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What is a game engine?
Submitted by bensmiley on Fri, 05/04/2012 - 02:25
In this article I'm going to explain what a game engine is and why it's useful. When I first started game design many terms confused me. I heard: game engine, sprite, game loop, physics engine, Cocos2D... I had a rough idea of what they were but not how the concepts fitted together. With the benefit of the experience I now have, I'm going to explain what all this things mean and how they fit together. This guide is designed for people who are new to game design and will focus and iPhone and Android operating systems. I'll also give an overview of my favorite game engines for each platform.
How a game works
Games can range from simple to extremely sophisticated but at the most basic level every game performs the same core functions. All games take inputs from the user, using those inputs they work out what effect it has had on the game state, finally they display or animate something on the screen. After this, the process is repeated until you either win or fail. Lets take the example of Angry Birds for iPhone. The game starts by setting up an initial game state. In this case it gives you a certain number of birds and a pile of wood and pigs to destroy. At this point the game waits for input. If you don't do any thing the game just stays as it is. When you touch the screen and pull back the catapult the game is responding to your input and changing the game state accordingly i.e. the postion of the catapult. When you let go the game keeps going and calculates what will happen. The bird collides with the structure and the wood responds realistically. When everything has stopped moving the score is calculated and the game is over.
This is simple enough but how could we go about coding this? In programming terms, when we want the computer to repeat something over and over again we use a loop. For games this is called the game loop. Inside the loop we perform all the things we need to do to make the game work. We listen for inputs, calculate how those inputs affect the game state and finally update the screen so that it correctly displays the game state. Below is a simple representation of the loop:
while (gameIsRunning) {
// Check for inputs
// Calculate change in game state
// Update display
If we were making a simple chess game here's what the steps would look like:
Check for inputs
The method we would use to check for inputs would depend on the system we were using but in general it's necessary to register the code as a listener with the operating system. A listener is just a piece of code which is notified when a user input happens. To display something in iOS you need to use a view. View has three methods called touchsBegan, touchesMoves and touchesEnded. If you override one of these you can write whatever code you want inside the function to respond to the touch. For the chess game we would check if the touch happened over a piece. If so we would mark that piece as selected. As the finger was moves, the position of the piece would be updated so that it moved with the finger. When the touch ended the piece would be released.
Update game status
For each loop, the game status would monitoring what effect the input had on the game state. If the touch ended we'd need to check to see if the final position was valid. If it was valid, we'd trigger the next players go. If not, we'd need to return the piece to it's original position and notify the user. Every loop, It would also be necessary check if the end of the game had been reached.
Updating the display
As the piece was moving, the display would be responding by rendering the piece in a slightly different position each frame. Having a series of smoothly changing images causes a smooth animation. Because computers are very fast normally it's possible to go through the game loop 60 times every second. Running at 60 times makes our animations smooth. If we put lots of complex code in the update section it could cause mean that our loop could only run 20 times a second which would make the game seem jerky and unresponsive. This can be seen on some games as slowdown when there are lots of things happening at once. It's important to remember that to run our loop 60 times a second i.e. have an animation of 60 frames per second (FPS), we only have 0.016 second per loop to play with. That's why writing efficient code is very important in games.
Hopefully this gives you a basic understanding of how a game works. Next we're going to look at what a game engine does for us.
So what is a game engine...?
A game engine is framework which facilitates the kinds of tasks which need to be done when writing a game. So what are the kinds of tasks we want to do? We would probably want to display images on the screen (in game terminology, an image which is displayed on the screen is called a sprite). We may need to draw menus or text on the screen. We might want to organise our sprites so that some are behind others. Often games use realistic physic so objects collide or fall with gravity. A game engine will help us do these things and many more.
You might be thinking "Is that all it does? That doesn't sound too hard. I'd prefer to make my own game engine". That's fair enough and it is possible to write your own game engine. When I was learning game programming I wrote a simple game engine to get a better understanding of the fundamentals. However after that, I decided to learn how to use game engines and since then I've not looked back. There are huge advantages to using a game engine which I will illustrate with an example.
Example 1: loading a sprite
In Cocos2D which is arguably the most popular game engine for iPhone this is how a sprite can be loaded into the game:
CCSprite * sprite = [CCSprite spriteWithFile:@"sprite.png"];
sprite.position = cpp(100, 100);
[game addChild: sprite];
This code loads a sprite from a png file, sets it's position to (100, 100) and then adds it to the game. Now lets look at what Cocos2D is doing behind the scenes.
Cocos2D: checks the file name is not null, checks to see if the same image has been loaded before (if so it will automatically the previously stored texture), converts the image to a texture which can be rendered by the graphics card (this step alone is over 100 lines of code), performs fixes for certain types of image files and certain iOS versions, creates a square which the graphics card needs to represent the image, transforms the square using OpenGL ES (a low level graphics library) so that it's at the specified coordinates and finally adds the image to the game.
Phew... As you can see Cocos2D is doing a lot behind the scenes so that you only need to write three lines of code. Because of this, development time and code complexity are significantly reduced. The other point, is the amount of expertise which has gone into writing the game engine. The people who've written this system are experts. Because of that they'll write efficient non-buggy code. By using a game engine you're leveraging the expertise of a whole community of experts. Which means that you can focus on game design rather than the intricacies of graphics programming.
Features provided by a game engine
In this section I'll give an overview of the standard features provided by a game engine
Graphcs
As I explained earlier, game engines provide assistance rendering sprites to the screen. But that's not the end of it! Normally it's not efficient to just load images into your game one by one. The best way is to put all your images onto a big image sheet and then load that one image. When you need one of the images it can be cropped from the sheet. This would be difficult to implement from scratch but in a good game engine like Cocos2D or LibGDX it's taken care of for you. They also allow you to create frame by frame animations from these sprite sheets. If you want to make your character walk you can provide images of the character in all the stages of walking. The game engine can then loop through these images to create a walking animation.
Game engines also provide more complex features.
LibGDX for Android, completely shields you from how the graphics are implemented. This means that during development you can run your game as a native Windows or OSX program on your computer thus avoiding the slow buggy Android emulator.
Game engines also provide help with animations. Cocos2D proves a number actions like CCMoveTo and CCFadeOut. You can create an action which will send your sprite from one location to a different location in a specified amount of time or to fade out your image. You can also create a sequence of actions to be executed one after the other. This saves you having to write your own classes to update the objects position every frame.
Game engines also help you organise your game. You can create scenes which contain layers. Each level can be represented by one scene and the background can be on a different layer to your player. This helps to keep your game organised and reduced the complexity of the code.
All games need audio. Sound effects for when the player bumps into something and background music to create an atmosphere. Game engines facilitate this by shielding you from the base implementation (i.e. a hardware library like OpenAL). In Cocos2D playing a sound is as simple as:
[[SimpleAudioEngine sharedEngine] playEffect:@"boomSound.caf"];
And in LibGDX:
Sound boom = Gdx.audio.newSound(Gdx.files.internal("BoomSound.wav"));
boom.play(1);
Another handy feature is the ability to stream sounds. For your background music you don't want to load a 5mb file into memory. By streaming you can play the background music bit by bit and save memory. In Cocos2D this can be done with one line:
[[SimpleAudioEngine sharedEngine] playBackgroundMusic:@"background-music-aac.caf"];
So you can see that game engines make sound effects very easy.
All good game engines come with physics built in. Physic is a term which covers a wide variety of functions including: detecting collisions, applying forces and velocity to objects. Using a physics engine you can define your shapes and watch them respond like real world shapes would. Angry birds relies almost entirely on physics for it's game play. A physics engine will let you know when a bullet hits your player. It can automate an arm withs spikes to spin round. It can create a wobbly bridge or a water effect. Working these things out yourself is very difficult and would require a minimum of a degree in Maths of Physics. Luckily by using a pre-made, free, physics engine you can get straight into creating your game. In my opinion the best physics engine is Box2D. It's very powerful, has implementations for iPhone and Android and is included in all the best game engines. The benefit of using a very popular cross platform engine like this is that when you move from Android to iOS you don't need to re-learn how to use the physics engine!
Particles Emitters
Particle emitters allow you to create a huge range of effects for your game. You can create explosions, water effects, rocket boosters and many other effects. An emitter sends out a stream of coloured sprites who's speed, direction, lifetime and colour can be altered. Game engines usually have particle engines built in. Cocos2D is particularly good for this. For $7.99 you can buy ParticleDesigner, a program which allows you to interactively create particle effects and then save them to file. These can then be imported into Cocos2D with only a few lines of code:
system = [CCParticleSystemQuad particleWithFile:@"particle_def.plist"];
[game addObject:system];
The final area I'm going to cover is the user interface. Game engines provide an easy mechanism to draw scores and create your game menus. Drawing text manually is very complicated. You have to load a big sprite containing all the characters you need and then manually map each letter to the coordinate of the letter in the sprite sheet. Fortunately, game engines take care of this too. They will load a font definition from the common True Text Format then allow you to choose the colour and font size an display the text for you on the screen. In Cocos2D you can then animate your text using the built in actions. In Cocos2D you can draw custom text as simply as:
CCLabelTTF _score = [CCLabelTTF labelWithString:@"0" fontName:@"score_font" fontSize:50];
_score.color = ccc3(255, 0, 0);
_score.position = cpp(100, 100);
[game addChild: _score];
Using a game engine you can then automatically create menus with your custom text which activate when the user clicks them.
In this article I've given a very brief overview of what a game engine is. I've not covered everything but this article should give you the conceptual framework to start writing games using a game engine. As you'll have noticed, in this guide I've mentioned Cocos2D and LibGDX.
Cocos2D for iPhone
Cocos2D is the game engine I use for my iPhone development. It's powerful, efficient and very feature rich. I especially like it's intuitiveness. The game is arranged into scenes and each scene has layers which can be used to arrange the game elements in the z-direction. All visible objects are nodes which can be added to layers and scenes. Cocos2D also includes the very fast and cross platform physics engine Box2D. Because it's so popular Cocos2D, there are lots of tutorials and guides available as well as support from third party applications like the excellent ParticleDesigner and TexturePacker. The library is free and can be found here
LibGDX for Android
Android is written in Java which is a higher level language than the iPhones Objective C. This tends to mean that things run slower on Android than on iPhone. For this reason I use the most efficient game engine which is LibGDX. LibGDX is low level which gives you a lot of control and includes a native version of the physics engine Box2D. This version of Box2D provides a Java interface to the fast native C library (it's much faster than the version written in java JBox2D). Aside from that, the library also provides all the sound, scene management and graphics features you'd expect from a good game engine. The library is free and can be found here
Overall, I'd highly recommend using a game engine to improve the quality of your game and speed up development time. If you have any further questions feel free to comment on this article.
bensmiley's blog
Milagros (not verified)
I like ur blog :) is
I like ur blog :) is fantastic! is very uselful and interesting. I'm goig to create my own game engine with this thanks a lot Ben
I was tasked with developing
I was tasked with developing a game engine and wasn't sure what id gotten myself into. Now I know, thanks for the informative post.
Jin (not verified)
Awesome tutorial.. now i understand what is game engine.. thanks a lot .
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Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is a republic that consist of an archipelago of about 100 islands in the Indian Ocean northeast of Madagascar. Orthodox Christianity only came to the country in the late twentieth century.
Human habitation came to the islands of the republic only in comparatively recent times. The earliest recorded visits took place in 1502 by the Portuguese Vasco da Gama after which the islands were used by pirates and as a transit point for traders between Africa and Asia. By the mid-eighteenth century the French had taken control of the islands and brought Roman Catholicism. In the early nineteenth century the British assumed control of the islands.
As the islands of Seychelles had no indigenous population, the current population is composed of people who have emigrated to the islands. As both the French and British land owners brought to the Seychelles enslaved Africans and indentured servants from India, the population came to be principally Christian, mostly Roman Catholic with an Anglican presence that is next in numbers but a distant minority. Of note is that while the Seychelles and Cyprus were under British control in the 1950s, Archbishop Makarios III of Cyprus was exiled, in 1956, to the island of Mahé within the archipelago for a year during the agitation to free Cyprus from British control[[1]].
The presence of Orthodox Christians in the republic is recent as Orthodox Christians became citizens of Seychelles without any organized Orthodox Christian communities. Srdjan Janosevic, a Serbian by birth and a naturalized Seychelles citizen, who retired in 2008 after working with the airline industry in the republic for 23 years, became interested in the spiritual work of the Orthodox Church. In 2009, Metropolitan Dimitrios (Zaharengas) of Irinoupolis, whose jurisdiction the Metropolis of Tanzania and Seychelles is in, visited Seychelles and established a parish. He also asked Srdjan to enter the priesthood. After he was ordained deacon in Tanzania later in 2009, Deacon Srdjan traveled to Greece for further study and was ordained a priest in Greece in December as the first resident priest of Seychelles.
First Orthodox Easter liturgy in Seychelles
Wikipedia:Religion_in_Seychelles
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Comic Book Movie Review: Guardians of the Galaxy
I was fortunate to see a preview screening of Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy early this week. If you dread even the vaguest hint of an inkling of anything that could even be construed as something akin to a spoiler, then I leave you with this TL,DR: Guardians of the Galaxy is an incredibly imaginative, raucously fun flick. It's totally worth a few hours of toil in the salt mines to pay for your ticket, and it'll be a shame if you don't see it ASAP. For the rest of my spoiler-free review, peek below the fold.
A lot can be said about Guardians of the Galaxy, but I'll start with this: Guardians of the Galaxy is what George Lucas aspired to do with the Star Wars prequel films.
Let's run down the list. Amazingly detailed physical sets integrated into flawless digital landscapes? Check one for Guardians. Seamless interactions between human and digital actors–interactions replete with real emotional gravitas? Guardians has got that too. Guardians even has a bit of that rare bottled lightning: that joyous je ne sais quoi that has the potential to make moviegoers both young and old marvel at the wonder of it all.
In short, Guardians is an engrossing, visceral experience that feels like real life… in space… with cyborg raccoons and stuff.
That said, Director James Gunn's Guardians are decidedly not the Guardians of the comics. One might say that the film is loosely inspired by the Abnett and Lanning run that started with the culmination of Marvel's 2006 Annihilation event, but that inspiration is most evident in the movie's locales and Easter eggs (keep an eye out for Cosmo!), rather than in the Guardians themselves. Indeed, Gunn and his cast made the characters very much their own–Gunn first in his script, with the addition of somewhat modified origin stories and motivations, and then the actors, who all brought their A-games (especially Bautista. Talk about a pleasant surprise.)
Despite being a Marvel film, it's pretty hard to call Guardians a "superhero" movie. In truth, the best descriptor for it is "space opera" or "science fantasy," and it sits in hallowed company with true classics like A New Hope and cult classics like Flash Gordon. Space opera is a genre that is often guilty of gilding the lily when it comes developing story, with complicated world building, complicated webs of intrigue involving characters with less than three minutes of screen time, and MacGuffins that aren't fully realized or explained until the third act. Certainly, Guardians is burdened by all of these things–but every time I thought the film was about to fumble the story, not only would it throw a Hail Mary pass, but catch it in the end zone, and do the Ickey Shuffle just for laughs. It really is a nearly pitch perfect film, and a great capstone to the summer movie season.
That said, if there is one clear shortcoming in this film, it's that there is a LOT of information disseminated throughout. I mean, like, a lot. For Marvel aficionados, it's a candy store, but that candy might be just a little too rich for the uninitiated. Of course, this is the first Marvel movie beside Thor 2 with its, "Screw it, we'll have Space Elves!" attitude that has had the exuberance to say, "bee tee dubs, this flick is based on a comic book, and comics be full of weird, yo!" If the worst that can be said of Guardians is that the universe might be just a little too rich and complex, the characters just a little too plentiful (and awesome. Especially Glenn Close and John C. Reilly's Novas), then we're very lucky moviegoers indeed. And if the gleeful nerdiness is just too much for some audiences, the playful soundtrack and consistent funnies will keep the stiffs amused while the true geeks revel in the obtuse complexity, hidden nuggets, and emergent possibilities abounding through out.
Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy hits theaters on August 1st. Watch it.
Tags: Chris Pratt, Drax, Gamora, Groot, Guardians of the Galaxy, James Gunn, Marvel, Marvel Cinematic Universe, Star-Lord, Zoe Saldana
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Comic Books, Movies, Review


The military manuals pdf page is about as FM 533 Terrain Analysis fm 534 engineer field data US Marine Corps Sniper Manual FMFM MCI 7510B Marine Corps Institute FMFM 67 Scouting and Patrolling for Infantry Units File 1 This manual provides guidance to the individual Marine and MCRP 301 A reflects this ethos and the Marine Corps and procedures used throughout the Marine Topics: Field Manual, Rifles US Military Manual Note: For this comparison we are predominantly pulling from the Army's Infantry and Rifle Platoon and Squad field manual and the Marine Corps' Introduction to Rifle Platoon Operations and Marine Army Field Manuals; FM Title Notes Date The Infantry Rifle Platoon And Squad: Army and Marine Corps Integration in Joint Operations: draft draft 1 light infantry training manual fmfm 21 imperial and royal (k.
u. k) austrohungarian marine corps This manual is applicable to the Marine Corps Total Force. 6. Certification. The Infantry T& R Manual is comprised of 17 chapters and 5 appendices. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY Marine Corps Manual Encl: (1) Locator Sheet are as good on parade as they are in the field or in the attack. This page provides direction to authentic current digital versions of publications issued by Headquarters Marine Corps Staff Marine Corps Technical Manuals.


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January, 18, 2020, 1:12:03
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Following on from the surprise release of their latest track 'The Grey' last month, post-hardcore legends Thrice have now confirmed the details surrounding what will be their tenth full-length album, and the follow-up to 2016's 'To Be Everywhere Is To Be Nowhere'. Read More
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Forni Fiorini Bakery Rotating Rack Oven 'Mini Rotor' Our range of Commercial Bakery Ovens is suitable for bakeries, confectionery, patisserie and pastry shops. The heavy duty professional Rack Ovens also known as Rotary or Rotating Oven are the baker's favourite equipment, and perfect for baking in the professional kitchen.Extremely versatile which adapts perfectly to the most diverse products and different processing systems. Devices guarantee easy manoeuvring even by non-qualified personnel. Maximum efficiency gives low consumption and significant energy savings. The structure favours an optimal usage of thermal exchange ensuring long production life for the machine. Face, internal and external panels in stainless steel. External panels in st. steel Heat exchanger in refractory stainless steel for gas or diesel models. For the electrical model, heat is generated by stainless steel covered resistances. High performance steamer ensures correct quantity of steam even during continuous baking cycles. Hood with stainless steel steam exhauster. Trolley rotation is by motor reduction gear with torque limiter. Extractable rack. Double safety thermostat in baking chamber and fumes extractor chimney. Double glass door. Oven with hook. Electromechanical control panel with digital thermostat, timer with bell for cooking and timer for steam. OPTIONALS: Computerized control panel. Motor fan with inverter (for pastry production ) Oven with revolving platform application. ..
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Forni Fiorini Bakery Rotating Rack Oven 'Rotor FR' Our range of Commercial Bakery Ovens is suitable for bakeries, confectionery, patisserie and pastry shops. The heavy duty professional Rack Ovens also known as Rotary or Rotating Oven are the baker's favourite equipment, and perfect for baking in the professional kitchen.The ROTOR FR oven differences from the other ovens is its heat exchanger located in the front. This allows the oven the possibility to have free surfaces of support on 3 sides facilitating therefore the positioning also in laboratories with narrow spaces. Our oven has been designed according to innovative technological solutions: heat exchanger and air circulation system guarantee maximum economy during function, significant energy savings and optimal baking conditions for bakery and confectionery products. Face, internal and external panels in stainless steel. External panels in st. steel Heat exchanger in refractory stainless steel for gas or diesel models. For the electrical model, heat is generated by stainless steel covered resistances. High performance steamer ensures correct quantity of steam even during continuous baking cycles. Hood with stainless steel steam exhauster. Trolley rotation is by motor reduction gear with torque limiter. Extractable rack. Double safety thermostat in baking chamber and fumes extractor chimney. Double glass door. Oven with hook. Electromechanical control panel with digital thermostat, timer with bell for cooking and timer for steam. OPTIONALS: Computerized control panel. Motor fan with inverter (for pastry production) Oven with revolving platform application. ..
Forni Fiorini Bakery Rotating Rack Oven 'Rotor' Our range of Commercial Bakery Ovens is suitable for bakeries, confectionery, patisserie and pastry shops. The heavy duty professional Rack Ovens also known as Rotary or Rotating Oven are the baker's favourite equipment, and perfect for baking in the professional kitchen.Extremely versatile which adapts perfectly to the most diverse products and different processing systems. Devices guarantee easy manoeuvring even by non-qualified personnel. Maximum efficiency gives low consumption and significant energy savings. The structure favours an optimal usage of thermal exchange ensuring long production life for the machine. Face, internal and external panels in stainless steel. External panels in st. steel Heat exchanger in refractory stainless steel for gas or diesel models. For the electrical model, heat is generated by stainless steel covered resistances. High performance steamer ensures correct quantity of steam even during continuous baking cycles. Hood with stainless steel steam exhauster. Trolley rotation is by motor reduction gear with torque limiter. Extractable rack. Double safety thermostat in baking chamber and fumes extractor chimney. Double glass door. Oven with hook. Electromechanical control panel with digital thermostat, timer with bell for cooking and timer for steam. OPTIONALS: Computerized control panel. Motor fan with inverter (for pastry production ) Oven with revolving platform application. ..
Forni Fiorini Bakery Rotating Rack Oven 'Small' Our range of Commercial Bakery Ovens is suitable for bakeries, confectionery, patisserie and pastry shops. The heavy duty professional Rack Ovens also known as Rotary or Rotating Oven are the baker's favourite equipment, and perfect for baking in the professional kitchen. Extremely versatile which adapts perfectly to the most diverse products and different processing systems. Devices guarantee easy manoeuvring even by non-qualified personnel. Maximum efficiency gives low consumption and significant energy savings. The structure favours an optimal usage of thermal exchange ensuring long production life for the machine. Face, internal and external panels in stainless steel. Heat exchanger in refractory stainless steel for gas or diesel models. For the electrical model, heat is generated by stainless steel covered resistances. High performance steamer ensures correct quantity of steam even during continuous baking cycles. Hood with stainless steel steam exhauster. Trolley rotation is by motor reduction gear with torque limiter. Extractable rack. Double safety thermostat in baking chamber and fumes extractor chimney. Double glass door. Oven with hook. Electromechanical control panel with digital thermostat, timer with bell for cooking and timer for steam. The oven can be placed on a work table or a stainless-steel proofer or on a painted oven stand. OPTIONALS: Computerized control panel. Motor fan with inverter (for pastry production) Oven with revolving platform application. ..


text:
Why martech companies are dropping venture capitalists
17 September 2018 by Samuel Scott Marketing Essays
San Francisco was a city that we built on rock 'n' roll, but venture capital funds eventually took over. That may soon change due to growing economic and social trends in the martech and investment worlds.
Social media sharing platform Buffer recently spent $3.3m to buy out the company's venture capitalists. Video software company Wistia turned down an offer to sell and instead took on $17.3m in debt to buy out investors. Audience intelligence platform SparkToro raised $1.3m from 35 individuals rather than going down the traditional VC route.
While it is impossible to know the exact percentage of martech and other companies that have eschewed VC funds, many are now using alternative funding methods, according to industry observers, activists and company executives.
"My impression from data people have shown me over the years is that probably around half of the companies on my martech landscape haven't received funding from institutional investors. Instead, they're funded by the founders, angels, or customers," marketing technologist Scott Brinker said. (His Martech Landscape currently lists more than 6,000 vendors.)
There are also recent examples from consumer brands. Watch brand MVMT was bought by Movado last month for $200m. The founders and employees owned all of the company's shares at the time. Deodorant brand Native was acquired by Procter & Gamble in 2017 for $100m. The chief executive had owned 90% of the company by not going the VC route.
Mattress brand Tuft & Needle was funded with only $6,000 from the founder and a $500,000 loan and is reportedly in acquisition talks with Serta Simmons in a deal that may be worth $400m to $500m.
How VC funding really works
To understand the big picture, it is first important to know the realities of the VC world.
Take people with money such as corporate pension fund managers, wealthy families, and university endowment administrators. They could simply do nothing and invest in a low-fee index fund that tracks the US S&P 500 or UK FTSE 100 and grow their savings at a long-term market average of 10% to 12% per year.
But like everyone else, these limited partners – as they are known – want to make more. So they hear sales pitches for anything from corporate bonds to real estate to VC funds. Venture capitalists who receive funding from the limited partners must then decide on which high-tech companies to place their bets.
A typical VC fund lasts for seven to 10 years, meaning that it must at least triple in value within a decade to beat the annual market average. If a VC fund receives $100m from the limited partners, it needs to invest in enough successful startups to grow to at least $300m before time runs out.
"The goal is to improve upon the rate of return that would have been achieved through putting the money into public stocks, bonds or other investment vehicles. The target is 12% annual growth," Rand Fishkin, the co-founder and former chief executive of Moz who founded SparkToro, wrote in a memoir after leaving the SEO software platform. "Beating the market is hard. Like, really, really hard. Only about 5% of venture investment firms actually succeed at it."
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New York state's voting age would be lowered from 18 to 17 under a bill sponsored by Assemblymember Robert Carroll, who credited three high school students with the bold idea.
Max Shatan, Eli Frankel and Chris Stauffer, all of whom attend Bard High School, reached out to Carroll (D-Park Slope-Windsor Terrace) earlier this year to propose a change in state law to allow teenagers to vote.
New York state's voting age was last lowered in 1971, from 21 to 18.
Included in the proposal put forth by Shatan, Frankel and Stauffer is a provision that would allow students to register to vote in high school civics classes.
"The easier it is to register, the more people will register. The more people register, the better our democracy works. It's that simple," Carroll said in a statement.
It makes sense to let 17-year-olds vote, according to Carroll. "Seventeen-year-old New Yorkers contribute to their communities. They hold jobs. They pay taxes. When they commit crimes, they are tried as adults. They should be full participants in our democracy," he said.
In addition to lowering the voting age, Carroll's bill would require New York high schools to distribute two forms to all students turning 17. The first form is a standard voter registration form. The second form is a "Voter Registration Opt-Out." Each student would have a choice as to which form to complete.
Frankel, 16, a junior, said the idea to lower the voting age grew out of a desire to see more young people take part in the political process.
"It all began with a simple question: What can high school students do between election years to really influence policy? Now, thanks to Assemblymember Carroll, here we are, the youth of New York, united behind our fight for a voice in government," he stated.
After making initial contact with Carroll, who immediately expressed enthusiasm for their idea, the three students met with the lawmaker in his Brooklyn office three times in February and March. As a result of those sessions, Carroll and the students crafted the bill now known as the Young Voter Act.
Voting would give young people a say in important issues that could affect their lives, according to Shatan, 17, a senior. "Most of us attend public schools. And we run headlong into the student loan crisis, which could affect us for decades," he said in a statement.
The three students came up with their proposal with assistance from the Youth Progressive Policy Group, a grassroots organization they founded at Bard High School.
Carroll applauded the efforts of the teens.
"As a kid, I was engaged in local politics, but so many of my classmates just didn't care. Many of them never even registered to vote. My bill streamlines this process," Carroll stated.
The Young Voter Act would also require high school students to receive at least eight full class periods of civics education.
"When you turn 17, we will put a voter registration form in your hands and hopefully we will get young people voting by not only registering them but by giving them at least eight class periods of civics classes in high school. If a person starts voting before they turn 25 years old, they are much more likely to be an active voter for their entire life than someone who starts voting later in life," Carroll stated.
In May, Carroll will welcome his three constituents to Albany to take part in a lobby day, when they will meet with lawmakers to urge support for the bill.


