text:
Inside the black market 'bug trade'
Better code the only ammunition against black market software vulnerabilities
Rafael Ruffolo (ComputerWorld Canada)
The black market for software vulnerabilities is booming, with bugs regularly being sold for thousands of dollars a piece online. And one of the only ways to reduce this steady stream of hacks, according to Geekonomics author and IT security pro David Rice, is for software companies to simply write better code.
Speaking at this week's IT 360 show in Toronto, Rice took conference attendees into the underground vulnerabilities market, where hackers -- or anybody else with deep pockets for that matter -- can buy access to the latest unpatched security threats.
"The irony of this cyber space world is that attackers don't break in to anything," Rice, who also serves as the director for California-based security consultancy The Monterey Group, said. "There are an unknown number of broken windows in every piece of software out there today. They just find holes that the vendors failed to detect themselves."
The fact that all software comes shipped with security threats just waiting to be discovered, he said, has facilitated a vast open market among hackers looking to discover the next "zero-day" threat -- a buzz word that describes a not-yet-patched vulnerability that the public does not know about.
"Reported bugs may go unfixed by manufacturers for months or years, but unreported vulnerabilities go unfixed period," Rice said. "They give hackers carte blanc access to critical networks and systems and hackers can make a lot of money by not reporting these bugs."
"And when you look at the patching process at some software companies, it really is dysfunctional, because you are never going to win the patch race against these guys," he said.
To fight against zero-day threats, some security experts recommend defensive measures such as network behavior analysis and 'white listing' to keep all but approved applications and services from running on a network.
"You've got to start thinking of what to do with zero-day threats outside of patching," Gerhard Eschelbeck, chief technology officer at Boulder, Colo.-based Webroot Software Inc., said. "There has to be more thinking in the industry about heuristic and behavioral models."
Amrit Williams, an analyst at Stamford, Conn.-based Gartner Inc., said "there is a whole class of basically unknown exploits taking advantage of unknown vulnerabilities" that require a response beyond patching, Williams said.
In many cases, such attacks are going to be hard to stop because they hit flaws no one but the attacker knows about. So companies need to implement measures for quickly identifying such attacks and limiting fallout -- including taking steps such as network segmentation, traffic filtering and using access controls, he said.
But despite the talking points from many security experts, Rice said that protecting against all risks might be impossible. In fact, not even the security measures themselves are safe from attacks.
"We always recommend users to have a firewall, because it puts a barrier in between a weakness and the rest of the world," he said. "But your firewall is made of software and even that can have vulnerability on it.
Rice claimed that while the total number of attacks and vulnerabilities is actually on the decline, the most critical, zero-day bugs are rising dramatically. He said the fact that software manufacturing processes has largely stayed the same in recent years might be contributing to the problem.
"Plus, hackers are developing extremely good software development practices for their malware," he added.
Rice also said that while the adoption of software engineering best practice guidelines, such as Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), is helpful, most companies don't have much incentive to continue to the highest levels of the program.
"Getting to a CMMI Level 5 can be very tedious and expensive," Rice said. "Until it becomes more expensive to not be at Level 5, there will be no incentive to get to that level."
And one look at the prices these vulnerabilities are going for on the black market, he said, is a testament to the size of these online criminal syndicates and the challenges they pose to software developers.
"A recent Internet Explorer exploit was priced at US$100,000, while some bugs have even reached upwards of US$250,000. Some of these cyber lords even have better research facilities than Symantec and McAfee right now."
Working to combat the bug trade are companies like iDefense Labs and TippingPoint Technologies, which often purchase vulnerabilities off the black market in order to help companies against potential attacks.
Some companies even offer rewards for "white hat" hackers who discover and report bugs in their software. Rice cited Mozilla's recent program which offered a US$500 bounty and a t-shirt to anyone who successfully spotted a bug in the FireFox Web browser. Dishing out even larger rewards, he said, may also be an effective way to alleviate the black market -- but it will take much bigger bounties to encourage widespread, ethical reporting.
"The rewards being offered won't stray too many hackers away from the hundreds of thousands a month they can make on the black market," he said.
Another point to be aware of, according to Rice, is that most attackers will target lower level employees instead of risking detecting by going after the top level executives.
"E-mails that go after the personal assistants of the board members are likely to be more effective," Rice said. "Executives and assistants often share their passwords and have the same level of access, so e-mails that target these employees are more effective."
With files from Jaikumar Vijayan, Computerworld (US online)


text:
Нина Ивановна Глуховцева (14.07.1938-03.11.1996) — российский учёный в области селекции и семеноводства зерновых культур, член-корреспондент РАСХН (1994).

Биография
Родилась в с. Дубовый Умет Волжского района Куйбышевской области. Окончила Куйбышевский СХИ (1960).

Работала на Кинельской государственной селекционной станции (ГСС):
 младший научный сотрудник группы селекции и семеноводства яровой пшеницы (1960—1967),
 старший научный сотрудник отдела селекции и семеноводства яровой пшеницы (1968),
 зав. лабораторией селекции яровой пшеницы (1968—1983),
 ведущий селекционер по яровой пшенице (1983—1986)
 директор Кинельской ГСС (с 1993 г. — Поволжский НИИ селекции и семеноводства им. П. Н. Константинова) (1986—1996).

В 1983—1986 заведующая кафедрой ботаники и физиологии растений Самарского СХИ.

Доктор сельскохозяйственных наук (1983), профессор (1985), член-корреспондент РАСХН (1994).

Соавтор 15 сортов яровой пшеницы.

Награждена орденом «Знак Почёта» (1976), медалью «За трудовую доблесть» (1981), золотыми медалями ВДНХ и ВВЦ РФ (1990—1996).

Публикации:
 Повышение качества зерна пшеницы. — Куйбышев: Кн. изд-во, 1977. — 64 с.
 Забота о хлебном колосе / соавт. А. К. Зинин. — Куйбышев, 1985. — 183 с.
 Методические рекомендации по оценке устойчивости пшениц к стеблевым хлебным пилильщикам / соавт.: И. Д. Шапиро и др.; ВИЗР. — Л., 1990. — 19 с.

Умерла 3 ноября 1996 года, похоронена в Самаре.

Муж - Владимир Всеволодович Глуховцев (1937—2017).

Источники
 http://www.cnshb.ru/AKDiL/akad/base/RG/000312.shtm
Селекционеры пшеницы
Селекционеры яровой пшеницы

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Kathy Swanger has spent more than 30 years in public education. She has worked in both rural and urban school teaching both at-risk and accelerated students. While working in an urban school, she specialized in dropout prevention. Her expertise is developing student-driven, project-based learning programs. She is currently the digital media specialist at Elgin Local Schools in Marion County, OH.


text:
Renal and iliac artery stenting by interventional cardiologists and vascular surgeons: The Foundation to Advance Medical Education (FAME) initiative
David R. Holmes, Robert D. Fox, Carl Tommaso, Patricia K. Hodgson, Richard Green, Krishna Rocha-Singh, Kenneth Rosenfield
The American College of Cardiology, in concert with the Society for Coronary Angiography and Interventions and the Society for Vascular Surgery, planned and implemented an initiative to teach stenting of renal and iliac arteries to their peers in practice. Supported by the Foundation to advance medical Education (FAME), the initiative involved 25 preceptees and 6 preceptors and included a didactic portion (a remote learning exercise), an animal practicum, a procedural simulation, and a preceptor/preceptee training segment, all of which was followed by evaluations by the participants. Assessments of the success of the initiative differed between preceptees, who were positive about the experience, and preceptors, who were more critical of the endeavor (with surgeons more critical than cardiologists). Technical problems, such as obtaining temporary licensure to practice medicine in another state, interfered with the hands-on experiences of several preceptees. Programs such as the FAME initiative will grow in importance as new technologies continue to be introduced into medical practice and the need to train physicians in practice in their use expands.
American heart journal
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2004.08.017
Published - May 2005
10.1016/j.ahj.2004.08.017
Dive into the research topics of 'Renal and iliac artery stenting by interventional cardiologists and vascular surgeons: The Foundation to Advance Medical Education (FAME) initiative'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Iliac Artery Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Cardiologists Medicine & Life Sciences 96%
Medical Education Medicine & Life Sciences 95%
Surgeons Medicine & Life Sciences 61%
Licensure Medicine & Life Sciences 47%
Psychological Practice Medicine & Life Sciences 44%
Holmes, D. R., Fox, R. D., Tommaso, C., Hodgson, P. K., Green, R., Rocha-Singh, K., & Rosenfield, K. (2005). Renal and iliac artery stenting by interventional cardiologists and vascular surgeons: The Foundation to Advance Medical Education (FAME) initiative. American heart journal, 149(5), 883-887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2004.08.017
Renal and iliac artery stenting by interventional cardiologists and vascular surgeons : The Foundation to Advance Medical Education (FAME) initiative. / Holmes, David R.; Fox, Robert D.; Tommaso, Carl; Hodgson, Patricia K.; Green, Richard; Rocha-Singh, Krishna; Rosenfield, Kenneth.
In: American heart journal, Vol. 149, No. 5, 05.2005, p. 883-887.
Holmes, DR, Fox, RD, Tommaso, C, Hodgson, PK, Green, R, Rocha-Singh, K & Rosenfield, K 2005, 'Renal and iliac artery stenting by interventional cardiologists and vascular surgeons: The Foundation to Advance Medical Education (FAME) initiative', American heart journal, vol. 149, no. 5, pp. 883-887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2004.08.017
Holmes DR, Fox RD, Tommaso C, Hodgson PK, Green R, Rocha-Singh K et al. Renal and iliac artery stenting by interventional cardiologists and vascular surgeons: The Foundation to Advance Medical Education (FAME) initiative. American heart journal. 2005 May;149(5):883-887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2004.08.017
Holmes, David R. ; Fox, Robert D. ; Tommaso, Carl ; Hodgson, Patricia K. ; Green, Richard ; Rocha-Singh, Krishna ; Rosenfield, Kenneth. / Renal and iliac artery stenting by interventional cardiologists and vascular surgeons : The Foundation to Advance Medical Education (FAME) initiative. In: American heart journal. 2005 ; Vol. 149, No. 5. pp. 883-887.
@article{63def182acd941dcae5868c96ee8f11b,
title = "Renal and iliac artery stenting by interventional cardiologists and vascular surgeons: The Foundation to Advance Medical Education (FAME) initiative",
abstract = "The American College of Cardiology, in concert with the Society for Coronary Angiography and Interventions and the Society for Vascular Surgery, planned and implemented an initiative to teach stenting of renal and iliac arteries to their peers in practice. Supported by the Foundation to advance medical Education (FAME), the initiative involved 25 preceptees and 6 preceptors and included a didactic portion (a remote learning exercise), an animal practicum, a procedural simulation, and a preceptor/preceptee training segment, all of which was followed by evaluations by the participants. Assessments of the success of the initiative differed between preceptees, who were positive about the experience, and preceptors, who were more critical of the endeavor (with surgeons more critical than cardiologists). Technical problems, such as obtaining temporary licensure to practice medicine in another state, interfered with the hands-on experiences of several preceptees. Programs such as the FAME initiative will grow in importance as new technologies continue to be introduced into medical practice and the need to train physicians in practice in their use expands.",
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note = "Funding Information: Together with the Society for Coronary Angiography and Interventions and the Society for Vascular Surgery, the American College of Cardiology secured funding from a private foundation (FAME) to test the feasibility and overall acceptance of educational methods and procedures among cardiologists and vascular surgeons. A pilot project was designed to train interventional cardiologists and vascular surgeons in renal and iliac artery stenting. ",
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journal = "American Heart Journal",
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AU - Hodgson, Patricia K.
AU - Green, Richard
AU - Rocha-Singh, Krishna
AU - Rosenfield, Kenneth
N1 - Funding Information: Together with the Society for Coronary Angiography and Interventions and the Society for Vascular Surgery, the American College of Cardiology secured funding from a private foundation (FAME) to test the feasibility and overall acceptance of educational methods and procedures among cardiologists and vascular surgeons. A pilot project was designed to train interventional cardiologists and vascular surgeons in renal and iliac artery stenting.
N2 - The American College of Cardiology, in concert with the Society for Coronary Angiography and Interventions and the Society for Vascular Surgery, planned and implemented an initiative to teach stenting of renal and iliac arteries to their peers in practice. Supported by the Foundation to advance medical Education (FAME), the initiative involved 25 preceptees and 6 preceptors and included a didactic portion (a remote learning exercise), an animal practicum, a procedural simulation, and a preceptor/preceptee training segment, all of which was followed by evaluations by the participants. Assessments of the success of the initiative differed between preceptees, who were positive about the experience, and preceptors, who were more critical of the endeavor (with surgeons more critical than cardiologists). Technical problems, such as obtaining temporary licensure to practice medicine in another state, interfered with the hands-on experiences of several preceptees. Programs such as the FAME initiative will grow in importance as new technologies continue to be introduced into medical practice and the need to train physicians in practice in their use expands.
AB - The American College of Cardiology, in concert with the Society for Coronary Angiography and Interventions and the Society for Vascular Surgery, planned and implemented an initiative to teach stenting of renal and iliac arteries to their peers in practice. Supported by the Foundation to advance medical Education (FAME), the initiative involved 25 preceptees and 6 preceptors and included a didactic portion (a remote learning exercise), an animal practicum, a procedural simulation, and a preceptor/preceptee training segment, all of which was followed by evaluations by the participants. Assessments of the success of the initiative differed between preceptees, who were positive about the experience, and preceptors, who were more critical of the endeavor (with surgeons more critical than cardiologists). Technical problems, such as obtaining temporary licensure to practice medicine in another state, interfered with the hands-on experiences of several preceptees. Programs such as the FAME initiative will grow in importance as new technologies continue to be introduced into medical practice and the need to train physicians in practice in their use expands.
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JO - American Heart Journal
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Election 2020, Oakland, Oakland City Council, Uncategorized
Kaplan lashes out at Lyft, challenges them to a debate
Date: October 7, 2020Author: Steven Tavares 1 Comment
Oakland At-Large Councilmember Rebecca Kaplan wore two pins during a virtual press conference on Monday: One for her re-election campaign and another in opposition to Proposition 22, the statewide ballot measure funded by gig companies, such as Lyft, Uber, and DoorDash.
In both campaigns, mega-tech companies are spending astronomical amounts of money to affect the outcome. An Independent Expenditure Committee (IE) funded with a $100,000 contribution from Lyft, aims to defeat the incumbent Kaplan, a long-time opponent of the unfettered expansion of car-sharing companies in Oakland.
The push by ride-hailing companies to pass Proposition 22, the statewide measures that progressives across the state fear will exempt companies like Lyft and Uber from a number of labor laws, has flooded the airwaves and mailboxes over the past month.
Overall, $183 million is likely to be spent in support of Proposition 22, making it the most expensive ballot measure campaign in state history.
Californians for Independent Work, an IE backed by Lyft contributed $100,000 on Sept. 21 to an Oakland IE that backs Kaplan's council opponent, named the "Committee for an Affordable East Bay supporting Derreck Johnson and opposing Rebecca Kaplan for Oakland City Council At-Large 2020, Sponsored by Lyft, Inc." By law, IEs are prohibited from coordinating their efforts with campaigns they support or oppose.
"We are facing unprecedented oppositional expenditures from billionaires who are trying to buy our democracy," Kaplan said during a Zoom call that also functioned as a fundraising pitch. "In Oakland, they're trying to buy a council seat."
Southern California Assemblymember Lorena Sanchez said the enormous amount of spending in support of Proposition 22 is leaking out to smaller races across the state, including Kaplan's bid for re-election against Oakland restaurteur Derreck Johnson. Perennial council candidate Nancy Sidebotham is the third candidate in the race.
"And while they're at it they try to throw a little money here and there to defeat candidates who stand up for values, who stand up to these billion dollar corporations," Gonzalez said.
The IE against Kaplan's re-election is a clear threat from billionaires, said Ash Kalra, an assemblymember who represents the South Bay.
"This is a warning to every elected official out there at every level of government. If you come after these billionaires, they're going to come after you and we cannot let that stand," Kalra said.
At first glance, Kaplan's re-election did not seem in danger. She remains popular in Oakland and has a level of name-recognition topped only by Mayor Libby Schaaf. But the emergence of Johnson, and a clear fundraising advantage over Kaplan, in addition, to the help from the Lyft-funded IE, has put the incumbent on the offensive.
Kaplan has raised a populist banner in recent weeks, including on Monday's Zoom call, when she blasted Lyft for spending heavily to achieve special favors, tax loopholes and monopolies in Oakland. "They want the right to abuse communities and workers," Kaplan said. "When I wouldn't go along with that, they decided to put more money than we've found any record of any company ever putting into a local council race to try to oust me, because I'm standing up for the people of Oakland."
Later in the call, Kaplan told Lyft to "put their money where there mouth is," and challenged the company to a debate.
Ash Kalrabillionairescampaign contributionsDerreck JohnsonDoordashgig workIEsIndependent Expenditure CommitteeLorena GonzalezLyftNovember electionoakland at-largeProposition 22Rebecca Kaplanride-hailing companiesUber
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I voted for Prop 22


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Pleurotus sajor-caju (P. sajor-caju) has been extremely useful in the prevention of diabetes mellitus due to its low fat and high soluble fiber content for thousands of years. Insulin resistance is a key component in the development of diabetes mellitus which is caused by inflammation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the in vivo efficacy of glucan-rich polysaccharide of P. sajor-caju (GE) against diabetes mellitus and inflammation in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet.
Diabetes was induced in C57BL/6J mice by feeding a high-fat diet. The mice were randomly assigned to 7 groups (n=6 per group). The control groups in this study were ND (for normal diet) and HFD (for high-fat diet). The treated groups were ND240 (for normal diet) (240 mg/kg b.w) and HFD60, HFD120 and HFD240 (for high-fat), where the mice were administrated with three dosages of GE (60, 120, 240 mg GE/kg b.w respectively). Metformin (2 mg/kg b.w) served as positive control. The glucose tolerance test, glucose and insulin levels were measured at the end of 16 weeks. Expressions of genes for inflammatory markers, GLUT-4 and adiponectin in the adipose tissue of the mice were assessed. One-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests (DMRT) were used to determine the significant differences between groups.
GE treated groups improved the glucose tolerance, attenuated hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in the mice by up-regulating the adiponectin and GLUT-4 gene expressions. The mice in GE treated groups did not develop insulin resistance. GE also down-regulated the expression of inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, SAA2, CRP and MCP-1) via attenuation of nuclear transcription factors (NF-κB).
Glucan-rich polysaccharide of P. sajor-caju can serve as a potential agent for prevention of glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and inflammation.
Diabetes is one of the leading non-communicable diseases affecting mankind . It is estimated more than 284 million people are diabetic worldwide and this figure is predicted to double by 2030 . Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complicated metabolic disorder, characterised by high blood glucose level due to the inability of cells to utilise glucose appropriately. The etiology of type-1 diabetes is the absolute deficiency of insulin secretion, while type 2 diabetes (DM) is a combination of resistance to insulin action and impaired insulin secretion, which accounts for more than 90% of all diabetes cases . Diabetes may lead to microvascular (blindness, renal failure and neuropathy) and macrovascular (stroke and myocardial infarction) complications . It is also considered to be an important risk factor for the development of obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis .
The current treatment for DM includes insulin and other oral hypoglycemic drugs such as sulphonylurea derivatives, biguanides, thiazolidinediones and alpha glucosidase inhibitors. However, these agents are known to have undesirable side effects such as high blood pressure, dry mouth, constipation, headache, valvular heart disease and obesity . To date, natural products still play an important role as sources of medicine in preventing diabetes thus, the efforts to discover useful drug candidates to combat diabetic complications are going on relentlessly .
Mushrooms are well recognized for their medicinal properties and have been used in traditional medicine for centuries. The medicinal effects of mushrooms include antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-parasitic, detoxification, immunomodulatory, antitumor, radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, anti-hyperlipidemic or anti-hypercholesterolemic, hepatoprotective and anti-diabetic . Edible mushrooms have been used to maintain health and increase longevity since ancient times . In Malaysia, the widely cultivated 'edible fungal food' is the genus Pleurotus, commonly referred to as 'oyster mushrooms'. Oyster mushrooms have been discovered to have definite nutritive and medicinal values and are most popular in countries such as India, China and Japan. Currently, Pleurotus sajor-caju is cultivated throughout the world. It contains good quality proteins and vitamins such as B1, B2, and C and has very little lipid or starch. This mushroom is claimed to be able to reduce the cholesterol level in blood  and prevent hyperlipidemia and this ability is attributed to its low fat and high soluble fiber content .
There are two distinct animal models of obesity; the first type is genetic obesity, as seen in rodent strains such as the Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rat and the leptin-deficient obese (lep ob /lep ob ) mouse, which become obese under various experimental conditions. The second type of mouse model for obesity, C57BL/6J reflects the human condition more closely where the animals develop central adiposity, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia as a result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors such as long term high-fat intake . Hence in this study, the C57BL/6J mouse strain was selected to investigate the potential effects of glucan-rich polysaccharides of P. sajor-caju in mice fed a high fat-diet on metabolic changes pertaining to glucose homeostasis and associated inflammation. The activity was also compared with metformin (a widely used oral anti-diabetic drug).
Fresh fruiting bodies of Pleurotus sajor –caju (10kg) were collected from a mushroom farm in Semenyih (Location - 3°21'19.20"N 101°14'36.35"E), Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
The isolation and purification of polysaccharide were based on the method described previously . Fruiting bodies of P. sajor-caju was collected and washed with water. It was crushed and boiled in 500 ml of distilled water for 8 hours. The whole mixture was kept overnight at 4°C and then filtered through a linen cloth. The filtrate was centrifuged at 13000 × g for 45 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant was collected and precipitated in ethanol (1:5 [v/v]). It was kept overnight at 4°C and again centrifuged at 13000 × g for 45 minutes. The precipitated material (polysaccharide) was washed with ethanol four times and then freeze-dried. The freeze-dried material was dissolved in 30 ml of distilled water and dialyzed through dialysis tubing made up of cellulose membrane (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) against distilled water for 4 hours. This procedure removed low molecular weight materials. The aqueous solution was then collected from the dialysis bag and freeze-dried to yield crude polysaccharide (GE). The β-glucan level in the extract was estimated using a ß - glucan kit (specific for mushroom and yeast) purchased from Meganzyme International (Ireland).
This study was conducted in conformity with the policies and procedures of the Animal Care and Use Committee of Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, with reference to the 8th edition: Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals by the Institute of Laboratory Animal Research, National Academy of Science, USA. The animal ethics approval was obtained from Animal Care and Use Committee of Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya (IACUC, UM) (Approval number:ISB/14/07/2010/GK [R]). Female C57BL/6J (ob/ob) mice (7-weeks old) were purchased from BioLasco Laboratory, Taiwan. The animals were kept in stainless steel wire–mesh cages in a room maintained at 21°C and a standard condition of 12-hour light/dark cycle (light period: 8:00–20:00 hour). The animals were allowed free access to food and water, which were provided fresh every day.
After one week of acclimatisation, the mice were randomly assigned (based on weight) into seven groups (n=6/group). Table 1 shows the type of diet and concentration of GE administrated for each group. The control groups in this study were ND (for normal diet) and HFD (for high-fat diet), where the mice were administrated with distilled water. The treated groups were ND240 (for normal diet) and HFD60, HFD120 and HFD240 (for high-fat), where the mice were administrated with different dosages of GE and metformin served as positive control. The composition of fat in normal diet was 5% of total energy whilst for the high-fat diet was 45 or 60% of fat. GE was administered thrice a week, via epi-gastric route using a feeding needle (size 20) to groups ND240, HFD60, HFD120 and HFD240 for 16 weeks. After 7 weeks of feeding with 45% of fat (TestDiet®, USA), the animal diet was substituted with 60% of fat (TestDiet®, USA) for groups HFD, HFD60, HFD120, HFD240 and HFDMET whilst for groups ND and ND240 the diet was not altered throughout the experiment.
At the end of 16 weeks, the oral glucose test was carried out on the mice after subjecting to an overnight fast. Blood samples were obtained from a cut in the tail vein of the mice and blood glucose levels were determined using ACCU-CHEK® glucometer and ACCU-CHEK® Advantage test strips. Firstly, the fasting blood glucose levels were measured. Then, GE was administrated to the mice via epi-gastric route using a feeding needle and the blood glucose levels was measured again. Glucose (2 g/kg of body weight) was also administrated to the mice via epi-gastric route. Finally, the blood glucose levels were measured every 30 min for 2 hours (30, 60, 90 and 120 min). According to the protocol of the kit and Lee et al.,  mice with fasting blood glucose level of 7.8 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) and above were considered hyperglycemic meanwhile mice with fasting blood glucose of below 3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) was categorized as hypoglycemic.
At the end of 16 weeks, the mice were anesthetized with ether after withholding food for 12 hours and were sacrificed by aortic exsanguination. Blood samples were collected in SST™ glass serum tubes with gold BD Hemogard™ closure (BD Vacutainer®, USA). Serum samples were separated after centrifugation at 2400 × g for 15 minutes. The samples were stored at −80°C for the estimation of insulin level. Adipose tissues were removed and stored in RNAlater® solution (Applied Biosystems, USA) and refrigerated at 4°C overnight before storing the samples at −80°C for RNA extraction.
The insulin sensitivity assay was done using Rat Insulin Enzyme Immunoassay kit (SPI-BIO Bertin pharma, France). The assay is based on the competition between unlabeled rat insulin and acethylcholinesterase (AChE) linked to rat insulin (tracer) for limited specific Guinea-Pig anti-rat insulin antiserum sites. The absorbance was read at 410 nm using a microplate reader (Bio-Tek Instruments Inc, USA). Rat insulin of known concentrations (0.08 to 10 ng/ml) was used as a standard for the estimation of insulin concentration and the results were expressed as ng/ml.
The total RNA was isolated from the adipose tissue of all the mice groups as stipulated in Table 1 using Ambion- RNAqueous Micro® kit (Applied Biosystems, USA). The purity of recovered total RNA was estimated by calculating the ratio of absorbance reading of 260 nm and 280 nm. Purified RNA with a A260/A280 ratio between 1.8 - 2.0 was further used to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach. The integrity of RNA was estimated using Agilent® 2100 Bioanalyzer (Applied Biosystem, USA). RNA samples with RIN value 8–10 were used in this study. High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystem, USA) which contains all reagents needed for reverse transcription (RT) of total RNA to single-stranded cDNA was used in this study. Generally, 10 μl of RNA sample was mixed with 10 μl of High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription (RT buffer, dNTP mix, randoms primers, Multiscribe reverse™ transcriptase enzyme and nuclease free water). The mixture was then loaded into a thermal cycler (Eppendorf, USA) and PCR was carried out according to optimized thermal cycling conditions as recommended by the manufacturer. Table 2 shows the list of genes investigated in this study and the corresponding accession numbers. Endogenous control (also known as housekeeping genes) used in this study was eukaryotic 18S rRNA with FAM/MGB probe. All TaqMan® (Applied Biosystems, USA) probes used in this investigation were labeled with FAM™ reporter dye at the 5' end and MGB quencher at the 3' end. The quantification approach used was comparative CT method, also known as 2 –ΔΔCt method .
General abbreviation of genes selected for this study and corresponding assay ID and accession number was obtained from the Applied Biosystems website and NCBI database. Assay ID refers to the Applied Biosystems Gene Expression Assays inventoried kits with proprietary primer and TaqMan® probe mix. Assay ID with 'Mm' is referred to as 'Mus musculus'. All Gene Expression Assay kits indicated are FAM/MGB probed.
Data are shown as mean ± SD of triplicate assays. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine the significant differences between groups. Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Duncan's multiple range tests (DMRT) was used to determine the significant differences between groups. SPSS Statistic software (version 17.0, IBM Corp., USA) was used for all statistical analyses. All figures were drawn using GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software Inc., California, USA).
GE (12.31g) was obtained from 5500g of fresh P. sajor-caju fruiting bodies. This extract was then used to calculate the content of β-glucan by measuring the concentration of total glucan and α-glucan. The concentration of total glucan in GE was 85.95% (w/w) and the concentrations of α-glucan and β-glucan were 5.4% (w/w) and 80.55% (w/w) respectively. The percentage of β-glucan and α-glucan in dried P. sajor-caju were 1.5% and 0.01% (w/w) respectively. In this study, a detailed analysis of the sugar composition and lingkages was not attempted but Pramanik et al. , reported that the polysaccharides in P.sajor-caju consists of repeating unit of D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-mannose in a molar proportion of 1:1:1 with (1→3),(1→6)-β-glucans and (1→3)-α-glucans linkages.
The glucose tolerance test was performed on the mice. Figure 1 shows the oral glucose tolerance test results of all the groups. Mice in HFD and HFD60 groups had elevated fasting blood glucose level and reduced glucose tolerance. In GE treated mice (ND240, HFD120 and HFD240), the glucose level in the first 30 minutes (after the initial glucose load) were lower than HFD while the glucose level at 120 minutes was within the normal range and the activity was similar to the metformin treated group (HFDMET). The blood glucose tolerance level in descending order was ND240 > HFD240 > ND > HFD120 > HFDMET > HFD60 > HFD.
Effects of GE on oral glucose tolerance (OGT) in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet or normal diet. GE concentrations were 60, 120, 240 mg/kg/day. Metformin (MET) was used as positive control. Blood glucose was measured 30 minutes before glucose administration (−30 min) and every 30 minutes after glucose administration (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min). Values expressed are means ± S.D of triplicate measurements (n=6 per group).
Systemic inflammation has been recognized as a key link between insulin resistance and diabetes . Insulin resistance is characterized by increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, macrophage infiltration into white adipose tissue and an impaired response to insulin in the main insulin target tissues.
Figure 2 (a-c) shows the effect of GE and metformin on blood glucose levels, serum insulin concentration and HOMA-IR value in mice fed a high-fat diet or normal diet. The fasting blood glucose in descending order was HFD > HFD60 > HFDMET > HFD > ND > HFD120 > HFD240 > ND240. A moderate but significant hyperglycemia developed in HFD group. Severe hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in C57BL/6J mice are only known to develop after 24 weeks of feeding with high-fat diet . GE administrated mice (HFD120 and HFD240) showed a significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to the mice in HFD group. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences observed in the normal diet groups (ND and ND240). The serum insulin level was significantly elevated in HFD group and was 88.8% higher than the ND group which indicates hyperinsulinemia. However, GE treated groups and metformin treated group showed a significant lower serum insulin concentration compared to HFD group.
Effects of GE on (a) fasting blood glucose concentrations, (b) serum insulin levels and (c) HOMA-IR value of C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet or normal diet. GE concentrations were 60, 120, 240 mg/kg/day. Metformin (MET) was used as positive control. Values expressed are means ± S.D of triplicate measurements (n=6 per group). Means with different alphabets in different bar (a-e) are significantly different (p<0.05).
Homeostatic model assessment values for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated using the formula stated above. The HOMA-IR indices for the HFD group showed an increase of 150% compared to ND group. In spite of feeding a high-fat diet, the insulin resistance indices for HFD60, HFD120 and HFD240 groups were significantly reduced by 44%, 62.4% and 60.8% respectively whilst in HFDMET group, the insulin resistance index was significantly reduced by 56% compared to HFD group. Amelioration of insulin resistance in HFD240 treated group was comparable to the metformin treated group. Thus it is pertinent to suggest that GE was able to prevent hyperglycemia by preventing insulin resistance in the mice fed a high-fat diet.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is one of the many factors that have been suggested to play a role in the development of insulin resistance [19, 20]. Nagata et al.  have demonstrated that up-regulation of genes is responsible for ROS production occurs in both the liver and adipose tissue before the onset of insulin resistance in mice fed a high fat-diet.
Adipose tissue is actively involved in sensing the nutritional and metabolic status of the organism through several signalling pathways and the energy metabolism is regulated by the secretion of molecules in response to these cues . It is a complex and active secretory organ that both sends and receives signals that modulate energy expenditure, appetite, insulin sensitivity, endocrine function, inflammation and immunity . Thus, this part of the study, attempts to increase the understanding of how GE possibly regulates the underlying mechanism responsible for hypoglycemia, amelioration of insulin resistance and the associated inflammation. Table 3 shows the expression of adipocyte derived cytokines (adipokines).
Results are expressed as –fold variation over the appropriate control groups; ND240 indicate fold increase over ND, normal diet control group and HFD60, HFD120, HFD240 and HFDMET indicate fold increase over HFD, high-fat diet control group. Fold variations less than one were expressed as negative numbers (e.g., a –fold variation of 0.50 is expressed as −2.00). Values expressed are means ± S.D of triplicate measurements. Statistical significance was calculated based on the mean ΔCT values by DMRT for only mice fed with high-fat diet with or without GE. For same gene with different treatment groups, means in the different rows with different alphabets (a-d) were significantly different (p<0.05).
After 15 weeks of feeding a high-fat diet, HFD group mice developed hyperglycemia and had reduced glucose tolerance (Figure 1). This could be attributed to the reduced expression of adiponectin. Meanwhile, GE treated groups (HFD120 and HFD240) had increased adiponectin expression and this may explain the better glucose tolerance observed in these groups. Adiponectin is considered to be an anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic hormone, but conflicting results on its levels in obese and diabetic patients and animal models have been shown in previous studies . Some of them demonstrated declined circulating levels of adiponectin in high-fat diet fed rats  and mice  while others did not observe any changes [27, 28]. A possible explanation for such difference is that the expression of adiponectin, could be altered by multiple factors including both genetic and environmental factors, as well as resting and fasting stages . Meanwhile, GLUT-4 gene, the insulin-responsive glucose transporter, plays a major role in glucose transport. The maintenance of insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue and the development of insulin resistance (IR) is a result of impaired GLUT-4 signalling pathway . In this study, the mice in GE treated groups, showed better glucose tolerance than the mice in HFD group, and the improvement in glucose tolerance was also reflected by the increased GLUT-4 expression in these groups.
On the contrary, RBP-4 has been reported as a factor that is derived from adipose tissue that can cause insulin resistance . The mechanism of RBP-4 activation is still unclear but several reports have shown that increased expression of RBP-4 was found in adipose tissue of mice with adipocyte-specific ablation of GLUT-4 . Increased plasma RBP-4 levels in obese children correlated not only with insulin resistance but also with inflammatory factors . This concurs with the findings in this study that, GE treated groups (HFD60, HFD120 and HFD240) had decreased expression of RPB-4 compared to HFD group. In HFDMET group, the regulation of these adipokines was similar to the GE treated groups.
The expressions of inflammatory markers (IL-6, CRP, MCP-1, SAA-2, NF-κB and TNF-α) were also assessed in the adipose tissue as shown in Table 4. The link between diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and inflammation are well known  and epidemiological evidence has confirmed these findings by showing an increase of additional acute phase reactants in diabetic subjects, including TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP . Glucose and fat intake have both been shown to induce inflammation, possibly due to increase of oxidative stress .
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) controls the regulation of the genes that encode proteins involved in immune and inflammatory responses (i.e., cytokines, chemokines, growth factor immune receptors, cellular ligands, and adhesion molecules) . Diabetes causes reduction in the production of anti-inflammatory adipokines (like adiponectin) and increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (like IL-6, CRP and SAA-2). This, in turn, leads to the MCP-1 facilitated infiltration of monocytes and macrophages into the adipose tissue . The inflamed state leads to the release of cytokines into adipose tissues that are not normally secreted by the adipose cells. A key cytokine that is released by macrophages but not by differentiated adipocyte, is TNF-α, the key regulator of inflammation which is strongly correlated to the level of insulin resistance in obese and diabetic animal models . Studies have demonstrated that, TNF-α along with IL-6 not only inhibit adiponectin (anti-inflammatory adipokines) expression and impair insulin sensitivity of other tissues but also interfere with adipocyte metabolism at numerous sites including transcriptional regulation, glucose and fatty acid metabolism . The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was among the first to be implicated as a predictor of insulin resistance. Finally, these pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) mediate distant inflammatory effects, including activation of CRP and SAA-2 . The SAA proteins are derived from distinct genes; human express SAA-1, SAA-2, SAA-3 and SAA-4. In this study, only SAA-2 protein was studied because SAA-2 expression increases dramatically during acute inflammatory responses and adipocytes have been suggested to be a major contributor of SAA-2 . Meanwhile, CRP is an acute phase reactant. Circulating concentrations of SAA-2 and CRP are also increased in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and are considered to be a marker for insulin resistance .
The HFD group had higher expression of the pro-inflammatory markers compared to the GE treated groups and metformin treated group. ROS and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress have been reported to be increased by adiposity and consumption of high-fat diet may activate NF-κB signalling cascade in the adipose tissue . When NF-κB signaling cascade is activated, increased MCP-1 results in a dramatic elevation of macrophage infiltration, promoting the downstream secretion of pro-inflammatory markers namely, TNF-α and IL-6 and finally this increases the expression of CRP and SAA-2. The expression of these pro-inflammatory markers in HFD, are known to initiate and amplify insulin resistance in the adipose tissue as observed in this study. However, the NF-κB activity in GE and metformin treated groups, was significantly down-regulated compared to the HFD group. Thus, the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 also decreased in these groups. Similarly, the expressions of SAA-2 and CRP were also down-regulated in GE and metformin treated groups compared to HFD group. Besides that, the local enhancement in adiponectin expression induced by GE might also be partly responsible for the reduced inflammatory-cytokine expression levels in these groups . Similar findings have been reported on adipose tissue treated with various natural substances such as grape seed procyanidins  and tocotrienol .
Polysaccharide of P. sajor-caju which is rich in β-glucans (GE) (240mg/kg of body weight) prevented the occurrence of glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet by up-regulating the expression of GLUT-4 and adiponectin genes and down-regulating the expression of NF-κB. The properties displayed by GE were comparable to metformin (positive control). GE could serve as a potential candidate for prevention of glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and inflammation.
The authors are grateful to the University of Malaya and Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (MOHE) for providing grants PS423/2010A, RG083-09AFR and HIR F000002-21001.
GK was responsible for the methodology execution, data analysis and writing the manuscript. URK was responsible for providing grants, conception of ideas, data interpretation and revising the manuscript, SNAM was responsible for the isolation of polysaccharide from the mushroom, MAA was responsible for the animal experiment, CKH was responsible for the gene expression studies and VS was responsible for conception of idea and revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


This Raspberry Pi Acrylic Retro Game Arcade DIY Kit can run the RetroPie emulators and you can download the G ROMs and upload them to it and to make an arcade in your home.
Retro Games include: Mame, atari, nin super nintendo, arcade, gameboy, color gba and so on.
All you need to do is download the Game Roms from the internet and upload it to your Raspberry Pi, location on /home/pi/RetroPie/roms/ folde and reboot your Raspberry Pi.
This is a fantastic Retro Game Console Kit, you can play all of your favorite retro games on your HDTV. This kits contains high quality buttons and joystick, and also two High Quality sound speakers All you need to do is connect it to your TV-set and add your favorite games(ROMS). And then, have fun with your friends.
It contains a lot of simulators such as: Amiga, Atari Lynx, Amstrad CPC,Apple II, Apple Macintosh, Atari 800, MAME, NES,NINTENDO, Final Burn Alpha, Disk system, game Gear, Gameboy, Gameboy Advance, Game Boy Color, Master System, mega drive, MSX, Nintendo 64, NEO-GEO, NeoGeo Pocket, Neogeo Pocket Color, Pc engine, GENESIS32x, SG-1000, Super Nintendo.


Much like kachina dolls, storytellers are a part of Native American Indian culture that has become quite popular with Western travelers and collectors. Ceramic (commercial) pottery storytellers are often cheaply made and widely available in souvenir shops around the Southwest. However, Native American Indian storytellers are handcrafted and often reflect the artist's Pueblo's pottery style.
Authentic handmade Native American Indian pottery art, including storytellers, are hand-coiled, not poured. Hand-coiling relatively small pieces (most storyteller figurines are 12″ high at most) that feature several distinct bodies and other details results in a solid figure; thus, authentic handmade Native American Indian storytellers are heavy, unlike ceramic ones that are hollow and very light.
Although the first Native American Indian storyteller was a male figure, authentic storytellers may be either male, female or even animal. The gender of many storytellers is obvious, particularly female storytellers featuring traditional bridal hair styles. As for storytellers with straight long hair, a male storyteller is distinguished by the presence of a hat or bandana.
Palms Trading Company carries authentic Native American Indian storytellers, handmade by Southwestern Pueblo artists. Some of the storytellers we carry are genuine collectibles. However, each storyteller figurine is a one-of-a-kind handmade work of art, a valuable addition to your personal collection.
If you would like to see a larger selection of Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Jemez or Navajo storytellers, please contact us to use our personal shopper service.


The illegal drug trade is a global black market, dedicated to cultivation, manufacturing, distribution, and sale of drugs, which are subject to drug prohibition laws. Most jurisdictions prohibit trade, except under license, of many types of drugs by drug prohibition laws. A UN report said "the global drug trade generated an estimated US$321.6 billion in 2003.


advertising sale of land 13.
Reese on hand went to Leesville for load cole for Ed bought Knife & something else of Joseph 90 cts I left bro Williams & went to Joe Lukins to give him his note and Sheppard recept? I receaved a note of F.J.Simonton on L.M. Barrick to R.Simonton date August 31rst 2 six monts from date $15.
Reese on hand commenced to plow for & after noon mules Ed went after Doc. Stone, Channels split some rails & sawed in after noon Ed helping I leading M to open first furrows & make (grist)?
Frose hard, snowed hard & stormey forenoon, Caraline burried afternoon Joseph & familey & Mrs Edgerby here Theadore wife & child, Rachal Carry & babe with (him)?
Christian Nine commin work on trial, I to pay him what ever I think him worth for a few days say week fin planting corn Ed & Cristian plant potatoes in his garden I choped chery (oupat?
Christian out and grub iron saplines & trim up Ed with him forenoon- Afternoon went to help I. Heaston plant corn- Mary & Mrs. Ad went to Leesville I got 2 prs cotton sock & 1 gloves.
Navin's Veterinary practice Explanatory or Horse Doctor , Western Publication Company, Davenport Iowa, Roach & Thistleshwarte, Indianapolis Ind.
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Reference number for this case: 2-oct-54-Dax. Thank you for including this reference number in any correspondence with me regarding this case.
Field investigators and ufologists Lestage and Barret learned about this case 17 years after the facts and had the possibility to interview the witnesses, whose memories were scarse but interesting.
On October 2, 1954, in the afternoon, Mr. and Mrs. Laussucq worked in the fields in the surroundings of Sarthou, in the vicinity of the city of Dax. They were in company of their farm workman, Mr. Dumey.
A brilliant gleam suddenly drew their attention. They then observed a formation of five cylinders, aligned vertically and moving in the sky. The five cylinders were in lined in parralel one to each other, the one in the middle was slightly longer than the others and oscillated slightly. The objects reflected the sun on their surface of white metallic aspect.
There had been no noise nor contrail or smoke while the formation moved in straight line towards the West. The witnesses followed this displacement during a few minutes, the objects being gradually lost from sight as they went away towards the west in the direction of the ocean.
Luc Chastan indicates in his database that in the Landes in Dax on October 2, 1954, at an unknown hour, in the afternoon, a couple worked in the fields in the surroundings of the Sarthou, a suburb of Dax. They were in company of their farm worker. A brilliant gleam suddenly caught their attention. They then observed a formation of five cylinders, aligned vertically and moving in the sky. The five cylinders were in parallel aligned the ones with the others, the one in the middle was slightly longer than the others and oscillated slightly. The objects reflected the sun on their surface of metallic aspect. There had been no noise nor wake while the formation moved in straight line towards the West. The witnesses followed this displacement during a few minutes, the objects being gradually lost sight of the fact towards the West in direction of the ocean.
The website indicates that on 2 October 1954 in Dax, France, there was a UFO sighting.
Not looked for yet. Probable planes.
[pc1] Private communication to the author of this site, 2003.
0.1 Patrick Gross September 22, 2003 First published.
1.0 Patrick Gross February 27, 2009 Conversion from HTML to XHTML Strict. First formal version. Additions [lc1], [ud1].
1.1 Patrick Gross January 2, 2017 Addition [ub1].


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text:
Home News RML calls for Greek workers and small farmers government
RML calls for Greek workers and small farmers government
THE City Council of Acharnes, one the local councils of the Greater Athens area, with a population of over 100,000 voted on Thursday to suspend all its services and functions 'indefinitely' because it does not have the finances to pay wages or bills.
It is the first local council in Greece to shut down due to the huge cuts in funds by central local government.
Last Thursday the Greek government announced that 48 Inland Revenue offices are to be closed throughout the country. Inland Revenue workers staged a national strike on Friday and are considering further action.
Metro workers and engineering workers demonstrated in Athens on Thursday in protest against wage cuts and 'flexible' working conditions. Hospital doctors and judges are continuing their stoppages also against the planned reduction of their salaries.
All Greek national trade union federations have pledged support for the one-day general strike next Wednesday September 26, called by the GSEE (Greek TUC) against the government's austerity measures and specifically against unemployment and wage cuts.
But in many unions there are demands for an indefinite strike action, such as from the Salonica metro construction workers who issued a statement for indefinite action.
The Revolutionary Marxist League (RML), the Greek Section of the International Committee of the Fourth International, has issued a call for the 26 September strike to be turned into an indefinite general strike.
It warned that 'The parliamentary junta of the three government coalition parties is getting ready to implement the new austerity measures dictated by the troika of EC-IMF-ECB for mass sackings, starvation wages, the destruction of public health, welfare and state education.
'The troika demands the abolition of the minimum wage and a 6-day 12-hours per day working week under a regime of total lack of rights and safety regulations.'
It adds: 'One of the troika's bosses, the president of the German industrialists Hans-Peter Keitel has proposed the transformation of the whole of Greece into a special economic zone which will be ruled by European Commission Officers. Greece has become a guinea pig for the rest of the eurozone.'
It urges: 'What is required is a political, indefinite general strike along with People's Assemblies, occupations and demonstrations, a United Front of Resistance, for the overthrow of the government, the troika and capitalism. . . . The only solution for workers is the socialist revolution for the foundation of a workers and small farmers socialist government.'
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In my opinion, no list of survival gardening hacks is complete without tomato tips! There are so many different ways to care for tomatoes – the all natural way. No chemicals required!
My article, 8 Baking Soda Uses For Your Survival Garden To Try, I listed a tomato plant hack using baking soda. Since that article's publication, survival gardeners have been inquiring about additional gardening tips and hacks. The one plant that has been inquired about the most? You guessed it…the tomato plant! In this article, I will share with you additional and all natural hacks for your beautiful tomato plants. Let's begin!
Due to the root system of a single tomato plant potentially becoming quite large, my suggestion is to give them plenty of space in between plants to allow for deep root systems to develop. To give you an idea of how deep their root systems can potentially be, the root system of a seed grown tomato plant can develop a taproot system of up to 5 feet deep! Starter plants can have root systems up to 3 feet deep and the roots are also more spread out than a taproot system. Planting deep and giving each tomato plant adequate space (from each other or from other plants) is key for a nice and healthy tomato plant. If you have limited space, please check out my previous article Container Gardening for Your Patio or Balcony for some great tips on how you can grow perfect tomatoes even in containers!
Cow manure is magic to any garden! This hack is known to grow large tomatoes and has been used for years by farmers and gardeners alike. After you dig deep holes for your tomato plants, you cover the bottom of each hole with a layer of cow manure. Next, add about ¼ inch of sawdust on top of the cow manure, then add more soil on top of the sawdust. Finally, plant your tomato plant.
Epsom salt is rich in magnesium and produces plentiful results for tomatoes, peppers, and other blooming plants. Add 1 teaspoon of epsom salt for every 1 gallon of water. Spray this mixture onto your tomato plants every 1-2 weeks. For this hack, I personally recommend spraying more towards the bottom of the stem and soil area and not directly on the leaves and the actual tomatoes.
This is what some gardeners call "direct composting" which means you will add composting materials directly to the plant instead of the composting bin. Coffee grounds will add nitrogen to the soil surrounding the tomato plant. Next time you have your morning coffee, save the coffee grounds. Sprinkle an adequate amount of cooled coffee grounds to the soil about once every 1-2 weeks. Eggshells give any plant a nice calcium boost.
Simply sprinkle a ⅛ – ¼ inch layer of crushed eggshells to the soil surrounding the plant. After the shells start to decompose into the soil, it is safe to repeat this process as often as you like. The combo of the coffee grounds and eggshells will give you a beautiful and healthy tomato plant! For more information on composting, check out my article Composting For Beginners | The Building Blocks To A Better Harvest.
This is becoming quite popular with gardeners! The purpose of this technique is to hold the soil in place – a mulching technique of sorts. Gardeners swear by this and state that their tomato plants thrive! If you have access to a cotton gin or know someone with a cotton field, collect the cotton needed (after acquiring permission, of course) and simply place the cotton on the soil surrounding the plant.
This an old Native American technique and is another great example of direct composting. Fish will provide calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other vitamins and minerals for your tomato plants. Using this technique will make them flourish! Fish heads are most commonly used for this technique. After you dig the deep holes for each of your tomato plants you just simply drop the fish head in and cover with a good amount of soil. You then add your tomato plant.
So there you have it! Simple yet effective survival gardening hacks for growing a perfect tomato plant. Since most are natural, you wouldn't have to worry about chemicals getting into your tomato. Just remember to take care of your garden on a daily basis. You can even enjoy fresh tomato recipes from your harvest.
Do you have a tomato plant gardening hack you want to share with us? Let us know in the comment section below.
Here are some Survival Gardening Basic Hacks you might want to learn about!
How is adding cow manure a "hack"?


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Home Research > Members > 1558-1603 > WRIGHT, Edmund (-d. c.1583)
WRIGHT, Edmund (d.c.1583), of Burnt Bradfield and Sutton, Suff. and Little Buckenham, Norf.
1st s. of Robert Wright of Burnt Bradfield by Anne, da. and coh. of one Russell of Bradfield. m. ?(1) Anne Salvyn, s.p.; (2) Frances, da. of Sir John Spring of Lavenham, Suff., 5 or 6 da.1
?Surgeon to Queen Mary 1553 or 1554; escheator, Norf. and Suff. 1553-4, 1560-1.2
Wright presumably owed his Steyning seat to the 4th Duke of Norfolk or to the Duke's father-in-law, the 12th Earl of Arundel, steward of the royal honour of Petworth, which included the borough of Steyning. During Henry VIII's reign Wright had been a servant of Thomas Cromwell and was later transferred to the King's service. In 1537, through the influence of the 3rd Duke of Norfolk, he was granted a lease of Lythe parsonage, Yorkshire. In 1545 he added to his property in that county by buying, with a relative, George Wright†, the manor of Westerdale, together with lands at Castroppe (?Casthorpe), Lincolnshire, and elsewhere. There is no evidence that he lived for long in the north-east, and these estates are not mentioned in his will: he presumably bought them as a speculation. However, he had evidently been in Yorkshire in 1542, when he received coat and conduct money for over 100 soldiers from the county. Another valuable Yorkshire grant to him, of the former priory of 'Grandemonte alias Gramonte', mentions his wife Frances Spring. In 1551 he gained the wardship of her brother William, Sir John Spring's heir.3
While there need be no doubt that the Norfolk and Suffolk landowner was the Steyning MP, it is not certain that he was the Edmund Wright whose patent as a royal surgeon, granting him a £40 annuity, was enrolled in July 1554, and who was still holding the position at Elizabeth's coronation, when he was allowed 'five yards of scarlet' for his processional robes. However, in December 1554 Edmund Wright and his wife Frances were granted the reversion of the manor of Bardsall, Yorkshire, 'for his service in the rebellion at Framlingham', and in consideration of his surrendering a patent for a £40 annuity granted in October 1553. This looks very much like the royal surgeon's annuity which, although enrolled in 1554, may have been granted earlier. If a court doctor was escheator of Norfolk and Suffolk, he must have exercised the office by deputy—a not unknown procedure.4
After 1559 few references to an Edmund Wright, either as surgeon or landowner, have been found. A man of this name was in 1563 the tenant of a house in the London parish of St. Lawrence Jewry. Wright of 'Buckenham Tofts, Norfolk' made his will in July 1583, proved at Norwich on 4 Feb. 1584. The preamble asked God for Christ's sake 'to receive my soul, and for his sake to put away all my sins and so to bury them in his death and obedience as they may never come up in judgment against me'. Wright wished to be buried 'in honest and comely sort', wherever his widow, Frances, the sole legatee and executrix, thought fit. His daughters and coheiresses had presumably been already provided for. John Heigham, the husband of one of them, was a witness to the will.5
Author: N. M. Fuidge
1. Vis. Norf. (Harl. Soc. xxxii), 323; Vis. Suff. ed. Metcalfe, 114, 170, 189; CPR, 1558-60, p. 172; LP Hen. VIII, xii(1), p. 442; xx(2), p. 398.
2. CPR, 1553-4, p. 477.
3. LP Hen. VIII, xii(2), pp. 264, 291; xiii(2), p. 497; xvii. p. 529; xix(1), p. 81; xx(1), pp. 227, 263; CPR, 1550-3, p. 109.
4. CPR, 1553-4, p. 477; 1554-5, p. 133; 1557-8, p. 235; E101/429/5.
5. CPR, 1560-3, p. 519; Norwich prob. reg., 86 Bate.


Bestselling author Christopher Hart goes "manga chic" with this guide to drawing the edgy fashions found in the popular Japanese genre. Packed with tutorials, his stylish drawing bible offers many enticing projects for aspiring artists, from creating classic outfits worn by popular manga characters to depicting the newest trends emerging from Tokyo. Chris explains how to draw eyes and hairstyles as well as figures, body types, and poses; mix and match outfits, accessorize, create complementary color schemes, add a sense of movement to the image, and design exciting wardrobes for all seasons. He demystifies topics that typically puzzle beginners, from capturing the creases and folds of clothing to drawing patterns on fabric. A troubleshooting guide covers common problem areas so fans will quickly learn how to transform their basic manga characters into compelling fashion plates.


1.1 The undermentioned statute defines the rules of organisation and conditions of participation in the tournament.
1.2 The Organizer/Organizers supervise the tournament.
1.3 In case of unsettled cases, the Organizer makes the ultimate decision.
1.4 Registration of the team is equivalent with the acceptance of this statute.
1.5 lolserbia.net is the organizer of the tournament.
2.1 The registration for the tournament is available on https://battlefy.com in the appropriate thread.
2.2 When false data would be given it will result in disqualification from the tournament.
2.4 The team is obliged to have a captain who would communicate with the organizer and the others captains of the opponent teams.
2.5 The registered participant can represent only one team (penalty 6.4.).
2.9 It is forbidden to change the name of the summoner during the tournament and one week after.
2.11 Every team can change maxiumum 2 players before first tournament game. To do the changes contact with an administrator of the tournament.
3.1 The registered number of teams take part in the tournament.
3.2 The tournament is played out according to the ladder of single elimination.
3.3 The placing of the teams in the ladder is random.
3.4 The matches are played out in the BO1 system.
3.5 The tournaments are played out in the EUNE server.
3.6 The captains of the teams should be present when the tournament starts.
3.7 The captains should communicate with each other through the chat which is available after clicking on the match in the ladder in the Battlefy server or through adding yourself to the friends list in the League of Legends customers.
3.8 In the tournament the option Match Check-in is turned on, every team has 15 minutes before the match to accept the match. After this time teams have 10 minutes to begin the match.
3.9 In the whole tournament it is allowed to use Placeholders. If a team would like to use Placeholders, capitan should add enemy capitan to a friend list before champion select and communicate about their changes. Otherwise Placeholders won't be applied.
3.10 Every tournament problems should be reported to our administration on our official Discord.
3.11 The cash prizes will be admitted by PayPal on team captain's account.
4.1 The effective type of the game is 5v5 Tournament Draft which is available through Tournament Code which is available after clicking on the match in the ladder on the Battlefy service.
4.2 The team isn't allowed to begin the match incomplete line-up.
4.3 The team can be late maximally 10 minutes after accepting Match Check-in.
4.4 In case of absence of the complete line-up of the team or lateness longer than 10 minutes, you should contact with an administrator of the tournament on our Discord. Admin has have the right to extend the lateness about 2 minutes to provide fair verdict.
4.5 Every team is allowed to have 10 minutes break.
4.8 The game can be spectated from the room only by players from the roster or official casters of our organisation.
5.1 The game is created by the Tournament Code which is available in the tournament ladder.
5.2 When the captain of the opposite team comes in, he should be given a possibility to invite.
5.4 The winning team would be transfered in the ladder after verifing the result of the match.
6.1 The warning – two warnings in one tournament results in disqualification of the team.
6.2 The disqualification of the team in the tournament.
6.3 Not receiving the rewards by the team.
6.4 The disqualification of the single gamer in the tournament.
7.1 The organizers reserve the right to change the provisions of the undermentioned statute without giving any reason on the condition that this doesn't breach the rights purchased by the participants.
7.2 The organizers reserve the right to call off the tournament without giving any reason.
7.3 The proceeding to the tournament is equivalent with accepting that all disputed cases would be judged by the organizer of the tournament. The teams are also obliged to obey strictly the verdicts that are announced by the organizer.