text:
package org.meruvian.yama.webapi.service;

import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;

import javax.inject.Inject;
import javax.validation.ConstraintViolationException;

import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.meruvian.yama.core.role.Role;
import org.meruvian.yama.webapi.Application;
import org.springframework.boot.test.SpringApplicationConfiguration;
import org.springframework.data.domain.Page;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner;
import org.springframework.test.context.web.WebAppConfiguration;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;

/**
 * @author Dian Aditya
 *
 */
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes = Application.class)
@WebAppConfiguration
@Transactional
public class RoleServiceTest {
	@Inject
	private RoleService roleService;

	@Test
	public void testInitializedRoles() {
		Role role = roleService.getRoleById("1");
		assertThat(role.getName(), is("ADMINISTRATOR"));
	}

	@Test
	public void testNumberOfInitializedRole() {
		Page<Role> roles = roleService.findRoleByKeyword("", null);
		assertThat(roles.getTotalElements(), is(2L));
	}

	@Test(expected = ConstraintViolationException.class)
	public void testRoleValidation() {
		Role role = new Role();
		roleService.saveRole(role);

		roleService.findRoleByKeyword("", null);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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LONDON (Reuters) – Oil giant Royal Dutch Shell will launch a program allowing customers at its petrol stations in the Netherlands to offset their carbon emissions by buying credits to support environmental projects, the group said on Monday.
Shell plans to invest $300 million over the next three years on the program, it said.
The money drivers pay for the credits will be invested in projects, such as tree planting, in the Netherlands, Spain, Peru, the United States and Australia.
This scheme counts towards Shell's target to cut its net carbon footprint by 2-3 percent within three years, including so-called Scope 3 emissions which are generated by Shell's customers rather than just its own operations.
Other energy giants, such as BP and Total, have not yet committed to cutting their Scope 3 emissions.
"Shell buys these credits from a global portfolio of nature-based projects… Each carbon credit is subject to a third-party verification process and represents the avoidance or removal of 1 tonne of carbon dioxide," Shell said.
Dutch drivers will be able to use the credits for what Shell described as "carbon neutral" driving from April 17. The scheme will expand to other countries, starting with Britain later this year, it said.
"Shell's announcement signals that one of the world's biggest energy companies is pursuing a decarbonisation strategy with a broad set of solutions," Mark Tercek, chief of U.S.- based environmental group The Nature Conservancy.
Shell drew rare praise from investors and environmental activists in December when it set out plans to introduce industry-leading targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and link them to executive pay.
An activist group said on Monday it had withdrawn a shareholder resolution calling on Shell to change its climate policy after the oil and gas company reached a broad agreement with investors on the issue.
Posted in: Carbon Capture, Environment, Oil, Reuters, Royal Dutch Shell Plc, Shell.


text:
Michael Bloomberg the tyrant says… Court decisions don't matter
The New York City Mayor says it is normal for government to infringe on individual freedoms because government knows best.
By CHERYL CHUMLEY | WASHINGTON TIMES | MARCH 25, 2013
New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg said on Sunday: Sometimes government does know best. And in those cases, Americans should just cede their rights.
"I do think there are certain times we should infringe on your freedom," Mr. Bloomberg said, during an appearance on NBC. He made the statement during discussion of his soda ban — just shot down by the courts — and insistence that his fight to control sugary drink portion sizes in the city would go forth.
"We think the judge was just clearly wrong on this," he said, on NBC. "Our Department of Health has the legal ability to do this. … [They're] not banning anything."
Mr. Bloomberg's remaining months in office have included a firestorm of regulations and policy pushes on wide range of issues. Aside from the soda size ban and a well-publicized call for tighter gun control, another contentious policy he pushed: Nudging hospitals to lock up baby formula to force mothers to breast-feed newborns.
Filed under English, North America, Politics Tagged with Bloomberg, Bloomberg the tyrant, government bans, individual freedoms, Michael Bloomberg, New york city, soda bans, Soft drink, united states
Prepping No Matter What the Setting
By DAISY LUTHER | ORGANIC PREPPER | MARCH 15, 2013
There really are very few "perfect" locations for a prepper. A very common excuse that some people give as to why they cannot prep is their current location. People say, "Well, once we are able to get moved to our farm in two years I'll start prepping hardcore." Another favorite is "I'm saving the money for moving instead of using it for preps." Or even worse, "Oh, there is no point in prepping here, because if the SHTF I'll be dead."
Stop this kind of thinking RIGHT NOW!!!!!!
Sometimes, to borrow an old saying, you just have to bloom where you're planted.
There are many things you can do to increase your preparedness wherever you happen to live. Apartment dwellers at the top of a city high rise, folks in the middle of the desert, and people in HOA-ruled suburban lots all have to examine their situations, figure out their pros and cons, and work towards resolving what they can. With some pre-planning, there is a lot you can overcome if you have the right mindset. I suspect there are just as many (and probably far more) preppers living in the 'burbs than there are living in perfect rural locations, with a lake, 10 acres of cultivated farmland in an off-grid house.
Money is tight all over. It's very easy for people to say, off-the-cuff, "Oh, you should move."
But just picking up and moving isn't that easy. It took me nearly 4 years to be able to do that. People have obligations and ties that some Joe-Blow on the internet shouting out advice can't even begin to understand. Some in the prepping community have a complete disconnect with the realities of everyday people. There are reasons like:
Not enough money to leave
A good job (very hard to come by these days)
Family members in the area that you don't want to abandon
No work opportunities where you want to go
Custody orders that require you to remain in a certain area
A spouse who is not on board
A house that won't sell or with an upside-down mortgage
The list goes on and on. There are as many reasons to remain in one place as there are people living in cities. And yes, I could sit here and refute each and every reason a person has chosen to remain, but it wouldn't do one bit of good. People are sometimes alienated by the prepping movement when it seems that everything is black and white or like their personal decisions are somehow less valid than the decisions of some random person on the internet.
That's why it's important to take your current situation, warts and all, and work with it. This doesn't mean that you should abandon your plans for a better location some time in the future if such a move is warranted. But it means that you shouldn't put off important preparedness steps until after that move is made.
Assess Your Situation
You don't know where to go if you don't know where you are. The first and most vital step is an honest assessment of your current situation. The situation that you have right now, this very minute, not the one you will have in a month or in a year. Assess your needs regarding the following in a SHTF scenario or disaster:
Once you know exactly where you are with these things, you can begin to look for solutions that will work for you, today. Dig in and make a plan for the survival of your family.
And a little note to those who say, "It doesn't matter, I'm in downtown Manhattan. I'll die anyway."
No, you won't. You won't be that lucky. You will be absolutely thoroughly miserable, breathing foul unhealthy air. You'll be thirsty enough to drink unsanitary water, which will cause bowel issues to worsen problem #1. You'll be hungry, but not hungry enough that you die of starvation. You will be at the mercy of thugs better armed than you. And you won't die, not right away. You will live like I just described, and it will be horrible. Look at the residents of Manhattan during Hurricane Sandy. They didn't die but they were absolutely miserable, they were terrified, they were eating from dumpsters, and much of it could have been avoided with some basic preparedness.
Survival in a Population Dense Area
Before I relocated to my little cabin in the woods I lived in a very metropolitan area. I was lucky in that I had 1/10th of an acre. I did everything I could come up with to make my little house as sustainable as possible should the poop hit the oscillating device before I could get out. A disaster in the city IS survivable.
I planted every inch of the back yard and grew enough food that the home-canned and frozen produce lasted until Christmas. I stockpiled groceries. I had plywood cut and pre-drilled to cover each window of the house. I had printed official looking quarantine signs to hang on the door of my house as a deterrent. I put together a little outdoor fireplace in the backyard behind my fence. I got a big dog. I collected rainwater from downspouts at each corner of the house. I purchased an antique oil heater in good working order, and stockpiled heating oil. I had enough seeds to plant for the next 4 years. I located nearby sources of water, wood, and nuts. I got a wagon for hauling stuff if the transportation system was down.
In short, I did everything possible to make the best of a potentially terrible location. It wasn't perfect, but we would have outlasted most of the other people in our residential neighborhood and done so under the radar.
The Priorities
Let's take a look at each of the major challenges that we face in a SHTF situation. Obviously different disasters offer different challenges. These lists aren't meant to be comprehensive. They are meant to be a starting point to get your wheels turning on how you and your family can best survive, exactly where you're planted right now.
You can only survive for 3 days without water (and you'll be weak and suffering way before that) so that should put water preparedness at the very top of your list. Some ideas: 1 month supply of drinking water stored (plan on a gallon per day, per person and pet), non-electric water filtration system (with spare filters), buckets along with a sled or wheel barrow depending on the season for transporting water, a water catchment system, water purification supplies (bleach, pool shock, tablets), system for catching gray water to be reused for flushing, washing, etc.
In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in New York, it was reported that people were defecating and urinating in the hallways of apartment buildings once the sewer system stopped working. Lack of sanitation is not only unpleasant, but it spreads disease. Some ideas: portapotty, buckets lined with heavy duty trash bags, kitty litter, water for flushing if you have septic, learn how to shut off the main valve so that city sewage cannot back up into your house or apartment, supplies to build an outhouse, lime, baby wipes,antibacterial wipes, white vinegar, bleach, hand sanitizer, extra toilet paper.
Most preppers have a food supply, but have you considered how you're going to prepare all those beans if your stove doesn't work? Some ideas: Minimum of 1 month of food for each family member and pet; alternative cooking methods indoors like a fondue pot, a woodstove, propane stove, or fireplace; outdoor cooking methods like a barbecue (beware of tantalizing smells and hungry neighbors), outdoor fireplace or firepit, rocket stove, or sun oven; and foods that don't require cooking or heating.
This depends upon your climate and the time of year that disaster strikes. Prioritize accordingly. Some ideas: wood stove, fireplace, oil heater, kerosene heater, propane heater, coal heater; non-tech ideas like arctic sleeping bags, winter clothes and accessories, covers for windows, segregating one room to heat.
In a disaster situation, the risk of potentially violent civil unrest always goes up. We used a two-fold approach of trying to avoid conflict by keeping a low profile, but being ready to deal with it if it couldn't be avoided. Some ideas: personal defense items (this will vary depending on your location, the laws there, and whether or not you intend to follow those laws), secure heavy doors with reinforced frames, plywood or gridwork to cover the windows, keeping lights off or low, thorny plants around the perimeter of your house and yard, hardening access points, a big dog, an alarm system, and visual deterrents such as warning signs and quarantine signs.
Don't underestimate the value of light in a dark world. Most city dwellers don't consider exactly how dark the night can be without streetlights and lights from houses. Emotionally, having a bit of light can help soothe frazzled children (or adults) and help the night seem a little less scary. Use caution that your light cannot be seen from the outside – like moths to a flame, people will be drawn to the only brightly lit house on the street. Some ideas: Solar garden lights, candles, kerosene lights, oil lights, flashlights, headlamps, battery operated LED lights, solar camping lanterns.
So, if you're reading this and you've been putting off preparedness due to your location, what's your plan?
If you've been feeling disheartened by all the folks grimly telling you that your home is a death trap, what can you do over the weekend to improve your chances, right where you are?
And if you are fortunate enough to be in an ideal location, please share your ideas about overcoming some of these difficulties in a less than perfect place on the map. As a community, we can all help one another solve problems that could otherwise seem insurmountable.
Filed under Special Reports, World Tagged with cooking, Drainage basin, food, heating, hurricane Sandy, John Q. Public, light, Manhattan, New york city, preparedness, sanitation, security, Survivalism, water, Water purification
New York State starts up attack on Second Amendment by approving new gun control legislation
The State's governor, Andrew Cuomo, and New York City Mayor, Michael Bloomberg, championed a movement to further deteriorate gun ownership ahead of Obama's speech today
By LUIS MIRANDA | THE REAL AGENDA | JANUARY 16, 2013
New York voted Tuesday afternoon in his House of Representatives (104 in favor, 43 against) for new legislation that imposes the toughest gun control measures in the United States. The laws, which directly violate the Second Amendment, prohibit the sale of ammunition cartridges containing more than seven bullets, expand background checks for gun buyers and outlaw the sale of assault weapons. The State Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the legislation immediately after the State Congress approved the new law while everyone else was asleep.
New York's Senate had passed the law Monday night with a vote of 43 in favor and 18 against, which made it a standard bipartisan initiative, that originated in the wake of Connecticut's shooting. Last month, a deranged, doped teenager, supposedly acting alone, shot 26 people at the Sandy Hook School in Newtown, which prompted a vicious campaign by gun grabbing groups. Yesterday marked one month since the shooting in Newtown where Adam Lanza shot six adults and 20 children.
After presenting his proposal during the speech of the State of the Nation, Governor Cuomo said that gun violence is "a scourge to society." "There comes a time when we must say 'no more loss of innocent lives'" he announced. Several schools around the United States have agreed to arm members of their staff in order children and teachers, who up until now worked in what are called gun-free zones.
"The Senate has made a bold statement to agree on a bipartisan bill and work together to face the challenges that await our nation after seeing too many senseless acts of violence carried out with weapons," Cuomo said after the Senate vote. But it is exactly gun-free zones, and states like New York, where unarmed citizens are victims of the most violent crimes committed by criminals who do not abide by gun control laws.
The Senate Republican leader, Dean Skelos, said "the initiative is well-balanced, protects the Second Amendment [which guarantees the right to civilian gun ownership " because no confiscation of weapons was included in the bill, which was a point they had mentioned on occasion." Mr. Skelos forgets that in truth, according to the U.S. Constitution, government cannot pass laws that infringe the Second Amendment, which established a citizen's right to acquire firearms without legal restriction. Despite already having a strong gun control laws, New York is the first of the lower 48 states to approve even more restrictions on gun ownership, limiting citizen's purchases to mere hand guns.
Gun control has been at the center of the American political scene since the killing of Connecticut. The assault rifle with which Adam Lanza perpetrated his assault is a version of a military rifle that can hold up to 30 bullets, which has now been prohibited in New York. According to school sources, no one could have entered the school with an assault rifle without it being detected, which has many people thinking that Lanza did not act alone and that someone either handed him the gun once he got inside the school. The shooter also carried hand guns during his attack on the Sandy Hook School which along he allegedly took from his mothers gun cabinet. Those firearms had all been legally acquired.
It is not a surprise that according to two recent polls, most Americans – 52% – support tougher measures to counter violence causing firearms, including a ban on assault weapons and the presence of armed guards on each school. That 52% said that what happened in Connecticut made them take that position. By their own admission, most Americans have become domesticated jelly fish who are unable to admit responsibility for their acts and who prefer servitude instead of liberty.
A Pew Center poll concluded that 85% of citizens are in favor of private transactions in arms and those occurring in gun fairs do a thorough background check of the buyers. The same poll finds that 80% of the population is in favor of laws that prevent people with mental illness to purchase a gun.
While new anti-Second Amendment bills are approved and prepared all over the United States, law enforcement has not publicly determined if Adam Lanza acted alone, or if he was helped during his shooting spree. What is clear is that due to one mentally ill person's actions, the rest of law abiding citizens, who do not use their firearms to go out and kill anyone, will have to surrender another portion of their Second Amendment right.
As we reported yesterday, President Barack Obama, will shield himself with children during his anti-Second Amendment speech, where he and his Vice President, Joe Biden will present a list of proposals that will allegedly address the 'gun problem'. The President will appear with a list of 19 measures that could be implemented by executive order, that is, without congressional approval.
The new measures would enact stricter penalties against people who lie about their background in selling weapons, eliminate limits on federal research on the use of weapons, order stricter penalties against people who conduct arms trafficking and give schools flexibility to use their resources to improve safety. Ironically, the very same Obama administration allowed the circulation of heavy caliber rifles — including the same ones it intends to ban — to drug cartels in Mexico. Those firearms ended up killing innocent Mexicans and even American border patrol agents. The question is how will the new legislation — if passed — will address the U.S. government involvement in arms trafficking?
The White House confirmed today that the president will make every effort to pass a law banning assault weapons, high-capacity chargers and end technicalities that allow bypass background checks on prospective gun owners.
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Filed under English, North America, Politics, World Tagged with Andrew Cuomo, anti-second amendment, Barack Obama, Connecticut, Dean Skelos, Joe Biden, Michael Bloomberg, New York, New york city, white house
U.S. Law Enforcement asks Congress for Permission to Spy on citizens years after doing so illegally
State and local law enforcement groups want wireless providers to store detailed information about your SMS messages for at least two years — in case they're needed for future criminal investigations.
By DECLAN McCULLAGH | CNET.com | DECEMBER 4, 2012
AT&T, Verizon Wireless, Sprint, and other wireless providers would be required to record and store information about Americans' private text messages for at least two years, according to a proposal that police have submitted to the U.S. Congress.
CNET has learned a constellation of law enforcement groups has asked the U.S. Senate to require that wireless companies retain that information, warning that the lack of a current federal requirement "can hinder law enforcement investigations."
They want an SMS retention requirement to be "considered" during congressional discussions over updating a 1986 privacy law for the cloud computing era — a move that could complicate debate over the measure and erode support for it among civil libertarians.
As the popularity of text messages has exploded in recent years, so has their use in criminal investigations and civil lawsuits. They have been introduced as evidence in armed robbery, cocaine distribution, and wire fraud prosecutions. In one 2009 case in Michigan, wireless provider SkyTel turned over the contents of 626,638 SMS messages, a figure described by a federal judge as "staggering."
Chuck DeWitt, a spokesman for the Major Cities Chiefs Police Association, which represents the 63 largest U.S. police forces including New York City, Los Angeles, Miami, and Chicago, said "all such records should be retained for two years." Some providers, like Verizon, retain the contents of SMS messages for a brief period of time, while others like T-Mobile do not store them at all.
Along with the police association, other law enforcement groups making the request to the Senate include the National District Attorneys' Association, the National Sheriffs' Association, and the Association of State Criminal Investigative Agencies, DeWitt said.
"This issue is not addressed in the current proposal before the committee and yet it will become even more important in the future," the groups warn.
That's a reference to the Senate Judiciary committee, which approved sweeping amendments to the Electronic Communications Privacy Act last week. Unlike earlier drafts, the latest one veers in a very privacy-protective direction by requiring police to obtain a warrant to read the contents of e-mail messages; the SMS push by law enforcement appears to be a way to make sure it includes one of their priorities too.
Filed under World Tagged with att, government spying, Law Enforcement Agencies, los angeles, National Sheriffs' Association, New york city, SMS, text messages, United States Congress, united states senate, unwarranted spying, Verizon Wireless
Former MK-ULTRA Expert Murdered by the CIA, say relatives
By FREDERIC J. FROMMER | AP | NOVEMBER 29, 2012
The CIA had a program in the 1950s and `60s called MK-ULTRA, which involved brainwashing and administering experimental drugs like LSD to unsuspecting individuals. The project was investigated by Congress in the 1970s.
Olson consumed a drink laced with LSD by CIA agents on Nov. 19, 1953, the suit says. Later that month, after being taken to New York City purportedly for a "psychiatric" consultation, Olson plunged to his death.
At the time – when Eric and Nils Olson were 9 and 5 years old, respectively – the CIA said he died in an accident and did not divulge to his family that Olsen had been given LSD.
But in 1975, a commission headed by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller released a report on CIA abuses that included a reference to an Army scientist who had jumped from a New York hotel days after being slipped LSD in 1953. Family members threatened to sue, but President Gerald Ford invited the family to the White House, assuring them they would be given all the government's information. CIA Director William Colby handed over documents and the family accepted a $750,000 settlement to avert a lawsuit.
In an email, CIA spokeswoman Jennifer Youngblood said that while the agency doesn't comment on matters before U.S. courts, "CIA activities related to MK-ULTRA have been thoroughly investigated over the years, and the agency cooperated with each of those investigations." She noted that tens of thousands of pages related to the program have been released to the public.
Filed under English, North America, Politics Tagged with Central Intelligence Agency, CIA, Gerald Ford, LSD, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Nelson Rockefeller, New york city, Project MKULTRA, William Colby

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tata gets renewables manufacturing bit between its UK teeth
by Jeremy Cresswell
Tata Steel has made a small but immensely important strategic investment at Scunthorpe steelworks to capitalise on renewable energy opportunities, especially wind.
Setting up the so-called wind tower hub has cost £1.3million and has so far created 19 new jobs. It is the sort of opportunity that Scunthorpe's prior owner, Corus, should have seized but failed to.
The hub will process and distribute up to 200,000 tonnes each year of steel plate which is manufactured at the adjacent Scunthorpe plate mill, as well as at the Dalzell plate mill in Motherwell.
Tata Steel has bought a purpose-built Messer Omnimat profiling machine and installed it alongside two other profiling machines.
The machines, which use gas burners to cut the steel into the desired shape, can process up to 40,000 tonnes a year of profiled plate for delivery to manufacturers to be fabricated into tubular wind tower structures.
Phil Knowles, Tata Steel plate sales manager for the energy sector, said of the investment: "This new hub allows us to supply plate to wind turbine and tower manufacturers at exactly the right time in their production process. It also allows us to carry out further processing of our plate, enabling us to add extra value to the product.
"The profiling machines will cut the plates into shapes suitable for fabricating into conical towers. They can at the same time cut special edges on to the plate so that our customers can weld the edges together after the steel has been fabricated into a tubular structure and join these sections together to produce towers."
While the first profiled plate has already left the new hub, the facility will continue to be commissioned over the next few months. When fully operational, 38 people will be working there.
Wind towers typically contain between 150 and 250 tonnes of steel. Most of the material Tata Steel will supply for such towers will be delivered to customers in the UK and mainland Europe, but the completed wind towers may be shipped around the world.
"Although this is a relatively new industry compared to some of our other market sectors, we've supplied steel for wind towers for seven years and we've worked hard to develop strong relationships with our customers," added Knowles.
"This new facility will help us keep pace with a fast-maturing industry. It is also an investment in the UK wind energy supply base that will be needed if the UK is to realise its ambitious plans to build thousands of wind turbines over the next 10 years."
Tata Steel makes a range of steel products for the renewable energy sector. In August the company revealed plans to build a new £31.5million manufacturing facility on Teesside to produce steel foundation structures (monopiles), which are used to secure offshore wind turbines to the seabed.
Tata Steel also announced it was investing £8million at its Dalzell mill in Motherwell to increase production of heavy levelled plate used in a number of applications, including foundations for offshore wind turbines.
Tata Steel Europe (formerly Corus) is Europe's second largest steel producer. With main steel-making operations in the UK and the Netherlands, the company supplies steel and related services to the construction, automotive, packaging, material handling and other demanding markets worldwide.
Confidence and M&A activity increasing in the oil and gas sector
plate sales manager
prior owner
profiled plate
right time
tubular wind tower


text:
Q: Run JAR file on remote Host 24x7 I have a JAR file which i am running on my home computer.
But i cannot run it 24X7 because of power /internet outages.
JAR contains->
UDP DatagramChannel , JDBC to update MySQL DB, Multithreaded , Executor Pool.
The direct answer would be to buy a VPS but that is not an option because VPS costs 100$ per month , So its expensive to start as the JAR application is currently small.
Cheap shared webhosts dont allow Listening to ports (required for UDP channels).
How should i proceed.

JAR takes around 50K Memory and 15KBps Network IO. which will increase in future.

A: The average VPS costs much less than $100 a month - it's possible to get a cheap one for more like $3/month.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ben Blanchard
"All right. when you are attend..."
2021-12-02 Interview at Reuters NEXT
Minister, thank you very much for joining us today. It's been a pleasure to talk to you.
Minister, is there a particular Star Trek character, for example Spock, that you have found personally inspirational?
Do you think there's a lesson from Star Trek for Taiwan?
From your personal point of view, you know Star Trek, you know it's seen as this utopian society, something was very ahead of its time when it came out in the 1960s, certain in terms of things like interracial relationships and stuff.
I have just one question, which is a slightly lighter question. I know that sometimes in your interviews you like to use the Vulcan expression, "live long and prosper."
Minister, I think we're almost at our time limit, I have just…
What are the areas that still sort of concern you about democracy in Taiwan, and sort of what areas do you think you personally in your role still need to improve upon?
All right. when you are attending the democracy summit next week, when you're talking about China's – sorry, Taiwan's – story, but about also disinformation that comes from China, what do you really want the world to know about the situation that you're facing here, and what lessons do you ...
Does it frustrate to you personally, that if you look at international media coverage of China, it's often – especially at the moment with the pressure that Taiwan is facing – that so many of the stories from Taiwan and about Taiwan are ultimately stories about China?
Yes, exactly, it was in the neolithic period that Taiwan broke away from China. do you think that in the international discourse around Taiwan, there's too much focus about trying to connect Taiwan to China? And that means that Taiwan's own achievements, its own story, is more difficult for the ...
I remember in 2019 you gave a very witty response to a German reporter when you were asked about when did you know about Taiwan…
Thank you, Minister, that's a very interesting point. One of the sort of comments that you're very famous for, you have a very dry wit, like you talked about using humor to counter some of rumor, yes, using humor to counter rumor.
Do you think that there should be more regulation of social media, especially in the case of China really, to prevent them from abusing these tools?
We saw last week, for example, 胡锡进, the editor of the global times was busy attacking President Tsai on Twitter for meeting the Baltic lawmakers.
But China is becoming increasingly good at using these these platforms, which are of course ironically banned in China themselves, to sort of spread its message around the world.
A lot of this in Taiwan, obviously, is where it's a very free society here; we're a democracy with freedom of speech. People are very passionate users of Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.
How do you tackle this? I mean, what is your overriding strategy for tackling this and do you believe that you're winning the war against China?
We obviously exist in a time of extreme disinformation on the Internet. The Taiwanese government complains frequently about disinformation that spreads in Taiwan and a lot of it they say comes from China.
Okay. Now, Minister, one of the the things that you are most well known for in Taiwan is about participatory democracy, about radical transparency and openness.
Are you actually going to Washington for the summit or will you be participating virtually?
So you're basically saying that China really should democratize if it wants to be invited to summits like this?
I mean, you know there is constant pressure from China and especially the fact that they are so angry that you are going to be participating, that the Taiwan government has been invited to the democracy summit?
As you know, the Chinese government is very angry that that Taiwan has been invited to participate. What's your reaction to that?
Obviously, there's a lot of international attention on Taiwan at the moment, because of the increased pressure that China is putting on Taiwan, whether it's military or diplomatic or political.
If I could go straight into the interview… Next week, you will be representing Taiwan at President Biden's Democracy Summit along with Ambassador Bí-khîm Hsiao. Could you give us a flavor perhaps of what we're going to say at that summit and explain to us why you think it's so ...
You're one of the most sort of prominent supporters and proponents of Taiwan on the international stage, so we thank you for joining us today.
Minister Tang is a self-described civic hacker. She joined the government in 2016 at the age of 35 and I believe — please correct me if I'm wrong — you are the second youngest ever appointee to the cabinet in Taiwan.
We are very happy today to have Minister Audrey Tang, Taiwan's Digital Minister, joining us for Reuters NEXT.
Good afternoon from Taipei, I am Ben Blanchard, I'm the Reuters Taiwan bureau chief.


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Amanda J. Phalin: Making businesses work for everyone
By Amanda J. Phalin Special to The Sun
Many Gainesvillians have a daily routine: Sit in morning traffic, work, sit in evening traffic. It's easy to feel frustrated while trapped on one of the few arterial roads in town. But if we stop to think about our everyday grind, we are, in fact, incredibly lucky.
Some only dream of being stuck in traffic. If you work in food service or retail, chances are high that your day is dictated by "on-call scheduling": You get only a few days' or even hours' advance notice before shifts, and they may be canceled last-minute. According to the U.S. Census, almost 20 percent of employees in the metro area work in these sectors.
Businesses say just-in-time scheduling helps reduce costs. But employees bear those costs in the form of irregular paychecks for already low-paying work. Being on call also makes planning child care, medical care, school work and additional jobs difficult.
New York City, Seattle, San Francisco and Oregon have declared the practice abusive, passing laws mandating stable scheduling and requiring businesses to pay workers for canceled shifts.
Given the high percentage of our labor force vulnerable to unstable scheduling and its negative repercussions, should Gainesville and Alachua County pass similar measures?
A study from last month's Harvard Business Review says, quite possibly. Researchers randomly assigned Gap clothing stores in San Francisco and Chicago to two groups: On-call scheduling as usual, or stable scheduling. In the stable-scheduling group, sales increased 7 percent and productivity jumped 5 percent, translating into almost $3 million in additional revenue.
This seems like an endorsement of fair-scheduling policy, but note a few caveats: First, the stores chose to participate in the experiment, meaning that managers in the study may have already had a preference for stable scheduling. Second, Gap gave most managers in the stable-scheduling group additional staffing hours, on top of their current labor budgets. Finally, workers were able to exchange shifts, on the mobile app Shift Messenger, without manager involvement.
In other words, the study shows that when managers want to provide more stable scheduling, when it doesn't cost them more to do so, and when employees can change their schedules freely, revenue and performance will rise. This doesn't seem surprising. Can a government mandate create the same outcome?
San Francisco's experience suggests no. According to a survey of retailers by the conservative Employment Policies Institute, after the law's 2015 implementation, about 20 percent of businesses offered fewer part-time positions, and about 33 percent provided less flexibility in schedule changes.
A survey of workers from the Center for Law and Social Policy and Young Workers United, a labor advocacy group, dovetails with these results. More than 33 percent said they want to work additional hours, but responses differ significantly by race: Sixty percent of African-Americans want more hours, compared with only 17 percent of caucasians.
What is happening? In economics, it's called a "perverse incentive" — a policy that yields the opposite, unintended, result. Under the new laws, businesses pay a penalty for scheduling a worker and then canceling at the last minute. Rather than risk the fine, it appears that managers opt to fill fewer shifts. And, findings indicate that non-white workers are more likely to be excluded from those reduced shift schedules.
Then what can be done? Is there a way to capture the benefits of stable scheduling without the negative, unplanned consequences that regulations can sometimes create?
Looking at the Gap study, the elements for a successful stable-scheduling program seem clear: willing managers, additional money for implementation and employee freedom to set shifts. Instead of imposing a requirement on businesses, local leaders should endeavor to create an environment that encourages positive behavior. In lieu of a Fair Scheduling Law, city and county officials should consider a Fair Scheduling Tax Incentive, as well as grants that provide businesses access to training and mobile scheduling apps, such as Shift Messenger.
The data are clear: Good working conditions are good for business. But managers and employees need the freedom to create systems that work at their individual firms. With the right set of flexible incentives, we can help improve the livelihood of many in our community, allowing more Gainsvillians to create their own daily grinds.
Amanda J. Phalin is a lecturer at the University of Florida's Warrington College of Business. Luke Newquist assisted with research.


The course I ran today seemed flat in theory, but there were a few bumps along the way that took me off sub 6. Overall though, for as fast as I was moving, I still was far away from a burnout. This was a little surprising because I had felt sluggish from taking antibiotics all last week. Towards the end of the run I felt like tacking on another 3-5 miles at that pace wouldn't have been impossible, but may have been more than I wanted to push my body for the workout. Talking to a couple different 2:40 marathoners, I've come to realize how easy it is for me to over train for the relatively short marathon based on my typical training for ultras. With 4 weeks to go, I'm going to try to save the "fast twitch" muscles with shorter workouts.
After today, I'm pretty sure my trainers have a speed limit of 5:50, but I think with a pair of flats or performance trainers, I'm clear for clipping off sub 5:45's consistently. (Btw, I don't know if anyone has an input on the new balance 904's or Nike lunar racer's but I'm open to any input about the two.) I'd feel comfortable doing this for the first 10-15 miles or so at Long Beach (I admit 2:30 marathon pace is very ballsy, and my goal still is just to come close to 2:40). I think though with a good first 13-18 at 5:45, I can set myself up for a solid 2:28-2:40.
Today I felt like I found a "endurance of speed" that I didn't really believe I had. I thought maybe I could gut out 6:15's, but something inside caused me to believe I could do a little better. And once you clip off one sub 6, you want to try and do another, and you do, but you worry a little and start to ease back to reassess, but you know inside you want another, and another, and another.. So you do it.
For all of us, there's that next level that we dream about, but are never quite sure we can live at. I think most of the time we look at jobs and life in general with a tendency to be cautious and hold on to what we have. It's efficient, and keeps us from worrying too much about dealing with failure. Whether or not failure is imminent, risk is risk, and the older we get, the less we like it. Sometimes though, living beyond your perceived abilities is so exciting and rewarding that you can't bear not to try it. You find you sleep more peacefully at night, wake up hungry to attack the day, and you don't doubt yourself as much. This taste that life takes on is so flavorful, that you know you're far past the simple city pleasures of food, drink, social events, and bed (no offense to those that do).
I feel like my running and everything else right now is starting take on this risk-filled adventure. There's a different feeling to partial differentials and morning commutes and interactions with friends. It's how life is meant to be lived.


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Game Changer? Organic Farmers Could Get Much-Needed Financial Support If This Idea Pans Out
by Nick Meyer | January 6, 2015
Interest in organic farming is surging, with both millennials who've never planted a seed before and long-time family farmers getting in on the action.
But while growing your own edible plants in pots, and even your own backyard garden can be both efficient and cost-effective, growing and producing organic food on a large scale takes both practice and a certain amount of capital.
Affordability and financing are often the biggest obstacles to farmland access for prospective organic farmers, but now two Northeast investors are hoping to "be the change" that enables the local small organic farming scene to thrive the way area residents always knew it could.
The "First in 25 Years"
Agricultural sales in Maine grew 24 percent from 2007 to 2012, and more young people than ever are getting into farming, according to this article from the Bangor Daily News.
But as noted by John Piotti, head of the Maine Farmland Trust in the article, affordability and financing are the two biggest barriers to farmland access moving forward.
Enter Sam May and Scott Budde, two investors who are planning to launch the first new credit union in Maine in 25 years, one that will be focused exclusively on helping small farmers get the lines of credit they need for land, equipment and more.
"Here's a sector that's growing, and in some places very rapidly. Everybody likes it, it's got broad support and there are financing gaps that people are talking about, so why wouldn't you have this?" Budde told the Bangor Daily News.
Maine farmers with their harvests. PHOTO: MaineFarmlandTrust.org
The credit union is expected to get a state charter in around two years and hopes to reach $10 to $15 million in deposits by its eighth year. It will also offer mortgages between $100k and $500k and equipment loans between $5k and $50k, serving members of the Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association and the Maine Farmland Trust.
The decision to start the credit union was made in large part after May researched the nonprofit credit union model as the best option for supporting small organic farmers in the state.
May and Budde chose the name Maine Harvest Credit Union (website here), and are seeking about $1.4 million in grants this month to jumpstart the project and to help organic farmers thrive even more in the "The Pine Tree State."
"It's the only realistic economic engine for large swaths of rural Maine," Piotti told the Bangor Daily News. "You can't have sustainable rural economies without sustainable agriculture."
Thanks for reading! To learn more visit the Bangor Daily News website here. You can also subscribe and get a free eBook by clicking here.
Categories: AltHealthWORKS, Organic Farming, and Organic Food.
Tags: main credit union, main organic, maine farmer credit union, organic credit union, organic farmers, organic farming financial, organic finances, and organic financial.


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Articles » Language Lab
Why Japanese Games Have Small Text on Top of Normal Text
Posted on March 11, 2014 by Clyde Mandelin ‧ 60 Comments
A reader named Joe asked a question about Japanese text that actually tends to pop up on a regular basis:
Hello. I recently came across a screenshot of animal crossing, and I was confused about something. If you look in the attached picture, it shows regular Japanese text, but for some of the bunches of text, there is text above it in a smaller font. What is up with that?
And here's the picture Joe attached:
As you can see, there seems to be small text above the regular text there… What the heck is this craziness?!
The quick answer is that the extra text above normal text is basically a pronunciation guide.
There is a little more to it than that, though.
Japanese Writing Systems
In super-simple terms, Japanese writing comes in two forms: kanji and kana.
Kanji originates from Chinese and generally looks a bit complicated, you know, stuff like 影響 and 爆弾 and 馬鹿. There are thousands of kanji characters and each one usually has multiple meanings and pronunciations that you gotta memorize.
Kana is a bit more like a "syllable alphabet" and generally looks simpler, with stuff like この and ハロー and そら. Because it's based around syllables, kana is usually super-easy to read and pronounce. There aren't many kana, so you can easily master it in a few days.
Anyway, standard Japanese writing uses a mix of both kanji and kana, as well as a dash of English. The problem is that because Japanese kanji can be read in so many ways, sometimes it's not always clear which reading is intended. For example, just the basic kanji character 下 has like a dozen possible readings!
So, when a Japanese writer wants to make sure readers know how to pronounce a bunch of kanji, it's common practice to put the pronunciation in kana above it. This type of kana that appears above kanji is known as furigana.
If we had furigana in English, I suppose it might look something like this:
Anyway, since it takes many years to master all the standard Japanese kanji, it's normal to see furigana in stuff aimed at kids. That's why it's so common in games and manga and such.
But it's not by any means a kids-only thing. Japanese names are usually written in kanji, and including the pronunciation on your business cards or form applications or whatever else is extremely common. In fact, Japanese names are so crazy that there are huge dictionaries and resources just for name pronunciations!
Basically, have you ever had someone read your name out loud but pronounce it wrong? That problem is much worse in Japanese, so furigana serves as a solution.
Furigana is also super-helpful when it comes to learning the language and when learning kanji. So furigana acts as a crutch sometimes, and as a helpful resource other times. It's a really neat aspect of the Japanese language!
Furigana Everywhere
Furigana is seriously everywhere in Japanese! It's in games, of course:
…Although due to memory and hardware limitations it's not very common in older games.
Furigana is also very common in manga and such:
Furigana is common in books of various types, too:
Furigana is sometimes used on TV:
Furigana is very important when it comes to Japanese karaoke:
Most mainstream newspapers don't use furigana in the main articles, but it's still common to see furigana in other parts:
It's common to see furigana on really important signs too, like train station signs. Many train stations in Japan also helpfully include the names written out in English for folks like us!
So if you ever see small text on top of normal-sized Japanese text, now you know what it is!
Advanced Furigana
By some crazy coincidence, I received another e-mail on the same day by another reader named EmpoleMew that was also about furigana:
To make a long story short, with the extremely minuscule knowledge I have of Japanese, I know that furigana is meant to provide a sort of pronunciation guide to kanji (and foreign characters) that may be unfamiliar or hard to read because of small print. However, as an avid player of Yu-Gi-Oh, I've noticed that some Japanese card names have furigana that actually gives the card a name completely different from the kanji. The example that led me to asking the question is a new card, whose name is spoken in the anime and written in furigana on the actual card as "Rank-Up-Magic The Seventh One", but whose kanji says the name of the card is "Rank-Up-Magic Swords of the Seven Emperors"! Knowing the context of the anime, the Seven Emperors name makes sense, referring to the characters using the card, but this name is never spoken by anyone, and the double name will be lost to localization like many other things in the game.
So the question (or questions I guess) here is, is this a common practice in Japanese media, and can you think of any possible reasons for doing it? Have you ever come across situations like this in any of your translation work, professional or personal? I eventually plan to get into localization work myself in the future, and I feel like this is something I need to be weary of.
So we've seen how furigana can tell readers now how to pronounce kanji. But on occasions a writer can use furigana to create a totally custom pronunciation or give extra information – which is actually extremely common in Japanese entertainment!
Just because I happen to have it handy, here's an example from the Fairy Tail manga:
Here, he's saying 妖精の尻尾, which would normally have the furigana of ようせい (yousei, "fairy") and しっぽ (shippo, "tail"). But the author decided to give it a custom pronunciation instead: フェアリーテイル ("fearīteiru", ""Fairy"). From this, Japanese readers can tell how to pronounce the word and what the word actually means.
Here's another example:
Here, the highlighted words 滅竜魔導士 and 魔水晶 both have this custom furigana. 滅竜魔導士 is meant to be read out loud as "Dragon Slayer" and 魔水晶 (masuishou) is meant to be read out loud as "lacrima".
The writer could've easily just used "Dragon Slayer" and "lacrima" directly in the text. But with the custom furigana, readers can pronounce it the intended way AND know what these names actually mean. It's a pretty nifty trick!
So, as a translator, how are you supposed to handle all this double-meaning, double-information stuff? The answer is that it's pretty much a case-by-case basis, and no matter what you do something will get lost in the translation. I come across it a lot in my own work, so maybe I'll try to document some cases for a future post. Usually it comes down to personal preference, or, if you're super-duper lucky, you can ask the company or creator about it.
Anyway, whew! So that's the quick look at the wacky world of Japanese double-text and the cool stuff it can be used for! Even if you don't plan on learning Japanese, hopefully this gives you a little more insight on how other languages try to handle the "How the heck do you pronounce this word?!" problem.
To be honest, there's actually a lot more to furigana than what we've seen here; it can often be used for jokes, word play, creating catchy phone numbers, memorable marketing slogans, and more. So who knows, maybe they'll come up in future articles! But for now let's let our brains rest a little 😛
If you enjoyed this, check out Legends of Localization Book 1: The Legend of Zelda, my book dedicated to the very first Zelda translation and how it has affected every Zelda game since! (free preview PDF )
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Morgil March 11, 2014 at 7:25 pm
A long, long time ago (in a galaxy far away, j/k), back when i used to be into Yu-Gi-Oh, i remember seeing the different pronunciations on cards. I think the one that most comes to mind was the famous Blue-Eyes White Dragon card, which had a kanji name, with some of those furigana things spelling out the english pronunciation above it.
Actually, come to think about it, it really is impressive just how long the Yu-gi-oh franchise has been around. I used to really be into the anime, manga, and card game back when i was in high school, which was eleven years ago. I tried recently to read one of the newer mangas, but i just couldn't get into it. It really is amazing, though, that other manga authors keep coming up with new stories long after the original manga author put an end to his little tale about an egyption ghost killing people with deadly games.
Darien March 12, 2014 at 12:36 am
I was into Yu-Gi-Oh for a month or so, probably about the same time you were (though I was a hair older). I got the original Kaiba starter, and was very fond of my Blue-Eyes White Dragon. It was like one of the few cards I recognised from the small amount of the cartoon I'd seen. 🙂
Panda-s1 March 11, 2014 at 7:45 pm
Potato Girl is being voiced by Ashly Burch, I am excite.
Actually, I've been curious about the use of furigana translating into Japanese. Like in Star Wars, apparently (according to this blog: http://nihonshock.com/2009/12/star-wars-quotes-in-japanese/) the Dark Side is called ダークサイド, but written as 暗黒面. Which seems a little silly, as either one alone works fine. Is this like some kinda attempt at localization? Like I know this trend was popular with shonen manga even back then, so I can see some localizers doing this in an attempt to appeal to younger audiences.
I've also noticed in some games they forgo writing some words in Japanese and just have the English left untranslated. The only example I can remember off the top of my head is Borderlands 2. If you look on YouTube you can find a video of the game in Japanese with Japanese subtitles, and certain key words like "Bandit" are mixed in with Japanese text.
Audie March 11, 2014 at 8:30 pm
For the Dark Side thing, I think its to so the audience knows the meaning while avoiding names changes.
Panda-s1 March 11, 2014 at 10:44 pm
I know that, but the point is why not just say 暗黒面? That alone gives the meaning of 暗黒面, quite literally I might add.
Audie March 12, 2014 at 3:54 am
Name changes in translation, even when its a group name or title that can be translated otherwise, is a touchy subject in j to e, and I'd imagine it's the same the other way too. There's also the possibility that the license to translate the movie prohibited changing names, which isn't unheard of (very recent example is not being allowed to change Monokuma in Danganronpa).
One of the odder instance of "custom pronunciation" furigana I've seen is the back of Summon Night: Craft Sword Monogatari: Hajimari no Ishi (Aka Swordcraft Story 3). The first instance of 物語 is furiganed ストーリ (story) and latter down the box uses 物語 with the normal ものがたり (Monogatari) in furigana.
The manual (excluding some promotional info at the end) also has full furigana, though sadly the game (and the rest of the Summon Night games) lack it.
Fortenium March 11, 2014 at 8:30 pm
Oda does that a LOT in One Piece. Like "Grand Line" is "偉大なる航路" and the furigana is "グランドライン". Luffy's attacks usually have it also, like it will say "pistol" in kanji and the pronunciation will be as it would be in English in the furigana.
And then on some occasions it gets confusing like with "Gomu Gomu no Redhawk", it pays tribute in the kanji to Ace by having "火拳" ("fire fist") in the kanji. Pirate Warriors 2 translated it literally and it's called "Gum-Gum Fire Fist Pistol" instead of "Gum-Gum Redhawk".
GH March 12, 2014 at 3:26 am
Hunter x Hunter does it a lot. The alternate furigana text is often something else entirely, and not necessarily katakana for some English equivalent, but text in hiragana. Sometimes those furigana subtitles even includes simple kanji like 一二三四人.. (oh, the irony!)
Adamant March 12, 2014 at 10:18 am
All manga aimed at younger audiences these days have furigana for all kanji, no exception.
GH March 13, 2014 at 12:54 am
I get it of course, my point was that the furigana in HxH were something completely unrelated in most cases, and sometimes, the furigana (which is supposed to give the reading for complicated kanji in the first place) have kanji themselves.
Adamant March 13, 2014 at 6:43 am
Right, I misread what you wrote.
Furigana seems to be a near standard on the 3DS, with even "adult" games like Shin Megami Tensei 4 having it (maybe it's a system font thing?). The exception seems to be Pokemon, which only has a kana only mode or kanji mode with no furigana for some reason.
Custom Robo: Battle Revolution made a leap from the first two game all kana to furigana. (the script seems to be on the english disc still. Wonder if there is an AR code I could force it with, because I'd really like to take a look at how the game was translated as the script is so joke filled while the rest of the series seems to be pretty straight laced)
AConcernedGamer March 11, 2014 at 9:04 pm
A related pet peeve of mine is the romanization of long vowels. My stance is to stay true to the original kana spelling, but it seems that doing so is rare in the games I play, and when I see a word romanized by shortening the vowel or using a macron, I have difficulty not noticing it.
For example, while playing Ace Attorney: Dual Destinies for Nintendo 3DS, my stomach turned every time I saw the word "yokai" in the script because I already learned the hiragana spelling: 「ようかい」. That's "yo U kai". Knowing how Japanese phonology works, I accidentally misread every instance of "yokai" as 「よかい」 and correct myself every time.
I understand the meaning of the macron and how difficult typing letters with macrons can be, but I believe that romanizations should stay true to the kana spelling, especially in the absence of macrons. A related issue is people misspelling "über" as "uber", not knowing that they should spell it as "ueber" if umlauts are unavailable or inconvenient.
One more reason for staying true to the kana spelling: I cannot in good faith consider 「えい」 and 「おう」 to be true extended vowels (substitute 「え」 and 「お」 with any kana with the same vowel). I once read in an online guide that, for example, in 「えい」's pronunciation, the /e/ curves toward /i/, resulting in "ay" instead of "eh", which makes sense because the kana have different vowel sounds.
However, I have encountered the reverse: In the Famicom RPG "Juvei Quest", the Japanese version spells the protagonist's name as 「じゅうべえ」, which clearly looks like "Juubee", not "Juubei" (ignoring the short U and V in the title). I really do not know what to make of this example. Is the pronunciation of 「ええ」 distinct from 「えい」?
I would appreciate it if an expert would shed some light on my confusion.
Medaka444 March 12, 2014 at 9:03 am
One problem is that when it doesn't look ugly (ueber, doubled vowels in general), it can be quite misleading. "Juubee", for instance, would be pronounced as "juu-bii". Even reflexively, by people who know how it should be pronounced. Same thing thing with "oo" (looks like "uu").
Rick Griffin March 12, 2014 at 10:18 am
I don't understand why this has to be an issue. Then again, I minored in Latin and also took Greek, so I don't have a problem with that range of vowels in odd patterns. I'd rather all the vowels be there and THEN learn if/when/how some are elided. (Then again, maybe my insistence there means I should learn just learn kana)
The Wanderer March 13, 2014 at 6:06 am
For someone who wants to learn the language and its writing system, I agree, learning to read "bee" as more like "bay" than "bee" should not be a problem. (Although I still sometimes initially read it as the latter when encountering romaji in the middle of English text, when I'm reading through something that's been written out in romaji (e.g. a text dump of an all-kana game script), I use the Japanese pronuciation reflexively.)
For localizations, however – where you're trying to convey the correct pronunciation to someone who is statistically unlikely to have learned or be learning the language, and is nearly as unlikely to care, and may very well not even know that this was in another language to begin with – that sort of rigid, precise, reversible representation of the Japanese will likely not be the optimal solution.
Odd April 11, 2015 at 12:18 pm
ええ and えい, as well as おお and おう, used to be pronounced differently, but not any more; in both cases, the first's pronunciation took over.
worst March 11, 2014 at 9:10 pm
I got to see a panel about using furigana to convey alternate meanings at Anime Expo '13–here's a link to a paper by one of the people on the panel, since it was pretty interesting: http://www.eastasiareview.org/issues/2010/lewis.shtml
Halloween March 11, 2014 at 9:16 pm
Is that some Sexy Commando? Possibly the funniest thing I have ever experienced in my life!
Aroduc March 11, 2014 at 11:05 pm
It's astounding how many visual novels, engines made to handle oodles and oodles of text, don't have any ruby support at all, let alone for single width characters, and resort to just lazily putting things in parens.
By "ruby" do you mean furigana support? Because I saw that the internal files of many DS games referred to the furigana font as "ruby".
The always-double-width stuff always baffled me too.
Aroduc March 15, 2014 at 8:48 am
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_character
Ruby is the internal code tag that I've pretty much universally seen for any kind of furigana or furigana-like font.
DevilWing March 12, 2014 at 12:11 am
In Dragon Ball, "Super Saiyan" is written as 超サイヤ人 (Chou Saiyajin), but with furigana スーパー (Suupaa) written over it.
There's also a villain in Gekkou Kamen called Satan's Claw, who's name is written as 魔人の爪 (Majin no Tsume) but with サタン (Satan) written over the 魔人 as furigana.
Benjy March 12, 2014 at 12:43 am
In some older games like Ocarina of Time, the furigna is put in brackets after the word instead of above it. So it says, for example, コキリの剣(けん) seen here:
http://img1.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20110624000702/zelda/ja/images/6/68/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%81%AE%E5%89%A3.png
I was wondering, is doing it this way standard practice when writing in a place where you can't put text above text like normal? Like in message boards and whatnot.
I saw it in Tengai Makyou Zero/IV too, and those didn't have furigana either. The parts where I saw those used were something like:
CHARACTER_NAME (FURIGANA)
(maybe because reading names is too complicated?)
And Tengai Makyou Zero actually had the location names showing when entering a new map actually show the name in kanji, then the text disappears then a new string appears which is the same but written in all hiragana. It's a nifty solution.
Phantom Hourglass/Spirit Tracks show text in kanji. But each kanji can be tapped on so that a bubble with the furigana appears.
Maybe my memory is playing tricks on me, but I thought Ocarina of Time (or was it the 3DS port/Majora Mask?) did have furigana built in.
Midna March 13, 2014 at 5:33 pm
Given the rest of the game doesn't use furigana, it's more likely so you know 剣 is pronounced "ken" and not "tsurugi".
And I also wanted to mention Tales of Vesperia, where you have things like "凛々の明星" (Riri no akaboshi) with furigana ブレイブヴェスペリア (Brave Vesperia).
All of the game's other technical words such as Blastia, Entelexeia, Adophagos, Dein Nomos, etc all have kanji with completely different furigana readings.
Let March 12, 2014 at 2:43 pm
Graces f did that too, such as with the terminology words Protos Heis and valkines cryas.
Freezair March 12, 2014 at 1:39 am
I remember reading about this many, many years ago, on a website all about how the wordplay and jokes in the Harry Potter books were translated across the world. I still can't quite wrap my head about the "custom pronunciation" aspect of furigana–aparently the Japanese Harry Potter translations use them a LOT–but I suppose it's more of a cultural thing, and/or a way for the translator to use the original name and a localized one. The first usage of furigana seems pretty handy, though! I was chatting recently with a friend about the cartoon series Gravity Falls, which has a character who is typically referred to as "Soos." His real name is Jesus, but everyone just calls him "Soos." We speculated that maybe his real name wasn't used because of how that would look in promotional material, and how it wouldn't necessarily be clear that his name was pronounced "Hay-SOOS," and not like the religious figure. If English had something like furigana, things might've been different!
You mean this one?
http://www.cjvlang.com/Hpotter/index.html
Freezair March 12, 2014 at 2:10 pm
Actually, I think it was a different one–the one I looked at covered more languages than Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese. Still, I'm not surprised more than one website like this exists! Now I wish I could remember the other site…
Lauri March 12, 2014 at 3:11 am
I remember that the game Jak 2 for PlayStation has, in the Japanese dub, one section happens to have a subtitle with Precursor writing in one section. It's a cutscene that takes place in Tomb of Mar if I remember right. What's curious is that this doesn't happen in subtitles in other languages, only in Japanese. I wonder what other games and media has unusual writing in subtitles…
Milo March 12, 2014 at 3:23 am
In Death Note, the main character is named Yagami Light. His first name is spelled with the kanji for moon, 月, but pronounced like the English word "Light" for no reason (hipster parents, I reckon). He mentions this a few times. I don't recall if they ever show it with furigana (I haven't read the manga in Japanese) but it's the kind of thing like Fairy Tail that would use that technique.
I heard the authors deliberately used crazy names (except Raye Penbar) so that no one would read their name in a murder-based series and get offended.
Still, Backyard Bottomslash is the greatest name ever.
Daniel March 12, 2014 at 4:58 am
I've seen a Harry Potter fanpage about how the books are translated into Asian languages point out in the Japanese version a creative example of furigana being used to convey a pronunciation different from the Kanji that is written. http://www.cjvlang.com/Hpotter/wordplay/knight.html In the third book when Harry is picked up by the Knight Bus, in order to convey the night/knight wordplay in Japanese, the translators call it the 夜の騎士 "yoru no kishi" bus or "Knight of the Night" bus and have furigana above to let readers know that its actual name is supposed to be said like the English word night.
The first couple of episodes of Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo have titles that, while they don't use furigana, make use of the "custom pronunciations" idea as a source of humor.
I don't have the first episode handy, but the second is entitled:
「毛涙」と書いて
「センチメンタル」
と読みんでほしい…
The fansub translation of that (which seems reasonable from what I can see) is:
It's written as "Tears of the Hair"
but I'd like you to read it as
With the understanding that "read" here is in the sense of "pronounce", as I believe is common terminology when speaking about kanji.
Aujury March 12, 2014 at 7:56 am
Similar example in a trophy description for Tales of Xillia 2:
「破壊者と書いてブレイカーと読む。」
"It's written as 'destroyer', but read it as 'breaker'."
Sometimes, I try to quickly determine a manga's target audiences by seeing which kanji are furigana'd.
When some people ask what the deal is with reading kanji, I usually just explain it's like our number system. They just have different rules for it.
Whereas, in English prose, it's usually bad form for you to write "I went to the store and bought 2 apples". "2" and "two" are the same, but we as English speakers only use the numbers in text when it's too big/not intended to be pronounced or if mathematical precision is preferred.
Japanese just happens to have a much larger set of such symbols (which have also accumulated the same ambiguities of non-numeral words), and the rules for using them just happen to be the other way around: that higher-level prose SHOULD use them. They just don't HAVE to.
I recall it was mentioned in the Detective School Q anime that they have the furigana displayed above kanji for scripts so that actors wouldn't stumble over pronunciations during rehearsal.
SpecLad March 12, 2014 at 2:48 pm
Furrygana, hentaigana… no wonder the Japanese have a reputation of being perverts! I kid, I kid.
So if there's no furigana, how does one figure out what reading to use? Just based on context?
Benjy March 12, 2014 at 4:56 pm
I guess. In Japanese class, my sensei didn't really have an answer for the question of which situations 後 should be read as 'ato' or as 'ushiro'. I guess that Japanese people tend not to think about these rules and just go with what sounds most natural.
llirium March 12, 2014 at 9:00 pm
Actually, there are some guidelines, though it's a bit complicated.
There are at least two readings (pronounciations) to every kanji (though likely many more). One type is called on'yomi, which is a Japanese approximation of what the original Chinese pronounciation of that character was. The second type is called the kun'yomi, which is a reading that is more in line with the original Japanese meaning of the word.
Ah! There we go, this is a more complete explanation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji#Readings
For me, the difficulty comes when trying to determine if it's supposed to be 「あと」 or 「のち」. Seriously, 後 screws me up I think more than any other kanji, haha. It comes up in writing so much but there's never any furigana so I never get enough examples to be able to get used to which shows up where!
I really hate it, too. The sad part is that some pronounciations are ok in some contexts, but bad in others. Perhaps it's a bit like avoiding the "shi" and "ku" readings for the number 4 and 9, respectively, because they have connotations of "death" and "suffering" with those readings.
It's usually just context, yeah. Most words that are made up of multiple kanji are gonna be pronounced the same way each time (not every word, but most words). Single-kanji words can be a little more varying, but each reading usually has its own definition as well, so based on the context you can know what definition it is and therefore which reading to use. Kinda like going through an English sentence and knowing whether to pronounce the word "read" as "reed" or "red", just on a much larger scale.
joe411 March 12, 2014 at 2:57 pm
Thanks for making an article for my question.
Zero-ELEC March 13, 2014 at 9:30 pm
There's that joke relatively common in gag manga where two people are having a conversation but one word is interpreted differently by each other. I'm guessing that's done with furigana?
DJMankiewicz March 14, 2014 at 11:27 am
Are you talking about "jokes" where someone interprets a word as something embarrassing as some sort of running gag?
Yeah, when I see stuff like that, I tend to reach the conclusion that Japanese comedy is a "work in progress". (Their two-man standup acts don't encourage a change in that opinion.)
I do like the way this question is phrased Mato. Reminds me of the Simpsons episode where the bus driver asks about "Those guitars that are, like, double guitars?".
Has anyone tried using the bopomofo system when trying to read Chinese. It's not as widespread as Furigana but still.
non October 1, 2015 at 9:58 pm
One of the wackiest examples I've seen was in an episode of Dragon Ball whose title had a '?' question mark used as if it was a kanji. The attached furigana explained the question mark was supposed to be read as 'fushigi' (mysterious).
There's other examples like in Hidamari Sketch x ☆☆☆, where the ☆☆☆ is read 'hoshimittsu' (three stars).
I wonder, can you use furigana to turn anything into a word? This is like how when I was learning english, I was pretty fascinated with how you could use any word as a verb and people would understand you.
Whelkman May 7, 2018 at 8:04 pm
Dragon Ball got a lot of mileage out of Kanji mispronunciations, especially with Son Goku's name.
univbee September 6, 2018 at 4:56 pm
Furigana got used very weirdly in the Japanese subtitled movie of the French movie "Taxi 2", a comedy. In it is a scene in which French police offers, in preparation for visiting important Japanese people, are taught very badly by their bumbling captain how to say "kon nichi wa", which he pronounces "kon nichon wa", which he explains as "con" (French for idiot, and he says another cop's name as an example), "nichon" (tit/breast, he explains by apologetically referencing a well-endowed woman officer), and "wa" (Bruce Lee-like noise). This is explained through the subtitles by writing the kanji for his explanation (馬鹿 and 乳, if memory serves), which are accompanied by furigana for コン and ニチョン, respectively. I might have some details wrong, this was over 10 years ago, but that was basically how the subtitles by furigana slight-of-hand explained a pun.
anon April 8, 2019 at 2:28 pm
This is very common in Sailor Moon as well!
Jacqueline September 6, 2019 at 1:23 pm
For the second case, I usually think of it as a "role reversal": instead of telling people what a Kanji word is by giving the kana pronunciation, it tells people what a kana word is by using a Kanji word to explain it.
obad2212 September 25, 2021 at 5:08 pm
One example of furigana being used for something other than pronunciation I can think of is in the Metal Gear Solid series, there are terms displayed in the subtitles in kanji (often literal translations) and then the actors will say what the furigana says. In Ocelot's introduction in Snake Eater, he literally introduces himself as an "ocelot" (山猫) but the furigana and seiyuu read "オセロット"
obad September 25, 2021 at 5:12 pm
Messed that up, his unit is referred to this way, he called himself Ocelot in katakana
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Home News Tech
Single-Pilot passenger planes could soon take to the skies, says Boeing
Plane makerBoeingis actively working on technology that would remove the need for two pilots in the cockpits of its passenger jets.
Existing Europeanaviationrules state that passengerplaneswith more than 20 seats must have a minimum of two pilots in the cockpit.
But Steve Nordlund, a vice president at Boeing, said autonomous technology that would allow for a reduction in on-board crew was being developed at a "good speed".
He said Boeing "believes in autonomous flight and self-piloted aircraft" and the firm's commercial aircraft division was "working on those technologies today".
"I don't think you'll see a pilotless aircraft of a 737 in the near future," he toldThe Independent.
"But what you may see is more automation and aiding in the cockpit, maybe a change in the crew number up in the cockpit."
He suggested cargo jets could be the first to trial the technology but that it made "business sense" to pursue a reduction in the number of on-board crew on passenger planes, too.
"A combination of safety, economics and technology all have to converge, and I think we are starting to see that."
It would also address a chronic shortage of pilots which analysts have said could reach more than 200,000 over the next decade.
But while planes have become increasingly automated in recent decades, with autopilot routinely used throughout all phases of a flight, the prospect of fewer crew members may still prove to be a hard sell – both to passengers and regulators.
After aGermanwings pilot flew an A320 plane into the French Alpsin March 2015, killing all 150 people on board, Europe's aviation safety authority, EASA, imposed a rule that two crew members should be in the cockpit at all times. It meant that if a pilot needed to step out of the cockpit, to use the toilet for example, a member of the cabin crew had to step in.
EASA relaxed the requirement last year, saying it was up to airlines to ensure their aircraft were safe.
Sully Sullenberger, the retired US Airways pilot who saved the lives of 155 people when he landed an A320 on New York's Hudson River after both engines suffered a bird strike, has previously spoken out against moves towards single-pilot aircraft.
After the US Federal Aviation Administration asked Congress for money to research single-pilot commercial airliners, he said: "Having only one pilot in any commercial aircraft flies in the face of evidence and logic.
"Every safety protocol we have is predicated on having two pilots work seamlessly together as an expert team cross-checking and backing each other up."
Mr Nordlund, who heads the firm's innovation arm, Boeing NeXt, insisted single-pilot crews would only be deployed if there was appetite for it from airlines.
He said developments would be driven by the "comfort levels of the consumer", suggesting passenger concerns about safety – whether well-founded or not – could delay the roll-out of autonomous technology.
But he added: "When it is cargo, that aspect is taken out of the equation."
Dr Rob Hunter, head of flight safety at the pilot's union Balpa, said there had been a "steady reduction in the number of crew on the flight deck of commercial aircraft" but voiced concerns that a reduction in flight deck crew, would lead to a "greater number of occasions when the both the machine and the pilot becomes overwhelmed".
He said: "In the airliners of the post-war period there were up to six crew acting as pilots, flight engineers, navigators and radio operators.
"All of these roles are now undertaken typically by just two pilots that are, more-or-less, supported by automatic systems.
"Sully is absolutely right, to believe otherwise is to ignore the vital role the human plays in keeping things safe."
Airbus, Boeing's European rival, is developing its own technology to allow a single pilot to operate its commercial jetliners, but is first working on cutting the number of crew needed on long-haul flights to two.
EASA said it was "aware of discussions with aircraft manufacturers about possibilities to reduce the number of pilots in the cockpit of certain aircraft operations, including for cargo" but would not be drawn on how regulations could be altered to accommodate the new technology.
Hypersonic
In June, Boeing unveiled its first vehicle concept for a passenger-carrying hypersonic jet. If realised, it could transport passengers at 3,900mph at an altitude of 90,000ft (around three times higher than existing subsonic jets) from London to New York in two hours.
"Engineers are working company-wide to develop enabling technology that will position the company for the time when customers and markets are ready to reap the benefits of hypersonic flight," a statement said at the time.
Mr Nordlund said hypersonic travel – at Mach 5, or five times the speed of sound – could become a reality within the next two decades.
He said it had the potential to take someone from New York to Tokyo for a lunch meeting before returning them home on the same day.
"Hypersonic travel is probably 10 to 20 years [away]," he said, but added: "There are so many technologies that need to be overcome.
"The technologies are maturing. Outside of having the propulsion to move at that speed, [Boeing is focused on] making sure that the cabin experience is one that is acceptable to passengers. I mean, can you imagine moving at that speed.
"And the materials that are needed for the aircraft to absorb the altitude that it will be flying at, they are all still in work."
He added: "There needs to be some modelling and simulation around the change of time zones, how would it work, and what time do you leave New York for that lunch in Tokyo?
"There is a lot of work still to be done on it [but] from an aircraft standpoint it is absolutely possible."
Boeing is also developing plans for a fleet of urban air taxis which, it is hoped, would be used to rapidly transport passengers around some of the world's most densely populated cities.
The plans allow for the aircraft to be piloted or autonomous and to use radar and artificial intelligence to guide them safely towards centralised landing pads, Mr Nordlund said.
He insisted this form of urban air transport, which Boeing is working on alongside Uber, was "absolutely" feasible.
"The next time you are sitting in traffic, just look up. What you see above you is open space. We have got to be working in those three dimensions to alleviate problems that exist on the ground."
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