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#ifndef GGADGET_BASIC_ELEMENT_H__
#define GGADGET_BASIC_ELEMENT_H__

#include <ggadget/common.h>
#include <ggadget/scriptable_helper.h>
#include <ggadget/scriptable_holder.h>
#include <ggadget/view_interface.h>

namespace ggadget {

template <typename R> class Slot0;
template <typename R, typename P1> class Slot1;
class CanvasInterface;
class Elements;
class MenuInterface;
class Rectangle;
class View;
class ClipRegion;

/**
 * @defgroup Elements Elements
 * @ingroup CoreLibrary
 * @brief Classes of all elements.
 */

/**
 * @ingroup Elements
 * Class of
 * basicElement element, the base class of all other element classes.
 *
 * It implements common properties, methods and signals of all elements,
 * such as x, y, width, height, focus(), onsize, etc.
 *
 * It's a scriptable class. All element instances are owned by native code.
 */
class BasicElement: public ScriptableHelperNativeOwnedDefault {
 public:
  DEFINE_CLASS_ID(0xfd70820c5bbf11dc, ScriptableInterface);

 public:
  /**
   * Constructor.
   * @param view The View which this element belongs to.
   * @param tag_name Type name of this element, must be static const string.
   * @param name Name of this element.
   * @param allow_children If this element can have children elements.
   */
  BasicElement(View *view, const char *tag_name, const char *name,
               bool allow_children);
  virtual ~BasicElement();

 protected:
  virtual void DoRegister();
  virtual void DoClassRegister();

 public:

  /** Bit flags indicate the flip direction when drawing an element. */
  enum FlipMode {
    FLIP_NONE = 0,
    FLIP_HORIZONTAL = 1,
    FLIP_VERTICAL = 2,
    FLIP_BOTH = FLIP_HORIZONTAL | FLIP_VERTICAL
  };

 public:
  /** Gets the type name of this element. */
  const char *GetTagName() const;

  /** Retrieves the name of this element.  */
  std::string GetName() const;

  //@{
  /**
   * Retrieves a collection that contains the immediate children of this
   * element.
   */
  virtual const Elements *GetChildren() const;
  virtual Elements *GetChildren();
  //@}

  //@{
  /**
   * Retrieves the parent element.
   * @return the pointer to the parent, or @c NULL if the parent is @c View.
   */
  BasicElement *GetParentElement();
  const BasicElement *GetParentElement() const;
  //@}

  /**
   * Sets the parent element.
   * Only for @c Elements class or who knows how to keep integrity.
   */
  void SetParentElement(BasicElement *parent);

  //@{
  /**
   * Gets and sets the index of the element in parent.
   * This is not used to change Z-order etc., but is only used by the parent
   * to let the element cache the current index, which must be synchronized
   * with the element tree structure.
   * Only for @c Elements class which knows how to keep integrity.
   */
  size_t GetIndex() const;
  void SetIndex(size_t index);
  //@}

  /**
   * Enables or disables canvas cache of this element. It can make rendering
   * faster for complex elements but need more memory.
   */
  void EnableCanvasCache(bool enable);

  /** Checks if the canvas cache is enabled. */
  bool IsCanvasCacheEnabled() const;

 public:
  /**
   * Retrieves the width in pixels.
   * Might be overrided by derived classes to provide fake pixel width.
   */
  virtual double GetPixelWidth() const;
  /** Sets the width in pixels. */
  void SetPixelWidth(double width);

  /**
   * Retrieves the height in pixels.
   * Might be overrided by derived classes to provide fake pixel height,
   * eg. ComboBoxElement.
   */
  virtual double GetPixelHeight() const;
  /** Sets the height in pixels. */
  void SetPixelHeight(double height);

  /** Retrieves the width in relative related to the parent. */
  double GetRelativeWidth() const;
  /** Sets the width in relative related to the parent. */
  void SetRelativeWidth(double width);
  /** Retrieves the height in relative related to the parent. */
  double GetRelativeHeight() const;
  /** Sets the height in relative related to the parent. */
  void SetRelativeHeight(double height);

  /** Retrieves the horizontal position in pixelds. */
  double GetPixelX() const;
  /** Sets the horizontal position in pixels. */
  void SetPixelX(double x);
  /** Retrieves the vertical position in pixels. */
  double GetPixelY() const;
  /** Sets the vertical position in pixels. */
  void SetPixelY(double y);

  /** Retrieves the horizontal position in relative related to the parent. */
  double GetRelativeX() const;
  /** Sets the horizontal position in relative related to the parent. */
  void SetRelativeX(double x);
  /** Retrieves the vertical position in relative related to the parent. */
  double GetRelativeY() const;
  /** Sets the vertical position in relative related to the parent. */
  void SetRelativeY(double y);

  /** Retrieves the horizontal pin in pixels. */
  double GetPixelPinX() const;
  /** Sets the horizontal pin in pixels. */
  void SetPixelPinX(double pin_x);
  /** Retrieves the vertical pin in pixels. */
  double GetPixelPinY() const;
  /** Sets the vertical pin in pixels. */
  void SetPixelPinY(double pin_y);

  /** Retrieves the horizontal pin in relative related to the child. */
  double GetRelativePinX() const;
  /** Sets the horizontal pin in relative related to the child. */
  void SetRelativePinX(double pin_x);
  /** Retrieves the vertical pin in relative related to the child. */
  double GetRelativePinY() const;
  /** Sets the vertical pin in relative related to the child. */
  void SetRelativePinY(double pin_y);

  /** Retrieve whether x is relative to its parent element. */
  bool XIsRelative() const;
  /** Retrieve whether y is relative to its parent element. */
  bool YIsRelative() const;
  /** Retrieve whether width is relative to its parent element. */
  bool WidthIsRelative() const;
  /** Retrieve whether height is relative to its parent element. */
  bool HeightIsRelative() const;
  /** Retrieve whether pin x is relative to its width. */
  bool PinXIsRelative() const;
  /** Retrieve whether pin y is relative to its height. */
  bool PinYIsRelative() const;

  /** Retrieve whether width is explicitly specified. */
  bool WidthIsSpecified() const;
  /** Clear the specified width value and use the default. */
  void ResetWidthToDefault();
  /** Retrieve whether height is explicitly specified. */
  bool HeightIsSpecified() const;
  /** Clear the specified height value and use the default. */
  void ResetHeightToDefault();
  /** Retrieve whether x is explicitly specified. */
  bool XIsSpecified() const;
  /** Clear the specified x value and use the default. */
  void ResetXToDefault();
  /** Retrieve whether y is explicitly specified. */
  bool YIsSpecified() const;
  /** Clear the specified y value and use the default. */
  void ResetYToDefault();

  //@{
  /**
   * Generic @c Variant version of above x, y, width, height, pin_x, pin_y
   * property getters and setters.
   * @see ParsePixelOrRelative() and GetPixelOrRelative() for details of
   * the variant values.
   */
  Variant GetX() const;
  void SetX(const Variant &x);
  Variant GetY() const;
  void SetY(const Variant &y);
  Variant GetWidth() const;
  void SetWidth(const Variant &width);
  Variant GetHeight() const;
  void SetHeight(const Variant &height);
  Variant GetPinX() const;
  void SetPinX(const Variant &pin_x);
  Variant GetPinY() const;
  void SetPinY(const Variant &pin_y);
  //@}

  /** Retrieves the rotation of the element, in degrees. */
  double GetRotation() const;
  /** Sets the rotation of the element, in degrees. */
  void SetRotation(double rotation);

  //@{
  /**
   * Gets and sets the hit-test value for this element.
   *
   * Derived classes can override GetHitTest() to return customized hittest
   * value.
   *
   * GetHitTest() returns a hittest value of specified position.
   * The default behavior is: If IsPointIn(x, y) returns true, then returns the
   * hittest value set by SetHitTest() or HT_CLIENT by default, otherwise
   * returns HT_TRANSPARENT.
   */
  virtual ViewInterface::HitTest GetHitTest(double x, double y) const;
  void SetHitTest(ViewInterface::HitTest value);
  //@}

