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(Redirected from Schopenhauer)
Name: Arthur Schopenhauer
Date of Birth: February 22, 1788
Occupation: Philosopher
Ethnicity: German
Arthur Schopenhauer was a post-Kantian, pessimistic German philosopher (born in 1788 in the city of Danzig, Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania, modern day Gdansk, Poland) and NEET. Though largely unappreciated in his own era, his writings had later become immensely influential. Of greatest relevance to this wiki, he is also known for his 'misogynist' tract entitled On Women, which argued for female subordination, authored in 1851.
Schopenhauer was not an incel. He had various love affairs throughout his life, not rarely with women much younger than him. He never married because he perceived monogamy as too limiting, so he was more of a chad style misogynist than an incel misogynist; he was, however, mercilessly rejected by a 17 year old girl when he was 43. His work has been cited as a precursor to the blackpill philosophy.[1]
1 On Women
On Women[edit | edit source]
Schopenhauer's essay On Women concerns his disdain with what he perceived as the undue moral elevation of woman in the European society of his own time. Like Nietzsche (who was clearly influenced in his own view of women by Schopenhauer's writings), he perceived the treatment of women in the East, such as China and the Islamic world, as more just and in accordance with reason than the contemporary Western view of the role of women in society, which he viewed as originating in soppy French medieval chivalric texts. He claimed the veneration of women he saw in his own time was the "highest product of Christian–Teutonic stupidity".
He (like Aristotle before him) viewed women as chiefly representing stunted and imperfect males. In Schopenhauer's view, they are only destined for breeding and housekeeping, though he did later say that women who had the force of will and talent to "transcend" the limitations of their own sex could be viewed as worthy.
Schopenhauer continually portrays women as petty, childish, quarrelsome, frivolous, immoral, deceitful, and as being (altogether) the moral, intellectual and physical inferiors of man. He does, however, see women as being more pragmatic and realistic than men, but he attributes this mainly to what he sees as their greater materialism and lack of idealism. He states that women's fundamental flaw is their lack of justice, which he attributed to their deficiency of reasoning and also them being adapted by nature to rely on guile (namely their manipulation of men), rather than strength and intellect, to achieve their ends.
He concludes the essay by criticizing the institution of monogamy (which he, in any case, views as a falsity, arguing that polygyny is the natural state of man), and calls for the widespread legalization and implementation of polygamy in Europe, praising the Mormon's (at the time) practice of polygamy. He also calls for women to lose many of their legal rights, such as inheritance of property of their partners or fathers, or indeed legal guardianship over their children, with Schopenhauer arguing that women are mere children themselves who will always squander their late husbands wealth on mere vanities. He argues that women should not be guardians of children, as they themselves are dependents that require a guardian.
The nobler and more perfect a thing is, the later and slower is it in reaching maturity. Man reaches the maturity of his reasoning and mental faculties scarcely before he is eight-and-twenty; woman when she is eighteen; but hers is reason of very narrow limitations. This is why women remain children all their lives, for they always see only what is near at hand, cling to the present, take the appearance of a thing for reality, and prefer trifling matters to the most important.
Women are directly adapted to act as the nurses and educators of our early childhood, for the simple reason that they themselves are childish, foolish, and short-sighted—in a word, are big children all their lives, something intermediate between the child and the man, who is a man in the strict sense of the word.
For as lions are furnished with claws and teeth, elephants with tusks, boars with fangs, bulls with horns, and the cuttlefish with its dark, inky fluid, so Nature has provided woman for her protection and defence with the faculty of dissimulation [..] Hence, dissimulation is innate in woman and almost as characteristic of the very stupid as of the clever. Accordingly, it is as natural for women to dissemble at every opportunity as it is for those animals to turn to their weapons when they are attacked; and they feel in doing so that in a certain measure they are only making use of their rights.
"It is only the man whose intellect is clouded by his sexual instinct that could give that stunted, narrow-shouldered, broad-hipped, and short-legged race the name of the fair sex; for the entire beauty of the sex is based on this instinct. One would be more justified in calling them the unaesthetic sex than the beautiful. Neither for music, nor for poetry, nor for fine art have they any real or true sense and susceptibility, and it is mere mockery on their part, in their desire to please, if they affect any such thing.
Because women in truth exist entirely for the propagation of the race, and their destiny ends here, they live more for the species than for the individual, and in their hearts take the affairs of the species more seriously than those of the individual. This gives to their whole being and character a certain frivolousness, and altogether a certain tendency which is fundamentally different from that of man; and this it is which develops that discord in married life which is so prevalent and almost the normal state."
They are the sexus sequior, the second sex in every respect, therefore their weaknesses should be spared, but to treat women with extreme reverence is ridiculous, and lowers us in their own eyes [...] And it was in this light that the ancients and people of the East regarded woman; they recognised her true position better than we, with our old French ideas of gallantry and absurd veneration, that highest product of Christian–Teutonic stupidity.
Getting married means doing what is possible to disgust one another. [...] halve one's rights and double one's duties. […] Getting married means reaching into a sack blindfolded and hoping that you can find an eel out of a bunch of snakes.
↑ https://multiversityproject.co/blog/did-incels-get-their-philosophy-from-schopenhauer/
Schopenhauer on women
Otto Weininger
History, books & scholars
Protocels: Anthony Perkins • Charles Bukowski • Charles Fourier • Christine Chubbuck • Daniel Johnston • Friedrich Nietzsche • Giacomo Leopardi • H. P. Lovecraft • Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec • Henry Flynt • Isaac Newton • Joseph Merrick • Ludwig van Beethoven • Nikola Tesla • Otto Weininger • Quasimodo • Vincent van Gogh
Protochads: Arthur Schopenhauer • Genghis Khan • Giacomo Casanova • John Humphrey Noyes
Timeless quotes on women • History of female sex-favoritism • History of the incelosphere • History of the Love-shy Revolution • Sexual revolution • Reproductive Success • Lumpenproletariat
A History of Celibacy • Creep • Facial Aesthetics: Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis • Honey Money: The power of erotic capital • Kill All Normies • Männliche Absolute Beginner • Mars • Sex and Character • Sex and Culture • Sexual Utopia in Power • Shyness and Love • Sind Singles anders? • The Great Unmarried • The Love-Shy Survival Guide • The Manipulated Man • The Myth of Male Power • Unfreiwillig Single • Untouched • Whatever • Women As Sex Vendors • Incel: A novel
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Retrieved from "https://incels.wiki/index.php?title=Arthur_Schopenhauer&oldid=55976"


