text:
Redmi K40 is launching in February with flagship specs for less than $500
Hundreds Of AI Experts Want Killer Robots Banned, No To Autonomous Weapons
Terminator.Rostislav Kralik/Public Domain Pictures.net
Saturday, November 11, 2017 12:53 AM UTC
Artificial intelligence experts tend to have ill-will towards people like Tesla CEO Elon Musk for warning the world about the dangers of intelligent machines. However, there are also experts who understand the risks posed by AI, especially when it comes to the prospect of autonomous weapons. Hundreds of these AI authorities have already written letters calling for the ban of killer robots.
Numerous AI experts in Australia and Canada recently sent their respective governments letters calling for the ban of using machine intelligence to create weapons, the Independent reports. According to the letters, allowing robots to decide who lives or who dies is crossing a moral line in a way that is beyond objectionable.
This is exactly what will happen if AIs are developed specifically for autonomous weapons or killer robots. If a machine is the one deciding when to pull the trigger on which target instead of a human, war becomes an even more destructive matter.
The experts conclude that using AI to make things like drones, unmanned military vehicles armed with guns, as well as driverless tanks should be regarded with the same level of disdain as chemical or biological weapons. According to a representative of the AI experts who wrote the letter, Toby Walsh, killer robots are simply unjustifiable.
"Delegating life-or-death decisions to machines crosses a fundamental moral line – no matter which side builds or uses them. Playing Russian roulette with the lives of others can never be justified merely on the basis of efficacy. This is not only a fundamental issue of human rights. The decision whether to ban or engage autonomous weapons goes to the core of our humanity," Walsh said.
The researchers are basically asking for their respective governments to ask for an international coalition that will ban killer robots during the upcoming United Nations Conference on the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), Futurism reports. This would make autonomous weapons illegal to use during warfare.


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text:
Q: Is there an equivalent to "aggregate" outside DDD? Edit 2: Thinking about the problem some more I realized that "Can aggregates be used outside DDD?" was not the right question, hence I changed the title.
For the reasons described on the original post, I did not follow a DDD approach and its entity model. Still, I would like to group tightly related concepts (which would be in the same aggregate) and specifying which one is the "parent" (the root). Is there a formal way to represent what I just described other than aggregates in a DDD?

Original post
Let's say I have a domain model composed of many simple relationships like the one represented in the image. The business logic is pretty straightforward and many of the attributes are not to interact with the rest of the model - they simply exist for presentation purposes.
Applying DDD on this example would mean I had 3 entities: Author (root), Book (root) and Chapter; and 8 value objects, which would result in 11 components just for this one part. Considering that most of the attributes are irrelevant to the model (but are needed in the presentation side of things) and that using DDD would make the domain model too clustered, I opted out of the DDD entity-value object representation. This decision was also based on this comment.
Though, I feel like it would still make sense to represent the "aggregates". Is this acceptable or is it against common practice?

Edit: Seems like I failed to convey what I was referring to as I tried to keep it short. Hopefully I can do a better job this time!
My main issue with DDD is that the diagram (and future implementation) would become too clustered and hard to comprehend due to "useless" attributes flooding it rather than its performance implications (as a SE student it is enforced that we prioritize maintainability over performance).
In this example, the domain model represented in the image would go from 3 "components" to 11, 8 of which are VO that do not add any value to the comprehension of the domain. These numbers really do add up quickly as more concepts are introduced.
The question was if it is possible to apply the definition of aggregate, or its equivalent, outside DDD.

A: Reading the question, I wonder if there's not a misunderstanding.
Indeed, from the DDD perspective there's 1 aggregate, 3 entities, and 8 value objects.  But this does not mean that there must be a combinatorial explosion of the components:

*

*a value object may require its own type, if it's a complex value made of more than one component (example:  a monetary value is made of an amount and a currency);

*but a value object does not require you to over-engineer your solution and start to systematically create new types for age, title, name if these are just simple integers and strings (you can, if you'd like to add some constraints, such as age between 0 and 199, but you really don't have to).

The same applies by the way to the UML class diagram:  you can model each property as a separate class that would be associated to the class that owns the property; it's a valid modelling choice that would semantically mean the same thing, but it would just make the visual representation unreadable.
So a DDD does not mean more complexity and less performance. It means on the contrary more reliability: the key is to empower the aggregate to ensure the consistency and the invariants of all these tightly interrelated classes and objects.
Now if you like the concept, but do not like the rest of the DDD approach, for example if you'd prefer to use table gateways or active records instead of repositories,  you can go for such an alternate design if you're aware of their pros and cons.  You can even reuse the invariant knowledge.  But it's just that you won't have the same level of control on the aggregate if your design would allow to address each entity separately.

A: Not only can aggregates be used outside of DDD but they often are. Conceptually the Controller in MVC patterns and the Repository can function as an Aggregate that encapsulates all the behaviours, states and interactions for a bounded context.
There are many implementations of MCV or Repository that narrow the scope to a single entity or value object, that doesn't make them good Aggregate implementations but they are potential candidates.
In fact if you take a higher level view, each service in microservice architecture is an Aggregate, it's just that typically in DDD we narrow the context to something in between these two extremes.
Even if your chosen design methodology isn't DDD, that does not mean that your design cannot benefit from implementing some of the sage guidance that DDD has to offer.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Tuesday, January 30, 10 a.m.
The M's ceremony with city and state leaders marks the start of construction and a new beginning for St. Paul's only art museum.
Join us in the "raw space" of the new M to celebrate the start of construction on our expanded facility in the Historic Pioneer Endicott. There will be a public groundbreaking ceremony on Tuesday, January 30, 2018: City of St. Paul Mayor Melvin Carter, former Mayor and gubernatorial candidate Chris Coleman, State Rep. Alice Hausman, and the M's Executive Director, Kristin Makholm, will offer brief remarks to mark this defining moment for the museum.
Guests are invited to mingle and enjoy refreshments following the ceremony.
Leslie Barlow. Photo courtesy of the artist.


text:
Exposure to medicines among patients admitted for hip fracture and the case-fatality rate at 1 year: A longitudinal study
A. Agustí, E. Pagès, A. Cuxart, E. Ballarín, X. Vidal, J. Teixidor, J. Tomás, M. M. Villar, J. R. Laporte
Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology
Purpose: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics and the pre-fracture exposure to medicines of patients admitted for a hip fracture, and to explore their association with fatal outcome 1 year after the fracture. Methods: All patients ≥65 years old admitted for a hip fracture in a tertiary hospital in Barcelona between January 1 and December 31 2007 were included. Data on the patients' clinical characteristics before and during hospital admission and on pre-fracture exposures to medicines were collected from the clinical records. One-year mortality was checked by approaching the patients and their families and was cross-checked with the national mortality statistics database. A Cox proportional hazards analysis was carried out. Results: Four hundred and fifty-six patients [mean age (SD) 82.9 (7.2) years, 73.5 % female], were admitted with hip fracture during the study period. Almost 80 % of the patients (363, 79.6 %) had three or more associated conditions, and 41.7 % received pre-fracture treatment with five or more drugs. The case-fatality rate during hospital admission was 4.6 % (21 patients). One hundred and seven patients died within 1 year (23.5 %). Advanced age, male gender, two or more associated chronic conditions, cancer, severe cognitive impairment, and treatment with opiates before fracture were significantly associated with the risk of dying. An inverse association was recorded between mortality and pre-hospital exposure to medicines for osteoporosis. Conclusions: One-quarter of patients admitted for hip fracture died within 1 year after the fracture. Exposure to opiates before hip fracture was associated with an increased 1-year death rate, whereas treatment with drugs for osteoporosis was associated with a decrease in death rate. These results should be confirmed in studies with detailed prospective collection of information on exposure to medicines. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.
European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
Femoral neck fracture
Osteoporotic hip fracture
Dive into the research topics of 'Exposure to medicines among patients admitted for hip fracture and the case-fatality rate at 1 year: A longitudinal study'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Patient Nursing and Health Professions 100%
Hip Fracture Nursing and Health Professions 30%
Fracture Nursing and Health Professions 25%
Enalapril Maleate Nursing and Health Professions 20%
Mortality Nursing and Health Professions 15%
Osteoporosis Nursing and Health Professions 10%
Mortality Rate Nursing and Health Professions 10%
Opiate Nursing and Health Professions 10%
Agustí, A., Pagès, E., Cuxart, A., Ballarín, E., Vidal, X., Teixidor, J., Tomás, J., Villar, M. M., & Laporte, J. R. (2012). Exposure to medicines among patients admitted for hip fracture and the case-fatality rate at 1 year: A longitudinal study. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 68(11), 1525-1531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1273-y
Agustí, A. ; Pagès, E. ; Cuxart, A. et al. / Exposure to medicines among patients admitted for hip fracture and the case-fatality rate at 1 year: A longitudinal study. In: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2012 ; Vol. 68, No. 11. pp. 1525-1531.
@article{0d16804bd5d94c1e8013525bbc0af2fd,
title = "Exposure to medicines among patients admitted for hip fracture and the case-fatality rate at 1 year: A longitudinal study",
abstract = "Purpose: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics and the pre-fracture exposure to medicines of patients admitted for a hip fracture, and to explore their association with fatal outcome 1 year after the fracture. Methods: All patients ≥65 years old admitted for a hip fracture in a tertiary hospital in Barcelona between January 1 and December 31 2007 were included. Data on the patients' clinical characteristics before and during hospital admission and on pre-fracture exposures to medicines were collected from the clinical records. One-year mortality was checked by approaching the patients and their families and was cross-checked with the national mortality statistics database. A Cox proportional hazards analysis was carried out. Results: Four hundred and fifty-six patients [mean age (SD) 82.9 (7.2) years, 73.5 % female], were admitted with hip fracture during the study period. Almost 80 % of the patients (363, 79.6 %) had three or more associated conditions, and 41.7 % received pre-fracture treatment with five or more drugs. The case-fatality rate during hospital admission was 4.6 % (21 patients). One hundred and seven patients died within 1 year (23.5 %). Advanced age, male gender, two or more associated chronic conditions, cancer, severe cognitive impairment, and treatment with opiates before fracture were significantly associated with the risk of dying. An inverse association was recorded between mortality and pre-hospital exposure to medicines for osteoporosis. Conclusions: One-quarter of patients admitted for hip fracture died within 1 year after the fracture. Exposure to opiates before hip fracture was associated with an increased 1-year death rate, whereas treatment with drugs for osteoporosis was associated with a decrease in death rate. These results should be confirmed in studies with detailed prospective collection of information on exposure to medicines. {\textcopyright} 2012 Springer-Verlag.",
keywords = "Femoral neck fracture, Hip fracture, Mortality, Osteoporotic hip fracture",
author = "A. Agust{\'i} and E. Pag{\`e}s and A. Cuxart and E. Ballar{\'i}n and X. Vidal and J. Teixidor and J. Tom{\'a}s and Villar, {M. M.} and Laporte, {J. R.}",
journal = "European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology",
Agustí, A, Pagès, E, Cuxart, A, Ballarín, E, Vidal, X, Teixidor, J, Tomás, J, Villar, MM & Laporte, JR 2012, 'Exposure to medicines among patients admitted for hip fracture and the case-fatality rate at 1 year: A longitudinal study', European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 68, no. 11, pp. 1525-1531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1273-y
Exposure to medicines among patients admitted for hip fracture and the case-fatality rate at 1 year: A longitudinal study. / Agustí, A.; Pagès, E.; Cuxart, A. et al.
In: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Vol. 68, No. 11, 01.11.2012, p. 1525-1531.
T1 - Exposure to medicines among patients admitted for hip fracture and the case-fatality rate at 1 year: A longitudinal study
AU - Agustí, A.
AU - Pagès, E.
AU - Cuxart, A.
AU - Ballarín, E.
AU - Vidal, X.
AU - Teixidor, J.
AU - Tomás, J.
AU - Villar, M. M.
AU - Laporte, J. R.
N2 - Purpose: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics and the pre-fracture exposure to medicines of patients admitted for a hip fracture, and to explore their association with fatal outcome 1 year after the fracture. Methods: All patients ≥65 years old admitted for a hip fracture in a tertiary hospital in Barcelona between January 1 and December 31 2007 were included. Data on the patients' clinical characteristics before and during hospital admission and on pre-fracture exposures to medicines were collected from the clinical records. One-year mortality was checked by approaching the patients and their families and was cross-checked with the national mortality statistics database. A Cox proportional hazards analysis was carried out. Results: Four hundred and fifty-six patients [mean age (SD) 82.9 (7.2) years, 73.5 % female], were admitted with hip fracture during the study period. Almost 80 % of the patients (363, 79.6 %) had three or more associated conditions, and 41.7 % received pre-fracture treatment with five or more drugs. The case-fatality rate during hospital admission was 4.6 % (21 patients). One hundred and seven patients died within 1 year (23.5 %). Advanced age, male gender, two or more associated chronic conditions, cancer, severe cognitive impairment, and treatment with opiates before fracture were significantly associated with the risk of dying. An inverse association was recorded between mortality and pre-hospital exposure to medicines for osteoporosis. Conclusions: One-quarter of patients admitted for hip fracture died within 1 year after the fracture. Exposure to opiates before hip fracture was associated with an increased 1-year death rate, whereas treatment with drugs for osteoporosis was associated with a decrease in death rate. These results should be confirmed in studies with detailed prospective collection of information on exposure to medicines. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.
AB - Purpose: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics and the pre-fracture exposure to medicines of patients admitted for a hip fracture, and to explore their association with fatal outcome 1 year after the fracture. Methods: All patients ≥65 years old admitted for a hip fracture in a tertiary hospital in Barcelona between January 1 and December 31 2007 were included. Data on the patients' clinical characteristics before and during hospital admission and on pre-fracture exposures to medicines were collected from the clinical records. One-year mortality was checked by approaching the patients and their families and was cross-checked with the national mortality statistics database. A Cox proportional hazards analysis was carried out. Results: Four hundred and fifty-six patients [mean age (SD) 82.9 (7.2) years, 73.5 % female], were admitted with hip fracture during the study period. Almost 80 % of the patients (363, 79.6 %) had three or more associated conditions, and 41.7 % received pre-fracture treatment with five or more drugs. The case-fatality rate during hospital admission was 4.6 % (21 patients). One hundred and seven patients died within 1 year (23.5 %). Advanced age, male gender, two or more associated chronic conditions, cancer, severe cognitive impairment, and treatment with opiates before fracture were significantly associated with the risk of dying. An inverse association was recorded between mortality and pre-hospital exposure to medicines for osteoporosis. Conclusions: One-quarter of patients admitted for hip fracture died within 1 year after the fracture. Exposure to opiates before hip fracture was associated with an increased 1-year death rate, whereas treatment with drugs for osteoporosis was associated with a decrease in death rate. These results should be confirmed in studies with detailed prospective collection of information on exposure to medicines. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.
KW - Femoral neck fracture
KW - Hip fracture
KW - Mortality
KW - Osteoporotic hip fracture
JO - European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
JF - European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
Agustí A, Pagès E, Cuxart A, Ballarín E, Vidal X, Teixidor J et al. Exposure to medicines among patients admitted for hip fracture and the case-fatality rate at 1 year: A longitudinal study. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2012 Nov 1;68(11):1525-1531. doi: 10.1007/s00228-012-1273-y

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Chart includes outside diameter, inside diameter, wall thickness and gauge. Sizes are based on Birmingham Wire Gauge (BWG) and Stubs Wire Gauge standards.
This table is extremely large, and won't render on a single screen when viewed on mobile devices and tablets.
Please use the select menus above or scroll horizontally to view the data you're looking for.


text:
AGRICOLLEGES international (ACI) named among the 30 Most Inspiring Digital Innovations of 2020.
[Tzaneen, August 11, 2020] Online agri-education platform, AGRICOLLEGES international has been named among the top Most Inspiring Digital Innovations (MIDI) of the year by Dutch organisation, Partos.
Partos, an association of Dutch NGOs working in international development, believes that there's huge innovation potential in developing economies. The MIDI 2020 initiative was driven by Partos' innovation platform, The Spindle, with the aim of showcasing inspiring digital innovations in the field of development co-operation.
The Spindle received applications for the MIDI initiative from companies in Latin America, Asia and Africa, representing industries from artificial intelligence to health, education, farming, childcare and more.
"Access to the internet is exploding across Africa and AGRICOLLEGES international was founded with the intention of giving those who want to further their education the opportunity to do so through an online, blended-learning model that offers lower costs and relevant, modern course content," says AGRICOLLEGES international Chief Operating Officer, Wynand Espach.
The initiative called for applications from companies that have developed a digital tool, product or service in an African, Latin-American or Asian country, in the last 6 to 24 months. The innovation needs to contribute to an inclusive, just, collaborative and sustainable world.
"Covid-19 has changed the face of education across the world. The way we learn, teach and interact, while developing our skills, will never be the same. It is time for the world to step up and secure our future by transforming the way we learn, teach and interact. AGRICOLLEGES already achieves this through a learning platform that provides a healthy balance between theoretical and practical learning, as well as emotional and personal development. Education is a critical pillar for the development of future leaders and we've stepped up to meet that challenge through technology," explains Espach.
The top 30 MIDIs were selected by a group of digital experts and announced by The Spindle on 4 August. Each of these businesses will receive a professional pitch video, the opportunity to participate in a digital co-creation session to tackle a specific challenge on their road to success; and the chance to present their digital innovation to NGOs, government and other stakeholders during the online Partos Innovation Festival in October.
Espach concludes: "The increasing demands being placed on the agricultural sector require that we step up to help grow the skills pool and drive improved food security in the decades to come. We believe that the way to do this is through a combination of education and technology."


text:
Q: Custom Error Object with Apollo Server I'm trying to use a custom error with apollo-server and it seems that my custom error has a property (code) that isn't available from within formatError.
import ExtendableError from 'es6-error'

export default class MyError extends ExtendableError {
  constructor(args) {
    let code = Object.keys(args)[0]
    let message = Object.values(args)[0]
    super(message)
    this.code = code
  }
}

I have a simple error handler works something like this:
let INVALIDREQUEST = 'invalid request'
let e = new MyError({INVALIDREQUEST})
console.log(e.code) // => "INVALIDREQUEST"

I'm having trouble because when I log error.code from within formatError it's not available.
formatError: function (error) {
  console.log(error.code) // => undefined
  return error
}

How can I propagate custom properties (like code) of error from within formatError?

A: With Apollo, you can easily multiplex the errors array in the graphql response for both graphql errors AND custom errors that are machine readable using this package:
https://github.com/thebigredgeek/apollo-errors

A: Because Apollo Server uses GraphQL.js, we can find the solution by digging deep there: https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/blob/44f315d1ff72ab32b794937fd11a7f8e792fd873/src/error/GraphQLError.js#L66-L69
Essentially, the GraphQL.js reference implementation catches any errors in your resolvers, and delivers them to the formatError function, but it wraps them in a special GraphQL-specific error object, with properties like path, positions, and source.
You can find the original error you threw from the resolver on the originalError field of the error object in formatError, like so:
formatError: function (error) {
  console.log(error.originalError.code)
  return error
}

A: Usually it's enough. You can define error code (2 parameter), error message and any custom object in extensions (3 parameter)
     throw new ApolloError('User already exist',
                           'DUPLICATE',
                           { 'session': session })


On our farm in Pennsylvania there were cherry trees which were attacked by little parasites of some sort. A parasite would get into a little branch, pierce the bark and exude a gum. Then the branch would get a knot on it and bend. All over the trees were those little bent places with gummy knots. After two or three years, those cherry trees would not bloom. If they did, the blooms usually dropped early and the cherries did not come to fruition. If the blooms did not drop early, the cherries would be flat and undeveloped or only red on one side. My father was not too interested in fruit. He was interested in cattle, horses and grain. If my father had known how he could have protected those trees before they got into that wretched condition and properly sprayed or treated them, he could have gotten rid of the worms and bugs and saved the trees and fruit. I believe that a pastor who is content with a vineyard that is not at its best is not a good husbandman. It is my prayer that we may be a healthy and fruitful vineyard and that we may be an honor to the Well Beloved, Jesus Christ the Lord, that He might go before the Father and say, "These are mine for whom I pray, and they have heard the Word and have believed on Me." I pray that we might fit into the high priestly prayer of John 17, that we would be a church after Christ's own heart so that in us He might see the travail of His soul and be satisfied. In order for us to be a vine like that, there must be basic purity. Each one must have a great purity of heart. I believe that there are no emotional experiences that do not rest upon great purity of heart. No one can impress me or interest me in any kind of spiritual manipulation if his or her heart is not pure--even if it is raising the dead. Sound righteousness in conduct must be at the root of all valid spiritual experience. I hope that you enjoyed this devotional as much as I did. Have a Simply Heavenly day!! God bless you!!!


The Leica LINO ML90 has two vertical and one horizontal laser line as well as a plumb beam. It can be quickly and easily set-up and aligned manually and has a fine adjustment range of ± 4°. Its primary function is setting out right angles.
The electronic self-leveling automatically compensates for the tool being slightly out of level.
The Leica Lino ML90 can be used with a rechargeable battery pack or alkaline batteries. This provides maximum flexibility and ensures that the Leica Lino ML90 is always ready for use. The tool can also be used while being charged.
The ML90 is compatible with the RVL100 receiver (sold separately). Unlike the ML180, the ML90 cannot be adjusted remotely.
90° Cross Line Laser: Engage both the vertical and horizontal beams to project a perfect 90° intersection in front of the device. Ideal for laying tile on walls or floors, for laying out grids for a drop ceiling, or any other task that requires a 90° reference.
Laser Receiver Compatible: Using an RVL 100 laser receiver with your line laser doubles your range. The RVL 100 works on the same basic principle as the receivers that work with rotating lasers intended for outdoor use.
Give us a call at (800) 521-6319, use the contact form, to discuss customizable rental periods.


text:
Structural social capital and innovation. Is knowledge transfer the missing link?
Raffaele Filieri, Salma Alguezaui
Purpose – This paper aims to address the gap that, to date, no systematic review has been carried out on the role that structural social capital (SC) plays for knowledge transfer and innovation at the interpersonal, inter-unit and inter-firm levels. Individuals and organisations are becoming increasingly involved in collaboration networks to share knowledge and generate innovation. SC theory has been adopted in several areas of study to explain how individuals, groups and organisations manage relationships to generate innovation.
Design/methodology/approach – This review covers studies of SC in organisational behaviour, strategy and management over a period of 20 years.
Findings – The literature review shows that knowledge types and knowledge transfer processes are the missing links in the relationship between structural SC and innovation. Moreover, the paper demonstrates that seemingly opposite configurations of SC are complementary to each other (structural holes vs dense networks; strong vs weak ties) and that contextual factors should be considered when discussing the effects of SC on knowledge transfer and innovation. In addition, it is the balance of different configurations of SC which enables an individual or a company to explore, access, assimilate and combine different knowledge types, which will lead to improved innovation outcomes.
Originality/value – This review facilitates understanding of the role of SC for knowledge transfer processes and the mediating role of knowledge transfer processes and knowledge types in the relationship between structural SC and innovation.
Journal of Knowledge Management
https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-08-2013-0329
knowledge transfer processes
knowledge types
structural social capital
10.1108/JKM-08-2013-0329
Dive into the research topics of 'Structural social capital and innovation. Is knowledge transfer the missing link?'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Social Capital Business & Economics 100%
Social Innovation Business & Economics 92%
Knowledge Transfer Business & Economics 72%
Knowledge Types Business & Economics 41%
Transfer Process Business & Economics 34%
Knowledge Innovation Business & Economics 33%
Innovation Business & Economics 22%
Organizational Behaviour Business & Economics 14%
Filieri, R., & Alguezaui, S. (2014). Structural social capital and innovation. Is knowledge transfer the missing link? Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(4), 728-757. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-08-2013-0329
Filieri, Raffaele ; Alguezaui, Salma. / Structural social capital and innovation. Is knowledge transfer the missing link?. In: Journal of Knowledge Management. 2014 ; Vol. 18, No. 4. pp. 728-757.
@article{98056169f8374b13a22101ec9a55c5cc,
title = "Structural social capital and innovation. Is knowledge transfer the missing link?",
abstract = "Purpose – This paper aims to address the gap that, to date, no systematic review has been carried out on the role that structural social capital (SC) plays for knowledge transfer and innovation at the interpersonal, inter-unit and inter-firm levels. Individuals and organisations are becoming increasingly involved in collaboration networks to share knowledge and generate innovation. SC theory has been adopted in several areas of study to explain how individuals, groups and organisations manage relationships to generate innovation.Design/methodology/approach – This review covers studies of SC in organisational behaviour, strategy and management over a period of 20 years.Findings – The literature review shows that knowledge types and knowledge transfer processes are the missing links in the relationship between structural SC and innovation. Moreover, the paper demonstrates that seemingly opposite configurations of SC are complementary to each other (structural holes vs dense networks; strong vs weak ties) and that contextual factors should be considered when discussing the effects of SC on knowledge transfer and innovation. In addition, it is the balance of different configurations of SC which enables an individual or a company to explore, access, assimilate and combine different knowledge types, which will lead to improved innovation outcomes.Originality/value – This review facilitates understanding of the role of SC for knowledge transfer processes and the mediating role of knowledge transfer processes and knowledge types in the relationship between structural SC and innovation. ",
keywords = "innovation, knowledge transfer processes, knowledge types, structural social capital",
author = "Raffaele Filieri and Salma Alguezaui",
note = "This article is {\textcopyright}Emerald Group Publishing and permission has been granted for this version to appear here http://eprints.port.ac.uk. Emerald does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Emerald Group Publishing Limited.",
doi = "10.1108/JKM-08-2013-0329",
journal = "Journal of Knowledge Management",
publisher = "Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.",
Filieri, R & Alguezaui, S 2014, 'Structural social capital and innovation. Is knowledge transfer the missing link?', Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 728-757. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-08-2013-0329
Structural social capital and innovation. Is knowledge transfer the missing link? / Filieri, Raffaele; Alguezaui, Salma.
In: Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2014, p. 728-757.
T1 - Structural social capital and innovation. Is knowledge transfer the missing link?
AU - Filieri, Raffaele
AU - Alguezaui, Salma
N1 - This article is ©Emerald Group Publishing and permission has been granted for this version to appear here http://eprints.port.ac.uk. Emerald does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
N2 - Purpose – This paper aims to address the gap that, to date, no systematic review has been carried out on the role that structural social capital (SC) plays for knowledge transfer and innovation at the interpersonal, inter-unit and inter-firm levels. Individuals and organisations are becoming increasingly involved in collaboration networks to share knowledge and generate innovation. SC theory has been adopted in several areas of study to explain how individuals, groups and organisations manage relationships to generate innovation.Design/methodology/approach – This review covers studies of SC in organisational behaviour, strategy and management over a period of 20 years.Findings – The literature review shows that knowledge types and knowledge transfer processes are the missing links in the relationship between structural SC and innovation. Moreover, the paper demonstrates that seemingly opposite configurations of SC are complementary to each other (structural holes vs dense networks; strong vs weak ties) and that contextual factors should be considered when discussing the effects of SC on knowledge transfer and innovation. In addition, it is the balance of different configurations of SC which enables an individual or a company to explore, access, assimilate and combine different knowledge types, which will lead to improved innovation outcomes.Originality/value – This review facilitates understanding of the role of SC for knowledge transfer processes and the mediating role of knowledge transfer processes and knowledge types in the relationship between structural SC and innovation.
AB - Purpose – This paper aims to address the gap that, to date, no systematic review has been carried out on the role that structural social capital (SC) plays for knowledge transfer and innovation at the interpersonal, inter-unit and inter-firm levels. Individuals and organisations are becoming increasingly involved in collaboration networks to share knowledge and generate innovation. SC theory has been adopted in several areas of study to explain how individuals, groups and organisations manage relationships to generate innovation.Design/methodology/approach – This review covers studies of SC in organisational behaviour, strategy and management over a period of 20 years.Findings – The literature review shows that knowledge types and knowledge transfer processes are the missing links in the relationship between structural SC and innovation. Moreover, the paper demonstrates that seemingly opposite configurations of SC are complementary to each other (structural holes vs dense networks; strong vs weak ties) and that contextual factors should be considered when discussing the effects of SC on knowledge transfer and innovation. In addition, it is the balance of different configurations of SC which enables an individual or a company to explore, access, assimilate and combine different knowledge types, which will lead to improved innovation outcomes.Originality/value – This review facilitates understanding of the role of SC for knowledge transfer processes and the mediating role of knowledge transfer processes and knowledge types in the relationship between structural SC and innovation.
KW - innovation
KW - knowledge transfer processes
KW - knowledge types
KW - structural social capital
U2 - 10.1108/JKM-08-2013-0329
DO - 10.1108/JKM-08-2013-0329
JO - Journal of Knowledge Management
JF - Journal of Knowledge Management
Filieri R, Alguezaui S. Structural social capital and innovation. Is knowledge transfer the missing link? Journal of Knowledge Management. 2014;18(4):728-757. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-08-2013-0329


Act I In 1887, the show boat Cotton Blossom arrives at the river dock in Natchez, Mississippi. The Reconstruction era ended a decade ago, and white-dominated southern legislatures have imposed racial segregation and Jim Crow rules. The boat's owner, Cap'n Andy Hawks, introduces his actors to the crowd on the levee. A fist fight breaks out between Steve Baker, the leading man of the troupe, and Pete, a rough engineer who had been making passes at Steve's wife, the leading lady Julie La Verne, a mixed-race woman who passes as white. Steve knocks Pete down, and Pete swears revenge, suggesting he knows a dark secret about Julie. Cap'n Andy pretends to the shocked crowd that the fight was a preview of one of the melodramas to be performed. The troupe exits with the showboat band, and the crowd follows.
A handsome riverboat gambler, Gaylord Ravenal, appears on the levee and is taken with eighteen-year-old Magnolia ("Nolie") Hawks, an aspiring performer and the daughter of Cap'n Andy and his wife Parthy Ann. Magnolia is likewise smitten with Ravenal ("Make Believe"). She seeks advice from Joe, a black dock worker aboard the boat, who has returned from buying flour for his wife Queenie, the ship's cook. He replies that there are "lots like [Ravenal] on the river." As Magnolia goes inside the boat to tell her friend Julie about the handsome stranger, Joe mutters that she ought to ask the river for advice. He and the other dock workers reflect on the wisdom and indifference of "Ol' Man River", who doesn't seem to care what the world's troubles are, but "jes' keeps rollin' along".
During the rehearsal for that evening, Julie and Steve learn that the town sheriff is coming to arrest them. Steve takes out a large pocket knife and makes a cut on the back of her hand, sucking the blood and swallowing it. Pete returns with the sheriff, who insists that the show cannot proceed, because Julie is a mulatto woman married to a white man, and local laws prohibit such miscegenation. Julie admits that she is a mulatto, or mixed race person, but Steve claims that he also has "black blood" in him. The troupe backs him up, boosted by the ship's pilot Windy McClain, a longtime friend of the sheriff. The couple have escaped the charge of miscegenation, but they have to leave the show boat anyway; identified as "blacks," they are not acceptable as actors for the segregated white audience. Cap'n Andy fires Pete, but in spite of his sympathy for Julie and Steve, he cannot violate the law for them.
Gaylord Ravenal returns and asks for passage on the boat. Andy hires him as the new leading man, and assigns his daughter Magnolia as the new leading lady, over her mother's objections. As Magnolia and Ravenal begin to rehearse their roles and in the process, kiss for the first time (infuriating Parthy), Joe reprises the last few lines of "Ol' Man River".
Weeks later, Magnolia and Ravenal have been a hit with the crowds and have fallen in love. As the levee workers hum "Ol' Man River" in the background, he proposes to Magnolia, and she accepts. The couple joyously sings "You Are Love". They make plans to marry the next day while Parthy, who disapproves, is out of town. Parthy has discovered that Ravenal once killed a man, and arrives with the Sheriff to interrupt the wedding festivities. The group learns that Ravenal was acquitted of murder. Cap'n Andy calls Parthy "narrow-minded" and defends Ravenal by announcing that he also once killed a man. Parthy faints, but the ceremony proceeds.
Act IISix years have passed, and it is 1893. Gaylord and Magnolia have moved to Chicago, where they make a precarious living from Gaylord's gambling. At first they are rich and enjoying the good life, singing the song "Why Do I Love You?" By 1903, they have a daughter, Kim, and after years of varying income, they are broke and rent a room in a boarding house. Depressed over his inability to support his family, Gaylord abandons Magnolia and Kim. Frank and Ellie, two former actors from the showboat, learn that Magnolia is living in the rooms they want to rent. The old friends seek a singing job for Magnolia at the Trocadero, the club where they are doing a New Year's show. Julie is working there. She has fallen into drinking after having been abandoned by Steve. At a rehearsal, she tries out the new song "Bill." She appears to be thinking of Steve and sings it with great emotion. From her dressing-room, she hears Magnolia singing "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" for her audition, the song which Julie taught her years ago. Julie secretly quits her job so that Magnolia can fill it, without learning of her sacrifice.
On New Year's Eve, Andy and Parthy go to Chicago for a surprise visit to their daughter Magnolia. He goes to the Trocadero without his wife, and sees Magnolia overcome with emotion and nearly booed off stage. Andy rallies the crowd by starting a sing-along of the standard, "After the Ball". Magnolia becomes a great musical star.
More than twenty years pass and it is 1927. An aged Joe on the Cotton Blossom sings a reprise of "Ol' Man River". Cap'n Andy has a chance meeting with Ravenal and arranges his reunion with Magnolia. Andy knows that Magnolia is retiring and returning to the Cotton Blossom with Kim, who has become a Broadway star. Kim gives her admirers a taste of her performing abilities by singing an updated, Charleston version of "Why Do I Love You?" Ravenal sings a reprise of "You Are Love" to the offstage Magnolia. Although he is uncertain about asking her to take him back, Magnolia, who has never stopped loving him, greets him warmly and does. As the happy couple walks up the boat's gangplank, Joe and the cast sing the last verse of "Ol' Man River".


We make sure we take on, perfect and thoroughly complete any job regardless of size.We have vision from the outset, we can see past the rubble, damp and mess, creating new and appealing spaces for home owners that are functional and desirable that will add value to your property.
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Law firm Aberdein Considine has bolstered its Edinburgh team with five new appointments, three of which are to partner level.
The partner appointments are Graham Scott, who joins the as a private client partner, Julian Scott, who will head up the firm's Edinburgh property team, and Leonie Donald, and insolvency specialist.
Ross Webb, who specialises in insolvency-led litigation and dispute resolution and Vicki Miller, a specialist in personal injury and medical negligence, also join the firm as solicitors.
Harvey Aberdein, managing partner at Aberdein Considine, said: "The five new appointments demonstrate our commitment to building a full service legal, property and financial practice in Edinburgh and to providing specialist nationwide advice to our clients.


As you zip through the skies to cross continents and oceans for business, airlines often give a little gift to make the experience a smidgen more comfortable. This gift, the amenity kit, is as much a tool for marketing as it is hospitality.
If you've packed your carry-on thoughtfully, you may not need an extra eye mask or socks, but the amenity kit is still very much a part of the premium air travel experience. These ten airlines offer the best of the best.


Eric Kayser has no time for your low-carb diets. The fourth-generation French baker and occasional marathon runner has built an empire on a love of bread, a love he believes remains universal in spite of global trends encouraging health-conscious people to step away from the gluten.
For proof, he can point to the success of his own boulangeries. The first opened at 8 Rue Monge in Paris in 1996; now there are 29 Maison Kayser locations in Paris alone and another 50 worldwide, all of which bypass the use of industrial yeast in favour of natural bread starter levain.
Kayser spoke to Guardian Australia in Sydney on the promotional tour for his new book, the Larousse Book of Bread, about how to start making your own bread and why you should always judge a bakery on the quality of its baguettes.
"The baguette is sometimes more difficult to realise nicely at the beginning. I think people need to go step by step at home, because the baguette is a little complicated. You need to find the good flour, with a protein percentage of 11 or 11.30. That's number one. Number two is kneading very nicely. Number three is you need to have very perfect fermentation. For example, if you put five grams of dry yeast you need to keep one hour, one-hour-and-a-half, for first fermentation. So you need to organise yourself very nicely.
"And I think sometimes the simple things are the best for me, because you can see if a bakery is good with the baguette, you can see if a bakery is good with the croissant, you can see if bakery is good with a sourdough. They are simple but difficult to do.
"A good ingredient is a good ingredient. You need to buy the best walnut, the best cranberries, the best raisins, the best olives, kalamata olives, to do a good bread. If you want to put olive oil you need to take extra-virgin olive oil to put in your bread.
"I think it's crazy, you know? Three years ago we're starting with the gluten-free because coeliac in the population of the world I think is between 1% and 3%. And 10% or 15% of people they think sometimes if they stop the gluten for one week or two weeks, a year, it will be good for their body. For this, we do the gluten-free bread.
"But carbohydrates, you know, I think for all the people usually bread is very good. Me, I eat bread three times a day, and you see, of the 65 million people in France, I think perhaps 60 million people eat bread every day. Two times, three times, and they are good. I think it's just crazy.


Gold nanoparticles were prepared by sol immobilization (AuSI) or deposition precipitation (AuDP), then deposited on NiO and commercial TiO2 (P25). The Au/NiO catalysts showed higher activity and yield to the secondary amine, compared to Au/TiO2 catalysts, when tested for the reductive amination of benzyl alcohol with isopropylamine. We attribute this result to a synergistic effect between Au and NiO. Moreover, as a result of the protective effect of the polyvinyl alcohol used in the sol immobilization synthesis, the gold nanoparticles on NiO demonstrate an increased resistance to structural changes during the reaction. This effect results in enhanced catalytic efficiency in terms of activity, and better stability against deactivation.


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Джама́ме (, ) — город на юге Сомали.

География

Расположен на берегу реки Джубба, в 30 км от побережья Индийского океана и в 55 км к северу от города Кисмайо, на высоте 10 м над уровнем моря.

Население
По данным на 2009 год население города составляет около 192 000 человек, в то время как в 1988 году оно насчитывало всего 22 000 человек. Большая часть населения — различные кланы сомалийцев, меньшинство составляют народы банту и арабы йеменского происхождения.

Экономика
Основу экономики города составляет сельское хозяйство, основные культуры которого — бананы, хлопок, арахис и др. Сельскохозяйственная продукция экспортируется через порт Кисмайо.

Примечания

Города Сомали
Населённые пункты Джубаленда

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
U.S.-China relations in a turbulent time: Can rivals cooperate?
Matthew Pottinger, James Steinberg, Evan Feigenbaum, Aynne Kokas, Yen Pottinger, Melur Ramasubramanian, Robert Carl Cohen, William Antholis (moderator), Harry Harding (moderator), Syaru Shirley Lin (moderator)
9:00AM - 1:00PM (EDT)
Join us for a virtual edition of the Ambassador William C. Battle Symposium on American Diplomacy as we take an in-depth look at U.S.–Chinese relations during a time of global upheaval. You can join us for all of the presentations, or just some of them. Feel free to come and go as needed.
Reflections on China's May Fourth movement: An American perspective
Matthew Pottinger, Deputy National Security Advisor to President Donald Trump
Moderated by Harry Harding and Shirley Lin
9:45 – 10:30 a.m.
Keynote Conversation
James Steinberg, professor of social science, international affairs, and law, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University; former deputy secretary of state
Moderated by Miller Center Director William Antholis
Prospects for competition and cooperation in science and technology
Evan Feigenbaum, James R. Schlesinger Professor, Miller Center, on the national security challenges produced by new technologies
Aynne Kokas, assistant professor of media studies and Miller Center senior fellow, UVA, on the risks and opportunities in collecting personal data through new forms of surveillance
Yen Pottinger, senior lab advisor, ICAP, Columbia University; former HIV Incidence Team lead, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, on the prospects for cooperation on COVID-19 and future pandemics
Melur Ramasubramanian, vice president for research, UVA, on the prospects for collaboration between Chinese and American scientists in light of U.S. government concerns on Chinese talent and intellectual property acquisition strategies
Moderated by Harry Harding, Miller Center senior fellow and specialist on Asia and U.S.-Asian relations
12:00 – 12:45 p.m.
Inside Robert Carl Cohen's China: A conversation with the filmmaker
Robert Carl Cohen, filmmaker, foreign correspondent, author
Moderated by William Antholis, Miller Center director and CEO
Fifteen minutes of excerpts from the film Inside Robert Carl Cohen's China, followed by a discussion with the filmmaker, the first U.S. journalist to film in China following the Communists coming to power in 1949.
Matthew Pottinger
Matt Pottinger is deputy national security advisor to President Donald Trump. Educated at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Pottinger's first career was as a journalist. He was stationed in China for seven years, working for Reuters and then the Wall Street Journal, often writing on official corruption in China, and his reporting on SARS was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. In September 2005, he left journalism and joined the United States Marines. He attained the rank of major and served three combat tours in Iraq and Afghanistan before joining the National Security Council staff as senior director for Asia. He was appointed deputy national security advisor in September 2019.
James Steinberg
James Steinberg is University Professor of Social Science, International Affairs and Law at Syracuse University, where he was dean of the Maxwell School from July 2011 until June 2016. Prior to becoming dean, he served as deputy secretary of state, the principal deputy to Secretary Hillary Rodham Clinton, from 2009 to 2011. From 2005 to 2008, Steinberg was dean of the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs. From 2001 to 2005, Steinberg was vice president and director of foreign policy studies at the Brookings Institution. He also was deputy national security advisor to President Clinton from 1996 to 2000.
Evan Feigenbaum
Evan Feigenbaum is the James R. Schlesinger Distinguished Professor at the Miller Center and is also vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington. His prior positions include service on the State Department's policy planning staff, and deputy assistant secretary of state, first for Central Asia and then for South Asia, in the George W. Bush administration and advisor to Deputy Secretary Robert B. Zoellick on the development of the U.S.-China Senior Dialogue on security issues. He is the author of China's Techno-Warriors: National Security and Strategic Competition from the Nuclear to the Information Age. He will be discussing the national security challenges produced by new technologies and the prospects for both competition and cooperation between China and the U.S in this area.
https://twitter.com/EvanFeigenbaum
Aynne Kokas
Aynne Kokas is assistant professor of media studies and faculty senior fellow at the Miller Center at UVA. Educated at the Beijing Film Academy, the University of Michigan, and with a Ph.D. from UCLA, Kokas has also participated in the Public Intellectuals Program of the National Committee on U.S. China Relations. She is the author of Hollywood Made in China, a study of the partnerships between Chinese and American producers to produce feature films for global audiences. She will be discussing her current research, which she is conducting as a Kluge Fellow at the Library of Congress and with support from the National Endowment for the Humanities, on "Border Control on the Digital Frontier: China, the United States, and the Global Battle for Data Security." Her work examines the risks and opportunities surrounding the collection and control of personal data through new forms of surveillance.
https://twitter.com/shotinshanghai
Yen Pottinger
Yen Pottinger is a virologist who previously served at the Centers for Disease Control in the Division of Global HIV and TB. At CDC, she developed a lab test to measure HIV incidence, which is now the global standard used in HIV surveillance studies. She is currently senior laboratory advisor at ICAP at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health where she focuses on implementing point-of-care rapid recency tests in PEFAR countries, a new tool for detecting and responding to HIV clusters of new infections. Educated at McGill University, she holds a Ph.D. in pharmacology and toxicology from University of California, Davis. She is married to Matt Pottinger and they have two sons. She will be discussing prospects for Sino-U.S. cooperation on COVID-19 and future pandemics.
Melur Ramasubramanian
Ram Ramasubramanian is professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering and vice president for research at UVA. He brings a vast set of experiences through his long career in academia (North Carolina State, Clemson), government (National Science Foundation), and industry R&D (Georgia-Pacific) to his current role. His own research has been highly interdisciplinary, at the interface of engineering, biology, physical sciences, and medicine. As UVA's chief research officer, he is responsible for growing the research enterprise, ensuring regulatory compliance, animal welfare, environmental health and safety, managing contracts and grants operations, as well as research integrity and data security. He serves on the APLU Committee on Research (CoR) as an executive member. CoR monitors government rules and regulations affecting campus scientific and technical research and those concerning graduate education. It provides both formal and informal forums for the discussion of issues, the dissemination of information, and the assessment and development of policies that pertain to academic research and graduate education relevant to the member institutions. He will be discussing the prospects for cooperation between Chinese and American researchers on solutions to major global issues and the challenges to that cooperation posed by U.S. government concerns around China's talent and intellectual property acquisition strategies.
Robert Carl Cohen
Robert Carl Cohen has a professional career spanning 66 years as a filmmaker, foreign correspondent, public lecturer, and author. He earned his MA in Motion Pictures in 1954 at UCLA, and his master's thesis film, a 10-minute documentary depicting the genetic-environmental basis for human skin color differences, later became the basis for his first book, The Color of Man. In 1957, he was hired by NBC-TV to accompany and film a group of young Americans visiting China in defiance of the US State Department's then-existing travel ban, producing Inside Red China, a nationally syndicated TV special, upon his return. Among other subjects, his documentaries have explored East Germany, Cuba, the House Un-American Activities Committee, nuclear war, and Hollywood in the 1960s. He returned to China in 1978 and 2015.
William Antholis (moderator)
William J. Antholis serves as director and CEO of the Miller Center. Immediately prior, he was managing director at The Brookings Institution, and from 1995 to 1999 he served in government. At the White House, he was director of international economic affairs on the staff of the National Security Council and National Economic Council, where he served as the chief staff person for the G8 Summits in 1997 and 1998. Antholis is the author of Inside Out India and China: Local Politics Go Global and, with Strobe Talbot, Fast Forward: Ethics and Politics in the Age of Global Warming.
https://twitter.com/wjantholis
Harry Harding (moderator)
Harry Harding, faculty senior fellow, is a specialist on Asia and U.S.-Asian relations. His major publications include Organizing China: The Problem of Bureaucracy, 1949-1966; China's Second Revolution: Reform after Mao; A Fragile Relationship: The United States and China since 1972; and the chapter on the Cultural Revolution in the Cambridge History of China. Currently a University Professor and professor of public policy, Harding is also adjunct chair professor in the College of Social Science at National Chengchi University in Taipei, where he holds a Yushan Scholarship, the highest honor awarded by Taiwan's Ministry of Education. Harding served as the founding dean of UVA's Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy between 2009 and 2014.
Syaru Shirley Lin (moderator)
Syaru Shirley Lin, Compton Visiting Professor in World Politics at the Miller Center, teaches at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tsinghua University in Beijing and National Chengchi University in Taipei. Her book, Taiwan's China Dilemma, on the impact of the evolution of Taiwanese national identity on cross-Strait economic policy, was published by Stanford University Press in 2016 and in Chinese in 2019. Lin is currently working on the high-income trap in East Asia. Her commentaries frequently appear in both English and Chinese media.
https://twitter.com/syaru


Kimi's major weakness for comic books is reflected in her unique, so very customized hipster chic fashion looks as well. As now she's getting ready for her precious moments when, hidden in one of her favorite corners in the park, she's enjoying one of her latest comic book acquisitions, she'd like to mark them with a new geek chic, hipster look fashion look as well. Go though her Superman print t-shirts, through her lovely feminine dresses, which pair perfectly with her hipster cool sneakers, through her funky skull patterned leggings and nerdy chic glasses and come up with a winning comic book day fashion look for her!


KINGSTON, ONT. — Eighteen months ago, when the Kathleen Wynne government was in its final year of official party status in Ontario, it passed, with the connivance of the then "opposition" leader Patrick Brown, Bill 163, entitled the Safe Access to Abortion Services Act 2017.
It turns out it is worse than that. Last October, the Ottawa police arrested Father Anthony Van Hee, 83, a Jesuit priest who has been carrying out a pro-life vigil on Parliament Hill for nearly 30 years.
How far does Bill 163 reach?
He was arrested for a silent protest within the 150-metre "bubble zone" around the abortion clinic at 65 Bank St.
During the four-and-a-half days he protested, Fr. Van Hee never spoke to anyone, or engaged with anyone. He did not hand out literature. He did not impede passage. He never mentioned or referred to abortion. The Ottawa police charged him with "intimidating or attempting to intimidate" persons seeking or providing abortions.
Even if you think that such subversive behaviour deserves a totalitarian slap down, Fr. Van Hee did no such thing. The Crown appears to consider it an offence to protest restrictions on free speech if, in the past, you protested against abortion. The crime is exercising free speech while pro-life.
How far this blatantly unconstitutional prosecution will go is anyone's guess, but one might ask whether the despatching of Wynne and Brown has made any difference. Why doesn't the new attorney general, Caroline Mulroney, simply instruct the Crown prosecutors not to prosecute?
How's that? The state deciding not enforce laws against protesters? Can one conceive of such things?
I can. Last Saturday, in our quiet downtown, I was driving down our main drag, Princess Street, only to discover it blocked by anti-pipeline protesters. They blocked the intersection for some 20 minutes, reading out sundry complaints and distributing literature about the RCMP "invasion" of Aboriginal lands to their captive audience of trapped motorists.
There were four Kingston police officers accompanying them, keeping a careful eye on those of us blockaded, lest frustrations boil over. While waiting I asked the police officer on duty if there was a plan to clear the protest and open the street to traffic.
There was not. After all, he explained, there were only four officers and the protesters numbered about 60 or so.
Was he going to call for help? Perhaps a few more officers could be called in to usher the protesters off the street?
No. Things would clear up when the protesters decided to move on. Meanwhile, the police would do nothing of consequence.
A temporary blockage of Princess and King might be considered minor. But the same solidarity protests took to Highway 401, with convoys slowing traffic to a standstill. About an hour from Kingston, near Prescott, about 10 vehicles driving at roughly 50 km/h caused traffic jams several kilometres in length.
But the police and prosecutors are not looking to make life any easier for Fr. Van Hee. For him, the laws — even manifestly unconstitutional ones — must be enforced severely, even when they don't obviously apply.
I don't know Fr. Van Hee personally, but if I did I might advise him to wear a different sandwich board next time, asking a variant of the old question of Juvenal: Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? Who polices the police?
It should read: Who decides whom the police will police?


Infertility is emotionally devastating and hard to deal with. Many times we are embarrassed to admit that we are having a problem trying to conceive.
Somehow or other we feel if we cannot get pregnant we have failed as a woman and even deeper failed as a wife. But guess what up to 1/3 of all infertility is due to a mail factor only, depending on the research we are reading. Bottom line it is not always the woman's fault.
How to overcome infertility and get pregnant starting today is by admitting that you have an infertility problem. No matter what your educational background is, the job position you hold or how much money you have, the struggle to get pregnant and infertility affects couples worldwide.
The goal of infertility treatment is not only to get pregnant but to result in having that baby you are desperately looking for. If you have been trying to get pregnant for over one year then you have infertility. If you are trying for more than six months to have your second baby you have infertility. Infertility is a serious medical condition.
Women all over the world just like you and I struggle with trying to conceive. The sad thing is that many of us keep hoping, praying and trusting that month after month we will get pregnant on our own. Many of us do not know or live in denial that we have an infertility condition.
The truth is that the longer you struggle to get pregnant and do not recognize that infertility is a serious medical condition, the harder it will be for you to get pregnant. If there was a miracle cure for infertility, believe me everyone would know about it. Overcoming infertility takes time, patience and in many cases costs a lot of money.
Starting today answer this infertility question honestly.
Have you been trying to get pregnant for over one year? If the answer is yes, then admit you have an infertility problem. The next thing to do in order to overcome your infertility diagnosis is to take action and start researching what help is available to you.


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Google Maps Antitrust Probe Gains Momentum
Diane Bartz and Paresh Dave, Reuters
March 31st, 2022 at 3:12 AM EDT
Google argues that its integrated products offer a better user experience. Its competitors and advertisers argue that this provides Google a better bottom line.
Jason Clampet
The U.S. Justice Department has breathed new life into an investigation of Google Maps to determine if bundling the service together with other Google software illegally stifles competition, according to two sources familiar with the matter.
The probe of the Alphabet Inc unit first came to light in late 2020 and had been quiet until recent months when investigators again began making inquiries, the sources said.
Google said it cooperates with regulators and welcomes their questions. The Justice Department declined comment.
The probe has two components.
One part focuses on apps, including for navigation, that are provided through infotainment screens in vehicles. In its Google Automotive Services package for automakers, the search company bundles together Maps, the Google Play app store, Google Assistant and other services. Car companies are prevented from, for example, mixing Google Maps with voice assistants developed by smaller rivals, one source said.
In response, Google said the integration provides the best user experience, and that in some instances a rival voice assistant can function with Google Maps.
The other component focuses on app and website developers. Specifically, the department is looking at Google's requirement that if a website or app uses one Google technology, say Google's location search, the website or app developer cannot use maps or other technologies developed by Google's rivals, the two sources said.
A congressional antitrust panel concluded in a Big Tech staff report issued in 2020 that Google "enforces this provision aggressively" and effectively forces developers "to choose whether they will use all of Google's mapping services or none of them."
Google said its policies are aimed at preventing poor experiences, noting that mixing a Google Map with information on another map could lead to errors. The policies also stem from restrictions that partners place on how Google can use their data, it said.
The policies have some exceptions, and Google added that developers "are also free to use other mapping services in addition to Google Maps Platform – and many do."
Money and Data at Stake
Two developers have told Reuters over the past year that they received violation notices from Google in recent years after mixing data from the company's services with maps from other providers. The developers said the competing options were less expensive or more detailed than Google Maps in some cases.
The developers, speaking on the condition of anonymity due to fear of retaliation by Google, also have expressed concern about the company's new privacy options for users of its Android mobile operating system that could limit data collection by rival mapping providers.
At stake are money and data, including about places and people's interests. Google does not separately disclose sales from licensing the map-related tools. But Google over the years has hiked mapping fees and tied the business to its Cloud unit, whose sales growth is of keen interest to investors.
Google Maps Wants to Transform Superapps: A Skift Deep Dive
Whether Google Maps evolves into the next superapp depends on whether users really want a do-everything app and the mood of regulators seeking to break up big tech.
In addition, the enduring use of Google's mapping services enables the company to collect more data to maintain its dominance over competing options.
Tying products together is not always illegal but antitrust enforcers have stepped in when such bundling does not benefit consumers.
In 1998, the government sued Microsoft Corp for allegedly breaking antitrust law by tying its operating system monopoly to Internet Explorer to crush rival browser Netscape.
There is no sign that the department's staff investigating Google Maps have recommended whether to sue, one of the sources said.
Google already is fighting a lawsuit the department filed in 2020, accusing it of breaking antitrust law to maintain its dominance of search and search advertising. It goes to trial in 2023.
A lawsuit against Google over its dominance of the online advertising business has long been expected to follow. That probe is further along than the one into the maps business, one source said.
The antitrust enforcer could be hampered in wrapping up the long-running probes because it has been swamped by an unusually large number of merger reviews and merger-related trials. A merger trial is expected in April and two more are expected in August.
(Reporting by Diane Bartz in Washington and Paresh Dave in Oakland, Calif.; Editing by Chris Sanders and Matthew Lewis)
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Frontiers in Neurology
Application of Omics Approaches to the Diagnosis of Genetic Neurological Disorders View all Articles
Andrea Legati
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologio Carlo Besta, Italy
Mario R. Cornejo-Olivas
National Institute of Neurological Sciences (INCN), Peru
Shahid M. Baig
National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (Pakistan), Pakistan
Discussion and Conclusion
Case Report ARTICLE
Front. Neurol., 29 October 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.569996
Novel Homozygous Missense Mutation in the ARG1 Gene in a Large Sudanese Family
Liena E. O. Elsayed1,2,3*, Inaam N. Mohammed1, Ahlam A. A. Hamed1, Maha A. Elseed1, Mustafa A. M. Salih4, Ashraf Yahia1,3,5,6, Rayan Abubaker7, Mahmoud Koko8, Amal S. I. Abd Allah1, Mustafa I. Elbashir1, Muntaser E. Ibrahim7, Alexis Brice3,9, Ammar E. Ahmed1 and Giovanni Stevanin3,6,9
1Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
2College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
3Institut du Cerveau, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
4Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
5Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University, Khartoum, Sudan
6Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
7Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
8Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen, Germany
9APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of genetics, Paris, France
Background: Arginases catalyze the last step in the urea cycle. Hyperargininemia, a rare autosomal-recessive disorder of the urea cycle, presents after the first year of age with regression of milestones and evolves gradually into progressive spastic quadriplegia and cognitive dysfunction. Genetic studies reported various mutations in the ARG1 gene that resulted in hyperargininemia due to a complete or partial loss of arginase activity.
Case Presentation: Five patients from an extended highly consanguineous Sudanese family presented with regression of the acquired milestones, spastic quadriplegia, and mental retardation. The disease onset ranged from 1 to 3 years of age. Two patients had epileptic seizures and one patient had stereotypic clapping. Genetic testing using whole-exome sequencing, done for the patients and a healthy parent, confirmed the presence of a homozygous novel missense variant in the ARG1 gene [GRCh37 (NM_001244438.1): exon 4: g.131902487T>A, c.458T>A, p.(Val153Glu)]. The variant was predicted pathogenic by five algorithms and affected a highly conserved amino acid located in the protein domain ureohydrolase, arginase subgroup. Sanger sequencing of 13 sampled family members revealed complete co-segregation between the variant and the disease distribution in the family in line with an autosomal-recessive mode of inheritance. Biochemical analysis confirmed hyperargininemia in five patients.
Conclusion: This study reports the first Sudanese family with ARG1 mutation. The reported variant is a loss-of-function missense mutation. Its pathogenicity is strongly supported by the clinical phenotype, the computational functional impact prediction, the complete co-segregation with the disease, and the biochemical assessment.
Arginases (EC 3.5.3.1) are proteins involved in the last reaction of the urea cycle in which they catalyze the hydrolysis reaction of L-arginine to form urea and ornithine. There are two isoforms of the arginase enzyme (arginases 1 and 2) encoded by the ARG1 [*608313] and ARG2 [*107830] genes, respectively. Arginase one predominates in the liver, constituting 98% of the hepatic arginase activity. Its deficiency results in hyperargininemia/arginase deficiency [#207800], which is an autosomal-recessive (AR) inborn error of metabolism. Arginase deficiency is the least common of all urea cycle disorders. The incidence of hyperargininemia has been estimated to vary between 1:350,000 and 1:1,000,000 (1). There is scarcely any data available about the incidence/prevalence in Sudan and other Sub-Saharan African countries.
Most commonly, the condition manifests clinically between 1 and 3 years of age, although adult-onset arginase deficiency has been occasionally reported (2). Classically, patients suffer from developmental delay and regression of the acquired milestones. The condition may then evolve gradually into spastic quadriparesis and intellectual disability if left untreated (3). The condition can be almost non-progressive, which can sometimes lead to confusion with cerebral palsy (4). Biochemically, there is hyperargininemia with periodic hyperammonemia, although, in contrast to other urea cycle disorders, neonatal hyperammonemia and its clinical features are relatively uncommon in arginase deficiency. Affected children are frequently asymptomatic at birth and in their early childhood.
The ARG1 gene is located on chromosome six mapping to the cytogenetic location 6q23.2. The gene harbors eight exons. Hyperargininemia is associated with pathogenic variants in both homozygous and compound heterozygous states, with no obvious genotype/phenotype correlation. The first case in whom the genetic basis of argininemia was characterized was a Japanese patient with compound heterozygous mutations (5). A study published in 2018 by Diez-Fernandez et al. carried out sequence analysis compiling 66 published and novel variants of the ARG1 gene and found that the most encountered category was point mutations (missense, non-sense, and splicing), although other structural alterations were also found. Missense variants were the most common mutation type distributed all over the coding region of the gene (6–8). Genetic studies of hyperargininemia are extremely rare in Sub-Saharan Africa and are non-existent in Sudan. In this study, we are reporting the first case from Sudan with ARG1 mutation. A novel homozygous missense mutation in the ARG1 gene was identified in five spastic quadriplegic patients from an extended highly consanguineous Sudanese family.
Five affected patients from three branches of family F15 are reported in this study. The patients had a history of regression of milestones following a normal early development till the age at onset, which ranged from 1 to 3 years. The clinical picture was dominated by spastic quadriplegia complicated by cognitive impairment and sphincter disturbances in the majority of patients. Visual and hearing assessments were normal, except in one patient who had conductive deafness in the right ear (patient 138). Despite the remarkable homogeneity of the clinical presentation in all branches, two patients had epileptic seizures (patients 138 and 142) and one patient (patient 138) had stereotypic clapping (Table 1). Extrapyramidal and cerebellar symptoms and signs were not detected in all five patients. No sensory nervous system abnormality was detected, although assessment could not be done properly. Brain images (MRI) were normal in all patients. The disease had a progressive nature, as expected, with variable severity. The most severe course was observed in one patient who died in the first half of the second decade.
Table 1. Clinical data of five patients from family F15 with hyperargininemia due to a mutation in the ARG1 gene.
DNA was extracted from saliva collected from five patients and nine healthy parents and relatives using Oragene.Discover® DNA collection kits (DNA Genotek Inc.®, Ottawa, ON, Canada) according to the manufacturer's prepIT.L2P manual protocol.
Whole-Exome Sequencing
Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was conducted for all five patients and one healthy parent. WES was performed on 150-bp paired-end reads using the Hiseq property of the NextSeq-500 sequencer (Illumina®, San Diego, CA, USA). Genomics Workbench (CLC Bio®, Aarhus, Denmark) was used for quality control and variant calling. Both probability-based and quality-based algorithms were used to identify single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertions/deletions (Indels). For gene/variant prioritization, a minimum depth of 30 × and 1% as the minor allele frequency cutoff were selected. Nonsense, frameshift, splice site, and predicted pathogenic missense variants were filtered according to the autosomal-recessive mode of inheritance predicted from the pedigree analysis.
Sanger Sequencing
Sanger sequencing using the BIGDYE chemistry on an ABI3730 sequencer (Applied Biosystems®) was carried out on 13 affected and healthy family members to validate the WES results and confirm co-segregation between the pathogenic allele and the disease within the family. Chromas Lite® software (Technelysium®, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia) and Seqscape® (Applied Biosystems®) were utilized for sequence visualization and analysis.
After filtering out the common and non-coding variants, WES data analysis detected only one homozygous variant that was shared by all five patients, which was heterozygous in the healthy parent. This was a novel missense transversion variant [GRCh37 (NM_001244438.1): exon 4: g.131902487T>A, c.458T>A, p.(Val153Glu)] in the ARG1 gene. The mutation was predicted pathogenic by five algorithms (SIFT = deleterious, Polyphen2 = probable damaging, mutation taster = disease causing, align GVGD = C35, and CADD score = 28.4) (Table 2). The variant was absent from gnomAD or dbSNP. Sanger sequencing revealed complete co-segregation between the pathogenic allele and the disease distribution, being a homozygous mutant in all the five patients and a homozygous reference or heterozygous carriers in nine related healthy individuals, including all parents who were available for sampling. The variant resulted in the replacement of the highly conserved (12 species) hydrophobic amino acid valine, located in the protein domain ureohydrolase, arginase subgroup, by the acidic amino acid glutamate (Figure 1). The moderately radical physiochemical difference [Grantham distance of 121 (0–215)] exists between the two amino acids. No other homozygous or compound heterozygous variants were found in genes known to be involved in other neurological disorders.
Table 2. Summary of the reported mutation in the ARG1 gene.
Figure 1. Pedigree of family F15 caused by a missense mutation in ARG1 segregating with the disease distribution in the whole family presenting with spastic tetraplegia and mental retardation. Whole-exome sequencing was performed for five affected individuals (138, 142, 143, 148, and 149) and the mother (137) of patient 138. Example Sanger sequencing of the mutation in a patient (homozygous mutant), a heterozygous carrier, and a control homozygous reference allele with conserved amino acid sequence is shown. Pedigree symbols: asterisk indicates sampled individual; yellow square indicates the index patient. Genotype symbols: ++ Homozygous reference genotype; M+ Heterozygous genotype; MM Homozygous mutant genotype. Others are standard medical pedigree symbols.
Biochemical Assessment
Biochemical assessment of the amino acid levels in the serum of all the five patients showed an increased level of arginine. A second confirmatory test was performed for the proband only and showed an increased serum arginine level, confirming the first test.
Counseling and Management
The family received genetic counseling, which included discussions with the senior family members (parents and grandparents) about consanguinity to provide the family a better understanding of the nature of their genetic disorders, increase their awareness about the role played by consanguinity in inheritance, and to eliminate any misperceptions. Good response to counseling regarding consanguinity was observed, particularly in the female members of the family, and a new generation is non-consanguineously married.
The patients were put on physiotherapy, with epilepsy treatment for the patients with seizures. However, most of the time, the family was faced with limited financial capabilities, which hindered their compliance with the follow-up and the physiotherapy.
A specialist was consulted for dietary modulation to start the patients on a restricted protein diet and arginine-free amino acid supplements. Two obstacles faced the use of special formulas with dietary restrictions: the availability of the formulas and the finance. The required special formulas were not available in Sudan, and attempts to obtain them from a neighboring country were not successful. In addition, the family was unable to afford either the cost of the formulas regularly from other countries or the necessary tests used for the monitoring of patients when started on treatment.
Arginase 1 deficiency can lead to a devastating neurological and cognitive dysfunction in children, though it is a potentially treatable condition (9). The age at onset was typical for all patients, and the clinical features of the five reported Sudanese patients, which included progressive spastic quadriplegia, regression of milestones, and epilepsy, are similar to what was reported about the presentation of a loss-of-function mutation in the arginase 1 enzyme (7, 10, 11). However, the five Sudanese patients maintained normal head circumference and normal physical growth despite the variable degrees of mental impairment witnessed in all of them. These features are different from what was reported from many Japanese and Chinese patients in whom microcephaly and poor physical growth were the major complicating features (1, 5, 12). The conservation of the nucleotide affected by the mutation reported in this study, (c.458T>A), as evidenced by two elevated conservation scores (PhastCons and PhyloP), and the prediction of pathogenicity by five algorithms (SIFT, Polyphen2, mutation taster and align GVGD, and CADD score) supported the significance of the variant which was classified as pathogenic according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) classification (Table 2). The mutation (c.458T>A) is located in exon 4, and its pathogenic effect is in line with studies which have revealed missense mutations in certain conserved regions to be pathologic. This was further supported by a sequence analysis study which demonstrated clustering of the pathogenic missense variants in exons 1, 4, and 7. The involvement of these conserved regions in the catalytic activities of the enzyme makes mutations in these sequences likely to be pathogenic. This does not apply to truncating mutations that occur randomly along the gene, leading to non-sense-mediated protein decay and consequent hyperargininemia by complete loss of function (8, 13).
The high conservation of the mutated hydrophobic amino acid valine over mammalian species, its replacement by the acidic glutamate with radical Grantham distance existing between the amino acids, and the location of the mutated amino acid in the ureohydrolase domain, arginase subgroup further favor the pathogenicity of the change.
In the absence of other evidence of involvement of any other variants, the matching of the clinical phenotype and the biochemical profile of the patients to the published data, and the complete co-segregation of this variant with the disease, we considered the ARG1 mutation as causative in this family.
In the Middle East region, there are some reported cases of hyperargininemia from Saudi Arabia, Palestine (14), and Bahrain (15). However, studies from Sub-Saharan Africa are extremely rare. This is the first study from Sudan to describe a novel missense mutation in the ARG1 gene causing hyperargininemia, spastic quadriplegia, and cognitive dysfunction. Little is known about the incidence and the prevalence of the disease in Sudan, raising the need for more studies.
The Sudanese population has one of the highest overall consanguinity rates in the world with the highest first cousin/double first cousin marriages in the Arabic world (16, 17). Increasing evidence of augmenting AR inherited disorders including hyperargininemia is accumulating despite the scarcity of the statistics and the insufficiency of data about most of the genetic disorders in Sudan (18–22). This necessitates further studies to be conducted and campaigns to be launched in order to increase public awareness about the impact of consanguinity and its contribution to the shaping of the genetics of the individuals, families, and populations.
The lack of neonatal metabolic screening programs in Sudan leads to delayed diagnosis with the development of several neurological complications that include loss of sphincter control, inability to walk, and intellectual disability, which could have been avoided by early diagnosis and proper management (23, 24).
However, this study also highlighted deeper issues in the provision of the required care for patients with metabolic disorders in a limited-resource country like Sudan. Consequently, there is a necessity to conduct a larger-scale research project exploring some treatable metabolic disorders in Sudan in order to collect the required data that will be the basis for a national newborn screening program for these disorders. It draws attention to the importance of establishing specialized centers for metabolic disorders, which would increase the opportunity for early diagnosis and provide all the requirements for patients' care at an affordable cost. This will efficiently help decrease the disability as a consequence of potentially treatable causes in Sudanese children, especially with the advent of more advanced options of therapy like rescue mRNA therapy in addition to the existing treatment options (25, 26).
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, VCV000916528.1.
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by The Ethical Committee of Medical Campus, University of Khartoum, Sudan according to the recommendations of the Helsinki Declaration. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants' legal guardian/next of kin. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) and/or minor(s)' legal guardian/next of kin for participation in the study and for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
LE, GS, AEA, AB, ME, and MI formulated and designed the study and contributed to the interpretation of data. AB, GS, AEA, ME, and MI granted funds and participated in manuscript editing, review, and critique. LE, IM, AH, ME, MS, AY, RS, MK, and ASIA contributed to the clinical, radiologic, and biochemical data collection and interpretation. LE, GS, MK, and AY contributed to the bioinformatic analysis. All authors read the manuscript, assented to be submitted, and accepted and agreed to be responsible for all aspects of this work.
This study was funded by the European Union through the H2020 program (SOLVE-RD to GS) and the French ASL-HSP Association (to GS). LE has been granted the scholarship from Campus France, University of Khartoum and the Sudanese Ministry of Higher Education. MS was supported by Researchers Supporting Project Number RSP-2020/38, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
We thank the French Embassy in Sudan, Campus France, University of Khartoum, and the Sudan Ministry of Higher Education for the scholarship (to LE), the European Union through the H2020 program (SOLVE-RD to GS), and the French ASL-HSP Association (to GS).
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Keywords: hyperargininemia, ARG1 gene, whole exome sequencing, Sudan, spastic quadriplegia
Citation: Elsayed LEO, Mohammed IN, Hamed AAA, Elseed MA, Salih MAM, Yahia A, Abubaker R, Koko M, Abd Allah ASI, Elbashir MI, Ibrahim ME, Brice A, Ahmed AE and Stevanin G (2020) Novel Homozygous Missense Mutation in the ARG1 Gene in a Large Sudanese Family. Front. Neurol. 11:569996. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.569996
Received: 05 June 2020; Accepted: 25 September 2020;
Published: 29 October 2020.
Andrea Legati, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute (IRCCS), Italy
Mario Reynaldo Cornejo-Olivas, National Institute of Neurological Sciences (INCN), Peru
Shahid Mahmood Baig, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Pakistan
Copyright © 2020 Elsayed, Mohammed, Hamed, Elseed, Salih, Yahia, Abubaker, Koko, Abd Allah, Elbashir, Ibrahim, Brice, Ahmed and Stevanin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Liena E. O. Elsayed, liena.elsayed@gmail.com