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Keywords: federation (362 Results)
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Should Nation‐building be Federalized? Should Nation‐building be Federalized? Reconsidering the Role of Federalism in Normative Political Theory
Wayne Norman
in Negotiating Nationalism: Nation-Building, Federalism, and Secession in the Multinational State
10.1093/0198293356.003.0003
It is not possible for every community that considers itself to be a nation to have a state of its own. This is not even the preferred option for most national minorities themselves. Rather, most ... More
It is not possible for every community that considers itself to be a nation to have a state of its own. This is not even the preferred option for most national minorities themselves. Rather, most seek autonomy and freedom to carry out nation-building projects within a federal state. This chapter introduces the potential federalist solution to the problems of multinational states. It considers the history of political philosophizing about federalism, particularly whether the neglect and even rejection of federalism by liberal theorists throughout much of the 20th century was justified.Less
It is not possible for every community that considers itself to be a nation to have a state of its own. This is not even the preferred option for most national minorities themselves. Rather, most seek autonomy and freedom to carry out nation-building projects within a federal state. This chapter introduces the potential federalist solution to the problems of multinational states. It considers the history of political philosophizing about federalism, particularly whether the neglect and even rejection of federalism by liberal theorists throughout much of the 20th century was justified.
Keywords: federation, intra-state autonomy, self-determination, liberalism, democratic theory, consociationalism, Ronald Watts, A. V. Dicey, Franz Neumann
A Federalist Theory of Secession
Preventing secession is the central design challenge in a multinational federation. This chapter considers how a well-designed legal secession procedure in a federal constitution could be attractive ... More
Preventing secession is the central design challenge in a multinational federation. This chapter considers how a well-designed legal secession procedure in a federal constitution could be attractive to both majority and minority nationalists. Legalizing (or 'domesticating') secession the right way could, paradoxically, make secession less likely by taking away some incentives for secessionist politics. It could also provide a powerful form of symbolic recognition for a national minority. The background context of secession in international law, as well as some lessons from the history of secessionist politics and the recent 'legalization' of secession in Canada and Quebec are discussed.Less
Preventing secession is the central design challenge in a multinational federation. This chapter considers how a well-designed legal secession procedure in a federal constitution could be attractive to both majority and minority nationalists. Legalizing (or 'domesticating') secession the right way could, paradoxically, make secession less likely by taking away some incentives for secessionist politics. It could also provide a powerful form of symbolic recognition for a national minority. The background context of secession in international law, as well as some lessons from the history of secessionist politics and the recent 'legalization' of secession in Canada and Quebec are discussed.
Keywords: self-determination, constitutionalism, international law, recognition, institutional design, federation, Canada, Quebec, Allen Buchanan
Federalism and European Union: A Political Economy Perspective
David McKay
Political Science, European Union
This book examines the decision to adopt European Monetary Union (EMU) as a federal bargain by the European Union, designed to provide the countries of Europe with a bulwark against the volatility of ... More
This book examines the decision to adopt European Monetary Union (EMU) as a federal bargain by the European Union, designed to provide the countries of Europe with a bulwark against the volatility of the international economy. Although the precise motives of the participants varied from country to country, all were agreed that only federal-like political and economic arrangements would provide a guarantee of economic and political stability. The book provides a coherent theoretical framework for understanding the decisions taken at Maastricht and later. By making comparisons with other federations, the book also examines the political and economic conditions under which federations succeed or fail. It concludes that EMU will only be politically sustainable if novel ways are found to limit centrally imposed fiscal and spending policies.Less
Federalism and European Union : A Political Economy Perspective
This book examines the decision to adopt European Monetary Union (EMU) as a federal bargain by the European Union, designed to provide the countries of Europe with a bulwark against the volatility of the international economy. Although the precise motives of the participants varied from country to country, all were agreed that only federal-like political and economic arrangements would provide a guarantee of economic and political stability. The book provides a coherent theoretical framework for understanding the decisions taken at Maastricht and later. By making comparisons with other federations, the book also examines the political and economic conditions under which federations succeed or fail. It concludes that EMU will only be politically sustainable if novel ways are found to limit centrally imposed fiscal and spending policies.
Keywords: European Monetary Union, European Union, international economy, economic stability, political stability, Maastricht, federations, fiscal policies, spending policies
The Nature of the Agreement
John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary
in The Northern Ireland Conflict: Consociational Engagements
The chapter provides a comprehensive constitutional and political evaluation of the Agreement of 1998. It explains that the Agreement is consistent with the four central pillars of consociational ... More
The chapter provides a comprehensive constitutional and political evaluation of the Agreement of 1998. It explains that the Agreement is consistent with the four central pillars of consociational democracy, but it also addressed the self-determination dispute at the heart of the conflict through a number of complex federal and confederal elements, involving both parts of Ireland, and Ireland and Great Britain. The chapter has an appendix which explains the d'Hondt formula used for executive appointment.Less
John McGarryBrendan O'Leary
The chapter provides a comprehensive constitutional and political evaluation of the Agreement of 1998. It explains that the Agreement is consistent with the four central pillars of consociational democracy, but it also addressed the self-determination dispute at the heart of the conflict through a number of complex federal and confederal elements, involving both parts of Ireland, and Ireland and Great Britain. The chapter has an appendix which explains the d'Hondt formula used for executive appointment.
Keywords: the Agreement, power-sharing, proportionality, autonomy, veto rights, confederation, federation, decommissioning, demilitarisation, police reform, prisoner release, double protection
The Process of Federal Transition
Jeffrey Kahn
in Federalism, Democratization, and the Rule of Law in Russia
Political Science, Russian Politics
The Soviet regime's political successors intended, from the start, a transition to a genuine federal system. An examination of the formal debates and conflicts between political elites reveals that ... More
The Soviet regime's political successors intended, from the start, a transition to a genuine federal system. An examination of the formal debates and conflicts between political elites reveals that Russia's project of 'renewed federation' developed on several different institutional levels and cut across many different political interests. Three of four stages in the process of federal transition are examined in detail: the 'Parade of Sovereignties', development of the Federation Treaty, and the crisis over a new federal Constitution. The content of these documents and their relationship with power struggles in and between Moscow and the constituent units of the new Russian Federation are examined in detail. The Republic of Tatarstan is a special case study.Less
The Soviet regime's political successors intended, from the start, a transition to a genuine federal system. An examination of the formal debates and conflicts between political elites reveals that Russia's project of 'renewed federation' developed on several different institutional levels and cut across many different political interests. Three of four stages in the process of federal transition are examined in detail: the 'Parade of Sovereignties', development of the Federation Treaty, and the crisis over a new federal Constitution. The content of these documents and their relationship with power struggles in and between Moscow and the constituent units of the new Russian Federation are examined in detail. The Republic of Tatarstan is a special case study.
Keywords: constitution, elites, federal system, federation treaty, institutions, Russia, sovereignty, Tatarstan
The Federal Reforms of Vladimir Putin
The first year of Putin's presidency resulted in the most concerted and fundamental shake‐up of federal relations since 1993. Putin ended the bilateral treaty process and vowed to create a ... More
The first year of Putin's presidency resulted in the most concerted and fundamental shake‐up of federal relations since 1993. Putin ended the bilateral treaty process and vowed to create a 'Dictatorship of Law'. Putin's reforms are examined in detail, including the creation of presidential envoys (polpredy) and federal districts, the quasi‐judicial use of presidential decrees (ukazy), reform of the Council of the Federation, growing federal influence of regional executives and legislatures, and local self‐government. These dramatic changes led to the reform of republican constitutions and a new stage in federal‐regional relations.Less
The first year of Putin's presidency resulted in the most concerted and fundamental shake‐up of federal relations since 1993. Putin ended the bilateral treaty process and vowed to create a 'Dictatorship of Law'. Putin's reforms are examined in detail, including the creation of presidential envoys (polpredy) and federal districts, the quasi‐judicial use of presidential decrees (ukazy), reform of the Council of the Federation, growing federal influence of regional executives and legislatures, and local self‐government. These dramatic changes led to the reform of republican constitutions and a new stage in federal‐regional relations.
Keywords: bilateral treaty, constitution, Council of the Federation, dictatorship of law, federal districts, legislature, presidential decrees, presidential envoys, Vladimir Putin, reform
A broad continuum of approaches to federal government exists. What choices are available to ruling elites at any given political moment depends greatly on previous institutional and political ... More
A broad continuum of approaches to federal government exists. What choices are available to ruling elites at any given political moment depends greatly on previous institutional and political choices. The importance of a culture of legality, democratic governance, and a shared appreciation for the concepts and goals behind federal choices cannot be understated. The author concludes that weak conceptual, democratic, and rule‐of‐law foundations continue to threaten the new Russian Federation.Less
A broad continuum of approaches to federal government exists. What choices are available to ruling elites at any given political moment depends greatly on previous institutional and political choices. The importance of a culture of legality, democratic governance, and a shared appreciation for the concepts and goals behind federal choices cannot be understated. The author concludes that weak conceptual, democratic, and rule‐of‐law foundations continue to threaten the new Russian Federation.
Keywords: democracy, elites, federal government, governance, institutions, politics, rule of law, Russian Federation
Putin's Reform of the Russian Federation Putin's Reform of the Russian Federation Neil Melvin
Neil Melvin
in Leading Russia: Putin in Perspective: Essays in Honour of Archie Brown
Putin's reform of the Russian Federation can be viewed as both promoting and restricting democracy. While moves to challenge the democracy of Russia's regions can be seen as a positive step, ... More
Putin's reform of the Russian Federation can be viewed as both promoting and restricting democracy. While moves to challenge the democracy of Russia's regions can be seen as a positive step, considerable doubts remain about whether the reforms involved gains in terms of democracy and effectiveness. Beyond increased stability, there is little evidence that the regional reforms fundamentally altered the networks of political and economic relationships that underpinned regional activism and the non-democratic regimes of many regions in the 1990s.Less
Putin's reform of the Russian Federation can be viewed as both promoting and restricting democracy. While moves to challenge the democracy of Russia's regions can be seen as a positive step, considerable doubts remain about whether the reforms involved gains in terms of democracy and effectiveness. Beyond increased stability, there is little evidence that the regional reforms fundamentally altered the networks of political and economic relationships that underpinned regional activism and the non-democratic regimes of many regions in the 1990s.
Keywords: Vladimir Putin, Russian Federation, federal reform, Russia, democracy
Hanspeter Mattes
in Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook
Political Science, Reference
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Libya follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, ... More
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Libya follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d'Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1971 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (none given or used); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances (no statistical data are available for the parliamentary elections held from 1952 to 1965, and neither presidential nor parliamentary elections have been held since the proclamation of the Libyan Arab Republic); 2.5 Referendum 1971 (details of registered voters and votes cast in the referendum on the foundation of the Federation of Arab Republics between Egypt, Libya, and Syria); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections (see note under 2.4); 2.8 Composition of Parliament (see note under 2.4); 2.9 Presidential Elections (see note under 2.4); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1951–1998.Less
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Libya follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables. These are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d'Etat; 2.2 Electoral Body 1971 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (none given or used); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances (no statistical data are available for the parliamentary elections held from 1952 to 1965, and neither presidential nor parliamentary elections have been held since the proclamation of the Libyan Arab Republic); 2.5 Referendum 1971 (details of registered voters and votes cast in the referendum on the foundation of the Federation of Arab Republics between Egypt, Libya, and Syria); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections (see note under 2.4); 2.8 Composition of Parliament (see note under 2.4); 2.9 Presidential Elections (see note under 2.4); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1951–1998.
Keywords: coups d'état, elections, electoral body, electoral participation, electoral provisions, electoral statistics, electoral systems, Federation of Arab Republics, history, Libya, Libyan Arab Republic, national elections, parliamentary elections, power holders, referendums, registered voters, votes cast
Dilemmas of European Integration: The Ambiguities and Pitfalls of Integration by Stealth
Giandomenico Majone
The Community method is the traditional approach to European integration. However, the method is becoming obsolete, being too rigid to permit institutional and policy innovations, or to apply to ... More
The Community method is the traditional approach to European integration. However, the method is becoming obsolete, being too rigid to permit institutional and policy innovations, or to apply to politically sensitive areas. For these reasons, the member states of the EU are increasingly willing to commit themselves to common tasks, but wish to act outside the traditional framework. In a Union where national institutions and priorities are much more varied than in the past, it is impossible to force the integration process into a single pattern. The Community method was inspired by a federalist vision, but a federal superstate would be unable to provide the public goods which Europeans take for granted. Lacking legitimacy, the federation would be unable to act decisively even in areas where close cooperation is needed. A confederation built on the solid foundation of market integration offers the only viable model for a EU capable of playing a significant role on the international scene.Less
Dilemmas of European Integration : The Ambiguities and Pitfalls of Integration by Stealth
The Community method is the traditional approach to European integration. However, the method is becoming obsolete, being too rigid to permit institutional and policy innovations, or to apply to politically sensitive areas. For these reasons, the member states of the EU are increasingly willing to commit themselves to common tasks, but wish to act outside the traditional framework. In a Union where national institutions and priorities are much more varied than in the past, it is impossible to force the integration process into a single pattern. The Community method was inspired by a federalist vision, but a federal superstate would be unable to provide the public goods which Europeans take for granted. Lacking legitimacy, the federation would be unable to act decisively even in areas where close cooperation is needed. A confederation built on the solid foundation of market integration offers the only viable model for a EU capable of playing a significant role on the international scene.
Keywords: Community method, confederation, democratic deficit, enhanced cooperation, enlargement, federation, institutional balance, monetary union, policy failures, policy learning
Gorbachev and Political Transformation
in The Gorbachev Factor
A central thesis of the book, elaborated especially in this chapter, is that from the outset of his General Secretaryship, Gorbachev was seriously interested in political change as well as in ... More
A central thesis of the book, elaborated especially in this chapter, is that from the outset of his General Secretaryship, Gorbachev was seriously interested in political change as well as in economic reform, but that in the course of the struggle to introduce it, he came to the realization that reform was not enough and that the political system had to be comprehensively transformed. The chapter discusses six stages of transformation between March 1985 and December 1991 as well as the fourfold nature of the transformation that was required: first, the movement from authoritarianism to political pluralism; second, the need to move from a command economy with virtually 100% state ownership of the means of production to a market economy with a substantial private sector; third, the need to create a genuine federation or a looser confederation in place of the pseudo‐federalism in which the aspirations of the more self‐conscious nations within the Soviet borders had been ruthlessly suppressed; and, fourth, the need to transform foreign policy. The dilemma for Gorbachev was that the fourfold transformation was an interlinked process: any three of these basic changes were likely to be undermined by the absence of a fourth; yet, as each was implemented to a greater or lesser degree, its side effects produced complications in the other spheres. Among the political changes analysed are the breakthrough represented by the Nineteenth Party Conference of 1988, the movement from party to state power, the advent of contested elections for a new legislature, the indirect election by that legislature of Gorbachev as President, and the failure to split the Communist Party.Less
A central thesis of the book, elaborated especially in this chapter, is that from the outset of his General Secretaryship, Gorbachev was seriously interested in political change as well as in economic reform, but that in the course of the struggle to introduce it, he came to the realization that reform was not enough and that the political system had to be comprehensively transformed. The chapter discusses six stages of transformation between March 1985 and December 1991 as well as the fourfold nature of the transformation that was required: first, the movement from authoritarianism to political pluralism; second, the need to move from a command economy with virtually 100% state ownership of the means of production to a market economy with a substantial private sector; third, the need to create a genuine federation or a looser confederation in place of the pseudo‐federalism in which the aspirations of the more self‐conscious nations within the Soviet borders had been ruthlessly suppressed; and, fourth, the need to transform foreign policy. The dilemma for Gorbachev was that the fourfold transformation was an interlinked process: any three of these basic changes were likely to be undermined by the absence of a fourth; yet, as each was implemented to a greater or lesser degree, its side effects produced complications in the other spheres. Among the political changes analysed are the breakthrough represented by the Nineteenth Party Conference of 1988, the movement from party to state power, the advent of contested elections for a new legislature, the indirect election by that legislature of Gorbachev as President, and the failure to split the Communist Party.
Keywords: authoritarianism, Communist Party, federation, foreign policy, Mikhail Gorbachev, legislature, market economy, Nineteenth Party Conference, pluralism, presidency
Comparative Political Science and the British–Irish Agreement
Brendan O'Leary
in Northern Ireland and the Divided World: Post-Agreement Northern Ireland in Comparative Perspective
The chapter defends the Northern Ireland Agreement's consociational institutions. It notes that the Agreement also contains federal and confederal institutions covering all of Ireland and linking ... More
The chapter defends the Northern Ireland Agreement's consociational institutions. It notes that the Agreement also contains federal and confederal institutions covering all of Ireland and linking Ireland with Britain, and argues that both the internal and external dimensions were necessary parts of a durable settlement given the identities and aspirations of nationalists and unionists. The chapter stresses, in contrast to positions taken by Arend Lijphart and Donald Horowitz, the advantages of the particular proportional electoral system used in Northern Ireland. It also points to the dangers that Britain's tradition of parliamentary sovereignty poses to stable agreements between Britain and Ireland. Northern Ireland, the author argues, could and should have become a federacy as well as having consociational governance.Less
The chapter defends the Northern Ireland Agreement's consociational institutions. It notes that the Agreement also contains federal and confederal institutions covering all of Ireland and linking Ireland with Britain, and argues that both the internal and external dimensions were necessary parts of a durable settlement given the identities and aspirations of nationalists and unionists. The chapter stresses, in contrast to positions taken by Arend Lijphart and Donald Horowitz, the advantages of the particular proportional electoral system used in Northern Ireland. It also points to the dangers that Britain's tradition of parliamentary sovereignty poses to stable agreements between Britain and Ireland. Northern Ireland, the author argues, could and should have become a federacy as well as having consociational governance.
Keywords: British–Irish Agreement, confederation, consociationalism, federacy, federation, governance, Northern Ireland, parliamentary sovereignty, proportional electoral systems
Slovakia: Misreading the Western Message
Ivo Samson
in Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe Volume 2: International and Transnational Factors
10.1093/019924409X.003.0014
Political Science, Democratization
Shows the relative failure of Western pressure aimed at improving the democratic record of successive Slovak governments led by the former Prime Minister Vladimir Mečiar. The chapter points to ... More
Shows the relative failure of Western pressure aimed at improving the democratic record of successive Slovak governments led by the former Prime Minister Vladimir Mečiar. The chapter points to several factors that contributed to the ineffectiveness of Western influence. Firstly, the manner in which Slovakia achieved independence created unfavourable conditions for its democratic consolidation. The division of Czechoslovakia was accomplished against the will of the majority of Slovaks and officially presented as a rejection of rapid and radical transformation. Secondly, a new proud and insecure State tried to assert its independence of all external actors. Western pressure was often considered as alien to Slovak culture and in conflict with Slovak national interest. Thirdly, the former Prime Minister, Vladimir Mečiar, misread Western determination to bring about democratic reforms in Slovakia. It was wrongly believed that regardless of its many democratic flaws, Slovakia would soon become a member of the European Union and NATO, simply because of its unique geostrategic importance and decent economic performance. Bratislava thought that allowing free and relatively fair elections in Slovakia would be enough to satisfy Western actors. However, the West wanted Slovakia to embrace a Western‐type of liberal constitutionalism before considering its possible membership in the EU and NATO. Overall, Slovakia's misperception of its geopolitical uniqueness and paradoxes of its domestic political development led to serious misunderstandings about Western responses.Less
Shows the relative failure of Western pressure aimed at improving the democratic record of successive Slovak governments led by the former Prime Minister Vladimir Mečiar. The chapter points to several factors that contributed to the ineffectiveness of Western influence. Firstly, the manner in which Slovakia achieved independence created unfavourable conditions for its democratic consolidation. The division of Czechoslovakia was accomplished against the will of the majority of Slovaks and officially presented as a rejection of rapid and radical transformation. Secondly, a new proud and insecure State tried to assert its independence of all external actors. Western pressure was often considered as alien to Slovak culture and in conflict with Slovak national interest. Thirdly, the former Prime Minister, Vladimir Mečiar, misread Western determination to bring about democratic reforms in Slovakia. It was wrongly believed that regardless of its many democratic flaws, Slovakia would soon become a member of the European Union and NATO, simply because of its unique geostrategic importance and decent economic performance. Bratislava thought that allowing free and relatively fair elections in Slovakia would be enough to satisfy Western actors. However, the West wanted Slovakia to embrace a Western‐type of liberal constitutionalism before considering its possible membership in the EU and NATO. Overall, Slovakia's misperception of its geopolitical uniqueness and paradoxes of its domestic political development led to serious misunderstandings about Western responses.
Keywords: Czechoslovak Federation, democratic consolidation, democratic reform, elections, European Union, independence, liberal constitutionalism, NATO, Slovakia, Vladimir Mečiar
The European Union through an American Prism
Rogan Kersh and James Morone
in The State of the European Union Vol. 7: With US or Against US? European Trends in American Perspective
The USA is deeply implicated in European dreams of a more perfect union. This chapter investigates three aspects of the European-American nexus. First, it focuses on the striking gap between politics ... More
The USA is deeply implicated in European dreams of a more perfect union. This chapter investigates three aspects of the European-American nexus. First, it focuses on the striking gap between politics and administration in contemporary Europe, and reflects on the implications for democracy. Second, it examines recent tensions between the USA and European governments, arguing that the source goes far deeper than the bare-knuckles diplomacy of the current Bush Administration. Finally, it examines the early history of US national unity as a model for European efforts.Less
Rogan KershJames Morone
The USA is deeply implicated in European dreams of a more perfect union. This chapter investigates three aspects of the European-American nexus. First, it focuses on the striking gap between politics and administration in contemporary Europe, and reflects on the implications for democracy. Second, it examines recent tensions between the USA and European governments, arguing that the source goes far deeper than the bare-knuckles diplomacy of the current Bush Administration. Finally, it examines the early history of US national unity as a model for European efforts.
Keywords: politics, administration, democracy, constitution, state, nation, federation, confederation
Why Stay Together? a Pluralist Approach to Secession and Federation
Rainer Bauböck
in Citizenship in Diverse Societies
None of the current Anglo‐American theories of secession gives proper consideration to the most common grievance voiced by national minorities in multinational states—that the terms of federation are ... More
None of the current Anglo‐American theories of secession gives proper consideration to the most common grievance voiced by national minorities in multinational states—that the terms of federation are either unfair or have been violated by the majority. If this charge were a plausible and necessary justification for threatening with secession, then it would also follow that a national minority is morally bound to maintain the unity of the existing state as long as fair terms of federation are respected. That is the main idea addressed in this chapter. Arguments are advanced against a right to self‐determination and in favour of a right to self‐government that can be sufficiently realized within a federal framework. Three perspectives on federalism that could help establish the federal rights and duties of minorities are explored, and the matter of territorial self‐government within multinational federations is addressed.Less
None of the current Anglo‐American theories of secession gives proper consideration to the most common grievance voiced by national minorities in multinational states—that the terms of federation are either unfair or have been violated by the majority. If this charge were a plausible and necessary justification for threatening with secession, then it would also follow that a national minority is morally bound to maintain the unity of the existing state as long as fair terms of federation are respected. That is the main idea addressed in this chapter. Arguments are advanced against a right to self‐determination and in favour of a right to self‐government that can be sufficiently realized within a federal framework. Three perspectives on federalism that could help establish the federal rights and duties of minorities are explored, and the matter of territorial self‐government within multinational federations is addressed.
Keywords: federalism, federation, minority groups, multiculturalism, multinational states, nationalism, rights, secession, self‐determination, self‐government
Kant: 22 April 1724–12 February 1804
Martin Wight
in Four Seminal Thinkers in International Theory: Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant, and Mazzini
Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Kant was the greatest of modern philosophers. He held that we have knowledge of the phenomenal world alone; of the realm of the noumenal we have only moral experience. But he had moral passion in his ... More
Kant was the greatest of modern philosophers. He held that we have knowledge of the phenomenal world alone; of the realm of the noumenal we have only moral experience. But he had moral passion in his notion of the categorical imperative, or goodwill dedicated to duty. Kant's revolutionism is seen in the idea of the homogeneity of states—a federation of 'republics'; or alternatively in cosmopolitanism— a world of individuals and peoples rather than of governments and states. Kant's belief in the harmony of interests underlies his doctrine of progress. There are categories of Kantians, although Kant himself was both comprehensive and universal as a philosopher.Less
Kant : 22 April 1724–12 February 1804
Kant was the greatest of modern philosophers. He held that we have knowledge of the phenomenal world alone; of the realm of the noumenal we have only moral experience. But he had moral passion in his notion of the categorical imperative, or goodwill dedicated to duty. Kant's revolutionism is seen in the idea of the homogeneity of states—a federation of 'republics'; or alternatively in cosmopolitanism— a world of individuals and peoples rather than of governments and states. Kant's belief in the harmony of interests underlies his doctrine of progress. There are categories of Kantians, although Kant himself was both comprehensive and universal as a philosopher.
Keywords: categorical imperative, categories of Kantians, cosmopolitanism, duty, federation of 'republics', harmony of interests, noumenal, perpetual peace, phenomenal, progress, revolutionism
T. N. Bisson
in The Medieval Crown of Aragon: A Short History
History, European Medieval History
This introductory chapter sets out the focus on the book, namely the history of the Crown of Aragon. It examines the history of the lands they ruled, of societies in Aragon and the Catalan-speaking ... More
This introductory chapter sets out the focus on the book, namely the history of the Crown of Aragon. It examines the history of the lands they ruled, of societies in Aragon and the Catalan-speaking counties that were on the threshold of national identity when their ruling dynasties merged and that continued to evolve in distinctive ways. It highlights the most salient peculiarity of the medieval Crown of Aragon: the rise of Catalonia to pre-eminence in the federation.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the focus on the book, namely the history of the Crown of Aragon. It examines the history of the lands they ruled, of societies in Aragon and the Catalan-speaking counties that were on the threshold of national identity when their ruling dynasties merged and that continued to evolve in distinctive ways. It highlights the most salient peculiarity of the medieval Crown of Aragon: the rise of Catalonia to pre-eminence in the federation.
Keywords: Aragon, Catalonia, federation
Containing Nationalism
Michael Hechter
in Containing Nationalism
A variety of institutional mechanisms of containing nationalist violence is considered, including consociationalism, electoral design, and federation. Federation is a viable means of containing ... More
A variety of institutional mechanisms of containing nationalist violence is considered, including consociationalism, electoral design, and federation. Federation is a viable means of containing nationalist violence, but only as long as the minority nation remains dependent on the centre for key public goods. The centre's capacity to devolve authority credibly to minority nations hinges not on value considerations, but on its adoption of institutions guaranteeing procedural justice.Less
A variety of institutional mechanisms of containing nationalist violence is considered, including consociationalism, electoral design, and federation. Federation is a viable means of containing nationalist violence, but only as long as the minority nation remains dependent on the centre for key public goods. The centre's capacity to devolve authority credibly to minority nations hinges not on value considerations, but on its adoption of institutions guaranteeing procedural justice.
Keywords: consociationalism, electoral design, federation, justice, minority nations, multiculturalism, public goods, social order, Yugoslavia
Inter-Industry Differences: Criteria for Union Boundary Decisions
Mari Sako
in Shifting Boundaries of the Firm: Japanese Company - Japanese Labour
Business and Management, International Business
This chapter presents the results of a survey of enterprise unions affiliated to roren union federations. It identifies the key structural and functional differences between two sectors: automobiles ... More
This chapter presents the results of a survey of enterprise unions affiliated to roren union federations. It identifies the key structural and functional differences between two sectors: automobiles and electrical machinery. It classifies roren into those based primarily on capital affiliation and those based on trading links. Capital affiliation is more important in drawing the boundary of electrical machinery roren, while trading links with parts suppliers are generally more important for roren in the automobile industry. The reasons for this contrast are provided, including consequences of these structural differences for the role of the roren in pay bargaining, employment adjustment, and worker participation.Less
This chapter presents the results of a survey of enterprise unions affiliated to roren union federations. It identifies the key structural and functional differences between two sectors: automobiles and electrical machinery. It classifies roren into those based primarily on capital affiliation and those based on trading links. Capital affiliation is more important in drawing the boundary of electrical machinery roren, while trading links with parts suppliers are generally more important for roren in the automobile industry. The reasons for this contrast are provided, including consequences of these structural differences for the role of the roren in pay bargaining, employment adjustment, and worker participation.
Keywords: enterprise unions, roren union federations, automobiles, electrical machinery, pay bargaining, worker participation
Managing Heterogeneity
John S. Ahlquist and Margaret Levi
in In the Interest of Others: Organizations and Social Activism
This chapter examines how the national-level organizations manage internal heterogeneity across individual members, as well as specific geographically defined subunits. By observing internal ... More
This chapter examines how the national-level organizations manage internal heterogeneity across individual members, as well as specific geographically defined subunits. By observing internal opposition to the dominant national leadership of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT), International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU), and Waterside Workers' Federation (WWF), the chapter compares specific locals within each union. Consequently, it shows the robustness of the larger organizational governance institutions to perturbation once in equilibrium and that, at the local level, workers did not sort in to unions for political or social reasons; rather, they joined where the economic opportunities first appeared. The ILWU and WWF, whose leaders ask member contributions to political projects, pursued active persuasion combined with tolerance. The IBT, on the other hand, invested less in persuasion and employed screening and repression.Less
John S. AhlquistMargaret Levi
This chapter examines how the national-level organizations manage internal heterogeneity across individual members, as well as specific geographically defined subunits. By observing internal opposition to the dominant national leadership of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT), International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU), and Waterside Workers' Federation (WWF), the chapter compares specific locals within each union. Consequently, it shows the robustness of the larger organizational governance institutions to perturbation once in equilibrium and that, at the local level, workers did not sort in to unions for political or social reasons; rather, they joined where the economic opportunities first appeared. The ILWU and WWF, whose leaders ask member contributions to political projects, pursued active persuasion combined with tolerance. The IBT, on the other hand, invested less in persuasion and employed screening and repression.
Keywords: internal heterogeneity, national-level organizations, individual members, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, International Longshore and Warehouse Union, Waterside Workers' Federation, economic opportunities, Waterside Workers' Federation


During the past seven years, Columbus Blue Jackets fans have become accustomed to captain Rick Nash's ability to score goals, But in 2009 it is his playmaking skills that have led him to a team-high seven assists.
The young NHL squad sits in first place in the Central Division through week one.
Nash helped the Jackets (4-1-0) claim a 2-1 victory against the Calgary Flames (4-2-1) Tuesday night at Nationwide Arena after contributing two assists within 2:04 in the second period. He increased his team-high to nine points in the hottest start in franchise history.
Now the Jackets prepare for three challenging games coming up on the schedule, starting with a home meeting against the Los Angeles Kings, Oct. 17. Following the home match, the Jackets go on the road at Calgary Oct. 20, and at Edmonton, Alberta Oct. 22.
These three opponents are a combined 11-4-2 to begin the year as each team sits within the top six seeds in the Western Conference.
Against the Flames, the Jackets looked strong on the power plays, which is something Hitchcock wants the team to improve on as the season progresses.
Columbus is getting contributions from everywhere in the lineup, with 17 members recording at least one point through the first five games.
En route to the Jackets' second home win against the Flames, defenseman Anton Stralman evened the score at one on a two-man advantage, 15:32 in the second period. Stralman, who was acquired from Calgary in late September, scored his first goal as a Blue Jacket against his former team.
The Jackets have relied on forward Kristian Huselius, who has points in four straight games after collecting the second goal against Calgary. After finishing second in the club in multi-point games in 2008-09 with 11, the ninth-year NHL veteran is picking up his game where he left off.
As Nash and company continue to gel as a unit offensively, the rest of the NHL should keep their eyes out for the Jackets.


