text:
Leonard Bartow
M, #8161, b. 6 June 1869, d. 4 December 1914
5th great-grandson of Francis (1) Purdy
Leonard Bartow was born on 6 June 1869 at Brooklyn, Kings Co., New York. He was the son of Samuel B. Bartow and Sarah Trowbridge. Leonard Bartow died on 4 December 1914 at Elm Hill House for Feeble Minded, Barre, Worcester Co., Massachusetts, at age 45. He was buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts.1
[S2545] Find a Grave, database and images (), Leonard Bartow, Memorial ID 103125468,
Birth: 6 June 1869, Brooklyn, Kings County (Brooklyn), New York, USA
Death: 4 December 1914, Barre, Worcester County, Massachusetts, USA
Burial: Laurel Hill Cemetery, Fitchburg, Worcester County, Massachusetts
SourceCitation: Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com: accessed 31 December 2020), memorial page for Leonard Bartow (6 Jun 1869–4 Dec 1914), Find a Grave Memorial no. 103125468, citing Laurel Hill Cemetery, Fitchburg, Worcester County, Massachusetts, USA; Maintained by Bill Bourbeau (contributor 47387362).
Parents Samuel B Bartow 1825–1897 Sarah Trowbridge Bartow 1831–1912
Siblings George S Bartow unknown–1918 Helen T Bartow Crocker 1851–1934
Henry T Bartow 1854–1916 Charlotte Trowbridge Bartow Crocker 1860–1931 Samuel B Bartow 1864–1894
Sarah Bartow Johnson 1866–1950,.
Samuel B. Bartow Jr.
Last Edited=3 May 2020
Samuel B. Bartow Jr. was born in 1864 at Brooklyn, Kings Co., New York. He was the son of Samuel B. Bartow and Sarah Trowbridge. Samuel B. Bartow Jr. died on 16 February 1894 at Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts.
Charlotte Trowbridge Bartow
F, #8163, b. 1 January 1860, d. 17 December 1931
5th great-granddaughter of Francis (1) Purdy
Charlotte Trowbridge Bartow was born on 1 January 1860 at Astoria, Queens Co., New York.1 She was the daughter of Samuel B. Bartow and Sarah Trowbridge. Charlotte Trowbridge Bartow married Alvah Crocker on 14 October 1880. Charlotte Trowbridge Bartow died on 17 December 1931 at Katonah, Westchester Co., New York, at age 71.1 She was buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts.1
As of 14 October 1880,her married name was Crocker.
Children of Charlotte Trowbridge Bartow and Alvah Crocker
Alvah Crocker b. 3 Apr 1882, d. 25 Jun 1918
Douglas Crocker b. 19 Jun 1888, d. 27 Feb 1968
Constance B. Crocker b. 17 Jul 1890, d. 12 May 1891
John Crocker b. 16 Jan 1900, d. 21 Jul 1984
[S2545] Find a Grave, database and images (), Charlotte Trowbridge (Bartow) Crocker, Memorial ID 103121551,
Birth: 1 January 1860, Astoria, Queens County, New York, USA
Death: 17 December 1931, Katonah, Westchester County, New York, USA
SourceCitation: Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com: accessed 31 December 2020), memorial page for Charlotte Trowbridge Bartow Crocker (1 Jan 1860–17 Dec 1931), Find a Grave Memorial no. 103121551, citing Laurel Hill Cemetery, Fitchburg, Worcester County, Massachusetts, USA; Maintained by Bill Bourbeau (contributor 47387362).
Spouse Alvah Crocker 1858–1931 (m. 1880)
Henry T Bartow 1854–1916 Samuel B Bartow 1864–1894
Sarah Bartow Johnson 1866–1950 Leonard Bartow 1869–1914
Children Alvah Crocker 1882–1918 Douglas Crocker 1888–1968 Constance B Crocker 1890–1891 John Crocker 1900–1984,.
