All of us have our own little habits and quirks that defy common sense. It's human nature to harbor even just a little superstitious tendency now and then, whether it be not watching a pot boil or leaving a shower curtain open.
Even on a larger scale, entire cultures have their own customs that are performed with very few people asking why. For example, why does a bride throw her flowers at a crowd of women? Why was a stork chosen as the bird we trust to deliver our newborn babies?
Although, you'll probably notice that some of these superstitions exist in your own country too, the following are a few customs and superstitions active in Japan along with some theories on how they came to be.
A long time ago, tea merchants had a problem selling off the tea which contained stems in it. Teas that were young sprouts moved well, but the rest sat untouched on the shelves and would go to waste.
So they got the idea to flip the weak point of their unsold tea into a major selling point by spreading the word that "a standing stem in your tea is good luck." It worked like a charm and people wanting a little luck were actively looking for tea containing the once avoided stems.
There's also a theory that a standing tea stem represents a pillar of strength in a happy home. Nowadays, if you want a maximum shot at some good luck, try some bocha. It's tea made entirely from stems.
This poetic notion can be traced back to one of the oldest texts in Japan, Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters), as well as an anecdote from China's Northern Song Dynasty.
The Japanese tale is about a woman who is visited by a well-dressed man at her home each night. As a result of these encounters, the woman gets pregnant but doesn't know the identity of the man. So one night as he is with her, she sticks a needle attached to a red thread into his kimono. The next day the woman follows the thread to a shrine only to find that the man was in fact a Shinto spirit (kami) who had taken human form.
The Chinese story deals with a young man who while travelling encounters an old man. The old man explains to him how destined couples are connected by a red rope that cannot be broken. The young man asks who he is connected to and the old man showed him an old woman holding a three-year-old girl. The young man refused to believe he would marry such an old lady and left. Years later, when he did get married, it was the same young girl that was in the old woman's arms so long ago.
These older stories referred to a red rope or string but the theme has evolved to a thread as textile technology improved.
This romantic superstitious gesture apparently stems from some rather disturbing roots. During the Late Middle Ages in England a bride's dress on her wedding day was considered a coveted source of good luck. As a result, guests might have resorted to tearing at the dress while still being worn or possibly stealing a piece while the newlyweds were mid-coitus.
It would seem that brides grew dissatisfied with being robbed on their wedding day and compromised, giving away their flower bouquet instead of having their dress stolen, which evolved into the custom of the bouquet toss. Although not a typical part of a Western-style Japanese wedding, the garter-throw practiced in other countries is a clearer derivative of this very old and creepy custom.
This one's actually pretty easy to understand. Back in the days of widespread farming in Japan a swallow was good protection against several rice-paddy pests and a valuable addition to the homestead.
Another way to look at it is that swallows are extremely timid animals and won't just set up shop anywhere. They'll only choose a home where they feel perfectly at ease, and a home safe enough for a little birdie family should be safe enough for you and yours.
The original belief is that one who has body parts similar to Buddha's will receive great fortune. Among those body parts, the ears are said to be the luckiest to have in common with him. Apparently, Buddha's ears weren't actually big, but more curved towards the mouth and able to support a single grain of rice.
This is apparently detailed somewhere in one of the Buddhist texts. There's quite a few of them though, so I'm going to take their word for it.
The humble stork has long served as a scapegoat to keep parents from having to broach the topic of sexual reproduction. Interestingly enough, since ancient times the bird was seen as a deliverer of souls and otherwise well regarded by humans.
Perhaps it was because storks live in close proximity to people and in spite of their large size never appear aggressive. Jewish people, Greeks, Romans, and Muslims alike have all thought highly of the birds throughout history.
The notion of a stork delivering babies took hold in Japan too, partly due to their gentle nature, but also because of their large basket like nests and red beaks. In Japan, "red" is synonymous with "baby".
Although in real life most urban dwelling Asian people would freak out at the sight of a snake, they still carry a traditional image of good luck. They were once thought of as water gods, akin to dragons which are the ultimate symbol of luck in Asia. Much like the sparrows before, snakes can help control pests on a farm and maybe even magically bring rain.
However, when you add the rarity of an albino snake into the mix, you have some heavy-duty luck coming your way. Particularly, if you see a white snake in your dreams it is said to be a sign of something supernatural working in your favor.
On the other hand, if you see the band Whitesnake in a dream, then there you go again on your own. Going down the only road you've ever known. Like a drifter you were born to walk alone.
This seems like a crappy catch to becoming a parent. On top of everything else you have to make sure your child, who can't even pick up his Legos, doesn't cut his nails after dark or else you die all alone. You might as well get a mogwai instead.
Not even all that long ago, Japan was missing some key components to nail cutting, namely nail clippers, decent lighting, disinfectants, and medicine. So while using a rusty knife or scissors to cut your nails next to a candle you run a pretty high risk of cutting yourself and causing an infection. With the nearest doctor three mountains away by foot the chance of you making it to your own parent's funeral gets slimmer and slimmer.
These are only a few of the customs and superstitions floating around Japan. There's a lot more but great fortune comes to those who make lists of eight.


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the collaboration with barbie has just been released
Home » Entertainment » the collaboration with barbie has just been released
The fruit of the collaboration between Balmain and Barbie® is finally available! On the program, pink, NFTs and unisex clothing.
The Balmain house is always at the initiative of daring collaborations. The latest? With the most famous doll on Earth.
Barbie x Balmain, a unisex collaboration with a NFT background
This is not new, Barbie® is a fashion fan. For her 50th birthday in 2009, the greatest couturiers had put together a tailor-made wardrobe. Karl Lagerfeld, Sonia Rykiel, Léonard or even Martin Margiela home had thus reinvented the outfit of the most famous doll in the world. In 2022, it is the Parisian brand Balmain which becomes his favorite shopping address. To break the news, Olivier Rousteing, the brand's artistic director, used one of his favorite mediums, Instagram.
"I am delighted to announce our new Balmain x Barbie collaboration®. This is a dream come true, since I was a child I have always loved Barbie and I feel so proud to be part of the Barbie World ", he commented on his post. On Barbie's Instagram account®, we learn more about the NFT component of this partnership: "Bringing together the physical and digital worlds in a unique way, this collaboration will introduce three exclusive NTFs, each with a Barbie x Balmain collector available at auction on NFT.MattelCreations.com from January 11Or how to fall back into childhood in style.
© Balmain
In all, this collaboration includes 70 pieces available since January 13, 2022 on the brand's website and in around fifty multi-brand stores at prices ranging from 195 euros to 29,990 euros. The creations, for the most part pink, take up Balmain's stylistic codes: the labyrinth print, shoulder pads, signature it bags … All embellished with the Barbie® logo featuring the name of the French luxury brand with its characteristic font. welcome in the Barbie World…
What is the history of the Balmain house?
Balmain was born in 1945 when Pierre Balmain, a former workshop of the couturier Lucien Lelong, decides to found his own house. This native of Saint-Jean de Maurienne, where he was born in 1914, was then 31 years old. He has lived in Paris since 1933, the year in which he arrived in the capital to study architecture.
The first Balmain boutique opens its doors just after the Liberation, therefore, rue François Iis in the VIIIth arrondissement of Paris and the inaugural parade took place in October 1945. The style of Pierre Balmain? From volumes studied for elegant pieces and slightly casual. Its range of colors remains classic: black, obviously, with a few touches of green, brown, red and purple. Ahead of his time, the creator is launching a first perfume, Elysee 64/83 in 1946, then Green Wind, and 1947 et Pretty Madame in 1949. The latter was so successful that the couturier paid tribute to him by baptizing his 1952 collection. Rather focused on sewing, he launched into ready-to-wear with a line Anthology which gives pride of place to the new French style. Modern, it sublimates the body of women by putting forward the shoulders, emphasizing the chest and marking the waist. In 1953, Karl Lagerfeld joined the house, as an assistant; he left Balmain in 1962.
What made Balmain so successful?
It was not until the end of the 1950s that Balmain won unparalleled success abroad. The couturier was then sought after by the crowned heads of Europe and elsewhere, such as the queens of Belgium, Denmark or Thailand, but also some of the greatest actresses of the time – Audrey Hepburn, Marlène Dietrich or even Sophia Loren, to name a few.
In 1960, the designer sold the worldwide rights to manufacture and distribute Balmain perfumes to the American cosmetics company Revlon before selling his ready-to-wear house to Léo Gros, a knitwear specialist, in 1977. In 1982 , the luxury label re-enters the world of ready-to-wear with women's collections at the head Peggy Huynh Kinh; the line will be named Ivory. The same year, Pierre Balmain, iconic designer of the house died. His right-hand man, Erik Mortensen, takes the reins of the brand. But, for lack of success, he was replaced in 1990 by Hervé Pierre. A change of creator that is not enough. The real shift took place in 1992, with the arrival ofOscar de la Renta which breathes new impetus into Balmain. He left his post in 2002. For several years, a series of artistic directors followed one another: Laurent Mercier, Christophe Lebourg, then Christophe Decarnin, formerly of Paco Rabanne. The latter takes the party to revisit the classics of the house which once made its success. The Balmain woman is then modern, glamorous and slightly rock.
Christophe Decarnin was replaced in 2011 by Olivier Rousteing until then responsible for Balmain's design studio for women's ready-to-wear collections. At just 25 years old, he will transform the classic image of the house, in particular by linking up collaborations: with H&M or Nike Lab for whom he creates hoodies, sneakers and other sportswear pieces (a partnership that will go even further in 2021, with the creation ofa T-shirt for PSG). In 2016, the house was bought by Mayhoola for Investments LLC, a Qatari investment company that already owns Valentino. Three years later, Balmain made his return (after sixteen years of absence) to the Haute Couture calendar.
Today, under the leadership of Olivier Rousteing, the house managed by Jean-Jacques Guével since 2019 develops lines for men, women and children and offers a varied range of flashy-style pieces: jeans, shoes, T-shirts, from watches, bags, glasses, robes, blazers, but also perfumes (like Miss Balmain). The prolific designer celebrated, in 2021, his 10 years at the head of Balmain with a spectacular event, between parade and festival. Long live Balmain!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The middle of the year calls for a planner reset.
Now more than ever it's important that I stay on top of filling in my planner every day and continue to capture the blur.
Are you finding the habit of filling these pages in a bit daunting right now?
For me, I have to avoid the busyness excuse of my life. I have to literally create time to add to my planner. To add that one little thing every day that makes up the evidence of my life.
June was a packed month. On purpose packed. And then just the relentlessness of everyday life: balancing kids at home from school, the inviting weather outside, and then of course just work and house management. In the midst of all that I have found it super important to have an appointed time every day to take 20 minutes with my planner and fill in the moments.
I cannot even begin to tell you how fulfilling this has been. To not feel behind the memories because I am trying to remember all things in one sitting.
Just a little something everyday adds to a lot of somethings at the end of the month. It can be so rewarding to look back, even if there was not a lot of activity...to fill in a thought of gratitude, or something over heard or read. All these little moments make up the bigger moments that make up our lives.
Photos...I know...they can take a long time to fiddle with and get in your planner. However, the visuals they provide are powerful. Because I love these little square visual reminders in my planner so much I just kept working on finding a process that worked for me. For my planner, I opt to use the Canon Selphy printer. I can print super quick right off my phone, and it's done. Maybe the Instax printer is a good idea for you. Find something that makes getting photos in your planner an easy thing for you to do. You will never regret anything added to your memory planner.
It may not seem like it, but I really don't spend too much time drafting what I want found on these pages. Because I really only want to be found in the moment. For it to remain organic. That may include writing the not so beautiful and including that in some hidden journaling. Because life.
This little quote found in my recent reading goes a long way in fueling what I write on these pages too.
Friends...I am a bit passionate about writing it down. Telling our stories. In one format or another it's super important to be able to analyze our lives and record this history. For me, the Memory Planner by Heidi Swapp is just one way I do this. It's my daily way to write it down. It's so important. Just take a few moments everyday and slow down that blur. I promise, you will never regret that you did.


PRS guitars have arguably become some of the most coveted electric guitars on the planet, known far and wide for incredibly playable necks, searing edgy tone and some of the most luxuriant gleaming finishes to grace a supreme-quality maple top. Every colour of the rainbow is on offer, and the upper echelons of the PRS guitar hierarchy carry with them the notorious bird inlays, soaring gracefully down your fingerboard. It's hard to find better looking guitars than these.
Whether you go the whole hog and plump for A PRS Private Stock, stretch to a PRS 25th Anniversary Custom 24, or similarly head for the PRS Custom 24 or P22, you'll feel like a professional – PRS Guitars are never far from the hands of the best session players and the most well known artists in the world.
To call the PRS SE range a 'beginner' series would be to do them a disservice. While the finishes are more understated, and adopt a more no-frills approach in terms of appointment, they are without a doubt one of the most applauded and welcomed guitar ranges in recent years. The PRS SE Custom 24 and SE Custom Semi-Hollow are unarguably good enough for amateurs and pros alike, and capable of utterly huge tone, glorious sustain and total player's control. So whether you're looking for the dream guitar you've always wished for from the PRS Custom shop or you're simply in need of effortless playability, PRS guitars have you covered.
This Book Chronicles Paul Reed Smith's Earliest Creations To The Present Day.


Google's DeepMind artificial intelligence lab does more than just develop computer programs capable of beating the world's best human players in the ancient game of Go. The DeepMind unit has also been working on the next generation of deep learning software that combines the ability to recognize data patterns with the memory required to decipher more complex relationships within the data.
Deep learning is the latest buzz word for artificial intelligence algorithms called neural networks that can learn over time by filtering huge amounts of relevant data through many "deep" layers. The brain-inspired neural network layers consist of nodes (also known as neurons). Tech giants such as Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Microsoft have been training neural networks to learn how to better handle tasks such as recognizing images of dogs or making better Chinese-to-English translations. These AI capabilities have already benefited millions of people using Google Translate and other online services.
But neural networks face huge challenges when they try to rely solely on pattern recognition without having the external memory to store and retrieve information. To improve deep learning's capabilities, Google DeepMind created a "differentiable neural computer" (DNC) that gives neural networks an external memory for storing information for later use.
McClelland is a cognitive scientist who served as one of several independent peer reviewers for the Google DeepMind paper that describes development of this improved deep learning system. The full paper is presented in the 12 Oct 2016 issue of the journal Nature.
The DeepMind team found that the DNC system's combination of the neural network and external memory did much better than a neural network alone in tackling the complex relationships between data points in so-called "graph tasks." For example, they asked their system to either simply take any path between points A and B or to find the shortest travel routes based on a symbolic map of the London Underground subway.
An unaided neural network could not even finish the first level of training, based on traveling between two subway stations without trying to find the shortest route. It achieved an average accuracy of just 37 percent after going through almost two million training examples. By comparison, the neural network with access to external memory in the DNC system successfully completed the entire training curriculum and reached an average of 98.8 percent accuracy on the final lesson.
The external memory of the DNC system also proved critical to success in performing logical planning tasks such as solving simple block puzzle challenges. Again, a neural network by itself could not even finish the first lesson of the training curriculum for the block puzzle challenge. The DNC system was able to use its memory to store information about the challenge's goals and to effectively plan ahead by writing its decisions to memory before acting upon them.
In 2014, DeepMind's researchers developed another system, called the neural Turing machine, that also combined neural networks with external memory. But the neural Turing machine was limited in the way it could access "memories" (information) because such memories were effectively stored and retrieved in fixed blocks or arrays. The latest DNC system can access memories in any arbitrary location, McClelland explains.
The DNC system's memory architecture even bears a certain resemblance to how the hippocampus region of the brain supports new brain cell growth and new connections in order to store new memories. Just as the DNC system uses the equivalent of time stamps to organize the storage and retrieval of memories, human "free recall" experiments have shown that people are more likely to recall certain items in the same order as first presented.
Despite these similarities, the DNC's design was driven by computational considerations rather than taking direct inspiration from biological brains, DeepMind's researchers write in their paper. But McClelland says that he prefers not to think of the similarities as being purely coincidental.
"The design decisions that motivated the architects of the DNC were the same as those that structured the human memory system, although the latter (in my opinion) was designed by a gradual evolutionary process, rather than by a group of brilliant AI researchers," McClelland says.
Human brains still have significant advantages over any brain-inspired deep learning software. For example, human memory seems much better at storing information so that it is accessible by both context or content, McClelland says. He expressed hope that future deep learning and AI research could better capture the memory advantages of biological brains.
DeepMind's DNC system and similar neural learning systems may represent crucial steps for the ongoing development of AI. But the DNC system still falls well short of what McClelland considers the most important parts of human intelligence.
The DNC is a sophisticated form of external memory, but ultimately it is like the papyrus on which Euclid wrote the elements. The insights of mathematicians that Euclid codified relied (in my view) on a gradual learning process that structured the neural circuits in their brains so that they came to be able to see relationships that others had not seen, and that structured the neural circuits in Euclid's brain so that he could formulate what to write. We have a long way to go before we understand fully the algorithms the human brain uses to support these processes.
It's unclear when or how Google might take advantage of the capabilities offered by the DNC system to boost its commercial products and services. The DeepMind team was "heads down in research" or too busy with travel to entertain media questions at this time, according to a Google spokesperson.
DeepMind's work is also part of a bigger trend in deep learning, Jaeger says. The leading deep learning teams at Google and other companies are racing to build new AI architectures with many different functional modules—among them, attentional control or working memory; they then train the systems through deep learning.
"The DNC is just one among dozens of novel, highly potent, and cleverly-thought-out neural learning systems that are popping up all over the place," Jaeger says.