Did You Know There's A Snake Farm In The Texas Hill Country?
Heading down I-35 South from Austin into New Braunfels you've probably seen the big red and white sign visible from the highway touting the Animal World & Snake Farm Zoo. The Snake Farm, as it's generally known among Texans has been a beloved roadside attraction capturing the imaginations of travelers since 1967.
You may have visited it as a kid, or never heard of it, but either way, it's totally worth checking out so you can have your own personal experience. Here are 10 facts about the Texas Snake Farm you'll be interested to learn.
It has been in business for almost 50 years.
The Snake Farm was opened in 1967 by Mack McClung, who placed the establishment strategically to catch travelers to the 1968 Worlds Fair in San Antonio. McClung opened the establishment with three pythons and the help of his nieces.
Since the mid-2000s the favorite Texas roadside attraction was acquired by Dallasite Dr. Eric Trager (not pictured), who immediately set about obtaining proper zoo accreditation for the site, which he received in 2011.
It's no longer called the Snake Farm.
Since its acquisition by Dr. Trager, the Snake Farm has expanded to include other exotic animals and to reflect that, Trager changed the name to Animal World and Snake Farm Zoo.
There are more than just snakes.
As is implied by its new name, the Animal World & Snake Farm Zoo not only has plenty of snakes (including a Burmese python) in their reptile house, it also has spiders, gators, llamas, a zebra, monkeys, peacocks, ring-tailed lemurs, and a petting zoo. And don't forget to stop by the gift shop.
It was featured on Mike Rowe's Dirty Jobs show.
Taking care of snakes and alligators is not only dirty, but it's also downright dangerous. In fact, director Jarrod Forthman lost part of his thumb getting up close while taking care of the predatory animals.
They have big plans for the farm.
Dr. Trager has been steadily making improvements to the park, including improving the animals' cages and living conditions and has plans to add nature trails, a water recycling program and eventually hopes for a full zoo in the 20 acres behind the original facility.
It was visited by the band The Ramones.
In the '70s, famous rock band The Ramones encountered the Snake Farm while on tour in Texas. The band purchased souvenir t-shirts and sported them onstage. In fact, you can still buy similar shirts.
Ray Wylie Hubbard wrote a song about it.
Texas country singer Ray Wylie Hubbard wrote the song "Snake Farm" about the tourist attraction.
It's not a cover business for a brothel.
Despite rumors to the contrary, "snake farm" is not a euphemism for something bawdy. There are literally lots and lots of actual snakes there, including dangerous and venomous snakes.
What started as a simple roadside attraction has become a conservation effort led by new owner Dr. Eric Trager. Trager told Culturemap Austin in a 2012 interview, "This is a labor of love. I was always the guy that picked up the stray dog, took it to the vet, put the posters up. I donated money to shelters and to save the sea turtles. Even as a doctor, I treat a lot of people for free. When I saw Snake Farm and saw that it was so run down, I knew I could turn it around and make a difference. I didn't know it would cost so much in terms of time or money, but I'm happy to do it and I'm not going to stop."
This post was originally published on April 13, 2016.


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jakemaddox10@gmail.com
The Ride Share Season Finale' is HERE!
Following a night of pure insanity, Keith is ready to leave LA in the rear view mirror, but first he has some loose ends to tie up, including: The dangerous visit he pays to Amanda's husband. And his final showdown with Lydia.
Performed by: Eric Martsolf (Days of Our Lives), Britt Baron (Final Fantasy VII: Remake), Regan Burns (Supernatural), and Julie Nathanson (Far Cry 5).
Ride Share: The Series is written and directed by Scott Zakarin. Produced by Bert Benton, James Gavsie, and Scott Zakarin.
For a special visual version of the episode visit the Digital Sky YouTube channel (youtube.com/digitalsky), that includes a truly unique visual style to go alongside the immersive audio.
You'll be addicted to the twisting tales of each and every episode.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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and outdoor spaces for hosting large events.


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About The MSU Spokesman
The MSU Spokesman Staff 2020-21
Join The Spokesman Staff!
ARTS & ENTERTAIMENT
BLACK HEALTH MATTERS
#QOTW
The Spokesman
TEDx Speakers Inspire Morgan
Tokyo Cigar Rocks TEDx
The MSU Spokesman
There are many different ways to tell a story.
At the recent Tedx Baltimore, an inspiriational conference filled with leaders of all different backgrounds and works, some speakers seemed to relive their story as they spoke to the audience. But, artist and producer, Tokyo Cigar took a different approach.The artist, formerly known as Oraza Allam, chose to tell stories through his music.
His choice of songs, "I Wonder" and "Here Now," touched on everything from his international childhood to growing up fatherless. As the last of 18 speakers, his method of personifying his life through lyrics left the audience on a good note.
"It went from a love to an unhealthy obsession," said the artist while speaking about his craft. Influenced by a love of music and by rappers such as Nas, KRS-One, and Jay Z, Allam was once insecure about his rapping abilities. "I felt like I wasn't smart enough to rap," he said. But, after hearing Jay Z's 1996 hit "Politics as Usual," Allam knew rapping was something he had to do.
Growing up, Allam traveled frequently but it never impacted his creativity. In fact, it only influenced him more. "Moving around played a huge part in my education," he explains. With Nigeria's corporal punishment, Ireland's more relaxed approach, and America's grading system, Allam always felt disconnected from the educational system. After three years at Montgomery County Community College, music became his "main thing."
"I always thought of Ireland as the place with leprechauns," he says about his boarding school experience in Ireland. But, Ireland was nothing like he expected. He witnessed rallies and protests for Philadelphia political prisoner, Mumia Abu-Jamal. Though he expected some racist moments, Allum says "The Irish and black have a special kind of bond."
With fifteen years in the music industry, Allam still gets star struck. He is currently working with Wu-Tang affiliate, Hell Razah, on a new album. "Wu-tang, to me, will always be the greatest group in hip-hop," he said "[When Hell Razah called] I had to pinch myself."Tokyo Cigar plans to release the mixtape he's working on with Hell Razah, "Spiritual Kung-Fu" in the spring. "'Spiritual Kung-Fu' is for anyone who's ever been through anything," he says. "If you're fighting every day, you might as well learn Kung-Fu." Though "Spiritual Kung-Fu" is his current focus, in thefuture, Tokyo Cigar plans to write a script for a movie, work on a solo album, go platinum and hopefully work with Jay Z.
Did you participate in any Homecoming events?
One year after Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade debut, Magnificent Marching Machine reminisces
Rapper Megan Thee Stallion calls for the protection of Black women during SNL performance
Ambassador of peace, family member to all laid to rest
An appreciation: Remembering a theater pioneer
A letter to my generation: I'm disappointed
Review: Theatre Morgan reinvigorates August Wilson's 'The Piano Lesson'
Choir members injured in bus accident
A 'Back and Forth' Conversation with Joy Postell
Get ready with MSUSpokesman editors | Q&A
Morgan band steals NYC, Macy's parade with historic performance
The Student News Site of Morgan State University


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Q: Is it possible to add a GRUB profile to auto-login a user and start a script (15.10)? I have a 15.10 64bit machine with multiple user accounts.
Normally, I select Ubuntu in GRUB, it boots and shows me the login screen, I select an account, enter the password and start my applications.
This is ok and should stay that way, but I would love to have another option in the GRUB menu:
If I select that one, it should boot the same Ubuntu installation, but automatically log into one specific user account (which password-protected) and start a script, which may not be launched if I log in normally.
As the auto-login bypasses the account password, I would also love to password protect this GRUB boot option, so that I have to enter my password (or a different one) into GRUB before it boots this single options.
Is it possible to set something like this up? How would I have to do it?

A: Work in progress
This can be accomplished by using:

*

*a custom X session which starts a basic window manager and runs the script

*a custom configuration for LightDM which will autologin your user and use the above session

*a custom service for LightDM which will use the above configuration

*appropriate kernel parameters to disable the normal LightDM service and start the custom one

*GRUB configuration to automatically create entries with the above parameters, with password protection

For this example, I will show how to setup a kiosk mode using Google Chrome.
The script
#! /bin/sh
metacity &
while true
do
    google-chrome --start-maximized
    if zenity --question --text='Do you want to logout?' --title='Logout'
    then
        exit
    fi
done

Keep it at, say /usr/local/bin/chrome-kiosk.sh, make it executable. Note that I use metacity for a simple window manager that provides me with a workable setup without further configuration.
The X session
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Chrome
Comment=This session logs runs a Google Chrome kiosk
Exec=/usr/local/bin/chrome-kiosk.sh
Icon=google-chrome
Type=Application
X-LightDM-DesktopName=Chrome

Save it at /usr/share/xsessions/chrome.desktop. If you use a different script, change at least the Exec line accordingly.
The LightDM configuration
[Seat:*]
autologin-guest=false
autologin-user=username
autologin-user-timeout=0
autologin-session=chrome

Save it as /etc/lightdm/autologin-lightdm.conf. Replace username with your desired user name.
The LightDM service
systemctl cat lightdm.service |
  sed '/ExecStart/s/$/ --config=/etc/lightdm/autologin-lightdm.conf' |
  sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/autologin-lightdm.service

This creates a custom copy of the default lightdm.service named autologin-lightdm.service at /etc/systemd/system, with the ExecStart line changed to:
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/lightdm --config /etc/lightdm/autologin-lightdm.conf

The kernel paramaters
To test this out, at the GRUB menu, press e to edit the Ubuntu entry. Find the linux line, and append:
systemd.mask=display-manager.service systemd.wants=autologin-lightdm.service

(You can omit the .service extensions.)
Press CtrlX. You should be logged into the user and have a maximized Google Chrome window.
GRUB configuration
TBD.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We are looking for a talented, enthusiastic and ambitious individual for a 12 month placement opportunity at Double Eleven. We are keen to hear from University students currently studying Computer Science or a related degree. You will be given the opportunity to work with and learn from industry veterans to help push your skills to the next level.
This is a workplace learning opportunity, geared towards gap year students.
Helping to create beautiful games.
Working on our own and other multi-platform game engines, with a diverse range of titles and codebases.
Putting your keen interest in games into practice within a work environment. Joining a development team with over ten years of average experience, and a staff compliment that has remained unchanged for 4 years.
If so, you may be interested in becoming a Games Programmer at Double Eleven.
We are fundamentally different in the way we work and what you may be used to. Our company was created on the premise that people could have normal lives and do what they love doing. On the rare occasions we work overtime it's almost always paid and from time to time we also offer voluntary out-of-hours paid projects. Think of us as a crew instead of a studio, heading in the same direction and dependent on one another to succeed. This role requires you to be highly skilled, not necessarily highly experienced. Expectations are high given our reputation in the industry and we place great emphasis on integrity, working hard and team solidarity.
Our games developer placements involve working on real game code: you'll be helping to port top PC releases to PS4, XB1, Nintendo Switch, and mobile.
You'll also help to develop our in-house tools and support the overall development process.
You'll be working on the same projects as our experienced developers, and will work directly with them, gaining valuable experience in the whole game development cycle.
This will include bug tracking and working with a QA team.
Currently studying Computer Science or a related degree.
Enthusiasm for programming, technologies and methods and a desire to keep up to date.
Experience with 3D graphics APIs such as Direct3D, OpenGL.
Knowledge and experience of other game engines such as Unity, UE4.
Some knowledge of profiling, optimisation techniques, multithreaded programming, and Universal Windows Platform.
We like to see students who've gone beyond the requirements of their course: we're happy to look at examples of your own projects and code, so feel free to include them with your application.
Double Eleven is a UK-based, full-service publisher and developer of interactive digital entertainment and winner of the "Gamesindustry.biz Best Places to Work UK" 2017 & 2018.
Some of Double Eleven's most popular titles include Limbo, Goat Simulator, Little Big Planet, Crackdown 3, and Prison Architect.
Regular team lunches and title launch parties.
20 days annual leave (plus bank holidays).
Additional leave for birthdays and moving house.
Amazing office facilities; VR / 4k Cinema room, video game suite, state of the art kitchen and custom poker room.
Please email [email protected], including a copy of your CV and setting out how you believe that you are suited for the role. Please entitle your email "Games Programmer – Placement Position".


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Benign Snoring… How Benign is it?
February 28, 2013 SleepDT	Leave a comment
Snoring is very prevalent in our society, and is considered by most to be simply a cosmetic nuisance. The position health coverage takes in denying claims to treat snoring lends further support to this common consensus; at least for our patients. Unfortunately, in light of the mounting literature data which suggests that this is not the case, we have to ask ourselves, "Benign snoring … How Benign is it?
Literature data suggests that Obstructive Sleep Apnea seems to progress from snoring. The vibration associated with snoring has been shown to lead to "nervous lesions"; muscle tissue atrophy and denervation. The degree of these changes has been shown to increase with increasing snore severity. Sensory neurons have also been shown to be affected by these vibrations. Studies have shown us that increasing severity of OSA is related to increase in "vibration & cold detection thresholds"; suggesting an impairment in the sensory neurons necessary to maintain airway patency.
When muscle tissue is altered by vibrations associated with snoring, the airway narrows making it more susceptible to collapse. When the pharyngeal sensory nerves become impaired from these same vibrations, the dilation reflex intended to prevent airway collapse also becomes impaired. It is particularly interesting that these "vibration caused lesions" become more prevalent in individuals that have increasing levels of disease from snoring to OSA.
Literature data also suggests that snoring and OSA may be important risk factors for Carotid Atherosclerosis and Stroke. A study of One hundred and ten volunteers that underwent full polysomnography, snoring quantification, and femoral and carotid artery ultrasound demonstrated this relationship. These subjects were categorized as mild, moderate or heavy snorers. The results showed that prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis increased with increase in snoring severity. This was not the case for femoral atherosclerosis.
It was concluded that heavy snoring significantly increases the risk of carotid atherosclerosis and that this risk is independent of other risk factors including measures of nocturnal hypoxia and OSA severity. These findings have substantial public health implications for the management of carotid atherosclerosis and the prevention of stroke.
Literature data clearly suggests that snoring is a precursor to OSA and that increasing severity levels of snoring is associated with increasing risk of Carotid Atherosclerosis and Stroke. Yet, snoring is commonly considered by many to be of cosmetic importance only.
In summary, increasing severity of snoring has been associated with changes in airway tissues, which impair upper airway function and to arterial changes which increase susceptibility to Stroke. The next time we are dealing with "Benign Snoring …" we need to ask ourselves; "How Benign is it?"
John Viviano DDS
Driving With Your Eyes Open!
February 28, 2013 agpubs	Leave a comment
John Viviano DDS, discusses the findings of this previously published study in 'Respiration 2011 2: 20' Aarab G, Lobbezoo F, et al.
Airway Orthotics vs. nCPAP; which is better? Previous randomized controlled trials investigating this have found nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) to be superior to Airway Orthotic therapy (AO). However, in most of these studies, only nCPAP was titrated objectively but not the AO. In order to establish an unbiased comparison between these treatment modalities, the AO should be titrated objectively as well.
The purpose of the cited study was to compare the treatment effects of a "titrated AO" with those of "nCPAP" and an "intraoral placebo device". Sixty-four mild to moderate patients with OSA were randomly assigned to three groups: AO, nCPAP and placebo device. From all patients, two in-lab sleep study recordings were obtained; one before treatment and one after approximately 6 months of treatment.
The results demonstrated that the change in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) between the baseline and therapy evaluations differed significantly between the three groups. However, no statistical difference was found between the AO and nCPAP therapy, whereas the changes in AHI in these groups were significantly larger than those in the placebo group.
The authors concluded no clinically relevant difference between AOs and nCPAP in the treatment of mild to moderate OSA when both are titrated objectively. A number of very good, user-friendly ambulatory sleep screeners are available for Dentists to use. Consider it something like driving with your eyes open!
agpubs
Oral Appliances: Study Says Micro Technology Can Ease Compliance Concerns
As oral appliance (OA) therapy gains ground as a viable sleep apnea solution, compliance concerns are being addressed by micro technology. But does that technology actually work?
A study published in the journal Thorax points toward the affirmative, with results indicating "the safety and feasibility of objective measurement of OA compliance."
While OA therapy is reported to be efficacious for the treatment of SDB, data on compliance is usually limited to self-report. In the 3-month prospective clinical trial published in Thorax, researchers assessed the safety and feasibility of an objective measurement of compliance during OA therapy using an embedded micro sensor thermometer with "on-chip integrated readout electronics in 51 consecutive patients with an established diagnosis of sleep disordered breathing."
No micro sensor-related adverse events were recorded, and no problems were encountered during the readout of the compliance data. The overall objective mean rate of OA use was 6.6±1.3 h per day with a regular OA users' rate of 82% at the 3-month follow-up. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between objective and self-reported OA compliance data.
Measurement of the objective OA compliance allowed researchers to calculate the mean disease alleviation (MDA) as the product of objective compliance and therapeutic efficacy. MDA serves as a measure of the overall therapeutic effectiveness, and turned out to be 51.1%.
Researchers concluded: "Our findings suggest that objective measurement of OA compliance during SDB treatment is safe and feasible." Click here for the full study.
Could Sleep Apnea Produce Higher Levels of EPCs that Help Heart Attack Patients?
Lena Lavie, PhD, discusses the findings of her counter-intuitive study that continues to build momentum.
People who suffer from breathing disorders such as sleep apnea, are usually at higher risk for cardiovascular disease. However, a recent study from Technion-Israel Institute of Technology scientists suggests that some heart attack patients with these conditions may actually benefit from mild to moderate sleep-disordered breathing.
The study, entitled Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Sleep-disordered Breathing appeared in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (vol 1. 187, no1). Click Here to Read Abstract.
Lena Lavie, PhD, along with researchers Slava Berger, PhD, Doron Aronson, PhD, and Peretz Lavie, PhD, essentially concluded that apnea and other types of sleep-disordered breathing can boost the numbers and functions of rare cells (endothelial progenitor cells or EPCs) that help to repair and build new blood vessels. They say the findings could help predict which patients are at a greater health risk after a heart attack, and may even suggest ways to rebuild damaged heart tissue.
Reaction to studies in the medical world can be notoriously slow, and co-lead researcher Lena Lavie acknowledges that it is still too early to gauge the study's impact.
"Usually, the impact of a study is built over time," muses Lavie, a senior research fellow for The Lloyd Rigler Sleep Apnea Research Laboratory at Israel's Technion Institute of Technology. "For instance, the seminal paper on ischemic preconditioning by Murry et al. published in 1986 [6] was scarcely cited for the first 4 years after its publication. Reviewers complimented our study and pointed to the possible implications toward sleep apnea patients. We also received several e-mails from colleagues in the field that congratulated us on the study."
Lena Lavie, who also serves as a professor on The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, agreed to sit down with Sleep Diagnosis & Therapy to talk about the ground-breaking—and somewhat counterintuitive—results of the study.
When did you get the idea for your study?
Lena Lavie, PhD, senior research fellow at The Lloyd Rigler Sleep Apnea Research Laboratory, and a member of the The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Israel: Obstructive sleep apnea is strongly associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, however not all sleep apnea patients develop cardiovascular consequences. The question is why?
The idea that sleep apnea may also activate protective mechanisms came up for the first time around 2002 when we acquired data on increased levels of stress proteins in sleep apnea patients [1]. These protective proteins are synthesized under various stresses, including intermittent decreases in blood oxygen levels, that are the hallmark of sleep apnea. However, this notion crystalized in 2005 when we analyzed mortality data of sleep apnea patients and found out that in comparison with standard mortality data of the general population, the risk of mortality in sleep apnea patients declined with age [2].
Thus, in patients older than 50 the risk of mortality did not exceed that of the general population. Since these findings confirmed preliminary data we reported 10 years earlier, in 1995, we hypothesized that the syndrome may also activate protective mechanisms in some individuals (probably depending also on their genetic makeup). At that time we had evidence that sleep apnea is associated with increased levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth factor (VEGF), a protein responsible for angiogenesis [3] and that there are large inter-individual differences in VEGF levels in response to hypoxia [4]. This led us to hypothesize that the protective mechanisms may be related to enhanced cardiac collateralization [5].
Some summaries of your work concluded that sleep disorders could somehow "help" heart health. Is this an oversimplified conclusion? If so, how would you sum up your conclusions?
Yes, we believe that some of the health summaries are an oversimplification. We can conclude from our study that intermittent hypoxia in patients with mild to moderate sleep apnea syndrome, who suffered acute myocardial infarction (AMI), enhance the cardiac collateralization and repair of damaged tissue. This may confer protection and facilitate recovery from heart attack in some individuals. And the emphasis of our study is on "mild to moderate sleep apnea."
What surprised you most about your study?
The great similarity between the impact of the nocturnal exposure to intermittent hypoxia because of the sleep apnea and the exposure to intermittent hypoxia in vitro, on the function of the EPCs was surprising. Even though the rate of the hypoxic events was widely different in the two conditions, the effects on cells' activity was almost identical.
What did you expect to find when you started the study?
Our hypothesis was that intermittent hypoxia activates angiogenesis. This hypothesis was based on our earlier findings that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is a growth factor promoting angiogenesis, was higher in OSA. Then, we reasoned that because EPCs are mobilized by hypoxia, we should find more EPCs in patients with sleep apnea than in patients without sleep apnea, and that potentially their EPCs should be more active.
What is the next logical follow-up study (if any) that should be done?
Our study raises many questions both with respect to treatment of patients suffering acute myocardial infraction and treatment of sleep apnea. First our study should be repeated in patients with severe sleep apnea, since as mentioned above the patients in our study had only mild and moderate syndrome.
Second, the same study should be repeated with women, because we studied only men. Third, the question if controlled exposure to intermittent hypoxia (by controlling intermittent hypoxia through breathing) of patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who do not have sleep apnea, can result in the same effects. This should be examined.
Fourth, the cellular measures obtained should be investigated with regard to endothelial function, left ventricular recovery etc., to determine if mild to moderate sleep apnea has measureable beneficial effects on cardiac functioning, as compared to patients without sleep apnea. Also, there should be a long-term follow-up of these patients to determine if these changes improve their prognosis. Fifth, since treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) abolishes intermittent hypoxia in in sleep apnea, its effects on these measures should be studied as well.
Do your findings point to a reconsideration of sleep therapy in some cases? If so, what cases might those be?
Our findings are particularly relevant to the treatment of asymptomatic elderly patients with mild to moderate sleep apnea. Given the fact that approximately 60% of the people older than 65 have at least 15 respiratory events per hour of sleep, which is considered to be moderate sleep apnea, and that most of them are asymptomatic, our findings may suggest that a decision if to treat an elderly with mild-moderate sleep apnea should be based on the existence of symptoms.
What has been the reaction to your study?
It is too early to say what the reactions to the study are. Usually the impact of a study is built overtime. For instance, the seminal paper on ischemic preconditioning by Murry et al. published in 1986 [6] was scarcely cited for the first 4 years after its publication. The immediate reaction was an editorial that accompanied our paper. The reviewers complemented our study and pointed to the possible implications toward sleep apnea patients. We also received many e-mails from colleagues in the field that congratulated us on the study.
What are your current research efforts?
Generally, our research interests are focused on the functions of various blood cells and how these functions are affected by hypoxia and intermittent hypoxia. Thus far, besides EPCs we have studied endothelial cells that are lining the blood vessels, monocytes, and their development into foam cells which induce atherosclerosis, platelets and their pro-thrombotic effects—neutrophils and lymphocytes—all of which were shown to be activated and to promote inflammatory sequelae in sleep apnea patients as well as in response to intermittent hypoxia in vitro.
How do you think sleep medicine will evolve over the next few years?
Sleep medicine is presently undergoing a major change. In the area of sleep apnea, emphasis is shifting from diagnosis to treatment, and there is a major effort to find an alternative treatment to nCPAP. I believe that this process will continue and that in the next 10 to 15 years sleep apnea will be handled by general practitioners. As sleep apnea is the flagship of sleep medicine, this may have major negative effects on the future of sleep medicine.
About Lena Lavie, PhD
Lena Lavie obtained her PhD from the Department of Biology in the Technion Israel Institute of Technology, and did her post-doctoral training in the department of Biological Chemistry at Harvard Medical School, Boston. She is currently a senior research fellow, an associate professor, and the head of the Lloyd Rigler Sleep Apnea Research Laboratory in the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine at Israel's Technion Institute of Technology.
1. Lavie, L., Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome–an oxidative stress disorder. Sleep Med Rev, 2003. 7(1): p. 35-51.
2. Lavie, P., L. Lavie, and P. Herer, All-cause mortality in males with sleep apnoea syndrome: declining mortality rates with age. Eur Respir J, 2005. 25(3): p. 514-20.
3. Lavie, L., et al., Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in sleep apnea syndrome: effects of nasal continuous positive air pressure treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002. 165(12): p. 1624-8.
4. Schultz, A., et al., Interindividual heterogeneity in the hypoxic regulation of VEGF: significance for the development of the coronary artery collateral circulation. Circulation, 1999. 100(5): p. 547-52.
5. Lavie, L. and P. Lavie, Ischemic preconditioning as a possible explanation for the age decline relative mortality in sleep apnea. Med Hypotheses, 2006. 66(6): p. 1069-73.
6. Murry, C.E., R.B. Jennings, and K.A. Reimer, Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation, 1986. 74(5): p. 1124-36.
Media Watch: In-Home Sleep Tests Gain Momentum in Diagnosing Sleep Disorders
With an eye-catching headline that labels home sleep testing as "controversial," Kentucky's Courier-Journal once again shines a light on obstructive sleep apnea. Physicians deemed "skeptical" of home sleep testing are quoted throughout.
"We order some at-home tests…But unfortunately, a lot of that is driven by insurance," says Dr. Subin Jain, a partner at Louisville Pulmonary Care and director of the Baptist Health Louisville Sleep Disorders Center. "It's increasingly difficult to have studies done in the lab. The amount of data (from a home study) is significantly less than what you'd get in the lab."
The article goes on to document insurance company efforts to steer patients toward home testing for financial reasons, noting that home sleep tests cost about $200 to $400, compared with lab tests that "can range from $600 in a free-standing sleep center to around $1,300 in a hospital."
Home study proponents in the article bring up the fact that home tests can be especially helpful for patients who live far from sleep centers, or who are intimidated by laboratory settings. Reporter Laura Ungar also references a widely reported June 2012 study in the journal Sleep, which concluded that home testing was "not inferior in terms of acceptance, adherence, time to treatment and functional improvements."
The New England Comparative Effectiveness Public Advisory Council, which considers benefits and value of medical innovations, also voted in January that home sleep testing was "functionally equivalent" to lab tests for diagnosing sleep apnea in appropriate patients.
Read full article.
Study of Insomnia finds a New Predictor for Suicidal Thoughts
Nightmares and unhealthy beliefs about sleep may increase the risk of suicide in people who are depressed, a new study suggests.
"Nightmares and Dysfunctional Beliefs about Sleep Mediate the Effect of Insomnia Symptoms on Suicidal Ideation" is published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.
Read Abstract.
The findings reaffirm earlier research linking sleep problems to an increased risk of suicide, and suggest which symptoms doctors might want to target with treatment to reduce that risk, the researchers said.
Unhealthy beliefs about sleep can take several forms: for example, the thought that a poor night's sleep will disturb sleep for the whole week, or that sleep loss will have dire and irreversible consequences. Such ideas carry an atmosphere of hopelessness, an emotion researchers know is connected to suicide risk.
The findings reaffirm earlier research linking sleep problemsto an increased risk of suicide, and suggest which symptoms doctors might want to target with treatment to reduce that risk, the researchers said.
"Insomniacan lead to a very specific type of hopelessness, and hopelessness by itself is a powerful predictor of suicide," said study researcher Dr. W. Vaughn McCall, chair of the Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior at Georgia Health Sciences University in Augusta.
While the factors that contribute to suicide risk are not the same for everyone, "For some patients, I think sleep problems are part of the [symptom] profile," McCall said.
During the study, McCall and colleagues surveyed 50 depressed people ages 20 to 84, some of whom were in the hospital. Nearly every patient was taking some type of psychiatric medication, and 56 percent had attempted suicide at least once.
The study participants were surveyed to assess their degree of insomnia and suicidal thinking, as well as whether they experienced nightmares or unhealthy beliefs about sleep.
The study found a link between insomnia and suicidal thinking: The more severe a person's insomnia was, the more likely he or she was to express suicidal thoughts and desires. However, when the researches took into account whether or not individuals experienced frequent nightmares or unhealthy beliefs about sleep, the link disappeared. This indicates the two factors —nightmares and unhealthy beliefs about sleep —play a role in the link.
Earlier studies have found that people with insomnia are up to twice as likely to commit suicide as people who don't have such difficulties sleeping. A 2011 study in teens found that those who had sleep problems at ages 12 to 14 were 2.5 times more likely to have suicidal thoughts in their late teen years.
Depending on the person, insomnia could be a cause or an effect of depression, McCall said. Insomnia may exacerbate depression because people feel they cannot find relief or escape from their condition, even at night, he said.
"People become pretty discouraged and demoralized living with insomnia night and after night," McCall said.
The new study, along with previous work, suggests that people with insomnia should be evaluated for mental illness, including depression and suicide risk, McCall said.
Treating nightmares or unhealthy beliefs about sleep with psychotherapy or, perhaps, medication may reduce the risk of suicide, but future studies will be needed to investigate this. McCall plans to conduct more research to see if treating insomnia with sleep medication can reduce the risk of suicide.
SOURCE: My Health News Daily
"Angry, and Frustrated" House Staffers Grill CMS on Competitive Bidding
February 8, 2013 SleepDT	Leave a comment
WASHINGTON, DC – In the wake of massive Medicare reimbursement cuts across several sectors of DME (including a 47% cut to CPAP), staff members for several House Representatives held a closed-door meeting with CMS officials earlier this week.
Reports drifting in to the National Association of Independent Medical Equipment Suppliers (NAIMES) indicate that House staffers were "very angry, and frustrated to the point of walking out." Wayne Stanfield, founder of NAIMES, reports that one health legislative aid expressed "anger and irritation at CMS' lack of response to almost any questions asked."
On average, DME suppliers took a 45% reimbursement hit across eight product categories. In the realm of sleep, a full-face mask used with PAP device will now garner a $99 single payment amount (SPA). Click here for the full list of SPAs affecting sleep-related equipment. Click here for the official CMS press release/announcement.
Since providers who won contracts have already been contacted via e-mail, sleep physicians and sleep labs with long-standing referral relationships can now check to see if their DME company will still be serving Medicare CPAP patients. Providers have until Feb 13, 2013, to decide whether or not to accept the contract and the rate.
DME providers continue to fight competitive bidding in hopes of replacing it with an industry-favored market pricing program (MPP). Advocates at the American Association for Homecare plan to push the replacement measure as part of a debt ceiling package, or a budget continuing resolution, that Congress will discuss in May.
"Several House staff members plan to request meetings with CMS and representatives from their states joining them," added Stanfield. "The reports from the meeting held yesterday exceeded industry expectation for the lack of substantive answers."
Source: Greg Thompson, Staff writer
CPAP Takes 47% Medicare Reimbursement Cut
DME providers in 91 major metropolitan areas received unwelcome news this week in the form of a 47% Medicare reimbursement cut to the CPAP single payment amount (SPA). The cut comes courtesy of competitive bidding, a nationwide program mandated by the Medicare Modernization Act of 2007, and administered by CMS.
A full-face mask used with PAP device will now garner a $99 SPA. Click here for the full list of SPAs affecting sleep-related equipment. Click here for the official CMS press release/announcement.
While providers reportedly began receiving competitive bidding contract offers from CMS as early as yesterday (1/31), a full list of contracted suppliers will not be released until spring 2013. New SPAs for CPAP and related accessories will officially go into effect by spring 2013.
By law, CMS can extend competitive bidding rates nationwide, and many advocates expect that to happen. Self dispensing sleep labs, and/or physicians who sell CPAP equipment, are also subject to competitive bidding and its new rate structure.
Home care providers throughout the country swiftly criticized the round two rates. "The sky really is falling," said Michael Hamilon, executive director, Alabama Durable Medical Equipment Association. "Those rates are unsustainable, and most of the equipment can only be provided by buying the cheapest piece of junk on the market and offering really poor service."
"The existing program is not fair to the millions of patients who depend on these services for life itself," added Joel D. Marx, chairman of AAHomecare, and a DME provider in Cleveland. "They will lose access and quality. They will suffer unfairly due to the tragic misguided implementation of a deeply flawed program."
DME providers continue to fight competitive bidding in hopes of replacing it with an industry-favored market pricing program (MPP). Advocates at the American Association for Homecare plan to push the replacement measure as part of a debt ceiling package that Congress will discuss in May.
On the same day as CMS released the new SPAs, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine publicized a new "spring course" that offered clinical and practical guidelines for providing DME. The course is aimed at physicians and support staff. "As long as they need to go through the same competitive bidding program as the HME industry is currently going through," said Helen Kent, RRT, CEO of Progressive Medial, Carlsbad, Calif, "I say go for it."
As for the new competitive bidding rates, Kent shares the frustration of many providers. "With a cut of 47% to CPAP/Bi-Level, I can't even afford to grandfather in the Medicare patients that I am currently servicing," she said. "Looks like CMS will be able to get rid of lots of mom and pops in this industry. Who is next?"
Aging Brain and Poor Sleep Quality causes Memory Loss
Scientists have known for decades that the ability to remember newly learned information declines with age, but it was not clear why. A new study may provide part of the answer.
The report suggests that structural brain changes occurring naturally over time interfere with sleep quality, which in turn blunts the ability to store memories for the long term.
"Sleep-dependent memory triage: evolving generalization through selective processing" is published in the journal Nature Neuroscience.
Read Abstract
The connection between poor sleep, memory loss and brain deterioration as we grow older has been elusive. But for the first time, scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, have found a link between these hallmark maladies of old age. Their discovery opens the door to boosting the quality of sleep in elderly people to improve memory.
Postdoctoral fellow Bryce Mander demonstrates how the sleep study was conducted.
UC Berkeley neuroscientists have found that the slow brain waves generated during the deep, restorative sleep we typically experience in youth play a key role in transporting memories from the hippocampus – which provides short-term storage for memories – to the prefrontal cortex's longer term "hard drive."
However, in older adults, memories may be getting stuck in the hippocampus due to the poor quality of deep 'slow wave' sleep, and are then overwritten by new memories, the findings suggest.
"What we have discovered is a dysfunctional pathway that helps explain the relationship between brain deterioration, sleep disruption and memory loss as we get older – and with that, a potentially new treatment avenue," said sleep researcher Matthew Walker, an associate professor of psychology and neuroscience at UC Berkeley and senior author of the study to be published this Sunday, Jan. 27, in the journal Nature Neuroscience.
The findings shed new light on some of the forgetfulness common to the elderly that includes difficulty remembering people's names.
Poor Sleep – Memory Loss – Brain Deterioration View Video Here
SOURCE: UC Berkeley NewsCentere
CHEST 2014 Sleep Apnea, Sex and Sleepiness – CPAP Does Not Negatively Impact Sexual Quality of Life
Using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has no negative impact on sexual quality of life. True? Or False? Read More
The post CHEST 2014 Sleep Apnea, Sex and Sleepiness – CPAP Does Not Negatively Impact Sexual Quality of Life appeared first on Sleep Diagnosis and Therapy.
David Gergen leads the way for Dental Sleep Medicine
Over the course of my career I have been in relentless pursuit of dental knowledge. I have learned from the best and this gave me the tools and inspiration to build a very successful practice in Dallas. If we have ever been in a course together you know that I sit up front, I record … Continue reading David Gergen leads the way for Dental Sleep Medicine →
Heart Failure Patients with SDB More Accurately Diagnosed with "Bedside" Device
A study presented at the recent ESC Congress in Barcelona, Spain, reported that after using ResMed's SleepMinder™ for two Read More
The post Heart Failure Patients with SDB More Accurately Diagnosed with "Bedside" Device appeared first on Sleep Diagnosis and Therapy.
Sleep Apnea Can Worsen Blood Sugar Control in People with Type 2 Diabetes
Researchers at the University of Chicago found that sleep apnea can worsen blood sugar control in people with Type 2 Read More
The post Sleep Apnea Can Worsen Blood Sugar Control in People with Type 2 Diabetes appeared first on Sleep Diagnosis and Therapy.


During the siege of Calais of 1348, out of his walls, the king Edward III fought against Eustace de Ribeaumont in singular combat, but the fight was interrupted by the advance of the belligerent armies, being this made prisoner.
Such it was the value that it demonstrated, that it was invited to sup on this night by the king and his gentlemen. During the dinner, the King Edward III said to him that more courageous gentleman had never seen and granted the freedom to him.
Some years later, during the Battle of Poitiers (1356), Eustace de Ribeaumont, would be the standard-bearer of the king of France Jean II.


Updated 4:50 p.m.: Revised to reflect that the street has reopened.
Three blocks of 14th Street in downtown Plano were closed for about an hour because of a gas leak Monday afternoon.
Atmos Energy said a contractor damaged a natural-gas line around 2:35 p.m. Plano officials said that a tractor had hit the line with its shovel.
Atmos employees were able to stop the leak, and the area has been cleared by police and fire officials.
Captain Peggy Harrell of the Plano Fire Department said the road reopened at 3:30.


Source: Carbon Balance Manage. 12: 13.
LiDAR measurements can be used to predict and map AGC across variable-age Eucalyptus plantations with adequate levels of precision and accuracy using 5 pulses m− 2 and a grid cell size of 5 m. The promising results for AGC modeling in this study will allow for greater confidence in comparing AGC estimates with varying LiDAR sampling densities for Eucalyptus plantations and assist in decision making towards more cost effective and efficient forest inventory.
Silva, Carlos Alberto; Hudak, Andrew Thomas; Klauberg, Carine; Vierling, Lee Alexandre; Gonzalez‑Benecke, Carlos; Carvalho, Samuel de Padua Chaves; Rodriguez, Luiz Carlos Estraviz; Cardil, Adrian. 2017. Combined effect of pulse density and grid cell size on predicting and mapping aboveground carbon in fast‑growing Eucalyptus forest plantation using airborne LiDAR data. Carbon Balance Manage. 12: 13.


text:
Emissions and Air Quality
Oceans and Coasts
Settlement Vulnerability
Socio-Economic Landscape
Reading Risk
SA Atlas of Agrohydrology
New Search (Beta)
Groundwater Theme (Beta)
SAWS Climate Change Reference Atlas
Biodiversity GIS (SANBI)
BioEnergy Atlas of South Africa
Climate Systems Analysis Group
Department of Water and Sanitation
Energy Theme Metadata
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SAWS Climate Change Atlas
South African Risk and Vulnerability Atlas
Welcome to the South African Risk and Vulnerability Atlas (SARVA)
The Online Spatial Database 2.0 for SARVA directly supports and allows users free access to and visualisation of drivers, pressures, vulnerability, exposure and risks or hazards within a particular location, covering both spatial and non-spatial data sets. The facility is open, data is with few exceptions available under Creative Commons licenses, and contributions form grant-funded researchers and government departments in South Africa are welcomed. SAEON has a support team in place to assist you with data deposit and publication, and with access to data sets and decision support tools.
The portal offers comprehensive resources which include live web mapping, static maps, reports, case studies and integrated analysis which assist in an increased understanding of global change impacts, by building the evidence base for decision makers and the other stakeholders as well as the use and interpretation of scientific data for local level planning. The portal allows easy access through advanced search functionalities to data on other platforms from different research institutes, such as SASDI, the Bioenergy Atlas, SAEON, and SAEOSS.
While the portal is open to all stakeholders, it aims to equip decision-makers at national, provincial and local government as well as the NGOs and the private sector with information on impact and risk associated with global change. The data is essential in planning for current and projected global and climate change impacts and assists decision makers in implementing adaption strategies. The data adheres to internationally recognised data quality and cataloguing standards.
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