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Roaringwater Journal
Saints and Soupers
James Mahony
Posted on January 21, 2019 November 16, 2020
Saints and Soupers: the Story of Teampall na mBocht (Part 5, Famine in Kilmoe)
Gorta, by Lilian Lucy Davidson, courtesy Ireland Great Hunger Museum
The potato crop failed first in 1845. Patrick Hickey in Famine in West Cork relates the discussion at the annual Skibbereen Agricultural Show dinner in October. Much congratulatory talk about the progress that had been made in agriculture, was brought to an abrupt end when the inevitable topic of the potato disease raised its ugly head. While several landlords and farmers felt the crisis would pass quickly, and others placed their faith in the new dry pits championed by the Rev Traill of Schull, Dr Daniel Donovan brought them down to earth with a first-hand account of the calamitous conditions all around them. Fr Hickey puts it poetically when he says, As these gentlemen headed home that night the sound of their horses' hooves on the stony road rang the death knell of pre-famine Ireland.
Planting Potatoes – each cottage relied on an acre or so to plant enough for a year
Relief Committees were struck and established food depots. In the Parish of Kilmoe the Rev Fisher and the Parish Priest, Fr Laurence O'Sullivan each contributed £5 as did other members of the committee. The ethos of the time was very much to tie relief with work and soon various schemes were proposed to the Board of Works and although one was initially approved no funding ever materialised. Distress was widespread.
The 'lazy bed,' in fact a labour-intensive cultivation method, has left its mark on the landscape all over Ireland
But it was the second failure of the potato crop in 1846 that precipitated a full blown famine environment. The workhouses started to fill, hungry people pawned anything they had and reports of death by starvation and fever started to pour in. The Parish of Kilmoe, which stretched from Schull to Crookhaven, encompassing Toormore and Goleen, was particularly hard hit. The Board of Works, inexplicably declined to fund any road or pier-building schemes. According to Hickey, The only refuge these hungry people had was the Kilmoe Relief Committee but even this was now in dire straits.
A 'scalp' was a just a hole dug in the earth. People resorted to living in such troughs when they had been evicted
How dire? I will let the committee speak for themselves – here are the proceedings of their meeting on November 3rd, 1846, sent to newspapers in the hope that it would elicit compassion and aid. It has all the impact of immediacy and desperation in the face of appalling official indifference, made all the more powerful by being sent by normally polite and government-supporting educated men.
Proposed by the Rev W A Fisher, Rector, and seconded by the Rev Laurence O'Sullivan, PP;
1. That this committee having repeatedly tried, but in vain, to arouse the attention of the government to the state of destitution and distress in this remote district, have determined to bring the matter before the public, through the medium of the press.
Proposed by Richard B Hungerford, Esq, JP and seconded by the Rev Henry P Proctor;
2. That the following statement of facts be forwarded: — "The parish of Kilmoe contains 7234 inhabitants, or 1289 families; we calculate that 7000 inhabitants require food, in consequence of the failure of the potato crop; the parish produces very little corn. Potatoes feed the people, the pigs, the poultry, the cows, the horses; and enabled the fisherman to dispose of his fish, for which he did not this year get as much as paid the expenses of taking and saving it, as the poor, from the destruction of the potato crop, are unable to purchase it. Thus deprived of their only means of support, they are now literally famishing. All this, in substance, we have stated over and over again to the Lord Lieutenant, the Lieutenant of the County, the Commissary-General, and the Commissary at Skibbereen. We asked a depôt – we offered a store free of expense – we entered security – and when we had done all this, at the end of a month we received a letter from the Castle, with a paper on brown bread enclosed, to say we had better purchase wheaten and barley meal.
Proposed by the Rev Thomas Barrett, RCC and seconded by Mr John Coghlan;
3. That this committee feel quite unable to meet the views of the government. There are only two resident gentry in this district – there are no merchants here – there are no mills within twenty-three miles – there is no bakery within that distance – nor is there any way of procuring food, except through the medium of our committee, which, out of our limited funds of 165l., have kept up a small supply of Indian meal and even with our very best exertions, in consequence of our trifling finances, and being obliged to bring our supplies from Cork by water, we have been twice, for a fortnight together, without meal.
Proposed by Mr B Townshend and seconded by Mr J Fleming;
4. That our funds are now exhausted, and we have no means of renewing them, while the demand for food is fearfully increasing. We see no other way left to us but to try, to the medium of the press, to arouse the government to a sense of the fearful state of things which is inevitably impending. Rapine has already commenced and who can wonder? Many are living solely on salt herrings – many more on seaweed; and when our last supply of Indian meal was sold, they offered 3s. a stone – and would not go away without it – for some that was damaged, the very smell from which was so offensive that it was thought unfit and dangerous food for human beings.
Proposed by the Rev Laurence O'Sullivan, PP and seconded by Mr A O'Sullivan
5. That these resolutions be published in all the Cork newspapers, the Dublin Evening Post, Dublin Evening Mail, and the Times London newspaper and a copy be sent to Lord John Russell and Sir Randolph Routh, with a faint hope that something may be done without delay (for the case is urgent) to relieve our misery and want, else the public will soon hear of such tales of woe and wickedness as will harrow the feelings and depress the spirits of the most stout-hearted man.
Richard Notter, Chairman.
W A Fisher, Rector of Kilmoe, Sec
Upper: Memorial tablet to Richard Notter in the former Church of Ireland in Goleen. Lower: an example of the kind of 'rapine' predicted by the letter
Besides a stark description of conditions in Kilmoe, what these minutes show is that the relief committee was composed of both Catholics and Protestants, of clergy and lay men, drawn together in a common cause and working in a cooperative spirit. Perhaps as a result of this letter, a Board of Works road-building project was eventually implemented on the Mizen. These hated schemes were riven with administrative problems of all sorts, the most serious being a delay in paying the labourers.
Meal being delivered under armed guard
Because this is the story of Teampall na mBocht and Rev Fisher, I cannot dwell here on a detailed description of the harrowing progression in Kilmoe of the Great Hunger. Much has been written about the famine in West Cork, and I direct the reader to Patrick Hickey's book, which has been my main resource. (In the final post I will supply a list of the resources I used for this study.) I confess that I find it difficult to write about the famine itself – it's amazing how raw and emotional it becomes once I immerse myself in the subject. Anger wells up very quickly and I recognise a desire to find culprits to blame (there is no shortage of candidates) and to jump to judgement using a modern mindset and all the benefit of hindsight.
The Rev Traill, drawn by James Mahony for the Illustrated London News, in Mullins hut, while Mullins lies dying on the floor. Mahony stood "ankle deep in filth" to capture the image
For now, then, let's get back to Kilmoe, William Fisher and Fr Laurence O'Sullivan, central actors in our drama. One digression, though, remember the Rev Robert Traill and how he railed against the wicked priests for opposing his tithes? He was very much part of the relief effort too, setting up 'eating houses' in cooperation with Fr Barry of Ballydehob (the regulation 'soup kitchens' did not provide food they considered nutritious enough) and travelling throughout his parish indefatigably providing assistance to all, Catholic and Protestant alike. When he came down with famine fever in 1847 he couldn't fight it off, and died in April, mourned and honoured by everyone for his heroic efforts.
Soyer's Model Soup Kitchen: Soyer's soup recipe was recommended on the basis of low cost rather than nutritional value – see this post in the marvellous Come Here to Me blog for more on Soyer and his soup
Rev Fisher had a printing press and used it to great effect, sending requests for aid to everyone he knew. Money arrived, and it enabled him to help a great deal with the relief efforts. Like the Rev Traill, he also contracted famine fever but managed to recover. It was during this period of recovery that he started hearing confessions. He was strongly influenced by the Tractarian Movement, a return to High Church liturgies that came close to Catholic practise. He claimed that he simply made himself available in his vestry and that the people poured in, wishing to unburden themselves of their sins. Soon, his church, in Goleen, was filled with the newly-converted.
The former Church of Ireland in Goleen, now used for mending sails. Here, Fisher heard confessions and welcomed converts
In his book, The Protestant Crusade in Ireland, Desmond Bowen makes the claim that Catholics in the area were completely demoralised; they quarrelled with their priest who fled the community. However, Hickey points out that Bowen provides no source for that information, whereas Hickey tracked down Fr O'Sullivan's movements and found that he left for only a short time (possibly ten days) to fund-raise (successfully) in Cork. Tellingly, he had withdrawn from the Kilmoe Committee as a result of dissension between the clergymen. Laurence O'Sullivan, in fact, remained in his parish throughout the famine and worked to raise and disburse funds as well as to feed his parishioners, also contracting famine fever which knocked him out of action for at least two months.
Fisher's fund-raising efforts eventually enabled him to contemplate a building project. He considered first a school, and then a church. It would be built using only manual labour in order to ensure that the work was done by the poorest, and not farmers with horses and carts, and called Teampall na mBocht, Church of the Poor. At the same time, Fisher was donating money for food to schools (leading to a dramatic increase in enrolment) and trying to encourage a return to fishing by local fishermen. Hickey acknowledges, Whatever about the conditions of aid, implicit or explicit, Fisher organised the distribution of large supplies of food and this saved many lives.
Funeral in Chapel Lane, Skibbereen
However, from the point at which he broke away from the Relief Committee, Fisher seems to have been in conflict with his Catholic clerical counterparts. A typical product of the evangelical movements described in the last post, he was zealously committed to winning souls away from the superstition of Popery. The crux of the matter, of course, is whether or not the aid he provided was conditional on conversion. Many other West Cork Protestant clergymen laboured to alleviate famine suffering, but most remained on good terms with Catholic priests and won praise from them rather than opprobrium.