Christmas leftovers haunt the charts as well as your refrigerators. Billboard's first country albums chart for 2018 is still festooned with Christmas titles, and the only new song on the country airplay chart is an old Christmas carol.
However, there is a bit of ice-breaking going on. Garth Brooks' The Anthology: Part 1, the First 5 Years moves into the No. 1 spot, elbowing aside Luke Bryan's What Makes You Country, last week's chart-topper.
Brett Young's "Like I Loved You" is the most-played country song for the second week in a row.
Four albums return to action. They are Taylor Swift's Fearless (bouncing back in at No. 45), George Strait's 50 Number Ones (No. 48), Bryan's Crash My Party (No. 49) and Florida Georgia Line's Here's to the Good Times (No. 50).
Re-entering the songs chart are Brantley Gilbert's "Ones That Like Me" (No. 26) and Bryan's "Most People Are Good" (No. 56).
Lest the tension becomes unbearable, I can now reveal that Bryan also has the only new song on the chart. It's "O Holy Night," arriving (and no doubt departing) at No. 60.
The No. 2 through No. 5 albums, in that order, are Chris Stapleton's From a Room: Volume 2, Bryan's What Makes You Country, Thomas Rhett's Life Changes and Kane Brown's Kane Brown.
Stapleton fans will be cheered to know that his Traveller now ranks at a healthy No. 6 — in its 139th week on the charts — while his From a Room: Volume 1 checks in at No. 7.


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text:
Imelda Hurley announced as new Ibec President for 2022-2023
Ibec CEO Danny McCoy with new president Imelda Hurley
With over 20 years of experience in leadership and finance roles, Imelda Hurley is currently CEO at Coillte, Ireland's state forestry company
Ibec, the group that represents Irish business, has appointed Imelda Hurley, CEO of Coillte as its new president for 2022 to 2023. She succeeds Frank Gleeson, president and CEO of Aramark Northern Europe.
Marking the announcement, Imelda Hurley said: "It is a privilege to be appointed Ibec president for the next 12 months. While the economy faces unprecedented inflationary competitiveness challenges at present, it is important that we do not lose focus in meeting the long-term strategic issues we face as a society, particularly the climate emergency crisis.
"I look forward to using my role as president to support Ibec's ongoing engagement with government and leading stakeholders to realise the country's ambition of positioning Ireland as a world leader in terms of its transformation to both a sustainable business model and society," Hurley added.
Imelda Hurley has spent over 20 years in leadership and finance roles across a variety of sectors including forestry, food, agriculture, technology related product development and supply chain management. She is an experienced executive and non-executive director having been a board member in public company, state owned, private equity and venture capital backed businesses. She has worked extensively in Ireland, the UK, Eastern Europe, Hong Kong and China.
She is currently CEO at Coillte, Ireland's state forestry company which is responsible for managing 440,000 hectares of primarily forested lands. She is also a non-executive director at Dole plc, a global leader in fresh fruit and vegetables and at Ibec, Ireland's largest business representative group. Prior to joining Coillte, Hurley was an executive director and CFO with agri-services group Origin Enterprises plc, and, earlier in her career, she held a range of senior leadership positions at PCH International, and Greencore Group plc. She has also previously served as a non-executive director of Total Produce plc, Valeo Foods and Ervia.
Hurley is a graduate of University of Limerick, a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants and an alumna of Harvard Business School.
"Imelda is a recognised leader in the field of Irish and European business and her experience and insights will no doubt support our efforts over the coming year to help navigate the economy through a challenging period," said Ibec CEO Danny McCoy.
"We look forward to working with her and wish her great success."
Musgrave Group's Edel Russell appointed co-chair of ECR Ireland →
Musgrave appoints Andrew Keating as new chief financial officer →
Irishman John Murphy to become president and chief financial officer of The Coca-Cola Company →
Safefood appoints new director of nutrition →
Musgrave Group's Edel Russell appointed co-chair of ECR Ireland
"Encouraging better collaboration between trading partners is at the core of ECR," says new co-chair Edel Russell
Musgrave appoints Andrew Keating as new chief financial officer
New CFO has a proven track record for driving growth and delivering large transformation initiatives
Irishman John Murphy to become president and chief financial officer of The Coca-Cola Company
Brian Smith is to retire from president role
Safefood appoints new director of nutrition
Dr Aileen McGloin named new director of nutrition


text:
FEMA just got another $6.7 billion to help with hurricane relief
The Federal Emergency Management Agency just added another $6.7 billion to its coffers to help with hurricane relief.
The money was expected. Sunday kicked off a new fiscal year and brought a new round of funding for the agency.
But it also comes at a crucial time for the federal government's disaster response arm. FEMA has been responding to the aftermath of three major hurricanes that have hit the United States and its territories in the past six weeks: Harvey, Irma and Maria.
The three storms devastated Texas, Florida, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, along with other parts of the Caribbean.
"The magnitude that we've seen back-to-back-to-back probably isn't something we've seen since 2004," FEMA spokesman William Booher told CNNMoney. "But that's what we train for and what we prepare for. It's not unusual to have multiple disaster relief efforts going on at once."
Related: Reporters are in Puerto Rico to tell an important story
FEMA hasn't felt a strain on its resources lately, Booher said. That's a welcome reassurance for an agency that was close to running out of cash in early September. It caught a break after Congress passed an emergency aid bill that injected $7.4 billion into FEMA's relief fund.
Booher said the agency had $4 billion left in its disaster fund this weekend before it received the $6.7 billion provision.
But that much money almost certainly won't be enough.
All told, hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria have inflicted at least $195 billion in overall damage in Texas, Florida and Puerto Rico, according to one estimate from Moody's Analytics.
And at least part of the money needed for recovery will need to come from FEMA. In addition to the immediate emergency support the agency provides, it can also approve money for individuals who either don't have insurance or who only have partial coverage.
Of course, some of the costs will be covered by other sources, such as private insurers and other government grants and loans.
Related: 15-year-old boy in San Juan raising funds for solar lamps
Booher said FEMA expects lawmakers to act again to give it more cash in the form of another supplemental relief bill.
Congressional aides have said they're expecting that request, and House Speaker Paul Ryan said Congress is planning to vote on two bills sometime in October.
CNNMoney (New York) First published October 1, 2017: 6:32 PM ET


text:
Byron David Halsted (June 7, 1852 – August 28, 1918) was an American botanist and plant pathologist.

Halsted was born at Venice, New York.  He studied at Michigan State University and at Harvard (D.Sc., 1879).

In 1885, he began teaching botany at Iowa State and in 1889, he moved on to Rutgers in New Jersey.

In addition to his writings on biology and agriculture, Halsted was known for his book, Barn Plans and Outbuildings (New York: Orange Judd Co., 1894).

Halsted was an uncle of plant explorer David Fairchild who studied with him in Iowa and New Jersey.

'

References

External links

1852 births
1918 deaths
Michigan State University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Iowa State University faculty
Rutgers University faculty
American botanists
American phytopathologists

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In 2015 we sparred with the Shire of Mynydd Seren from the Society for Creative Anachronisms, explored the myriad of projects from Bloominglabs, learned about locks from the Fraternal Order of Lockpicking Sport and Columbus Key, built (and destroyed!) cup towers with Wonderlab, checked out hand-made guitars with Ivy Tech, solved mechanical puzzles with the Lilly Library, cut out jigsaw puzzles with Press Puzzles, interacted with larger than life-sized puppets from Hamster Press/Klingel-Engle, rode a virtual roller coaster with the IU Tech Showcase, stacked containers with the Quadrangles FIRST Robotics Team, drooled over the MakerMobile with Velocity Indiana and the TechShop, built rain barrels with ShareBloomington, sewed LEDs into textiles with IU Creativity Labs, folded gigantic origami figures with Discardia, browsed hand-made items from Comfort and Joy and Patricia's Wellness Arts Cafe, created videos with Level Up and the Monroe County Public Library, mixed additives into soap with Soapy Soap Company, watched the LEGO Rube Goldberg contraption from It's a Block Party and much, much more.
Makevention 2016 is August 27 in the Bloomington Convention Center. So if you're doing it yourself, come do it with us at Makevention!


text:
Desanka Maksimović (; * 16. Mai 1898 in Rabrovica bei Valjevo; † 11. Februar 1993 in Belgrad) war eine serbische Autorin, Dichterin und Mitglied der Serbischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste.

Leben
Maksimović wurde 1898 als ältestes von acht Kindern des Lehrers Mihailo Maksimović und dessen Ehefrau Draginja geboren. Direkt nach der Geburt wurde der Vater versetzt und die Familie zog nach Brankovina, wo Maksimović aufwuchs. Sie besuchte das Gymnasium in Valjevo und studierte anschließend von 1919 bis 1923 Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft, Geschichte und Kunstgeschichte an der philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Belgrad. Maksimović war von 1923 bis 1953 an verschiedenen Schulen Lehrerin für die Serbische Sprache. Zuerst unterrichtete sie am Gymnasium in Obrenovac, dann am dritten Mädchengymnasium Belgrad. Dann unterrichtete sie ein Jahr an einem Gymnasium in Dubrovnik und anschließend am ersten Mädchengymnasium der serbischen Hauptstadt. Im August 1933 heiratete sie  Sergej Slastikov. Das Paar hatte keine Kinder.

Auf ihren zahlreichen Reisen durch Jugoslawien freundete sie sich mit vielen Schriftstellern und Dichtern an, darunter Miloš Crnjanski, Ivo Andrić, Isidora Sekulić, Gustav Krklec, Branko Ćopić and Oton Župančič. Die Dichterin übersetzte auch Werke aus der russischen, slowenischen, bulgarischen und französischen Sprache in das Serbische.

Maksimović starb 1993 in Belgrad im Alter von 94 Jahren. Sie wurde in Brankovina bestattet.

Werk
Erste Gedichte veröffentlichte Maksimović 1920 in der Zeitschrift Misao. Zu einem ihrer bedeutendsten Gedichte wurde Krvava Bajka (Blutiges Märchen), das vom Terror deutscher Soldaten im Zweiten Weltkrieg berichtet. Die Autorin schrieb es, nachdem deutsche Wehrmacht-Soldaten bei dem Massaker von Kraljevo und Kragujevac 300 Kinder erschossen hatten. Das Werk wurde allerdings erst nach dem Ende des Krieges veröffentlicht.

Bekannt wurde Maksimović vor allem durch ihre Naturlyrik und die Liebesgedichte. In ihren Texten schilderte sie in idyllisch-eindringlicher Weise zumeist das Dorfleben. Desanka Maksimovic hat auch Romane und Erzählungen mit sozialer und politischer Thematik verfasst, außerdem Kinderbücher, Kurzgeschichten und Reisebeschreibungen. Sie veröffentlichte mehr als 50 Bücher.

Auszeichnungen

Maksimović erhielt viele literarische Auszeichnungen, darunter den Vuk-Preis, den Njegoš-Preis (1984) und den AVNOJ-Preis. 1988 erhielt sie den Goldenen Kranz der Abende der Poesie in Struga. Sie ist Ehrenbürgerin von Valjevo. Noch zu ihren Lebzeiten stellte man in Valjevo eine Statue von ihr auf, obwohl sie protestierte. Am 17. Dezember 1959 wurde Maksimović assoziiertes Mitglied der Serbischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste und am 16. Dezember 1965 reguläres Mitglied.

1985 wurde die Grundschule von Brankovina wieder aufgebaut. Heute trägt die Schule ihren Namen. Weitere Schulen in Futog und Belgrad sind ebenfalls nach Maksimović benannt. Nach ihrem Tod wurde die Desanka-Maksimović-Stiftung gegründet, die den Desanka-Maksimović-Preis vergibt.

1996 und 1998 erschienen Briefmarken mit dem Konterfei der verstorbenen Dichterin.

Werke

In deutscher Sprache
 Der kleine Hund. Nord-Süd-Verlag, Mönchaltdorf/Hamburg 1981
 Der Schlangenbräutigam. Verlag Volk u. Welt, Berlin 1982 (2008 im Essener Magnus-Verlag neu aufgelegt).
 Tražim pomilovanje: lirske diskusije s Dušanovim Zakonikom/Ich bitte um Gnade: lyrische Diskussionen mit Dušans Gesetzbuch. Zweisprachige Ausgabe, Lang, Frankfurt, M./Berlin/Bern/Bruxelles/New York/Oxford/Wien 2010, ISBN 978-3-631-61358-0.

Weblinks

 Translated works by Desanka Maksimović
 Kurzbiographie, poezijasustine.rs (serbisch)
 Biografie, biografija.org (serbisch)
 Desanka Maksimović, National Geographic Serbien (serbisch)

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Mitglied der Serbischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste
Mitglied der Slowenischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Serbisch)
Literatur (Serbokroatisch)
Roman, Epik
Person (Belgrad)
Jugoslawe
Serbe
Geboren 1898
Gestorben 1993
Frau


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text:
Felon Fallout
A couple of years ago, the state of California did something surprising. It changed the name of its Department of Corrections, tacking on the words "...
by Alan Greenblatt | March 1, 2007 AT 2:00 AM
A couple of years ago, the state of California did something surprising. It changed the name of its Department of Corrections, tacking on the words "and Rehabilitation" to the agency's title. It was a small step -- the modification wasn't accompanied by any sudden surge in funding for rehabilitation programs. But it was symbolically important nonetheless. Thirty years ago, the state officially recast the department's mission from rehabilitation to incarceration and punishment. Since then, the idea of rehabilitating prisoners has been a much lower priority than locking up more of them. Now, with the state's prisons bursting at the bars, that may be about to change.
California's prison system houses more than 170,000 inmates, roughly double the number it was designed to hold. Overcrowding has precipitated riots and viral outbreaks, as well as straining basic services such as water and sewer. A federal judge has given state lawmakers until June to come up with a feasible solution for handling the heavy volume or risk a court takeover of the entire system. Two other courts are also entertaining motions to put a cap on the prison population. And, in response to yet another case, a federal court has already taken control of the prison health care system, ordering changes that could cost the state as much as $1 billion. The California prison system was undeniably facing a crisis anyway, but pressure from the courts has made prison management and reform one of the most pressing issues in Sacramento this year.
"We are at the point where if we don't clean up the mess, the federal court is going to do the job for us," said Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. He has asked lawmakers to approve an $11 billion package in response. Most of the money would go toward building more prison and jail capacity. But Schwarzenegger also aims to make good on the promise of rehabilitation suggested by the corrections agency's name change. He wants nearly double the present funding for vocational, educational and drug treatment programs.
In looking to change its approach on corrections, California is just starting to play catch-up with the rest of the country. While no one wants to be accused of being "soft" on crime, fiscal concerns in many states have helped to revive liberal notions that had been abandoned for decades. In the aggregate, state governments are now spending more than $40 billion per year on prisons -- five times as much as during the mid-1980s. Corrections departments have become the largest public employers in many states. A few are even spending more on corrections than on higher education. As a result, the ground underlying the corrections debate has clearly shifted. Nearly every state has stepped up its efforts to prepare prisoners for release, hoping that at least some of them will gain the skills and attitude necessary to avoid coming back.
Granted, the word "rehabilitation" is still too charged to return to broad use. The new buzzword is "reentry," a term that tacitly acknowledges that the vast majority of inmates will return to their communities at some point. The problem is that most of them will end up behind bars again, if not for new crimes then for parole violations. In California, seven out of 10 released prisoners are re-incarcerated within three years. That's one of the worst rates in the nation. But most states recognize that if they can cut their recidivism rates by just a small fraction, they will save enormous amounts of money.
Since 2004, for example, Connecticut has been putting more money into reentry programs such as parole, housing and drug treatment. Apparently as a result, the state has seen its prison population decline after a worrisome spike upwards. Connecticut was able to avoid building more prison space, and less crowding meant the cancellation of its multimillion-dollar contract with Virginia to house 500 prisoners it previously had no room for. "Around the country, it's becoming politically safe to do this stuff," says Michael Lawlor, chair of the Connecticut House Judiciary Committee, "because there's something in it for everybody, social progressives and fiscal conservatives."
Of course, not everyone has come around to this way of thinking. The idea that has dominated state corrections policy for more than a decade -- that it is better to lock up offenders than waste energy worrying about how they're treated while they're in prison -- still has enormous political resonance. And although more policy makers are becoming convinced of the need for offering prisoners some choices other than staring at a wall, the notion of investing in felons for the purposes of rehabilitation still doesn't sit well with the public at large.
In California, voters have strongly indicated their continued desire for a get-tough approach. Last November, they approved one of the harshest sex-offender laws in the country -- which, among other things, will put thousands more behind bars. That came on the heels of voter rejection of an attempt to soften the state's "Three Strikes" law, which puts habitual offenders away for decades or for life. "Republicans generally feel we should build more prisons," says Dick Ackerman, the party's leader in the state Senate. "The California taxpayer wants to put these people away."
The Roots of Overcrowding
Like most of the rest of the country, California has spent the past quarter-century on a prison-building spree. The state's prison population has increased eightfold during those years, so that despite nearly tripling the number of its prisons since 1980, the corrections department has just about run out of room. It predicts the system will reach its absolute capacity in June or July, which is just about the time a federal judge might take over the system.
The roots of overcrowding are clear. Beginning in 1976, California's legislature and voters began approving a slew of tougher sentencing laws -- some 1,000 altogether, culminating with the 1994 passage of Three Strikes. Although virtually all the laws lengthened sentences, the penal code as a whole has become a hodgepodge. It's easy to sketch out scenarios under which a criminal may face any one of four or five different mandatory sentences -- each carrying a different penalty -- for the exact same crime.
The one thing that has become certain for virtually all prisoners, however, is the date of release. Determinant sentencing has stripped the corrections department of its former authority to make judgments about when and whether a prisoner is ready to be released. Rather than getting time off for good behavior, or shortening their sentences by completing drug treatment programs, prisoners know they will be released on a fixed day, even if they have been dangerous enough to be kept in solitary until the day of their release. "We have more stringent requirements for young people graduating high schools than we do for people being released from prison," says state Senator Mike Machado.
If prisoners have no incentive for participating in rehab programs, there aren't adequate programs available to them anyway. For instance, more than half the state's prisoners are in "high need" of drug treatment, but only about 9 percent of them are likely to be enrolled at any given time, according to the UC Irvine study. Such programs are traditionally understaffed and poorly financed, but overcrowding has meant there's literally no place for them. The state prisons have classrooms and gymnasiums, but many are filled with some of the 19,000 inmates who are sleeping not in cells but in double or triple bunks lined up in every available space. "The accusations that we became just a warehouse are true," says James Tilton, Schwarzenegger's corrections secretary.
Release and Return
Under Schwarzenegger's plan, counties would house more short-term prisoners and help them get access to community-based programs. His proposal includes $5.5 billion for local jails, but counties remain nervous that the state will pass too many costs and responsibilities onto them. According to the sheriff's association in the state, more than 200,000 prisoners at the county level failed in 2005 to serve any or all of their sentences because 20 county jails are under court-ordered population caps, with 12 more maintaining voluntary caps under court pressure. Tilton, undaunted, has been working to convince counties and local law enforcement officials that local programs provide an alternative to the unworkable revolving-door recidivism system currently in place. "My presentation is that, if you want the status quo, if you want an inmate who is not prepared to be in your community, then to be honest you can have that if you like."
With so many of the state's prisoners either functionally illiterate or addicted to drugs (or having a combination of both problems), it's hardly surprising that so many of them return to prison after a brief stint on the outside. In Kansas, says state Representative Pat Colloton, two-thirds of prison admissions are related to parole and probation violations, and 80 percent of these are due to substance abuse or mental illness. In many cases, people are going to prison for violating probation, even though they weren't sentenced to jail time for their original crime.
If their crimes weren't severe enough to warrant a prison sentence in the first place, the state doesn't want them occupying expensive beds or distracting parole officers from more dangerous offenders. Toward that end, Kansas ran a pilot program in Shawnee County that sought to coordinate housing, substance abuse, job training and other programs for parolees. It cut the usual parole-revocation rate from 80 percent to 30 percent. Colloton has introduced twin bills that aim to build on this success by offering grants to more counties. "By giving this support, we can substantially reduce the number of people coming back to jail," she says. "We think that reforming people is the way to go, rather than building more prison beds."
Colloton, a Republican, is not some '60s liberal. Her proposal, like so many among the new generation of rehab programs, would be funded with strings attached. Accountability, after all, has become another universal buzzword. In order to continue to receive funding under Colloton's legislation, a county in Kansas will have to show that it has cut its revocation rate by at least 20 percent. In Oregon, the legislature has imposed a statutory requirement on the corrections department to monitor the success rate of reentry programs. In Washington State, a legislative study found that spending $1,000 per inmate for academic and vocational training programs was a good deal, crediting such programs with savings of more than $10,000 per prisoner in the form of lower crime rates and drops in recidivism of up to 9 percent.
Because the early results look good -- and there's suddenly grant money and research available from sources such as the U.S. Department of Justice and the Council of State Governments' new Justice Center -- more states are willing to look hard at funding reentry programs as an alternative to spending far more on prison beds. Even in tough-on-crime Texas, which leads the nation not only in executions but also its per capita rate of incarceration, lawmakers are talking seriously about the need to increase programming in prisons and in communities to address illiteracy, drug addiction and other stumbling blocks common to prisoners and parolees. "We're trying to do the smart thing," says Jerry Madden, chairman of the House Committee on Corrections. "The answer is not just building more prisons."
Lack of Political Will
Governor Schwarzenegger has talked seriously about making major changes to California's corrections system throughout the course of his administration. But, according to his critics, whenever push has come to shove, he's stopped pushing. Not long after taking office, Schwarzenegger appointed a prison study commission, headed by former Governor George Deukmejian, and called for an overhaul of the state's overtaxed parole system. So confident was his administration of success with its parole changes -- it promised savings of $75 million per year -- that it suspended operations at the correctional officer training academy, anticipating the need for fewer officers. But neither the implementation of parole changes nor the savings ever came off.
The lack of new trained officers is just one reason why the corrections department is understaffed by about 4,000 employees. California had one of the nation's lowest guard-to-inmate ratios anyway, but the closure of the training academy has meant hefty overtime payments to those on duty; 6,000 department employees, mostly rank-and-file guards, earned six figures during the past fiscal year. Indeed, the average base salary for prison guards there is 50 percent above the national average.
The guards' main union, the California Correctional Peace Officers Association, has become one of the most powerful forces in Sacramento. It was the leading donor to Schwarzenegger's two immediate predecessors. Schwarzenegger has openly derided the union as a "special interest," sought to cut its power by changing its means of collecting political dues from members, and attempted to shut the union out from prison policy discussions for the first time in years.
The CCPOA also didn't like the fact that he suspended its members' promised pay raises during a tough budget year, or that he tried to revoke some of the managerial control over its members that the union had won from his predecessor, which allows CCPOA to determine which officers will get which jobs 70 percent of the time. After Schwarzenegger unveiled his parole plan, the union helped a victims' rights group air TV ads claiming that the plan would let murderers, rapists and child molesters roam the streets.
Last year, two corrections secretaries quit in the space of a couple of months, later testifying in court that the governor's top political aides had decided to cave in to union demands. The courts grew publicly concerned about the administration's "retreat" from prison reform, with a special master complaining about CCPOA's "disturbing" amount of clout.
But if the union is sometimes cast in the role of villain in California's ongoing prison policy drama, there is plenty of blame left for others. Schwarzenegger called a special session last summer to address the overcrowding issue, asking the legislature to approve $6 billion for prison construction. The Senate passed a heavily revised version of the governor's plan, but the Assembly balked. Legislators claimed they needed more time to address such a complex issue, but the fact that the special session was a failure -- coupled with the fact that the Democrats who control the legislature have shown more interest in Schwarzenegger's proposed sentencing commission than his latest construction money request -- has led Republicans to level the familiar charge that they are soft on crime and criminals.
Schwarzenegger was seeking changes to the state's sentencing structure even before the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in January that major portions of it are unconstitutional. His fellow Republicans in the legislature claim that a sentencing commission, which would aim to straighten out some of the many inconsistencies in California's penal code, is "code for early release." Sentencing commissions, which have been tried in about 20 states, have not all been successful, but neither have they universally called for shorter sentences.
In North Carolina and Virginia, commonly cited as models in California, sentences for violent crimes were significantly lengthened, although both commissions diverted funds to community-based rehab and reentry programs. But Republican legislators in California are convinced that Democrats mean to use any new sentencing commission as cover for cutting jail time. "My biggest fear is that the liberals are going to drive an agenda where they will give the governor sentencing reform," says Assembly Republican Todd Spitzer, "and will not give any additional resources for prison beds, claiming that sentencing reform is enough to solve the problem."
Chance of a Lifetime
The stop-and-start nature of California's prison debate over the past couple of years has bred plenty of cynicism. But most observers think that the threat of a court takeover will succeed in prodding the political players into finally addressing the problem. Schwarzenegger has gotten nowhere with his earlier prison reform efforts because the political stakes were too high. Now, the dynamic has changed and the penalty for inaction may have become greater than for agreement. No one wants to be blamed when a court orders the release of thousands of convicts or watch the same court freely spend billions of additional dollars from state coffers. The Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation's budget has soared 52 percent over the past five years and is set to exceed $10 billion this year. Those numbers are scary enough without risking the prospect of a court receiver backing up a truck to the state treasury. "We don't need the federal government coming in here and writing blank checks out of our general fund," says Mike Villines, leader of the Assembly Republicans.
Villines, Spitzer and other Republicans clearly mean to keep banging the "tough on crime" gong in order to pressure Schwarzenegger and Democratic legislative leaders. They may or may not succeed in their goals of keeping a sentencing commission's authority limited and prison construction spending high. But even they talk about the need for the state to do a better job with rehabilitation programs in order to cut costly recidivism. The guards' union, for its part, also has embraced the need for rehabilitation programs and publicly stated that sentencing reform is going to happen in California, whether through the legislative process or via court edict.
The debate in California is just beginning, but it's clear that reconciling all the complex and politically touchy issues surrounding sentencing, parole, rehabilitation and, in all likelihood, new prison construction will be tremendously difficult. (To make things even more complicated, the guards' contract is up for renegotiation.) Yet it's quite possible that the state, having let its prison problems grow literally out of its control, will finally take a comprehensive look at solving them.
"Sometimes a crisis will drive decisions, and we are certainly in a crisis situation," says Tilton, the corrections secretary. "This really presents an opportunity that hasn't been around for the 30 years I've been in state government to work through the issues about who should be in prison versus who should be somewhere else."
Alan Greenblatt | Staff Writer | agreenblatt@governing.com
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text:
Six Nations Preview Wales v Scotland
Rugby Chat with Flats
Former England International and Bath Rugby player David Flatman has today announced his favourite to win this weekend's Six Nation's clash at Cardiff's Principality Stadium in a video preview of the games ahead.
You can watch the full Six Nations preview: Chats with Flats
Part of a series of videos to be released by Great Western Railway, the preview also provides key travel advice for those lucky enough to see the game live from the Stadium:
New security checks in place at the stadium – plan to arrive three hours before kick-off
A queuing system will be in place at Cardiff Station following the game
Extra trains will be running – Please check for your last train home
Mighty Wales take on Scotland at Cardiff's Principality Stadium at 16.50 on Saturday 13 February and 14 additional trains are being provided by GWR to carry fans to and from the game.
Extra trains have been lined up to take passengers home again after the game, and six trains will travel east within the first hour of the final whistle, and four GWR services to Swansea - but those travelling are warned that a new queuing system will be in place to allow trains to be boarded safely and efficiently.
The last direct train to London will depart at 2025; and the last non-direct (with a change at Bristol Temple Meads) at 2103.
Additional trains are also provided to take passengers to Cardiff. Passengers are also warned to travel early and soak up the atmosphere before the games start, and are reminded that a bag search will now be in operation at the Stadium.
The earliest train to Cardiff from London Paddington departs at 0737; from Bristol Parkway at 0711; and from Bristol Temple Meads at 0645.
GWR Development Manager Wales Mark Youngman said:
"While we have provided additional capacity to meet demand, an amended post-match queueing system will be in place to help passengers board their train home safely."
Some Cardiff Central station car parks will be closed prior to and during the games and Cardiff Queen Street will close just before the end of the match.
Seat reservations will be honoured where possible; if for any reason we are unable to do so, or if you have a reservation and are not able to get to a seat please contact our customer services team for compensation.


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Sri. S. Kuppusaamy memorial educational trust was managed and established the SKP Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai.It is a co-educational and self financing college in Thiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu. This institute is affiliated to the Anna University of Technology (AUT) Chennai and offered courses by this institute is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New delhi. Main aim of this institute is providing the imparting technical education to the rural area and around Tiruvannamalai.


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