At Best Printing USA, we provide high-quality calendar printing at very affordable prices. With fast turnaround and a 100% satisfaction guarantee, you can trust us as your primary source for custom printing services.
Calendars are 13 months starting Jan 2019 15 full color 8.5 x 11" photos, one for each month including front and back cover. We drill an 1/8" hole for hanging.
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Tony Alessandra has over 30 years' business success plus the requisite academic achievements. Dr. Alessandra is a widely published author of 13 books. In addition, he has been featured in over 50 audio/video programs and films.
He has earned the CPAE (Council of Peers Award for Excellence) and CSP (Certified Speaking Professional) accreditations from the National Speakers Association. Since 1976, he has delivered over 2000 presentations to corporate groups and associations worldwide. He combines an endearing charisma and command of his craft with a subtle sense of humor that consistently captivates his audiences.


Appendices: "Flag OBI", "G/F Cover", "Fold-Out Poster", "4 Pin-Ups" & "Insert"
Description: This is scarce Japanese copy ( released in the mid 1970's ) of their masterpiece double-album, coming with complete appendices. "The Beatles" logo is embossed in lower portion of front-cover. It's hard to find this item in complete shape even in my country. Scarce item from Japan to serious collector.
COVER: Cover is good in condition, except for creased right top corners. Light brown stain-marks are on the right inside gate-fold. Some brown spots are also on the back & front. Otherwise it has no tear, edge-wear, ring-wear, strip, dent & writing...OK.
DISC 1/2: Both discs are nearly TOP in condition, keeping glossy. Each disc has a few spindle-marks on the label of Side B. Otherwise each disc has none of any scuff, scratch & hairline, which can be rated as "NM". No flaw on the groove of both… very clean discs, we guarantee you.
OBI: VG, being stained with brown spots on lower right-rim of back, while being clean on the front.
INSERT: G+, being lightly tanned the surface of each side ( mainly back side ). An oblique folding crease is on the right of back page.
PIN-UPS: EX ~ VG+ each. Each one is still unused. Only John's one is lightly stained with minor spots on the outer-rims.
POSTER: EX. POSTER is still unused without pin-holes at each corner in EX condition.


2. Click the blue Google button if you're using a Gmail or Google Apps email address, otherwise click "Connect Other Email" button.
3. For Gmail / Google Apps address, you will be redirected to a Google page to authorize Follow Up Boss to connect to your account.
4. For non-Google email address, you will need to enter your email settings.
In most cases you'll only need to enter your email address and password and we'll detect all other details automatically.
In some cases you'll need to enter some technical settings about your email account. Those are called IMAP and SMTP settings. Usually, you can quickly find them by googling the name of your email provider together with words "IMAP" and "SMTP". For example, if you're using email from a company called Hostgator, search in Google for "Hostgator IMAP SMTP".


Last day to help brighten a child's Christmas via the Toys for Tots program is December 15th. Until then, Clairton Police will be collecting new unwrapped toys for this charity to give to the children.
Drop off is from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm at the Police station or the main lobby of the city building.


Did not know about BetterPrivacy nor Facebook Privacy List (not that I use it very much, and I sure log out), thanks! Two more in my list. And yes I subscribe to EasyPrivacy, EasyList and Popup BlockList.
I do not like NoScript's opt-in list, I tend to visit many pages searching for my programming problems and it does not make sense to white-list just every thing (last time I tried it did not have a black-list).
On the other hand, I think ad-block plus is a must for every user, it helps privacy and security by reducing the chance to be infected by drop-by malware ads and popups.
I would not argue against the duck any more, it might actually turn out to be successful the same way Penguin is well respected.
DDG is great, and I know many goodies are open already, but that would be more interesting to open up the kernel and start getting contributions from a wider base. This will let people use DDG on places you were not expecting before, on local servers for example, then with appropriate licensing and community building you can get back those additional values. Have you for example tried to contact people in Firefox OS, and Tizen project? If OS is web, a search engine must be kernel or at least very close to kernel.
I should confess I do not understand how to handle SEO and link farms that probably will also look at your code, but security by obscurity is not going to work. While your user base is still not big enough for SEO fanatics to target, smarter people hopefully will come up with a solution.
Unfortunately I have to agree, I have stickers here but after initial interest it seems they just do not take it seriously.
Why the link you refer to search for the term "spread.html" instead of browsing it ?!
For profit always means evil.
That is nonsense, besides in real world only for-profit survives. The main problem Google turned evil is lack of competition, and closed system.
Can it be annotated with the event that Google started copying the DDG's zero-click?
Strange it seems to be working for some domains, I tried \bbc works but \lwn still does not work! Also problem shows up in both search bar as well as the DDG edit box.
I can see exactly the same problem with both \ and '! ' syntax. I am currently on Linux I will update as soon as I log in a Windows machine. I also tried adding something in front of the 't=' then it worked.
https://duckduckgo.com/?q=\lwn&t= will not work https://duckduckgo.com/?q=\lwn&t=test works!
@last Gust. Ok I tried it. It looks fine. Ironic, search does not work on the website, instead it generates a link to be copied to the clippboard, if one uses the generated link (such as http://lmddgtfy.co.cc/?q=test) then it shows the mouse move to the search button and redirects to DDG for actual search. Also Enter does not work, once has to use mouse and click!


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Oral health status and its determinants among opiate dependents: a cross-sectional study
Hajar Shekarchizadeh ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0991-71251,
Mohammad R. Khami2,3,
Simin Z. Mohebbi2,3,
Hamed Ekhtiari4 &
Jorma I. Virtanen5,6
BMC Oral Health volume 19, Article number: 5 (2019) Cite this article
In addition to numerous general health problems, drug dependents manifest various oral health disorders. Our aim was to investigate the oral health status and its determinants among in-treatment opiate dependents.
As part of a comprehensive cross-sectional survey on opiate dependents admitted to methadone maintenance centers in Tehran, Iran, we conducted a clinical study in two centers from different socioeconomic areas. A trained dentist conducted face to face interviews and clinical oral examinations based on World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) on volunteer patients. Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis, and Chi2 tests, in addition to linear and logistic regression models served for statistical analysis (p < 0.05).
A total of 217 patients (98% men), with a mean age of 43.6 years (SD 12.3) participated in the study. Opium was the main drug of abuse reported by 70% of the participants followed by crystalline heroin (22%). Of the participants, 24.4% were totally edentulous. The mean DMFT score of participants was 20.3 (SD 7.8). Missing teeth comprised the main part of the index followed by decayed and filled teeth. Older patients (p < 0.001) and the patients with a lower socioeconomic status (p = 0.01) had higher DMFT scores. None of the dentate patients had a healthy periodontium. Maximum CPI mostly consisted of shallow pockets (66%) followed by calculus in 15%, deep pockets in 11%, and bleeding in 8% of the participants. Older participants (p = 0.02) and those who started drug abuse at a younger age (p = 0.01) were more likely to develop periodontal pockets.
Opiate dependents had a poor oral health status in terms of the dentition status and periodontal health. Missing teeth comprised the main part of their dental caries history and none had a healthy periodontium. Oral health care should be integrated into the package of general health services available in treatment centers.
Although illicit drug abuse is not as prevalent as cigarette smoking, it can be considered a public health problem in many countries. The public health system bears a heavy burden from drug addiction for prevention and treatment of drug related consequences [1]. Based on the global burden of disease study, 12 million life years are lost due to early death or disability resulted from opioids, cocaine, amphetamines and cannabis, of which about 8 million are linked to opioids [2]. The epidemic of opioids as a continental concern take places via drug trafficking, migration, and borders [3]. Opiates are the most potential harmful opioids with the highest consumption rate and seizures in Southwest Asia [2]. Moreover, North America has encountered the epidemic of opioid misuse, especially in the form of opioid analgesics, heroin, or both [3].
Drug addiction is a preventable condition which has various consequences at an individual level and on the wider society [1, 4]. In addition to several general health problems, a growing number of evidence confirms the high prevalence of oral health problems in people with drug addiction, including generalized dental caries, periodontal disease, mucosal infection, candidosis, mucosal dysplasia, and bruxism [5,6,7,8]. These problems might result from the direct effect of drugs on oral health such as the acidic nature of the drugs, drug-induced bruxism, xerostomia, suppression of the immune system, appetite suppression, carving for sweet foods, and blocking the sense of pain. Moreover, they might be associated with drug dependents' life style factors, including poor nutrition, poor oral hygiene, and alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking in addition to other factors such as low use of dental services and self-medications [8,9,10,11].
Health care systems in different countries offer various services for people with drug addiction, including treatment services (medical detoxification, abstinence-oriented treatment, or substitution maintenance therapy), and prevention and harm-reduction facilities (needle-exchange programs, supervised injection facilities, naloxone distribution, and outreach services) [12,13,14]. Most systems, however, lack comprehensive oral care facilities for drug dependents. Implementation of oral health programs for these patients is challenging due to e.g. addicts' low priority on their oral health and compliance problems with their treatment plan [4].
Notably, a mutual association exists between addiction and oral health problems. Addiction can exacerbate oral complications on the one hand, and dental pain may result in relapse to drug abuse and reduced addiction treatment success rate on the other hand [15, 16]. Thus, it is crucial to integrate dental care into general health services currently available for people with drug addiction [4]. For planning preventive and curative programs together with general health services for drug dependents, we aimed to investigate the oral health status and its determinants among people with opiate dependence admitted to methadone maintenance treatment.
As part of a large cross-sectional survey of people with opiate dependence admitted to methadone maintenance treatment in Tehran, Iran in 2011 [17], we conducted a clinical study in two methadone maintenance programs located in two different socioeconomic areas of the city (north and south). In each center, all patients who met the DSM IV criteria for opioid dependence [18] were asked to participate. Data collection was continued to represent the monthly turnover as most of the patients have monthly visits. This ended to a total of 217 patients.
Structured interviews about patients' demographics and drug abuse profile
A trained dental clinician conducted 10-min face-to-face interviews to collect the patients' demographic characteristics and drug abuse profile. A standard form commonly applied in Iranian addiction studies was used to collect information on the patients' drug abuse profile (main drug of abuse which made the patient seek treatment, age at the start of drug use, duration of opiate dependence, and duration of current methadone treatment), in addition to their demographic characteristics (age, gender, educational level, marital status, occupational status, and residential area) [17]. As socioeconomic status (SES) indicators, educational level, marital status, occupational status, and residential area were dichotomized as follows: for education: higher education (high school diploma or higher) = 1, lower education (less than high school diploma) = 0; for marital status: married = 1, single (single, widow, divorced) = 0; for employment status: employed (full or part-time) = 1, unemployed (unemployed, retired, housewife, and student) = 0; and for residential area: affluent (north) = 1, non-affluent (south) = 0. The dichotomized scores were then summed up ranging from 0 to 4 [19].
The same dental clinician, was trained and calibrated prior to the study. Training and calibration were based on written instructions, and on dental patients. Ten patients were examined and Intra-examiner reliability was more than 0.7. Clinical oral examinations were carried out under the artificial light of a mobile dental unit. DMFT (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth) and CPI (Community Periodontal Index) using CPI probes and disposable dental mirrors were recorded according to the WHO criteria [20]. Criteria of decayed teeth were clinically visible lesions (cavity or undermined enamel), or when the explorer tip penetrated to the soft structures. No tooth cleaning was undertaken before the examination.
Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS for Windows, version 16.0/PC; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis. Mean DMFT and corresponded Standard Deviation (SD) were calculated. Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis, and Chi2 tests were employed for statistical analysis (level of significance < 0.05). Linear and logistic regression models were fitted to the data to analyze the factors associated with drug dependents' DMFT and periodontal disease, respectively.
Demographics and drug abuse profile
As high as 98% of the participants were men (only 5 women). The mean age of the patients was 43.6 years (SD 12.3, rang 21–79). Table 1 presents the demographic characteristics of in-treatment opiate dependents. The majority of the patients had more than primary school education (87%), were married (73%), and were employed (68%).
Table 1 Demographic characteristics of opiate dependents in methadone maintenance treatment (n = 217)
Opium was the main drug of abuse reported by 70% of drug dependents followed by crystalline heroin (22%). The mean age of opium dependents (47 yrs) was higher than that of crystalline heroin users (35 yrs) ((p < 0.001). The mean age at the start of drug use was 25.2 years (SD 8.8; range 11–67), and the mean duration of opiate dependence was 12.1 years (SD 8.6). The mean duration of current methadone treatment was 10.0 months (SD 15.3) (Table 2).
Table 2 Drug abuse profile of opiate dependents in methadone maintenance treatment (n = 217)
Oral health status
About one quarter (24.4%) of the participants (n = 53) were totally edentulous. The mean DMFT of opiate dependents was 20.3 (SD 7.8; range 0–28). Missing teeth comprised the main part of the index (mean 13.6; SD 10.3; range 0–28) followed by DT (mean 4.8; SD 4.8; range 0–20) and FT (mean 1.8; SD 3.1; range 0–16). Table 3 presents the mean DMFT of the participants according to their background characteristics and drug abuse profile. In univariate analysis, a higher DMFT score was associated with older age (p < 0.001). Single participants and those who were employed showed lower DMFT scores (p < 0.001). The mean DMFT of opium dependents (21.7; SD 6.9) was higher than that of crystalline heroin dependents (16; SD 8.3) (p < 0.001). Patients who started drug use at an older age and those who had a longer history of drug dependence showed higher scores of DMFT (p < 0.001).
Table 3 DMFT scores of in-treatment opiate dependents according to their backgrounds and drug abuse profile (n = 217)
In multivariate analysis, older drug dependents (p < 0.001) and patients with a lower socioeconomic status (p = 0.01) had higher scores of DMFT (Table 4).
Table 4 Factors associated with DMFT of in-treatment opiate dependents as shown by a linear regression model
Among dentate participants, the mean DMFT was 17.8 (SD 7.4), which mostly consisted of missing teeth (mean 9.0; SD 7.2). The mean DT and FT was 6.4 (SD 4.6) and 2.4 (SD 3.4), respectively. Similar results were found in multivariate analysis of factors associated with DMFT among dentate opiate dependents (Table 4).
None of the dentate patients had a healthy periodontium. Max CPI mostly consisted of shallow pockets (66%) followed by calculus (15%), deep pockets (11%), and bleeding (8%). In univariate analysis, periodontal disease (pocket formation) was associated with none of the background or drug abuse variables (p > 0.05). Table 5 reveals factors associated with pocket formation among dentate opiate dependents. Older participants (p = 0.02) and those who started drug abuse at a younger age (p = 0.01) were more likely to develop periodontal pockets.
Table 5 Factors associated with periodontal disease (pocket formation) among dentate dependents by logistic regression model (n = 148)
The present study of oral health and its determinants among opiate dependents revealed poor oral health in terms of dentition and periodontal health. Missing teeth comprised the main part of their dental caries history and none of them had a healthy periodontium. Older drug users and patients of lower socioeconomic status were at greater risk of developing oral problems.
Drugs and health / health behavior / oral health
Patients with drug addiction show numerous health consequences, including heart attack, respiratory depression, liver cirrhosis, nephropathy, and infectious diseases such as hepatitis, AIDS, and tuberculosis [4]. In addition, mental disorders such as depression, injury-associated disabilities, and oral health problems are common in drug dependents [4].
In addition to the direct effects of drugs on the oral health, unhealthy behaviors are common in drug dependents. General personal neglect and poor dental hygiene, irregular eating pattern, high intake of carbohydrates, tobacco and alcohol dependence, low dental attendance, and low priority for oral health are lifestyle factors contributing to their oral health problems [4, 21].
Dental caries experience
The mean DMFT of the patients was 20.3 which mostly consisted of missing teeth (mean 13.6). The mean DMFT of opiate dependents in our study was about twice as high as the mean DMFT of the general middle-aged population in Tehran (mean: 11) [22]. However, MT comprises the main part of the index among both drug dependents and the general population. Compared to the general population (3%) [22], about 16% of our study participants were totally edentulous. The highest DMFT score (26.2) was seen in the oldest age group (55 ≤) while the youngest (18–24) had the lowest score (8.2) probably due to effect of age on dentition.
The DMFT of a group of in-treatment Spanish drug dependents was 22.7, excluding the four edentulous patients from analysis. Similar to our study, missing teeth comprised the main part of the index [5]. The mean DMFT of a group of drug dependents undergoing rehabilitation in Brazil (mean 14.9) [23], a group of remand prisoners in London (mean 14.2) [24], and a community of in-treatment alcohol and/or drug dependent persons from 3 outpatient public clinics in Brazil (13.0) [25] was lower than the mean DMFT in our study. The mean DMFT of a group of heroin users treated with methadone in a Chinese city [26] and a group of illicit drug dependents in a rehabilitation center in India [27] was 3.9 and 3.5 respectively, which is much lower than what we found. In both abovementioned studies, the prevalence of dental caries in their general populations was also lower than that of the Iranian general population [26, 27]. The lower DMFT score of the Chinese and Indian drug dependents might also be the result of the high percentage of people who were totally edentulous in our study, or might be due to the higher mean age of our participants (40.5 yrs) compared to the other two studies (about 35 yrs).
Periodontal health status
None of the patients in our study had a healthy periodontium. Similar results were found in Chinese heroin users (0%) and Indian drug dependents (2%) [26, 27]. In the present study (66%) and in Indian drug dependents (44%) [27], the max CPI index mostly consisted of shallow periodontal pockets. However, in the Chinese study, calculus comprised the main part of the index (66.3%), followed by shallow periodontal pockets (27.6%) [26].
Similar to our study, healthy periodontium was rare in middle aged general population of Tehran (1%), and shallow periodontal pockets (43%) and calculus (40%) comprised the main parts of the index [22]. Based on another study in India, compared to the general population, drug dependents showed higher periodontal destruction and lower gingival bleeding [28]. Plaque and periodontal diseases were also prevalent among remand prisoners in London [24]. It seems that periodontal diseases are more prevalent among drug dependents in Iran than other countries [26, 27]. The prevalence of periodontal diseases is high in both Iranian opiate dependents and the general population. However, the higher percentage of periodontal pockets as an indicator of periodontal destruction among drug dependents points out an urgent need to establish oral health promotion programs for people with drug addiction.
Background and drug abuse profile
In our study, the mean DMFT of opium dependents was higher than that of crystalline heroin dependents. This seems to be a result of the higher mean age of opium dependents than that of crystalline heroin users in our study (47 vs. 35 years respectively), which is consistent with other studies from Iran [17]. It is also commonly known that the DMFT index is higher among older age groups. Patients with a lower socioeconomic status showed higher DMFT scores. However, among Chinese former heroin users, DFT scores were related to sex and the duration of drug abuse after controlling the effect of education, occupation and age [26]. Among drug dependents in Australia, age, gender, and dose and/or duration of drug abuse were associated with dental destruction [29].
Regarding periodontal health, older dependents and those who started drug abuse at a younger age were more likely to develop periodontal pockets. Similar findings were reported in former drug dependents in China. Periodontal health was associated with duration of drug abuse and age of the participants [26]. Based on the study by Gupta et al. in India, drug abuse was independently related to a poor periodontal status [27].
Limitations and strengths of the study
Considering the scarcity of the data about oral problems among people with drug addiction, we managed portray oral health and its determinants in Iranian opiate dependents. However, no casual interpretation is possible due to the cross-sectional nature of the study. On the other hand, we studied opiate dependents attending maintenance treatment programs; thus, the results cannot be generalized to all drug dependents including prisoners and other street drug users. Objective data collection via clinical examination based on the WHO criteria and using a mobile dental unit provided valid information about participants' oral health status. In addition, the patients' demographics and drug abuse profile were collected via individual interviews instead of commonly applied self-administered questionnaires to increase the validity of the data. Recruiting patients from treatment centers in two main different socioeconomic areas of the city of Tehran is another strong point of the study.
The present study revealed a poor oral health status among opiate dependents in terms of their dentition status and periodontal health. Missing teeth comprised the main part of their dental caries history and none of them had a healthy periodontium. Older drug dependents and patients of lower socioeconomic status were at greater risk of developing dental problems. Thus, it is recommended to integrate oral health care into the package of general health services available in treatment centers. Educational, preventive, and treatment programs focusing on oral health should be targeted to these high risk patients in rehabilitation settings.
CPI:
Community Periodontal Index
DMFT:
Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World drug report 2015. Vienna: United Nations publication; 2015.
Vashishtha D, Mittal ML, Werb D. The north American opioid epidemic: current challenges and a call for treatment as prevention. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14:7.
Shekarchizadeh H, Khami MR, Mohebbi SZ, Ekhtiari H, Virtanen JI. Oral health of drug abusers: a review of health effects and care. Iranian J Publ Health. 2013;42:929–40.
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Titsas A, Ferguson MM. Impact of opioid use on dentistry. Aust Dent J. 2002;47:94–8.
Brondani M, Park PE. Methadone and oral health--a brief review. J Dent Hyg. 2011;85:92–8.
Nathwani NS, Gallagher JE. Methadone: dental risks and preventive action. Dent Update. 2008;35:542–4 547-8.
Cretzmeyer M, Walker J, Hall JA, Arndt S. Methamphetamine use and dental disease: results of a pilot study. J Dent Child (Chic). 2007;74:85–92.
World Health Organization. Management of substance abuse. Country profiles: Resources for the prevention and treatment of substance use disorders. http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/atlas_report/profiles/en/index.html#U. Accessed 17 May 2017.
World Health Organization. Assessment of compulsory treatment of people who use drugs in Cambodia, China, Malaysia and Viet Nam: An application of selected human rights principles; 2009. http://www.wpro.who.int/publications/docs/FINALforWeb_Mar17_Compulsory_Treatment.pdf. Accessed 17 May 2017.
Department of Health (England) and the devolved administrations. Drug misuse and dependence: UK guidelines on clinical management. London: Department of Health (England), the Scottish government, welsh assembly government and Northern Ireland Executive; 2007.
Madinier I, Harrosch J, Dugourd M, Giraud-Morin C, Fosse T. The buccal-dental health of drug addicts treated in the university hospital Centre in Nice. Presse Med. 2003;32:919–23.
Metsch LR, Crandall L, Wohler-Torres B, Miles CC, Chitwood DD, McCoy CB. Met and unmet need for dental services among active drug users in Miami. Florida J Behav Health Serv Res. 2002;29:176–88.
Shekarchizadeh H, Ekhtiari H, Khami MR, Virtanen JI. Patterns of pre-treatment drug abuse, drug treatment history and characteristics of addicts in methadone maintenance treatment in Iran. Harm Reduct J. 2012;9:18.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
Shekarchizadeh H, Khami MR, Mohebbi SZ, Virtanen JI. Oral health behavior of drug addicts in withdrawal treatment. BMC Oral Health. 2013;13:11.
World Health Organization. Oral health surveys: basic methods. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.
Robinson PG, Acquah S, Gibson B. Drug users: oral health-related attitudes and behaviours. Br Dent J. 2005;198:219–24.
Hessari H, Vehkalahti MM, Eghbal MJ, Murtomaa HT. Oral health among 35- to 44-year-old Iranians. Med Princ Pract. 2007;16:280–5.
Ribeiro Edel P, Oliveira JA, Zambolin AP, Lauris JR, Tomita NE. Integrated approach to the oral health of drug-addicted undergoing rehabilitation. Pesqui Odontol Bras. 2002;16:239–45.
Heidari E, Dickinson C, Wilson R, Fiske J. Oral health of remand prisoners in HMP Brixton. London Br Dent J. 2007;202:E1.
Marques TC, Sarracini KL, Cortellazzi KL, Mialhe FL, de Castro Meneghim M, Pereira AC, Ambrosano GM. The impact of oral health conditions, socioeconomic status and use of specific substances on quality of life of addicted persons. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15:38.
Ma H, Shi XC, Hu DY, Li X. The poor oral health status of former heroin users treated with methadone in a Chinese city. Med Sci Monit. 2012;18:PH51–5.
Gupta T, Shah N, Mathur VP, Dhawan A. Oral health status of a group of illicit drug users in Delhi. India Community Dent Health. 2012;29:49–54.
Reddy S, Kaul S, Agrawal C, Prasad MG, Agnihotri J, Bhowmik N, Amudha D, Kambali S. Periodontal status amongst substance abusers in Indian population. ISRN Dent. 2012;2012:460856.
Reece AS. Dentition of addiction in Queensland: poor dental status and major contributing drugs. Aust Dent J. 2007;52:144–9.
Data collection was funded by Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Grant number 12900.
Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, University Blvd, Arqavanieh, Jey Street, P.O.Box: 81595-158, Isfahan, Iran
Hajar Shekarchizadeh
Research Center for Caries Prevention, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Postal code 1417614411, Iran
Mohammad R. Khami
& Simin Z. Mohebbi
Community Oral Health Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Postal code 1439955934, Iran
Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Postal code 1336616357, Iran
Hamed Ekhtiari
Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
Jorma I. Virtanen
Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90029, Oulu, Finland
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Conceived and designed the study: HS, MRK, SZM, HE, JIV. Collected data: HS. Analyzed the data: HS, MRK, and JV. Prepared the manuscript: HS, MRK, JIV. Critically revised the manuscript: SZM, HE. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Hajar Shekarchizadeh.
The study was voluntary and all respondents provided their written informed consent. Anonymous patient-characteristic forms and anonymous questionnaires were used for data collection. The Tehran University of Medical Sciences Ethics Committee approved the study (nr 90–01–69-12,900-1).
Shekarchizadeh, H., Khami, M.R., Mohebbi, S.Z. et al. Oral health status and its determinants among opiate dependents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 19, 5 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-018-0691-3
Accepted: 10 December 2018


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At this years' 50th annual ARSC conference, Peter Kuhnle, CTO of NOA, presented his paper on "Digital De-emphasis Filters in Gramophone Recording Digitisation" to an audience of internationally reknown specialists in audio preservation. Asides from interesting discussions around this and other topics of AV preservation, we were excited to visit Indiana University's MDPI project on the campus, where NOA client Memnon Archiving Services made the greatest contribution to reach the current status of more than 95.000 audio carriers digitized since project start in summer 2015.
In his paper, Peter Kuhnle describes principles and application of digital de-emphasis, re-emphasis, and cross-emphasis in gramophone recordings - especially for pre-1954, non-standardized records. Using digital de-emphasis filters instead of analog circuits provides several advantages. Digital filters are free of component tolerance. With their parameters documented, de-emphasis processing is completely reversible. Thus the handling of dual, filtered and unfiltered versions becomes obsolete, leading to simplified workflows, where not two, but only one audible preservation file including de-emphasis metadata can be stored in the archive. In combination with high-quality linear pre-amplifiers and A/D converters, gramophone digitization in surpassing quality may be realized.
Digital de-emphasis will be available in NOARecord's latest release.
External link to MDPI official website.
External link to ARSC offiial website.


The Pendleton® Circle Of Life, also known as Elders Blanket was designed to pay homage and respect to the Elder members of Indian Country. These Elders have earned the respect of their community and are looked upon as senior advisers in their society. In American Indian education within each tribe, the Elders are an important part of educating the youth. Basic beliefs and teachings that encourage faith in the Creator or Great Spirit. Life and cultural skills are passed on with storytelling and teachings to each generations, as is the same with other cultures of the world.
The circle design depicts the four colors of the human race. Shades of Mother Earth, the sun and other circular planetary systems. North, South, East and West--the four Directions.


text:
Gmina związkowa Dierdorf (niem. Verbandsgemeinde Dierdorf) − gmina związkowa w Niemczech, w kraju związkowym Nadrenia-Palatynat, w powiecie Neuwied. Siedziba gminy związkowej znajduje się w mieście Dierdorf.

Podział administracyjny
Gmina związkowa zrzesza sześć gmin, w tym jedną gminę miejską (Stadt) oraz pięć gmin wiejskich:
 Dierdorf
 Großmaischeid
 Isenburg
 Kleinmaischeid
 Marienhausen
 Stebach

Dierdorf
D

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
(ethoxymethoxy)cyclododecane
EU Method A.4 (Vapour Pressure)
0.296 Pa
Summary of vapour pressure data
Log10 of vapour pressure at 25 °C
Vapour pressure at 25 °C in Pa
The vapour pressure of the test substance was 0.296 Pa at 25 °C using the vapour pressure balance method.
The vapour pressure of the test substance registered was determined under GLP using a vapour pressure balance in accordance with EU Method A.4. A sample of the test substance was placed in the balance and a sequence of ten test runs was started after the sample had been under vacuum for about 4.5 hours. Each run was tested over a temperature range from 25 to 35 °C. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the vapour pressure of the substance at 25 °C. The average vapour pressure of the substance at 25 °C as determined in ten runs was 0.296 Pa. The test substance did not change in appearance under the test conditions.
0.296 Pa at 25 °C
The vapour pressure of the substance was 0.296 Pa at 25 °C was determined in accordance with OECD 104 using the vapour pressure balance method.


text:
Chicago Church Exposes 35 Priests Accused Of Molesting Children
The archdiocese first made public, its files on 30 abusive priests in January and on Thursday, it posted the additional files on 35 more on its website
Months after it was reported that the church had hidden several cases of sexual abuse of children by priests for decades, the Archdiocese of Chicago has released thousands of more files on about three dozen more abusive clergy members to fulfill Cardinal Francis George's pledge to make them public before he retires.
The archdiocese first made public, its files on 30 abusive priests in January and on Thursday, it posted the additional files on 35 more on its website.
Daily Mail reports that 15,000 pages of documents outline how the archdiocese dealt with abuse allegations over the past six decades.
'Cardinal George wanted it finished on his watch,' said John O'Malley, special counsel to the archbishop for misconduct issues. O'Malley said George didn't want Bishop Blase Cupich to have to deal with the issue when he assumes leadership of the nation's third largest archdiocese later this month.
A report provided by the archdiocese to media this week suggests the documents are similar to those made public in January that described how the archdiocese hid the histories of abusive priests moving between parishes, did not swiftly remove the men from the priesthood, and in some cases helped them remain priests for years after allegations against them were deemed credible.
The files cover more than 350 incidents of abuse since 1952. The vast majority of the reported incidents happened when the late Cardinals John Cody and Joseph Bernardin headed the archdiocese. George took the helm in 1997.
Not included among the documents are allegations against former priest Daniel McCormack, whose case could have shed light on how George handled suspected abuse.
McCormack pleaded guilty in 2007 to abusing five children and his case prompted an internal investigation of how the archdiocese responds to abuse claims and an apology from George.
But O'Malley said the archdiocese is prohibited by law from releasing McCormack's file because there remains pending civil litigation.


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We have been firmly rooted and highly respected in the community for 20 years. We continue this tradition with our fresh new name and management team. We provide both recreational and competitive programs, hold semi annual productions at Barrie's Georgian Theatre. The Dance Academy is a place where students and instructor understand the importance of continuous education. We offer free workshops for students and summer technique programs to bridge the seasonal gap.
Our mission is to provide everyone the opportunity to experience dance, in a family oriented, structured, safe and inspiring environment. We strive to nurture a lifelong appreciation for dance by offering a range of recreational and competitive classes for all ages; hosted by professional trained instructors and choreographers.
There are currently no artists with similar disciplines. Search our individual artist database.


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How to address the climate crisis? 5 young people share their solutions
Young people are leading a movement for climate action.
Image: Callum Shaw/Unsplash
Sophia Simmons Project Specialist, Climate and Environment, Global Shapers Community, World Economic Forum
World leaders are meeting for COP26 to discuss climate action.
We asked five young people how they would address the multi-faceted nature of the climate crisis.
Their answers tackle social justice, investment in nature, circular thinking, food systems and more.
As world leaders meet at the Conference of the Parties 26 (COP26) in Glasgow, how are young people addressing the many facets and immensity of this global crisis, and what does the world need young people to do to address climate change?
We asked five young organizers and activists who participated in creating the Youth Climate Action Challenge what they are doing to address the climate crisis and what other young people can do.
The young people featured in this article are driving action and change through their individual work and Hub projects with the Global Shapers Community, a network of activists who are leading initiatives in their communities to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Here are their powerful messages for creating a more equitable and sustainable world.
Support youth-led solutions
Wole Hammond, Abuja Hub, Nigeria
Climate change has been on the front burner of global conversations. As a young person who is passionate about building a sustainable future for my generation and posterity, I am promoting awareness on the subject of climate change and advocating for a just-transition, that leaves no one behind, through multimedia storytelling.
Young people like myself are also taking action to address the climate crisis. Youths in Nigeria mobilized under the National Youth Climate Consultation to provide youth input into the country's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs). Yetunde Fadeyi is solving environmental and climate problems through renewable energy through REES Africa and Vectar Energy.
As the global race to net-zero is on, government, leaders, corporations and institutions must offer the necessary to assist youth-led solutions to scale climate action across the globe. This is why it is important to have programs such as the Youth Climate Action Challenge to harvest and support innovative ideas to build a green and sustainable world.
Climate talks will fail without more young people's voices
We asked young people what changes they want for the future. Here's what they said
Young people hold the key to creating a better future
Create equitable, sustainable food systems
Saskia Czimenga, Gaborone Hub, Botswana
The food systems that humanity is relying on today is one of the major causes of land cover change and emission of greenhouse gases. While we already know that this approach has devastating effects on biodiversity, ground water resources and soil nutrition, the effects of the climate crisis will add excessive stress to food security around the world, but especially for the most vulnerable communities.
From my personal experience in Lesotho, a small land-locked mountainous kingdom in southern Africa, I know that people cannot afford to buy food in the supermarkets but have lost their traditional way of subsistence farming through dam projects, urbanization and prolonged and extreme droughts. Through different networks I have learned that young people are demanding different food systems and are already working on developing such themselves. This is exciting.
My partner and I have ventured into permaculture and started a demonstration garden in his home village, and I recently brought together people from African countries to work towards a vision for a sustainable food system for the continent, inspired by the European Youth-led manifesto for better food systems.
Embed climate-positive concepts into production
Lucy Tong, Beijing Hub, China
Millennials are the generation that will witness the success or failure of humanity's climate change mitigation. We want to be the decision-makers that shape the future we live in.
Climate change is a systematic revolution across all sectors of society, it requires both top-down and bottle-up measures. To ensure a sustainable transformation, one of the keys to success is designing circular – to embed climate-positive, socially-aware concepts into the root of the product.
At the Global Shaper Beijing hub, we want to explore the topic while making local impact. As part of the initiative Scale360°, the Beijing hub will invite local youth to identify tactics for the food industry to go circular through design thinking. Topic will include the prominent delivery services in China, the popular bandage-style packages for food, and the agriculture sector in the value chain. This would join the momentum for the transition to a circular economy in the factory of the world, China, and help the world move into a net-zero future.
Invest in nature at scale
Rafael Alonso, Mexico City Hub, Mexico
Humans have the systems, the knowledge, the technology. Nature has the regenerative capacity. To be of service for mother nature means to use our resources for good.
For the first time ever, we can work together, aligning incentives to really make a difference. Startups can use disruptive technologies such as satellite images, big data and remote sensors. Companies can commit to net zero, or even better, to nature positive production systems. Asset owners and asset managers can choose where to allocate their resources.
To be of service for mother nature means to use our resources for good.
This decade is crucial to green our investments and to invest in green opportunities. Imagine investing in a portfolio that restores vast amounts of grasslands in North America, effectively preventing desertification at scale. Further imagine entire systems changing agricultural practices around Latin America's rainforests. Platforms such as Cultivo.Land can bring together all the relevant stakeholders to take bold action today. And other innovation efforts, such as the Youth Climate Action Challenge can help scale climate action even further. It's time for the private sector to participate. Invest in nature today.
Take a circular approach
Hannah Ballard, Montreal Hub, Canada
We are facing a vast array of multidimensional global crises across the climate, social fabric, economy, geopolitical landscape and health systems of the world. Making change isn't going to be easy, but if we commit to a truly circular approach, we could genuinely build a better, more inclusive system.
Why think circular when you can think doughnut? Kate Raworth's "Doughtnut Economics" has led to a "Doughtnut Economy Action Lab" where activists can connect, reuse resources and share best practices. Local communities and governments are adopting the doughnut, from Amsterdam to Tokyo. By making the process of taking action more sustainable, activists are better able to sustain their efforts.
Just like a circle, connecting stakeholders enables transformative change. Citizens across the world want alternatives, and innovators are stepping up to meet their demands. In Southeast Asia, The Incubation Network runs initiatives to empower entrepreneurs to tackle plastic waste in their communities. In Canada, Kids Code Jeunesse launched the #kids2030 Challenge to educate the world's youngest stakeholders about the climate crisis. Not content with learning, these young people are exploring their own solutions to address the problem.
By closing the circle to better utilize our resources and energy reserves, young activists have the potential to accelerate us into a better, more sustainable future. But to get there, they need support.


What an amzing time I had on Te Araroa! 128 days sprinkled with great views, new challenges and awesome people. Looking back at my adventure, I have to say it's one of - if not the best - thing I have ever done.
Surely, I had more than one moment, when I was on the verge of dispair, the moments when I asked myself the question "Why am I doing this?". Be it the never ending muddy sections on the North Island, the busy, suicidal highways and river crossings, the cold, rainy and windy days or the sandflies. But these "negative" moments were well outnumbered by all the positive ones - the ones that kept me going and made the journey so memorable.
Below a few thoughts and stats I want to mention at this point. I already mentioned parts of it in my blog but I think it's a good place to write them down again.
I tried to follow the Te Araroa whenever possible and overall I guess I was quite successful. A small number of tracks were closed for lambing or Kauri Dieback Disease. Out of respect to the nature and the land owners, I always swallowed the bitter pill and followed the official detour (mostly involved road walking).
The only other time I diverted from the official trail was on the Whanganui River as I couldn't find anyone, who wanted to canoe from Mangapura Landing (you need to be at least a party of two), so I entered the river already in Whakahoro.
Te Araroa consists of a mix of road- and beach walks, easy tramping tracks, tramping tracks and routes.
There's not much to say about road sections, which Te Araroa has lots of, especially on the North Island. Sealed, gravel or forestry roads as well as cycle paths. It's usually easy, fast progress, but hard on the feet. Many people I met didn't like it, I never really had a problem with road bashing, unless the roads were busy and narrow and thus pretty dangerous.
If road walk isn't your thing at all, it might be the best to consider waiting a few years, until some of the road sections are replaced by hiking tracks.
Hiking, or tramping as they call it here, is different in New Zealand. While the tracks I know from Switzerland are usually well maintained and clearly marked (here these kinds of tracks are called easy tramping tracks), the tramping standard tracks and routes here are a bit more... adventurous - and I certainly struggled with them more than once. To be honest, in the beginning, when hiking through the Northland forests, I was a bit shocked about the tracks.
The concept just seems different: Why build a bridge when a river can be forded? Why construct a costly, effortful benched track in sloped terrain, when you can just mark a trail along the top of a ridge? Why build tracks at all, when riverbeds or scree fields can be used to walk on?
Beside that, more than once I had the impression that no one seems to look after the tracks, which, especially on the North Island were sometimes barely walkable. Mainly due to slips, fallen trees as well as steep, muddy, slippery sections. Track-wise, the South Island was different. Not only was the ground rockier, which I personally liked, but the tracks seemed to be in a generally better shape. Probably as they are more frequently used.
I was moaning about the difficult tracks in my blogs. In retrospect though, I'm happy the tracks weren't always a-walk-in-the-park-standard. It made the whole trail much more rewarding.
Another point worth mentioning is the diversity of terrain Te Araroa crosses. Cities, thick bush, with lots of roots and mud, sandy beaches and volcanic areas on the North Island and bottom of the South Island, tussock, rocks, scree, long riverbeds and dry flats on the South Island. They all were challenging in different ways and thus made the hike very diverse.
After finishing Te Araroa, I travelled and tramped through New Zealand for another 4 months. And while I have visited many spectacular places during this time, they always reminded me of a region I've seen while hiking Te Araroa. So I think, the routing of Te Araroa shows you most, of what Aotearoa has to offer.
Many locals I met told me it was the worst summer they ever experienced. The weather certainly wasn't always on my side: Numerous wet, cold and very windy days made for some really uncomfortable hikes and nights in my tent. Especially as the NZ weather is, in my opinion, much harsher than the one I'm used to in Switzerland (e.g. the weather conditions at 1000 meters in New Zealand roughly match with the ones at 2000 meters in Switzerland).
Still, I had a good number of stunning days as well and didn't "loose" a single day due to the weather. Mainly because I was lucky to be at the right place at the right time (unlike all the hikers who got stuck when the weather-bomb hit the Nelson-Lakes and Arthur's Pass area), but also because being proactive helped to avoid delays. Whenever the weather was good I pushed on order to cross that river, which might not be fordable the next morning after heavy overnight rain.
Even though the weather didn't cause any major delays for me I was always happy to know that I won't run short of time in case I had to wait out bad weather. Thus I really recommend arranging enough time for the hike!
Most of my gear worked as promised. The MSR Pocket-Rocket with its broken thread and my broken hiking poles (partially my fault ;) were a bit of a let-down though. Beside a dry bag, which got blown away, I haven't lost/forgotten any gear neither, which is surprising, given the fact that I often left the huts before sunrise.
One of my favorite items on the trail was the Spot GPS Tracker/Locator Beacon, which I mainly carried in case I was in urgent need of help. Besides giving me an ensuring feeling the tracker also transmitted my position every 10 minutes to the website. Many people who were following my hike, told me they enjoyed the "follow me" feature.
Moreover, I was fairly impressed by my Seek Outside Backpack, which did faboulous job. I like it being a panel loader and even though it might sound paradox, its sturdy aluminum frame makes the pack very comfortable to wear. During my hike I fell a lot and usually landed on my backpack; I scraped the pack numerous time on rocks and walked with it through some nasty thorny bush. Still, beside some minor scratches, it looks like new. Amazing. Well worth the investment and the rather heavy weight.
Speaking of weight: with a base wheight of over 15 kilograms (without food), my pack was definitely on the heavier side. During the first days I was struggling with it, but the longer I was on Te Araroa, the less I noticed the wheight (minus the long, steep climbs...).
My very personal opinion: a light pack is, without doubt an advantage but counting every gram seems to be a bit of an overkill.
I hiked every step either barefoot (beaches) or in my Luna Sandals. Through mud and snow, over sharp rocks and scree as well as Spicky Spaniard infested tussock.
Walking in sandals wasn't always easy and often slowed me down as they don't offer much protection. Furthermore all the grip between the bottom of the foot and the Luna is lost as soon as mud got in between - something which continuously happend... Mud also made the Velcro useless with time, as the dirt prevented the Velcro from sticking.
The wear was quite bad as well. I chew through four pairs on Te Araroa. But to be fair: it wasn't the rough terrain but rather the road walk that killed them. The rough surface of the tar sealed roads literally abraded the rubber on my sandals, which made hiking on tramping tracks slippery and dangerous.
No question: I'd hike Te Araroa in Sandals again. They dry within minutes, don't cause many blisters and even the muddy, snowy parts were okay once I started using my Injinji Socks.
However, wouldn't recommend the sandals to anyone, who hasn't walked in Lunas before as the feet and ankles (there's no support at all) need time to get used to it.
Five Müesli Bars for breakfast, a ~200 grams nut/dried fruit mix for lunch and a warm dinner (pasta, quinoa, lentils, soba noodles, dried peas, etc.). That's basically what my vegetarian/mostly vegan diet on the trail looked like. Not very inspiring but, then againI'm not particularly picky - so that was more than okay for me. And I usually splurged a lot while passing through towns.
Maybe that's the reason why I'm now weighting 70 kilograms, 5 more than when I started.
Luckily, I never suffered a serious injury, which, given all the roots, sharp rocks, slippery sidling sections, rivers etc., couldn't be taken for granted.
Beside my shin splints, which I suffered in the Tararua Range and led to an extremely painful 4 day hike until I was out of the range as well as my knees which struggled a little with the continuous steep ups and downs on the South Island, I only had some minor scratches and bruises. Despite all my tumbles.
North Island, South Island, both?
Both! No question. While the South Island sports the better tracks, views and less road walking, the North Island is more about the culture and the people. In my opinion only hiking both Islands gives you a complete picture of this amazing country.
Do I have a favorite island?
This might surprise a little, but I actually preferred the North Island over the South. Not particularly the muddy tracks and days of walking through thick bush but all the beach and coastal walks at Ninety Mile Beach, between Paihia and Auckland, as well as north of Wellington were most enjoyable. Moreover it was far less touristy and less crowded (obviously because it was still off-season) and (thus?) the contact to the local people easier. Another aspect: with rain forest, beaches and volcanoes, the landscape is different from the one I'm used to.
The scenery of the South Island is great for sure. The island however is quite similar to the Swiss Alps (minus the tussock, which I didn't particularly like) and - I hope I won't hurt anyone - simply not as spectacular as the European Alps. I fear I'm too spoiled from what I'm used to.
Good question and hard to answer, as I've obviously only done SOBO. As I started in September, NOBO was out of question. Way to early. Still too much snow on the South Island.
If planning on starting around New Year or later, it's probably a viable option as well. Whichever way you choose: The first few days are easy with road and beach walk. Going SOBO you have Herekino and Raetea Forest after the beach, NOBO's will have some fun in the mud once entering Longwood Forest.
- as you have to start around New Year or preferably later, NOBO's will meet dozens of SOBO's, who are only days away from finishing. I'd probably be struggling with this a little.
- starting in Bluff, you have the beach on the second day, bush after a week and rock (-scrambling) as well as tussock within 2 weeks of setting off. There's nothing really new afterwards. Going south, it's all a bit slower. IIRC the first time I climbed above 1000 meters above sea level was in Pureora Forest, way after Auckland, and the first real rocky section was the Tongariro Crossing.
Starting in late September as I did is probably early. The nights were often cold, the weather not very stable and the tracks muddy.
I heard stories that a few weeks after me, e.g. October/November, when the weather is usually better, up to 10 hikers a day started their TA adventure. Not really a problem up north but once reaching the first huts, I fear it gets really crowded. Especially on the South Island when these SOBO's meet the NOBO's.
There were only a handful of other hikers starting within a week of me, which I actually quite liked. I had the forests and the majority of the huts on the North Island for myself. Something I enjoyed a lot and therefore I don't regret starting so early at all. In retrospect, it actually was one of the best decisions I made.
...an ongoing topic on the trail.
The majority of hikers I met, hitch-hiked parts of the trail - mostly road sections. This was always out of question for me. I wanted to walk as much as possible. So that I can say with a clean conscience: I've completed Te Araroa. I knew, the way Te Araroa is laid out, it wouldn't be possible to walk every step of it (something that I really don't like about Te Araroa!). On the North Island for example the ferry crossing from Devonport to Auckland and the Whanganui River; the Rakaia, Rangitata and Lake Wakatipu on the South Island. And of course the obvious Cook Straight.
Some of these obstacles are surmountable by ferry, some by Kayak or Canoe.
The Rangitata and Rakaia could be crossed when conditions are right. As they are not part of Te Araroa (so called Hazard Zones) it's "allowed" by the Te Araroa Trust to hitch around. Same with Lake Wakatipu. And these sections, beside hitching in and out of a town for resupply, were actually the only places, where I hitched a ride.
On on the road walk into St. Arnaud, workers wouldn't let me walk past the road works and drove me one kilometer to the end of the road work. Call me crazy but this actually bugged me a bit.
I guess in the end everyone has to decide for him-/herself. HYOH - hike your own hike. Be honest and comfortable the way you do it.
I really don't know where to start. There are so many people I want to give thanks to - without them the journey would have been nowhere near as good.
All the motorists, who gave me rides up to Cape Reinga (thanks Karen and Liz!), around the Hazard Zones and when I had to resupply off-trail.
Then the trail angles, who offered me food and/or a warm place to stay and a hot shower, which, after spending days in the bush was always such a treat. The comfy bed and amenities at Matt's place, the roaring fire in Richard's house, the sheltered camping spot at the Rangiriri Heritage Cafe or the farm worker at Tiroa Station, who let me sleep at the Station's sleeping quarter after a miserable day along Mangekowa Stream - all wonderful experiences.
A special thanks goes to Rob and George as well as Lionel and Robyn who really went out of their way to support me, when Te Araroa has taken its toll on me.
Last but not least Hetty and Fredy, who offered the perfect support from home and dealt with organizational stuff I wasn't able to handle while on the track, I yield thanks to.


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🏠 / Cricket records / Saeed Ajmal records
Saeed Ajmal cricket records
Saeed Ajmal of Pakistan holds 4 cricket records known to us.
Most Wickets in Test Cricket in 2011
50 wickets in 8 matches
Best Bowling Economy in One day Cricket in 2011
3.48 in 20 matches
Most Wickets in T20 Cricket in 2012
25 wickets in 16 matches
Most Wickets in One day Cricket in 2013
Saeed Ajmal is a bowler of Pakistan cricket team. He has played 35 test matches and taken 178 wickets in 67 innings at bowling average of 28.1, with economy of 2.58 and bowling strike rate of 65.1. His personal best in a Test match is 11 wickets for 111 runs. His best performance in an inning is 7 wickets for 55 runs. 10 times he has taken 5+ wickets and 4 times he has taken 10+ wickets in Test cricket.
He took 5 wickets for 24 runs in his best ODI bowling. His bowling economy in one-day cricket is 4.18 in 112 matches. He has taken 184 wickets at strike rate of 32.6 and bowling average of 22.72, which includes 6 times 4 wicket haul and 2 times 5 wicket haul.
His Twenty20 best bowling is 4 wickets for 19 runs. He has taken 85 wickets in 63 T20 matches at economy of 6.36, with bowling average of 17.83 and bowling strike rate of 16.8. 4 times he has taken 4+ wickets but never took 5+ wickets in Twenty20 cricket.
He has played 35 test matches and scored 451 runs in 53 innings, with 0 centuries and 1 half-centuries, at batting average of 11 and his personal best of 50 runs.
His highest score in one-day cricket is 33. His one-day career includes 0 hundreds and 0 half-centuries in his 324 runs scored in 70 matches, at an average of 7.04 and strike rate of 60.56%.
He has hit 91 runs in 23 Twenty20 matches, with highest score of 21* and 0 centuries at an average of 8.27 and strike rate of 105.81. He has scored 0 half centuries and hit 2 sixes and 7 fours in Twenty20 cricket.
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Fazal-ur-Rehman T20, ODI, Tests records