Fisher's memorial tablet in Teampall na mBocht
Damning accusation were made by Fr Barrett against Fisher, that his zeal led him to confine his bounty to those of his creed, and to famine-constrained proselytes. He went on to state that when he protested to Fisher, that Fisher had said that had English contributors known that a Popish priest sat on the same seat as himself, sooner would they have cast it away than give a single shilling to relieve those whose religion he himself had sworn to be idolatrous, etc, and which he, in common with English contributors, believed to be the sole cause of blight disease, death, etc.
Also in Teampall na mBocht
Fisher, of course saw things very differently. He denied ever coercing anyone into converting. If he gives only a little charity, he wrote of the fate of Protestant clergymen, he is accused of living off the fat of the land, but if he denies himself and his family to relieve the poor he is publicly reprobated as one taking advantage of the misery of the poor in order to bribe them into a hypocritical profession of a religion that they do not believe. But despite his protestations his reputation among Catholics remained that of a Souper. Perhaps there is no smoke without a fire.
Fisher's son-in-law, Standish O'Grady (above), whose own father had preceded Fisher as Rector of Kilmoe, wrote about him that, if ever a saintly man walked the earth, he was one. I never saw in any countenance an expression, so benignant or which so told of a life so pure and unworthy and a self so obliterated.
Fisher's pulpit in Teampaill na mBocht
This is the central dichotomy at the heart of this story. Fisher was a deeply spiritual man, fired up by the desire to do good, as he saw it. The beneficial outcome of this was that, during the worst of the famine, he provided food and employment for hundreds, and saved probably thousands from death. He stayed in Kilmoe until his own death in 1880 – ironically from famine fever contracted during another, although less catastrophic, period of famine – and continued to labour tirelessly for his flock.
Fisher's memorial window in the former Church of Ireland church in Goleen
If he did indeed administer the bible test as a precondition of aid, he did so in the honest and total conviction that what he was offering was true salvation, an escape from the worst excesses of Popery. In this, he was no different from the zealots who galvanised into action to win back those souls for the Catholic Church. In the next, and final (whew!) post, we will examine the Second Counter-Reformation that swept into West Cork like the cavalry coming over the hill, to set Kilmoe and its converts back on the true path – the path back to Rome, in fact.
St Brendan's Church of Ireland, Crookhaven. One of the Kilmoe churches, still with no electricity
The black and white line drawings used in this post are from the Illustrated London News, mainly by James Mahony, a Cork artist contracted by the ILN to produce drawings of famine conditions in Ireland.
This link will take you to the complete series, Part 1 to Part 7
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Posted in Crookhaven, Goleen, Irish History, Religion, The Mizen Peninsula, Toormore, West Cork, West Cork Blog	Tagged Anna Waggett fisher, Board of Works Schemes, Dr Daniel Donovan, Fr Laurence O'Sullivan, Fr Patrick Hickey, Illustrated London News, James Mahony, Kilmoe Parish, Rev Robert Traill, Rev William Allen Fisher, Richard Notter, Saints and Soupers, Soup Kitchens, Soyer's Soup, Standish O'Grady
Saints and Soupers: the Story of Teampall na mBocht (Part 2, The Catholics)
Most of what we think we know about traditional Catholic practice in the period leading up to the famine is wrong. The religious environment of the first half of the nineteenth century in Ireland was very different from what we experience today, and different too from what we understand as 'traditional' Catholicism and Protestantism in Ireland. In imagining this period we have been over-conditioned by our own experiences of Ireland in the twentieth century – a country in which each town or village was dominated by a large Catholic church, in which the priest was a man of great influence, the population (90% Catholic) went to mass every Sunday and participated in sodalities, novenas and retreats regularly, and in which children attended schools where Catholic Doctrine was integrated into the curriculum. It's a picture of a devout, disciplined, orderly and mono-cultural society. Meanwhile, the Protestants attended a mysterious 'service' (mysterious because it was a sin to go inside a Protestant church), practised birth control, often spoke in a different accent from us, and appeared to us not to take their religion as seriously as we did. None of this, it turns out, was the norm in most of Ireland, and definitely not in the isolated parishes of West Cork, in the period leading up to the famine. Let's look at the situation for Catholics first, as we lead up to the story of Teampall na mBocht (link to Part 1 at the bottom of this post).
The Information post for the Bronze Age wedge tomb at Altar shows a scene in which the wedge tomb has been repurposed as a mass rock
Catholic Emancipation, won by Daniel O'Connell in 1829, finally lifted the numerous legal restrictions under which Catholics in Ireland lived their lives since the enactment of the first and subsequent Penal Laws from the early seventeenth century. The legacy of those laws was fully and poignantly alive in Kilmoe Parish – the townland in which Teampall na mBocht was built is called Altar, after a prehistoric wedge tomb across the road from the church which had served as a Mass Rock. It was a powerful symbol, a reminder that Protestants had been free to build churches and hold services under shelter, while Catholics were not. An alternate name for Teampall na mBocht is The Altar Church (see lead image)
The Bronze Age wedge tomb known as The Altar
While some of the worst constraints of the Penal Laws had been lifted in practice during the 18th century, the Church of Ireland remained the official Established Church. This meant that the whole population was required to support it through 'tithing' – everyone, no matter their religion, had to pay a tax equal to one tenth of their earnings. Especially after Catholic Emancipation, the inequity of this led to several years of conflict known as the Tithe Wars. In 1838 an Act of Parliament changed the way tithes were collected. While this had the effect of dampening the worst of the conflict, it increased rents, since tithes were passed on to landlords.
Daniel O'Connell campaigned vigorously against Tithing – here he is depicted at one of his Monster Meetings
The fact that the Church of Ireland was predominantly the church of the ruling classes, the landlords, the government officials and the wealthier sections of society served to underscore and deepen sectarian divisions and mistrust between the communities. The uneven distribution of wealth was stark – while there were certainly poor Protestants, and wealthy Catholics, Catholics in general were vastly over-represented, as a percentage of the overall population, in the ranks of the impoverished.
Toormore Bay, the scene of the action of this story. This photograph illustrates well how much of the land was rocky and barren
Poverty was, perhaps, the defining condition of the majority of the Catholic population of the Mizen Peninsula in the period leading up to the famine. There were few proper churches and few priests. Accounts exist of open air masses, attended by great numbers, kneeling reverentially in the mud and rain (see final image). Others crowded into whatever miserable huts or mass houses there were. Most stayed away – mass attendance hovered between fifteen and forty percent. Stories abound of those who could not go because the family did not have enough clothes between them to send even one person.
James Mahony's drawing of the Village of Mienies, near Drimoleague, showing the extreme destitution of the inhabitants
Despite this, new Catholic churches were starting to be built, some where none had existed before and some to replace tumbledown structures. Because of lack of money to erect buildings to withstand the elements, some, in turn, became unfit for purpose fairly quickly, such as this one (below) near Roaringwater Pier, now reimagined as a grotto.
Wealthy Catholics in Cork City built the magnificent Church of St Mary on Pope's Quay in Cork, opened with great fanfare in 1839. James O'Mahony, who became known later for his harrowing sketches of the famine in West Cork, painted the opening in all its magnificence (below). This work was exhibited in Skibbereen as part of the Art and the Great Hunger Exhibition this summer.
But most Catholic churches erected during this period were far simpler. Five were built in all on the Mizen. St Brigid's in Ballydehob is a good case in point. Begun in 1825, before Emancipation, it was funded through a Herculean collection and subscription effort, with much of the money coming from local landlords who were not themselves Catholics. While the presence of a church increased mass attendance, levying an entrance charge was customary, both to repay loans for building the church and to maintain the priest. Many could not afford to pay this entrance fee so either stood outside for the duration of the mass, or stayed away.
Ballydehob in the 1840s showing the Catholic Church on the hill. Construction was solid enough that the church remains to this day, little changed (see next image)
In far-flung areas 'dues' were also to be paid to priests who rode in at Easter and Christmas on horseback to say mass and hear confessions. Fr Hickey in Famine in West Cork refers to the account of Father Michael Collins of Skibbereen: Many confessed but paid nothing…In brief he was admitting that the priests were losing contact with some of their flock, especially the poor who could not afford a half penny for Sunday Mass.
So if poor rural Catholics were not always able to attend mass, how did they stay connected to their idea of themselves as Catholics and how did they participate in religious observances? The answer appears to lie in a host of practices that centred on feast days, such as St Patrick's Day, May Eve or Halloween, in 'patterns' (the complex customs that accompanied a visit to a shrine or holy well), in ritualised wakes and funerals, and in a vast set of semi-religious/semi-folk beliefs (often based in pre-Christian traditions) that influenced daily actions. Many of these beliefs and practices continue to resonate today, especially in country areas – just take a quick browse through Holy Wells of Cork.
This holy well, being inspected by Amanda for her blog, is at Callarus Oughter on the Mizen
At the same time, National Schools were slowly replacing the hedge schools to provide basic instruction to the children of Ireland. The National School System was established in the aftermath of Catholic Emancipation to provide education to all children, regardless of religion – it was emphatically and specifically non-denominational in its intent. However, it didn't work out that way. Herein lies one of the great tragedies of Irish history – the failure to establish a non-sectarian national education system.
All that's left of the Boys' School at what was once the thriving community of Roaringwater
While Catholics, on the whole, seized upon the opportunities provided and threw themselves enthusiastically into the task of raising money and building schools (to be open to all religious persuasions), Protestants went into near-panic in their opposition, mainly focussed on the prohibition of teaching the Bible as part of the curriculum. Opposition rallies and meetings were held all over the country and several organisations were established to provide alternate education – but more about this in Part 3. Since parents had to pay to send their children to the schools (there was no guaranteed external source of funding to cover all costs) the schools benefited mostly the better-off and the poorest children did not receive the education they so badly needed.
This school at Clonmeen, near Banteer in North Cork, was built in 1837 to replace the previous hedge school. It served as both a dwelling for the teacher and a school. Few of these original very early schools have survived
What we see in the Mizen in the first half of the nineteenth century, then, is the antithesis of that disciplined and orderly 'traditional' Catholic society that I described in the first paragraph. Among the poor people of the Mizen (and the majority were poor) illiteracy rates were high; vast numbers lived on the knife-edge of starvation and could afford neither mass nor school; Catholicism, although fiercely adhered to, was for most people a haphazard collection of beliefs and customs. But the happenings at Teampall na mBocht (yes, we're still getting to that) were one of the catalysts for change in the Catholic Church, change that led to what we now think of as the 'traditional' Catholicism which is very much a post-famine phenomenon in Ireland.
The Protestant Churches, too, had experienced some seismic shifts in philosophy and practice in the same period. In Ireland, those changes in direction set them on an inexorable collision course with their Catholic neighbours. The ultimate catalyst for this clash was the famine. As some clergymen saw it, those impoverished, ignorant, superstitious, underserved, non-church-going slaves of 'popery' were in need of salvation as much as food. Next week, we'll get to know what was going on with that side of things.
People gathered for an outdoor mass in the 1860s in Donegal. Apart from the decent clothing, this scene may have come from the 1840s on the Mizen
Posted in Irish History, Religion, The Mizen Peninsula, West Cork, West Cork Blog	Tagged Catholicism in Ireland Nineteenth Century, Fr Patrick Hickey, Hedge Schools, James Mahony, mass rocks, Saints and Soupers, The Altar Wedge Tomb
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To Cite: Bolursaz M R, Mehrian P, Aghahosseini F, Lotfian F, Vakilian F, et al. Comparison of Digital Chest X-Ray and Thoracic Computed Tomography Scan in Childhood Tuberculosis, Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2015 ; 17(8):e1025. doi: 10.17795/zjrms1025.
Background: Imaging is the mainstay of diagnostic criteria in tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, especially in children; however, the exact role of chest X-ray (CXR) and thoracic CT scan (TCT) still remains controversial. The aim of this study is to compare digital chest X-ray and thoracic CT scan in childhood tuberculosis.
Materials and Methods: In this retrospective comparative study, 38 children under 15 years old with proved diagnosis of TB who were admitted to Massih Daneshvari hospital during 2010 to 2012. Digital chest X-ray and spiral thoracic CT was performed before starting medication.
Results: Direct smear for acid-fast bacillus was positive only in 38%. Positive tuberculin skin test was seen in 51% of the cases. Chest X-ray was normal in 36.8% of children, while CT scan was negative only in 21%. Overall sensitivity of thoracic CT scan and chest X-ray were 78.9% and 63.2%, respectively which show no significant difference. CT scan detected lymphadenopathy, nodule/nodular infiltration, collapse and pleural effusion/ thickening significantly better than chest X-ray; however, there was no significant difference between CXR and TCT in detection rate of consolidation/ground glass opacity, bronchiectasis, cicatricial volume loss and cavity/abscess.
Conclusions: This study proposed that investigation of children suspicious of tuberculosis by digital chest X-ray is still of great value. It seems that thoracic CT scan in children suspected of tuberculosis infection can be limited only to investigation of complications in selected patients.
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death in children worldwide . Children under 3 years of age are at greatest risk for developing tuberculosis ; however, they are given low priority in most health programs  and often go undiagnosed . Although there are many progressions on tuberculosis in adult patients, childhood tuberculosis remains a hidden epidemic in most countries . According to WHO and the stop TB partnership, most affected children can be saved with better diagnosis of the condition, greater access to health services and improved coordination of healthcare programs . But TB can be hard to diagnose in children. Non-specific symptoms and signs, difficulties to obtain sufficient sample and pauci-bacillary nature of the disease are the three most important causes.
While high-income countries use sophisticated childhood molecular tests to detect tuberculosis, most developing countries still use a method developed 130 years ago. WHO has proposed 4 criteria for diagnosis of tuberculosis in children, of which one should met 3 scores: 1-relevant symptoms (+1), 2-close contact (+2), 3-tuberculin skin test (+1), 4-radiological findings compatible with tuberculosis diagnosis (+1) along with isolation of microorganism from a sample. Since it is difficult to make a diagnosis based on bacteriology, diagnosis of tuberculosis in children strongly relies on radiological findings and tuberculin skin test results . Relevant radiological features detectable by chest X-ray are: enlarged mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy, primary complex of Ranke, pneumonic infiltration, abscess, cavity, calcification, plural effusion and empyema . Mediastinal lymphadenopathy which is considered as a radiological hallmark of primary TB, could be hard to detect by chest X-ray alone. Moreover, chest X-ray is often disappointing in finding of minimally active disease which is present in most patients with normal chest X-ray. Poor inter-observer agreement in X-ray interpretation is another challenging problem in the routine use of chest X-ray in identification of tuberculosis .
CT scan has a high contributing role in TB diagnosis which often leads to an important change in treatment decision making and is regarded as a gold standard for mediastinal lymph node enlargement. Most studies have been focused on the low sensitivity and specificity of conventional X-ray and not a digital X-ray. This study is performed to compare digital X-ray and spiral CT findings in children under 15 years old who are admitted for evaluating tuberculosis.
This cross-sectional comparative study was carried out on 38 children under 15 years old who were admitted to pediatric department of National research institute of tuberculosis and lung disease (NRITLD), Massih Daneshvari hospital for evaluation of tuberculosis during 2010 to 2012. According to the records, all the children had been visited by a pediatrician and if the history and physical exam, especially a history of close contact raised the suspicion for TB infection, tuberculin skin test, gastric lavage/sputum smear collection and radiological evaluations, including both digital chest X-ray and CT scan were requested on the admission day before starting any anti-TB medication.
Tuberculin skin test was performed with intradermal injection of 0.1 mL solution containing 5 unit tuberculin in the anterior part of forearm and after 48 - 72 hours, the induration size was recorded. Sample collection was performed by gastric washing for all the children who had not been able to produce sputum. The protocol for gastric lavage was as below: after introducing a small, smooth rubber tube into the stomach either by swallowing or by gently inserting it in one nostril, a syringe was attached to the free end of the tube and the contents withdrawn and put in a bottle as soon as sufficient length of tube is inserted to reach the contents of the stomach. Then a cup or more of warm saline was syringed back into the stomach to wash it and is again aspirated out. This washing might had been repeated several times until a sufficient sample had been obtained. Then the tube was withdrawn and then gastric lavage was completed. These procedures were repeated for at least 3 consecutive days. All samples were sent for direct smear, staining by Ziehl-Neelsen and also for specific culture.
Digital chest X-ray (PA) and spiral thoracic CT (TCT) either with or without IV contrast was performed for all the suspected children. TCT was acquired with spiral scanner (Siemens Somatom Emotion Plus device). First scanogram was acquired, and then the spiral CT scan was taken, starting from the apices of the lungs and ending caudally at the level of adrenal glands (110 kV, 37 mAs, adjustable for body habitus).
All the relevant records were reviewed and 110 children all under 15 years old who were admitted for tuberculosis infection/tuberculosis disease evaluation were included. Children with any previous pulmonary disease, recent use of anti-TB medication, HIV positivity, history of any intervention on the lung fields (surgery, radiotherapy, etc.), history of taking any drug with considerable pulmonary side effects, having less than 3 samples for direct smear, not having a thoracic CT or digital chest X-ray or performing chest X-ray and TCT with more than 48 hours interval were excluded from the study. Finally we found 38 children met our criteria.
Thoracic CT scans were reviewed in the standard mediastinal and lung parenchymal windows (mean window width 1700, center -600). To prevent any bias, chest X-ray was evaluated first and then TCT was reviewed.
Diagnosis was made based on isolation of microorganism from the samples as well as the WHO criteria: 1-history of close contact with smear positive adult (+2), 2-relevant symptoms (+1), 3-recent conversion of tuberculin skin test (> 15 mm or > 10 mm, according to the history of BCG vaccination) (+1) and 4-radiological abnormalities compatible with TB diagnosis (+1). At least 3 out of 5 scores were needed for meeting the diagnostic criteria. Abnormalities depicted by thoracic CT and digital chest X-ray were compared and the overall sensitivity and the sensitivity for any individual finding were determined (McNemar Test, P < 0.05 considered as a significant difference for sensitivity). SPSS-16 was used for statistical analyses. Institutional review board approval was not required for this retrospective study.
Of 110 records reviewed, 38 children were included in this study. Median age was 8.1 years (9 months-15 years old), 42% were boys and 57.9% were girls. Forty eight percent were Iranian and 52% were Afghan with a history of BCG vaccination in 68%. All of them had a history of close contact with a smear positive family member with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Clinical symptoms were present in 78% of children, the most prevalent of which were lack of appetite (62%), fatigue (51%), weight loss /failure to thrive and productive cough (40%). All the patients had a positive culture but direct smear for acid-fast bacillus was positive only in 38%. Positive tuberculin skin test, defined in BCG vaccinated and non-vaccinated children as indurations of 15 mm and 10 mm, respectively, were seen in 51% of the cases. All the children met WHO criteria and were discharged on anti TB medication.
Chest X-ray was normal in 36.8% of children, while CT scan was negative only in 21.1%. Five patients had normal chest X-ray and thoracic CT scan. Of these 5 children, 1 had positive PPD and 2 had positive smear, 1 had both positive smear and PPD and 1 had relevant clinical features. Overall sensitivity of thoracic CT scan and chest X-ray were 78.9% and 63.2%, respectively which showed no significant difference.
The most prevalent findings on chest X-ray were consolidation/ground glass opacity, lymphadenopathy and bronchiectasis, while consolidation/ground glass opacity, lymphadenopathy and nodule/nodular infiltration were the most common abnormalities on CT scan. CT scan detected lymphadenopathy (P = 0.006), nodule/nodular infiltration (P = 0.002), collapse (P = 0.004) and pleural effusion/thickening (P = 0.05) significantly better than chest X-ray (Table 1); however, they did not show significant difference in detection rate of consolidation/ground glass opacity, cavity/abscess and cicatricial volume loss (Table 1). Although thoracic CT scan detected more cases of bronchiectasis than digital chest X-ray, the difference was not statically significant. Table 1 shows abnormal findings detected in chest X-ray and CT scan of affected children.
We have revealed that investigation of children doubtful of tuberculosis by digital chest X-ray is still of great value. We have also shown thoracic CT scan in children suspected of tuberculosis infection can be restricted in patients with complication.
Imaging is one of the most important criteria in TB diagnosis in children. The most common radiological features of childhood tuberculosis are lymphadenopathy (90% - 95%) [8, 9], consolidation (70%) [9, 10] and pleural effusion  in primary tuberculosis and consolidation, nodular infiltration (25%) and cavity (20% - 45%) in reactivation tuberculosis [11, 12]. Many studies have demonstrated the superiority of thoracic CT scan over the conventional chest X-ray in early evaluation and long term management of children suspected to be infected by tuberculosis but there are only few studies focused on the role of digital chest X-ray in approach and management of childhood tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to make a comparison between digital chest X-ray and thoracic CT scan in detecting abnormal findings in children with definite tuberculosis infection based on having a positive culture and meeting WHO criteria. In the next step, the sensitivity for the most common radiological findings in childhood tuberculosis in each modality were determined to reveal the blind spot of digital chest X-ray.
In previous studies, it has been shown that CT scan is especially useful in detection of mediastinal lymphadenopathy [13-16], nodules, small cavities  and areas of scar ; however, the results of current study are not exactly the same. In this study while it is demonstrated that mediastinal lymphadenopathy, especially on the right side, is detected significantly better by thoracic CT scan than chest X-ray, the same results are not found for cavity, nodule and scar changes. The result of this study showed that while the overall sensitivity of thoracic CT scan is higher than digital chest X-ray, but it is not of important significance.
In one study the overall sensitivity of conventional chest X-ray and thoracic CT scan was stated 35% and 75%, respectively . In current study the sensitivity of thoracic CT scan and digital chest X-ray were 78.9% and 63.2%, respectively, which at least in part can be due to the digital and not conventional technique of chest X-ray. In some studies, one of the most common abnormal patterns of chest X-ray in the affected children was consolidation and right hilar lymphadenopathy which is in accordance with previous studies [18-20]. On the other hand, the most common abnormal findings compatible with pediatric TB diagnosis on CT were consolidation, mediastinal lymphadenopathy and nodular infiltration, the two latter of which are not detected optimally by chest X-ray both in the current and previous studies . Chest X-ray found lymphadenopathies predominantly in hilar region. Indeed, there was no significant difference for hilar lymphadenopathy detection between CT and chest X-ray, while thoracic CT scan recognized lymph node enlargement in mediastinal region much more effectively, this is due to mediastinal lymph node superimposition over the sternum and bony spine on chest X-ray; however, none of these regions are considered more specific for tuberculosis infection . As expected, collapse, especially subsegmental type and band atelectasis and pleural effusion/thickening were the other findings depicted significantly better by thoracic CT in comparison with chest X-ray. It should be noted that pleural effusion/thickening is an important radiologic criterion in diagnosis of primary tuberculosis infection . For other abnormalities such as consolidation/ground glass opacity, cavity/abscess and cicatricial volume loss, the detection rate was not markedly different between these two modalities. In this study CT scan better demonstrated the extent and distribution of consolidation/ground glass opacity, but there was no important difference in detection rate of consolidation/ground glass opacity by digital chest X-ray and CT scan. Regarding the cavity/abscess, again the sensitivity of digital chest X-ray and CT scan was not considerably different; this may be due to larger size of cavities in this study. In the past studies also, CT scan was better only for detection of small cavities and not larger ones . Although mild scar changes can be more precisely shown by CT scan, regarding extensive scar changes usually associated with cicatricial volume loss, the sensitivity of digital chest X-ray and CT scan was not much different in this study and this seems reasonable. Bronchiectasis was the last abnormality for which the sensitivity of CT and chest X-ray did not very much. It should be noted that we used spiral CT and not HRCT (which is the most accurate method of CT for assessment of bronchiectasis) in this study. Despite this, we recommend larger scale studies for comparing CT scan and digital chest X-ray for diagnosing tuberculosis induced bronchiectasis in children.
This study demonstrated that digital chest X-ray is not as accurate as thoracic CT scan in detecting mediastinal lymphadenopathy and nodule/nodular infiltration, so in a clinically relevant setting with a chest X-ray negative for lymphadenopathy or nodular infiltration thoracic CT scan should be considered, but if mediastinal lymph node enlargement and nodule/nodular infiltration are depicted well in digital chest X-ray, thoracic CT scan may not add further clinically significant information over the digital chest X-ray. This study proposed that early investigation of children suspicious of tuberculosis by digital chest X-ray is still of great value and can obviate the need for CT scan and hence protect children from excessive radiation in many cases. Overall, it seems that thoracic CT scan in tuberculosis infected children can be limited to investigation of complications in selected patients, however, the results of this study should be confirmed by larger investigations.


"Community is so important. Who can we walk through the world safely with?" Jacqueline Woodson – NCTE convention in St. Louis.
If you are a reader of this blog, I bet you agree with Jacqueline's first sentence; Community is so important. I think each of our posts here at Classroom Communities reinforces this idea but my thinking was stretched this day when it followed with the question; Who can we walk through the world safely with?
In looking up the word safely, dictionary.com of course states it's an adverb and leads the reader to the word safe. I started pulling out words I felt I wanted within the four walls of my classroom; secure, free from hurt, dependable, trustworthy, careful, and avoid danger. Our world does bring uncertainty in many forms. Our world brings hills, valleys, and plateaus even within a classroom. I now have goals to provide a net of safety so our walk can be easier in second grade. I'm so glad Jacqueline Woods made me stop and reflect on communities and how they help us navigate our world safely.
Your students are lucky to have you leading them through their journey of second grade.


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Home » STUDENT SERVICES » Career Services
Welcome To Lawson State Career and College Transfer Services
In keeping with the Lawson State Community College Mission Statement, the Office of Career and College Transfer Services seeks to engage students and to prepare them for employment or career advancement. The office serves as an essential branch of the Office of Student Services and acts as a valuable resource to the Instructional Division of the College. By serving as a liaison between business and industry and the College, this Office has built a network of employers who are more than willing to collaborate with the College on a myriad of levels, as well as provide employment opportunities to our students. This Office provides one-on-one career counseling, interview preparation, resume assistance, and other invaluable career-related resources not only to current students, but also to alumni of both Lawson State Community College and the former Bessemer State Technical College.
Career Services is much more than "the place to go to find a job" when graduation draws near. In fact, we are here for you from the first day you arrive at Lawson State! During your first year at Lawson State Community College, Career Services will introduce you to an amazing array of career possibilities and help you explore the link between academic majors and employment options. Throughout your academic career, Career Services is here to assist you with personal growth, honing "soft" skills, and forming professional networks. The world of work is full of career options and with so many choices, it can be challenging to narrow your focus. It may seem overwhelming, but be assured we are here to help you!
Career Counseling: Counseling includes individualized assistance and/or workshops on the following topics:
Professional & Career Development
Interviewing Preparation (Mock Interviews
Job search techniques
Individual problems or challenges relating to job search or employment
College and University information for transfer students
Monday, Wednesday & Friday 8:00 a.m-5:00 p.m., Bessemer Campus
Tuesday & Thursday 8:00 a.m-5:00 p.m., Birmingham Campus
*Schedule could vary based on appointments and campus events. Call or email for appointments.
Not Sure What Program Is Right for You?
Meet the Coordinator
Ms. Akilih M. Haley
Career Services/College Transfer Coordinator
1100 9th Avenue, SW
Email: ahaley@lawsonstate.edu
If you are a proud alumnus of Lawson State Community College and would like to give a monetary donation and assist current and future learners in achieving their academic goals, please give by selecting the button below. All donations are tax deductible. The funding collected will be used to provide scholarships for current and future Lawson State Community College students . " To know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived . That is to have succeeded !" - Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Induction: Giant Gonzalez on Baywatch – The Pelican Bikini Brief
12 Submitted by Art0Donnell on Thu, 14 February 2019, 21:41
Thanks to internet streaming services, it's becoming easier and easier to piece together entire stretches of one's childhood. Whether it be a whole TGIF lineup from the early 90s or a Saturday afternoon of syndicated television from the early 90s, there's no limit to the kinds of memories a person can relive through the likes of Netflix and Hulu, provided those memories are of watching television (or, in the case of Netflix, being murdered).
To that end, Amazon Prime now features the entire series of Baywatch in a special remastered edition, which is just like the original series, except with 25% of every shot cropped out to fit into a 16:9 aspect ratio.
It's a shame about the widescreen format, too, given that today's induction centers on a guy who could really use that extra vertical space on the TV screen: none other than Jorge "Giant" Gonzalez…
…who guest-starred on the Season Four episode, "Blindside".
The plot begins radly enough as head lifeguard Mitch Buchannon and his son Hobie stroll the boardwalk.
There, Hobie spots a sign for "Manuel the Argentine Giant", a muscular brute who bears a striking resemblance to Giant Gonzalez…
…'s Hasbro action figure.
As a responsible adult, Mitch insists that there are no such things as giants. Keep in mind that in this season of Baywatch alone, the beach plays host to a sexual predator ghost and a killer octopus that cures bulimia, but at the possibility that there exists a really tall person, Mitch draws the line.
Still, Hasselhoff relents and plunks down the two bucks to see the giant with his son and a bunch of kids.
Once inside, the carny pulls back the curtain, and the giant yells and shakes the bars on the cages. That's a pretty lame show, to be quite honest, even for a dollar a head.
Manuel's handler thinks so, too…
…berating the giant for not chasing after the kids.
It soon becomes apparent to Hobie, who offers his snow cone in vain, that this "giant" is nothing more than a very tall, sad man dressed to look buck naked.
While I'm not sure whether that's illegal, Mitch asks to see the carny's permit anyway, which he provides with a suspiciously sinister laugh.
It just goes to show that you might need a permit to run a sideshow attraction, but you don't need a permit to be a jerk.
Later, Hobie and his friends find Manuel under the pier with a knife in his mouth and a pelican in his arms, which frightens off the marks. Hobie stays.
It turns out, Manuel, or Manny, is simply rescuing the bird from a plastic six-pack ring. Gonzalez is lucky he responded to the casting call for a litter-hating WWF wrestler before Ludvig Borga could scoop up the role.
Manny's escapades in the outside world spell trouble for him professionally; Valdez, his carny handler, demands that the giant stay hidden from view and not interact with his new friend Hobie, lest he expose his gimmick. Who would pay to look at a savage giant when they know he's just a regular guy? It's good to see that some promoters still believe in kayfabe.
Like any promoter, be it in the sideshow biz or the wrestling biz, Valdez seriously stiffs his workers on their cut of the action. Not that business is all that good; every bill in that stack is a single.
Of course, I can't talk about this episode without mentioning the "A" plot, which sees former series regular John D Cort return out of the blue on horseback to wrangle up a no-goodnik.
But this time around, Cort seems different somehow.
Is he less sexy? Oh my goodness no, as an in-show music video can attest.
But he is rather aloof, snubbing Newman's handshake like the poor guy's Dean Malenko or something.
Mitch, always a stickler for etiquette…
…chucks a medicine ball at his chest.
Cort also fails to spot a drowning victim, and when he eventually tries to run to the rescue, he bumps into a whole bunch of people.
"That's never happened to me before," he later pleads to his woman. (He's talking about the lifeguarding error)
Clearly, something is wrong with this man's vision.
I mean, on a romantic picnic with Pam Anderson, he pours cream soda into wine glasses.
I kid! While he does indeed pour soda into wine glasses, that kind of product placement is absolutely normal in the world of Baywatch, where plugs for A&W soft drinks are shoehorned into as many real-life situations as possible.
It's so subtle you'll barely notice!
What is cause for alarm is when Cort moves in for a kiss and knocks over his and CJ's drinks.
By God, the A&W!
But the biggest red flag of all is when, as CJ explains to Mitch, Cort nearly runs over a woman on his motorcycle, though we never see the incident, or the woman, or the motorcycle…
…and I thought this guy rode a horse.
Concerned with his friend, Mitch encourages Cort to see an eye doctor…
…by pulling this total dick move!
The doctor tells Cort he has retinitis pigmentosa, a degenerative eye disease that causes tunnel vision. When I told my brother I would be writing up this episode, he asked, I kid you not, if it was also the one where the lifeguard has retinitis pigmentosa. Don't ever tell me this show isn't educational.
On a less educational note, Cort decides to leave town and say goodbye to CJ forever, his logic being that guys with bad eyesight make lousy lovers. "CJ is destined for an incurably romantic man", he reasons. "All I have to offer is an incurably blind one."
An odd turn of phrase, but I suppose it's better than the original script, where I believe he stated that CJ deserved a man with a degenerative romantic condition affecting one in 4000 people.
Back in the "B" plot, Manny's cruel handler is still keeping him on a tight leash. Valdez demands that he frighten the "brats" so they'll pay a buck a pop to watch him shake a cage for 15 seconds – which, as I have already mentioned is not that great a gimmick.
The way I see it, to just have fans come look at Giant Gonzalez, the carny might be able to charge a dollar, but to have fans come look at Giant Gonzalez *and* watch him wrestle, he could charge 75 cents.
Fortunately, Baywatch's writers knew enough about El Gigante's in-ring career not to actually have him wrestle on the show. Instead, the giant carves countless rad pelican statues out of driftwood.
In a heart-to-heart talk with Hobie, Manny reveals that it was his late father who first taught him to love pelicans. In fact, he has a very special pelican statue that he carved in his father's memory, which he keeps near to his heart. It would be touching if the damn thing didn't look like it came from the Flintstones.
But Valdez is not impressed, stooping so low as to not only call Manny a stupid pelican man, as one does, but to smash one of his works-in-progress to pieces.
Contemplating man's inhumanity to man – and to nature – Giant Gonzalez clutches his beloved pelican statue to his bosom.
Knowing how cruel his new friend's boss is, Hobie pulls Manny into the light via yet another musical montage. This time, it's not a sexy montage, but a sappy montage about the power of friendship.
In scene after scene, Jorge Gonzalez uses his amazing natural coordination to win all the carnival games and rack up the big prizes for his little buddy.
But the fun and games come to an abrupt end when a swarm of hoodlums, upon spotting the biggest, tallest man they've ever seen, decide it would be a good idea to pick a fight with him.
Manny flaps his wings in a panic and falls backwards over the guard rail, even though his stunt double clearly drops off the pier feet-first in the next shot.
By the time the lifeguards reach Manny, who, again, is seven and a half feet tall, he is already standing, making their rescue mostly pointless. Come to think of it, the whole scene is pointless, except to fulfill the show's rescue quota. Nothing even happens to the gang of troublemakers.
But at least viewers get to see Jorge Gonzalez's trademark brand of spastic, jerky selling.
(Not to be confused with Randy Savage's trademark brand of spastic jerky-selling)
At the end of the episode, Manny, having developed from a shy man who was drowning into a confident man who is not drowning…
…is doing big business, striking out on his own selling his pelican statues on the boardwalk.
And as for his carny boss who said he'd never make a dime if people saw him as a sensitive human being? Hobie says he took a hike after Manny sat on him.
And Manny smiles.
And the show ends.
WWF fans got to see the softer side of Jorge Gonzalez when the episode premiered on the first weekend of October 1993.
And how did his promoter Vince McMahon react? He let his contract expire later that week, and Gonzalez never wrestled in the WWF again.
So I guess the carny was right.
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It Came From YouTube: Baywatch + Giant Gonzalez = greatness.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwLvu18l-jg Crapper Jim SHea writes: Okay, this has to be the sappiest episode ever on…
It Came From YouTube: Giant Gonzalez tries to kill Todd Pettengill!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJ8OAanxdXw&app=desktop Crapper Drew Bludd writes: What a bunch of shit. Well, he came close to…
It Came From YouTube: The Giant Gonzalez tells Harvey Wippleman to sit on it!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJbtd8QHNhU (Here's an alternative link if the above video link goes dead). From October of…
Written by Art0Donnell
A wrestling fan ever since the days of Wrestlemania IX, Art graduated from college in the same building where Art Donovan called King of the Ring 1994. He also runs the "How Much Does This Guy Weigh?" blog, where he reviews New Generation-Era Monday Night Raws. Follow him on Twitter @Art0Donnell. Email at: art@wrestlecrap.com
View all posts by: Art0Donnell
12 Responses to "Induction: Giant Gonzalez on Baywatch – The Pelican Bikini Brief"
Jorge's character developed a cult following and a rumored spinoff was pitched to syndicated networks. In the show Manny would go onto law school and run a studio based on his avian artistry but he would face depression from being overworked. The show would be called, The Pelican Grief.
Hulk6785 says:
So, Cort just dumped CJ? That retinitis pigmentosa must made it hard for him to see that he was dating mid-90s Pamela Anderson. Idiot!
Maybe the condition gave him the foresight to see mid-2010's Pamela Anderson, making him a genius.
C Boz says:
In that gif of Lexy, did he just come off a long horse ride? He sure is walking like he did, podner.
Still better than the Vader vs Hulk bash at the beach episode featuring the Macho Man, Taskmaster Sullivan… and unfortunately Ric Flair (who deserved better), too. Viva the Venice Boys Youth Center!
NOTHING is better than getting off the landing craft with Vader wearing wrestling gear and flip flops.
Sean Bateman says:
Still better than his appearance in Thunder in Paradise 2
The Doctor of Style says:
A fun look at an obscure pop culture moment, Art! (And Cort really bumped for that boogie board!)
Re: Hasselhoff doing product placement–if you think Knight Rider is cheesy, just think what it'd be like with A&W bumper stickers on the car.
E-Squared says:
I advise you guys to watch the Baywatching episode on this particular episode. Allison Pregler made a lot of good points about the flaws in this episode, plus she is funny as hell.
Anyway, I remember watching this episode and regarding the plot, I wondered how Hobie managed to develop a friendship with Manny. I also must add that I first watched this episode before I became a wrestling fan, so I had no idea who this tall guy was. However, I later re-watched it AFTER I became a fan and I realized that Giant Gonzalez used his tights during his sideshow. It was just an observation, not really important. I actually thought that the plot regarding this was a bit hokey. Also, what shows that this was a product of the times was that a preteen and an adult bonded. I am aware of inter-generational friendships, whether it's bonding with an older person because the older person acted as a mentor of some sort, these things happen, but if it were done much later, some people would misconstrue their friendship as something else.
As for the main plot of the episode, like what Pregler mentioned in her Baywatching episode, it was never elaborated upon about Cort's relationship with CJ. I mean, sure, it's possible that they knew each other and were a thing before CJ became a character, but he was mainly a character during the NBC season and was a recurring character after that. Hell, even in subsequent appearances, it had only been mentioned once or twice. Even then, the writing for Cort in this episode was just not that great with the plot about how he can't be with her because of his eyesight. Then again, he was only a recurring character, so what did it matter?
Christopher Haydu says:
I'll defend A&W root beer until my dying day. That stuff is great.
KatieVictoriasSecret says:
I still don't believe that they cut the iconic Pelican Man song out of this episode.
Rose Harmon says:
I had a boss whose last name was Italian and it was Gigante. Pronounced differently but now I think of her every time Wrestlecrap posts anything about El Gigante/Giant Gonzales
Jimbolian says:
"I's wouldn't minds me a bit of Pelican action if that Giant sats on me! AHHGUHGUHGUHGUH!!!!!!"
Get out of here Gay Popeye!
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New push for racial equality in the marijuana trade
Black entrepreneurs say people of color are being shut out of the trade. …
Black entrepreneurs who say people of color are being shut out of the lucrative marijuana trade are joining forces to close the gap.
Real Action for Cannabis Equity, or RACE, launched Thursday in Boston, and its founders said the coalition will work to create more opportunities in the industry for minority owners.
Organizers said they're frustrated that all but two of Massachusetts' 184 marijuana business licenses have been issued to white operators. Voters in the state approved recreational marijuana use and sales in a 2016 referendum.
Across the U.S., black people have had difficulty entering the marijuana trade, often because they historically were targeted by anti-drug crackdowns that left them with criminal records.
In Massachusetts, black people were 3.3 times more likely than white people to be arrested for marijuana possession in 2014 — two years before legalization — despite using the drug at similar rates, RACE said in a statement.
Many communities are using those convictions to deliberately exclude people of color as they license marijuana businesses, said coalition co-founder Richard Harding.
"On the municipal level, this is not unlike the Jim Crow laws or civil rights struggles of the past, whereby higher-level mandates for equity are being intentionally or irresponsibly ignored on the local level," Harding said.
RACE said discrimination persists even though the Massachusetts ballot initiative included mandates aimed at promoting equity for people of color who were disproportionately prosecuted, criminalized and incarcerated during marijuana prohibition and the war on drugs.
"Statewide, the voters have clearly called for legalization to be carried forth in a manner that promotes equity, but on the municipal level, from Brockton to Cambridge to Western Massachusetts, equity is being sabotaged," Harding said. "Fairness is not being achieved in the process, and it is certainly not being achieved in the result."
The coalition said it will promote the interests of entrepreneurs and workers of color as they seek equal access to the marijuana business, starting with a voter outreach campaign aimed at raising awareness of the racial and ethnic gap. The campaign will include ads on Facebook, YouTube and other platforms, it said.
RACE planned to hold a silent demonstration Friday afternoon outside Cambridge city hall.
Messages were left seeking comment from city officials.
The state's Cannabis Control Commission, which regulates the industry in Massachusetts, told The Associated Press it's committed to an industry "which includes full participation from people of color."
"The commission will continue to collaborate with municipalities, other state agencies and the private sector to ensure Massachusetts' industry looks like Massachusetts," it said.
Nationwide, cities and states have been taking steps to encourage minorities to enter the growing cannabis industry and remove legal obstacles. Most of the measures are aimed at ensuring people with past marijuana convictions aren't excluded from applying for a retail license or working in a cannabis business.
Follow AP's complete marijuana coverage: https://apnews.com/Marijuana .
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text:
(Nathan/Peter). Nathan takes Peter to see Claire.
Warnings: Incest - brotherly, uncle/niece and some father/daughter, as well as sex with a minor. A little Claire/West.
Spoilers: through 2x03 "Kindred"
Disclaimer: I claim no ownership over these characters. I am merely borrowing them from Tim Kring et al.
Feedback: Yes please! It makes me happy and keeps me writing.
Thanks to apckrfan and prylliepwns for the beta.
x-posted: heroes_fic, mature_heroes, paire_love, petrelli_ot3
Several minutes passed in silence, hands moving in idle patterns against the other's skin.
"I wish that I didn't have to go home," Claire said, sighing.
"When do you have to be back?" Peter asked, not ready to let Claire go, either.
Claire sat up enough to look at the bedside clock. "Um, half an hour ago."
"Are your parents going to be worried?" Peter asked, sitting up.
"I better call them." Claire got up and retrieved her phone from her bag. Thank goodness for cell phones, she thought. Choosing the lesser of two evils, Claire called her mom.
"Hi Mom," Claire said into the phone.
"Claire, supper's just about ready. Where are you?"
"The thing is, my first game is tomorrow night, and Jenny said that she'd help me out with the cheers to really get them down. Is it okay if I spend the night here?" Claire hurriedly asked, glancing at Peter to see if that was okay.
Peter's eyes widened as Claire asked to spend the night out. He'd have to talk to Nathan about that, and soon. He didn't say anything though, just nodded his head and pulled on his boxers.
"It is a school night," Sandra hedged.
"I promise that I'll be at school bright and early. And I'll come home straight after. But I really don't want to screw up at my first big game."
"Well, I'll have to talk to your father, but I suppose that it's fine. I'll call you if your father objects."
"Thanks, Mom!" Claire squealed, bouncing.
"Have a good time," Sandra said before ending the call.
Claire jumped back on the bed, settling next to Peter. "I hope it's okay that I just invited myself to spend the night. I can still go home later, if you want."
"I'd love for you to spend the night," Peter said. "I'm not so sure Nathan will like that idea though."
Claire's face fell. She'd momentarily forgotten about Nathan. "Does he have to know? I mean, it's not like I'll be in his way if I stay with you."
"Claire, Nathan and I are sharing this room," Peter admitted.
She looked around and still saw only the one bed. Granted, it was a very big bed, but…
"Is one of you sleeping on the couch? It's comfy, but neither one of you is small enough to sleep on it."
"No, Claire, we're sharing the bed," Peter said, meeting her eyes. She blushed as she realized what he was saying.
"You mean, you and Nathan…?"
"Yes," Peter said.
"But I thought you liked women. I mean, what you and I just did…I thought you enjoyed it," Claire said, very confused.
"I did. I do. Nathan said we weren't like this before, that we'd never done anything in bed before the explosion. But when he found me…it was like when I saw you. I was just drawn to him in a way that I couldn't explain and it felt right."
"So you're not gay?" Claire shyly asked.
"No. As far as I know, which isn't saying a lot, I've never been attracted to another man before. There's just something about Nathan, though," Peter said.
"He is kind of sexy," Claire agreed, giggling.
"So, you're okay with that?" Peter asked.
Claire shrugged. "I'm a little weirded out, but no more than by the fact that I was just fooling around with my uncle and kissed my bio-dad."
"I'm glad," Peter said. Glancing at the clock, he said, "I should call down to the bar and have them send Nathan back up. He should know what's going on."
Claire nodded her agreement and started looking for her shirt, pulling it on bra-less. Peter pulled on his jeans before he returned to sit beside her on the bed. She and Peter were sitting against the headboard watching TV, his arm around her shoulders, when Nathan returned to the room.
"Claire, you're still here," Nathan observed.
"Well, you did give me a ride here," she pointed out.
"She's also going to spend the night," Peter quickly added. Nathan momentarily looked alarmed, so Peter added, "She knows we just have the one room."
"You told her?" Nathan hissed.
"I didn't have much choice after she called home and said she was spending the night with a girlfriend," Peter said.
"More lies?" Nathan asked.
"Would you have preferred that I say that I wanted to have a naked sleepover with my bio-dad and uncle?" Claire retorted.
"That would be a no," Nathan said, sitting on the edge of the bed. He took in Peter's shirtless state, and the fact that Claire wasn't wearing a bra, and with a raised eyebrow asked, "Did you two have fun?"
Their mutual blushes were answer enough.
"Did you…?"
"No," Peter rushed to say. "There was touching, but pants stayed on."
"Well, mine did," Claire amended.
Nathan looked between the two, but decided he didn't want to know. His imagination had been running wild picturing what was happening up here. Sometimes being noble really sucked. Especially since he wasn't the one sucked off.
Kicking off his shoes, Nathan sat next to Peter on the bed. "So, what are you watching?"
"Don't know. We just started flipping through channels right before you came in," Claire said, taking control of the remote loosely being held by Peter.
"Your parents are really okay with you being out on a school night?" Nathan asked.
"I told my mom that I needed to work on my cheers for tomorrow night's game. She said she'd call my cell if my dad objected. He knows that it's cheerleading or dating, so I don't think he'll make a fuss," Claire said. "Unless you don't want me here."
"That's not it," Nathan quickly said. "I'd love for you to stay. I just don't want you to get into trouble for staying out all night."
Claire groaned. "Stop worrying, Dad."
"New rule, if we're on a bed, you can't call me that," Nathan said, frowning.
Claire got a wicked gleam in her eye and moved to kneel between the two men. "Aw, what's the matter? Feel like a dirty old man when a young girl calls you daddy?"
"I don't make a habit of sleeping with teenage girls," Nathan said, grinding his teeth. He knew admitting his attraction to her was a bad idea. "And I am not old."
"Well, you're old enough to be my father," Claire teased.
"Alright, that's enough," Peter said, pulling Claire back across his lap.
"Come on, Peter, I'm just having some fun," Claire said, leaning into his chest.
"I don't think Nathan was enjoying your little verbal sparring," Peter pointed out.
Claire stuck her tongue out at him, so Peter did the only thing he could think of to shut her up; he sucked her tongue into his mouth. Claire eagerly kissed him back.
When Peter's hand moved to cup Claire's breast outside her shirt, Nathan muttered, "Jeez, it's like being with a couple of teenagers." This earned him a kick from Claire.
"Sorry," Peter said, pulling away from Claire's delectable mouth.
"Didn't you get it out of your system while I was downstairs?" Nathan asked.
"Apparently not," Claire said. "Why do you think I wanted to stay over?"
"If you two think that you can control yourselves long enough for a meal, I'm going to order room service," Nathan said, getting up to retrieve the menu.
"I love room service," Claire said, bouncing in Peter's lap.
They perused the menu and Nathan placed their order.
"We have about half an hour until the food arrives. Do I even want to ask how you want to spend the time?" Nathan snidely asked.
"Quit being so grouchy," Claire complained.
"I am not being grouchy," Nathan insisted, even though he knew that he was.
"I think he's just feeling a little left out," Peter guessed.
Nathan shifted uncomfortably. "Maybe, just a little."
Since Peter was still between Nathan and Claire on the bed, he turned and brushed a kiss against Nathan's cheek. Nathan made a sound that he'd deny was a whimper before pulling Peter into a proper kiss.
This was what Nathan had been missing all day. He and Peter had spent the past week in some kind of honeymoon haze, kissing and touching any time that they felt the urge. As wonderful as it was to see Claire again, and to reunite her with Peter, it also meant that Nathan had had to hold back his impulses to touch and kiss Peter.
Peter gave himself completely to the kiss with Nathan. What he'd said to Claire earlier was true. Regardless of their blood relation, this felt right. Nathan's mouth and Nathan's hands and Nathan's body were home to Peter. It didn't matter if he never got his memories back because he was very happy with where he was right now. He had no idea if his former self would be repulsed by what he was doing with Nathan, or Claire, and he didn't want to lose either one of them.
Claire moved to sit at the foot of the bed so that she could better watch the men kissing. She'd never seen two men make out like this before, as much as she'd teased Zach about getting a boyfriend, she'd never seen him kiss a guy. There was something very hot about watching two men, or at least these two men, kiss each other as if their lives depended on the contact.
Part of her wanted to find a way to join in without interrupting, but she also didn't want to distract them when they both obviously needed to be doing this. Instead, she watched how they reacted to each other. She was especially curious to watch them harden as the kiss went on.
Peter and Nathan reluctantly drew apart when Room Service knocked on the door. They were both hard and breathing heavily.
"I'll get it," Claire said, hopping off the bed. "Neither one of you is in a fit state to be opening the door right now." They both faintly blushed, realizing that Claire knew just how turned on they'd gotten from kissing each other.
Nathan willed his body to calm down and he stood to sign the bill, charging the food to the room. Claire arranged the food on the coffee table in front of the couch before pulling her plate onto her lap.
"Well now, come and get it while it's hot," Claire said, picking her burger up and taking a healthy bite.
Nathan and Peter tried to ignore how those words could have a very different connotation and joined her on the couch at their designated spots. They made small talk as they ate, eventually getting lost in their own thoughts as they finished their meal.
Having been the first to start, Claire finished eating before her companions. She stood and stretched, unaware of her shirt riding up to expose a bit of flesh – which drew Peter and Nathan's eye. She moved back to the bed and stretched out across it, lying on her side facing the brothers as they finished eating. She picked up the remote control and started flipping through channels again.
Her phone chimed, indicating that she had a text message, and Claire rolled over to retrieve her phone from where she'd left it on the bedside table. She sighed and announced that it was from West.
"What does he want?" Peter asked around a mouthful of pasta.
"To know if I can get away tonight," Claire said, rolling her eyes. Her thumbs flew across the touchpad as she sent back a quick reply that she was homebound that night and put the phone aside.
"What did you tell him?" Nathan politely asked.
"That I'm busy fucking my uncle and can't service him too," Claire snarked, causing Nathan to choke on his food. Peter rubbed his back.
"You what?" Nathan managed to ask.
"Relax," Claire said. "I told him my dad wasn't gonna let me out tonight."
"Should I be worried by how easily you lie to the people you supposedly care about?" Nathan asked.
"No," Claire said.
Nathan sank back on the couch, groaning. "I don't think I can eat any more."
"I don't know," Peter said, a twinkle in his eye. "I think that I could go for some dessert." He winked at Nathan before moving to straddle Claire on the bed.
"Peter, we didn't order dessert," Claire pointed out, resting her hands on his thighs.
"I didn't mean that kind of dessert," he said, pulling her top over her head.
Claire moved to cover herself, aware of Nathan's eyes on them, but Peter captured her wrists and pinned them above her head.
"Peter, what are you—?" She was cut off by Peter's lips covering hers, his tongue delving into her mouth.
Peter's hands slowly traveled down her arms and sides before covering her breasts. He teased her nipples back into the hardened peaks he'd enjoyed feasting on earlier. Claire's hands found their way into his hair, whimpering when he moved his kisses down her neck. He watched in fascination as he licked and sucked her skin until it bruised, then healed before his eyes.
He ran his thumb over where the mark should have been. "Fascinating."
"I heal, remember?" Claire said, her fingers teasing the hair at the back of his neck.
"It seems a shame that you should have to heal from this too," Peter said.
"Yeah, but it comes in handy after I've been out with West," Claire countered.
Peter frowned. "No more mentioning of idiot boyfriends when we're half naked together."
"I'll do my best," Claire agreed, running her hands down Peter's bare chest, feeling him shudder when her thumbs grazed his nipples.
"Can I have my dessert now?" Peter asked, mischief in his eyes.
"I don't see why not," Claire said, sounding unsure of why he was asking when he'd just been kissing her.
"Move up the bed," Peter said.
"No," Nathan objected, startling the pair on the bed. They turned to look at him. "Slide to the edge of the bed if you need to, but don't change your current position."
"Enjoying the show?" Peter asked, knowingly.
"Very much so," Nathan admitted. "And I'd prefer to keep watching it from this angle."
"You heard the man," Peter said to Claire. "Slide back as far as you can go."
Claire did as asked, still feeling like she was missing something. Until Peter began to remove her jeans.
Sitting up so that she rested on her elbows, she whispered, "What do you think you're doing?"
"Dessert," Peter informed her. "You'll enjoy this, I promise."
"Dessert involves me taking my pants off?" Claire asked.
"Well, it's good to know that West didn't get this far with you," Peter said.
"What's that supposed to mean? And I thought we weren't talking about him anymore."
"Claire, if you think real hard, I'm sure that you can figure out what I'm going to do here," Peter said, trying not to sound patronizing.
Claire thought for a minute and when she blushed bright red, Peter knew that she'd figured it out. "Go ahead," she squeaked, lying back down and covering her face.
"It's really nothing to be embarrassed about," Peter told her, working her jeans and panties down her legs and tossing them on the floor. He took a moment to simply enjoy seeing her completely bare before his eyes.
Peter gently parted Claire's legs, moving to kneel between them. Her legs trembled slightly, and Peter ran soothing hands over them. He slowly worked his hands closer to her center and parted her folds with his thumbs. He could see that she was still wet from her earlier orgasm.
Out of the corner of his eye, Peter saw Nathan stand and cross to the bed. Nathan lay down beside Claire, not touching her, but unable to stay away from them any longer.
Peter scooted back so that he had room to lower his head and taste Claire. She gasped at the feel of his tongue dipping between her folds and inside her. Her arms finally dropped away from her face and she nearly hit Nathan as they fell to her sides. She looked over at him, having felt when he joined them on the bed. She was shocked by the naked lust she saw on his face.
Her eyes closed and her back arched as Peter began to explore her in earnest. He focused his attention on her clit, sliding one finger inside her.
"Oh, God," she groaned.
Claire writhed on the bed and Peter moved his free hand to hold her hips still.
Turning her head, Claire whimpered, "Nathan," reaching out for him.
Nathan swallowed hard and shifted closer to Claire until he was able to reach her parted lips. He kissed her, capturing her nearly constant moans with his mouth. He ran his hands through her silky hair and thrilled that she was inviting him to share her pleasure. One of his hands slid down to cup Claire's breast and he groaned at how perfect her body was.
While Claire was distracted by Nathan, Peter took the opportunity to add a second finger to the first, enjoying the slick slide as he stretched her. He stroked her skillfully, searching for that elusive spot that he knew would drive Claire delirious with pleasure. He knew that he'd found it when Claire bolted upright, her hands suddenly digging into his scalp.
"Oh my God, what was that?" she keened, lying back.
"Did you like it?" Peter asked, knowing the answer.
"Do that again," Claire insisted, grinning as she met his eyes.
"As you wish," Peter murmured, redoubling his hand's motion and as well as his attentions to her clit.
Nathan, in turn, moved down to taste Claire's breasts. His lips and teeth worried Claire's nipples in a virtually identical pattern as Peter used on her clit.
It suddenly became too much for Claire. Peter's mouth and hands in her most intimate places, and the slight scratch of Nathan's stubble as he lavished attention on her breasts was more than one girl could take for long. With a hand on each of their heads, Claire keened loudly, too lost in sensation to form words as she fell over the edge.
Peter continued to lick her, soothing her down from her orgasm. When she appeared to have caught her breath, he sat up and was immediately pulled into a hungry kiss by Nathan.
Claire shifted restlessly on the bed. Her skin was too sensitive to just lie there. She felt like every single tiny hair on her body was alive and crying out for contact.
"More," she whimpered.
"More what?" Peter asked, licking his lips as he pulled away from Nathan.
"I don't know. I just need more. I feel like I'm going to crawl out of my skin," Claire said.
"Could you actually do that?" Nathan wondered aloud.
"I wasn't being literal," Claire said, rolling her eyes.
"What do you want, Claire?" Peter asked, leaning down to meet Claire's eyes.
She stared into his familiar brown eyes and she knew what she wanted. Somehow she managed not to blush as she said, "I want you, inside me."
Peter swallowed and Claire's eyes were drawn to his bobbing adam's apple. She leaned up and licked it, causing it to bob some more, and her to giggle.
"Are you sure?" Peter choked out.
"I want you to be my first," Claire admitted. "I think I've wanted that since the moment I first saw you."
"I'd be honored to make love to you," Peter said seriously, brushing her golden hair away from her face.
Peter pulled back so that he could remove his remaining clothing.
"Hey, Nathan, can you grab..." he gestured to the bedside table with his chin.
Nathan simply reached over and pulled out the box of condoms they'd stored in the drawer and handed one of the foil packets to his brother.
"I-I want to see you naked, too," Claire shyly told Nathan.
"Claire..." Nathan hesitated.
"Uh uh," Claire shook her head. "If you get to see us naked, it's only fair."
Perhaps it was because he was getting an eyeful of naked Claire and Peter, but Nathan couldn't find any reason to argue with that logic, and began to disrobe.
After donning the condom, Peter lay next to Claire, then pulled her on top of him.
"What are you--?" she started to ask.
"You'll like it better this way, trust me," Peter said, helping her to move into position.
"I do," she said, staring into his eyes.
Peter guided her hand to his cock and helped her to ease herself down over him. She went slowly, adjusting to the difference in size between Peter's cock and his fingers.
When Peter brushed against her maidenhead, he nodded to Nathan, who leaned over and kissed Claire. Grasping Claire's hips, Peter thrust up, breaking through her barrier. Claire's cry of surprise and pain was caught by Nathan's mouth and both men ran their hands over her body to soothe her.
Claire pulled out of the kiss and rested both hands on Peter's chest. She took a deep breath and let it out slowly. "I'm okay," she said, smiling down at Peter.
With his hands back on her hips, Peter helped Claire to set a smooth rhythm. It wasn't long before she caught on and began to move with more speed and force, matching Peter's upward thrusts.
Nathan retreated to the head of the bed to watch Peter and Claire make love. As much as he was enjoying touching both of them at once, he knew that they deserved to experience this alone. The sight – and smell and sound – of them together didn't leave him unaffected, though. He began to stroke his cock to the same pace that Claire and Peter were using.
"I. Think. I'm getting. The hang. Of this," Claire panted out with each down stroke. Her hands began to explore Peter's body again, enjoying the dips and bumps of his muscles beneath her hands.
"You're incredible," Peter said, his eyes watching how Claire's breasts bounced with every motion.
He sat up to take one of her bouncing breasts in his mouth, his tongue and teeth driving her closer to the edge, his hand teasing her other breast. Claire's head dropped back, her straight blonde hair brushing against her ass and Peter's balls, causing him to buck up even harder.
Slowly, Peter trailed his hand from Claire's breast down until his thumb brushed against her swollen clit. Claire's breath hitched with pleasure and she keened loudly. Claire pulled Peter's mouth up to hers so that she could kiss him with all of the passion that she was feeling.
Without warning Claire's body tensed, her muscles clamping around Peter's thrusting cock. She dug her nails into Peter's back, not caring if she broke the skin or not – he'd heal instantly anyway. "Peter, oh God, Peter," she whimpered against his mouth.
"God, Claire," Peter grunted, the pressure around his cock was nearly unbearable.
As Claire's body began to relax, he laid her down on her back and after few hard thrusts whispered Claire's name as he jerked with his own release, collapsing on top of her.
The sound of skin on skin caused Peter to turn his head towards Nathan, who was furiously pulling at his cock. Peter had nearly forgotten about him, he'd been so caught up in Claire's pleasure, and his own.
Pulling out of Claire's sated body, Peter pulled off the condom and unconsciously sent it to the trash bin telekinetically. He slid the short distance up the bed and on one of Nathan's down strokes he followed Nathan's hand with his mouth. Nathan's eyes, which had been closed since Peter and Claire finished, popped open and he yelped. He was so close already that with the sudden additional stimulation of Peter's warm, wet mouth, he came, hard.
As soon as he recovered his breath, Nathan gasped, "I'm sorry, Pete."
"It's fine," Peter said, licking his lips. "Didn't realize you were that close."
"You put on quite the show there, little brother," Nathan said, looking thoroughly relaxed as he reclined against the headboard.
Peter made himself comfortable next to Nathan, and patted the space on his other side for Claire to join them. She stretched lazily, drawing both men's eyes to her sweat-glistened body, before crawling over to Peter and resting her head on his shoulder.
"That was amazing," Claire said, her hands stroking Peter wherever she could reach.
"You're amazing," Peter countered.
"I never knew that I could feel like this," Claire said.
"It'll only get better," Nathan informed her.
"Mmm… I like the sound of that," Claire said, sleepily. Peter chuckled.
"I think you wore her out," Nathan observed as Claire fought to keep her eyes open.
"You try losing your virginity with two guys and see how awake you feel," Claire said.
"Technically, it was just one guy," Nathan pointed out. "I wasn't really participating."
"You were there though," Claire argued. "That counts. I'm glad you were here. Felt right."
"Yeah, it did," Peter agreed, brushing a hand along Nathan's leg. He pressed a kiss to Nathan's lips before turning and kissing Claire.
"You wanna get some sleep?" Peter asked her.
"That sounds good," Claire said, eyes closing.
Peter slid down the bed, pulling Claire with him. He could feel Nathan spoon in behind him.
"What time do you need to be at school?" Nathan asked, reaching for the alarm clock.
"Seven," Claire mumbled.
"I'm going to set the alarm for six. Will that be enough time for you?" he asked.
"Yeah," Claire agreed. "Good night, Nathan. Good night, Peter. I'm glad you're alive."
Peter laughed. He was surrounded by people who cared about him and wanted him to be whole and happy. What could be better than this?
"I am too."
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Mood: calm
Fic: Redefinition 3/3 (Claire/Nathan/Peter) NC-17
Title: Redefinition
Author: Elisabeth
Rating: NC-17 (overall)
Fandom: Heroes
Pairing: Claire/Nathan/Peter (canon)
Summary: Sequel to Never Let You Go (Nathan/Peter). Nathan takes Peter to see Claire.
Tags: claire bennet, claire/nathan/peter, fic:redefinition, heroes fic, nathan, peter


text:
The Margary Affair ( or 滇案; Diān àn) was a crisis in Sino-British relations, which followed the murder of British official Augustus Raymond Margary in 1875.

As part of efforts to explore overland trade routes between British India and China's provinces, junior British diplomat Augustus Raymond Margary was sent from Shanghai through southwest China to Bhamo in Upper Burma, where he was supposed to meet Colonel Horace Browne. It took Margary six months to make the  journey through the provinces of Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan and he met Brown in Bhamo in late 1874. On the journey back to Shanghai, Margary heard rumors that the return route was not safe and changed the route to Tengyue. However, he did not notify local officials of their arrivals and confronted native people. In a following conflict on 21February 1875, he and his four Chinese personal staff were killed.

The incident created a diplomatic crisis and gave British authorities an excuse to put pressure on the Qing government. The crisis was only resolved in 1876 when Thomas Wade and Li Hongzhang signed the Chefoo Convention, which covered a number of items unrelated to the incident.

Notes

References

Margary, Augustus Raymond, and Rutherford Alcock. The Journey of Augustus Raymond Margary, from Shanghae to Bhamo, and Back to Manwyne: From His Journals and Letters, with a Brief Biographical Preface. London: Macmillan and co., 1876.
Wang, Shên-tsu. The Margary Affair and the Chefoo Agreement. London, New York: Oxford University Press, 1940.

China–United Kingdom relations
1870s in China

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia