x76x35mm and not include antennas Inner box dimension:220x202x65mm Full set weight:0.65kg Important Notes for Jamming Distance: The jamming distances we mentioned on website are for customer's reference only. The actual jamming distance will be varied depending on the signal strength and the use location and if full charges, etc. Important Notes for Portable Jammers with No Cooling Fan: Do not use the jammer when it is charging, or it will burn the jammer as it has no built-in fan. If because of this factor due to the broken of the jammer, the customer will lose the authority of free repairation .
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