  //@{
  /**
   * Gets and sets the cursor to display when the mouse is over this
   * element.
   */
  ViewInterface::CursorType GetCursor() const;
  void SetCursor(ViewInterface::CursorType cursor);
  //@}

  //@{
  /**
   * Gets and sets whether this element is a target for drag/drop operations.
   * If it is a drop target, the ondrag* events will fire when a drag/drop
   * operation is initiated by the user.
   */
  bool IsDropTarget() const;
  void SetDropTarget(bool drop_target);
  //@}

  //@{
  /**
   * Gets and sets whether or not the element is enabled.
   * Disabled elements do not fire any mouse or keyboard events, but still
   * fires drag and drop events if it is a drop target.
   */
  bool IsEnabled() const;
  void SetEnabled(bool enabled);
  //@}

  //@{
  /**
   * Gets and sets the mask bitmap that defines the clipping path for this
   * element. If a pixel in the mask bitmap is black, the pixel is fully
   * transparent, otherwise the alpha value of the pixel will be applied.
   * @see View::LoadImage()
   */
  Variant GetMask() const;
  void SetMask(const Variant &mask);
  //@}

  //@{
  /** Gets and sets opacity (valid range: 0 ~ 1) of the element. */
  double GetOpacity() const;
  void SetOpacity(double opacity);
  //@}

  //@{
  /** Gets and sets whether or not the element is visible. */
  bool IsVisible() const;
  void SetVisible(bool visible);
  //@}

  //@{
  /**
   * Gets and sets the tooltip displayed when the mouse hovers over this
   * element.
   */
  std::string GetTooltip() const;
  void SetTooltip(const std::string &tooltip);
  //@}

  /**
   * Shows tooltip of this basicElement immediately.
   * The tooltip will be showed just below this element.
   */
  void ShowTooltip();

  //@{
  /**
   * Gets and sets the flip mode. Default flip mode is @c FLIP_NONE.
   * If flip mode is not @c FLIP_NONE, flipping occurs within the original
   * rectangle of this element before rotation.
   */
  FlipMode GetFlip() const;
  void SetFlip(FlipMode flip);
  //@}

  //@{
  /**
   * Gets and sets the image to be displayed over the element when this
   * element is focused. Setting a valid focus overlay image will automatically
   * enable focus overlay (IsShowFocusOverlay() returns true).
   */
  Variant GetFocusOverlay() const;
  void SetFocusOverlay(const Variant &image);
  //@}

  //@{
  /**
   * Gets and sets whether to show focus overlay when focused.
   * If set true without setting SetFocusOverlay(), a default focus overlay
   * image will be used.
   */
  bool IsShowFocusOverlay() const;
  void SetShowFocusOverlay(bool show_focus_overlay);
  //@}

  //@{
  /**
   * Gets and sets whether this element is in the focus chain by pressing the
   * tab key. It has no effect when the element is disabled.
   */
  bool IsTabStop() const;
  void SetTabStop(bool tab_stop);
  //@}

  /**
   * Checks whether this element is really visible considering transparency
   * and visibility or the ancestors.
   * In fact, this method should be named "IsPossiblyVisible" instead.
   */
  bool IsReallyVisible() const;

  /**
   * Checks whether this element is really enabled considering visibility of
   * itself and the ancestors.
   */
  bool IsReallyEnabled() const;

  /**
   * Checks if an Element is fully opaque, that is:
   * - The composited opacity upto View equals to 1.0 (255), and
   * - Has a fully opaque background, e.g. a background color or image without
   *   alpha channel, and
   * - Has no mask image.
   *
   * This method calls the virtual method HasOpaqueBackground() to check if the
   * element has an opaque background.
   *
   * The caller should not cache the result of this method, because it might be
   * changed if related element properties are changed.
   */
  bool IsFullyOpaque() const;

 public:
  /**
   * Gives the keyboard focus to the element.
   */
  void Focus();
  /**
   * Removes the keyboard focus from the element.
   */
  void KillFocus();
  /**
   * Checks if the element can be focused with the Tab key.
   * This method (previously named IsTabStop()) is kept for
   * backward-compatibility. Any value set by SetTabStop()
   * will override the value returned from this method.
   */
  virtual bool IsTabStopDefault() const;

 public:
  //@{
  /** Gets the associated View of the current element. */
  const View *GetView() const;
  View *GetView();
  //@}

  /** Gets the canvas for the element mask. Returns NULL if no mask is set. */
  const CanvasInterface *GetMaskCanvas() const;

  /**
   * Draws the element to a specified canvas.
   * The canvas should already be prepared for this element to be drawn
   * directly without any transformation, except the opacity.
   * This function is intent to be called by the element's parent.
   * Derived classes shall override DoDraw() function to perform the real draw
   * task.
   * The element shall not clear the whole canvas, because it might be shared
   * among all elements.
   * @param canvas A canvas on which the content of the element shall be drawn.
   */
  void Draw(CanvasInterface *canvas);

  /**
   * Sets the changed bit to true and if visible and this is not called during
   * @c Layout(), requests the view to be redrawn.
   * Normally don't call this inside a drawing function (i.e. drawing has
   * already started) or there might be extra draw attempts.
   */
  void QueueDraw();

  /**
   * Like QueueDraw, but only request to redraw part of the element.
   * @param rect The rect region to be redrew, in element's coordinates.
   */
  void QueueDrawRect(const Rectangle &rect);

  /**
   * Like QueueDraw, but only request to redraw part of the element.
   * @param region The region to be redrew, in element's coordinates.
   */
  void QueueDrawRegion(const ClipRegion &region);

  /**
   * Checks to see if position of the element has changed relative to the
   * parent since the last draw. Specifically, this checks for changes in
   * x, y, pinX, pinY and rotation.
   */
  bool IsPositionChanged() const;

  /**
   * Sets the position changed state to false.
   */
  void ClearPositionChanged();

  /**
   * Checks to see if size of the element has changed since the last draw.
   * Unlike @c IsPositionChanged(), this flag is cleared in Draw() because
   * Draw() will be always called if size changed.
   */
  bool IsSizeChanged() const;

  /**
   * Sets the size changed state to false.
   */
  void ClearSizeChanged();

  /**
   * Aggregates clip region of all children and self. It'll be called just
   * after calling Layout() and before calling Draw().
   * The clip region cache of this element will be cleared.
   *
   * If either region is NULL or boundary is empty, then only clip region
   * cache will be cleared.
   *
   * @param boundary Clip region boundary in view's coordinates. All clip
   *        rectangles shall not beyond this boundary.
   * @param region Contains all clip rectangles in view's coordinates.
   */
  void AggregateClipRegion(const Rectangle &boundary, ClipRegion *region);

 public: // Coordination translation methods.
  /**
   * Converts coordinates in this element's space to coordinates in a
   * child element.
   *
   * The default implementation should directly call ParentCoordToChildCoord.
   * BasicElement implementation should override this method if it supports
   * scrolling.
   *
   * @param child a child element of this element.
   * @param x x-coordinate in this element's space to convert.
   * @param y y-coordinate in this element's space to convert.
   * @param[out] child_x parameter to store the converted child x-coordinate.
   * @param[out] child_y parameter to store the converted child y-coordinate.
   */
  virtual void SelfCoordToChildCoord(const BasicElement *child,
                                     double x, double y,
                                     double *child_x, double *child_y) const;

  /**
   * Converts coordinates in a child's space to coordinates in this element.
   *
   * The default implementation should directly call ChildCoordToParentCoord.
   * BasicElement implementation should override this method if it supports
   * scrolling.
   *
   * @param child a child element of this element.
   * @param x x-coordinate in child element's space to convert.
   * @param y y-coordinate in child element's space to convert.
   * @param[out] self_x parameter to store the converted self x-coordinate.
   * @param[out] self_y parameter to store the converted self y-coordinate.
   */
  virtual void ChildCoordToSelfCoord(const BasicElement *child,
                                     double x, double y,
                                     double *self_x, double *self_y) const;