nostalgia! - any brits my age will have fond memories of richard allen and these "new english library" books passed around school playgrounds like semi-illicit contraband in the early 1970s - "skinhead", which took less than a week to write by the hack novelist, was acclaimed for it's streetwise authenticity and went on to sell a million copies - and spawn a million copies?! - i must admit i didn't get on with that particular book at the time, i was more into "chopper" and the biker scene - so 'bout time i caught up on me lack of proper educational grounding in moral incorrectness, innit?!
the "complete richard allen" omnibus editions, published in the nineties, equally collectable and invariably criminally priced now - and, btw, that cover snap i recognise as my old home town of brighton outside the br station - bet i've leant on that lamppost myself!


text:
Fish with Whiskey
an aussie scientist adrift in London
Do, Food, Friends and Family, Life in London
Warm and Woolly
written by fishwithwhiskey
Knits and Kits.
Oh yeah, and DAME FRIGGIN' JUDI DENCH
On Monday the 21st of November, I arrived back into London at 6 in the morning. I 'went' straight to work, which was actually WFH at Sameer's Central London 'bachelor pad', and leapt into a busy week of house cleaning and interviewing potential new housemates.
On Wednesday, the Woolly times began, with Crochet Club at work.
I made this Wurm. His name is Florence.
Thursday was American Thanksgiving, which created a chaotic hot mess of a meal at our work canteen that was somehow surprisingly tasty.
And then on Friday, we went for dinner with our USian friends, and their most-beautiful-cat-in-the-whole-world, Sasha.
I made this Franken-Pie-n, which was half pecan pie and half pumpkin pie.
We had all of the food, including two types of stuffing, delicious rolls a la Aisha, tukey, beans, potatoes and more.
There were chats, stories were told…
…and at some point Sameer tried to teach Sasha the cat something that she clearly disapproved of.
Dessert also included brownie, as well as these white-chocolate-covered balls of heaven that I ate at least three of.
All in all, a pretty successful evening of friends and food!
On Saturday, Sameer helped with a bit of gardening, before we headed to the Tate Modern the work of Polish Wool Sculptor, Magdalena Abakanowicz….
… with our awesome Giulia:
The exhibit was set out to show a bit of the artist's progression, starting with her earlier more-linear but still slightly chaotic earlier woven work.
The first works showed a mix of textures and threads and a little chaos in the weaving, but were by and large still fitting into the standard rectangular rug shapes.
But by room number two, things had started to progress to larger and more freeform hanging formations.
When Abkanowicz started creating these huge hanging scultures int he 60s and 70s, there was nothing else like them.
So they became known as Abkans.
There were also a few of her drawings, which Sameer and I both loved a lot. To me, the flies (below) really helped to highlight Abakanowicz's ability to portray organic/living things in semi-ambiguous ways.
And then we went into the Big Room!
… Which was filled with piece after piece of Abkanowicz's incredible works!
Some were incredibly yonic:
While others seemed more coral-y:…
… or just vaguely animal:
I may have mentioned before that I LOVE hanging art, and anyone who has ever been to my flat will attest that my room is pretty much set up like a birdcage, with bits dangling off all the walls and ceilings.
My favourite artist of all time is Calder, who created the mobile.
Like literally created it as an art form. Before that, no-one had thought that art should move.
The Abkans aren't really mobile, but they do invoke some similar feel in the way they hang as well as how they create shadows, both within their folds and on the ground below them.
On top of that, they have something that the mobiles don't have- a smell.
If you got up close enough, you can smell a very rich raw woolliness.
This, the much heftier presence of the works, the warm and dark hues, and the folds and holes and tears, made it feel like much more of an organic and cosy experience.
It also made me want to climb inside the pieces, but I don't think the Tate would have approved.
I think we might need a moment to all have a loooongg look at this one.
Some pointy erect bits, along with some flappy saggy bigs.
And speaking of flaps:
Over in one corner were a pile of potatoes, that were also just hessian sacks, that were also seals on rocks:
And one of my favourites, which was definitely kind of lungs, but also felt kind of cancerous…
In the final room, we saw this poor truncated tree, which we all thought was really sad, but which Sameer decided he liked.
Overall, it was a brilliant exhibit, and definitely one of my favourite 'culture' things we've done across the past months.
To finish off the evening, we went to Sameer's work, looked at some pretty fish and some pretty cathedrals, and even got to see some Roman ruins.
Oh yes.
And then, thanks to Sameer's eagle eye, we saw The Dame Herself!
The last week of November (21-27th), 2022
Filed under: Do, Food, Friends and Family, Life in London
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Copyright © 2023 Fish with Whiskey.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The book of dust.
by Pullman, Philip.
Format: Kindle Book 2017 2017
Adobe EPUB ebook
OverDrive Read
Availability: Available from OverDrive 7 of 21 copies
Available from OverDrive (7)
Unavailable from OverDrive (14)
NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER Philip Pullman returns to the parallel world of His Dark Materials—soon to be an HBO original series starring Dafne Keen, Ruth Wilson, James McAvoy, and Lin-Manuel Miranda—to expand on the story of Lyra, "one of fantasy's most indelible heroines" (The New York Times Magazine). Don't miss Volume II of The Book of Dust: The Secret Commonwealth Malcolm Polstead and his daemon, Asta, are used to overhearing news and the occasional scandal at the inn run by his family. But during a winter of unceasing rain, Malcolm finds a mysterious object—and finds himself in grave danger. Inside the object is a cryptic message about something called Dust; and it's not long before Malcolm is approached by the spy for whom this message was actually intended. When she asks Malcolm to keep his eyes open, he begins to notice suspicious characters everywhere: the explorer Lord Asriel, clearly on the run; enforcement agents from the Magisterium; a gyptian named Coram with warnings just for Malcolm; and a beautiful woman with an evil monkey for a daemon. All are asking about the same thing: a girl—just a baby—named Lyra. Lyra is at the center of a storm, and Malcolm will brave any peril, and make shocking sacrifices, to bring her safely through it. "Too few things in our world are worth a seventeen-year wait: The Book of Dust is one of them." —The Washington Post "The book is full of wonder. . . . Truly thrilling." —The New York Times "People will love the first volume of Philip Pullman's new trilogy with the same helpless vehemence that stole over them when The Golden Compass came out." —Slate
Booklist Review: "*Starred Review* And so it begins again. Enthusiasts of Pullman's His Dark Materials series, which began with The Golden Compass (1996), have been hoping for a return to Lyra Belacqua's world, a parallel Oxford where people's souls are entwined with their own daemons, animal familiars, a place where the future can be discerned with alethiometers and dust has consciousness. Pullman has said this book is not a prequel but rather stands at the side of the trilogy. It is set more than a decade before The Golden Compass. Lyra is a baby being cared for by nuns, her disturbing birth story set against the ongoing estrangement of her parents, Mrs. Coulter and Lord Astriel. Eleven-year-old Malcolm, who works at his parents' inn, finds himself taking on the role of Lyra's protector as malevolent forces seek to control her. Pullman demonstrates that his talent for world building hasn't diminished, nor has his ability to draw young characters here, Malcolm, who is layered enough to carry an adventure through multiple dimensions. The book is divided into two, before and after an unprecedented flood that forces Malcolm and surly teenager Alice to take Lyra on a perilous journey to safety. The boat trip, which goes on perhaps too long, nevertheless is a swirling mix of fear, hope, and intrigue and written in language that's both elegant and earthy. The next title in the Book of Dust trilogy is reportedly set in Lyra's future, not past, and all fans can do is wait impatiently.--Cooper, Ilene Copyright 2017 Booklist"
From Booklist, Copyright (c) American Library Association. Used with permission.
Series The Book of Dust Trilogy
#1 - La belle sauvage
Subjects Young adult fiction
Publisher [Place of publication not identified] :Random House Children's Books2017
Contributors OverDrive, Inc.
System Details Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Format: Adobe EPUB eBook
Requires Adobe Digital Editions
Description 1 online resource.


text:
Where should I report injured or Dead Sea Turtles to?
Please report injured or dead sea turtles by noting the exact location on beach, by street number or by the name of the property owner/condo to:
Gumbo Limbo Nature Center – (561) 338-1587
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC)/Marine Research Institute – (561) 575-5407
FWC Law Enforcement – (888) 404-FWCC
Barbara James, Highland Beach Permit Holder – (561) 272-6496
If you encounter an injured or dead sea turtle, please report it to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) Marine Research Institute at (561) 575-5407, or to the FWC Law Enforcement at (888) 404-FWCC.
For more information about how to contact the FWC about sea turtles or other animals, please visit the FWC website.
Additional information about how to help injured or dead sea turtles is available by viewing the following document:
Found an Injured or dead Sea Turtle
Are there sources of light that I may use during sea turtle nesting season?
There are a number of products on the market that are low-level, amber lighting that may be used as an alternative to traditional white lighting. These products are available at area home improvement stores. All beach-side property owners are encouraged to either turn out their lights, or install replacement low-level, amber lighting during turtle nesting season. The public's cooperation is strongly encouraged.
As a resident on the beach side, how does the Town ordinance affect me?
The key to complying with the Town ordinance is that during this eight month period (March 1st through October 31st), from dusk to dawn, all external light sources (such as pool, deck, patio or security lighting) must not be visible from the beach, or may not illuminate directly or indirectly areas seaward of the crest of the sand dune vegetation.
When is sea turtle nesting season?
Sea turtle nesting season begins March 1st of each year and lasts until October 31st. (Ordinance # 554)
The roughly three mile stretch of beach in the Town of Highland Beach provides our residents with a place to relax and recreate. Our beaches also serve as critical nesting grounds for endangered sea turtles. From March 1 through October 31 each year, the turtles come to our shores and lay thousands of eggs in nests all along the beaches. Weeks later, the hatchlings burst from the sand and make their way to the sea.
Almost all nesting activity, as well as the emergence of the hatchlings from their nests, takes place at night. One of the biggest dangers to nesting females and hatchlings comes from beachfront lighting. Visible artificial light can deter females from nesting and also interfere with the hatchlings journey to the sea. The hatchlings are attracted to the source of brightest light, optimally; the reflection of natural light on the water, and the brightness of a spotlight, streetlight, or even a flashlight can confuse the hatchlings and misdirect them from their trek to the ocean, threatening their survival. Less than 1 in 1,000 sea turtles survive to adulthood.
Protecting the Sea Turtles
In Highland Beach, trained volunteers monitor the activity of sea turtles and mark nests on our beaches with wooden stakes. All residents are urged to assist in the protection of the turtles by:
Avoiding any potential nest areas that are marked by stakes, or tracks leading to, or from a nest.
Turning off all beachfront lighting, dusk to dawn, from March 1 to October 31 (Ordinance #554). See Highland Beach Code, Article V, Chapter 4, Section 8.
Avoid walking on the beach at night and do not use flashlights on the beach during the nesting season.
Barbara Blanid James
Email: bocablanid@gmail.com
Permit Holder
3201 S. Ocean Blvd.
Highland Beach, FL
Injured or Dead Seas Turtles
Injured or Dead Sea Turtle Information
Protecting Palm Beach County
To learn more about protecting sea turtles in Palm Beach County, download the Protect Palm Beach County's Other Visitors brochure. This brochure is published by the Palm Beach County Department of Environmental Resource Management and includes information on:
Nesting Sea Turtles
Hatchling Sea Turtles
Beachfront Lighting
Guided Turtle Walks
Important Contact Information
Sea Turtle Conservation
Sea Turtle Specialty License Plate
One way for Florida residents to support sea turtle conservation is to purchase a sea turtle specialty license plate. Proceeds from the specialty plates help fund the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission's Marine Turtle Protection Program. To learn more about the sea turtle license plates please visit the Florida's Sea Turtle License Plate official website.


New author makes fantastic debut with this breathtaking romantic suspense.
Renowned cryptologist Noelle Blanche refuses to have blood on her hands. So when the military asks for her help in a covert operation, she refuses-until masked gunmen raid her home and threaten her life. Suddenly it's all too clear that any blood spilled may be her own. Noelle has no choice but to trust the dangerous stranger sent by the military to safeguard her. A stranger who is everything she detests, everything she fears�and everything she desires.
Former Delta Force operative David Wolfe thought he had left it all behind-the horror, the hurt, the guilt. But now the men who savagely murdered his wife have set their sights on a brilliant cryptologist who can lead them to the cache of weapons they prize. As passion ignites between David and the woman he's sworn to protect, what began as just a mission escalates into the fight of his life. But can he prevent history from repeating itself?


To those around her she was a loyal subject. In her heart she was a traitor.1399: England's crown is under threat. King Richard II holds onto his power by an ever-weakening thread, with exiled Henry of Lancaster back to reclaim his place on the throne. For Elizabeth Mortimer, there is only one rightful King - her eight-year-old nephew, Edmund. Only he can guarantee her fortunes, and protect her family's rule over the precious Northern lands bordering Scotland. But many, including Elizabeth's husband, do not want another child-King. Elizabeth must hide her true ambitions in Court, and go against her husband's wishes to help build a rebel army. To question her loyalty to the King places Elizabeth in the shadow of the axe. To concede would curdle her Plantagenet blood. This is one woman's quest to turn history on its head.


The Geophysics minor provides the opportunity for students from outside the geosciences to apply the physics, quantitative, and technical skills they are developing in their major program to the geophysical aspects of Earth science, including seismology, volcanology, natural hazards, environmental geophysics, and petroleum and mineral exploration. For students majoring in Geosciences, the completion of the minor will strengthen their physics/quantitative background and develop links between theory and application for these technical and quantitative skills. The minor will prepare students for graduate programs in geophysics and/or employment opportunities in the environmental and exploration industries.
Geophysics is the application of physics to study of the Earth's inner workings. It is a broad field that studies the Earth's internal structure and dynamics through the use of physics and mathematics and applies that knowledge to such areas as oil and gas exploration and mitigation of natural hazards.
You are curious about mechanics of earthquakes, landslides, and other natural hazards.
You are interested in the physical processes that drive plate tectonics.
You want to learn more about how geophysical techniques are used to study parts of the Earth we cannot see because they lie beneath its surface.
You would like to apply your physics, math, or computer skills to predict natural disasters or to develop a better understanding of how the Earth works.
The minor consists of 18-20 credits satisfying the requirements below.
Geoscience majors may not double count these courses in their major.


Sylvania (Toledo) OH, October 6, 2018, 10am-4pm, admission $10, Sylvania Exhibition Center, 7060 Sylvania Ave., Sylvania, OH 43560, The oldest continuously running model car show in the world. Held in conjunction with John Carlisle's Toledo Toy Show. Theme, Junk in the Trunk, Mid & Rear Engine Vehicles.


text:
Q: android.widget.textview is deprecated I am writing Java code for an Android activity. I am facing the following warning message:

android.widget.textview is deprecated

However, I couldn't get an alternative widget to use.
final TextView prince = findViewById(R.id.Principle_Result);

TextView has a crossover. It does ask to import org.w3c.dom.Text; Not sure about the correct way. Please help, thanks.
enter image description here
Gradle as below
apply plugin: 'com.android.application'

android {
    compileSdkVersion 27
    defaultConfig {
        applicationId "com.example.ssa.emisecond"
        minSdkVersion 19
        targetSdkVersion 27
        versionCode 1
        versionName "1.0"
        testInstrumentationRunner "android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
    }
    buildTypes {
        release {
            minifyEnabled false
            proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
        }
    }
}

dependencies {

    implementation fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
    implementation 'com.android.support.constraint:constraint-layout:1.1.0'
    testImplementation 'junit:junit:4.12'
    androidTestImplementation 'com.android.support.test:runner:1.0.2'
    androidTestImplementation 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:3.0.2'
    implementation 'com.github.PhilJay:MPAndroidChart:v3.0.3'
    implementation 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:27.1.1'
    implementation 'com.android.support:design:27.1.1'
}

Import
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.graphics.Color;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.text.TextUtils;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.WindowManager;
import android.view.inputmethod.InputMethodManager;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.Switch;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;

import com.github.mikephil.charting.charts.PieChart;
import com.github.mikephil.charting.data.PieData;
import com.github.mikephil.charting.data.PieDataSet;
import com.github.mikephil.charting.data.PieEntry;
import com.github.mikephil.charting.utils.ColorTemplate;

import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.util.ArrayList;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I know you know this, but I'll just say it anyway. What I had to do is slow it way down and then just work on those tricky measures. Mine was not perfect by a long shot. Counting out loud is hard. It's like the old saying, can't chew gum and walk at the same time.
I am posting a little late this lesson, sorry.
Ben Spurr wrote: O Bella Cio is giving me a hard time, especially for such a simple and short tune. To keep from getting lost in the middle of the tune while counting I had to convert all of the notes to eights and write the counts over them. Still not able to get a decent recording of it. My fingernails also started hanging on the strings, which hasn't helped at all, either.
are you trying to count in real speed? For me it helps a lot when I count it slowly (1 second/beat) then pace it when I already know the correct tempo.
I have no fingernails, but my fingers sometimes hang on the string as well. It's natural!
Could some of you join the musical game?
Halil Akaydin wrote: My recordings for lesson 7.
Ciao Bella is driving me nuts. Stupid rest strokes!
Hi Shelby, you sounded good. I found counting out loud to be difficult and made me take my focus off of playing the notes.
D01 lesson 7, improvise using only four notes, d-g-a-b, for 20 seconds.
Your coming along well. Just a little buzz. I get that sometimes too. Sometimes my nails hang too. I get out the power sander and take them down a notch or two.
What do the Roman numerals II mean?
Scott, I think counting out loud caught most of us off guard. It was interesting to hear how we all handled it. In Quand, it sounded a little bit like you ran through the song. Other than that, it all sounded good.
His indication in this case is he wants you to use the number 1 finger on what you would typically use the number 2 figure on you left hand to play. He does this a lot. But it does help with understanding how he wants you to position your fingers for certain music.
What I meant is that you said it would be difficult, and it was!
And you're right, when I count out loud I focus on speaking and I forget about the playing correctly.
Here are my submissions. Feel free to leave a comment !


text:
What's OBDII & What's CAN? Difference?
I will start here as people with little or no IT or electronics knowledge should be able to understand this as well:
What is CAN (controller area network)?
What are the differences between an OBD-II protocol and a CAN setup?`
How do I use an OBD-II scanner on a vehicle with CAN?
let's do some introduction on bus systems first
What is a bus system?
Without bus system:
With a bus system:
OBD-II
In electronic systems signals are sent from one chip to another using wires (let's forget about wireless things for a second). The simplest way of doing so is to use one wire per bit of information you like to transmit. One bit of information is simply an answer to a yes/no question like "Are the headlights on?" If the headlights are on, there is a voltage on that wire, say 5 volts. If they are off there are 0 volts on the wire.
Now that's fine for one bit of information. But more data requires more wires. Unfortunately: More wires means more complexity. A modern car is just a computer with tires on it, so there are a lot of wires (serveral km or miles) in it. More wires result in more weight and more costs and car manufacturers don't like that. So we need a way to reduce the amount of wires.
The usual way of doing so is to use a bus system.
Think of a bus as a way to transmit more information using fewer wires. There are other benefits of bus systems, but I will focus on this aspect.
We want to switch four lamps on or off.
Lamp 1: +5 V on Wire1 = Lamp is on; 0 V on Wire1 = Lamp is off
Lamp 3: …
It's easy to see; we need one wire per lamp.
Lamp 1: +1 V on Wire1 (Selector), 0 or +5 V on Wire2 for on and off (switch)
With this primitive kind of bus system we reduced the amount of wires to two. Regardless of the number of lamps we like to control, we only need one wire to tell the other chip which lamp we like to switch and a second wire to tell it wether we like to have the lamp on or off. My example would have limits in the real world as one can't simply raise the voltage to 1000 V on Wire 1 to switch a thousand different lamps.
This example shows, why in electronics in general and in cars in particular bus systems are being used. Cars use a number of bus systems that were made especially for them:
CAN is the most important bus system in a car. I won't go into detail on this point, just think of it as a way to transfer big amounts of data using only two wires. You can read more about CAN on Wikipedia.
What are the difference between an OBD-II protocol and a CAN setup?
OBD-II is a higher-level protocol used for diagnostic purposes. OBD-II can use one of (many) different bus systems to transfer diagnostic data from and to your car. Think of OBD-II as a language (English) that you speak and of CAN as the communication device (telephone) you use to talk to someone (about your car and its state of health ;).
Many people are referring to OBD (short for on-board diagnosis) or OBD-II as "standards". OBD-II is a standard, but it again consists of so many different standards, protocols and bus systems used to communicate that it's difficult to list all of them. I once made an overview graphic, and I will see if I can add that to my answer later.
How to use OBD-II scanner on a vehicle with CAN?
Just plug it into the OBD-II port of your car. CAN is one of the transport protocols of the OBD-II specification and should be supported by most OBD-II diagnostic tools such as http://www.chinacardiags.com/wholesale/obd2-car-diagnostic-tool/ . The location of the port can be found using a Google (image) search. Usually the port is located in reach of the driver, e.g. under the dashboard or hidden in the center console.
P-bus & I-bus diagnostic on Saab 9-3 (2003-2006)
New arrival MaxiDAS DS808K replaces MaxiDAS DS708 scanner
What is the difference between Autel MaxiDiag Elite MD802 and Maxidas DS708
What is the Difference Between Autel MaxiDAS DS708 and Foxwell GT80 Scanner
Tagged can bus obd2 OBDII
Digiprog 4 vs Digiprog 3
How to solve evg7 tablet blue screen Problem
Fixed! Failed to Read Initialization File of PSACOM Software
Techstream 12.20.024 Download: Activation for 5000 Days & All Regions
How to use VXDIAG Benz C6 to diagnose new Benz R300


Bedford NH was founded in 1750 and is a town in located in Hillsborough County, NH. Bedford has one of the highest average personal incomes in the state of NH and many residents commute to the Boston Loop.
Bedford is home to roosting eagles and shopping malls; antique farmhouses and modern office buildings; exclusive residential neighborhoods and first class office parks. It is just five miles from the commercial and cultural resources in downtown Manchester, yet a single turn down a side road in Bedford can transport you to classic New England countryside.
Through careful planning, Bedford has been able to balance residential and commercial needs to offer a wonderful combination of rural character and urban convenience. The town's great location, convenient shopping and small town flavor has made Bedford one of New Hampshire's most sought-after residential communities. Its per capita income consistently ranks among the top in the state.
Bedford residents enjoy a wonderful library, acres of conservation land, and superior recreational facilities, including athletic fields, tennis courts, a sledding hill and cross-country ski trails. The town's active Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide range of programs and classes for all ages.
Manchester's museums, theater, and nightlife are just over the border from Bedford. Residents who like roam farther afield are just one hour from Boston, an hour from New Hampshire's lakes and mountains, and less than an hour from seacoast beaches and boating.
Like much of southeastern New Hampshire, Bedford has grown very quickly over the last fifty years. The 2000 population of 18,274 was over eight times the population in 1950 of 2,176. Every decade has had a substantial rate of growth, ranging from 33 percent between 1980-1990 to a 67 percent increase between 1950-1960. The 2005 population estimate by the New Hampshire Office of Energy and Planning was 20,738 residents, which ranked 13th among New Hampshire's incorporated cities and towns.
According to the Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.1 square miles of which 32.8 sq miles is land and 0.3 sq miles is water, comprising 0.85% of the town. The largest body of water other than the Merrimack River is Sebbins Pond, which is connected to smaller, neighboring bodies of water by Sebbins Brook. Bedford is bordered by the town of Goffstown and the city of Manchester to the north, by Manchester to the east across the Merrimack River, by the town of Merrimack to the south, and by the towns of Amherst and New Boston to the west.
A rock formation called Pulpit Rock (originally the Devil's Pulpit) is located in the northwest part of the town on New Boston Road and is the feature of the town-owned Pulpit Rock Conservation Area. The highest point in Bedford is Holbrook Hill, at 845 feet.
Kensington is nestled in the heart of Bedford, one of the state's most desirable communities. Convenient shopping, easy commuting, lovely countryside and outstanding schools have made Bedford a favorite among southern NH residents.


The Canterbury Bulldogs have always been pretty good. Founded in 1934, the Bulldogs are one of Western Sydney's four NRL clubs. Success came early, finishing runners-up in 1998 to the Broncos. Success continued until massive salary cap rorts were uncovered in 2002 while they were close to securing a minor premiership. Fortunately, they achieved little of import during this period and, unlike the later Storm, weren't stripped of a bunch of titles. The Bulldogs managed to recover and made the finals in 2003 and took out the top prize in 2004.
A leaner period followed in the back end of the 2000s, featuring a scandal or two and culminating in a 2008 wooden spoon. Canterbury returned to form circa 2012 and since then, the Doggies have made the finals each season. This season is a mixed success but a good run to the end of the year may see them make it six in a row.


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Log in via ASPPS
Using ethnography to study improving healthcare: reflections on the 'ethnographic' label
Caroline Cupit,
Nicola Mackintosh,
Natalie Armstrong
Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Correspondence to Professor Natalie Armstrong, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK; na144{at}le.ac.uk
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2017-007599
While methods broadly described as 'ethnographic' have been increasingly employed to research the organisation and delivery of healthcare,1–4 a single or widely accepted definition of ethnography has proved elusive and perhaps unnecessary.1 5 Nonetheless, even as authors publishing in this journal have adapted ethnographic approaches for the purpose of studying improving quality and safety in healthcare, they have often attempted to retain some of its anthropological 'essence'.6 For instance, Dixon-Woods7 characterises ethnography in terms of its focus on observational methods, questioning of the taken for granted, description and analysis of routine behaviours in their natural settings, and use of the researcher's own skill and judgement to both gather data and to interpret them drawing on social theory.
In a recent debate over use of the ethnographic label in this journal, Jowsey8 argued that ethnography was not simply a method of collecting data but also included theoretical analysis and interpretation of those, and that it requires a researcher's recognition of their own positionality (i.e., where the researcher 'sits' in relation to those he or she is studying, e.g., in terms of gender, culture or power). Waring and Jones9 also drew attention to ethnography as an account of the 'social and cultural organisation of 'everyday life'', and to the researcher's insider perspective. Although these authors have not been 'purist' about the ethnographic label, they have strongly advocated that researchers using the term 'ethnography' …
© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.
Quick and dirty? A systematic review of the use of rapid ethnographies in healthcare organisation and delivery
Cecilia Vindrola-Padros Bruno Vindrola-Padros
BMJ Quality & Safety 2017; 27 321-330 Published Online First: 20 Dec 2017. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2017-007226
Copyright © 2019 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & the Health Foundation. All rights reserved.


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Lifestyle / Travel
Royal Caribbean gets world's biggest cruise ship
The world's biggest and most expensive cruise ship, Oasis of the Seas, was recently handed over to the Royal Caribbean cruiseline in Finland. The vessel, worth 900 million euros (1.3 billion dollars), can accomodate up to 6,360 passengers and 2,160 crew members. The cruise ship features a variety of traditional and new activities including swimming […]
Nov 11, 2009 | By Anakin
The world's biggest and most expensive cruise ship, Oasis of the Seas, was recently handed over to the Royal Caribbean cruiseline in Finland.
The vessel, worth 900 million euros (1.3 billion dollars), can accomodate up to 6,360 passengers and 2,160 crew members.
The cruise ship features a variety of traditional and new activities including swimming pools, a casino, pool surfing and a zip line above the boardwalk.
Oasis of the Seas is 16 decks high, or 65 metres (213 feet) above the waterline, and measures 360 metres (1,180 feet) long and 47 metres (154 feet) wide.
Richard Fain, the chief executive of Royal Caribbean, told reporters the new ship had attracted strong pre-bookings despite the global financial crisis and said the aim was to lure new customers who have not cruised before.
There are however still spots left for the ship's maiden voyage in December.
"We like to deliver the vow and I think it's fair to say that this ship delivers the vow," he said.
"Part of the thought process of the ship is to overcome the old myths people have about cruising. It's very hard to look at a vessel like this and think that cruising is secondary when you can choose rock-climbing, surfing or zip-lining," Fain explained.
He added that the company was targetting international clients, not just American or European cruisers, with Oasis of the Seas, which will be sailing mainly in the sunny Caribbean.
It's also catering to younger, more active passengers with children, and therefore offering a wider selection of activities, including 21 swimming pools, an aqua park, a carousel and a science lab.
Oasis of the Seas will make its four-night maiden voyage from Fort Lauderdale to Labadee in Haiti on December 1.
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Home>CUTTING EDGE>Scientists in Botswana find rare fragments from asteroid impact
Scientists in Botswana find rare fragments from asteroid impact
By AT editor - 9 July 2018 at 5:56 pm
Researchers working in Botswana say they've found asteroid fragments scattered across the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR), a discovery that followed the sudden arrival of the asteroid and subsequent meteor fireball witnessed last month across southern Africa.
This is only the second time in history that a small asteroid observed in space was recovered following its impact on Earth, the SETI institute said in a statement shared by the Government of Botswana. The boulder-sized asteroid, 2018 LA, was spotted just hours before earth impact on June 2 and expected to burn up before striking.
Although there was not enough tracking data to make precise predictions ahead of time, a swath of possible locations was calculated stretching from Southern Africa, across the Indian Ocean, and on to New Guinea. Reports of a bright fireball above Botswana matched up with the predicted trajectory.
"The biggest uncertainty we faced was to determine where exactly the meteorites fell," said Peter Jenniskens, a senior researcher at the Carl Sagan Center of the SETI Institute and with NASA.
The Dutch-American astronomer teamed up with Oliver Moses of the University of Botswana's Okavango Research Institute (ORI) and Tim Cooper of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa, as well as scientists in Finland, to review security surveillance videos in the area where the fireball occurred. That gave them a better understanding of what areas to search to recover the pieces.
The first meteorite was found after five days of walking and scouring a landscape of sand, thick tall grass, shrubs and thorn bushes. "The challenge was to search for a meteorite in 200 square kilometers of uncharted wild in a park teeming with elephants, lions and snakes," said Dr. Alexander Proyer of the University of Botswana, leader of the joint expedition.
"We see it as our mandate and duty to respond quickly to events like this one and to recover the material, both for research purposes and as part of the heritage of Botswana," Proyer said.
Mohutsiwa Gabadirwe, senior curator of the Botswana Geoscience Institute, described the find as "a priceless piece of rock" to be displayed for generations to come.
You can learn more about the space rock discovery and the scientists at this SETI link.
Images: SETI
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Outdoor Industry Partnerships News
Outdoor Trade Groups Announce Collaborative Effort on Climate Change SolutionsOIA, SIA and NSAA align to create the Outdoor Business Climate Partnership
Today, at the Outdoor Retailer Snow Show, Outdoor Industry Association (OIA), Snowsports Industries America (SIA) and the National Ski Areas Association (NSAA), announced the formation of the Outdoor Business Climate Partnership,
Snowsports Industry America
Today, at the Outdoor Retailer Snow Show, Outdoor Industry Association (OIA), Snowsports Industries America (SIA) and the National Ski Areas Association (NSAA), announced the formation of the Outdoor Business Climate Partnership, an alliance that will provide leadership on advocacy and inspire meaningful action on climate change across the outdoor business sector.
Climate change is a threat to the outdoor recreation industry and the $887 billion it contributes annually to the U.S. economy. The group's businesses, customers and the nearly 150 million Americans who participate in outdoor activities each year are dependent on a stable climate and have a vested interest in being part of climate solutions.
The Outdoor Business Climate Partnership is the first-ever broad collaboration among the trade groups, who now stand united in working to mobilize their memberships to increase action on climate change. The group will join forces to support the passage of comprehensive, bipartisan climate legislation in Congress, the adoption of market-based policies that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and decarbonization of the grid through state and utility level initiatives.
"Outdoor Industry Association and our members have a two-part effort to addressing climate change. Over the last decade, we've led the way in developing tool sets to reduce the environmental impacts of the products we sell. These efforts have been adopted by major retailers and brands in the outdoor industry. In tandem, we use our industry's unified voice to support impactful policies at the state and federal level," said Amy Roberts, OIA Executive Director. "Our efforts can be magnified by coming together with these other associations to collaborate and bring a stronger voice to the table in hopes of amplifying our impact in addressing this global issue."
"As three associations representing outdoor retailers, brands, suppliers, and resorts across the country, we share a common desire to see progress on climate and are joining hands to amplify our impact. This kind of bold collaboration and commitment is what's needed now if we're going to effectively tackle this urgent issue," said SIA's President, Nick Sargent.
"This new partnership is an important milestone in NSAA's continuing efforts to lead on climate change solutions," says Kelly Pawlak, NSAA President and CEO. An 'all hands on deck' approach is essential in meeting a challenge as significant as climate change, and together we'll have a stronger voice to drive change inside and outside of the outdoor recreation industry," said Pawlak.
The announcement was made at the 2019 Outdoor Retailer Show Snow, the annual gathering of the outdoor and snow sports industries in Denver.
About Outdoor Industry Association: Based in Boulder, Colo., with offices in Washington, D.C., Outdoor Industry Association (OIA) is the leading trade association for the outdoor industry and the title sponsor of Outdoor Retailer. OIA unites and serves 1300 manufacturer, supplier, sales representative and retailer members through its focus on trade and recreation policy, sustainable business innovation and outdoor participation. For more information, visit outdoorindustry.org.
About SIA: Snowsports Industries America is the non-profit, member-owned trade association representing snow sports suppliers with constituents in the retail, rep and resort communities. We're helping our members succeed by providing insightful research, innovative education
and growing participation. Learn more at www.snowsports.org
About NSAA: The National Ski Areas Association (NSAA) is a trade association representing the interests of 300+ ski areas, their operators, and industry suppliers. Formed in 1962, NSAA supports multiple initiatives and programs for member areas, including growth, safety and sustainability from its Lakewood, Colorado headquarters. Learn more about NSAA's mission and programs at NSAA.ORG.
SIA Media Contact: Meteorite PR | Eric Henderson | ehenderson@MeteoritePR.com | 307.690.2984 |@meteorite_PR
NSAA Media Contact: Adrienne Saia Isaac I Director of Marketing & Communications I aisaac@nsaa.org 720.963.4217 I @nsaa_org
Snowsports Industries America (SIA).
Outdoor Industry Event News
The Outdoor Business Climate Partnership Lobbies For Climate Action On Capitol Hill
(Washington, D.C. May 23, 2019) This week, the Outdoor Business Climate Partnership (OBCP) joined over 76 companies on Capitol Hill to advocate for immediate and bipartisan climate action, specifically, putting a price on carbon. Three powerful trade organizations ...read more
By Snowsports Industry America
Outdoor Accessories News
Outdoor + Snow Show Kickoff Breakfast Keynote: Business As A Force for (Climate) Good
Today, Snowsports Industries America (SIA) announced the details for the Outdoor + Snow Show Kickoff Breakfast keynote, marking the opening of the 2020 trade show, taking place at the Colorado Convention Center in Denver, CO on Wednesday, January 29th. Alongside the Outdoor ...read more
Targeting 100,000 New Participants In Winter Sports by 2028
Today, Snowsports Industries America (SIA) announced a new platform, Generation Snow, to address the desire to increase participation in Winter snow sports. To launch this new initiative, SIA has partnered with the Share Winter Foundation; a national grantmaking organization ...read more
SIA Premium Members Save The Most At Outdoor Retailer Snow Show 2020
Today, Outdoor Retailer announced booth space pricing for exhibitors at January's Outdoor Retailer Snow Show, taking place in Denver on January 29-31, 2020. With today's announcement, SIA announced that SIA Premium Members will have the best possible square footage rate found ...read more
US Snow Sports Retail Sales Up 7.4% Year Over Year
Today Snowsports Industries America released their US Snow Industry Retail Market Report, featuring December 2018 sales data. This data reflects retail sales from the prime winter sports sales season, showing that US snow sports retail sales were off to a robust start, increasing ...read more
SIA Hires Meteorite PR as Public Relations Agency of Record
Park City, Utah (September 11, 2018) — Effective today, Meteorite PR has partnered with Snowsports Industries America (SIA) to be their public relations agency of record, overseeing all PR efforts for the industry trade association. Supporting the snow sports industry since ...read more
By Eric Henderson
Snowsports Industries America Launches United By Winter
Park City, UT January 11, 2018. Today, Snowsports Industries America (SIA) announced the launch of United By Winter, a climate advocacy platform for the winter sports industry. The campaign is intended to give SIA members the education and tools to address climate change and it's ...read more
Croakies® Launches Abby Paffrath x Croakies® Artist Collection
PLAINVILLE, Mass., January 17, 2019 – Croakies, the original manufacturer of industry-leading outdoor retention products, today announces the launch of the Abby Paffrath x Croakies Artist Collection as part of its 2019 model line. A true mountain girl, Abby Paffrath was born ...read more
By Chris McCullough
Croakies® and Plastic Tides Team Up to Bring Industry Happy Hour and Plastic Pollution Awareness to Outdoor Retailer Snow Show Attendees
PLAINVILLE, Mass., January 22, 2019 – Croakies, the original manufacturer of industry-leading outdoor retention products, today announces it will be teaming up with Plastic Tides, the organization committed to standing up against plastic pollution, to host an industry party at ...read more


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This 'Star Trek' Kiss Was Iconic — But Not For The Reason You've Heard
By Casey Mendoza
The "Star Trek" kiss scene between Capt. Kirk and Lt. Uhura turns 50 this year.
Would you believe this very dramatic, rather awkwardly staged kiss from "Star Trek" is one of the most notable kisses in television history?
Because it is, and as of this Thanksgiving, it's aged more than half a century. ["Let's get on with it."]
So, why is this scene so special?
Critics and historians like to say it's the first interracial kiss ever aired on television, and that label is one of the reasons the scene is revered so much.
Unfortunately, it's not accurate.
Six years before Capt. Kirk and Lt. Uhura canoodled on television, the British teleplay "You In Your Small Corner" featured a kiss between Jamaican actor Lloyd Reckord and Scottish actress Elizabeth MacLennan.
More than a decade before that, American actress Lucille Ball and Cuban-American actor Desi Arnaz were frequently smooching on "I Love Lucy." Though the couple's on-screen and real-life marriage is sometimes argued to be more "bicultural" than "biracial," the portrayal of their relationship was still pretty groundbreaking for the entertainment industry.
Related Story Rom-Coms Have Gotten A Makeover — And Now They're Winning Viewers Back
We could go on and list more of the interracial kisses that happened on TV before Kirk and Uhura's, but we've made our point. "Star Trek" wasn't the first — but that doesn't make it any less important.
The episode, titled "Plato's Stepchildren," aired a year after the U.S. Supreme Court decided on Loving v. Virginia. That ruling annulled state laws against interracial marriages during a time when they weren't widely accepted.
"Star Trek," one of the most progressive shows at the time, was one of the programs that helped normalize it. But even then, there was some doubt about whether American audiences would react positively to Kirk and Uhura's kiss.
Because of that, two versions of the scene were actually filmed: one with the kiss and another with an embrace.
The only reason the kiss was used was because actor William Shatner deliberately crossed his eyes in the alternative shot — rendering that footage unusable and leaving audiences with this iconic moment.