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financial crisis, Five Books
Five Books on the Financial Crisis: Kling's Favorites
By Arnold Kling
Editor's Note: As you know, we're big fans of book lists, like the ones we always read at Five Books. Last month, we posted Amy Willis's recommendations for the five best books for Introductory Econ. You can look forward to more such lists…
Most recently we were struck by this Five Books list, in which Francis Fukuyama described his nominees for the best books on the Financial Crisis. So we asked our crack book reviewer and former Freddie Mac executive Arnold Kling if he would offer his suggestions, and here they are… Only one title also appears in Fukuyama's list.
Here's Kling:
Frankly, my favorite overview of the financial crisis is the one I wrote, Not What They Had in Mind.* But here are five other books I recommend:
1. There are many competing narratives about the causes of the crisis. My experience in the mortgage business leads me to highlight the role of capital regulations. In Engineering the Financial Crisis, Jeffrey Friedman and Wladimir Kraus take this point of view. I reviewed their book here at Econlib.
2. Most other narratives I find less convincing. But one alternative narrative that is worth considering emphasizes the role of political influence leading to a decline in mortgage lending standards. Peter Wallison's Hidden in Plain Sight makes the strongest case in that genre.
3. Of the journalistic accounts of the crisis, my favorite is Bethany McLean and Joe Nocera, All the Devils are Here. I think that it helps to bring out two important aspects of the crisis. One aspect is the lack of awareness that many senior executives at financial firms had about the complex risks embedded in their firms' portfolios. Another aspect is the role played by lobbying by Wall Street firms and Fannie Mae in shaping the mortgage finance system as it evolved in the decades leading up to the crisis.
4. Days of Slaughter, by Susan Wharton Gates, presents an insider's account of the poor decision-making at Freddie Mac, one of the key firms that failed during the crisis. I reviewed her book here at Econlib as well.
5. Finally, there are the entertaining stories of investors who were able to anticipate the crisis and find ways to profit by selling short some of the exotic securities. The most well known of these is The Big Short, by Michael Lewis (the movie is also well done). But my personal favorite is The Greatest Trade Ever, by Gregory Zuckerman.
So… what are YOUR recommendations for the best books on the crisis???
* As an Amazon Associate, Econlib earns from qualifying purchases.
Categories: Books: Reviews and Suggested Readings Finance
Arnold,
All of these sources treat some empirical factors as facts, such as:
(1) Americans were greatly increasing their real consumption of shelter compared to previous norms, leading to a massive oversupply of houses. And, this was partly made possible by (2) a groundswell of lending to households with lower incomes who were not capable of paying off a mortgage.
These premises form an important backdrop for all of these sources. Yet, they have been debunked, or certainly strongly questioned, by researchers such as Adelino, Schoar, and Severino, Albanesi, DeGiorgi, and Nosal, or Foote, Loewenstein, and Willen. Not to mention that homeownership rates declined during the private securitization boom, and real shelter consumption, as measured by the BEA, never increased at a sustained pace higher than real incomes.
Would you say that your confidence in the premises underlying these sources is stronger or weaker than it was 5 or 10 years ago?
Christophe Biocca
Not to mention that homeownership rates declined during the private securitization boom
According to FRED: "The homeownership rate is the proportion of households that is owner-occupied.".
This means speculative purchases of new construction by people who already own a home would actually decrease the homeownership rate. This matters because the homeowner vacancy rate nearly doubled in the last years of the boom, and the rental vacancy rate went during that time as well.
real shelter consumption, as measured by the BEA, never increased at a sustained pace higher than real incomes
The BEA's definition for shelter consumption, as far as I can tell, is defined as rent/owner's equivalent rent. That's not a good measure when most of the increases in home prices were not reflected in the rental prices, leading to a growing discrepancy.
People were not increasing their consumption of housing (deciding to get a house with an extra garage for their cars, separate bedrooms for the kids, a home office), they were buying homes as speculative investments. Increased consumption wouldn't have caused the shift in ratio between rental and purchase prices.
Christophe, those are plausible criticisms, but they unfortunately aren't as empirically strong as you might think. And the reasons for that aren't even on the radar screens of these authors.
First, these sources do frequently assume that increased homeownership, overbuilding, and consumption were part of the story.
But, on your points, increased vacancy rates in the bubble cities were from a demand crash, not overbuilding. What happened in places like Phoenix was that they were hit with a migration surge out of housing deprived cities like LA, which were depopulating at the time as a result, and collapsing demand meant that suddenly in 2007-2008 migration to Phoenix ground to a halt. Without that shock, it wouldn't even have been possible for Phoenix to build more than a few months of inventory. These authors treat the source of Phoenix's collapse as a solution to a secondary issue that has gathered far too much attention and was never necessary or helpful.
I guess I'm doubly-confused, both as to what you claim is the common narrative that you consider so inaccurate, and what you propose as the alternative.
Let me phrase what I understand the usual thesis to be and you can either agree that that's what you have in mind (and point to why it's wrong) or explain what I'm not getting right about the standard story:
A variety of factors (securitization introducing a principal-agent problem, organizational changes in banks/GSEs, regulatory encouragement, etc.) led to much looser standards for lending. This included:
No-documentation loans.
A growth in subprime lending.
Shrinking requirements on down payments.
This led both to an increase in for-occupancy home purchases by people who used to be renters, and in speculative home purchases (which were now easier to finance, and looked profitable as home prices were rising).
This rise in home prices was not sustainable (80% increase in 6 years, much faster than inflation), and eventually slowed/ended, this happened concurrently with raises in the interest rate (and thus in the rates of adjustable mortgages)
This would not have created a crisis by itself (housing markets have had downturns in the past) except for the fact that many homeowners either:
Couldn't afford their mortgages and could no longer refinance them using new equity from price appreciation.
Had "negative home equity" and lived in no-recourse states, making it cheaper to default than to keep paying their mortgages.
This led to a snowballing increase in delinquency rates which started prior to the crisis and lasted through the recession. It was also unique in that it happened in a correlated fashion across the country, unlike prior downturns which tended to be local.
This then impacted the financial sectors as many instruments built on securitized mortgages were discovered to be worthless, and entire companies went bankrupt.
That's a nice summary of the standard narrative. I decided it would be worthwhile to respond via blogpost, so that it is a little more accessible to read. It is here:
https://www.idiosyncraticwhisk.com/2019/11/a-review-of-crisis-narrative.html
Jeff Hallman
Increased consumption wouldn't have caused the shift in ratio between rental and purchase prices.
No, but declining long-term nominal interest rates would. And that's been going on for a long time.
Americans were greatly increasing their real consumption of shelter compared to previous norms, leading to a massive oversupply of houses.
This doesn't make sense as stated. An increase in consumption of shelter is an increase in demand, not supply.
Andrew Ross Sorkin's book, "Too Big to Fail: The Inside Story of How Wall Street and Washington Fought to Save the Financial System—and Themselves" is very good about what was happening in real time as the dominoes began to fall.
I would also recommend Adam Tooze's book, "Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World" which goes beyond the US to other countries. It also goes beyond the 2008 meltdown.
Todd Ramsey
+1 on Too Big To Fail. Fascinating and instructive to learn what real decision makers were thinking in real time.
No doubt there are valuable lessons to be learned about financial regulation from uncovering the causes of the 2008 financial crisis, but the much bigger question is how the Fed can have allowed it to turn into a recession that did not end (at least as measured by employment) until 2016 or thereabouts.
That is easy. By attempted to soften the recession. If they had let the crash crash, it would have been over much quicker and on to the recovery phase.
robc, I think you've hit on one aspect of what these authors miss. They treat the crisis as a problem to be avoided and structural issues in credit markets as the cause of something bad.
But as you point out, the crisis was quite popular. Many people like you would have preferred that it be much worse. Even though the Fed started paying interest on reserves in October 2008 because, according to Bernankes memoir, they were running out of treasuries to sell, you would have preferred even more contraction. What these authors don't account for is that the panicked financiers were part of a popular narrative being created in real time. The demands for this were widespread and explicit.
These narratives are like tying concrete blocks to Jimmys feet and pushing him off a bridge and then at his funeral saying you always saw this coming because for years he refused to take swimming lessons. That story may be true, but it's just not that relevant to the actual cause of death once you decided to invoke it.
Having read Not What They Had In Mind, I just ordered your earlier Unchecked and Unbalanced. What would you say are the main differences in these two after six (?) years of additional insight?
William K Black's The Best Way to Rob a Bank Is To Own One describes how what he calls "control fraud" caused much of the Savings and Loan Crisis of the 1980's. While I don't agree with much of his politics since then, his examples of how S&L owners and executives gamed the system are compelling. An awful lot of the 2008 bad actors (Countrywide, AIG, Citi, Lehman Brothers, etc.) seem to have been following similar scripts, with the regulators, as usual, way behind the curve. It just isn't credible that these guys didn't know what they were doing.
RELATED CONTENT By Arnold Kling
Present at the Destruction
... the lack of contrition on the part of the former GSE regulator and top executives is shocking. Nor has there been any real remorse from the big banks, the brokers, consumer advocates, homebuilders, or real estate agents. In fact, nobody in the housing finance industry wants to talk about the past. But they have a lot to say about the future of housing finance: keep it pretty much the same. That is why I wrote this book—to tell an ugly story that everyone would like to forget. —Susan Wha...
COLLECTION: BOOKS: REVIEWS AND SUGGESTED READINGS
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Emerging Asia's wealthy big on cryptos despite concerns
Investment returns and store of value are key factors behind their interest, according to Capgemini's annual wealth report. But are wealth managers ready to aid them?
Undeterred by the volatility that saw Bitcoin lose two-thirds of its value from its December peak of nearly $20,000, Asian high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs) remain more optimistic than their global peers about the merits of cryptocurrencies, according to a newly released wealth report.
The World Wealth Report 2018 by Capgemini, released on June 19, revealed that among HNWIs in Asia ex-Japan, 51.6% were highly interested and 28.7% somewhat interested in holding or purchasing cryptocurrency compared with 29% and 26.9% globally. The survey was conducted in January and February 2018 and involved over 2,600 HNWIs, including 1,205 from the Asia-Pacific region.
HNWIs in China and emerging Asia are definitely leading the way in terms of cryptocurrency interest, David Wilson, head of Asia wealth management at Capgemini, told AsianInvestor.
And within Asia, 63.7% of Chinese HNWIs were highly interested in holding or purchasing cryptocurrencies.
For emerging Asia as a whole – which for the purposes of this report comprised India and Indonesia, as well as China – the figure is 44.5%, still well above global averages.
Only 22.3% of HNWIs polled in developed Asia, which took in Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, and Singapore, were highly interested in holding cryptocurrencies, the report showed.
"It's more China and the emerging Asia markets, which traditionally, when we modelled their philosophy as it relates to investments, tend to be more growth focused," Wilson said.
These markets have a higher tolerance for risk and speculation in the portfolio, he added.
For Sundeep Gantori, executive director and equity analyst for global technology at UBS Wealth Management, that may reflect the risks already inherent in their home markets.
"These are mostly emerging or less developed countries because they don't have trust in their currencies. I sense that they are the ones who are more interested because it provides some diversification for them," Gantori told AsianInvestor.
SPECULATION AND STORE OF VALUE
China's particularly high interest in cryptocurrencies may also be driven by broader factors such as the general buzz around innovative technology and the country's fast-evolving fintech scene, Wilson suggested.
But in the main HNWIs were looking at cryptocurrencies for two key reasons: as speculative assets for generating investment returns and, more controversially, as alternative stores of value, Wilson said.
Among Asia ex-Japan HNWIs, 50.6% cited the potential for investment returns as a key attraction compared with 39.3% globally. Although Capgemini did not provide a regional breakdown for how many respondents saw cryptocurrencies as an alternative store of value to gold, almost a fifth said it was their primary objective for holding or purchasing cryptocurrencies.
The speculative nature comes from the raft of initial coin offerings (ICOs) and tokens being offered right now in search of angel investors or looking to raise capital, and more of these are going to HNWIs, Adeline Tan, wealth business leader for Mercer, said.
"Sometimes the buy-in isn't that huge – it's quite affordable for a few spare $100,000 or so to invest in," Tan told AsianInvestor.
However, a lot of clients are still hesitant to invest in cryptocurrencies because they aren't sure whether it's even a new asset class, said Gantori.
"We believe that cryptocurrencies fail to meet the two standard principles of currencies, which include medium of exchange and store of value," he said.
Unlike traditional currencies where central banks manage the demand and supply, for example, most cryptocurrencies have an unlimited supply.
"If not one cryptocurrency, there is always a scope for another cryptocurrency, so you cannot actually control the supply and that is one of the key arguments why we believe that most of the cryptocurrencies fail to meet store of value," Gantori said.
Cryptocurrencies have quite a way to go before they can be truly considered stores of value, Tan agreed.
A store of value needs to be recognised and right now you don't see governments accepting any cryptocurrency as a way to pay taxes, she said. "It needs to be an asset that you can save in it and you can exchange it for something that is valuable later on."
WEALTH MANAGER ADVICE
Despite high interest from Asian HNWIs, wealth management firms have been slow to offer clients anything around the subject of cryptocurrency, Capgemini's Wilson said.
"Most wealth managers today in the region don't actively cover them the way they do the traditional securities – it's not formal recommendations from wealth managers," UBS's Gantori agreed.
However, firms should at least be able to provide clients with some intelligent dialogue on the topic since they are relatively well-placed to offer meaningful insight compared with, say, a social media post or an online message board where the quality of information can be suspect, Wilson said.
That said, the technical aspects of cryptocurrency investing may be beyond the experience and advice of some wealth managers, according to Mercer's Tan.
"I'm not sure if wealth managers are well versed in technology to say is it liquidity or is it spreads or is it the complexity of your wallet that's going to dictate which cryptocurrency you choose. I'm not sure if there's enough information to offer advice," she said.
The ambiguous regulatory nature of cryptocurrencies and the sheer number of cryptocurrencies out there at the moment have made it difficult for wealth managers to offer any advice, Gantori agreed.
"There's hundreds, if not thousands of cryptocurrencies. It's difficult to have an informed view on each and every cryptocurrency," he said. "[But] there's no rush for wealth managers to have a dedicated desk or to have a very active view on cryptocurrencies."
To offer more insights on China's investment landscape, AsianInvestor is holding its 5th China Global Investment Forum in Beijing on September 13. For more details, contact Minal Khilani via email or on +65 65790103
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Income-oriented investors need higher yields and diversification – yet with manageable levels of risk. In the search for solutions, Simon England-Brammer of Nuveen outlines the potential for non-traditional assets in the portfolios of Asia Pacific asset owners today.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Pakistan's prime minister vowed Wednesday that his government will pursue peace talks with the Pakistani Taliban, naming a four-member committee to facilitate negotiations.
In a speech to parliament, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif also called on the militants to observe a cease-fire and condemned them for targeting security forces and civilians in recent months.
Sharif long has supported talks as the best way to end the years of fighting in the country's northwest.


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MISSION STATEMENT AND PURPOSE
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE JMV ART PRESERVATION FOUNDATION AND A TABLE OF CONTENTS
OPERATING PLAN
The Art of Preservation
Five Projects Completed
Larry Moore's Recollections Concerning the Restoration/Reconstruction of Dearest Enemy
Past Restoration Efforts
Planned Restoration Projects
CREATIVE PERSONNEL
Production Personnel
Influences On Broadway
EUROPEAN MUSICAL TRAINING
Philosophical Influences
MAJOR BROADWAY COMPOSERS
In EUROPEAN MUSICAL TRAINING
In this Segment, we are going to briefly review the musical training and careers of the major composers of the pre-1943 period who were trained in Europe.
VICTOR HERBERT (1859-1924)
Victor Herbert
Victor Herbert was born in Dublin; his father died when he was two, and his mother remarried in 1866. Her new husband, a doctor in Stuttgart, took his new wife and her beloved Victor back home with him in 1866. During Herbert's time in Stuttgart, when it was still part of Wurttemberg, next to Baden and Bavaria, he witnessed the creation of the new Germany in 1871, a vision of Bismark, an amalgamation of many, disparate cultures, from the edge of Austria to the Baltic Sea.
It was in this new Germany that Herbert studied cello, composition, harmony and counterpoint. By the time he left for America in 1886, he was aware of much of Europe's greatest contributions to music.
The European Musical Education of Victor Herbert
From the age of fifteen to seventeen, Herbert studied the cello with Bernhard Cossmann. He left Stuttgart to begin his European career as a cellist. His last orchestral job before returning to Stuttgart was with Eduard Strauss' orchestra in its 1880-1881 Vienna season, an experience that undoubtedly provided him with an appreciation of the human voice and good music that was composed for it.
When Herbert returned to Stuttgart, he studied theory, harmony and composition under Max Seifritz at the Stuttgart Conservatory. Both of his teachers, Cossmann and Seifritz, were recognized masters in their fields of musical expertise.
Herbert's Development in America
Herbert came to America in 1886 as first cellist at the Metropolitan Opera Company, only twenty-one years after the Civil War had ended ;and he stayed long enough to see America emerge after WWI as the greatest nation on earth.
It was in this new world that Herbert blossomed as a cellist, conductor and composer. His musical curiosity led to an appreciation of the new sounds found in the great melting pot of New York City, from its music halls to its vaudeville shows to its ragtime concerts. The emerging African-American and Latin rhythms were already evident in his music when he published his composition Pan Americana in 1901.
Herbert continued to acquire an understanding of American popular music, as can be seen in the music that he wrote for revues, such as The Century Girl (1916.24), with his friend Irving Berlin. One of his songs for that show, "The Romping Redheads," bubbled over with the infectious energy of Tin Pan Alley and reflected the enthusiasm and aspirations of his adopted country.
Let's compare Herbert's compositions in or about the year 1917, starting with one of Herbert's best duets, sung by many opera stars over the years. From the operetta Eileen (1917.07), we are including an upload of a live performance of Thine Alone."
Now, let's listen to a rendition of "The Romping Redheads." The two singers are the wonderful Broadway stars Rebecca Luker and Sarah Jean Ford, accompanied by the gifted pianist, William Hicks. (Technical point: if the playback stops around forty seconds, just move the red ball forward a bit and all will be fine.)
The American Songwriters Hall of Fame inducted Herbert in 1970 and stated in his biography that he was "arguably the greatest influence on American theater, transitioning it from vaudeville and variety acts to operatic and story-based entertainment." You can hear for yourself in these examples of his work that he could also transcend the narrow boundaries of classical music to embrace a broader set of art forms.
SIGMUND ROMBERG (1887-1951)
European Training
Sigmund Romberg was born in a European town that had two names, because both Austria and Hungary claimed it (Gross-Kaniza to the Austrians and Nagykanizsa to the Hungarians). He went to Vienna to study engineering; but while there, because of his love for music (as a child, he had learned to play the violin at six and the piano at eight), he also took composition lessons.
Career in America
Sigmund Romberg
Romberg emigrated to America in 1909 and was hired by the Shubert Brothers to write music for their Broadway shows. He wrote his first successful Broadway revue in 1914, The Whirl of the World (1914.01), contributed songs to The Passing Shows of 1916 and 1918 and wrote music for three Al Jolson vehicles–Robinson Crusoe, Jr. (1916.03), Sinbad (1918.05) and Bombo (1921.34). It is noteworthy that Jolson interpolated George Gershwin's "Swanee" into Sinbad.
On occasion, more than one composer would be commissioned to write music for a show. In these cases, quite often, the composers' compositional strengths complemented each other. For example, Romberg collaborated with Richard Rodgers on the music for Poor Little Ritz Girl (1920.25) and with Gershwin on the music for Rosalie (1928.03).
However, like Rudolf Friml, Romberg was never able to write popular music and is still best known for his operettas; between 1917 and 1928, he had six major works on Broadway: Maytime (1917.15), Blossom Time (1921.31), The Student Prince in Heidelberg (1924.45), The Desert Song (1926.42), My Maryland (1927.42) and The New Moon (1928.29).
Listen to this beautiful rendition of "Serenade" from The Student Prince by Mario Lanza, who performed the vocals for the 1954 movie soundtrack.
Unfortunately for us, Romberg's compositional capacity never transitioned from operettas to a broader range.
RUDOLF FRIML (1879-1972)
Rudolf Friml
Rudolf Friml was born in Prague and started his studies at the Prague Conservatory in 1895. He studied piano and composition with Antonin Dvorak and served as accompanist to Jan Kubelik, with whom he toured twice in the United States. Friml moved to America in 1906 and premiered his Piano Concerto in B Major in 1906 under the direction of Walter Damrosch (New York Symphony).
Friml's introduction to the Broadway stage occurred because of a professional dispute between soprano Emma Trentini and composer Victor Herbert. He was given the opportunity to write the score for The Firefly (1912.46), which started a brilliant career in writing operettas for the Broadway stage.
Friml wrote a number of operettas; but, after The Firefly, his greatest contributions came in three shows in the mid-1920's: Rose-Marie (1924.28), The Vagabond King (1925.32) and The Three Musketeers (1928.12).
Listen to this exquisite rendition by Mario Lanza as he sings "Some Day" from The Vagabond King.
If Romberg was unable to make the transition from operetta to popular song, Friml was unwilling to take that step. Contrast Friml's attitude with that of his teacher, Dvorak. Dvorak came to New York in 1892 to become Director of the National Conservatory of Music, worked closely with Herbert and was was immediately influenced by the new sounds he heard in America. According to David Ewen:
"Dvorak became an avowed enthusiast of the spiritual. He wrote: 'In the Negro melodies of America I discover all that is needed for a great and noble school of music. They are pathetic, tender, passionate, melancholy, solemn, religious, bold, merry, gay…. It is music that suits itself to any mood and purpose.'
"Dvorak himself began to use authentic Negro material in his serious compositions, notably in his Symphony from the New World, written in this country. In the first movement there is a passing quotation from 'Swing low, Sweet Chariot;' and in the second, there appears a famous melody that has the unmistakable character of an authentic spiritual, even though it is original with Dvorak."
Who knows what splendid, new music might have been created if only Friml had been willing to take that leap forward.
RICHARD RODGERS (1902-1979)
Classical Music Education
Although Richard Rodgers received his musical education in the United States, it is clear that his education at the Institute of Musical Art was deeply rooted in the European traditions. In early 1921, Rodgers enrolled in the Institute (now the Juilliard School) where he studied harmony with Percy Goetschius, music theory with Franklin T. Robinson, ear training with George Wedge and music appreciation/critical analysis with Henry Krehbiel.
Rodgers started writing music with Lorenz Hart that can best be described as popular songs for the revue, The Garrick Gaieties (1925.17), for The Theatre Guild in 1925. However, his first full score was for Dearest Enemy (1925.31), which is best described as an operetta along the lines of Gilbert and Sullivan.
In the following seventeen years, Rodgers and Hart wrote scores for the next edition of The Garrick Gaieties, nine films, and twenty-four Broadway and London shows. Rodgers' last show with Hart was a revision of their 1927 hit A Connecticut Yankee.
Following Hart's death in 1943, Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II worked together for the next sixteen years, starting with the Theatre Guild's production of Oklahoma! In 1943. In total, Rodgers and Hammerstein created eight musicals, one film, State Fair, and one television special, Cinderella.
Breadth of Compositional Skills
Rodgers was classically trained but was comfortable in many areas of musical composition. The astounding fact was that Rodgers proved to be excellent in all musical forms, whether they were in the areas of Broadway scores, ballets or musical suites. In the area of Rodgers' ballets, it is one thing to commission a genius like George Balanchine to choreograph a ballet for a Broadway show (On Your Toes, 1936.05); it is quite another thing for Balanchine to request permission to incorporate the same ballet (Slaughter On Tenth Avenue) into his repertoire at the New York City Ballet. The first instance represents a job; the second instance represents recognition of musical talent.
Finally, working with Robert Russell Bennett, Rodgers wrote twelve musical themes for use in the television series, Victory at Sea. The DVD's of the series are still being sold in large numbers, as are the records and CD's of the music.
So, far we have discussed two composers, Herbert and Rodgers, who stood out as examples of men trained in classical composition who became masters of more than one form of musical composition. We are about to look at a third such composer: George Gershwin.
GEORGE GERSHWIN (1898-1937)
Classical Musical Training
Born in 1898 in Brooklyn, George Gershwin started to get interested in music when he was ten. The family was of Russian/Ukrainian heritage and had bought a piano for the older brother, Ira. To everyone's surprise and Ira's relief, George enjoyed playing the piano and studied music in 1913 with Charles Hambitzer, who was according to George "the first great musical influence on my life." Hambitzer introduced Gershwin to the music of Frederic Chopin, Franz Liszt and Claude Debussy and referred Gershwin to Edward Kilenyi for instruction in harmony and theory for an extended period, now estimated to be four years (1919-1923). It is also possible that Gershwin studied composition with Rubin Goldmark, Henry Cowell and Joseph Brody; however, this has not been confirmed.
It is important to note how early Gershwin was able to hear and imitate the new sounds of ragtime music. Not an easy art to acquire, on his own by 1916, he had mastered the art of ragtime piano. Eubie Blake recalled that "James P. Johnson and Luckey Roberts told me of this very talented ofay piano player at Remick's. They said he was good enough to learn some of those terribly difficult tricks that only a few of us could master."
Gershwin went on to write a number of excellent scores for the stage and screen, out of which came a large number of American standards.
However, when we look at Gershwin from the viewpoint of his ability to transcend genres, what is truly amazing is his ability to work on serious classical projects while simultaneously working on Broadway. In 1922, he worked with Buddy De Sylva to write a one-act opera, Blue Monday. In 1924, he debuted his Rhapsody in Blue, in 1925 Concerto in F, in 1928 An American in Paris, in 1931 Second Rhapsody, in 1932 Cuban Overture and in 1935 the masterpiece of his life or that of any other American composer, the opera Porgy and Bess (1935.13).
If ever there was a composer who let his "musical heart" fly with the wind, it was George Gershwin. Who knows what he would have gone on to write if he had not died in his thirties.
How Broadway Became Broadway
Chronological History
How Opera Became Grand Opera
Recollections & Ruminations
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Psychic email readings same day, are accurate and fast, more privacy than phone readings, one question from £6.99, clients give rave reviews, A proud service.
Psychic email readings same day and evening are becoming more popular than telephone readings. Quite a few of my clients tell me that an email is more private when you do not want anyone listening in on your phone conversation. The email reading can be filed under family photos or something like that, for safe keeping and future perusal. A very private email.
I aim to deliver your psychic email readings same day, up to 7pm each night. Any order for readings that arrive later than that will be worked on the next morning. Psychic email readings delivered same day and evening are becoming increasingly popular.
The price for my psychic email readings will be £6.99 for 1 Question, £12.99 for 3 Questions and £17.99 for 5 questions. You will also receive Angel Guidance for the month ahead.
Read my feedback for accuracy rates from clients. Clients return again and again and if you have a worrying problem then it is comforting to know that you will get help that same day. To conduct my same day psychic email readings I tune in with my Spirit Guides and Helpers and listen to the answers clairaudiently and also watch the pictures being shown to me clairvoyantly.
When I know a connection has been made with the higher power, I find my typing speeds up faster than I can cope with at times. This is called automatic writing which I have done since my early 20's. Instead of using a pen or pencil I am using my keys.
A phone reading can be forgotten very quickly but an email reading is there in black and white for you to read and refer back to.
As in all cases, timing is very difficult and I always say well we haven't been given this information for no reason so the timing may well be out, but it will happen.


Thanks to her sick style and amazing shred talent, our former cover girl Lisa Filzmoser has moved up the ranks to the Artec pro team.
Artec states: "As one of the most influential female European riders on the shred scene, Lisa brings the perfect balance of talent, international flavor, and femininity to our developing program. The addition of Lisa reflects both the growth and recognition Artec is experiencing globally as well as the foreseen successes of Artec's bright future.
Watch out for Lisa's part in LaFamiglia's Never Get Older and the new season of True Color Films.


text:
Kate Fullagar. The Warrior, the Voyager, and the Artist: Three Lives in an Age of Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020. 320 pp. $40.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-300-24306-2.
Reviewed by Bryan Rindfleisch (Marquette University)
Published on H-War (April, 2020)
Commissioned by Margaret Sankey (Air University)
The Entangled Worlds of Empire and Indigenous Peoples in the Eighteenth-Century: The British Empire, the Cherokee Indians, and the Pacific Islanders of Ra'iatea
Kate Fullagar weaves together a masterful story of three disparate individuals whose paths intersected only briefly in early modern London, but together reveal much about the broader imperial, Atlantic, and Pacific worlds these three individuals inhabited in the eighteenth century. Drawing upon the experiences of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the royal painter, and Ostenaco of Little Tellico and Tomatley, the renowned Cherokee Indian diplomat and warrior, and Mai of Ra'iatea, a Pacific Island journeyman, Fullagar unites Atlantic and Pacific world historiographies in ways that scholars have long critiqued such scholarship. As she demonstrates, and through the lives of three individuals nonetheless, the peoples and places of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were profoundly connected to each other. Fullagar argues that the force that facilitated such connections was, of course, empire—that "these three men shared … a connection to British imperialism (p. 4). Just as important to the imperial dimensions of the Atlantic and Pacific worlds, though, is the fact that Fullagar uses these narratives to "prompt an advance to the next stage in understanding" empire, "which should not be to indulge nostalgists but instead to go further in excavating empire's culture." While "empire has gone in and out of historical fashion over the generations," and is currently in fashion, Fullagar asserts scholars need to "seek a reckoning with the British empire by looking more deeply into its rhetoric, critiques, regroupings, and redirections" and "not merely to appreciate the presence of the Indigenous people who faced this empire but finally to see it through their eyes" (p. 5). Altogether, Fullagar challenges historians of the British Empire (and early modern empires for that matter) to realize a more authentic narrative of empire that includes Indigeneity during the eighteenth century. And she blazes the way forward.
Fullagar's work can be split into two parts. Part 1 revolves around Ostenaco and Reynolds, their brief encounter in London in 1762, and the revolutionary aftermath. Fullagar first brings to life the Cherokee and British worlds that Ostenaco and Reynolds came of age in during the early to mid-eighteenth century. For Ostenaco, his story "is an Indigenous story of empire, where empire is sometimes fateful but rarely engulfing, frequenting altering but never the sole plotline" (p. 13). To demonstrate this, Fullagar emphasizes how the Cherokee world revolved around family and clan systems as well as town and regional identities, while dictated by a worldview that demanded "harmony" or balance between men and women, civil and priestly authorities, elder and younger generations, and in all things, and navigated through ritual and ceremony. When imperial forces intruded into the Cherokee world, namely through the deerskin trade and the imperial wars fought in North America during the eighteenth century, Ostenaco rose to prominence as a warrior and diplomat who navigated the various conflicts of empire by either negotiating peace or by leading Cherokee peoples in war against the British Empire (1759-61). Meanwhile, the Devon native Reynolds embodies what Fullagar characterizes as an imperial identity or British selfhood "shifting from an idea defined by how one related to others [like the Cherokees] … to a notion considered much more the creation of a private independent soul" (p. 45). The world that Reynolds came of age in was quite different from that of Ostenaco; it was patriarchal, hierarchal, and imperialistic, although Fullagar makes a point to illustrate how Reynolds's early life was quite provincial and relatively unattached to the imperial project. As a "phiz monger apprentice" and later an artist who specialized in painting the British aristocracy, through whom he accumulated patronship, Reynolds sought to resurrect neoclassicism as an art form by painting the ideal of who the person could be rather than who they were. And despite traveling in the same circles as some of Britain's leading imperialists, Reynolds remained somewhat detached from the imperial project and thus his artwork reflected "mixed messages on the question of empire" (p. 77).
Fullagar then examines the brief meeting between Ostenaco and Reynolds. On the heels of the Cherokee War, Ostenaco led a Cherokee delegation to London in 1762 to meet with King George III and pledge their friendship for the future. But for Ostenaco, this opportunity was also a means of demonstrating to the British Empire "how immersed in native machinations they yet remained," and making the point to the British sovereign himself (p. 80). It was during Ostenaco's visit to London that he encountered Reynolds, who offered to paint Ostenaco's portrait. Although Reynolds finished the painting, he never showcased it at any of his art exhibitions, unlike Francis Parson's portrait of Ostenaco's counterpart, Cunne Shote. To Fullagar, this "portrait that failed" represented Reynolds's troubled relationship with what it meant to be a Briton and an imperialist (p. 79). Fullagar then shifts back to Ostenaco in Cherokee Country, where his people experienced tremendous change in the decade after the war. Faced with unceasing encroachments upon their lands and using the opportunity of the Revolutionary War to try and defend them, Ostenaco and a faction of the Cherokees known as the Chickamagua, led by Dragging Canoe, removed themselves from the rest of the Cherokee and waged war against the American revolutionaries. Part 1 ends with Ostenaco, the Chickamagua, and Cherokee having to reconcile themselves to a new imperial threat in North America—the United States.
Part 2 starts in the Pacific and focuses on the early life of Mai from the Society Island of Ra'iatea, followed by Reynolds's ascension to president of the Royal Academy of Arts, followed by Mai's life in London during which Reynolds painted his portrait, and then Mai's return to the Pacific. Whereas Ostenaco exemplified how empire was shaped by Indigenous forces and actors, Mai and his experiences with empire embodied a growing British anxiety with imperialism by the late eighteenth century, while still demonstrating how Indigenous peoples engaged with the empire in the hopes of promoting their own interests. For Mai, his home island of Ra'aitea had been invaded and conquered by the peoples of Bora Bora, a rival island, which forced Mai and his family to flee to Tahiti and then Huahine. It was within this exile that Mai and his people encountered James Cook on his several expeditions into the Pacific, during which Mai attached himself to the captain of the Adventure who brought Mai back with him to London. As Fullagar demonstrates, though, Mai "was playing [the] long game," nurturing hopes for vengeance against the Bora Borans with the aid and technologies of the British Empire (p. 154). First, he had to sail to Britain in 1774 to learn more about the opportunities the empire could provide for him and his people. Meanwhile, Reynolds was appointed president of the Royal Academy and knighted by King George III, while his paintings continued to reflect his anxiety over the imperial project, particularly in light of Cook's expeditions into the Pacific. Reynolds also painted the portraits of several of the adventurers who sailed with Cook, through whom he met Mai in 1775. In the past year, Mai had met with King George III and delighted the British press as well as cultivated a cosmopolitan reputation despite his Indigeneity, which ushered him into elite aristocratic circles where he met Reynolds. As Fullagar argues, Reynolds's portrait of Mai "evoke not only the European and the Oriental but also the Arabic and the Pacific," complete with African skin tones and Native American tattooing, that represent "Mai … [as] an everyman from everywhen as well as everywhere" (p. 206). Mai was, at least to Reynolds, the embodiment of what the empire could become, its ideal. Unfortunately for Mai, his hopes for revenge failed to materialize when he returned to the Pacific with Cook, who failed to provide "the means that their extensive empire had always suggested in Mai's mind" (p. 235). In the end, "Mai never realized his main ambition. But his adventures had made an indelible impression on the people he lived among" on both sides of the globe (p. 237).
While Fullagar's work is biographical in nature, along the lines of the "New Biography" in imperial studies, it is a transcendent biography that delivers on the promises of that genre in spite of its limitations. For example, there is a lack of Indigenous biographies when it comes to the study of empire, for "the sources [are] so compromised—so scant or so filtered by colonial bias" (p. 9). But Fullagar navigates the colonial source base to articulate how Indigenous peoples like Ostenaco and Mai, no matter how fleetingly they appear in the archives of empire, interpreted their interactions with the empire, and their attempts to use the empire for their own ends. Ostenaco and Mai thereby offer "little-considered facets of empire in the eighteenth century" that privilege "how Indigenous people always confronted newness through their own framing rather than those of the newcomers," as well as the British "empire's incompleteness … [and] the limits of its interests to Indigenous peoples" (p. 250). Meanwhile, Reynolds and his artistic work reveal the growing "diversity of opinion about imperialism [in eighteenth-century Britain].... Some Britons were proud of it. Other were critical" of it (p. 251). No matter what, though, by midcentury "none could avoid it," be it Ostenaco, Mai, or Reynolds.
Fullagar's Indigenous-centric approach to empire, at least in the case of Ostenaco, is also the source of weakness in her work. Although Fullagar appropriately and responsibly establishes the matrilineal, familial, and clan dynamics of the Cherokee world in the eighteenth century, she treats Ostenaco as his own individual throughout her book, while only gesturing at his broader responsibilities as a family member and kinsman to other Cherokees. In other words, whenever Ostenaco spoke to or interacted with Europeans, or whenever he traded or waged war against Europeans, he did so as a member of a particular family and clan rather than as an individual. Ostenaco, then, was beholden to family and clan interests in ways that Reynolds and Mai were not, although Mai had his family in mind when he sought revenge. Ostenaco never acted in the capacity as an individual, but rather as a vessel for his family and clan's interests. However, this should not detract from the importance of Fullagar's work, because scholars have yet to fully articulate such familial and clan dimensions of the Southeastern Indians' world, although the scholarship is getting to the point now that it can and will bedone. Altogether, Fullagar provides an insightful and innovative template for future study of the imperial, Atlantic, and Pacific worlds and particularly their intersections within the early modern era.
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at: https://networks.h-net.org/h-war.
Citation: Bryan Rindfleisch. Review of Fullagar, Kate, The Warrior, the Voyager, and the Artist: Three Lives in an Age of Empire. H-War, H-Net Reviews. April, 2020.


text:
Your Local Grocery Store Could Keep This Recent Change For Good
The food in this section of the store could look a lot different moving forward.
By Amanda McDonald
Grocery stores have implemented a lot of changes to keep customers and employees safe while shopping because of the coronavirus pandemic. And while some of them — like limiting the number of customers in the store and plexiglass barriers at checkout aisles — might not last, others will.
Some companies are discontinuing some of their products. Walmart is toying with the idea of making all checkout lanes self-checkouts. They are so serious about it, that they are already testing it at a store in Arkansas. Local grocery stores are looking at widening aisles and getting rid of, or moving, salad bars. They also might sell pre-packaging produce.
Many supermarkets have seen some success with pre-packaged bakery items and so the trend could continue. According to Supermarket News, people still want fresh, grab-and-go breads, donuts, muffins, and other bakery items. However, they want them to be sanitary, and the pre-coronavirus stations with no covering don't sit well with them. Placing these items in plastic bags was an easy alternative and could be permanent.
RELATED: The Single Worst Grocery Store Mistake You Shouldn't Make During Reopening
The International Dairy Deli Bakery Association (IDDBA) recently released data saying sales of in-store bakery products decreased by about 15% during the pandemic compared to 2019. However, things like cookie and cupcake trays that weren't put out in March and April, are coming back.
IDDBA's educational coordinator Eric Richard told Supermarket News that customers who regularly purchased these items are ready to again. "Donuts and different dessert items have taken a significant hit. But we are starting to see a bit of an uptick lately, but nowhere near where we were at pre-pandemic," he says.
Soon you may notice more sales and promotions for bakery items to boost the number of items sold. But the grab-and-go style might not ever be back.
One bakery director for a store in Ohio says the pre-packaged bakery items in his store won't change. "I don't ever see our self-service bagel bars ever coming back, and we're going to be replacing the section with refrigerated grab-and-go cases for single-serve type products in the future," he says. "We're going to stay with the pre-sliced bread for those people who aren't comfortable coming to the counter."
Eat This, Not That! is constantly monitoring the latest food news as it relates to COVID-19 in order to keep you healthy, safe, and informed (and answer your most urgent questions). Here are the precautions you should be taking at the grocery store, the foods you should have on hand, the meal delivery services and restaurant chains offering takeout you need to know about, and ways you can help support those in need. We will continue to update these as new information develops. Click here for all of our COVID-19 coverage, and sign up for our newsletter to stay up-to-date.
Amanda is a staff writer for Eat This, Not That!. Read more
Coronavirus // Grocery Shopping // News
One Thing You'll Happily Not See at Grocery Stores Anymore
Expect your next shopping trip to look closer to normal.
Bagged Salads May Cause Illness, CDC Says
An investigation is currently underway.
One Change You'll Notice on Grocery Shelves
Expect to see more store-brand products.


text: Q: Circumventing endogeneity - interaction variable vs. split Generally, it is assumed that education is endogenous when wages are regressed on education. Now what if you are interested in a variables' effect on wages for different levels of education. Your variable itself is also endogenous, but you have a good instrument for it. However, you have no good instrument for education. Then the interaction of the instrument with education is endogenous as well (due to education). Is a sample split preferable in this case? E.g. splitting the sample into primary, secondary and tertiarty education and estimating the effect of the variable of interest (via 2SLS and the given instrument)?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The barcode lets shoppers learn more about the local farmers who supply the stores where they shop.
Woolworths has now announced that it is rolling out QR codes, as of the start of this month, that will allow customers to be able to access details regarding the local growers who supply the stores with the fruit and vegetables that they buy.
The program is called Meet the Grower and includes a number of different kinds of media for information.
For instance, when the QR codes are scanned from a product's package, it reveals the photo of the farmer who grew it, in addition to his or her URL, the length of time that the farmer has been supplying produce to Woolworths, and other information that customers may find useful and interesting.
The first product that will use the QR codes for the Meet the Grower program will be apples.
These apples are from Montague Fresh, a Victorian fruit supplier. The QR codes will eventually expand to include 57 more products over the span of the next couple of months. The company expects that by the end of this year, there will be about 100 products that have barcodes linking to their growers.
The head of produce at Woolworths supermarkets, Paul Harker, explained that QR codes have been applied in this way in order to respond to the interest that the store's customers have shown in the history of the produce they are buying. Their shoppers have been asking for a way to learn more about where their fresh food comes from, and the store came up with a mobile friendly program using these barcodes in order to offer precisely that information.
Harker went on to explain that about 96 percent of the fresh vegetables and fruits that are sold at the Woolworths chain of grocery stores are grown right there in Australia. The QR codes help consumers to know precisely where in the country the produce was sourced and which farm grew it and provided it to the supermarket. This strategy will help consumers to gain the information that they want and to learn more about the importance of shopping local.


text:
Q: How do I add an alert at the end of form validation that says "Form completed correctly"? I have created a fonction that verifies and validates a form containing pseudo, email and password.
Now I would like to add a final alert to this function that takes everything into account, and if every value is correct (password is correct, pseudo has enough character, email is correct...), it displays an alert that says "Form completed".
Here is what I have in HTML
<form id="formNew">

                    Pseudo

                    <input type="text" name="pseudo" id="pseudo" required>

                    Email

                    <input type="email" name="email" id="email" minlength="8" maxlength="30" required>

                     password

                    <input type="password" placeholder="*******" id="password" required>

                    confirm password

                    <input type="password" placeholder="*******" id="confirm_password" required>

                    <input type="submit" name="submit" id="submit" value="Create an account">

            </form>

And the following in JS
function valideForm(e) {

    e.preventDefault();

    var valPseudo = document.getElementById("pseudo").value;
    var valPassword = document.getElementById("password").value;
    var valEmail = document.getElementById("email").value;
    var errorsPass = [];
    var errorsPseudo = [];
    var emailRegex = /.+@.+\..+/;

    let letters = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
    let numbers = '0123456789'
    let letterCount = 0
    let numberCount = 0

    for (let character of valPseudo.toLowerCase()) {
        if (letters.includes(character))
            ++letterCount
        else if (numbers.includes(character))
            ++numberCount
        else
            return false //A non [a-zA-Z0-9] character was present
    }

    if (letterCount + numberCount > 40)
        errorsPseudo.push("Pseudo is too long") //The name is too long
    if (letterCount + numberCount < 5)
        errorsPseudo.push("Pseudo is too short") //The name is too short
    if (letterCount < 1)
        errorsPseudo.push("Pseudo needs at least one letter") //There aren't enough [a-zA-Z] characters
    if (numberCount < 1)
        errorsPseudo.push("Pseudo needs at least one number") //There aren't enough [0-9] characters

    if (errorsPseudo.length) {
        alert(errorsPseudo);
    }

    if (emailRegex.test(valEmail) == false) {
        alert("please enter a valid email");
        return false;
    }

    if (!valPassword) {
        alert("Password is empty");
    }
    if ((valPassword.length < 8)) {
        errorsPass.push("Password should be at least 8 characters")
    }
    if ((valPassword.length > 30)) {
        errorsPass.push("Password should not exceed 30 characters")
    }
    if (!/[A-Z]/.test(valPassword)) {
        errorsPass.push("Password should have at least 1 uppercase")
    }
    if (!/[a-z]/.test(valPassword)) {
        errorsPass.push("Password should have at least 1 lowercase")
    }
    if (!/[0-9]/.test(valPassword)) {
        errorsPass.push("Password should have at least 1 number")
    }
    if (!/(?=.[$#%£&§@])/.test(valPassword)) {
        errorsPass.push("Password should have at least 1 special character")
    }
    if (errorsPass.length) {
        alert(errorsPass);
    }

    var password = document.getElementById("password");
    var confirm_password = document.getElementById("confirm_password");

    function validatePassword() {
        if (password.value != confirm_password.value) {
            confirm_password.setCustomValidity("passwords aren't the same");
        } else {
            confirm_password.setCustomValidity('');
        }
    }

    password.onchange = validatePassword;
    confirm_password.onkeyup = validatePassword;

}

document.getElementsByTagName('form')[0].addEventListener('submit', valideForm);

How do I add this final alert that says "Form completed successfully" when every input has been verified and validated?
Thank you

A: Hey Welcome to the community.
Since you are returning false every time the proper rules aren't fulfilled, the execution will reach the end of the method only if all validation rules are fulfilled. Therefore you can display the success message at the very end.
function valideForm(e) {
    e.preventDefault();

    var valPseudo = document.getElementById("pseudo").value;
    var valPassword = document.getElementById("password").value;
    var valEmail = document.getElementById("email").value;
    var errorsPass = [];
    var errorsPseudo = [];
    var emailRegex = /.+@.+\..+/;

    // check for non alphanumeric characters
    if (!/^[a-z0-9]+$/i.test(valPseudo)) {
        console.log("check for non alphanumeric characters -> fail")
        return false;
    }

    //The name is too long
    if (valPseudo.length > 40) {
        errorsPseudo.push("Pseudo is too long") ;//The name is too long
    }
    //The name is too short
    if (valPseudo.length < 5) {
        errorsPseudo.push("Pseudo is too short"); //The name is too short
    }
    // There aren't enough [a-zA-Z] characters
    if (valPseudo.replace(/[^A-Z]/gi, "").length < 1) {
        errorsPseudo.push("Pseudo needs at least one letter"); //There aren't enough [a-zA-Z] characters
    }
    // There aren't enough [0-9] characters
    if (valPseudo.replace(/[^0-9]/g,"").length < 1) {
        errorsPseudo.push("Pseudo needs at least one number") ;//There aren't enough [0-9] characters
    }
    // if errorPseudo has values then return false;
    if (errorsPseudo.length > 0) {
         alert(errorsPseudo);
        console.log("errorPseudo -> fail");
        return false;
    }

    if (emailRegex.test(valEmail) == false) {
        alert("please enter a valid email");
        console.log("Email -> fail");
        return false;
    }

    if (!valPassword) {
        alert("Password is empty");
        console.log("Password is empty -> fail");
        return false;
    }
    if ((valPassword.length < 8)) {
        errorsPass.push("Password should be at least 8 characters")
    }
    if ((valPassword.length > 30)) {
        errorsPass.push("Password should not exceed 30 characters")
    }
    if (!/[A-Z]/.test(valPassword)) {
        errorsPass.push("Password should have at least 1 uppercase")
    }
    if (!/[a-z]/.test(valPassword)) {
        errorsPass.push("Password should have at least 1 lowercase")
    }
    if (!/[0-9]/.test(valPassword)) {
        errorsPass.push("Password should have at least 1 number")
    }
    if (/^[a-z0-9]+$/i.test(valPassword)) {
        errorsPass.push("Password should have at least 1 special character")
    }
    if (errorsPass.length) {
        alert(errorsPass);
        console.log("Password rules -> fail");
        return false;
    }

    // check password validtiy
    if ( !validatePassword() ) {
        console.log("Password validity -> fail");
        return false;
    }

    // if execution can reach this line; then the form is validated
    alert("SUCCESS");

}

// moved out of the valideForm method
var password = document.getElementById("password");
var confirm_password = document.getElementById("confirm_password");
function validatePassword() {
    if (password.value != confirm_password.value) {
        confirm_password.setCustomValidity("passwords aren't the same");
        return false;
    } else {
        confirm_password.setCustomValidity('');
        return true;
    }
}

password.onchange = validatePassword;
confirm_password.onkeyup = validatePassword;

document.getElementsByTagName('form')[0].addEventListener('submit', valideForm);

I moved the validatePassword out of the validate function because the validatePassword can function on its own. There is no need to have that inside the validate function. It makes the code more readable.


text:
Yogi Vemana University
Yogi Vemana University Latest Exam Results
http://www.yogivemanauniversity.ac.in/
BA B.Com B.SC B Ed M.Ed M.Sc
26-Sep-2022 YVU UG 5th and 6th Sem Instant Exam Time Table 2022 23-Apr-2022 YVU UG 1st & 3rd Sem Revised Time Table Batch Wise
16-Apr-2022 YVU UG 1st Sem Backlog Exams (2015-16) Revised Time Table April-May 2022 16-Apr-2022 YVU UG 1st Sem Backlog Exams (2016-17) Revised Time Table April-May 2022 16-Apr-2022 YVU UG 1st Sem Backlog Exams (2020-21) Revised Time Table April-May 2022 16-Apr-2022 YVU UG 3rd Sem Backlog Exams(2015-16 to 2019-20) Rev. TimeTable Apr-May 2022 16-Apr-2022 YVU UG 3rd Sem Exams Revised Time Table April-May 2022 01-Nov-2021 PG & M.Sc (5Yrs) July 2021 Exam Results 29-Oct-2021 B.Tech Diploma 2nd & 4th Sem July 2021 Exam Results 26-Oct-2021 YVU B.Tech 2nd & 4th Sem and LLB (3 & 5 Years) RV 2021 Exam Results
25-Oct-2021 LLB 3rd & 5th Year March 2021 Revaluation Results 13-Oct-2021 PG 4th,6th,8th & 10th Sem July 2021 Exam Results 04-Oct-2021 B.Tech & B.Tech Diploma March 2021 Exam Results 02-Oct-2021 PG 4th,6th & 8th Sem July 2021 Exam Results 16-Sep-2021 MCA 3rd & 5th Sem March 2021 Revaluation Results
02-Sep-2021 B.Tech & B.Tech Diploma Nov 2020 Exam Results 01-Sep-2021 YVU B.Tech Diploma 2nd & 3rd Sem RV Nov 2020 Exam Results 19-Aug-2021 LLB 2nd, 4th, 6th & 8th Sem March 2021 Exam Results 14-Aug-2021 PG 3rd, 5th, 7th & 9th Sem March 2021 Exam Results 31-Jul-2021 PG II/IV Sem Dec 2020 Revaluation Results
About Yogi Vemana University (YVU)
Yogi Vemana University, the erstwhile SVUPG Centre upgraded to premier State University by an Act of the Government of Andhra Pradesh in March 2007 is committed to academic excellence and social enrichment for the well being of the people of Andhra Pradesh in general and of Rayalaseema region in particular. It is named after a great thinker, philosopher, and social reformer Yogi Vemana, the most celebrated Telugu poet and sage of all time. The University located 15Kms away from Kadapa City on the Kadapa-Pulivendula road has about 1100 acres of land for its main Campus. The Campus has adequate infrastructure facilities-majestic buildings with modern architecture and laboratory facilities with sophisticated instruments and hostels with modern amenities and above all has the serene atmosphere with greenery all around for the students to pursue their studies and research.
Yogi Vemana University Exam Time Table / Date Sheet
All the students who willing to appeared in Yogi Vemana University Undergraduate Examination 2019 are informed that YVU UG and Postgraduate Time Table 2019 willing soon available on Official Website. All the students who will appear in YVU March 2019 Examination, they can access their YVU Undergraduate & Postgraduate Exam Time Table through bellow allocated official direct link.
Students can Download their Respective Semester Exams Scheme for Master Degree Programme, Bachelor Degree Programme, Diploma & Advance Diploma Programme & Certificates Programme, the course will be held in August/ December for all Semester Exams, Exams will be held in two sessions Forenoon & Afternoon. Time Limit for Exam is 3 Hours. Students are advised to keep in touch with the website check notification timely.
YVU Exam Admit Card / Hall Ticket Download
Yogi Vemana University Admit cards 2019 Examinations for Undergraduate/ Postgraduate courses will begin shortly at the examination centers allotted by the Yogi Vemana University. The detailed Examination events/ exam dates/ Exam center & Roll no shall be mentioned in the Exam Admit cards. Yogi Vemana University Summer 2019 Admit cards shall be anticipated through university website 2 weeks preceding to Exams.
The admit card for Yogi Vemana University Examination 2019 is issued. The download process of admit card will be done in two-phase. Firstly, the admit card will be issued for those students who submitted their application form without the late fee. After that admit card will be issued for those students who submitted their application form against the late fee. The direct link will be made available here when the official body will start issuing admit card.
Yogi Vemana University Admission 2019
Different admission measures are taken into consideration to select the students for Undergraduate, Postgraduate and Ph.D. courses. For Undergraduate, the Students are selected on the basis of their JEE score as the University only provides engineering courses for this level. For Postgraduate, Students are selected on the basis of merit in YVU-CET and for Ph.D., the eligibility criteria of the Students varies from specialization to specialization. Yogi Vemana University (YVU) offers B.Tech or Bachelor of Engineering course in six specializations. The duration of all the specializations is 4 years individually. Students seeking admission to this course need to appear for the JEE (Joint Entrance Exam). Selection will be done on the rank achieved by the Student in the JEE entrance. There are 40 seats available for all the specializations except Metallurgy & Material Engineering. Metallurgy & Material Engineering has 30 seats available for all the willing Students. Students must have to pass with an aggregate of 55% marks in 12th (10+2) level with Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics.
Yogi Vemana University has a number of different kind of offerings in its Postgraduate (PG) programmes. M.Sc Integrated, M.Sc, M.P.Ed, M.Ed, M.Com, PG Diploma, MJC, and M.A is the Postgraduate courses offered by the University to you. Duration of all the Postgraduate courses is of two years each except M.Sc Integrated and PG Diploma. Duration time of M.Sc Integrated is five years while the duration of PG Diploma is of one year. The willing Students must have to attend and pass an entrance exam called the YVU-CET, organized by the university. The university will select the Students according to their scores obtained in YVU-CET. M.Sc Integrated and M.Sc offers 5% marks relaxations for its SC/ST Students.
Online Exam Form of Yogi Vemana University
To get admission to the Yogi Vemana University (YVU) for different courses you must have to fill the application form first. As we know that this university conducts the entrance exam Yogi Vimana University Common Entrance Test (YVUCET) 2019.
The Students who are going to apply for the YVUCET can apply online and fill the application form online. Here we are giving you the following steps that will help you to fill the application form 2019.
First of all, visit the official website of Yogi Vimana University
You have to register and login to the page
Then download the application form link and enter your details
Check all of your details (name, address, email id, and other details) carefully
Then submit the form and take a print out of your application form
You have to pay 325/- and you can pay by Banking, Debit Card, Credit Card, and ATM
Yogi Vemana University Major Courses
List of courses offered by Yogi Vemana University
Bachelor of Technology [B.Tech]
Bachelor of Science [B.Sc] + Master of Science [M.Sc]
Bachelor of Computer Application [BCA]
Bachelor of Business Management [BBM]
Bachelor of Science [B.Sc] + Bachelor of Education [B.Ed]
Diploma in Physical Education
Bachelor of Elementary Education [B.El.Ed]
Bachelor of Arts [B.A] + Bachelor of Education [B.Ed]
Bachelor of Fine Arts [B.F.A]
Bachelor of Physical Education [B.P.Ed]
Master of Science [M.Sc]
Post Graduate Diploma in Theatre Arts
Master of Communication
Master of Journalism and Mass Communication [MJMC]
Master of Physical Education [M.P.Ed]
Bachelor of Arts [BA]
Affiliated Colleges for YVU
List of colleges affiliated with Yogi Vemana University - YVU
CSSR and SRRM Degree and PG College
Loyola Degree College
Nagarjuna Degree College for Women
Penubala College of Education
Sri Rachapudy Nagabhushanam Degree and P.G College
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Zion College of Physical Education
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text:
Canada Competes
Why are we training our arts grads to be baristas?
Those you see behind the coffee counter could be medievalists, statisticians, architects or management graduates.
Warren Goldswain/Warren Goldswain/iStockphoto
LAUREN FRIESE
"No one told me that an English degree was not an acceptable prerequisite for even the most basic grunt positions," says Adelle Farrelly, a recent graduate with a bachelor of arts from McGill University and a master of arts from the University of Toronto.
"When I finished my MA I found myself working at a coffee chain surrounded by fellow students and recent graduates, all of us looking for that 'real job' and confused about our fate. Remember: Those you see behind the coffee counter are likely a plucky crew of medievalists, statisticians, architects and management graduates."
This, unfortunately, is a common story among graduates in Canada struggling to find meaningful work after graduation, in part because they chose an arts education over more practical programs such as business and engineering.
As someone with two degrees – a BA in economics and a master's degree in economic history – and as the founder of a career website with the specific goal of helping employers connect with top students and graduates for career opportunities, and vice versa, I have plenty of experience with this problem.
Founding and building up TalentEgg has involved countless conversations with employers who hire young people and an almost unlimited amount of feedback from our student and recent-graduate audience. The experience has left me with serious concerns about the way this country educates and prepares its young people for the job market.
Most distressing is the consistent devaluation of education in the arts, a process that is robbing the Canadian public of their investment in higher education, denying graduates the opportunity to contribute to the economy and effectively silencing an entire cohort of bright young minds.
Uphill struggle: The youth unemployment rate in Canada is currently 14.8 per cent. But that statistic lumps together all 15- to 24-year-olds – high-school dropouts, current students and recent graduates with up to three years of workplace experience. This figure also doesn't include underemployment, or youth working in jobs that don't require formal education.
In reality, for some groups of students and recent graduates, the employment rate is extremely high. For many others, the employment rate (defined as "meaningful, career-related" employment) is abysmal.
The two tiers are miles apart; ask any grad from Canada's top business or engineering programs and they will tell you that they have no trouble finding work. Now ask any other student. Aside from connections or luck, they are facing a completely different labour market, where it's extremely difficult to find meaningful work.
Among postuniversity employers, a non-vocational degree is usually treated like a trap door, not a stepping stone. A recent study by Quebec research body CIRANO of Canadians with postsecondary education said degree and certificate holders in specialized fields are significantly more likely to have employment directly related to their education, while 31 per cent of humanities graduates are currently employed in fields not at all related to their education. Evidence from Statistics Canada also shows that arts and humanities graduates were the least likely to have a close relationship between their field of study and employment.
While such students are increasingly pigeonholed into trying their hand at teaching and academia, these areas of employment can't sustain such large numbers: A staggering two-thirds of Ontario's teaching-college graduates were unemployed or underemployed in the year following graduation, according to the Ontario College of Teachers.
Ensuring that Canada's higher education consistently leads to meaningful employment isn't about making people feel good about majoring in an obscure specialty, or holding their hand and sheltering them from the real world – it's part of a necessary conversation about the relationship between higher education and the job market. Leveraging the skills of all Canada's university graduates should be a top priority, regardless of their area of expertise. The reasons are threefold:
First: we're all investors in higher education. Whether or not you support non-vocational degrees in theory, you're already supporting them with your pocketbook. If students aren't getting work that draws on the skills we've invested in, our investment is generating a poor return.
Second: Employing graduates stimulates the economy. More than half of Canadian graduates have student debt after graduation. The average postsecondary student debt at graduation exceeds $20,000 in every province (except Quebec). In some Maritime provinces, the average debt is more than $35,000.
Graduates who can't find meaningful, paying work soon after school are likely to wind up competing for a job that they are over-qualified for simply to make ends meet, failing to acquire useful experience for entry-level work or a future career. This, in turn, make it harder to pay off debt, which lowers their power to spend and stimulate the economy.
Third: If we can't employ arts graduates, we lose their skill sets and potential. It's foolish to confuse non-vocational with unemployable. Employer surveys routinely emphasize qualities such as effective written and verbal communication, teamwork and problem-solving skills as being the most in demand in their workplace.
These are the skills that the arts and humanities instil like no other. Even the most basic university coursework encourages abstract and critical thinking. .
So why aren't employers biting? They tend to hire business grads over arts grads because they are perceived as job-ready. Business students are taught how to articulate their skills and interact with employers early on, while arts students may not know how to explain why they are the best person for the job. Business grads are better at selling themselves.
It's true that companies often lack a cookie-cutter position into which an arts grad can be slotted. Capitalizing on the high potential embodied in a candidate's arts education requires an investment of time and energy; a commitment to proactively seek and train people who have the potential to develop into competent leaders.
Of course, this leads to where the burden really lies: on those of us who are employers. The potential payoffs of solving this problem are significant, both to individual employers and to the Canadian economy.
Moving forward: The current system – where students choose university pathways without enough information about their future prospects, or return to school to avoid a stagnant job market, and so build up mountainous debt – needs to change.
If students continue to graduate into a job market that marginalizes soft skills, they should at least be given a crash course in postgraduation prospects. Many teenagers choose their postsecondary path without realizing the magnitude of the decision they're making until they're in their mid-20s.
The consequences of doing nothing not only represent a poor financial investment on the part of the government and taxpayers, but more troublingly, the waste of the potential economic impact embodied by the currently young and unemployable.
Lauren Friese is the founder of TalentEgg, a Canadian student and graduate careers website.
Join the conversation on Canada's competitiveness by following Canada Competes on Twitter:@CanadaCompetes
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Would your non-US institution be interested in facilitating interaction between the sciences and the arts and humanities by holding two-to-four week workshop(s) with support from the US Fulbright program? These workshops would bring together students studying computer science, biology, literature, or philosophy.
The Fulbright Specialist program is supported by the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA) and World Learning, Non-US institutions interested in hosting workshops can apply at https://fulbrightspecialist.worldlearning.org/eligibility-host-institutions/ Write to me alexander@dactyl.org about your program and I can help you contact the Fulbright offices in your country.
Lecture #1
The Artist as Scientist: Nabokov's Unorthodox Theory of Insect Mimicry.
It's a commonplace to say that good science requires imagination, yet scientist aren't really encouraged to read poetry or to take up painting. Maybe they should. Vladimir Nabokov, renowned Russian-American novelist and butterfly scientist, used his artistic knowledge to understand how evolution can work. He went against the prevailing theories of his day and was attacked for being unscientific, but recently some of his work has been vindicated by DNA analysis, showing that his artistic guesses were amazingly accurate and precise.
Nabokov thought natural selection, a mere proofreader with no real creative powers, could not make a butterfly look exactly like a dead leaf, complete with faux fungus spots. He did not think natural selection had gradually made the tasty Viceroy species butterfly look like the bitter tasting Monarch, allowing it to survive better. Although he believed that natural selection had shaped many of nature's forms, he thought the one thing natural selection could not create was mimicry. Look-a-likes could be better explained by other natural mechanisms, such as constraints on self-organized pattern formation, hybridization or large-scale "lucky" mutations. This heresy infuriated scientists who thought insect mimics were the best illustration of the gradual powers of selection. More than fifty years later, Nabokov's genius is finally being recognized. What was it about Nabokov's way of thinking that allowed him to see what others could not? And how did his understanding of nature inspire his fiction? See lecture sample at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAKgIsYSZwA
Proposed Workshop designed to explore the possibilities of undertaking further research on the role of reaction-diffusion processes in forming butterfly mimicry
Butterfly mimics or butterfly look-a-likes?
After noticing that some butterfly mimics are actually disadvantaged by their similarity to something else, Nabokov began looking for a better explanation for mimicry and what he called Nature's practical jokes. Can a computer program be designed to model the reaction-diffusion processes that form butterfly wing patterns? Can this program be used to determine the probability of similar-looking patterns emerging without the pressure from natural selection?
Alexander, V. N., (2019). The mechanism for mimicry: Instant biosemiotic selection or gradual Darwinian fine-tuning selection? Biosemiotics, in press.
Alexander, V. N., (2016).Chance, nature's practical jokes, and the 'non-utilitarian delights' of butterfly mimicry. Fine Lines: Vladimir Nabokov's Scientific Art. Stephen Blackwell and Kurt Johnson (Eds.). New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.
Alexander, V. N., (2003) Nabokov, teleology, and insect mimicry. Nabokov Studies 7, 177-213.
Alexander, V. N. (2001). Neutral evolution and aesthetics: Vladimir Nabokov and insect mimicry. Working Papers Series 01-10-057. Santa Fe: Santa Fe Institute.
Siri Fails the Turing Test: What Can Art Teach Us About Artificial Intelligence?
Apps can translate spoken English sentences into spoken Chinese. "Deep learning" programs find patterns and can help doctors diagnose cancer or help singles find mates. In some court systems, judges use software to analyze patterns in criminal behavior before passing sentences. Every time we use a search engine, purchase an item online, write an email, or post something on social media, we interact with computer algorithms that adapt to our Internet activity. We call our phones and our weapons "smart," and all of these advances in technology are said to use artificial "intelligence."
We may wonder, What is intelligence? What is the difference, if any, between the way an organism and a machine can seek an object, read signs, or identify a pattern? Both can obtain goals, set either by evolution or design. Do organisms and machines use similar methods for learning, classifying, remembering and interpreting? Are animals and people really just organic machines? If so, could science eventually make machines that can learn to make up their own minds as robots do in science fiction?
In this lecture, we will talk about some of the differences between the present-day artificial intelligence and biological intelligence. Specifically, we will learn about biologists studying cell signaling who say that even the simplest unit of life can make interpretations in ways that smart machines do not. Animals can take advantage of chance associations, which machines are usually designed to ignore, and machine learning programs are not designed to invent new knowledge – not yet anyway. Examining smart technologies can inspire us to learn about our own learning processes and help us decide whether or not it's a good idea to rely on machines to make judgements. A video sample: "Siri Fails the Turing Test," can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d15yJoB-jhk
Proposed Workshop designed to explore the possibilities of undertaking further research on the role of reaction-diffusion processes to mimic more realistic (i.e. poetic) intelligence artificially.
Why can't machines get jokes?
AI translation apps still have trouble with jokes and puns such as, "Time flies like an arrow, while fruit flies like a banana." This may be due to the fact that while computers use strict codes and develop algorithms apart from contexts, according to research in Biosemiotics, living cells use flexible signs and develop semiotic habits within contexts. Is an organism's ability to use contexts to understand jokes or to make better decisions partly due to the collective activities of biological cells that produce traveling waves, which form synchronized virtual assemblies, which in turn, further constrain individual cellular activity?
Alexander, V. N., (2019). AI, stereotyping on steroids and Alan Turing's biological turn. Democratizing AI. Andreas Sudmann (Ed.). Berlin: transcript Verlang, in press.
Alexander, V. N., (2019). Siri fails the Turing test: Computation, biosemiosis and artificial life. Researches Semiotique/Semiotic Inquiry, in press.
Alexander, V. N., Grimes, V. A. (2017). Fluid biosemiotic mechanisms underlie subconscious habits. Biosemiotics 10(3) 337–353.


text:
На первой летней Универсиаде в Турине (Италия) было разыграно 29 комплектов наград (19 — у мужчин и 10 — у женщин).

Сборные Советского Союза и Италии завоевали по 14 медалей, но хозяева Универсиады заняли в командном зачёте первое место, обойдя конкурентов по количеству золотых наград: семь против пяти.

Медали

Мужчины
Мужчины разыграли 19 комплектов наград. Наибольшее количество медалей завоевала сборная Италии – 10 (5 золотых, 4 серебряных, 1 бронзовая).

Женщины
Женщины разыграли 10 комплектов наград. Наибольшее количество медалей завоевала сборная Советского Союза – 9 (3 золотых, 3 серебряных, 3 бронзовых).

Общий зачёт
(Жирным выделено самое большое количество медалей в своей категории)

Ссылка
 Результаты легкоатлетического турнира летней Универсиады 1959 на сайте sports123.com

Летняя Универсиада 1959
Лёгкая атлетика на летних Универсиадах
Международные соревнования по лёгкой атлетике в Италии
1959 год в лёгкой атлетике

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Brown es un cráter de impacto que se encuentra en la parte sureste de la Luna, al suroeste del prominente cráter Tycho, dentro de su sistema de marcas radiales. Al noroeste de Brown se halla el cráter Wilhelm, y al oeste aparece el cráter Montanari.

El borde de Brown está deformado con respecto al perfil circular típico, sobre todo debido a la intrusión del cráter satélite Brown E en el sureste de la formación. El borde norte tiene forma poligonal, con el lado norte aplanado. También hay un pequeño hueco en el borde occidental que sobresale hacia el oeste.

Cráteres satélite
Por convención estos elementos son identificados en los mapas lunares poniendo la letra en el lado del punto medio del cráter que está más cerca de Brown.

Véase también
 Anexo:Cráteres de la Luna
 Selenografía

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Referencia UAI del CRÁTER
LPI Digital Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon
Mapa LROC
The-moon.wikispaces.com: Brown


text:
Q: How to repair a disk in the safest way I got an external drive that may need to be repaired.
When I try to mount it, I get the following error:
wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sda1, missing codepage or helper program, or other error.

I have issues to repair the disk. I wanted to make a image copy of the disk before attempting any fsck repair. However making a image clone with dd takes 111 days for 300GB, and this is not an option:
dd if=/dev/input/DEVICE-HERE of=/dev/OUTPUT/DEVICE-HERE bs=64K conv=noerror,sync

This is the output from the dd command, and it is warning me that there is an error in the drive:
42598400 bytes (43 MB, 41 MiB) copied, 2035.41 s, 20.9 kB/s
42663936 bytes (43 MB, 41 MiB) copied, 2039 s, 20.9 kB/s
dd: error reading '/dev/sda1': Input/output error
437+214 records in
651+0 records out
42663936 bytes (43 MB, 41 MiB) copied, 2042.48 s, 20.9 kB/s
42991616 bytes (43 MB, 41 MiB) copied, 2048 s, 21.0 kB/s
dd: error reading '/dev/sda1': Input/output error
441+215 records in
656+0 records out
42991616 bytes (43 MB, 41 MiB) copied, 2051.39 s, 21.0 kB/s
43253760 bytes (43 MB, 41 MiB) copied, 2055 s, 21.0 kB/s
dd: error reading '/dev/sda1': Input/output error
444+216 records in
660+0 records out
43253760 bytes (43 MB, 41 MiB) copied, 2058.75 s, 21.0 kB/s
43581440 bytes (44 MB, 42 MiB) copied, 2062 s, 21.1 kB/s

Any suggestions?

A: Baed on the info you provided, my best guess is that your disk is dying, or close to dead already.
If you have any important data inside, let DD do its work.
Or there's always specialized companies that work on data recovery.

A: *

*first understand the disk setup and what filesystem it has on it to know what you are dealing with.  First thing would be make sure it shows up properly in your BIOS/EFI upon computer boot and make use of any diagnostic at that level.  You want to make sure the disk controller and connectors are all somewhat reliable and working.  You don't want to make things harder by working with a bad SATA cable or bad connector, although that's likely not your problem.  But you did mention external hard drive so I am assuming connected via USB.  Ideally you would not want to mess with disks in this manner over USB because it can present some problems but that's another discussion; use good judgement and decide if it's worth removing the disk from the external enclosure to manually connect a SATA cable from it to your motherboard.

*Once running linux, make sure the disk shows up as a block device.  Then make use of smartctl to run some cursory checks on the disk checking for anything obvious.  Once here, you might be reasonably sure the hardware side of things is ok and your problem is data corruption related on the disk.  You may run into some issues with smartctl over USB.

*Imagine not being able to read a book without being able to first read a correct table of contents.  That's what the disk partition table is.  Ideally you would want to have a backup copy of that which you could restore in the case the partition table got corrupted (most people do not do this).  And it is here you would want to know if you had an MBR or GPT partition table, as well as the number of partitions and file systems that are on each.

wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock

At this point is where you would run fsck to further diagnose the problem.  Not every filesystem has a superblock but since your asking here at Unix & Linux I'm assuming an EXT3/4 file system.  You can easily web search fixing bad superblock for more details than I care to type.  In short: your mount fails because of a bad superblock 0 but there are many redundant copies located within the filesystem.
Recovering ext4 superblocks
And if you had an XFS file system, then you would want to begin by doing xfs_repair -n /dev/sda1 on it.  But with fsck it is typically with the -b option on it to fix a bad superblock.
Here's a sample of many instructions you can find on the web: http://erikimh.com/linux-recover-corrupted-partition-from-a-bad-superblock/

I wanted to make a image copy of the disk before attempting any fsck repair... dd: error reading '/dev/sda1': Input/output error

so yes, a dd will do a complete bit for bit copy as a means of disaster prevention should you mess up.  But then you have to manage a single 300GB file in your case which will likely present other problems.  However the input/output error from dd indicates in my opinion a disk controller type of error and not necessarily data corruption that an fsck would fix.  So back to #1 above and being mindful of USB.
If you take a brand new [good] disk and do a dd on it even before ever making a MBR or BPT partition table on it, it should work.  To that point is why we [sometimes] do dd if=/dev/sda of=./mypartitiontable bs=512 count=1 to back up an MBR partition table for example which is located within the first 512 bytes of the disk, whether that partition table data is correct or not.
So if i had to guess based on the above dd input/output error you had or have some hardware'ish problem which also resulted in a corrupted partition table.  You may be able to restore the corrupted superblock using fsck -b but you may also be working against some other hardware type problem which smartctl may indicate.  You might also be able to make use of hdparm in troubleshooting.  And be mindful of a USB connection to the disk, avoid that if possible.


On Tuesday evening, Neymar Jr. and his lawyers released a joint statement in which they assert that they will present their defence to the Barcelona lawsuit and that they will fight in court for the part of the renewal premium from 2016 that has still not been paid.
"We inform everyone that Neymar and his lawyers are aware of the news released today regarding the legal actions filed by F.C. Barcelona before the Courts of Barcelona.
"Following official notification and after full review of the club's claim, the player's formal defence will be filed in due course.


Magnetic resonance imaging in extremely low environmental fields opens a new measurement range to gain insight into structure and function of the human body.
Together with other research groups we perform experiments on magnetic reonance imaging in extremely low environmental magnetic fields. After negotiation these measurements can also be performed by PTB on request.


When I arrived at the office everybody was huddled in a semicircle around the TV in the corner of the Content Department cubicle. They were watching a video of Your Friends and Neighbors. When the movie ended, the Senior Editor noticed that I'd arrived and asked me what I thought of the movie. I said I hated it. "No, Juliet," she informed me calmly, "it was a film of tremendous courage." "IT WAS A PIECE OF CRAP," I replied, less calmly. The Senior Editor repeated exactly what she had said before. Then she repeated it again, trembling slightly. The other reviewers on staff stared at us. I figured I would have to quit on the spot, forgetting that I'd already quit my job at the web site six months earlier.


Thus far volatility has played its part with the oil patch being the poster child for it. The current question on the direction of oil seems to me like watching a duck on a pond, many people seem to only be watching the direction the duck is going rather than looking at the duck's legs underwater to see which way the duck is going to turn next. It may surprise you to learn that oil production has been steadily declining since April in the US based on EIA drilling productivity reports.
Do not be fooled by reports that OPEC production is going to flood the market all of a sudden. This is a whole other essay unto itself but suffice it to say that many member have been in decline for years and those that currently aren't (e.g. Saudi Arabia) have been re-working old fields with new technology since 2010 with no new discoveries. Prior to 2010 Saudi production was declining around 8% annually and since 2010 re-working old fields has helped but current levels are almost flat with where they were in 2011 – one year after the re-work program began.
First, too many reports on oil are not taking into consideration the magnitude of technological advances that have resulted in significantly efficiency of new wells even just over the past two years. According to the EIA's August 2015 Drilling Productivity Report, the average barrels per day has increased from 400 barrels to 692 barrels per well since the beginning of 2014. This data is often misinterpreted which gives rise to the second biggest mistake I see oil prognosticators make… rig counting.
We hear lots of talk about rig counts in the media and their relation to future oil prices with little clarity of the actual relationship. I have found that quoting average rig counts in today's new world of oil production is a futile practice. The data point within average rig counts that interests me, in relation to the future price of oil, is "spuds" – which is one sub-sect of total rig counts. Spuds tells me the number of rigs that are breaking new holes. Once a drill bit breaks ground an oil well is considered "spudded". Right in line with this thought North Dakota's Oil and Gas Division shows the total average rig counts was basically unchanged since January 2014 (last 17 months) yet "spuds" has decreased considerably since its peak in September 2014 at 253 rigs (spuds only) to 125 in March of 2015. Ron Patterson of peakoilbarrel.com puts out incredible detail and updates for the oil patch. See below his chart from his http://peakoilbarrel.com April 30th report 'What is the data telling us' illustrating this.
Interestingly, the industry average from the time a well is spudded to when it begins production is about 120 days. It is no surprise to me then that production has been falling since January which is roughly 4 months after drilling for new wells began decreasing; in turn oil prices have been increasing along since January.
According to an UPI update 5/18/2015 "North Dakota exploration and production activity remains at a five-year low, but has held more or less steady for the better part of a month, state data shows 83 total rigs in active service as of 5/18/2014." See chart below from the North Dakota Dept. of Mineral Resources(http://www.oilgas.nd.gov).
Demand is the other side of the oil coin. This week, the Wall Street Journal reported 'Oil Demand Growing at Fastest Pace in Five Years, Says IEA. Understanding demand can be difficult when estimates change rapidly and worse, reports of estimates contradict. Consider a couple of articles: March 13th story 'IEA raises 2015 global oil demand estimate by 75,000 b/d to 93.5 mil b/d' "The International Energy Agency(IEA) raised Friday, March 13, its estimates for world oil demand growth in 2015 following "tentative" signs of a demand recovery in the world's biggest economy. Stronger-than-expected oil demand growth at the end of last year in the US on the back of rising economic activity saw year-on-year global demand growth reach 870,000 b/d in the fourth quarter, the IEA said, some 200,000 b/d higher than previously estimated." Now compare that to this Reuters story from October 2014 titled 'Oil Demand Outlook Lowered as Sub-$60 Price Seen Holding' which said "The IEA said it cut its 2015 estimate for oil demand growth by 300,000 barrels per day (bpd) from its previous forecast and now expects demand growth of 1.1 million bpd to 93.5 million." Both have the same forecasted number 93.5 mil b/d yet one says IEA raised its estimate by 75,000 to get to this amount while another says IEA cut its estimate by 300,000 to get to this amount. This can certainly create confusion let alone contradicting analysis … 'confusing the trees from the forest.' Perspective is vital here. Looking at year over year IEA actual consumption we see that global consumption has risen year over year since 2009 and the latest IEA estimate for 2015 full-year forecast was just increased by 200,000 barrels/day (3 months ago it was increased by 90,000 b/d). This amounts to global consumption increasing by 1.3million barrels/day in 2015 up from 1.3 million b/d in 2014. Estimates for 2016 are now calling for global consumption to increase by 1.5million b/d.
In summary, the key to today's global oil supply is US production. And while the duck (production) appears gliding one way on top of the water, the duck's legs (decreasing new wells and a rising back log of uncompleted wells) indicate something different under the surface, especially if global demand stays constant let alone increases as the IEA expects.
We are truly living history, so each day brings with it new dangers and new opportunities. My team and I will continue to update you and work with you to sort our way through the turbulent markets. I invite you to call us at your convenience.