  /**
   * Converts coordinates in this element's space to coordinates in its
   * parent element or the view if it has no parent.
   *
   * @param x x-coordinate in this element's space to convert.
   * @param y y-coordinate in this element's space to convert.
   * @param[out] parent_x parameter to store the converted parent x-coordinate.
   * @param[out] parent_y parameter to store the converted parent y-coordinate.
   */
  void SelfCoordToParentCoord(double x, double y,
                              double *parent_x, double *parent_y) const;

  /**
   * Converts coordinates in this element's parent space (or view space if it
   * has not parent)  to coordinates in itself.
   *
   * @param parent_x x-coordinate in this element's parent space to convert.
   * @param parent_y y-coordinate in this element's parent space to convert.
   * @param[out] x parameter to store the converted self x-coordinate.
   * @param[out] y parameter to store the converted self y-coordinate.
   */
  void ParentCoordToSelfCoord(double parent_x, double parent_y,
                              double *x, double *y) const;

  /**
   * Converts coordinates in this element's space to coordinates in the top
   * level view.
   *
   * This function uses SelfCoordToParentCoord() and traverses its parents upto
   * the view to calculate the coordinates.
   *
   * @param x x-coordinate in this element's space to convert.
   * @param y y-coordinate in this element's space to convert.
   * @param[out] view_x parameter to store the converted view x-coordinate.
   * @param[out] view_y parameter to store the converted view y-coordinate.
   */
  void SelfCoordToViewCoord(double x, double y,
                            double *view_x, double *view_y) const;

  /**
   * Converts coordinates in the top level view space to coordinates in the
   * element itself.
   *
   * This function uses ParentCoordToSelfCoord() and traverses its parents upto
   * the view to calculate the coordinates.
   *
   * @param view_x x-coordinate in the top level view space to convert.
   * @param view_y y-coordinate in the top level view space to convert.
   * @param[out] view_x parameter to store the converted self x-coordinate.
   * @param[out] view_y parameter to store the converted self y-coordinate.
   */
  void ViewCoordToSelfCoord(double view_x, double view_y,
                            double *self_x, double *self_y) const;

  /**
   * Delegates to @c Elements::SetScrollable().
   * @return @c false if this element is not a container.
   */
  bool SetChildrenScrollable(bool scrollable);

  /**
   * Delegates to @c Elements::GetChildrenExtents().
   * @return @c false if this element is not a container.
   */
  bool GetChildrenExtents(double *width, double *height);

  /**
   * Get the element's extents information in its view's coordinates.
   * @return the rectangle containing the information.
   */
  Rectangle GetExtentsInView() const;

  /**
   * Get a rectangle's extents information in the view's coordinates.
   * @param rect The rectangle in element's coordinates.
   * @return the rectangle containing the information.
   */
  Rectangle GetRectExtentsInView(const Rectangle &rect) const;

 public: // Event handlers and event related methods.
  /**
   * Handler of the mouse events. Normally subclasses should not override this
   * method except it needs special event handling.
   * Override @c HandleMouseEvent() if need to process mouse events.
   * @param event the mouse event.
   * @param direct if @c true, this event is sent to the element directly, so
   *     it should not dispatch it to its children.
   * @param[out] fired_element the element who processed the event, or
   *     @c NULL if no one.
   * @param[out] in_element the child element where the mouse is in (including
   *     disabled child elements, but not invisible child elements).
   * @param[out] hittest result of this mouse event. It's the hittest value of
   *     in_element, if there is no in_element, the return value is undefined.
   * @return result of event handling.
   */
  virtual EventResult OnMouseEvent(const MouseEvent &event,
                                   bool direct,
                                   BasicElement **fired_element,
                                   BasicElement **in_element,
                                   ViewInterface::HitTest *hittest);

  /**
   * Handler of the drag and drop events.
   * Normally subclasses should not override this method.
   * Override @c HandleDragEvent() if need to process dragging events.
   * @param event the darg and drop event.
   * @param direct if @c true, this event is sent to the element directly, so
   *     it should not dispatch it to its children.
   * @param[out] fired_element the element who processed the event, or
   *     @c NULL if no one.
   * @return result of event handling.
   */
  virtual EventResult OnDragEvent(const DragEvent &event,
                                  bool direct,
                                  BasicElement **fired_element);

  /**
   * Check if the position of a position event (mouse or drag) is in the
   * element.
   * The default implementation of BasicElement checks if the point is
   * inside the rectangle boundary and mask of the element.
   * Derived class may override this method to do more refined check, such as
   * checking the opacity of the point as well.
   * Derived class must call this method of its parent first, then does more
   * check when parent method returns true.
   */
  virtual bool IsPointIn(double x, double y) const;

  /**
   * Handler of the keyboard events.
   * Normally subclasses should not override this method.
   * Override @c HandleKeyEvent() if need to process keyboard events.
   * @param event the keyboard event.
   * @return result of event handling.
   */
  virtual EventResult OnKeyEvent(const KeyboardEvent &event);

  /**
   * Handler for other events.
   * Normally subclasses should not override this method.
   * Override @c HandleKeyEvent() if need to process other events.
   * @param event the event.
   * @return result of event handling.
   */
  virtual EventResult OnOtherEvent(const Event &event);

  /**
   * Called to let this element add customized context menu items.
   * @return @c false if the handler doesn't want the default menu items shown.
   *     If no menu item is added in this handler, and @c false is returned,
   *     the host won't show the whole context menu.
   */
  virtual bool OnAddContextMenuItems(MenuInterface *menu);

  /**
   * Called when this element is no longer the current popup element.
   * (There's no need for a popup on message right now.)
   */
  virtual void OnPopupOff();

public: // Other overridable public methods.
  /** Gets the client width (pixel width - width of scrollbar etc. if any). */
  virtual double GetClientWidth() const;
  /** Gets the client height (pixel width - height of scrollbar etc. if any). */
  virtual double GetClientHeight() const;

  /**
   * Adjusts the layout (e.g. size, position, etc.) of this element and its
   * children. This method is called just before @c Draw().
   * The implementation of this method of the derived classes must call through
   * that of the base classes first.
   */
  virtual void Layout();

  /**
   * Sets a redraw mark, so that all things and children will be redrawed
   * during the next call of Draw().
   *
   * Derived class must implement this function if it has private children,
   * to make sure that its children will be marked as well.
   * The derived implementation must call through this function of its parent.
   *
   * The element doesn't need to call QueueDraw() in this function, the upper
   * level will take care of it.
   */
  virtual void MarkRedraw();

  /**
   * Checks if a child is in its parent's visible area.
   * The default implemetation always returns true. Derived classes shall
   * overwrite this method to implement the correct behavior.
   *
   * @param child a pointer to a child element of this element.
   * @return Returns true if the specified child is in a visible area of this
   *         element.
   */
  virtual bool IsChildInVisibleArea(const BasicElement *child) const;

  /**
   * Checks if an Element has opaque background.
   *
   * The default implementation always returns false. Derived classes shall
   * overwrite this method to implement the correct behavior.
   *
   * This function is mainly for drawing optimization, so it's safe to leave
   * the default implementation unchanged if the derived class can't
   * determine if its background is fully opaque or not.
   *
   * This function is mainly called by IsReallyOpaque().
   */
  virtual bool HasOpaqueBackground() const;

 public:
  /** Enum used by ParsePixelOrRelative() below. */
  enum ParsePixelOrRelativeResult {
    PR_PIXEL,
    PR_RELATIVE,
    PR_UNSPECIFIED,
    PR_INVALID = -1
  };

  /**
   * Parses an Variant into either a absolute value (@c Variant::TYPE_INTEGER
   * or @c Variant::TYPE_DOUBLE) or an relative percentage value
   * (@c Variant::TYPE_STRING).
   */
  static ParsePixelOrRelativeResult ParsePixelOrRelative(const Variant &input,
                                                         double *output);
  /**
   * Returns a Variant depending on whether the input is either absolute
   * pixel value or a relative percentage value.
   */
  static Variant GetPixelOrRelative(bool is_relative, bool is_specified,
                                    double pixel, double relative);

 public:
  //@{
  /**
   * Gets and sets the designer mode. These methods are used internally by
   * Gadget Designer.
   */
  bool IsDesignerMode() const;
  void SetDesignerMode(bool designer_mode);
  //@}

 public:
  //@{
  /** Event handler connection methods. */
  Connection *ConnectOnClickEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnDblClickEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnRClickEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnRDblClickEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnDragDropEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnDragOutEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnDragOverEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnFocusInEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnFocusOutEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnKeyDownEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnKeyPressEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnKeyUpEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnMouseDownEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnMouseMoveEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnMouseOverEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnMouseOutEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnMouseUpEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
  Connection *ConnectOnMouseWheelEvent(Slot0<void> *handler);
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High Rise Music spent half of their Autumn term working on a response to their visit at The Tetley, to see the 50 Years of Leeds West Indian Carnival Exhibition. They continued to work on their musical throughout the rest of the term, and performed the completed piece at Seven Arts. Caribbean sunshine in the middle of December, it was a truly enjoyable show.
You can check out the programme here, complete with lyrics and an understanding of how the group created the songs.


text:
Expedition 380 Scientific Prospectus: NanTroSEIZE Stage 3: Frontal Thrust Long-Term Borehole Monitoring System (LTBMS, K Becker, M Kinoshita, S Toczko
Tags: Nankai Trough, Scientific Prospectus, K. Becker, Japan, the Expedition, International Ocean Discovery Program, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Expedition, plate boundary, frontal thrust, Project Coordination Team, Ocean Drilling Program, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Center for Deep Earth Exploration, Geophysical Research Letters, Kinoshita, heat flow, Kimura, JAMSTEC Japan Publisher, International, site survey data, volcanic ash, National Science Foundation, JOIDES Resolution Science Operator, Ocean Research Drilling, Discovery Program, Keir Becker, Co-Chief Scientists, Earthquake Research Institute University of Tokyo Japan Sean Toczko, Masataka Kinoshita, Expedition Project, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Expedition scientists, volcanic ash layers, deposits, Journal of Geophysical Research, Shipboard Scientists, drilling area, subduction zone, Science and Technology, Transactions American Geophysical Union, marine basin
Content: International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 380 Scientific Prospectus NanTroSEIZE Stage 3: Frontal Thrust Long-Term Borehole Monitoring System (LTBMS)
Keir Becker Co-Chief Scientist Department of Marine Geosciences University of Miami USA
Masataka Kinoshita Co-Chief Scientist Earthquake Research Institute University of Tokyo Japan
Sean Toczko Expedition project manager/Staff Scientist Science Services Department Science Operation Group CDEX, JAMSTEC Japan
Publisher's notes This publication was prepared by the D/V Chikyu Science Operator, the Center for Deep Earth Exploration (CDEX), at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (JAMSTEC) and the JOIDES Resolution Science Operator (JRSO) at Texas A&M University (TAMU) as an account of work performed under the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). Funding for IODP is provided by the following international partners: National Science Foundation (NSF), United States Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD) Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), People's Republic of China Korea Institute of Geoscience and mineral resources (KIGAM) Australia-New Zealand IODP Consortium (ANZIC) Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), India Coordination for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), Brazil Portions of this work may have been published in whole or in part in other IODP documents or publications. This IODP Scientific Prospectus is based on precruise discussions by the Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) Project Coordination Team and scientific input from the designated Co-Chief Scientists on behalf of the drilling proponents. During the course of the cruise, actual site operations may indicate to the Co-Chief Scientists, the Staff Scientist/Expedition Project Manager, and the Operations Superintendent that it would be scientifically or operationally advantageous to amend the plan detailed in this prospectus. Disclaimer Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the participating agencies, TAMU, or Texas A&M Research Foundation. Copyright Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). Unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction are permitted, provided the original author and source are credited. Citation Becker, K., Kinoshita, M., and Toczko, S., 2017. Expedition 380 Scientific Prospectus: NanTroSEIZE Stage 3: Frontal Thrust Long-Term Borehole Monitoring System (LTBMS). International Ocean Discovery Program. https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.sp.380.2017 ISSN World Wide Web: 2332-1385 August 2017
K. Becker et al.
Expedition 380 Scientific Prospectus
Abstract The Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) program is a coordinated, multiexpedition drilling project designed to investigate fault mechanics and seismogenesis along subduction megathrusts through direct sampling, in situ measurements, and long-term monitoring in conjunction with allied laboratory and numerical modeling studies. The fundamental scientific objectives of the NanTroSEIZE drilling project include characterizing the nature of fault slip and strain accumulation, fault and wall rock composition, fault architecture, and state variables throughout the active plate boundary system. International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 380 will deploy a permanent long-term borehole monitoring system (LTBMS) in a new cased hole at Site C0006 above the frontal thrust, where previous expeditions have conducted logging-while-drilling and coring operations. This deployment will be the third borehole observatory deployed as part of the NanTroSEIZE program, and it will extend the existing NanTroSEIZE LTBMS network seaward to include the frontal thrust region of the Nankai accretionary prism. This expedition will cover a period of 40 days, beginning on 12 January 2018 and ending on 24 February. The LTBMS sensors will include seafloor reference and formation pressure sensors, a thermistor string, a broadband seismometer, a tiltmeter, a volumetric strainmeter, geophones, and accelerometers. The casing plan does not include a screened interval for this LTBMS; the monitoring zone will be isolated from the seafloor by a swellable packer (inside the casing) and cement at the casing shoe. This LTBMS will be later linked to the Dense Oceanfloor Network System for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET) submarine network. This Scientific Prospectus outlines the scientific rationale, objectives, and operational plans for Site C0006. A congruent "NanTroSEIZE Investigation at Sea" will convene researchers aboard the D/V Chikyu to use the latest techniques and equipment to reexamine cores, shipboard measurement data (including X-ray computed tomography scans), and logging-whiledrilling data collected during NanTroSEIZE Stage 1 in 2007. Schedule for Expedition 380 The operations schedule for International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 380 is derived from the original Integrated Ocean Drilling Program drilling Proposals 603-CDP3 (cover sheet is available at https://docs.iodp.org/Proposal_Cover_Sheets/603CDP3_Kimura_cover.pdf) and 603D-Full2 (cover sheet is available at https://docs.iodp.org/Proposal_Cover_Sheets/603D-Full2_ Screaton_cover.pdf). The Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) Project Coordination Team (PCT) works with the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology's (JAMSTEC's) Center for Deep Earth Exploration (CDEX) to ensure that the scientific targets remaining from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program are achieved. The overarching goals and implementation strategy are described in Tobin and Kinoshita (2006a, 2006b). Expedition 380 is the fifth NanTroSEIZE Stage 3 expedition and will focus on installation of an long-term borehole monitoring system (LTBMS) at IODP Site C0006. It is scheduled to begin on 12 January 2018 and end on 24 February at Shimizu port, Japan. Details of the operational schedule and updates to scheduling can be found at http://www.jamstec.go.jp/chikyu/e/nantroseize/expedition_380.html. A description of the D/V Chikyu and the facilities
available on board can be found at http://cdex-science.jamstec.go.jp/chikyu-wiki/index.php/Main_Page. Site C0006 is located at the toe of the accretionary prism (Figure F1) near the trench axis of the Nankai Trough off the Kii Peninsula, Japan. Previous drilling at this site included logging while drilling (LWD) to 885.5 meters below seafloor (mbsf ) and coring to 603 mbsf during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program NanTroSEIZE Stage I Expeditions 314 (Expedition 314 Scientists, 2009; Figure F2) and 316 (Expedition 316 Scientists, 2009; Table T1), respectively. Planned operations during Expedition 380 include · Riserless drilling to ~495 mbsf at Site C0006 and setting 9 inch casing to ~389 mbsf, · Running and setting the LTBMS, and · Conducting a shipboard "NanTroSEIZE Investigation at Sea." Further background information about the NanTroSEIZE drilling transect and the goals for the observatory network can be found in IODP Proposal 603D-Full2 (cover sheet is available at https://docs.iodp.org/Proposal_Cover_Sheets/603D-Full2_Screaton _cover.pdf). Introduction Subduction zones account for 90% of global seismic moment release and generate damaging earthquakes and tsunamis with potentially disastrous effects on heavily populated coastal areas (e.g., Lay et al., 2005; Moreno et al., 2010; Simons et al., 2011). Understanding the processes that govern the strength, nature, and distribution of slip along these plate boundary fault systems is a crucial step toward evaluating earthquake and tsunami hazards. Characterizing fault slip behavior and mechanical state at convergent plate boundaries through direct sampling, near-field geophysical observations, measurement of in situ conditions, and shore-based laboratory experiments is a fundamental and societally relevant goal of current earth science. To this end, several recent and ongoing drilling programs have targeted portions of convergent plate boundary faults that have slipped either during large earthquakes, smaller events, or slow earthquakes. These efforts include the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (Hickman et al., 2004), the Taiwan-Chelungpu Drilling Project (Ma, 2005), Integrated Ocean Drilling Program drilling in the Nankai Trough (NanTroSEIZE; Tobin and Kinoshita, 2006a, 2006b) and in the high slip region of the March 2011 Tohoku earthquake (Japan Trench Fast Earthquake Drilling Project [JFAST]; Expedition 343/343T Scientists, 2013; Ito et al., 2013), and the IODP Hikurangi Subduction Margin project (Saffer et al., 2017). Recent geological studies at the Nankai margin (Sakaguchi et al., 2011; Yamaguchi et al., 2011), direct observational evidence from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, and new results from both a seafloor cabled network and LTBMS installations ~2535 km landward of the trench along the NanTroSEIZE transect all suggest that the dйcollement or frontal thrust are capable of storing and releasing elastic strain and may participate in both periodic slow slip events (SSEs) and megathrust earthquakes. New observations along the drilling transect include a family of repeating SSEs, as well as very low frequency (VLF) earthquakes and tremor. Together, these observations indicate that the shallow megathrust is highly active and may present a greater tendency for coseismic slip than previously recognized. Monitoring of this region is therefore a high priority to detect interseismic strain accumulation and release to better understand outer wedge megathrust processes.
Background Geological setting of the Nankai Trough The Nankai Trough is formed by subduction of the Philippine Sea plate to the northwest beneath the Eurasian plate at a rate of ~65 mm/y (Miyazaki and Heki, 2001). The convergence direction is slightly oblique to the trench, and trench wedge turbidites and underlying Shikoku Basin hemipelagic sediments accrete at the deformation front. The Nankai Trough is among the most extensively studied subduction zones in the world. It has been one of the focus sites for studies of seismogenesis by the U.S. MARGINS initiative, the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, and IODP, based on the wealth of geological and geophysical data available. A better understanding of seismic and tsunami behavior at the Nankai margin is highly relevant for the assessment of their societal impacts in heavily populated coastal areas in the world. The Nankai Trough region has 1300 y of historical and archaeological records of recurring great earthquakes that are typically tsunamigenic, including the 1944 Tonankai Mw 8.2 and 1946 Nankaido Mw 8.3 earthquakes (Ando, 1975; Hori et al., 2004). The rupture area and zone of tsunami generation for the 1944 event (within which the site of Expedition 380 is located) are now reasonably well understood (Ichinose et al., 2003; Baba et al., 2005). Land-based offshore geodetic studies suggest that the plate boundary thrust is currently strongly locked (Miyazaki and Heki, 2001; Yokota et al., 2016). Similarly, the lower microseismicity near the updip edge of the rupture area of the 1940s earthquakes (Obana et al., 2001) implies significant interseismic strain accumulation on the megathrust. However, observations of VLF earthquakes and tremor within or just below the accretionary prism in the drilling area (Obara and Ito, 2005; Obana and Kodaira, 2009; Sugioka et al., 2012) demonstrate that interseismic strain is not confined to slow elastic strain accumulation. New observations from two LTBMS systems installed at IODP Site C0010 and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site C0002, located ~2535 km from the trench, reveal repeating SSEs that extend to <25 km from the trench, are accompanied by low-frequency tremor, and recur approximately every 1218 months (Araki et al., 2017). These SSEs may accommodate as much as 50% of the plate convergence budget, indicating that quasiperiodic accumulation and release of strain on the shallowest megathrust via slow slip plays an important role in the earthquake cycle. Slow slip phenomena, including episodic tremor and slip, including episodic slow slip events and nonvolcanic tremor (Schwartz and Rokosky, 2007), are also widely known to occur in the downdip part of the rupture zone (Ito et al., 2007). Seaward of the subduction zone, deformation of the incoming ocean crust is suggested by microearthquakes as revealed through ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) studies (Obana et al., 2005). The region offshore the Kii Peninsula on Honshu Island was selected for seismogenic zone drilling for several reasons. First, the rupture area of the most recent great earthquake, the 1944 Mw 8.2 Tonankai event, is well constrained by recent seismic and tsunami waveform inversions (e.g., Tanioka and Satake, 2001; Kikuchi et al., 2003). Slip inversion studies suggest that only in this region did past coseismic rupture clearly extend shallow enough for drilling (Ichinose et al., 2003; Baba and Cummins, 2005), and an updip zone of large slip has been identified and targeted. Notably, coseismic slip during events like the 1944 Tonankai earthquake may have oc-
curred on the megasplay fault in addition to the plate boundary dйcollement (Ichinose et al., 2003; Baba et al., 2006; Sakaguchi et al., 2011). The megasplay fault is therefore a primary drilling target equal in importance to the basal dйcollement. Second, OBS campaigns and onshore high-resolution geodetic studies (though of short duration) indicate significant interseismic strain accumulation (e.g., Miyazaki and Heki, 2001; Obana et al., 2001; Yokota et al., 2016). Third, the region offshore the Kii Peninsula is generally typical of the Nankai margin in terms of heat flow and sediment on the incoming plate, in contrast to the area offshore Cape Muroto (the location of previous scientific ocean drilling), where both local stratigraphic variations associated with basement topography and anomalously high heat flow have been documented (Moore et al., 2001, 2005; Moore and Saffer, 2001). Finally, the drilling targets are within the operational limits of riser drilling by the Chikyu (i.e., maximum of 2500 m water depth and 7000 m subseafloor penetration). In the seaward portions of the Kumano Basin, the seismogenic zone lies ~47006000 m beneath the seafloor (Nakanishi et al., 2002). Site C0006 was successfully drilled with LWD during Expedition 314 (Figure F2) and successfully cored during Expedition 316 (Tobin et al., 2009). Core samples (to 603 m core depth below seafloor [CSF]; Expedition 316 Scientists, 2009) were divided into three lithologic units (Figure F3; Table T1). Unit I extends from the seafloor to ~27 m CSF and comprises trench to slope transition facies. Unit II is mainly trench deposits, divided into four subunits. Subunit IIA comprises mainly sand-dominated trench wedge deposits, Subunit IIB comprises mixed sand-mud trench wedge deposits, Subunit IIC comprises mud-dominated trench wedge deposits, and Subunit IID comprises deep marine basin to mud-dominated trench transition deposits. Unit III comprises deep marine basin deposits. Seismic studies and site survey data A significant volume of site survey data has been collected in the drilling area over many years, including multiple generations of 2-D seismic reflection (e.g., Park et al., 2002), wide-angle refraction (Nakanishi et al., 2002), passive seismicity (e.g., Obara et al., 2004), heat flow (Yamano et al., 2003), side-scan sonar, swath bathymetry, and submersible and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dive studies (Ashi et al., 2002). As a joint project between Japan and the United States in 2006, a 3-D seismic reflection survey was conducted over a ~11 km Ч 55 km area, acquired by PGS Geophysical, an industry service company (Moore et al., 2009). This 3-D data volume has been used to (1) refine selection of drill sites and targets in the complex plate boundary fault system, (2) define the 3-D regional structure and seismic stratigraphy, (3) analyze Physical Properties of the subsurface through seismic attribute studies, and (4) assess drilling safety (Moore et al., 2007, 2009). These high-resolution, 3-D data were used in conjunction with physical properties, petrophysical, and geophysical data obtained from core analyses and both wireline and LWD logging to allow extensive and high-resolution integration of core, logs, and seismic data (Figure F4). These data were recently reprocessed using newer advanced techniques (Shiraishi et al., 2016; Kinoshita et al., 2017). The supporting site survey data for Expedition 380 are archived at the IODP Site Survey Data Bank (http://ssdb.iodp.org/SSDBquery/SSDBquery.php; select P603D or P603CPD for the proposal number).
Borehole observatories A series of permanent borehole observatories were installed in the NanTroSEIZE transect, beginning with Site C0002 (Expedition 332; Expedition 332 Scientists, 2011) and Site C0010 (Expedition 365; Kopf et al., 2017). Expedition 380 will extend this array to Site C0006 (Figure F1). This transect includes locations within and above regions of contrasting behavior of the megasplay fault zone and plate boundary as a whole. Note that recent studies and discussion suggest that the "megasplay" below Site C0002 is more likely to be the active plate boundary (which can mechanically connect either to the dйcollement or to the shallow out-of-sequence trusts), whereas the underlying reflector (top of oceanic crust) is probably not active (see Moore et al., 2007; Strasser et al., 2009). The observatory sites include a site above the updip edge of the "locked" zone (Site C0002), a shallow site in the splay fault zone and its footwall side (Site C0010), and a site at the tip of the accretionary prism (this expedition; Site C0006), motivated by observed slip in the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake, indicating that at some margins coseismic rupture may propagate along the late boundary all the way to the trench (e.g., Fujiwara et al., 2011). The importance of the last is emphasized by newly observed repeating slow slip events within <25 km of the trench (Araki, et al., 2017). The suite of NanTroSEIZE observatories has the potential to capture in unprecedented detail seismic and microseismic activity, slow slip, and interseismic strain accumulation across a transect from the near trench to the seismogenic zone. Such temporally continuous and spatially distributed observations are necessary to understand how each part of the plate boundary functions through the seismic cycle of megathrust earthquakes. The planned observation system for Site C0006 consists of an array of sensors designed to monitor slow crustal deformation (e.g., strain, tilt, and pore pressure as a proxy for strain), seismic events including VLF earthquakes, hydrologic transients associated with strain events, ambient pore pressure, and temperature. To ensure the long-term and continuous monitoring necessary to capture events that occur over a wide range of timescales, the borehole observatory will be connected to a submarine cabled observation network called Dense Oceanfloor Network System for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET) (http://www.jamstec.go.jp/donet/e) after the drilling expedition in order to provide power and allow for higher sampling rates than can be achieved in a standalone mode (Kopf et al., 2017). The Site C0002 and C0010 LTBMSs are already connected to this network, and the data can be viewed and downloaded at two open-access observatory data portals (http://joinweb.jamstec.go.jp/join-portal/en and http://offshore.geosc.psu. edu/about). Specific Expedition 380 scientific plans Prior results at Site C0006 The primary plan for Expedition 380 is to drill a new 9 inch hole to 495 mbsf at Site C0006, install 9 inch casing to 398 mbsf, and install the LTBMS. This site was originally drilled during Expedition 314 with measurement while drilling/LWD to 885.5 mbsf in two holes and was cored in four holes during Expedition 316 to a maximum of 409.4 mbsf. The Expedition 314 science party identified four primary logging units (Figure F2), based on differing trends and LWD log responses (Expedition 314 Scientists, 2009). Logging Unit I (0197.8 m LWD depth below seafloor [LSF]) was interpreted as sandy and
muddy deposits. Logging Unit II (197.8428.3 m LSF) was interpreted as mud with occasional thick sand layers; the base of Unit II was interpreted as a possible fault zone. Logging Unit III (428.3 711.5 m LSF) was identified as alternating beds of mud and sand and is divided into two subunits. Logging Unit IV (711.5 m LSF to total depth) was interpreted as underthrust, coarse, trench-fill sediments. The main frontal trust was identified by a sudden decrease in gamma ray values (from ~90 to 2050 gAPI) across the Unit III/IV boundary. The Expedition 316 science party identified three lithologic units (Figure F3; Table T1) from Site C0006 core examination (Expedition 316 Scientists, 2009). Unit I (027.2 m CSF) comprises trench to slope deposits dominated by greenish gray silty clay containing clay, feldspar, lithic fragments, vitric fragments, and calcareous nannofossils. Unit II (27.2406.95 m CSF in Hole C0006E; 395.0449.7 m CSF in Hole C0006F) is trench deposits. Unit II is divided into four subunits, mainly based on variations in silt and sand content (a general coarsening upward with progressive increase in sand and silt upsection), with no real correlation between cores and subunit divisions. Numerous thrust faults cause significant repetition of sequences. Subunit IIA (Hole C0006E; 27.272.1 m CSF) contains mainly sand-dominated trench wedge deposits. Subunit IIB (Hole C0006E; 72.1163.3 m CSF) is mixed sand-mud trench wedge deposits composed of almost equal abundances of fine-grained sand, silty sand, and silty clay. Subunit IIC (Hole C0006E; 163.3391.3 m CSF) is mud-dominated trench wedge deposits primarily composed of greenish gray silty clay. Subunit IID (391.3406.5 m CSF in Hole C0006E; 395.0449.7 m CSF in Hole C0006F) comprises deep marine basin to mud-dominated trench transition deposits. Unit III (Hole C0006F; 449.7603.0 m CSF) is deep marine basin deposits composed of greenish gray to grayish silty clay with some interbedded volcanic tuff and shows a transition from Pleistocene to late Miocene. Site C0006 observatory design Site C0006 will be the third LTBMS installation during NanTroSEIZE. The observatory will be equipped with (1) pressure sensors, (2) a strainmeter, (3) a broadband seismometer, (4) a tiltmeter, (5) geophones, (6) accelerometers, (7) a thermistor string, and (8) an acoustic modem. The LTBMS will be deployed into a cased borehole (no screened intervals), with the main sensor carrier and strainmeter (Figure F5) positioned below 400 mbsf in a zone that LWD data (Figure F2) indicates is relatively homogeneous and with pore pressure access to the formation in the open hole below the strainmeter. The pressure sensors will operate in standalone mode with data loggers via battery power. Pore pressure will be monitored (1) in the formation via hydraulic tubing extending through the cemented strainmeter and instrument carrier interval to the open hole and (2) at the seafloor to provide a reference pressure necessary to remove common mode noise due to tidal and other oceanographic forcing. The LTBMS will be fitted with an acoustic modem for data transmission until the observatory is linked to the DONET network during a future JAMSTEC cruise. Drilling strategy and operations plan The primary operations drilling plan and time estimate (Table T2) for Expedition 380 is to drill and case a new riserless hole at Site C0006 for the LTBMS installation. Previous LWD logs, coring records, and seismic images were used to determine casing shoe depth and identify a suitable lithologic interval for setting and ce-
menting the sensor carrier and related instruments (Figure F5). There are no plans for either new LWD drilling or coring during this expedition. Connection of the LTBMS to the DONET undersea cabled network is currently planned for ~2 months after the drilling expedition. Once the LTBMS is successfully deployed, the expedition will end. There are no contingency operations planned. Expedition scientists and scientific participants The current list of participants for Expedition 380 can be found at http://www.jamstec.go.jp/chikyu/e/nantroseize/expedition_ 380.html. References Ando, M., 1975. Source mechanisms and tectonic significance of historical earthquakes along the Nankai Trough, Japan. Tectonophysics, 27(2):119 140. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(75)90102-X Araki, E., Saffer, D.M, Kopf, A.J., Wallace, L.M., Kimura, T., Machida, Y., Ide, S., Davis, E., and IODP Expedition 365 Shipboard Scientists, 2017. Recurring and triggered slow-slip events near the trench at the Nankai Trough subduction megathrust. Science, 356(6343):11571160. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan3120 Ashi, J., Kuramoto, S., Morita, S., Tsunogai, U., Goto, S., Kojima, S., Okamoto, T., Ishimura, T., Ijiri, A., Toki, T., Kudo, S., Asai, S., and Utsumi, M., 2002. Structure and cold seep of the Nankai accretionary prism off Kumano-- outline of the off Kumano survey during YK01-04 Leg 2 cruise. JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research, 20:18. (in Japanese, with abstract in English) Baba, T., and Cummins, P.R., 2005. Contiguous rupture areas of two Nankai Trough earthquakes revealed by high-resolution tsunami waveform inversion. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(8):L08305. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022320 Baba, T., Cummins, P.R., and Hori, T., 2005. Compound fault rupture during the 2004 off the Kii Peninsula earthquake (M 7.4) inferred from highly resolved coseismic sea-surface deformation. Earth, Planets and Space, 57(3):167172. http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/2005/5703/57030167.pdf Baba, T., Cummins, P.R., Hori, T., and Kaneda, Y., 2006. High precision slip distribution of the 1944 Tonankai earthquake inferred from tsunami waveforms: possible slip on a splay fault. Tectonophysics, 426(12):119 134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2006.02.015 Expedition 314 Scientists, 2009. Expedition 314 Site C0006. In Kinoshita, M., Tobin, H., Ashi, J., Kimura, G., Lallemant, S., Screaton, E.J., Curewitz, D., Masago, H., Moe, K.T., and the Expedition 314/315/316 Scientists, Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 314/315/316: Washington, DC (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.). https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.314315316.118.2009 Expedition 316 Scientists, 2009. Expedition 316 Site C0006. In Kinoshita, M., Tobin, H., Ashi, J., Kimura, G., Lallemant, S., Screaton, E.J., Curewitz, D., Masago, H., Moe, K.T., and the Expedition 314/315/316 Scientists, Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 314/315/316: Washington, DC (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.). https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.314315316.134.2009 Expedition 332 Scientists, 2011. Expedition 332 summary. In Kopf, A., Araki, E., Toczko, S., and the Expedition 332 Scientists, Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 332: Tokyo (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.). https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.332.101.2011 Expedition 343/343T Scientists, 2013. Expedition 343/343T summary. In Chester, F.M., Mori, J., Eguchi, N., Toczko, S., and the Expedition
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Park, J.-O., Tsuru, T., Kodaira, S., Cummins, P.R., and Kaneda, Y., 2002. Splay fault branching along the Nankai subduction zone. Science, 297(5584):11571160. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1074111 Saffer, D., Wallace, L., and Petronotis, K., 2017. Expedition 375 Scientific Prospectus: Hikurangi Subduction Margin Coring and Observatories. International Ocean Discovery Program. https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.sp.375.2017 Sakaguchi, A., Chester, F., Curewitz, D., Fabbri, O., Goldsby, D., Kimura, G., Li, C.-F., Masaki, Y., Screaton, E.J., Tsutsumi, A., Ujiie, K. and Yamaguchi, A., 2011. Seismic slip propagation to the updip end of plate boundary subduction interface faults: vitrinite reflectance geothermometry on Integrated Ocean Drilling Program NanTro SEIZE cores. Geology, 39(4):395 398. https://doi.org/10.1130/G31642.1 Schwartz, S.Y., and Rokosky, J.M., 2007. Slow slip events and seismic tremor at circum-Pacific subduction zones. Reviews of Geophysics, 45(3):RG3004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006RG000208 Screaton, E.J., Kimura, G., Curewitz, D., and the Expedition 316 Scientists, 2009. Expedition 316 summary. In Kinoshita, M., Tobin, H., Ashi, J., Kimura, G., Lallemant, S., Screaton, E.J., Curewitz, D., Masago, H., Moe, K.T., and the Expedition 314/315/316 Scientists, Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 314/315/316: Washington, DC (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.). https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.314315316.131.2009 Seno, T., Stein, S., and Gripp, A.E., 1993. A model for the motion of the Philippine Sea plate consistent with NUVEL-1 and geological data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 98(B10):1794117948. https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB00782 Shiraishi, K., Moore, G.F., Yamada, Y., Kinoshita, M., Sanada, Y., and Kimura, G., 2016. Improved 3D seismic images of dynamic deformation in the Nankai Trough off Kumano [presented at the 2016 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CAlifornia, 1115 December 2016]. (Abstract T42C-06) http://abstractsearch.agu.org/meetings/2016/FM/T42C-06.html Simons, M., Minson, S.E., Sladen, A., Ortega, F., Jiang, J., Owen, S.E., Meng, L., Ampuero, J.-P., Wei, S., Chu, R., Helmberger, D.V., Kanamori, H., Hetland, E., Moore, A.W., and Webb, F.H., 2011. The 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake: mosaicking the megathrust from seconds to centuries. Science, 332(6036):14211425. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206731 Strasser, M., Moore, G.F., Kimura, G., Kitamura, Y., Kopf, A.J., Lallemant, S., Park, J.-O., Screaton, E.J., Su, X., Underwood, M.B., and Zhao, X., 2009. Origin and evolution of a splay fault in the Nankai accretionary wedge. Nature Geoscience, 2(9):648652. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo609 Sugioka, H., Okamoto, T., Nakamura, T., Ishihara, Y., Ito, A., Obana, K., Kinoshita, M., Nakahigashi, K., Shinohara, M., and Fukao, Y., 2012. Tsunamigenic potential of the shallow subduction plate boundary inferred from slow seismic slip. Nature Geoscience, 5(6):414418. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1466 Tanioka, Y., and Satake, K., 2001. Detailed coseismic slip distribution of the 1944 Tonankai earthquake estimated from tsunami waveforms. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(6):10751078. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012284 Tobin, H., Kinoshita, M., Ashi, J., Lallemant, S., Kimura, G., Screaton, E.J., Moe, K.T., Masago, H., Curewitz, D., and the Expedition 314/315/316 Scientists, 2009. NanTroSEIZE Stage 1 expeditions: introduction and synthesis of key results. In Kinoshita, M., Tobin, H., Ashi, J., Kimura, G., Lallemant, S., Screaton, E.J., Curewitz, D., Masago, H., Moe, K.T., and the Expedition 314/315/316 Scientists, Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 314/315/316: Washington, DC (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.). https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.314315316.101.2009 Tobin, H.J., and Kinoshita, M., 2006a. NanTroSEIZE Project Stage 1 Scientific Prospectus: Investigations of Seismogenesis at the Nankai Trough, Japan. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sp.nantroseize1.2006
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Table T1. Summary of lithologic units, Holes C0006E and C0006F. From Expedition 316 Scientists (2009).
Hole, core, section, interval (cm)
C0006E-1H-1, 0
316C0006E-4H-3, 20
IIA C0006E-4H-3, 20
C0006E-12H-2, 10
IIB C0006E-12H-2, 10 C0006E-24X-1, 0
IIC C0006E-24X-1, 0
C0006E-48X-1, 0
IID C0006E-48X-1, 0
C0006F-7R-CC, 33.5
III C0006F-7R-CC, 33.5 C0006F-23R-CC, 21
Depth CSF (m) Top Bottom 0.00 27.23 27.23 72.06 72.06 163.33 163.33 391.33 391.33 449.67 449.67 603.00
Thickness Stratigraphic
Lithologic description
Processes of formation
27.2 44.8 91.3 228 58.3 153.3
Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene Pleistocene to Miocene
Nannofossil-bearing mud, interbedded sand layers, and a volcanic ash layer near the base Thick to thin sands with thin interbedded nannofossil-bearing mud layers and a volcanic ash layer Sands interbedded with nannofossilbearing mud, rare volcanic ash layers Mud with sand/silt layers and rare volcanic layers Mud with volcanic ash layers and rare thin silt layers Mud with tuff layers
Hemipelagic settling, turbidites, and a volcanic ash layer Turbidites, hemipelagic settling, and a volcanic ash layer Turbidites, hemipelagic settling, and rare volcanic ash layers Hemipelagic settling, thinbedded turbidites, and rare volcanic ash falls Hemipelagic settling, volcanic ash layers, and rare thinbedded turbidites Hemipelagic settling and rare volcanic ash layers
Table T2. Expedition 380 operations plan and schedule. BRT = below rotary table. PDM = positive displacement motor, BHA = bottom-hole assembly, UWTV = underwater television, POOH = pull out of hole, RIH = run in hole.
Start depth Start depth (mbsf) BRT (m)
Transit and deploy transponders
Transit from Shimizu to Site C0006
Deploy transponders, preparation
Jet-in 20 inch casing to 56 mbsf
Run 20 inch casing with PDM BHA in low-current area
Jetting 20 inch casing to 56 mbsf
Run UWTV and release drill-ahead tool
Drill ahead 12-1/4 inch hole to 399 mbsf
Drill ahead to 399 mbsf
POOH to surface
Run 9-5/8 inch casing to 389 mbsf
Make up and run 9-5/8 inch casing
Cementing
Drill out cement and drill 9-7/8 inch with bicenter bit to 495 mbsf
Make up and RIH drill out cement assembly
Drill to 495 mbsf
Spot protect zone
Run 9-5/8 inch casing scraper
Make up and run 9-5/8 inch scraper assembly
Run completion
Make up and run 3-1/2 inch tubing
Run completion assembly
Run UWTV, reenter hole, and set completion assembly
Recover transponders
Transit to Shimizu
Transit from site to Shimizu
Mechanical downtime, wait on weather, etc.
(days)
Total days:
Total (days) 2.0 7.0 11.0 15.0 18.5 21.0 33.0 35.0 36.0 40.0 43.0
Figure F1. Map showing location of Site C0006 (solid red circle). Red-outlined circles = LTBMS Sites C0002 and C0010. Inset shows region in relation to Japan. Yellow arrows = computed far-field convergence vectors between Philippine Sea plate and Japan (Seno, 1993; Heki, 2007).
33°30' N 33°20' 33°10'
Kii GPS ~ 3 cm/y Kumano Basin
C0009 -2000
-2000 -2000
C0002 -2000 -2000 -2000 C0010 -3000 -2500
130°E 140° C0001 C0004
40° N 30° 150°
3000 -3500 33°00' -4000
-3500 -3500 -3500 -4000
C0006 Philippine SeaJapan ~4.16.5 cm/y
32°50' 136°20'E
136°30'
Nankai Trough
Figure F2. Summary LWD diagram, Expedition 314 Site C0006. From Expedition 314 Scientists (2009). LSF = LWD depth below seafloor. VE = vertical exaggeration. From top to bottom, blue symbols on In-line 2435 indicate planned depths of reference (hydrostatic) pressure sensor, packer, sensor carrier, and pressure Sensor 1. Black tadpoles = bedding, red tadpoles = fracture, tadpole line = dip direction of plane.
Medium resistivity Static
Hole location
Conductive NES 0
In-line 2435
N NW VE = 1.6
Ring resistivity
Deep button resistivity
Resistivity-
Structural data
derived porosity Bedding dips
Sonic velocity
(gAPI)
(V/V)
(m/s) 2100
Depth LSF (m)
300 II 400 A 500 III 600 B 700
Caliper 7 (inch) 25
Bit resistivity
Shallow button resistivity
Fracture dips
Figure F3. Expedition 316 Site C0006 summary results. From Screaton et al. (2009). WR = whole round. From top to bottom, blue symbols in recovery column indicate planned depths of reference (hydrostatic) pressure sensor, packer, sensor carrier, and pressure Sensor 1.
C0006C C0006D C0006E C0006F Stage
Recovery 0 100
Total clay foliation
Plagioclase minerals dip angle
Site C0006 lithology
Unit I:
0 40 80 0 40 80 0
Nannofossil-bearing mud, interbedded sand
layers, and a volcanic ash layer near the base
Unit IIA: Thick to thin sands with thin interbedded nannofossil-bearing mud layers and a volcanic ash
Fault and
band dip
(10-3 SI)
60 0 0.4 0.8 0
Li (µM) 0 80 160
Ca (mM)
Cell abund. (cells/cm3)
Unit IIB: Sands interbedded with nannofossil-bearing mud, rare volcanic ash layers
Unit IIC: Mud with sand/silt layers and rare volcanic layers
Some repetition of sequence
by thrust faulting
Depth (mbsf)
Unit IID: Mud with volcanic ash layers and rare thin silt layers Unit III: Mud with ash and tuff layers Interval is cut by several faults Sand layers Volcanic ash layers Thrust fault - position inferred from biostratigraphic data Thrust fault - position observed in core Thrust fault - position inferred from LWD data
Sands and silts Mud WR (lithology not observed)
Bedding Bedding-parallel foliation (fissility)
Faults Deformation bands
0 6 12 500
0 12000 Methane (µM)
Figure F4. Interpreted seismic reflection depth section (In-line 2435) around Sites C0006 and C0007, based on integrated interpretation of core and log data from the boreholes with the seismic imaging. P/P = Pleistocene/Pliocene boundary, P/M = Pliocene/Miocene boundary.
4.0 4.5 P/P P/M
500 m VE = 1.0X
Fault from seismic reflection profile
Fault identified from core
Fault identified from two kinds of evidence
Fault from age reversal
Fault identified from three or four kinds of evidence
Fault from LWD
Age normal, Plio/Pleistocene,
Plio/Miocene boundaries
C0006F C0006E C0006B
Unit IIA
Unit IIB
LWD Unit I
C0007D C0007A-C
Unit IIC&D
LWD Unit II
LWD Unit IIIA Unit III LWD Unit IIIB
Unit IIAii Unit IICi
Unit IIAi Unit IIB Unit IIAii Unit IIAiii Unit IICii Unit IID
LWD Unit IV
Unit IV
Underplated?
Figure F5. Diagram of Site C0006 LTBMS with depth targets for total depth, sensors, and casing. BRT = below rotary table. TBD = to be determined.
Estimated top of cement in annulus (347 mbsf) Thermistor string (TBD) 12-1/4 inch hole (399 mbsf) Flatpack Pressure Port P1 (452 mbsf) Open rathole 9-7/8 inch (495 mbsf)
Seafloor (3904 m BRT) 20 inch casing shoe (56 mbsf) 9-5/8 inch casing Swellable packer (245 mbsf) Estimated top of cement (323 mbsf) 9-5/8 inch casing shoe (389 mbsf) Sensor carrier/Strainmeter (411-426 mbsf) Cement port (445 mbsf) Bullnose (455 mbsf)
K Becker, M Kinoshita, S Toczko
File: expedition-380-scientific-prospectus-nantroseize-stage-3-frontal.pdf
Title: International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 380 Scientific Prospectus
Author: K Becker, M Kinoshita, S Toczko
Author: Keir Becker
Subject: NanTroSEIZE Stage 3: Frontal Thrust Long-Term Borehole Monitoring System (LTBMS)
Keywords: International Ocean Discovery Program, IODP, Chikyu, Expedition 380, Site C0006, Shikoku Basin, Nankai Trough, long-term borehole monitoring system, LTBMS, Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment, NanTroSEIZE
Published: Mon Jul 31 18:09:57 2017

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl