text:
Cellulose solution in novel solvent and electrospinning thereof
Nanoscale diameter cellulose fibers are produced by dissolving cellulose at a level of 3 to 25% (w/w) in a solvent comprising ethylene diamine and salt selected from the group consisting of potassium thiocyanate, potassium iodide and mixtures thereof, the salt present in an amount of 10 to 75% of its saturation point.
Frey, Margaret Wilde (Ithaca, NY, US)
Joo, Yong Lak (Ithaca, NY, US)
B29C47/00; C08B1/00; D01D1/02; D01D5/00; D01F2/02; (IPC1-7): D01F2/02; B29C47/00
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TOLIN, MICHAEL A
BACON & THOMAS, PLLC (625 SLATERS LANE, FOURTH FLOOR, ALEXANDRIA, VA, 22314, US)
1. Solvent composition comprising ethylene diamine and salt selected from the group consisting of potassium thiocyanate, potassium iodide and mixtures thereof, the salt being present in amount of 10 to 75% of its saturation point.
2. The solvent composition of claim 1 where the salt is potassium thiocyanate which is present in amount of 25 to 75% of its saturation point.
3. Solution of cellulose in the solvent composition of claim 1, wherein the cellulose is present in amount of 3 to 25% (w/w).
4. The solution of claim 3 which flows at room temperature.
5. The solution of claim 3 where the salt is potassium thiocyanate which is present in the solvent in amount of 25 to 65% of its saturation point.
6. The solution of claim 3 where the cellulose has a degree of polymerization less than 1,000.
7. The solution of claim 3 where the cellulose has a degree of polymerization ranging from 1,000 to 3,000.
8. The solution of claim 7 where the cellulose is cotton batting.
9. The solution of claim 3 where the cellulose has a degree of polymerization ranging from 750 to 3,000.
10. The solution of claim 9 where the cellulose is wood cellulose.
11. The solution of claim 3 which is a gel at room temperature containing nanoscale transverse dimension cellulose fibers.
12. A method for forming cellulose fibers comprising the steps of dissolving cellulose in the solvent of claim 1 at a level of 3 to 8% (w/w) to produce a flowing solution and electrospinning cellulose fibers from the flowing solution.
13. The method of claim 11 where the cellulose has a degree of polymerization greater than 1,000 and the salt is potassium thiocyanate which is present in an amount of 50 to 65% of its saturation point and the electrospinning is carried out to produce nanoscale diameter cellulose fibers.
14. A method for forming a three dimensional network of nanoscale transverse dimension cellulose fibers comprising dissolving cellulose of degree of polymerization ranging from 200 to 3,000 in the solvent of claim 1 at a level of 6 to 25% (w/w) to form a gel comprising self-assembled cellulose fibers in a three dimensional network, and removing the solvent to leave a mat of nanoscale dimension cellulose fibers.
This invention is directed to a solvent composition for dissolving cellulose, to a solution of cellulose in the composition and to electrospinning of cellulose fibers from the solution.
The dissolution of cellulose without chemical modification and/or derivatization has been reported as being an extremely difficult task because cellulose is a stiff molecule characterized by close chain packing.
Currently, only the N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide(NMMO)/H2O system described in Chanzy, H., et al. J. Polym. Sci: Polym Lett Ed 17, 219-226 (1979) has been used commercially for solvent spinning of cellulose fibers. This system has the disadvantages of requiring high temperature, e.g., greater than 130° C., for dissolution (whereas the temperature at which explosion occurs is about 150° C.), the occurrence of degradation of cellulose and the requirement of an antioxidant to avoid side reactions.
Cuculo, J. A., et al. Patent Publication No. US2003/0136304A1, published Jul. 24, 2003, identifies a combination of ammonia analog and thiocyanate salt for dissolution of cellulose and in paragraph 0043 mentions wet spinning of cellulose. In the working examples 1 and 2 of U.S. 2003/0136304A1, hydrazine and hydrazine hydrate are used as ammonia analog. However, hydrazine is extremely toxic. Working Example 3 of US2003/0136304A1 uses a solvent composition of ethylene diamine and sodium thiocyanate; this solvent composition has been found by the inventors herein to provide a flowing solution of cellulose suitable for electrospinning only when sodium thiocyanate was present in amount of about 50% of saturation even when the percentage of cellulose was 4% (w/w).
It has been discovered herein that KSCN provides significant advantages over NaSCN, in combination with ethylene diamine as a solvent for cellulose, in that flowing solutions of cellulose in this solvent were produced at concentrations of 10-75% of saturation in ethylene diamine (concentration is expressed as a % of the KSCN saturation point in ethylene diamine) allowing use of less salt constituent at concentration of cellulose up to about 8% (w/w), i.e., more cellulose than in the case of the NaSCN. Likewise KI provides advantages over NaI in combination with ethylene diamine as a solvent for cellulose.
One embodiment of the invention herein, denoted the first embodiment, is directed to a solvent composition comprising ethylene diamine and a salt selected from the group consisting of potassium thiocyanate, potassium iodide and mixtures thereof, the salt being present in amount of 10 to 75% of saturation in ethylene diamine. This embodiment is useful to produce flowing solutions of cellulose, as well as, solutions of cellulose in gel form. The term "flowing" is used herein to mean the ability to move in a stream at room temperature. The term "gel form" is used to mean does not move in a stream at room temperature.
Another embodiment herein, denoted the second embodiment, is directed to a solution of cellulose, 0.1 to 25% (w/w), in solvent composition comprising ethylene diamine and salt selected from the group consisting of potassium thiocyanate and potassium iodide, the salt being present in amount of 10 to 75% of its saturation point.
Another embodiment herein, denoted the third embodiment, is directed at a method for forming cellulose fibers comprising the steps of dissolving cellulose at a level of 3 to 8% (w/w) in the solvent of the first embodiment to produce a flowing solution and electrospinning cellulose fibers from the solution. In one case, the cellulose has a degree of polymerization greater than 1,000 and the salt is potassium thiocyanate which is present in amount of 50 to 65% of saturation in ethylene diamine, and electrospinning is carried out to provide nanoscale diameter cellulose fibers. The term "nanoscale" is used herein to mean less than 1 micron in diameter.
Another embodiment herein, denoted the fourth embodiment, is directed to a method of forming a mat of a three dimensional network of nanoscale transverse dimension of cellulose fibers, comprising dissolving cellulose of degree of polymerization ranging from 200 to 3,000 in the solvent of the first embodiment at a level of 6 to 25% (w/w) to form a gel comprising self assembled cellulose fibers in a three-dimensional network surrounded by more dilute cellulose solution and removing the solvent to leave a mat of nanoscale transverse dimension cellulose fibers. The term "nanoscale" is used to mean less than one micron.
The terms "a" and "an" as used herein, mean one or more.
The term "about" as used herein is meant to encompass variations of ±2%, e.g., ±0.5% or ±0.1%.
The degree of polymerization (DP) of cellulose is calculated from xanthate seconds (xs) measurements using the equation:
DP=347.7039+315.9949 LOG(xs)+335223(LOG(xs))2
or using a 2-arm size 100 Cannon-Fenske Routine Viscometer and a modified version of ASTM D1795-86 (the modification being that the concentration was varied from specification in order to achieve sufficient flow times where kinematic effects could be ignored, i.e., flow times greater than 100 seconds), unless otherwise stated.
The term "Mv" is used herein to mean viscosity molecular weight and is determined from measurement of intrinsic viscosity. It typically falls between weight average molecular weight and number average molecular weight.
The concentration of cellulose is expressed in terms of weight cellulose per weight of solution (i.e., per weight of cellulose plus ethylene diamine plus salt) and is indicated as w/w, unless otherwise indicated.
FIG. 1 is a graph of cellulose (% w/w) versus KSCN (% saturation) using a zero shear mixing method, and depicts results of Working Example I.
FIG. 2 is a graph of cellulose (% w/w) versus KSCN (% saturation) using a gentle shear mixing method and depicts results of Working Example I.
FIG. 3 is a graph of % cellulose per weight of ethylene diamine versus KI (% of saturation in ethylene diarnine) using a gentle shear mixing method and depicts results of Working Example II.
We turn now to the first embodiment of the invention herein, that is a solvent composition comprising ethylene diamine and a salt selected from the group consisting of potassium thiocyanate and potassium iodide and mixtures thereof, the salt being present in an amount ranging from about 10 to 75%, e.g., 25 to 75% or 25 to 65% of its saturation point. Potassium thiocyanate is preferred over potassium iodide. The solvent composition is useful to provide the solutions of cellulose of the second embodiment.
We turn now to the second embodiment of the invention herein, which is directed to a solution of cellulose, 0.1 to 25% (w/w), in the solvent composition of the first embodiment. When the solution is a flowing solution, it is useful for electrospinning production of cellulose fibers, e.g., for purposes of the third embodiment herein, or for wet spinning or dry-jet spinning, e.g., using ethanol as a coagulant, to produce fibers in the 0.5 to 1,000 denier range followed by drawing (annealing) to obtain properties similar to those of Rayon or Lyocell fibers, or to make films via casting or extrusion. When the solution is a gel, it is useful for forming a mat of three dimensional network of nanoscale transverse dimension cellulose fibers, e.g., for purposes of the fourth embodiment herein. With KSCN as salt in the solvent, flowing solutions can be prepared containing, e.g., from 0.1 to 8% (w/w) cellulose. With KI as salt in the solvent, flowing solutions can be prepared containing, e.g., from 0.1 to 8% (w/w) cellulose. With KSCN as salt in the solvent, gels can be prepared containing, e.g., from 8 to 25% (w/w) cellulose. With KI as salt in the solvent, gels can be prepared containing, e.g., from 6 to 10% (w/w) cellulose. The cellulose can be, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, microgranular cellulose, from cotton linters, from cotton batting or from wood cellulose. The degree of polymerization of the cellulose can range, for example, 100 to 3,000 determined as described above. In one case, the degree of polymerization of the cellulose is less than 1,000 and is, for example, mirocrystalline cellulose powder or from cotton linters or can be wood cellulose. In another case, the degree of polymerization of the cellulose ranges from 1,000 to 3,000 and is, for example, cotton batting or wood cellulose. As indicated, wood cellulose falls in both cases and can have a degree of polymerization ranging, for example, from 750 to 3,000. To produce either flowing solutions or gels the salt is usually present in an amount of 25 to 75% of its saturation point, e.g., 25 to 65% if its saturation point, e.g., 30 to 50% of its saturation point. The solutions can be prepared, for example, using a zero shear mixing method (described in Working Example I or a gentle shear mixing method, (e.g., as described in Working Example I or by using a blender on low).
We turn now to the third embodiment herein which is directed to a method for forming cellulose fibers comprising the steps of dissolving cellulose at a level of 3 to 8% (w/w) to produce a flowing solution and electrospinning cellulose fibers from the flowing solution. In one case, the cellulose has a degree of polymerization greater than 1,000, the salt of the solvent is potassium thiocyanate and is present in an amount of 50 to 65% of its saturation point and electrospinning is carried to produce nanoscale transverse dimension (diameter) fibers.
We turn now to the fourth embodiment which is directed at a method form forming a three dimensional network of nanoscale transverse dimension cellulose fibers comprising dissolving cellulose of degree of polymerization ranging from 200 to 3,000 in solvent of the first embodiment at a level of 6 to 25% (w/w) to form a gel comprising self-assembled cellulose fibers in a three dimension network (including clear gels), and removing the solvent to leave a mat of nanoscale dimension cellulose fibers. The solvent is removed, for example, via a non-solvent (solvent for the ethylene diamine and salt but not for cellulose) such as ethanol or methanol, followed by vacuum drying, or by freeze drying or critical point drying using supercooled CO2, leaving the cellulose structure in uncollapsed form. The solvent should be removed in such a way that the structure does not collapse.
The invention is illustrated in the following Working Examples.
WORKING EXAMPLE I
Solvent of ethylene diamine and KSCN was used to dissolve cellulose using either a zero shear mixing method or a gentle shear mixing method.
The procedure for the zero shear mixing method in this working example was as follows:
A known amount of dried cellulose was placed inside a centrifugal test tube. 20 mL of ethylene diamine (C2H8N2) was then added to the test tube and mixed for 30 seconds using a Genie Vortex mixer. After the cellulose was well integrated with the liquid, a known amount of salt was added and mixed for an additional minute, inverting the tube once during mixing. If the sample still had clumps of salt, a metal rod was inserted into the tube to try to break up the clumps. When the contents appeared to be well incorporated, the test tube was placed into the freezer (−20° C.) for a minimum of 4 hours. When time had elapsed, the test tube was thawed in a 40° C. water bath for 30 minutes. The thawed sample was mixed for 30 seconds. Dissolution was considered complete when the sample was transparent. Those that did not appear to be clear were returned for another freeze/thaw cycle. The cycle was repeated a maximum of 3 times.
The procedure for the gentle shear mixing method in this working example was as follows:
A known amount of dried cellulose was placed inside a polyethylene Ziplock bag. 20 mL of C2H8N2 was then added to the Ziplock bag and the air removed before sealing. The contents were mixed by hand via a squeezing method to make sure that the cellulose was wetted out. A known amount of salt was added to the Ziplock Bag, the air was removed and then the bag was sealed. A rolling pin was used to crush the salt crystals until the contents were smooth and a thin even layer created. The Ziplock bag was placed into the freezer for 15 minutes. Then, the Ziplock bag was thawed in a 30° C. water bath for 15 minutes. The temperature of the water bath was reduced from 40 to 30° C. because the flash point of C2H8N2 is 38° C.). During that time period, the sample was subjected to shearing motion via the use of the rolling pin. Dissolution was considered complete when the sample was transparent. The transparent sample was then transferred to a centrifugal test tube for easier access to other experiments. Those samples that did not appear to be clear were returned for another freeze/thaw cycle. The cycle was repeated a maximum of 3 times.
In each case, 9 ml (8.028 g) of ethylene diamine was used and amount of KSCN and amount of cellulose were varied. The sample compositions ranged from 2-10% w/w cellulose and 10-75% of its saturation point of KSCN.
Results for the zero shear mixing tube method with microgranular cellulose powder (CC31), DP of about 210 (literature value) based on usual observation, are shown in FIG. 1.
Results for the gentle shear mixing method with microgranular cellulose powder CC31, based on Theological measurements, are shown in FIG. 2. The Theological measurements were taken using frequency sweeps in a shear rheometer, cone and plate geometry at 25° C. Tan delta values were used to determine which samples were flowing versus gel. Polarized light microscopy was used to confirm that samples did not contain any undissolved cellulose.
A table of gentle shear mixing method results (visual observations), is set forth below:
Sample % w/w % w/w Room Temperature
Number cellulose KSCN Appearance
12-4 7.31 50.78 flowing solution
13-6 9.01 50.62 gel
13-10 7.52 45.90 flowing solution
WORKING EXAMPLE II
Solvent of ethylene diamine and KI was used to dissolve cellulose using the gentle shear mixing method.
In each case 9 ml of ethylene diamine was used.
The cellulose used was from cotton linter filter paper (DP of 940, determined using Cannon-Fenske Routine Viscometer as described above).
Results are shown in FIG. 3.
WORKING EXAMPLE III
Solvent of ethylene diamine and KSCN or KI was used to dissolve cellulose.
In each case, 20 ml of ethylene diamine was used. KSCN in amount of 6 g (40% of saturation), 5.2 g (35 % of saturation) or 4.5 g (30% of saturation) was used. KI in amount of 6.7 g (50% of saturation), 5.4 g (40% of saturation) and 4.0 g (30% of saturation), was used. Cellulose used was TEMBEC PULP HV1OA, a soft wood pulp (DP=2200, Mv=352,000), TEMBEC PULP HV2OA, a soft wood pulp (DP=2300,Mv=372,500, TEMSOL V, a soft wood pulp (DP=790, Mv=127,000) and TEMFILM HWD2, a hard wood pulp ((DP=815, Mv=131,000). DP was determined by the xanthate seconds method described above. Cellulose samples were ground to 20 mesh and dried overnight under vacuum.
Ethylene diamine was measured using a pipette. Cellulose, KSCN and KI were weighed and added. Samples were mixed thoroughly using gentle shear to ensure that all cellulose was wetted out and all salt was dissolved. After mixing, samples were a placed in a freezer at −10° C. for at least 1 hour until frozen solid. Thawed samples were mixed using gentle shear and returned to the freezer. Freeze/thaw cycling was repeated for a total of 3 cycles to insure that dissolution was complete. No change was observed in the samples after the first freeze/thaw cycle.
Results for ethylene diamine/KSCN solvent are set forth in Table 2 below:
Materials: code # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
cellulose 2.1 3.1 4.2 6.3 2.2 3.2 4.3 6.5 2.2 3.3 4.5 6.7
% (w/w)
Ethylene 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml 20 ml
KSCN (g) 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
SOLV V 14- solution solution solution gel solution solution solution gel solution solution solution gel
HW 20 16- solution solution solution gel solution solution solution gel solution solution solution no sol.
HW 10 A 18- solution solution no sol. no sol. gel gel no sol. no sol. solution solution no sol. no sol.
HW 20 A 20- solution gel gel no sol. solution gel gel gel solution solution solution no sol.
Results for ethylene diamine/KI solvent are set forth in Table 3 below:
KI (g) 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
SOLV V 15- solution solution solution no sol. solution solution no sol. no sol. solution no sol. no sol. no sol.
HW 20 17- solution solution solution gel solution no sol. no sol. no sol. solution solution no sol. no sol.
HW 10 A 19- solution no sol. no sol. no sol. no sol. no sol. no sol. no sol. no sol. no sol. no sol. no sol.
HW 20 A 21- solution gel no sol. no sol. gel no sol. no sol. no sol. no sol. no sol. no sol. no sol.
WORKING EXAMPLE IV
Electrospinning experiments were conducted using flowing solutions of cellulose in ethylene diamine/KSCN solvent. A high voltage source was used to apply 30 KV to a 24 gauge needle on a syringe. A syringe pump was used to continually renew the droplet at the syringe tip. #22 and #24 gauge needles were used as spinnerets. Distance between the needle point and the ground was varied from 15 to 20 cm.
Fibers were successfully spun from solutions containing 8% cellulose Type 20 microcrystalline cellulose, DP=140 (determined with Cannon-Fenske Routine Viscometer as described above) and Type CC31 microgranular cellulose powder (DP=210 from literature) with KSCN at 56% of saturation. The fibers were larger than nanoscale diameter. S&S470 cellulose (DP=940, determined with Cannon-Fenske Routine Viscometer as described above) gave similar results.
Cotton fibers from batting (DP=1400, literature value) dissolved at a concentration of 3% w/v in KSCN/ethylene diamine with KSCN concentration at 60% of saturation gave a bead on string morphology; diameters of fiber section measured as small as 500 nm, were obtained. The beads are useful for lubrication applications.
WORKING EXAMPLE V
Three dimensional, interconnected nanofiber structures were prepared from gels of cellulose in ethylene diamine/KSCN solvent. All ingredients were mixed in a Waring laboratory blender to ensure complete dispersion and mixing of all ingredients. Composition 1: 200 ml ethylene diamine, 67 g KSCN, 24 g Whatman CC-31 cellulose 9% (w/w). Composition 2: 200 ml ethylene diamine, 67 g KSCN, 24 g TEMBEC HV-10A cellulos (9% w/w). Complete dissolution of cellulose was confirmed by polarized light microscopy. Solvent (ethylene diamine/KSCN) was removed from the gels by diffusion into ethanol. The resulting white solid was then vacuum dried at ambient temperature in a Labconco Freeze dry system/freezone 4.5. In each case, the resulting material was a rigid while solid. In each case, the material is comprised of interconnected fibrils less than 100 nm in diameter. Porosity is evident under light microscopy.
Variations will be obvious to those skilled in the art. Thus, the scope of the invention is determined by the breadth of the claims.
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text:
Golmud () ist eine kreisfreie Stadt im Autonomen Bezirk Haixi der Mongolen und Tibeter in der chinesischen Provinz Qinghai.

Golmud hat eine Fläche von 118.954,18 km². Offiziell werden oft noch 123.460 km² angegeben. Die genauere Zahl (minus 4.505,82 km²) geht auf verbesserte Messungen und auf eine Korrektur der Grenze zu Tibet im Gebiet der Großgemeinde Tanggulashan zurück. Aufgrund ihrer großen Fläche wird die Stadt auch als "größte Stadt der Welt" bezeichnet.

Auf dem Verwaltungsgebiet Golmuds (fast so groß wie Griechenland) leben nach neuesten Angaben ca. 270.000 Einwohner (Aufenthaltsbevölkerung Ende 2006). Das entspricht einer Bevölkerungsdichte von 2,27 Einwohnern/km². Allerdings sind über 90 % der Einwohner städtische Bevölkerung, d. h., sie konzentrieren sich auf die höchstens 72 km², die das urbane Zentrum ausmachen. Hier liegt die Bevölkerungsdichte also knapp unter 3.500 Einw./km², während sie für den allergrößten Teil der Fläche nur etwa 0,23 Einw./km² erreicht. Noch Ende 2003 wurde die Bevölkerung offiziell mit 107.000 angegeben (nur Einwohner mit Hauptwohnsitz), Ende 2004 mit 175.000 (vermutlich war hier bereits die Aufenthaltsbevölkerung gemeint). Auf jeden Fall ist Golmud – sicher auch aufgrund der Fertigstellung der Eisenbahnlinie nach Lhasa – in den letzten Jahren stark gewachsen. Ende 2006 waren nur noch 9,8 % der Einwohner Angehörige ethnischer Minderheiten, vor allem Tibeter, Mongolen und Hui.

Golmud liegt isoliert auf etwa 2.800 m Höhe im zentralen, südlichen Bereich des wüstenhaften Qaidam-Beckens, zwischen dem Kunlun-Shan-Gebirge und dem Qarhan-Salzsee (pinyin: Cha'erhan Yanhu). Um das Stadtzentrum herum befinden sich insgesamt 20 Salzseen verschiedener Dimensionen. Die nächsten größeren Orte sind Lhasa (1.165 km entfernt), Xining (781 km) und Dunhuang (524 km).

Golmud ist Chinas wichtigster Lieferant von Kalium- und Magnesiumsalzen (siehe auch Qinghai Salt Lake Potash Company Limited). Daneben gibt es Erdöl- und Erdgasvorkommen. Bei Golmud befinden sich auf einer Fläche von rund 100 Quadratkilometern einige der größten Solarfarmen der Welt (Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park, Three Gorges Golmud Solar Park).

Golmud besitzt einen Flughafen und einen Bahnhof. Die Stadt liegt an der Qinghai-Tibet-Bahnlinie, eine 1.956 km lange Eisenbahnverbindung, die in Xining beginnt und in Lhasa endet. Der Golmud-Lhasa-Abschnitt von 1.142 km wurde als letztes errichtet und war der mit dem größten technischen Aufwand verbundene Teil der Strecke. Nach fünfjähriger Bauzeit nahm die Lhasa-Bahn am 1. Juli 2006 den Betrieb auf.

Administrative Gliederung
Aufgrund der riesigen Fläche des Verwaltungsgebiets von Golmud hat die Stadtregierung drei Verwaltungskomitees unterhalb der Kreisebene (副县级行政委员会) eingerichtet, die noch über der Gemeindeebene stehen. Auf Gemeindeebene setzt sich Golmud aus fünf Straßenvierteln, zwei Großgemeinden und zwei Gemeinden zusammen.
 Verwaltungskomitee Dongchengqu (东城区行政委员会 = östliches Stadtgebiet), gegründet auf Beschluss der Provinzregierung vom 9. August 2001, der zum 1. Januar 2004 umgesetzt wurde; umfasst das östliche und südliche Stadtgebiet, Fläche: 49.220,59 km², ca. 78.000 Einwohner (Ende 2004):
 Straßenviertel Kunlunlu (昆仑路街道), 17 km², ca. 35.000 Einwohner, Zentrum, Sitz der Stadtregierung;
 Straßenviertel Huanghelu (黄河路街道), 29,5 km², ca. 32.000 Einwohner;
 Großgemeinde Dangla (唐古拉山镇), 47.479,09 km² (bis heute wird die Fläche oft mit "über 57.000 km²" angegeben), ca. 9.000 Einwohner, davon über 60 % Tibeter, knapp 2 % Mongolen; die Gemeinde liegt getrennt vom sonstigen Verwaltungsgebiet Haixis direkt an der Nordgrenze Tibets;
 Gemeinde Dagur (大格勒乡), 1.695 km², ca. 2.000 Einwohner, ganz überwiegend Han;
 Verwaltungskomitee Xichengqu (西城区行政委员会 = westliches Stadtgebiet), gegründet auf Beschluss der Provinzregierung vom 9. August 2001, der zum 1. Mai 2002 umgesetzt wurde; umfasst das westliche und nördliche Stadtgebiet, Fläche: 60.741,09 km², ca. 87.000 Einwohner (Ende 2004):
 Straßenviertel Jinfenglu (金峰路街道), 8,5 km², ca. 13.000 Einwohner;
 Straßenviertel Hexi (河西街道), 8,5 km², ca. 22.000 Einwohner;
 Straßenviertel Xizanglu (西藏路街道), 8,5 km², ca. 44.000 Einwohner;
 Großgemeinde Golmud (郭勒木德镇), 26.198,47 km², ca. 6.000 Einwohner, überwiegend Han, über 6 % Mongolen;
 Gemeinde Urtmorin (乌图美仁乡), 34.517,12 km², ca. 2.000 Einwohner, überwiegend Han, ca. 16 % Mongolen, über 8 % Hui;
 Verwaltungskomitee Qairhan (察尔汗行政委员会), gegründet auf Beschluss der Provinzregierung vom 9. August 2001, der zum 1. Mai 2002 umgesetzt wurde; umfasst das Gebiet der Salzseen im äußersten Norden des Stadtgebiets, Fläche: 8.992,5 km², ca. 10.000 Einwohner (Ende 2004):
 Qairhan hat keine Untergliederungen auf Gemeindeebene.

Ethnische Gliederung der Bevölkerung Golmuds (2000)
Beim Zensus im Jahr 2000 wurden in Golmud 135.897 Einwohner gezählt.

Städtepartnerschaften

Weblinks

Ort in Qinghai
Kreisfreie Stadt (China)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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summary : While stubbornness isn't always a negative quality, it can spiritually destroy those who continually turn their back on God and insist on living apart from Him, evangelist Billy Graham has warned.
title : Breast Cancer Survivor Ends 1,000-Mile Shirtless 'Walk with God' in D.C.
summary : Eight months after Paulette Leaphart's double mastectomy, she said God spoke to her and told her to remove her shirt. She was at the beach over Labor Day weekend at the time, and as strangers saw her scars, they started to cry but also applauded. Those unplanned minutes launched Leaphart's new personal purpose to help other survivors find beauty in their bodies - to free them.
summary : Controversial megachurch pastor Robert Jeffress has warned that the majority of people are going to hell, where they will be eternally separated from God.
summary : Adapted from the Neil Gaiman book, the new "American Gods" TV story focuses on convict Shadow Moon (Ricky Whittle), who is released early from prison, after his wife and best friend die in a car accident. In his post-prison life, he meets a mysterious man named Mr. Wednesday (Ian McShane) and discovers that gods live on Earth in human form. Blending Americana, fantasy and mythology, American Gods will air on Starz in 2017. Its first trailer was just released.
summary : Russell Moore, president of Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, said it's straight-forward for how local church pastors can address political or social issues with their flocks.
summary : As Pastor Andy Foor settled into what he thought was going to be a peaceful Saturday morning of fishing on the Kenai River in Alaska, he suddenly heard screaming. A woman had slipped into nearby water. Foor uttered a prayer and cast his line. God oversaw what happened next.
summary : Rev. Tony Evans, pastor of the 10,000-member Oak Cliff Bible Church in Dallas, Texas, on Sunday delivered a biblically inspired sermon entitled "Race, Culture and Christ" that has been viewed on YouTube nearly 160,000 times since then. He started with an appeal to God, saying people need Him today at a "level that is beyond the ordinary."
summary : Bill Nye "The Science Guy" spoke out this weekend after his July 8 visit to Kentucky's Ark Encounter, the life-sized Noah's ark theme park built by creationist Ken Ham, calling the new Christian attraction "disturbing." Nye also argued every science exhibit on the Ark's third deck is "absolutely wrong."
summary : Each year, Homeless World Cup leaders and a network of global street football (soccer for Americans) partners select more than 500 players to compete in the annual Homeless World Cup tournament. A total of 94 percent of participants in the annual event indicate it positively impacts their lives in permanent ways. The 2016 Cup was held July 10-16 in Glasgow.
summary : Many churches are embracing the popularity of Pokémon GO as a way to strengthen young people's faith in God. The hit mobile game from Niantic is now available in more than 20 countries around the world.
summary : Politically associated media buys are ramping up in Cleveland, Ohio, where the Republican National Convention will take place next week. But one potential sponsor, representing the "God's Not Dead 2" new Christian drama movie, was nixed, which prompted an accusation of religious persecution.
summary : Prayer services kicked off soon after word spread about the latest rounds of fatal shootings involving both police and civilians in Louisiana, Minnesota and Texas. However, church leaders in various U.S. geographies share that they know Christians are seeking a more robust sort of religious counseling, because they do not agree violence is the answer.
summary : In an effort to encourage today's hip youngsters to go back to church, a group of evangelical Protestant churches in Germany announced its plan to provide free and unlimited Wi-Fi to churchgoers. Dubbed as "GodSpot", the service is ecumenical by design and placed in areas where there is a large population of atheists and agnostics.
summary : American media proprietor, talk show host, actress, producer and philanthropist Oprah Winfrey delivered what people are calling an unforgettable keynote speech about finding purpose and "letting go and letting God" at the 2016 Essence Festival this weekend presented by Coco-Cola at Ernest N. Morial Convention Center in New Orleans, La.
summary : A-list actor Matthew McConaughey has strong opinions on the state of religion and politics, which he generally keeps to himself. However, he recently shared in an interview what he referenced as the "bastardization of religion," calling it how it differentiates from its true origins.
summary : In a new music video filmed in front of Mount Rushmore and released for this Fourth of July weekend, the a cappella group called "Home Free" delivered a moving version of Lee Greenwood's patriot 1984 hit entitled "God Bless The USA." Home Free is trending on Facebook, and had nearly 780,000 YouTube views at the time this article was published.
summary : A new theory from Dr. Michio Kaku, a theoretical physicist and proponent of String Field Theory, presents evidence that God created the universe. His new revelation shakes the foundation of scientific community, leading some atheists to believe there is a higher order in the universe.
summary : Stacey Dash told Fox News that many conservatives hide their political beliefs for fear of liberal backlash. "I say 'so what?... Stand up for yourself. If you are a conservative, stand up,'" she said. The outspoken actress and former Fox contributor also just launched her own political movement entitled "Dash America" to focus on unity, faith, family values and feminism.


Not only have two centuries of man's industrial revolution eventually led to Global Warming and Climate Change, now melting glaciers are returning carbon poisons from that revolution back into the oceans and air of the Earth.
Reporting from the Woods Hole Research Center in Massachusetts, SPX News writes: "Globally, glacier ice loss is accelerating, driven in part by the deposition of carbon in the form of soot or 'black carbon,' which darkens glacier surfaces and increases their absorption of light and heat." Thus, even more heat!
Moreover, the relatively new practice of "deforestation" that real estate developers and industrial agriculturalists use to clear massive tracts of lands have added major sources of black carbon to the atmosphere, as well as has other huge fires or burning of biomass (trees, leaves and other vegetation).
Such burnings now take place around the globe, especially in areas of Africa, Latin America and Asia, where Western industrialists and China want to eliminate natural land masses as quickly as possible. At the same time, locations suffering from continuing drought––such as swathes of Texas––eventually lead to 'endless' fires that again deposit carbon soot into the atmosphere.
Such findings from a scientific study group, headed by Robert Spencer from Woods Hole Research Center, are to be published in this month's issue of 'Nature Geoscience.' Much of their work was carried out at the Mendenhall Glacier near Juneau, Alaska. This area in the Gulf of Alaska gets a high rate of rain and snow, which returns deposits of black carbon soot gathered from around the Earth.
While some scientists believe that the source of this carbon matter dates back to "ancient forests and peatlands overrun by the glaciers," radiocarbon dating and "ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry," prove that this soot comes from today's sources of Global Warming––i.e. burning of fossil fuels and biomass.
Obviously then, Global Warming and Climate Change now poisons the air and water. Those poisons kill millions of people. But the deaths are attributed to asthma, cancer or some other malady, when in fact, mankind is killing himself.
A few knowledgeable scholars have questioned the new inventions of this modern age. As Bible prophecies promise: "The foolishness of man perverteth his way: and his heart fretteth against The LORD (Proverbs 19:3)." But warring against an omnipotent God, and the simpler life He had planned for man, is unwinnable!
You are currently browsing the Earth End – New Beginning weblog archives for the day Friday, March 2nd, 2012.


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The www.ArmstrongAuditorium.org site is produced and sponsored by the Armstrong International Cultural Foundation (foundation). The foundation collects personally identifiable information which is specifically and voluntarily provided by visitors to foundation's website. In addition, the foundation also collects non-personally identifiable information through the use of cookies, third-party analytics tools and similar technology.
A visitor may choose to provide personally identifiable information in the following examples:
Subscribing to newsletters or publications, digital and print
Ordering tickets
Corresponding with staff for further information or comment
Non-personally identifiable information does not reveal a person's identity or directly relate to an individual, on its own. It may include the type of browser being used (e.g., Internet Explorer, Firefox, etc), the type of operating system being used (e.g., Windows, Mac OS X, etc), the domain name of your Internet service provider (e.g., msn, Earthlink, etc), and general geographic location.
When a visitor provides personally identifiable information to us, the foundation uses it for the purpose for which it was provided at the point of collection (or as obvious from the context of the collection). This includes processing ticket purchases, sending e-mail newsletters, and communicating with a user who has identified themselves. Those purposes may include follow-up information and promotional offers necessary for providing services to users.
The foundation uses non-personally identifiable information to improve the design and content of ArmstrongAuditorium.org and to enable the foundation to personalize a user's Internet experience. The information may be summarized into reports for the purposes of analyzing site usage.
The foundation may share non-personally identifiable information with pre-screened third parties for marketing or promotional purposes. This information is collected through a unique cookie, pixel tag or similar technology and is anonymous to us. See the "Cookies" section to learn more about how that is shared. The foundation uses this information to deliver promotions of our services to website visitors, or users who are similar to website visitors, through a third-party partner.
The foundation reserves the right to disclose personal information, when the foundation believes in good faith that disclosure is legally required, to protect our rights and/or the safety of others.
The foundation restricts access to collected information and requires that it only be used as required for the purposes of fulfilling the services offered by the foundation.
The foundation does not sell or otherwise distribute information to third parties except as previously described.
The foundation retains personally identifiable information for as long as needed to provide service to them, or as necessary to comply with legal obligations, resolve disputes and enforce our agreements.
The foundation uses "cookies" to collect information. A cookie is a small data file that is written to your hard drive for record-keeping purposes. This file is accessed, for example, to determine previously established viewing preferences. Cookies are not used to gain personal information that is not specifically supplied by the user.
The configuration of most browsers is initially set to accept cookies. Browsers can be set to refuse cookies or to alert you when cookies are sent. However, preventing the use of cookies may inhibit the designed functionality of the site.
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For more information of the third-party tools we use and what information they collect, review our Third-Party Disclosure.
The foundation may provide links to third-party sites for the purpose of enhancing the viewing experience, for crediting sources, for providing access to needed browser plug-ins, or for other purposes. Third-party sites may have different privacy policies and methodologies for protecting collected information. Viewers of these sites should be aware of this difference and read available privacy statements.
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Using this site signifies your agreement to terms and conditions of this Privacy Statement.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Waccamaw Community Foundation
In 2018, WCF expanded support for local causes by more than 30 percent
Tara Hall Home for Boys is among the grantees that received a larger sum from the Waccamaw Community Trust and Carver Educational Fund last year.
Because of our donors, Waccamaw Community Foundation granted $2.3 million last year, roughly $1 million more than it did five years ago and $620,000 more than in 2017.
That's partly because we adjusted our competitive grants programs, allowing us to lend more support to a greater number of organizations overall. Another driving factor was the surge in donations for Hurricane Florence recovery efforts, which we reported in our last blog.
Beginning last year, WCF doubled the maximum dollar amount organizations could be awarded from our two competitive grant programs, the Waccamaw Community Trust and the Elsie Beavers Carver & E. Lois Carver Educational Fund. As a result, both grew in dollars awarded and number of organizations supported.
The Waccamaw Community Trust Fund supports causes that improve the lives of individuals and families living in Horry and Georgetown counties. In 2017, $10,000 was distributed among five organizations. In 2018, the sum quadrupled, with $43,000 awarded to 20 organizations.
The Carver Educational Fund supports educational programs in Horry and Georgetown counties for K-12 students in areas of language arts, math, science, social studies, health and physical education and the arts. In 2018, $22,000 was distributed to six organizations, representing a 10 percent funding increase from the previous year.
These changes have allowed us to not only reach more organizations, but to offer them more resources as they work to improve the quality of life in our region.
Tara Hall Home for Boys in Georgetown is one example. The housing and educational facility provides an immersive and enriching experience for neglected, abused and troubled boys through self-achievement goal-setting, recreation, small classroom learning and family services.
The nonprofit organization, established in 1969, only receives about a half-percent of its funding from government sources. It relies on donors to sustain its programming, and WCF is honored to have become one of its supporters. The organization received $1,500 from the Waccamaw Community Trust in 2018 and $10,000 in 2018 and 2019 from WCF's Carver Educational Fund.
Your generous support, especially through the Community Partnership Program, allows us to continue sustaining these organizations.
Connecting donors with causes they care about
Connect/ Follow on Facebook Follow on Twitter
Waccamaw Community Foundation is an affiliate of Coastal Community Foundation.
3655 S. Hwy. 17 Business Murrells Inlet, SC 29576 843-357-GIVE (4483)
© Waccamaw Community Foundation 2019.


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El Aeropuerto de Tagbilaran (en tagalo: Paliparan ng Tagbilaran; en cebuano: Tugpahanan sa Tagbilaran)  (IATA: TAG, ICAO: RPVT) es un aeropuerto que sirve el área general de Tagbilaran, la ciudad capital de la provincia de Bohol en Filipinas. El aeropuerto está clasificado como Clase Principal 1 por la CAAP, un organismo del Departamento de Transportes y Comunicaciones responsable de implementar las políticas en materia de aviación civil para garantizar un seguro, económico y eficiente transporte aéreo, además de manejar las operaciones en todos los aeropuertos a excepción de los aeropuertos internacionales más grandes.

El terremoto de 2013 causó daños en Bohol incluyendo el colapso de un techo en la torre de control . Las operaciones fueron suspendidas durante tres horas, pero más tarde se reanudaron.

Véase también
Aeropuerto Internacional de Zamboanga
Aeropuerto Internacional Ninoy Aquino

Referencias

Aeropuertos de Filipinas


General Services Corporation (GSC) is looking for a dynamic and energetic sales professional. You will be responsible for showing apartments and providing excellent customer service to prospects and residents. Outstanding sales ability and organizational skills are preferred.
Successful candidates should be bilingual (English and Spanish - preferred). You will also need at least 1 year in sales and customer service experience.


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306-1585 Markham Road, Scarborough, ON, M1B 2W1
Tel. 416-963-2444 - Fax. 416-963-3444
© 2017 by Guarnes Law Office. All rights reserved.
306 - 1585 Markham Road, Scarborough, ON, M1B 2W1
The Board of Directors, lawyers and staff of Guarnes Law Office ("Guarnes Law Office"), recognize and respect their clients' personal information and endeavour to safeguard that information from unauthorized use, retention, or disclosure to third parties. It is upon this fundamental principle that our firm adheres to the Law Society of Upper Canada's Rules of Professional Conduct regarding the security of our clients' personal information, common law principles of solicitor-client privilege and, where applicable, litigation-privilege. In addition, the protection of our clients' personal information is governed by Guarnes Law Office privacy policy (the "Privacy Policy"), as follows:
Guarnes Law Office's Privacy Policy assures you as an existing or future client, that in retaining our services to represent you or your business, the entire Guarnes Law Office team will handle your file in accordance with this policy pursuant to all applicable Federal and Provincial legislation including, but not limited to, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act ("PIPEDA").
This Privacy Policy governs personal information collected from the client, other lawyers in the course of representing the client or providing legal services to the client, as well as organizations that have information relevant and necessary to fulfilling the purpose for which our firm's services have been retained.
Personal information is defined under PIPEDA as any information that is identifiable or directly attributable to an individual. It does not cover information about an individual that is available from a public source, such as a telephone directory, court record, or land registry office. It also does not cover aggregated data, used for statistical and reporting purposes, from which data the client's identity cannot be determined.
This Privacy Policy applies to Guarnes Law Office' Board of Directors, partners, associates, staff and contracted employees. As well, Guarnes Law Office ensures that all third party service providers sign confidentiality agreements prior to any transfer of a client's personal information in the course of providing the services for which Guarnes Law Office was retained.
COLLECTION PERSONAL INFORMATION
Guarnes Law Office collects personal information for the following limited purposes:
to represent the client as set out in the retainer agreement;
to establish and maintain client lists for collection of legal fees, record keeping and statistical purposes; and
to establish and maintain mailing lists for newsletters, notification of workshops and seminars, or legal updates that Guarnes Law Office believes might be informative or of benefit to the client
CONSENT TO THE COLLECTION, USE, AND DISCLOSURE OF PERSONAL INFORMATION
When a client retains the services of Guarnes Law Office, he or she will be asked to sign a retainer agreement that sets out the purpose for which Guarnes Law Office has been retained. Upon signing this retainer, the client consents to Guarnes Law Office collecting, using and disclosing personal information obtained for the limited purpose for which Guarnes Law Office was retained, as well as those purposes listed above in this Privacy Policy.
Guarnes Law Office will not use client personal information for any purposes other than that consented to by the client, either by express or implied consent. Guarnes Law Office does not sell, barter, or lease personal information it obtains from its client to third parties (i.e. Guarnes Law Office would not provide our client mailing list to another law firm or business).
If the client requests additional services of Guarnes Law Office beyond that of the original retainer, the client is giving implied consent to Guarnes Law Office using the personal information already held for the original purpose, as well as any new personal information collected for the new purpose and no signature will be required on a new or amending retainer agreement.
Under PIPEDA and other Federal and Provincial Legislation, Guarnes Law Office may disclose personal information without client consent to:
government or legal enforcement agencies if Guarnes Law Office determines that the client has provided incorrect information for fraudulent or illegal purposes;
government or legal enforcement agencies if the information is collected in the midst of a criminal investigation;
legal enforcement agency if Guarnes Law Office determines that there is imminent risk of death or serious bodily harm, including psychological harm, to an identifiable person or group of persons;
disclosure to a third party individual or organization if so ordered by a Court or Tribunal of competent jurisdiction; and
defend against allegations of criminal or civil liability, or professional malpractice or misconduct, by the client or former client.
Guarnes Law Office endeavours to ensure that all personal information provided by the client and in its possession, is accurate, current and as complete as is necessary for the purposes for which the personal information was collected, used and maintained in an active file. Upon notification by a client that the personal information requires correction or updating, Guarnes Law Office will make the necessary amendments to the client's active file where applicable.
Personal information contained in files that have been closed, or pertaining to matters of the client that have been resolved, will not be actively updated or maintained. Guarnes Law Office will retain personal information until the matter is closed or the retainer is terminated by either the client or Guarnes Law Office. All personal information will be returned to the client and only information pertaining to the services or litigation for which Guarnes Law Office was retained will be maintained in the file once it is closed. Closed files are retained for the period prescribed by relevant Federal and Provincial legislation.
Our website contains links to other sites, which are not governed by this privacy policy. On our website, like other commercial websites, we may monitor traffic patterns, site usage and related site information in order to optimize our web service. We may provide aggregated information to third parties, but these statistics do not include any identifiable personal information
Guarnes Law Office makes available its privacy policies and procedures regarding the handling of personal information that it collects for the duration of the retainer on the Internet website at www.guarneslawoffice.com. As well, any inquiries regarding personal information management practises may be directed to the Chief Privacy Officer.
Under PIPEDA, an individual is entitled to access to the personal information held about them with the following exceptions as permitted under the Federal Privacy Legislation:
No access will be granted if the information is protected by solicitor-client privilege or litigation privilege;
Guarnes Law Office will deny access if the individual seeking access fails to produce sufficient identification to verify that they are the individual about whose personal information access is being sought;
No access will be granted to personal information that is not about the individual seeking access;
No access will be granted to information that is part of a criminal investigation;
No access will be granted where such access would harm or interfere with law enforcement activities and other investigative functions of a body authorized by statute to perform such functions;
No access will be granted to information where such access might threaten the life, safety and security, including psychological safety, of the individual seeking access;
No access will be granted to the individual who is a minor or mentally incompetent;
Guarnes Law Office reserves the right to refuse access that it believes is repetitious, frivolous, or vexatious.
Upon receiving a request for access in writing, Guarnes Law Office will endeavour to have the information available to the individual seeking access within 60 days of verification of the individual's identity.
Where possible, Guarnes Law Office will provide the requested information at nominal cost to the individual. Where the information requested is stored off-site, Guarnes Law Office reserves the right to charge the individual seeking access, the cost to have such information retrieved from the off-site storage facility.
The individual entitled to access may challenge the completeness of their personal information under Guarnes Law Office' care and control. Upon successful demonstration that there is an error in the personal information held by Guarnes Law Office, Guarnes Law Office will amend the information where appropriate.
The Chief Privacy Officer will investigate all concerns or complaints respecting the handling of personal information under the control of Guarnes Law Office that are received in writing. As promptly as possible, the Chief Privacy Officer will report to the individual the results of the investigation and, where the complaint is found to be justified, steps will be taken to resolve the matter.
If the individual is dissatisfied with the report provided by the Chief Privacy Officer, or feels that the corrective action taken by Guarnes Law Office is insufficient, the individual may direct a complaint to the Federal Privacy Commissioner in writing. The address of the Federal Privacy Commissioner is provided below under "Helpful Privacy Links".
If a question arises regarding access to your personal information held by Guarnes Law Office, or there is a concern about the manner in which Guarnes Law Office collects, uses, retains and discloses your personal information as a client of Guarnes Law Office, please contact:
Chief Privacy Officer
Guarnes Law Office
306 - 1585 Markham Road, Scarborough, ON, M1B 2W


Citation: BON, M.C., HURARD, C., HOELMER, K.A., SHANOWER, T.G., MORRILL, W. GENETIC DEMARCATION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WHEAT STEM SAWFLY POPULATIONS CEPHUS CINCTUS NORTON, (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE)N REVEALED BY MOLECULAR MARKERS. Molecular Ecology Notes. 2002. v. 5. p. 397-409.
Technical Abstract: In North America, the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, and associated parasitoids were originally recovered from wild grasses ranging from California to Manitoba.This sawfly rapidly adapted to wheat, (Triticum aestivum L.), and is currently a chronic pest of economic importance in the northern Great Plains.Two species of parasitoids, Bracon cephi (Gahan) and B. lissogaster Muesebeck Hymenoptera: Braconidae), have followed sawflies from wild grasses into wheat.Parasitism levels vary significantly for unknown factors. Understanding the geographic structure of this species in the wheat growing regions may substantially enhance the monitoring of the biological control program. Wheat stem sawfly adults were collected at several sites across the Northern Great Plains (Montana, Idaho, North Dakota). Intraspecific variation in the species was examined using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. Sequence divergence of the 805 bp COI amplicon between wheat stem sawfly from North Dakota and Idaho, Southern Montana and Northern Montana populations is 0.99%. A phylogeographic pattern of genetic diversity appears to be emerging with a genetic demarcation zone that might be in Montana. Complete congruence observed between previous results obtained using RAPD markers and our results reinforces the hypothesis that wheat stem sawfly has evolved toward different developmental behaviours according to the locations that likely coincide with the susceptible phenological stages of winter wheat. This study will be expanded to include more individuals per population and also to investigate more populations in the northern Great Plains.


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Traveling between US and Cuba just got a lot easier — but many questions still unanswered
By: Christie Duffy
Eased restrictions on travel and commerce between US and Cuba, announced by President Obama last month, took effect today.
(PIX11) -- Today marks the official beginning of new U.S. -- Cuba policy.
Airlines could begin offering flights from Newark to Cuba. American credit cards can also soon be used on the island.
In West New York, where there is an enclave of Cuban-Americans, one resident says she hopes to fly down this summer.
"Happy," said Anital Sosa, when asked about the plans to visit her mother.
"There's a lot of people excited about it," said Maria Quilolas, another West New York resident.
United Airlines plans to provide flights from Newark to Cuba. A spokesperson stated Friday that the airline plans to apply for permission as soon as applications are available.
Jet Blue also expressed interest in providing service from multiple U.S. cities. While Delta Airlines plans to expand its charter service to the island, and American Airlines says it is "reviewing the changes to the Cuba travel policy."
Travel agencies were busy fielding questions about the new policies from customers on Friday.
"This community has a lot of Cubans ... they want to visit family," said Hugo Carate. He owns the Monica Travel Agency on Bergenline Avenue, and he says there is still a lot of uncertainty about how the new rules work.
"How much money they can bring? How long can they stay?" asked Carate.
A few blocks down at Peerless Travel & Tours, which specializes in travel to Cuba, there was a line of customers and more questions.
"Since Wednesday I think, we got 2-3 calls a day," said owner, Hirian Machado.
Machado wanted to know if American credit cards could be used on the island.
In a statement sent to PIX11 on Friday, a spokesperson for MasterCard stated: "We look forward to working with our customers to make the use of U.S.-issued credit and debit cards on the island a reality".
MONEY: The amended regulations do allow for the use of U.S. credit and debit cards. There is no limit on how much you can spend on the island. But there is a cap on how much cash you can bring: $10,000 max.
SOUVENIRS & GIFTS: You can bring home up to $400 in Cuban goods, but there is a $100 limit on Cuban alcohol and tobacco.
The new rules also allow you to send more money to the island, up to $8,000 per year.
TRAVEL ELIGIBILITY: How long you can stay depends on why you're going. But the Cuban government limits tourist visas to 30 days, with the possibility of extending your stay another 30 days.
Under the new rules you must qualify for travel to Cuba by falling under 1 of the 12 following categories:
family visits;
official business of the U.S. government;
journalistic activity;
professional research & meetings;
educational activities;
religious activities;
public performances, clinics, workshops, athletic and other competitions;
support for the Cuban people;
humanitarian projects;
activities of private foundations, research or educational institutes;
transmission of information or information materials;
certain export transactions.
More information on the new rules is available HERE .


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491 九万里星河不如你 Nov. 21, 2018, 3:06 p.m. 42
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489 18717711261 Nov. 20, 2018, 12:39 p.m. 13
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486 huzhongren Nov. 14, 2018, 4:09 a.m. 48
485 thorarinnj Nov. 10, 2018, 10:39 p.m. 46
484 sampath Nov. 8, 2018, 8:20 a.m. 19
483 _Mitu Nov. 7, 2018, 2:40 p.m. 15
482 Baki Çoban Nov. 6, 2018, 10:40 a.m. 68
481 md_hasan Nov. 5, 2018, 5:51 p.m. 29
480 shehabahmedsayem Nov. 5, 2018, 2:47 p.m. 35
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468 Bobby_J Sept. 27, 2018, 8:23 a.m. 27
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text:
\section{Introduction}

Having developed a consistent theory of free tachyons ("faster-than-light" particles) \cite{CS1} and shown how tachyon neutrinos can explain major cosmological phenomena (Dark Energy and Dark Matter) \cite{CS2}, I now want to investigate how tachyon neutrinos might interact with other particles.  The weak interactions come immediately to mind.

The Standard Model asserts that neutrinos interact with other leptons through a purely chiral coupling, at least at high energies. Let's see what a tachyon spin 1/2 theory for neutrinos would imply.  Section 2 is a review of the quantized field theory for a Dirac particle, either a tachyon or an ordinary  (slower-than-light) particle. Section 3 introduces a simple interaction between the two types of particles and we see the result of only two assumptions -  Lorentz invariance and Lepton Number conservation: the chirality selection rule comes out automatically. In Section 4 I ask, "Is this really new?"

\section{ Quantized fields}

The quantized field for a Dirac tachyon (replace m by im in the usual Dirac equation) looks like this. \cite{CS3}
\begin{equation}
\psi_\nu (x) = \int _{-\infty}^{+\infty} d \omega \int d^2 \hat{k}\; k^2 e^{i\textbf{k} \cdot\textbf{x} - i \omega t} [
b_{h=-1}(\omega, \hat{k})\; u_{h=-1}(\omega, \hat{k}) \; + \;b^\dagger_{h=+1}(\omega, \hat{k}) \; u_{h=+1}(\omega, \hat{k}) ].
\end{equation}
Here the b's are annihilation operators,  $b |0> = 0$, and the $b^\dagger$'s are creation operators;  the u's are Dirac 4-component spinors; and they are both labeled by the frequency $\omega$ and the direction of the momentum $\hat{k} = \textbf{k}/k$, with $k = + \sqrt{\omega^2 + m^2}$. The spin states are also labeled by the helicity: $\sigma \cdot \hat{k} |h> = h|h>$. The anti-commutator algebra for the tachyons is,
\begin{equation}
[b_h(\omega, \hat{k}), b^\dagger_{h'}(\omega', \hat{k}')]_+ = \delta(\omega - \omega') \frac{\delta^2(\hat{k} - \hat{k}')}{k^2}\;\delta_{h, h'}.
\end{equation}

Using the above formulas we calculate the anticommutator for the fields at two spacetime points:
\begin{equation}
[\psi_\nu^\dagger(x), \psi_\nu(x')]_+ = 8\pi \{ u^* u\}\; \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} d\omega \;e^{-i\omega (t-t')} k^2 \frac{sin kr }{kr}=0 \;for \;|t-t'| >r, \;\;\; r=|\textbf{x} - \textbf{x}'|.
\end{equation}
This result confirms that we have a correct theory for tachyons: tachyons are defined by the distinction that the particles (fields) always travel (propagate) outside of the lightcone.

I will now  write down the analogous relation for an ordinary particle, say an electron; but my notation may look a bit different from what one usually finds in textbooks. Here the momentum states are labeled by the 3-vector $\textbf{k}$ and the frequencies are written as $s \omega$ where $s = \pm 1$ and $\omega = +\sqrt{k^2 + m^2}$. My introduction of the label $s = \pm 1$ is done to be explicit about the mass shell for ordinary ($v<c$) particles, which has two distinct sectors, compared to the mass shell for tachyons, which has only one continuous sector. The Dirac spinors u and the annihilation/creation operators $a/ a^\dagger$ are given the labels s and h, where the helicity h is defined the same as for tachyons.

\begin{equation}
\psi_e (x) = \int  d^3k\;e^{i\textbf{k} \cdot\textbf{x} }\Sigma_{h=\pm 1} [e^{-i \omega t} a_{s=+1, h}(\textbf{k})\; u_{s=1, h}(\textbf{k})  + e^{+i \omega t} a^\dagger_{s=-1, h}(\textbf{k})\;u_{s=-1, h}(\textbf{k}) ].
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
[a_{s,h}(\textbf{k}), a^\dagger_{s', h'}(\textbf{k}')]_+ =\delta^3(\textbf{k} - \textbf{k}')\;\delta_{s, s'}\;\delta_{h, h'}.
\end{equation}

If we calculate the anticommutator of the electron fields at two spacetime points we get the result that it vanishes for spacelike separation of those points.That is the familiar statement, called "causality", for slower-than-light particles.

The reader is encouraged to look over the above sets of formulas and note where the two types of Dirac spinor fields are similar and where they are sharply different.  The most striking difference is noting which quantum numbers are used to identify the particle vs the antiparticle (which quantum numbers go with the annihilation operators and which with the creation operators). This pivotal role is played by the number s for electrons (designating which sheet of the mass shell we are looking at) and it is played by the helicity h for the tachyon. I assert that, in each case, this is a Lorentz invariant rule.

What do we know about Lorentz transformations and the Dirac equation? The spacetime coordinates (or their derivatives) are changed in the classical way; and the four component Dirac spinor is multiplied by an algebraic matrix. It is exactly the same process for any value of the mass in the Dirac equation, including the change from a real mass to an imaginary mass (for the tachyon case). We are talking, for now, about proper, orthochronous Lorentz transformations. Questions about the discrete operations - parity, time reversal and charge conjugation - may come later.

We know very well that the choice of one or the other sector of the mass shell for ordinary particles is Lorentz invariant. How do we know that the helicity is a Lorentz invariant label for tachyons? Here is a simple table of calculations done using the Dirac spinors for simple plane wave solutions of the two types of Dirac equations. The first row is known as a scalar and the second row is called a pseudoscalar; they are all invariant under p-o Lorentz transformations. [$\bar{\psi} = \psi^\dagger \gamma^0$]
\begin{eqnarray}
(\bar{\psi}_e , \psi_e) = s\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; (\bar{\psi}_\nu, \psi_\nu) = 0 \\
i(\bar{\psi}_e , \gamma_5\;\psi_e) = 0. \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; i(\bar{\psi}_\nu , \gamma_5\;\psi_\nu) = -h.
\end{eqnarray}
In both cases some convenient normalization of the spinors was used. We see here that the helicity is indeed a Lorentz invariant number; and we also see a sort of symmetry between the roles of s and h.

This identification leads directly to the definition of Lepton Number for each type.

\begin{equation}
N_{tachyon} = - \int _{-\infty}^{+\infty} d \omega \int d^2 \hat{k}\; k^2 \;\Sigma_h\; h\;b^\dagger_{h}(\omega, \hat{k}) \;b_{h}(\omega, \hat{k}) .
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
N_{ordinary} = \int d^3 k \;\Sigma_h\;\Sigma_s\; s\; a^\dagger_{s, h}(\textbf{k})\;a_{s, h} (\textbf{k}).
\end{equation}
Here $[N, \psi]_{-} = -\psi$ for either field.

\section{Interaction}

Now we are ready to construct a possible interaction between the tachyon neutrino and the ordinary electron. A 4-vector coupling is very popular:
\begin{equation}
{\mathcal{L}} = \psi^\dagger_e(x) \gamma^0\;\gamma^\mu\; \psi_\nu (x) \; B_\mu (x)+ H.C.
\end{equation}
And $B_\mu$ is some vector field. This is covariant under proper orthochronous Lorentz transformations. This pairing of the two types of fields will preserve the total Lepton Number $N_t + N_o$.

What we know from experimental physics and have built into the Standard Model is that the weak interactions conserve chirality. That means, in the usual formalism, that the projection operator $(1\pm \gamma_5)$ sits inside the mixed current. The tachyon states are labeled by helicity, which is not the same as chirality; but, in fact, those two labels become the same as the particle states approach the light cone. ALL (really) experiments with neutrinos are at energies in the range of MeV or much higher. With the tachyon neutrinos taken to have a very small mass, around 1 eV or less, this means that a tachyon neutrino wave function is very very close to a chiral egen-state.The coupling shown above \emph{automatically} gives us the result that electrons engage in the weak interactions through a chiral projection operator. In the Standard Model this is put in by force; in the tachyon theory this comes naturally.

This appears to be a new and significant discovery in theoretical physics. Future work would ask about fitting this into the full Standard Model and dealing with mass mixing of neutrinos.

\section{ But is this really new?}

Several other authors have written about neutrinos being tachyons, \cite{CHK} \cite{JW} \cite{RCC}. They all find a connection between the tachyon spin 1/2 wave functions and the chirality of weak interactions. However their theories of how to quantize a Dirac tachyon wave equation follow too closely the path used for ordinary particles.
I quote from the abstract of \cite{JW},

"The quantum field theory of superluminal (tachyonic) particles is plagued by a number of problems, which include the Lorentz non-invariance of the vacuum state, the ambiguous separation of the field operator into creation and annihilation operators under Lorentz transformations, and the necessity of a complex reinterpretation principle for quantum processes. Another unsolved question ..."

The theory presented in this paper does not have such problems.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Q: Coincidences amongst classifying spaces and Eilenberg Mac-Lane spaces Given that $$\mathbb{R}P^{\infty} = B O(1) = K(\widehat{O(1)}, 1)$$ $$\mathbb{C} P^{\infty} = B U(1) = K( \widehat{U(1)}, 2)$$ is there any way to make sense of $$\mathbb{H}P^{\infty} = B Sp(1)$$ in a similar manner using the representation theory of the non-abelian group $Sp(1) \cong Spin(3) \cong SU(2)$?

A: There is a principal bundle
$$Sp(1)\to S^{4n+3} \to \mathbb{H}P^n$$
for each $n$, which on passing to the limit shows that $$\pi_i(\mathbb{H}P^\infty)\cong\pi_{i-1}(Sp(1))=\pi_{i-1}(S^3)$$
for each $i$. In particular, $\mathbb{H}P^\infty$ is not an Eilenberg-Mac Lane space.
However, this implies that it 'is' an Eilenberg-Mac Lane space after rationalization,
$$\mathbb{H}P^\infty\simeq_{\mathbb{Q}}K(\mathbb{Z},4).$$

A: I claim that, in the equivalences you stated, duality has nothing to do with it. Specifically, if your viewpoint were correct, then for finite $G$, $BG(1)$ would be non-canonically isomorphic to $K(G,1)$. In fact, I claim that they are canonically isomorphic. Furthermore, the $\mathbb Z$ in $\mathbb CP^{\infty}$ is canonically isomporphic to the fundamental group, not the character group, of $U(1)$.
Argument: Since both these spaces represent functors, it suffices to consider the underlying functors. Eilenberg Mac-Lane spaces correspond to cohomology functors. It is easy to prove using Cech cohomology that cohomology with coefficients in $G$ naturally classifies principal $G$-bundles. This, of course, is exactly what the classifying space classifies - not dual to what the classifying space classifies.
$\mathbb CP^{\infty}$: There is an exact sequence $0\to\mathbb Z \to \mathbb C^+ \to \mathbb C^\times\to 0$, giving a map $H^1(X,\mathbb C^\times)\to H^2(X,\mathbb Z)$. The image is discrete while the kernel, a quotient of $H^1(X,\mathbb C^{+})$, is connected, so the map is exactly the quotient by the connected component of the identity.
$H^1(X,\mathbb C^\times)$ classifies principal $\mathbb C^\times$ spaces. Continuously moving the bundle around in it corresponds to continuously deforming the bundle. These bundles up to derivation are exactly what $BU(1)$ classifies.
EDIT: Idea/sketch for a general proof of this equivalence: Let $G_n$ be the group of principal $G$-bundles on $S^{n}$. Then for some reason this should be equivalent to $\pi_{n-1}(G)$. Now, the values everywhere of good functors on the category of CW complexes (specifically, representable ones) depend only on the values they take on spheres. So suppose a group had only one nontrivial $G_n$. The principal $G$-spaces functor would then be equivalent to $H^n(X,G_n)$, giving an equivalence of classifying spaces.

A: Any group $G$ has a classifying space $BG$. It can be a finite group, an infinite discrete group a Lie group or any topological group.  The construction is always the same, find a contractible space, usually called $EG$, with a free continuous action by $G$. Then $BG$ is the quotient $EG/G$. One then has a fibration (in fact a principal bundle) $$G\to EG \to BG.$$ The long exact sequence in homotopy groups gives an isomorphism of $\pi_i G$ and $\pi_{i+1}BG$ (homotopy groups of $EG$ are all $0$).  When $G$ is discrete, this gives $\pi_1BG=G$ and $BG$ is aspherical (no higher homotopy groups). If $G$ is $S^1$, then, by definition, $BS^1=CP^{\infty}$. Moreover $\pi_1 S^1 = \pi_2 CP^{\infty}=\mathbb Z$  are the only nontrivial groups of $S^1$ and $CP^{\infty}$. So $CP^{\infty} = K(Z,2)$.  The $3$-sphere is a Lie group, a.k.a SU(2), but has lots of nontrivial homotopy groups.  So $BS^3$ is not $K(\mathbb Z,4)$ even though $\pi_4 BS^3 = \pi_3 S^3 = \mathbb Z$.
For $n\ge2$, $K(A,n)$ is defined only when $A$ is a abelian group.

A: This is not really an answer to the question posed but seems to be of relevance to people interested in the question (and is directly related to the case $BSU(2)\cong_{\mathbb{Q}}K(\mathbb{Z},4)$ mentioned by Mark Grant). There is a sequence of groups for which the classifying spaces are rationally products of Eilenberg-Maclane spaces: namely $BU(n)$. The $i$-th Chern class is an element of $H^{2i}(X,\mathbb{Z})$ and hence can be thought of as homotopy class of map to a $K(\mathbb{Z},2i)$ space. Therefore you get a map
$$c_1\times\cdots\times c_n\colon BU(n)\to \prod_{i=1}^nK(\mathbb{Z},2i)$$
which turns out to be a rational homotopy equivalence. I learned this trick from Atiyah & Bott (http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/37156), Section 2. I guess the same should work for $SU(n)$ when you leave out the $c_1$ factor.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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In a non-Kerberos-enabled Hadoop cluster, the Registry does not offer any security at all: the registry is world writeable.
This document is therefore relevant only to secure clusters.
The security model of the registry is designed to meet the following goals a secure registry: 1. Deliver functional security on a secure ZK installation. 1. Allow the RM to create per-user regions of the registration space 1. Allow applications belonging to a user to write registry entries into their part of the space. These may be short-lived or long-lived YARN applications, or they may be be static applications. 1. Prevent other users from writing into another user's part of the registry. 1. Allow system services to register to a /services section of the registry. 1. Provide read access to clients of a registry. 1. Permit future support of DNS 1. Permit the future support of registering data private to a user. This allows a service to publish binding credentials (keys &c) for clients to use. 1. Not require a ZK keytab on every user's home directory in a YARN cluster. This implies that kerberos credentials cannot be used by YARN applications.
ZK security uses an ACL model, documented in Zookeeper and SASL In which different authentication schemes may be used to restrict access to different znodes. This permits the registry to use a mixed Kerberos + Private password model.
The YARN-based registry (the RMRegistryOperationsService), uses kerberos as the authentication mechanism for YARN itself.
The registry configures the base of the registry to be writeable only by itself and other hadoop system accounts holding the relevant kerberos credentials.
The user specific parts of the tree are also configured to allow the same system accounts to write and manipulate that part of the tree.
User accounts are created with a (username,password) keypair granted write access to their part of the tree.
The secret part of the keypair is stored in the users' home directory on HDFS, using the Hadoop Credentials API.
Initially, the entire registry tree will be world readable.
What are the limitations of such a scheme?
It is critical that the user-specific registry keypair is kept a secret. This relies on filesystem security to keep the file readable only by the (authenticated) user.
While it is possible to change the password for an account, this involves a recursive walk down the registry tree, and will stop all running services from being able to authenticate for write access until they reload the key.
A world-readable registry tree is exposing information about the cluster. There is some mitigation here in that access may be restricted by IP Address.
There's also the need to propagate information from the registry down to the clients for setting up ACLs.
Solution: Initially, a registry permission is used here.
In a kerberos domain, it is possible for a kerberized client to determine the realm of a cluster at run time from the local user's kerberos credentials as used to talk to YARN or HDFS.
This can be used to auto-generate account names with the correct realm for the system accounts hence aid having valid constants.
Another strategy could be to have a ServiceRecord at the root of the registry that actually defines the registry —including listing those default binding values in the data field..
Something (perhaps the RM) could scan a user's portion of the registry and detect some ACL problems: IP/world access too lax, admin account settings wrong. It cannot view or fix the ACL permissions unless it has the ADMIN permission, though that situation can at least be detected. Given the RM must have DELETE permissions further up the stack, it would be in a position to delete the errant part of the tree —though this could be a destructive overreaction.