Alvah Crocker
M, #8164, b. 25 August 1858, d. 25 February 1931
Alvah Crocker was born on 25 August 1858 at Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts. He married Charlotte Trowbridge Bartow, daughter of Samuel B. Bartow and Sarah Trowbridge, on 14 October 1880. Alvah Crocker died on 25 February 1931 at Mountain Lake Station, Polk Co., Florida, at age 72. He was buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts, Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 03 May 2020), memorial page for Alvah Crocker (28 Aug 1858–25 Feb 1931), Find a Grave Memorial no. 91999213, citing Laurel Hill Cemetery, Fitchburg, Worcester County, Massachusetts, USA ; Maintained by Bill Bourbeau (contributor 47387362) .
He graduated in 1875 at Fitchburg High School, Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts. He graduated in 1879 at Harvard University, Cambridge, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts.
Children of Alvah Crocker and Charlotte Trowbridge Bartow
M, #8165, b. 3 April 1882, d. 25 June 1918
3rd cousin 3 times removed of Steven Harn Redman
Alvah Crocker was born on 3 April 1882 at Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts. He was the son of Alvah Crocker and Charlotte Trowbridge Bartow. Alvah Crocker died on 25 June 1918 at France at age 36. He was buried at Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial, Fere-en-Tardenois, Departement de l'Aisne, Picardie, France, Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 03 May 2020), memorial page for 2LT Alvah Crocker (3 Apr 1882–25 Jun 1918), Find a Grave Memorial no. 56636666, citing Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial, Fere-en-Tardenois, Departement de l'Aisne, Picardie, France ; Maintained by War Graves (contributor 6) .
Douglas Crocker
M, #8166, b. 19 June 1888, d. 27 February 1968
Douglas Crocker was born on 19 June 1888 at Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts. He was the son of Alvah Crocker and Charlotte Trowbridge Bartow. Douglas Crocker died on 27 February 1968 at Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts, at age 79. He was buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts, Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 03 May 2020), memorial page for Douglas Crocker (19 Jun 1888–27 Feb 1968), Find a Grave Memorial no. 127432270, citing Laurel Hill Cemetery, Fitchburg, Worcester County, Massachusetts, USA ; Maintained by Bill Bourbeau (contributor 47387362) .
Constance B. Crocker
F, #8167, b. 17 July 1890, d. 12 May 1891
Constance B. Crocker was born on 17 July 1890 at Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts. She was the daughter of Alvah Crocker and Charlotte Trowbridge Bartow. Constance B. Crocker died on 12 May 1891 at Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts. She was buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts, Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 03 May 2020), memorial page for Constance B Crocker (17 Jul 1890–12 May 1891), Find a Grave Memorial no. 103122547, citing Laurel Hill Cemetery, Fitchburg, Worcester County, Massachusetts, USA ; Maintained by Bill Bourbeau (contributor 47387362) .
John Crocker
M, #8168, b. 16 January 1900, d. 21 July 1984
John Crocker married Mary Bowditch Hallowell. John Crocker was born on 16 January 1900 at Fitchburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts. He was the son of Alvah Crocker and Charlotte Trowbridge Bartow. John Crocker died on 21 July 1984 at North Haven, Knox Co., Maine, at age 84. He was buried at Groton Cemetery, Groton, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts, Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 03 May 2020), memorial page for John Crocker (16 Jan 1900–21 Jul 1984), Find a Grave Memorial no. 184015679, citing Groton Cemetery, Groton, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, USA ; Maintained by Jack Parker (contributor 47734878) .
Mary Bowditch Hallowell
F, #8169, b. 18 September 1902, d. 22 July 1992
Mary Bowditch Hallowell married John Crocker, son of Alvah Crocker and Charlotte Trowbridge Bartow. Mary Bowditch Hallowell was born on 18 September 1902 at Boston, Suffolk Co., Massachusetts. She died on 22 July 1992 at age 89. She was buried at Groton Cemetery, Groton, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts, Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 03 May 2020), memorial page for Mary Bowditch Hallowell Crocker (18 Sep 1902–22 Jul 1992), Find a Grave Memorial no. 184015680, citing Groton Cemetery, Groton, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, USA ; Maintained by Jack Parker (contributor 47734878) .
Her married name was Crocker.
Anthony Wilson
M, #8170, b. 1620, d. 1662
Anthony Wilson was born in 1620. He married Rachel Hubbard, daughter of James Hubbard and Naomi Cocke, in 1642. Anthony Wilson died in 1662.
Child of Anthony Wilson and Rachel Hubbard
Sarah Wilson b. 1643
F, #8171, b. 1643
9th great-grandaunt of Steven Harn Redman
Sarah Wilson was born in 1643. She was the daughter of Anthony Wilson and Rachel Hubbard.
James Hubbard
M, #8172, b. 1578, d. 26 May 1655
11th great-grandfather of Steven Harn Redman
Linked Pedigree for Steven Harn Redman
James Hubbard married Naomi Cocke. James Hubbard was born in 1578 at Mendlesham, Mid Suffolk District, Suffolk, England. He died on 26 May 1655 at Mendlesham, Mid Suffolk District, Suffolk, England. He was buried at St Mary The Virgin Churchyard, Mendlesham, Mid Suffolk District, Suffolk, England, Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 04 May 2020), memorial page for CPT James Hubbard (1578–26 May 1655), Find a Grave Memorial no. 188474693, citing St Mary The Virgin Churchyard, Mendlesham, Mid Suffolk District, Suffolk, England ; Maintained by Our Family History (contributor 47719401) .
Child of James Hubbard and Naomi Cocke
Rachel Hubbard+ b. 1600, d. 1656
Naomi Cocke
F, #8173, b. 1582, d. 1618
11th great-grandmother of Steven Harn Redman
Naomi Cocke married James Hubbard. Naomi Cocke was born in 1582 at Suffolk, England. She died in 1618 at Mendlesham, Mid Suffolk District, Suffolk, England.
Her married name was Hubbard.
Child of Naomi Cocke and James Hubbard
Joan Stoodley
F, #8174, d. 1630
Joan Stoodley was born at England. She married Simon Hoit on 4 November 1617 at Church of Saint Mary in Marshwood, Dorsetshire, England. Joan Stoodley died in 1630 at Charlestown, Suffolk Co., Massachusetts.
As of 4 November 1617,her married name was Hoit.
Child of Joan Stoodley and Simon Hoit
John Hoit+ b. 1625, d. 1688
Thomas Purdy
1st cousin 9 times removed of Steven Harn Redman
Grandson of Francis (1) Purdy
Thomas Purdy was born in 1675 at Westchester Co., New York. He was the son of John Purdy and Elizabeth Brown. Thomas Purdy died in 1731 at Westchester Co., New York. He was buried at Milton Cemetery, Rye, Westchester Co., New York, Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 04 May 2020), memorial page for Thomas Purdy (1675–1731), Find a Grave Memorial no. 176861631, citing Milton Cemetery, Rye, Westchester County, New York, USA ; Maintained by Memerizion (contributor 48072664) .
William John Bealer
M, #8176, b. 16 February 1879, d. November 1965
William John Bealer was born on 16 February 1879 at Port Huron, St. Clair Co., Michigan. He married Mary Ellen Fellows, daughter of Adin Fellows and Viola Pettit, in 1902. William John Bealer died in November 1965 at Lake Co., Florida, at age 86. He was buried at Lakeside Cemetery, Port Huron, St. Clair Co., Michigan, Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 05 May 2020), memorial page for William John Bealer (16 Feb 1879–Nov 1965), Find a Grave Memorial no. 44262629, citing Lakeside Cemetery, Port Huron, St. Clair County, Michigan, USA ; Maintained by Find A Grave (contributor 8) .
M, #8177, b. 17 April 1921, d. 14 August 2005
James Kennedy was born on 17 April 1921 at Rosebud Co., Montana. He married Leona L. Fellows, daughter of George Clifton Fellows and Katherine Hurt, on 25 October 1941 at Bozeman, Gallatin Co., Montana. James Kennedy died on 14 August 2005 at Manhattan, Gallatin Co., Montana, at age 84. He was buried at Meadowview Cemetery, Manhattan, Gallatin Co., Montana, Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 06 May 2020), memorial page for James Kennedy (17 Apr 1921–14 Aug 2005), Find a Grave Memorial no. 42084426, citing Meadowview Cemetery, Manhattan, Gallatin County, Montana, USA ; Maintained by Find A Grave (contributor 8) .
He graduated in 1939 at Manhattan High School, Manhattan, Gallatin Co., Montana.
Norma J. Burkett
F, #8178, b. 28 February 1923, d. 30 March 2017
Norma J. Burkett was born on 28 February 1923 at Three Forks, Gallatin Co., Montana. She married Elbert C. Fellows, son of George Clifton Fellows and Katherine Hurt, on 27 May 1946 at Spokane, Spokane Co., Washington. Norma J. Burkett died on 30 March 2017 at Billings, Yellowstone Co., Montana, at age 94.
As of 27 May 1946,her married name was Fellows.
Rose Leahy
6th great-granddaughter of Matej Nestaval
4th great-granddaughter of Frank Sklenar
5th great-granddaughter of Peter McGinnis
5th great-granddaughter of Jeremiah McCarthy
6th great-granddaughter of Isaac Perkins
6th great-granddaughter of John Hearn
11th great-granddaughter of Francis (1) Purdy
5th great-granddaughter of Jacob Rupel
Descendant Chart for Dirck Jansen Hoogland
Rose Leahy is the daughter of Peter Davis Leahy and Kirsten Elizabeth Gray.
Frank A. Wayne
M, #8180, b. 16 April 1872, d. 27 February 1921
Frank A. Wayne was born on 16 April 1872 at Marietta, Crawford Co., Wisconsin. He married Blanche Elizabeth Tucker on 19 February 1917 at Charles City, Floyd Co., Iowa. Frank A. Wayne died on 27 February 1921 at Porter, Porter Co., Indiana, at age 48.
Child of Frank A. Wayne and Blanche Elizabeth Tucker
James Albert Wayne Sr.+ b. 2 Feb 1918, d. 29 Dec 1974
Blanche Elizabeth Tucker
F, #8181, b. 16 April 1895, d. 29 March 1958
Blanche Elizabeth Tucker was born on 16 April 1895 at Elk Point, Union Co., South Dakota. She married Frank A. Wayne on 19 February 1917 at Charles City, Floyd Co., Iowa. Blanche Elizabeth Tucker died on 29 March 1958 at Los Angeles, Los Angeles Co., California, at age 62.
As of 19 February 1917,her married name was Wayne.
Child of Blanche Elizabeth Tucker and Frank A. Wayne
Robert William Mundle
Robert William Mundle married Gail Evelyn Schneider, daughter of Harry Charles Schneider and Evelyn Ann Purdy, on 14 June 1969 at Goodhue Co., Minnesota.
Marion Francis Dornbusch
M, #8183, b. 24 July 1896, d. 13 May 1981
4th cousin 1 time removed of Steven Harn Redman
3rd great-grandson of John Hearn
Marion Francis Dornbusch was born on 24 July 1896 at Ohio. He was the son of Lincoln Abraham Dornbusch and Sara Frances Harn. Marion Francis Dornbusch married Willie B. Harding, daughter of Cleofus R. Harding and Ella M. East, on 26 February 1923 at Pinellas Co., Florida. Marion Francis Dornbusch died on 13 May 1981 at Pinellas Co., Florida, at age 84.
He lived in January 1955 at St. Petersburg, Pinellas Co., Florida.
Census July 1896 Dayton, Montgomery Co., Ohio, listed as born July 1896 in Ohio
Orrille Lincoln Dornbusch
M, #8184, b. May 1900, d. 1963
Orrille Lincoln Dornbusch was born in May 1900 at Ohio. He was the son of Lincoln Abraham Dornbusch and Sara Frances Harn. Orrille Lincoln Dornbusch married Dorothy Guernsey Hotchkiss on 3 May 1926 at Pinellas Co., Florida. Orrille Lincoln Dornbusch married Loretta B Dutcher in December 1956 at Hillsborough Co., Florida. Orrille Lincoln Dornbusch and Loretta B Dutcher were divorced in March 1959 at Pinellas Co., Florida; Certificate Number: 3927. Orrille Lincoln Dornbusch died in 1963 at Florida. He was buried at Memorial Park Cemetery, St. Petersburg, Pinellas Co., Florida, Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 9 May 2020), memorial page for Orrill L Dornbusch (1900–1963), Find a Grave Memorial no. 197983383, citing Memorial Park Cemetery, Saint Petersburg, Pinellas County, Florida, USA ; Maintained by Find A Grave (contributor 8) .
Census May 1900 Dayton, Montgomery Co., Ohio, listed as born May 1900 in Ohio
Robert S. