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Home » Classical India Nepal Tour » Classical India Nepal Tour
Classical India Nepal Tour
Places covered: DELHI, JAIPUR, AGRA, KHAJURAHO, VARANASI, KATHMANDU
Durations: 11 Nights/12 Days
Day 01	Arrival Delhi – Jaipur (By Road, 05-06 hours drive)
Upon arrival you will be met by Yajat World Travels Representative and drive to Jaipur straight from the Airport.
This famous city is the capital of Rajasthan and has earned universal renown as the " Pink City ", and pink it is, with beautiful constructed palaces, havelis and forts. Tall, rugged men with handle-bar whiskers sport bright pink turbans. Jaipur which means the city of victory was built exactly 273 years back and is 262 km by road from Delhi ( Capital of India ). A strong wall encircles the old city and even today has a suggestion of formidable strength, its function of protecting all within is obvious.
Arrive Jaipur and check in at hotel.
Rest of the day at leisure.
Dinner & Overnight at hotel.
Day 02	IN JAIPUR
Breakfast at hotel.
Morning you will be given excursion to Amer Fort, which used to be the capital of the Kachhwaha clan, till Jaipur was made the official capital in 1727. The Amber Fort looks stunning, all-built in white marble and red sandstone. To add to its charm, Maotha Lake makes its foreground. The crystal mirror image of the Fort, on the still waters of the lake, seems to be a beautiful illusion.Ascend on Elephant back, the hill, on which the fort is situated.
Afternoonyouwill be given city tour of Jaipur, gets its name from its founder Maharaja JaiSingh II (1693-1744) the great warrior and astronomer visit Jantar-Mantar, Maharaja's City Palace and the Observatory. Drive past Hawa Mahal or the Palace of Winds and through the rose-pink residential and business areas of Jaipur.
Dinner and Overnight at hotel.
Day 03	JAIPUR - AGRA Via Fatehpur Sikri (By Road, 07-08 Hours drive including fatehpur Sikri visit)
Morning drive to Agra en route visiting Fatehpur Sikri - Built during the second half of the 16th century by the Emperor Akbar, Fatehpur Sikri (the City of Victory) was the capital of the Mughal Empire for only some 10 years. The complex of monuments and temples, all in a uniform architectural style, includes one of the largest mosques in India, the Jama Masjid.
Continue drive to Agra. Agra is a part of Brijbhoomi the land associated with the birth and legendry activities of lord Krishna. In Agra city there are five Shiva temples which are the symbols of ancient culture. Agra was the capital city of Sikander Lodhi, the second ruler of the Lodhi dynasty, who defeated by the persain King Babur in 1526 A.D. Babur too made Agra his capital city and so began the great Moghal rule. It was Babur who build the first monument in Agra, a planned garden garden call Gul-e-Afgaan or the Aram Baugh.
Upon arrival check in at hotel.
Afternoon you will be given city tour of Agra visit the world famous Taj Mahal is one amongst the World's Wonders, the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is a legend of eternal love of an Emperor fr his favourite Queen, Dayal Bagh, Local Marbal Market etc. Also visit the Agra Fort also known as the "Lal –Qila", "Fort Rouge" or "Qila-i-Akbari", A symbol of power, strength and resilience
Day 04	AGRA – JHANSI
(By Fastest Train) – KHAJURAHO (By Road, 03-04 Hours Drive)
In time transfer to Railway station to connect Shatabdi train for Jhansi at 0830 hours.
Arrive Jhansi at 1040 hours. Meeting and assistance on arrival and drive to Khajuraho en route visiting Orchha - grandeur has been captured in stone, frozen in time; a rich legacy to the ages. For, on this medieval city, the hand of time has rested lightly and the palaces and temples built by its Bundela rulers in the 16th and 17th centuries, retain much of their pristine perfection.
Arrive Khajuraho and check in at hotel.In the temple architecture of India, the Khajuraho complex remains unique. One thousand years ago, under the generous and artistic patronage of the Chandela Rajput Kings of Central India , 85 temples, magnificent in form and richly craved, came up on one site, near the village of Khajuraho.
Day 05	KHAJURAHO – VARANASI (By Flight)
Morning city tour of Khajuraho by an air conditioned vehicle visit Easter and Western Temples.In time transfer to Airport to connect flight for Varanasi.
Arrive Varanasi. Meeting and assistance on arrival and transfer to hotel.
Evening view Aarti on River Ganges.
Day 06	IN VARANASI
Varanasi, or Benaras, (also known as Kashi) is one of the oldest living cities in the world. Varanasi`s Prominence in Hindu mythology is virtually unrevealed. Mark Twain, the English author and literature, who was enthralled by the legend and sanctity of Benaras, once wrote : "Benaras is older than history, older than tradition, older even than legend and looks twice as old as all of them put together" . According to the 'Vamana Purana', the Varuna and the Assi rivers originated from the body of the primordial Person at the beginning of time itself. The tract of land lying between them is believed to be 'Varanasi', the holiest of all pilgrimages.
Early Morning Boat excursion on River Ganges to see the Bathing ghats and Cremation site. Watching people bathing and worshipping at the Ghats is one of the most extraordinary experiences of a visit to India.
Morning city tour of Varanasi visiting Bharat Mata Temple, Durga Temple, Banaras Hindu University etc. Than one can see making of Banarasi Carpet and Handicraft of Banaras. leisure.
Afternoon excursion Sarnath. Sarnath, the buried Buddhist city where Lord Buddha gave his first sermon, Sarnath was a renowned school of learning from 6th century B.C. to 12th century A.D. Visit the ruins, the stupa, the Buddhist temple and the Museum.
Dinner & Overnight at Varanasi.
Day 07	VARANASI –KATHMANDU (By Flight)
In time transfer to Airport to connect flight for Kathmandu. The Kathmandu Valley may have been inhabited as early as 300 BCE, since the oldest known objects in the valley date to a few hundred years BCE. The earliest known inscription is dated 185 CE. The oldest firmly dated building in the earthquake-prone valley is almost 1,992 years old. Four stupas around the city of Patan, said to have been erected by a certain Charumati, a purported daughter of Ashoka the Great, a Mauryan king, in the 3rd century BCE, attest to the ancient history present within the valley. As with the tales of the Buddha's visit, there is no evidence supporting Ashok's visit, but the stupas probably do date to that century.
Arrive Kathmandu and check in at hotel.
Day 08	IN KATHMANDU
Morning visit Kathmandu city & Swoyambhunath:-
Kathmandu Durbar Square:- with its old temples and palaces, epitomizes the religious and cultural life of the people. Here, the kings of Nepal are crowned and solemnized. Interesting things for visitors to see are Taleju temple, gigantic figure of Kalbhairav (the god of destruction), Basantapur Durbar, and Temple of Kumari (living goddess).
Swaymbhunath:- The world's most glorious Buddhist Chaityas built 2000 years ago situated on a hillock about 77 meter above the level of the Kathmandu valley. Visitors will also have a grand view of the valley from this spot.
Afternoon visit Patan city & Tibetan handicraft Centre:- Patan:- The square boasts of many famous sites and unique architecture. Krishna Mandir in the Patan Durbar Square was built to honor an incarnation of Vishnu. Krishna was a favorite among the gopini (cowgirls). His temple is the best example of stone architecture in the World. Scenes from the Mahabharat, Asia's greatest mythological war, are carved on the temple's walls.
Morning excursion to Bhadgaon (Bhaktapur) City:-
Bhaktapur:- is known as the 'open museum' and a 'living heritage'. Brick paved enclave of the old royal palace buildings dating back 13th to 14th centuries, artistic temples and exquisite artwork offers a picture of the grandeur of medieval Nepal. Bhaktapur will surprise visitors with its presentation of innumerable temples and other architectural showpieces - Nyatapola, Bhairavnath, Dattatreya, Pujari math with peacock window and many more.
Afternoon city tour of Pashupatinath & Boudhanath Pashupatinath:- is Nepal's most important Hindu temple. Built in the pagoda style of architecture, Pashupatinath stands on the banks of the Bagmati river, has a distinctive gilded rooftop, intricately carved rafters (featuring members of Shiva's family) and four silver-plated main doors surrounded by statues of deities.
The Boudhanath stupa:- (aka the Boudha, Chorten Chempo and Khãsa Caityais) is one of the holiest and most recognisable sites in Kathmandu. Assigned UNESCO world heritage status in 1979, the stupa has a height of 36 metres and a diameter of 120 metres, making it the largest in Nepal and one of the largest in the world. It has a tall central spire from which colourful prayer flags are draped and is built on an octagonal base surrounded by scores of prayer wheels.
Day 10	KATHMANDU – DELHI (by Flight)
In time transfer to Airport to connect flight for Delhi. Delhi is a city that bridges two different worlds. Old Delhi, once the capital of Islamic India, is a labyrinth of narrow lanes lined with crumbling havelis and formidable mosques. In contrast, the imperial city of New Delhi created by the British Raj is composed of spacious, tree-lined avenues and imposing government buildings. Delhi has been the seat of power for several rulers and many empires for about a millennium. Many a times the city was built, destroyed and then rebuilt here. Interestingly, a number of Delhi's rulers played a dual role, first as destroyers and then as creators. Arrive Delhi and check in at hotel.
Afternoon city tour of New Delhi by an air conditioned vehicle visiting India Gate (War Memorial Arch), Humayun's Tomb, Qutab Minar built by Qutub-ud-Din Aibek in 1199. Also drive past President's House, Parliament House, Government Secretariat Buildings and Connaught Place- shopping centre of New Delhi.
Day 11	In DELHI
Morning city tour of Old Delhi. Visit Red Fort (Lal Qila) rise 33-m above the clamour of Old Delhi as a reminder of the magnificent power and pomp of the Mughal emperors. Raj Ghat and Shanti Vana-the cremation sites of Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. Also
drive past Chandni Chowk, shopping centre of Old Delhi.
Later visit Akshardham Temple:- The beautiful mandir built without steel, consists of 234 ornately carved pillars, 9 ornate domes, 20 quadrangled shikhars, a spectacular Gajendra Pith (plinth of stone elephants) and 20,000 murtis and statues of India's great sadhus, devotees, acharyas and divine personalities. The mandir is a fusion of pink stone and pure white marble, where pink stone symbolizes bhakti in eternal bloom and white marble that of absolute purity and eternal peace.
Day 12	DEPARTURE DELHI
In time transfer to International airport to connect flight for back home.
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Hi all, I am running windows vist ultimate 32bit, using MediaMonkey Gold 2.5.5.998 and Beta 3.0.0.1089.
I have tried to install different scripts from Trixmoto, mainly Batch Art Finder 2.4, Browse By Art 4.9, Combine Albums 1.0 and a few others but whenever I try to start MediaMonkey I get the following error message.
A script engine for the specified language can not be created, I even get this error in the basic Case Checker that is pre-installed in MM.
This is a copy from my Scripts.ini file. Hope someone can please help me.
Sounds like you need to reinstall the Windows Script Host from M$.
By the way, I don't think the Batch Art Finder will work on MM3!
Ironically I'm now getting this error message after installing and uninstalling IE9 beta - anyone got any ideas how to fix this in vista?
i think you need to upgrade to the new mm 3.2.1304 version as you state you are using mm Beta 3.0.0.1089.
man that is so old even the scripting language has changed since that version i think 3 times.
also the database code has changed at least 3 times since that beta version.
so your only hope for scripts is to get the ones that are listed for mm 2 and use them on your mm 2 version.
as the newer mm 3 scripts won't work on that old version.
trixmoto wrote: Ironically I'm now getting this error message after installing and uninstalling IE9 beta - anyone got any ideas how to fix this in vista?
sorry trixmoto only thing i can tell you is that ie9 beta has lots of errors in different programs yet. it is a beta version you know.
i know trixmoto but only thing i can think of that might be a cause of it is the missing hidden character in the vbs file or the extra space in the vbs file.
both of which i have found will mess up the simple vbs files when i have pasted the files in to the text pad and saved them.
like if it adds a blank line at the top of the scripts text, when that is saved it sometimes in some scripts will stop the script from working.
or if when pasted in to the note pad the script code does not paste to the far left but leaves a blank space in front of every line. that too will stop some scripts from running.
maybe something like those is what is messing with the ie9 beta codes and making scripts not work. those are the only things i know to check because i can't make scripts i just copy and paste them which is how i found those two issues.
No, it wasn't the script file, it's the Windows Script Host that was broken. It wasn't possible to fix, had to revert to an old restore point.
Thanks for posting this. Some of my MonkeyTunes users were reporting this error and every one of them had installed IE9. Microsoft just really can't get anything right the first time can it!!


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Trucking Accidents and Highway Closures
By Jeff LoweAugust 3, 2011July 10th, 2019Uncategorized
Recently, a semi truck accident involving a semi and three other vehicles caused a closure on Interstate 71 in Kings Mills, Ohio.
But this post isn't specifically about the details of that crash. Rather, it's about considering the scale and scope of what such accidents frequently entail. Look at some of the terms mentioned in the first sentence: A semi truck and three other vehicles. A highway closure — an interstate highway closure, at that.
We have mentioned it before, but it bears repeating — semi trucks are huge. They outweigh every other vehicle that commonly uses the interstate highway system, and the interstate is their common means of transport. Drive any interstate highway in the United States for any distance whatsoever, and you will come across these vehicles, often several at a time. The interstate-semi truck relationship is a vital part of the American economy, and as such, when you drive on the highway you're going to see a lot of that relationship play out.
So, these trucks are the largest on the road, and they're on the highways all the time. Just by the law of averages, accidents will happen involving these trucks. Add in the fact that many truckers are unofficially pushed to drive much longer hours than is safe for them to do and still operate heavy machinery, and you have the perfect circumstances to create more accidents still.
And remember, a few weeks back a semi truck side-lined a train so hard that it killed a conductor in the engine room of the vehicle. Trains outweigh semi trucks by several orders of magnitude, and still an impact from a semi derailed and set fire to the train. Now consider that numerous smaller vehicles like passenger cars and minivans are frequently involved in semi truck crashes. They don't stand a chance.
Highway closures also cost the states a great deal of money. They cost motorists a lot of time as they wait, stuck in traffic, burning gas and being made late for work, until the closure is reopened. They cost businesses money as other trucks are held up by the collision.
The point of all this? Semi truck accidents are very serious, and should be viewed within the light of legal action for those involved and harmed, rather than as freak inconveniences.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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EMEA Network
Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro for Plan International
Hiking to Machu Picchu for Plan International
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In September 2010, a UNIGLOBE British Isles climbing team reached the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro in an effort to raise £35,000 to build a girls school and residence in Mwanza, Tanzania.
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The rate of girls attending secondary schools in Tanzania is an alarming five percent. Among the reasons for such low attendance are the long distances children must walk to and from classes. These daily journeys expose girls to health and safety risks.
Mount Kilimanjaro is the fourth highest among the world's seven summits and the tallest in Africa, towering nearly 6,000 metres (20,000 feet) above sea level. Watch the video of the team on their journey to reach the peak.
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text: Q: Stop Windows 11 AMD drivers silent auto update So, I have a Zephyrus G15 GA503 and I'm trying to use AMD Adrenalin to manage the iGPU. When I install it, it works fine for a day or two, but after that it does not run anymore and when I try to open it manually it says that my iGPU driver is incompatible with the software version I have. I figured out that it is (probably) Windows Update auto-updating the AMD iGPU drivers to some other version silently and it breaks the AMD software. Is there a way to turn auto-update for AMD drivers only?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Premier Interlink (Waco UK Ltd) are specialist manufacturers of modular buildings using off-site construction methods.
Premier Interlink had an over-structured BOM. This led to inefficiencies managing change and inaccurate estimates.
Premier Interlink engaged Beaumont Computer Software Ltd. to upgrade their Quantum software and provide support restructuring the bills of material.
Premier Interlink has an efficient Bills of Material process. Quantum eBOM helps it accurately cost new building projects, manage manufacturing material requirements and control change.


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Greg Mankiw's Blog: Who bears the burden of downturns?
Who bears the burden of downturns?
The consumption of high-consumption households is more exposed to fluctuations in aggregate consumption and income than that of low-consumption households in the Consumer Expenditure (CEX) Survey. The exposure to aggregate consumption growth of households in the top 10 percent of the consumption distribution in the CEX is about five times that of households in the bottom 80 percent. Given real aggregate per capita consumption growth about 3 percentage points less than its historical mean during the past year, these figures predict that the ratio of consumption of the top 10 percent to the bottom 80 percent has fallen by about 15 percentage points (relative to trend). Using income data from Piketty and Saez (2003), we show that the income(especially the wage income) of rich households is more exposed to aggregate fluctuations, so their higher income exposure is a likely contributor to their higher consumption exposure.


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Irwindale era il nome in codice del successore del core Nocona alla base della CPU Intel Xeon DP per sistemi biprocessore, presentato agli inizi del 2005.

Caratteristiche tecniche

Processo produttivo
Le caratteristiche tecniche di Irwindale erano molto simili a quelle del predecessore Nocona; era rimasto immutato il processo produttivo a 90 nm, il bus a 800 MHz e il socket, ovvero ancora il 604. La cache L2 invece venne raddoppiata diventando di 2 MB.

Tecnologie implementate
Oltre al supporto alle istruzioni MMX, SSE, SSE2 e SSE3, Irwindale ereditò da Nocona anche la capacità di elaborare codice a 64 bit grazie alle istruzioni EM64T e integrava la tecnologia di protezione XD-bit, oltre ovviamente all'ormai storica implementazione dell'Hyper-Threading.

Venne però integrata anche la tecnologia di risparmio energetico SpeedStep, abbinata alla nuova Demand Based Switching (DBS), che consentiva di variare dinamicamente i parametri di funzionamento del processore in funzione del carico di lavoro istantaneo, così da ridurre a sua volta il consumo complessivo che nella nuova CPU era solo leggermente superiore a quello del predecessore Nocona attestandosi sui 110 W.

Chipset supportati
Al momento dell'introduzione, il 15 febbraio 2005, Irwindale era accompagnato dai chipset iE7520 e iE7525, insieme ai quali costituiva la piattaforma Lindenhurst.

Il taglio dei prezzi per facilitare il passaggio
Il 13 settembre 2005 Intel praticò un taglio dei prezzi per i vari modelli di processore Irwindale: le varie versioni (3,6 GHz, 3,4 GHz, 3,2 GHz e 3 GHz) scesero rispettivamente a 690 $, 455 $, 316 $ e 256 $. Questa mossa servì ad Intel per preparare il terreno per il modello a 3,8 GHz, uscito pochi giorni dopo, il 26 settembre e, successivamente, l'unico esemplare di Paxville DP, il primo Xeon DP dual core presentato l'11 ottobre 2005, che però non fu un reale successore di Irwindale dato che, essendone stato presentato un solo modello, questo venne affiancato alle varianti di Irwindale.

Irwindale a voltaggio ridotto
In concomitanza con l'uscita sul mercato del modello a 3,8 GHz il 26 settembre 2005, Intel presentò 2 modelli di Irwindale a voltaggio ridotto. Si trattava del modello a 3,2 GHz MV (Medium Voltage) e quello a 3 GHz LV (Low Voltage), rispettivamente con voltaggio di alimentazione, "medio" e "basso".

Prezzi dei vari modelli al lancio
Di seguito i prezzi dei primi modelli arrivati sul mercato:
 Xeon DP 3,6 GHz - 851 $
 Xeon DP 3,4 GHz - 690 $
 Xeon DP 3,2 GHz - 455 $
 Xeon DP 3 GHz - 316 $
 Xeon DP 2,8 GHz - 209 $
Le versioni a voltaggio ridotto invece avevano i seguenti prezzi:
 Xeon DP 3,2 GHz MV - 487 $
 Xeon DP 3 GHz LV - 519 $

Modelli arrivati sul mercato
La tabella seguente mostra i modelli di Xeon, basati sul core Irwindale, arrivati sul mercato. Molti di questi condividono caratteristiche comuni pur essendo basati su diversi core; per questo motivo, allo scopo di rendere maggiormente evidente tali affinità e "alleggerire" la visualizzazione alcune colonne mostrano un valore comune a più righe. Di seguito anche una legenda dei termini (alcuni abbreviati) usati per l'intestazione delle colonne:
 Nome Commerciale: si intende il nome con cui è stato immesso in commercio quel particolare esemplare.
 Data: si intende la data di immissione sul mercato di quel particolare esemplare.
 Socket: lo zoccolo della scheda madre in cui viene inserito il processore. In questo caso il numero rappresenta oltre al nome anche il numero dei pin di contatto.
 N°Core: si intende il numero di core montati sul package: 1 se "single core" o 2 se "dual core".
 Clock: la frequenza di funzionamento del processore.
 Molt.: sta per "Moltiplicatore" ovvero il fattore di moltiplicazione per il quale bisogna moltiplicare la frequenza di bus per ottenere la frequenza del processore.
 Pr.Prod.: sta per "Processo produttivo" e indica tipicamente la dimensione dei gate dei transistor (180 nm, 130 nm, 90 nm) e il numero di transistor integrati nel processore espresso in milioni.
 Voltag.: sta per "Voltaggio" e indica la tensione di alimentazione del processore.
 Watt: si intende il consumo massimo di quel particolare esemplare.
 Bus: frequenza del bus di sistema.
 Cache: dimensione delle cache di 1º e 2º livello.
 XD: sta per "XD-bit" e indica l'implementazione della tecnologia di sicurezza che evita l'esecuzione di codice malevolo sul computer.
 64: sta per "EM64T" e indica l'implementazione della tecnologia a 64 bit di Intel.
 HT: sta per "Hyper-Threading" e indica l'implementazione della esclusiva tecnologia Intel che consente al sistema operativo di vedere 2 core logici.
 ST: sta per "SpeedStep Technology" ovvero la tecnologia di risparmio energetico sviluppata da Intel e inserita negli ultimi Pentium 4 Prescott serie 6xx per contenere il consumo massimo.
 VT: sta per "Vanderpool Technology", la tecnologia di virtualizzazione che rende possibile l'esecuzione simultanea di più sistemi operativi differenti contemporaneamente.

Nota: la tabella soprastante è un estratto di quella completa contenuta nella pagina dello Xeon.

Il successore
Come detto, poco dopo il lancio di Irwindale Intel decise di proporre anche una versione dual core per i sistemi biprocessore, chiamata con il nome in codice di Paxville DP e che era a tutti gli effetti una rimarchiatura del core Paxville destinato invece ai sistemi multiprocessore. Paxville DP non fu il vero successore di Irwindale, dato che entrambi continuarono a coesistere sul mercato per diverso tempo.

Il successore di Irwindale venne presentato a maggio 2006 e si trattava di Dempsey, ovvero il primo Xeon DP dual core, disponibile per tutte le fasi di mercato (di Paxville DP, come detto, esisteva un unico esemplare ed era quindi una "soluzione di passaggio" destinata a durare molto poco sui mercati, ed indirizzata da Intel solo agli utenti più esigenti). A marzo 2006 venne presentata anche una particolare versione di processore Xeon DP, basata però non sull'architettura NetBurst ma su quella del Core Duo Yonah e indicata come Sossaman; essa era pensata per l'utilizzo in server di ridotte dimensioni dove fosse importante contenere i consumi.

Voci correlate
 Elenco dei processori Intel

Microprocessori Intel
Architettura x86

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Francisco Javier Calzada Vázquez (born 4 October 1967) is a Mexican politician from the Party of the Democratic Revolution. From 2006 to 2009 he served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Zacatecas.

References

1967 births
Living people
Politicians from Zacatecas
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Party of the Democratic Revolution politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians


text:
A bitter pill
by Carmel Rickard
Patients who lost money by investing in their doctor's financial scheme will not get justice from the health professions council; at this stage at least, the case is beyond its jurisdiction
Suppose a doctor were to give financial advice to patients, suggesting that they invest in his company at a time when secretly he knew it was in a parlous state. Would this be an infringement of the discipline of the Health Professions Council of SA (HPCSA)? A recent case suggests not.
Dr David Grieve, whose "investment advice" to many patients caused them significant losses, has just won a case testing whether he can be disciplined by the HPCSA. He was to face allegations of unprofessional conduct in that he "brought the good name of his profession into disrepute" by persuading patients or former patients "to invest in a company in which he was a director whilst he knew … the company was in financial distress".
Malawi's courts will intervene, even in party political disputes – judge
31 January 2019 1 February 2019
As election fever hots up in Malawi, a high court judge has reminded political parties of something many would rather forget: that under certain circumstances the judiciary is obliged to hear and decide party disputes. It could not be denied that courts had jurisdiction over 'political disputes' raising issues of a judicial nature, the judge said. And, where appropriate, for example if a party breached its own constitution or acted arbitrarily, judges had to "do their duty" and hear such cases. The reminder came in a case involving contested primaries for the Malawi Congress Party.
Villagers' water pollution case should be heard in UK not Zambia, court hears
A major case on the environmental and human rights of villagers in Zambia was heard in the English courts over two days this week. The appeal concerns the question of where villagers, suing over the pollution of their water via mining action, may bring their dispute. They want the case heard in the UK while Vedanta, the parent company they are targeting, says the "natural forum" for the matter would be Zambia. If the English Supreme Court gives the go-ahead for the case to be heard in the UK, it will have a major impact on many other environmental cases and be a significant step in the development of environmental law, making it easier to hold international parent companies responsible for the actions of their subsidiaries.
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Preserve your independence, court urges Namibia's election commission 19 July 2020
African Court tells Tanzania: your constitution violates basic rights 16 July 2020
Government's 'contempt' raised in challenge to Tanzania's bail-ban laws 22 May 2020
Malawi appeal court judges set new election standards 22 May 2020
What orders did the court issue in the case brought by the family of Collins Khosa? 16 May 2020
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Buying or selling a home is often the single biggest financial decision people make in their lives. Whether you are a first-time homebuyer, are looking for a second home, or need to sell property, you will likely hire a real estate agent for assistance. In fact, according to the National Association of Realtors, about 87% of homebuyers used a real estate agent's services in 2015, up from about 69% in 2001.
But what happens if your relationship with the agent sours? How do you protect yourself? What steps should you take to ensure that your interests are protected?
While the answers to these questions differ depending on your circumstances, needs, and desires, it is essential to know how to deal with potential problems with your real estate agent. To understand your options, you first need a solid grasp of the relationship between real estate agents and their clients.
Whenever someone hires a real estate agent to buy or sell property on his or her behalf, he or she enters into a special kind of legal relationship known as a principal-agent relationship, or the "agency relationship." This relationship imposes on real estate agents a heightened legal duty to act on behalf of the client (known as a "principal"), requiring the agent to act in specific ways.
In everyday situations, people can deal with one another at arm's length, and are under no legal obligation to protect someone else's interests. For example, if you want to buy a used car from someone because you believe it is more valuable than the seller believes it to be, you are not under any legal obligation to disclose your beliefs or to try to protect the seller in any way. Similarly, the seller is free to choose any desired price, and doesn't have to sell at all if he or she does not want to.
Loyalty. Agents cannot act solely to better themselves, and must act to protect your needs and interests. For example, a real estate investor might try to persuade a seller to sell at a low price so the investor can then later sell a property at a much higher price. Agents cannot do this. If you hire a real estate agent, that agent cannot try to persuade you to sell your property to the agent's friend so that the friend can quickly flip the house at a much higher price. Agents have an obligation to protect your interests and to not use their position solely to better their interests, nor the interests of their friends, co-agents, or business partners.
Confidentiality. The principal-agent relationship is one in which the agent typically learns sensitive information about the principal, such as personal financial details. Agents have an obligation to keep such information confidential, not revealing any potentially damaging details. For example, if you hire an agent to sell your home, your agent cannot tell a buyer's agent that you are under strong pressure to sell the home because you have recently lost your job and are willing to accept a price that is substantially below the home's market value.
Obedience. Agents work on the principal's behalf and are obligated to follow all instructions or wishes. So, if you tell your agent you want to list your home for $500,000, but are willing to accept any offers of $450,000 or more, your agent can sell your home for you only if a buyer makes an offer in your specified range. In general, your agent has to do what you say unless your instructions violate the terms of a contractual relationship you have with the agent (or otherwise violate the law). For example, the Fair Housing Act is a federal law that prohibits certain types of discrimination when people buy or sell homes. Under this law, homeowners are not allowed to refuse to sell a home to someone based solely on specific factors, such as race, religion, family status, or disability. So, if you hire an agent to sell your home and tell that agent not to sell to people with children, your agent does not have to follow your instructions, and the refusal to follow those instructions does not violate the agent's duty of obedience. Otherwise, agents have to follow your instructions during the course of the relationship.
Candor/Disclosure. Agents must be candid and disclose to you information that furthers your interests. Also, agents cannot use their experience, knowledge, or insights to your detriment. For example, agents cannot keep secret the identity of potential buyers, nor can they keep negative information about the property from buyers in an attempt to make a sale and earn a commission.
Competency, Care, and Diligence. Agents have to be competent, and must act with care and diligence when representing your interests. For example, an agent must understand the details of any transaction and be able to communicate those details to you so that you can understand them. It also means that if the agent is not competent in any aspect of a transaction, such as negotiating the purchase of a commercial property when the agent only has experience dealing with residential property, the agent has a responsibility to inform you of this and assist you in securing the services of someone who is qualified.
Accounting. Agents often buy or sell property on your behalf. They might also manage your assets or money during the course of representation. The accounting duty requires agents to tell you exactly how your assets and money are used, and to provide details about any actions taken while managing your property.
If a real estate agent enters into a fiduciary relationship with you and subsequently violates any of the associated duties, he or she can face substantial penalties. Though the type of penalty differs depending on the circumstances of each situation, a real estate agent who violates these duties can be denied a commission from the transaction, be forced to compensate you for any damages arising from the breach of duty, face real estate license restrictions or revocations, or even face criminal charges.
The terminology surrounding real estate agents, brokers, and Realtors can be confusing. Real estate agents and real estate brokers are similar types of licensed real estate professionals, but they are not identical. To buy or sell real estate on behalf of others, a person must receive an appropriate license from a state governing or licensing body. A real estate agent's license is the entry-level license that most states require for real estate professionals. This license allows the licensee to act as a real estate salesperson, but only on the condition that the agent works under a licensed broker or as part of a brokerage run by a licensed broker.
A real estate broker, on the other hand, is someone who holds a more advanced real estate license. Like an agent, a real estate broker can buy and sell property on behalf of clients, but can do so independently and without working under the supervision of another real estate broker. Brokers can also employ other real estate agents to work for them, or create a real estate brokerage, while those who only possess a real estate agent's license cannot.
Some states do not use the terms "agent" and "broker" to distinguish between different types of licensed real estate professions. For example, in Oregon, a "real estate broker" is the title given to those who would be called agents in many other states, while a "principal real estate broker" is the title given to those who would simply be known as real estate brokers in other states.
Furthermore, the term "Realtor" (also stylized as "REALTOR") is a trademarked term that applies to real estate agents or other professionals who are members of the National Association of Realtors (NAR). The NAR is a trade organization comprised of people who work in the real estate industry, and not a state or federal real estate licensing body. As such, the term Realtor can apply to anyone the NAR allows to use it.
Anyone who wants to act as a real estate agent or broker must first be licensed to do so by a state licensing body. While you do not have to be a licensed real estate agent if you are buying property for yourself or selling property you own, you do have to possess a license to buy or sell real estate for others for a fee or for profit. So, in order for someone to act as a real estate agent for someone else, that person has to have a real estate license.
Education. Before becoming a real estate agent or broker, a candidate must complete some minimum educational requirements. These differ by state, but typically require applicants to have at least a high school diploma. Applicants must also take some college-level real estate-specific classes, such as real estate law, finance, or specific real estate practices courses. Furthermore, anyone who receives a license must participate in ongoing education every year to keep the license active.
Examination. Would-be agents must take and pass a real estate examination. The exam tests the applicant's knowledge of real estate principles, laws, agent responsibilities, and similar topics.
Age. Real estate agents must be at least 18 years old.
Criminal Background Check. Typically, real estate agents must pass a criminal background check. Anyone convicted of a crime can be denied a license.
Beyond the requirements for becoming an agent, anyone wishing to become a broker must meet additional qualifications, including additional education, proven work experience as a real estate agent, and the successful passing of a real estate broker examination.
A buyer's agent is a real estate agent who helps a buyer find a home or property to purchase, while a seller's agent is an agent who helps someone sell their home or property. Typically, real estate agents offer their services for both types of transactions.
When the buyer's agent and sellers's agent complete a sale, they typically receive their payment as a commission or fee based on the price of the property sold. Buyer's agents and seller's agents often agree to split the fee according to a predetermined arrangement, such as a 50-50 split of a 6% commission on the final sale price of a home. This fee is usually divided between the brokerages for which each individual agent works, and the brokerages pay the agent.
When you hire a real estate agent or broker, that person is responsible for protecting your interests. (For the purposes of principal-agent relationships, a real estate broker and the agents who work for that broker are effectively the same person.) So, if a broker represents both the buyer and the seller in a transaction, that broker – and the broker's agents – have to protect the interests of both parties in the same transaction. This can be a complicated relationship to manage for all parties involved.
Dual agency representation, like all real estate issues, is governed by state rules, and those rules can vary from state to state. But in general, dual agency is only possible if the agent makes full disclosure of the relationship to all parties involved. Also, the agent must receive the express consent of each principal or would-be principal before serving as a dual agent. If the agent or brokerage does not make a full disclosure of the dual agency relationship, or does not receive the consent of all parties, the agent may be violating fiduciary duties.
If you wish to use the services of an agent to purchase new property or sell property you own, you'll typically enter into a contractual agreement with the agent you choose and the agent's brokerage. The contract lists specific terms about the nature of the relationship to which you and your agent agree.
Real estate agent contracts come in many forms, but they all contain essential elements – typically called "clauses" – that determine what you and your agent can do, cannot do, must do, and must not do during the course of the relationship – and sometimes after it ends. Each clause or section of a contract addresses a specific issue, such as the names of the parties (the agent and the principal) and how long the contract lasts, among other key pieces of information.
Unless there are significant problems with how the contract was drafted or the circumstances under which the contract was entered into, real estate agent contracts are legally enforceable documents. This means that if a court becomes involved, the court will apply the terms of the contract to any dispute.
Contracts contain multiple types of clauses, but the following are some of the most common.
Exclusive Right to Sell. If an agent has an exclusive right to sell a property, that agent (or the brokerage) receives the commission (payment) when that property sells. The agent receives payment even if the agent's actions do not directly lead to the sale of the property.
Exclusive Agency. In an exclusive agency agreement, the agent has the exclusive right to list or market the home, but does not have the exclusive right to sell it. So, if the homeowner finds a seller independently, the agent does not earn a commission.
Open Listing. Open listings are very similar to exclusive agency listings, wherein the owner is obligated to pay the agent a commission only if the agent's actions result in the sale. If anyone other than the agent is responsible for finding a buyer, the agent is not entitled to receive a commission. However, in an open listing, the property owner may use multiple agents and brokerages instead of a single brokerage.
When a real estate agent is hired to help a buyer purchase property, the contract includes terms that state what the agent is allowed to do and what the buyer's obligations are.
Exclusive. Many (if not most) buyer contracts are exclusive, meaning the agent acts as the buyer's sole agent. These contracts also guarantee that the agent receives a commission even if the buyer finds a property without the broker's assistance, such as buying a home directly from a builder.
Nonexclusive. A nonexclusive contract allows the buyer to utilize the services of multiple agents or brokerages to help find the right property. If the agent assists the buyer in finding a property, the buyer has an obligation to pay the brokerage. In either the exclusive or nonexclusive contract, the buyer's obligation to pay the brokerage is removed if the buyer's agent receives payment from the sale as part of an agreement with the seller's agent (such as when agents split a percent of the home's value as a commission).
Nonexclusive, Not-for-Compensation. Like a nonexclusive buyer's contract, the nonexclusive, not-for-compensation contract allows the buyer to use multiple agents or brokerages. However, the contract also says that the buyer does not owe the broker any compensation.
The responsibilities a seller's agent has may be contained in one or more clauses, but typically include such actions as listing the property in an MLS (multiple listing service), marketing the property in publications, or negotiating, making, and accepting offers on the seller's behalf. These contracts also include the price at which the agent agrees to list the house.
The contract states how long the principal-agent relationship exists. Typical agreements range from six to nine months, but shorter and longer durations are possible.
One of the most important clauses in any real estate agent contract is the commission, fee, or payment clause. These clauses state how much the agent is paid for services rendered. Agent payment clauses typically state that the agent is entitled to either a flat fee or a commission upon the completion of the transaction, known as "closing." A flat-fee is a specific amount of money, while a commission is a percentage of the property's final sale price.
Additional fees or conditions are also sometimes used. For example, a contract may include a clause that provides the agent with a higher fee if the agent sells the home for the full initial listing price within 30 days. Cash bonuses or other agent incentives can also be included. Also, because seller and buyer agents often split the same commission on any sale, the contract may include terms regarding how much the seller's agent agrees to give the buyer's agent.
The fee or commission protection period clause – sometimes referred to as the "tail clause" – states that the seller's agent is entitled to receive a commission or fee, even after the contract term has expired, if the sale results from a buyer the agent had originally introduced to the seller. For example, if an agent introduces a potential buyer to the seller in June and the agent's contract expires in July, this clause allows the agent to get paid if that same buyer decides to purchase the home in August.
This clause may require the agent to provide the seller a written list of potential buyers the agent introduced to the seller. If any of those potential buyers end up purchasing the property within the time-frame established in the fee protection period clause, the agent is entitled to receive the agreed-upon fee or commission.
In addition to the commission clause, a real estate contract may include an agent lien clause. Lien clauses allow the agent to place a lien against the property if the seller fails to pay the agent's fee or commission.
A lien is legal notice attached to the title of the property stating that the property owner owes money and has yet to pay. Therefore, in order to sell the home, the property owner must first clear the lien by paying the amount owed to the agent. Some states, such as Florida, may refuse to allow a real estate agent to obtain a lien against a property for the purpose of obtaining a commission unless the agent contract expressly permits the agent to do so.
Many real estate brokerage contracts include a fee for administrative (or other) services. This clause states the amount of the fee and the date by which it must be paid.
The separation or termination clause, sometimes called an "opt-out clause," addresses when and how you or your agent can terminate the contract or end the relationship. For example, the clause may state that the relationship can be terminated at any time upon the mutual consent of both parties.
Seller contracts typically require the seller to make guarantees or statements to the agent. For example, the seller must state that the seller is the property owner and has told the agent about any possible interests that others may have in the property, such as liens or a mortgage against it.
Some contracts include a dispute resolution clause, also known as arbitration or mediation clauses. These clauses require you and your agent to first participate in a mediation or arbitration process before taking any dispute to court. The mediation or arbitration clause typically states which process is required should a dispute arise, and identifies who is responsible for paying for the process.
Mediation and arbitration are ways disputing parties can resolve their disagreement without going to court (litigation). Both processes require the disputing parties to visit with a third party in an attempt to resolve the dispute. In mediation, the third party is a mediator whose aim is to get the two sides to come to an agreement. In arbitration, the third party is an arbitrator who effectively acts as a private judge, ultimately issuing a ruling on how the dispute is to be resolved.
Contracts can contain clauses that either explicitly allow or disallow an agent to act as representative for both the buyer and seller.
This clause states whether you can terminate the contract if the agent leaves the brokerage, or if you are obliged to remain with the brokerage if the agent you originally used leaves or is fired.
Even if you have already signed a real estate agent contract, it can be worthwhile to understand that negotiating contract terms is something you can (and usually should) do. The collection of terms and clauses contained within the contract presented to you are simply an offer that you are free to reject or accept outright, or accept upon conditions or changes.
For example, say you want to sell a home, and an agent presents you with a contract stating that he or she (or his or her agency) has the exclusive right to list and sell your home. Assuming your home sells, this clause would give the agent a guaranteed commission, even if the agent or agency had nothing to do with finding the buyer. Therefore, negotiating a nonexclusive agency agreement may be in your best interests, and may give the agent added incentive to find a buyer, as commission isn't guaranteed.
Say you've signed a contract with a real estate agent to buy or sell a property, but a problem arises and you're unhappy with your agent. What can you do? What should you do? While there is no single answer, there are numerous options.
Any relationship you have with a real estate agent or broker is likely governed by the terms of the contract into which you both entered. Always review the terms of this contract before you decide to take any actions on your problem. In some instances, the contract explicitly states what must occur in specific situations, such as requiring dispute resolution before you can file a lawsuit.
In many situations, a conversation can go a long way toward resolving a conflict. For example, you may fully understand what the agent is doing on your behalf, and simply need more information to be satisfied. The agent may very well be working as intended, but a lack of communication or understanding on either side can obscure those efforts and lead to confusion or conflict.
Even a brief conversation or email can be effective in clearing up minor disagreements or problems. When you talk to your agent, be clear about your concerns and what you want to make the situation right. If you have questions, write them down in advance and request an explanation.
If you are satisfied, the problem is resolved. If not, you and the agent may decide to mutually end the relationship.
It's important to note that some real estate contracts require you to speak to your agent about any problems. The clause may also give the agent the right to remedy the situation in a reasonable, or specified, amount of time. If you try to end the relationship before giving the agent the chance to remedy the issue, you could be creating an additional problem.
If a conversation with your agent does not produce answers or provide a solution, you may be able to resolve the problem by speaking to the agent's boss: the broker. Like the agents who work for them, brokers are responsible for ensuring that your needs are protected. Moreover, having satisfied clients is typically good business, and brokers have an incentive to ensure that clients are happy.
Brokers often try to resolve problems amiably with clients, even to the extent of voluntarily ending the contractual relationship when not required. In some situations a broker may agree to assign a different agent to you, amend the terms of your contract, or make other concessions in an effort to ensure that you are pleased with the brokerage's services.
Regardless of the nature of your disagreement or problem with your agent, you're always on better ground when you have specific, objective evidence on your side. Whether your dispute arises out of contract terms, something your agent has done or said, or anything else, having evidence that supports your concerns leaves you with better options.
Even if you do not anticipate any problems with your agent, it's always best to have key communications in writing. Communicating through email and written documents that you can keep in your possession gives you a trail of evidence you can later use if a problem arises.
However, much of the real estate process occurs person-to-person, and conversations you have with your agent are rarely written down. In situations where you and your agent discuss important details about your relationship, it can be helpful to follow up this verbal conversation with a written document. For example, if you and your agent negotiate a commission percentage, following up the conversation with an email stating the agreed-upon commission is an easy way to create a record.
In addition to written communication, protecting yourself by recording phone calls or conversations is also possible. However, there are significant limitations on whether you can record phone calls or person-to-person conversations, and these limitations differ by state.
Recording When You Are a Part of the Call or Conversation. There are two ways that state laws treat recording phone calls: unilateral consent and two-party consent. Unilateral consent requires that at least one person in a conversation give consent to the conversation being recorded. In a two-party consent state, all parties present in a conversation must consent to its recording. So, if you live in any of the unilateral consent states, you can record any conversation of which you are a part without asking anyone else's permission. If you live in a two-party consent state, you must have everyone's permission to record the conversation. (Organizations such as the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press keep track of state recording laws, but you should always talk to a lawyer to be sure which laws apply to you.) The law regarding recording phone calls that take place between people in different states is somewhat more complicated. While federal law allows for unilateral consent, and you may not violate any federal laws when recording cross-state conversations, you may be violating state laws if one party lives in a state requiring two-party consent.
Recording When You Are a Not a Part of the Call or Conversation. The laws about recording when you are not a party to a conversation or phone call are much more restrictive. Generally, you cannot record conversations of which you are not a part. However, you can record such conversations if you have the requisite consent needed under state or federal law. So, if a conversation takes place of which you are not a part, but you are in a unilateral-consent state and have the consent of one of the conversation's participants, you can record the conversation.
Talking to a Lawyer. Because there are potentially serious consequences to recording conversations or phone calls illegally, and because the laws differ significantly depending upon where you are, talking to an attorney in your state before you decide to make any recordings is always a good idea.
Regardless of whether you talk to the agent or broker, you may simply want to end the principal-agent relationship. In this situation, consult your contract and read any clauses that address separation or early termination of the relationship. If the contract allows you to end your connection to the agent, you can do so.
On the other hand, if you still want to end the relationship and do not believe you can do so under the terms of the contract, the agent or brokerage has to have breached at least one of the terms of the contract before you can terminate it unilaterally. Talking to an attorney about whether you have the evidence to support a breach of contract situation, or whether the agent's actions are enough to breach the contract, is advisable.
If you feel that your brokerage or agent has mistreated you, violated their fiduciary duty, or has done something you believe to be unethical or illegal, you can file a complaint with the state real estate licensing agency. Each state has its own licensing body, and each has its own method though which you can file a complaint. Once you file a complaint you may be asked to provide evidence or speak to an investigator about your claim.
If an agent is found by the state licensing agency to have violated duties or responsibilities, the agent can face sanctions, such as suspensions and even revocations of the agent's license. You can find the appropriate agency by searching the Internet for state-specific real estate licensing organizations.
If your agent or broker is a member of the National Association of Realtors, you can also file a complaint with the local board of Realtors. Like the state governing bodies that license real estate professionals, the NAR has standards with which its Realtors must comply, though it cannot suspend or revoke an agent's real estate license.
Some agent actions, and even agent violations of a fiduciary duty, can rise to the level of criminal activity. While you cannot predict how law enforcement agencies are going to proceed after you make a criminal complaint, you can always report suspected crimes to authorities.
When dealing with a real estate agent, it may be a good idea to report a suspected crime to both a local law enforcement agency, as well as a state-level agency. Local police may be less likely to investigate some matters, such as a criminal violation of a fiduciary duty, than a state agency that looks at real estate or fiduciary-related crimes.
For example, your state may have an agency that investigates consumer complaints that might arise out of real estate transactions. You may need to contact your state's Attorney General's Office about who to talk to about your concerns.
In a situation where you believe your agent's or broker's actions have caused you harm, resulted in lost money, or have otherwise affected your interests or your life in a significant way, you should talk to a lawyer about your options as soon as possible. Similarly, even if you just need advice about your interaction with an agent, an experienced real estate attorney is the best person to speak to.
Not all disputes with an agent have a possible legal solution, and not all solutions are financially justified. However, without talking to a lawyer, you may have no way to know what options are available.
For example, your real estate agent contract may include a mediation or arbitration clause that requires you to resolve your dispute through a third-party mediator. Should you try to initiate litigation first, your real estate agent might be able to dismiss your suit on the grounds that you breached the mediation clause. On the other hand, if your agent and broker do not allow you out of your agreement or have engaged in an action that has harmed your interests, your only option may be to sue them to recover damages. In either situation, an attorney can explain to you what you can or cannot do.
While speaking to a real estate attorney may not be something you want to do, some are willing to speak to you without charging a consultation fee. If you are unsure of whom to talk to about your situation, you may be able to find a suitable attorney by calling a state Bar Association attorney referral service.
Problems with your real estate agent are never ideal, but you shouldn't let the prospect of a conflict stop you from acting. Whether your issue arises with the buying or selling of a home, or with your agent or with someone else's, protecting yourself may require action to fully protect your interests. Furthermore, if the real estate agent or brokerage has harmed you, you may not be the only one – deciding to act may help others who have been similarly harmed.
Have you ever been mistreated by a real estate agent?


text:
Changes in Income Tax Act - Budget 18
NEW PROVISIONS
Other than Corporate/Business
Sec 16: -
This section provides for deduction from income chargeable to tax under the head Salaries. A new clause (ia) is inserted which provides for Standard Deduction of Rs. 40K subject to the amount of salary as deduction.
Transport allowance and reimbursement of medical expenses is proposed to be withdrawn. Transport allowance for differently abled person will continue.
Sec 10(12A): -
This section provides for exemption on partial withdrawal from NPS. The existing benefit is extended to non-employees also.
Sec 80TTA: -
This section provides for deduction of interest on savings bank account. It is provided that deduction the section is not available to persons covered U/S 80TTB.
Sec 80TTB: -
Deduction of interest on deposit with banking company/ Co-operative Society engaged in banking business / Post Office of up to Rs. 50,000/- allowed to Senior Citizen.
Sec 194A: -
This section provides for deduction of tax at source on interest other than interest on securities. It is proposed to provide that in case of senior citizen TDS is applicable on interest in excess of fifty thousand rupees
Sec 80D:
Individual: -
Amount paid on account of
Rs. 30,000/-
medical expenditure on health
of assessee or any member of
family in aggregate (A)
of any parent of the assessee (B)
Aggregate amount of Health
Insurance Premium and total of
of very senior citizen not
of senior citizen not covered by
covered by Health Insurance
Medical Insurance Premium on
the health of Senior Citizen /
the health of Senior Citizen
Very Senior Citizen
HUF: -
medical expenditure incurred
on the health of any member of
the Hindu undivided family
Aggregate of Health Insurance
Premium and
Premium and expenditure
mentioned above
Premium on
Health Insurance Premium on
the health of member who is a
Senior Citizen/Very Senior
It is further provides that where the health premium paid for more than one year proportionate amount should be considered for deduction.
Sec 80DDB: -
Amount actually paid for
medical treatment of specified
disease or ailment of
assessee/dependent/any
member of HUF who is a senior
member of HUF who is a
Sec 115JC: -
This section provides for levy of tax on adjusted total income in case of other than company. It is proposed to amend the said section so as to provide that for the assessee being a person which, is a unit located in an International Financial Service Centre and derives its income solely in convertible foreign exchange, the rate of tax shall be nine per cent.
Corporates /Business
Sec 36(1): -
This section provides for deduction from the income chargeable U/S 28. A new clause (xviii) is inserted to provide that marked to market loss or other expected loss computed in accordance with ICDS notified U/S 145(2) be allowed as deduction. (W E F 01-04-2017)
Further no deduction will be allowed in respect of marked to market loss or expected loss except as mentioned above (Sec 40A (13)) (W E F 01-04-2017)
This section provides for definition of Speculative Transaction. A new proviso is inserted which provides (for clause (e) of the first proviso) that for trading in agricultural commodity derivatives which are not subject to CTT is not a speculative transaction.
Sec 43AA: -
A new section is inserted to provide for treatment of income or loss arising out of change in foreign exchange rates of foreign currency transactions be computed with reference to ICDS notified U/S 145(2).
Sec 43CA: -
This section for determination amount of consideration in case transfer of stock in trade being building, land or both for consideration less than value adopted or assessed or assessable for payment of stamp duty. A new proviso is inserted which provides for adoption of actual consideration received or accruing as a result of transfer for stamp duty value in case where such value does not exceed 105% of actual consideration.
Further adoption of stamp duty value on the date of agreement as per Sec 43CA (3) will apply only in case where the amount of consideration or part thereof is received way of account payee cheque or account payee draft or ECS through bank account.
Sec 43CB: -
A new section inserted to provide for computation of income arising from Construction Contract or a Contract for providing services as per percentage of completion method as per ICDS notified U/S 145(2).
Profits and gains arising from a contract for providing services with duration of not more than ninety days shall be determined on the basis of project completion method and in case of services involving indeterminate number of acts over a specific period of time shall be determined on the basis of straight line method.
It provides further contract revenue shall include retention money and contract cost should not be reduced by income in the nature of interest, dividends, capital gains. (W E F 01/04/2017)
Sec 44AE: -
This section provides for computation of income from transportation business on presumptive basis. It is proposed to compute presumptive income @ Rs. 1000/- per ton per month or part thereof in case of heavy goods vehicle or higher amount actually earned whichever is higher.
In case other than heavy goods vehicle an amount of Rs. 7500/- per month or part of the month or higher amount actually earned whichever is higher.
This section provides for Cost of Acquisition of Capital Asset. A new subsection (9) is inserted which provides that cost of acquisition in case where inventory is converted in to Capital Asset shall be the FMV on the date conversion determined in prescribed manner.
Sec 50C: -
This section provides determination of consideration in case transfer of Capital Asset, being land, building or both for a consideration less than value adopted or assessed or assessable for payment of stamp duty.
A new proviso is inserted which provides for adoption of actual consideration received or accruing as a result of transfer for stamp duty value in case where such value does not exceed 105% of actual consideration.
Sec 54EC: -
This provision provides for exemption from LTCG. It is amended to provide for that the exemption under this section is available to gains from transfer of Long-Term Capital Asset, being land or building or both.
The section further amended to provide for investment in any bonds redeemable after five years issued on after 01/04/2018 of NHAI/REC/ Bond notified in this behalf.
This section provides for chargeability of income under the head other sources. A new sub-clause inserted in Sec 56(2)(X) where in it is provided that income is chargeable under this clause in case the difference between Stamp Duty Value and consideration is more than highest of Rs. 50K or 5% of actual consideration.
It is further provided that transaction of money or property between a wholly owned subsidiary and its holding company is not subject to tax U/S 56.
This section impose restriction on carry forward and set off losses in case of change in shareholding more than 51%.
It is proposed to amend to provide that any change in shareholding in case of company whose resolution plan has been approved under IBC, 2016 is not subject to Sec 79.
Sec 80AC: -
Any deduction U/S 80-IA/80-IAB/80-IB/80-IC/80-ID/80-IE be admissible for the period 01/04/2006 before 01/04/2018 only when the return of income for such assessment year is filed on or before the due date specified U/S 139(1).
It is further provided that deduction under the heading C- Deduction in respect of certain incomes under Chapter VIA be allowed in relation to assessment year commencing on or after 01/04/2018 be allowed only if the return of income is filed within the due date specified U/S 139(1)
Sec 80-IAC: -
This section for deduction in case of eligible start up. It is proposed to amend the term eligible business by providing that business carried on eligible start up engaged in innovation, development or improvement of product or processes or services or a scalable business model with high potential of employment generation or wealth creation.
It further provides that Eligible Start- up means a company or LLP engaged in eligible business incorporated on or after 01/04/2016 but before 01/04/2021.
Sec 80JJAA: -
This section provides for deduction on additional wages paid. It is provided that in case of assessee engaged in the business of manufacturing of apparel or footwear or leather products additional employee means inter-alia who has worked for 150 days during the previous year.
It further provided that an employee who has not worked for minimum period of 240 /150 days during previous year but has worked for 240/150 days in the succeeding year shall be deemed to have been employed in the succeeding year.
Sec 80PA: -
Producer Company having a total turnover of less than one hundred crore rupees in any previous year deriving profits and gains from marketing of agricultural produce grown by the members or purchase of agricultural implements, seeds, livestock or other articles intended for agriculture for the purpose of supplying them to the members or processing of agriculture produce of members be allowed a deduction of an amount equal to one hundred per cent. of the profits and gains attributable to such business for the previous year relevant to an assessment year commencing on or after the 01/04/2019 but before the 01/04/ 2025.
Sec 115BBE: -
This section provides for taxability of Income referred to in Sec 68/69/69A/69B/69C/ 69D. It is provided that no deduction in respect of any expenditure or allowance or set off of any loss shall be allowed to the assessee under any provision of this Act in computing his income declared by the assessee in the return of income as well as income determined by the AO under the above-mentioned sections. (W E F 01/04/2017
Sec 115JB: -
This section for taxability of book profit. A new clause (iih) is inserted which provides that the aggregate amount of unabsorbed depreciation and brought forward loss (excluding depreciation) of a company of a company against whom an application for corporate insolvency resolution process has been admitted by the Adjudicating Authority under section 7 or section 9 or section 10 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 be reduced while computing book profits.
Sec 115R: -
This section provides for levy of additional tax on distribution of income. It is proposed to amend the said section so as to provide that where any income is distributed to any person by an equity-oriented fund, the fund shall be liable to pay additional income-tax at the rate of ten per cent. on income so distributed.
Non-Resident and Cross Border
Sec 9(1): -
This section provides income deemed to accrue or arise in India. Income from business connection in India is deemed to accrue or arise in India.
The existing definition of Business Connection (Sec 9(1)(i)) read with explanation 2) covers transaction carried on through agent. An amendment is proposed to the definition of Business Connection. It provides that Business Connection shall include any business activity carried through agent who habitually concludes contracts or habitually plays the principal role in concluding the contracts by non-resident subject to satisfaction of conditions mentioned there in.
The above change covers the transactions carried by physical presence of agent.
A further change is proposed to cover the transactions carried electronically which do not require physical presence of itself or any agent in India. It provides that Business Connection include significant economic presence in India.
The Significant Economic Presence in India mean download of data or software in India subject to monetary limit to be prescribed or systematic continuous solicitation of its business activities or engaging in interaction with such no. of users as may be prescribed.
Sec 10(6D): -
Section 10 provides for exclusion of income from Gross Total Income. A new sub-section 6D is inserted which provides that income arising to non-resident by way of royalty or fees for technical services rendered in or outside India to the National Technical Research Organization is not chargeable to tax.
Sec 10(48B):-
This section provides for exemption income accruing or arising by foreign company on account of left over stock of crude oil in facility in India. It is further provided that the benefit of exemption is extended to income arising on termination of agreement or arrangement.
This section for taxability of book profit. A new explanation 4A is inserted which clarifies that the provisions of this section shall not be applicable and shall be deemed never to have been applicable to an assessee, being a foreign company, where its total income comprises solely of profits and gains from business referred to in section 44B or section 44BB or section 44BBA or section 44BBB and such income has been offered to tax at the rates specified in those sections. (W E F 01/04/2001)
Sec 286: -
This section provides for furnishing of report in respect of international group. It is proposed to amend that CbCR in case of parent entity or alternative reporting entity resident in India or Constituency entity resident in India having non-resident parent entity outside India which is not required to file CbCR report in their country or territory shall file the report within 12 months from the end of reporting accounting year.(W E F 01/04/2017)
New section 145A provides that for the purpose of determining the income chargeable under the head Profits and gains of business or profession
?Inventoryshall be made at lower of actual cost or net realizable value in accordance with the income computation and disclosure standards notified under sub-section (2) of section 145;
?Valuationof purchase and sale of goods or services and of inventory shall include the amount of any tax, duty, cess or fee (by whatever name called) actually paid or incurred by the assessee to bring the goods or services to the place of its location and condition as on the date of valuation;
?Valuationof inventory being un listed securities or listed but not quoted on a recognized stock exchange with regularity from time to time, shall be valued at actual cost initially recognized in accordance with the income computation and disclosure standards notified under sub-section (2) of section 145;
?Valuationof inventory being listed security regularly quoted be valued at lower of actual cost or net realizable value in accordance with the income computation and disclosure standards notified under sub-section (2) of section 145
Sec 145B: -
Interest received by an assessee on any compensation or on enhanced compensation, as the case may be, shall be deemed to be the income of the year in which it is received.
It is further provided that claim for escalation of price in a contract or export incentives shall be deemed to be the income of the previous year in which reasonable certainty of its realization is achieved. (W E F 01/04/2017)
New Levy
This section provides for chargeability of income under the Head Profits and Gains from Business or Profession. A new clause(via) is inserted which provides for taxability of conversion of Stock in Trade into Capital Asset.
As a result, profits or gains arising from conversion of inventory in to capital assets or its treatment as capital asset shall be charged to tax as a business income. The FMV of inventory on the dated of conversion determined in the prescribed manner shall be deemed to be full value consideration.
Sec 2(24) which defines the term 'Income' is amended thereby included the receipt mentioned in Sec 28 (via).
A new sub-clause(e) is inserted in Sec 28(ii): -
Any Compensation received or receivable (Revenue or Capital) in connection with the termination of or modification of the terms and conditions of any contract relation to business is made chargeable to tax.
This section provides for chargeability of income under head other sources. A new clause (XI) is inserted to provide that compensation or other payment due to or received by any person in connection with termination of his employment or modification of terms and conditions is chargeable to tax U/S 56.
Capital gains arising from transfer of long-term capital asset being equity share in a Company or Unit of Equity Oriented Fund or Unit of Business Trust be chargeable to tax @10% of gain exceeding Rs. 1 Lakh. (W E F 01/04/2018)
Capital gain shall be computed without giving indexation benefit.
This section is not applicable in case transfer undertaken on recognized stock exchange located in IFSC where the consideration for such transfer is received or receivable in foreign currency.
Cost of acquisition in case of long-term capital asset acquired by assessee before 01/02/2018 shall be computed with reference to FMV as on 31/01/2018.
Cost of acquisition in such case shall be highest of the following: -
Actual Cost of Acquisition; (ii)Lower of the following: -
FMV of the such asset;
Full Value Consideration received or accruing as result of transfer
The provisions the Sec 112A are applicable to Domestic Companies referred to in Sec 115BA as we as FII referred to in Sec 115AD.
Sec 2(22) Deemed Dividend: -
This section provides for definition of dividend for the ITA. An explanation 2A is inserted by providing that in case of amalgamation of company the accumulated profits of the amalgamated company shall include profits, whether capitalized or not or loss of the amalgamating company as on the date of amalgamation.
This definition has impact on clause (a)/(b)/(d)/(e) of section 2(22).
It is further provided that dividend referred to Sec 2(22) (e) shall be charged to Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT) @30% - Sec 115-O
Education Cess:-
Education Cess on income-tax and Secondary and Higher Education Cess on income-tax shall be
discontinued. A new cess called Health and Education Cess shall be levied @4% of income-tax including surcharge in all cases.
Sec 10(23C): -
This section provides for exemption to various funds/ educational/medical institutions subject to
conditions. A new proviso is inserted to provide that in determining the application of income (for educational institution/medical institution) the effect of provisions of non-compliance of TDS provisions U/S 40(a)(ia) and payment more than Rs. 10k U/S 40A(3)/(3A) should also be taken into consideration.
This section provides for exemption to income of Charitable Institution. A new explanation is inserted which provides that in determining the amount of application of income the effect of provisions of non-compliance of TDS provisions U/S 40(a)(ia) and payment more than Rs. 10k U/S 40A(3)/(3A) should also be taken into consideration.
Sec 10(46): -
This section provides for exemption to specified income arising to a body or authority or Board or Trust or Commission (by whatever name called), not engaged in any commercial activity, established or constituted by or under a Central, State or Provincial Act, or constituted by the Central Government or a State Government, with the object of regulating or administering any activity for the benefit of the general public.
It is proposed to amend the said clause so as to provide such exemption to specified income arising to a class of body or authority or Board or Trust or Commission also.
This section provides that every person specified therein and who has not been allotted a permanent account number shall apply to the Assessing Officer for allotment of a permanent account number.
A new clause (v) in the said sub-section so as to provide that every person, not being an individual, which enters into a financial transaction of an amount aggregating to two lakhs fifty thousand rupees or more in a financial year shall apply for PAN.
It is further proposed to insert a new clause (vi) so as to provide that the managing director, director, partner, trustee, author, founder, karta, chief executive officer, principal officer or office bearer of the person referred to in clause (v), or any person competent to act on behalf of the person referred to in clause (v), shall also apply to the Assessing Officer for the allotment of permanent account number.
This section provides for return by whom to be verified. It is proposed to amend the said section so as to provide that where in respect of a company an application has been admitted by the Adjudicating Authority under section 7 or section 9 or section 10 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, the return shall be verified by the insolvency professional appointed by such Adjudicating Authority.
This section provides for processing of return of income after making the adjustments specified. A new proviso is inserted to provide that no adjustment under sub-clause (vi) of the said clause shall be made in respect of any return furnished for the assessment year commencing on or after the 01/04/ 2018.
This section provides for appeals to the Appellate Tribunal. It is proposed to provide that an order passed by a Commissioner (Appeals) under section 271J also appealable to the Appellate Tribunal
Sec 271FA: -
This section provides for penalty for failure to furnish statement of financial transaction or reportable
account. It is proposed to amend the said section so as to increase the penalty from one hundred rupees to five hundred rupees and from five hundred rupees to one thousand rupees, for each day of continuing default.
ANNEXURE:- Income Tax Rates for Individuals/HUF
Individual/HUF
Resident Individual/HUF
Resident Individual /HUF
(Less than 60 years of
(Age of 60 or more)
age)/HUF/AOP/BOI/AJP)
Upto 2,50,000
Rs. 2,50,000 –
5% of Total
Rs. 3,00,000-
20% of (total
Rs. 5,00,000
Rs. 10,00,000
income -
5,00,000)
Rs12,500 +
Rs10,000 +20%
1,00,000 +
of (total
30%of total
income-
income5,00,000)
Rs. 5,00,000)
Above Rs.
Rs 1,12,500 +
Rs 1,10,000+30%
Rebate of Rs. 2500/- Is available if
of (total income-
Total income
of resident
income -Rs.
individual does not exceed
10,00,000)
No change for the tax rates and Income tax slabs for Individuals/ HUF for the Asst. Year 2019-20.
Other Important Points in Tax Structure: (for Individuals & HUF)
?Surcharge
?Healthand Education Cess of 4% is to be levied on personal income tax
> Rs.50 Lakhs – 1 crore
10% of Total Income
> 1 crore
Income Tax rates for entities:
Income Tax @
Firms/LLP/Local Authority
Domestic Company up to Turnover of Rs. 250 Crores
Domestic Company Turnover > Rs. 250 Crores
Foreign Company
The Rate of Surcharge
Up to Rs. 1
Crore1 Cr to
> 10Cr
Domestic Company
Other than Domestic Company
The Health & Education cess @ 4% shall be computed on aggregate of Income tax & surcharge.
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Homepage. This page: A 1920s letterheading with a solid-tyred motor van illustration.
A. Humpherson - Removal Contractor.
Buried within a box of paperwork relating to the establishment of a garage business in 1950s' Dorset, was this piece of paper. It had been used to jot down plans for the erection of a new workshop. While that is interesting in itself, of more interest is the paper on which it was written. Dating to the 1920s, it relates to a removals firm ran by A. Humpherson, "coal and coke merchant", of 147 Markham Road, Winton, in Bournemouth.
The illustration is of a marvellous solid-tyred motor lorry, with two chaps sat within the exposed confines of the "C" shape cab. Weather protection was minimal at best for these hardy pioneer lorry drivers. The actual vehicle, with its signwriting, must have looked very eye-catching as it chugged around the roads of Bournemouth. In style it's not dissimilar to that used by Joseph May in the 1920s, an illustrated letterheading for which can be found on this page of the site.
The Markham Road property today.
147 Markham Road is still in existence, as a four-bedroom home rather than a business property (it is shown in the centre of the Streetview image below). An access path runs down the side of it, while to the left is a more modern home. Perhaps at one time a garage building was associated with number 147, acting as the base for the removals business of Mr Humpherson?
More items of paperwork relating to vintage vehicles and vehicle-related services can be found in the Motoring Collectables section. A number of letterheadings and invoices relating to removals businesses, and the vehicles they used, can be found. This page, for instance, features an illustration of a steam lorry that was used in and around Southsea, also in the 1920s.


text:
Sue Schafer is an educator and former legislator from the U.S. state of Colorado. Elected to the Colorado House of Representatives as a Democrat in 2008, Schafer represented House District 24, which encompassed the cities of Wheat Ridge, Edgewater, and Arvada, and was redrawn in 2011 to encompass Wheat Ridge, Edgewater and Golden.

Biography
Born in Portland, Maine, Schafer holds a bachelor's degree in secondary education from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, a master's degree in counseling from the University of Colorado at Boulder and a doctorate in education from the University of Northern Colorado. She also holds a principal's license from Colorado State University.

She has taught social studies and French in Denver public schools, worked as a counselor in Omaha Public Schools and at Skagit Valley Community College in Mt. Vernon, Washington, and spent two decades as the curriculum director and accreditation manager for the Colorado Department of Education. She has served on the Executive Board of the Colorado High School Activities Association, won the Contribution Award from the Colorado Congress of Foreign Language Teachers, and the Distinguished Service Award from the Colorado Art Education Association. Most recently, Schafer has worked as an educational consultant for low-performing schools.

Schafer has been a member of the Wheat Ridge Senior/Community Center Advisory Committee, the Wheat Ridge 2020 Urban Renewal Planning Committee, the League of Women Voters, and Wheat Ridge Congregational United Church of Christ.

She served as a legislative intern in the Colorado House of Representatives in 2006 and has been both a precinct captain and the chair of the Democratic Party in the 24th district for eight years.

Schafer, a lesbian, has two daughters and lives in Wheat Ridge, Colorado with her partner, Barb Nash.

Legislative career

2008 election
Sue Schafer narrowly defeated Denver Regional Transportation District Director Dave Ruchman in the contested Democratic primary in August, winning by only 29 votes, with 50.29% of ballots cast; the race was not decided until several days after the primary election.

Schafer faced Republican Cheryl Palm in the November 2008 general election. Schafer's candidacy was endorsed by the Denver Post, the Golden Transcript, and the Wheat Ridge Transcript. She easily won the general election with 62 percent of the votes cast and took office on January 7, 2009.

2009 legislative session
For the 2009 legislative session, Schafer was named to seats on the House Education Committee and the House Local Government Committee.

Schafer's first bill of the 2009 session, a measure requiring that flight schools train pilots in both takeoff and landing procedures, passed the state house unanimously.

2010 legislative session

2010 election

2011 legislative session

While discussing a bill to allow for government funding of male circumcision, Schafer wondered, "if there's a risk for more sexual activity, more male irresponsibility" for uncircumcised boys. She supported the bill to allow government funding for circumcision.

2012 legislative session

2012 election
In the 2012 General Election, Representative Schafer faced Republican challenger E. V. Leyendecker.  Schafer was reelected by a margin of 59% to 37%.

References

External links
 Campaign website

People from Wheat Ridge, Colorado
Democratic Party members of the Colorado House of Representatives
Lesbian politicians
LGBT state legislators in Colorado
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
University of Colorado alumni
University of Northern Colorado alumni
Colorado State University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
LGBT people from Maine
Living people
Women state legislators in Colorado
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians


text:
Паметникът на свободата, познат и като "румънската кралица" е паметник в Оряхово.

Паметникът отбелязва освобождението на града от румънските войски в бойните действия по време на Руско-турската война от 1877 – 1878 г. Автор на статуята е флорентинският скулптор Арнолдо Дзоки. Паметникът е открит през 1903 г. През 1913 г., по време на Междусъюзническата война, статуята е свалена и заровена край казармите, за да не я вземат румънските войски. Статуята е открита в края на 50-те години и през май 1960 г. паметникът е възстановен. През 1997 г., по повод 120 г. от Освобождението, паметникът е преместен в центъра на града, на площад "Дико Илиев". Върху постамента е изписано: "На румънските войни освободители – с признателност", изписан също и на румънски език.

Източници

Оряхово
Основани в България през 1903 година
Паметници в България


I have always been active and I like to win!
Finishing the 2013 Disney Marathon with my wife was great. I got food poisoning on the Friday before the race and decided to stay with and help her finish her first marathon.
I have always had a natural ability to keep pace and run steady.
I paced my friend during a local half marathon; his goal was to break 1:30. We where about 1 minute under goal pace when suddenly we where only under by 5-10 seconds. We hammered the last few miles and he went 1:29:41. Well the race was actually .4mile long so he ended up with a 1:27 time.
I will hit it the splits and we will have some fun along the way.
Stay with me, don't get giddy legs.
Well I coach at a small college that barely pays so does that count!


text:
ABAI Welcomes Dr. Stokes to the Board
Dr. Jeffery R. Stokes, MD
Jeffery R. Stokes, MD, serves as Professor of Pediatrics at St. Louis Children's Hospital. He obtained his BS and MD degrees from Kansas State University and University of Kansas Medical School, respectively. He completed two fellowships at the University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics in Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy/Immunology. He has been a co-investigator on numerous studies during his 20 years of practice, with 14 years at Creighton University Medical Center; while there, he had the responsibility of training over 20 Allergy/Immunology Fellows as Program Director.
Dr. Stokes has had the honor of being voted annually as one of the "Best Doctors in America®" since 2011, in the field of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, which represents the top five percent of the nation's practicing board-certified physicians. His scholastic focus has centered on Immunomodulators and Immunotherapy for Allergic diseases, and he's authored multiple reviews and book chapters about these subjects as well.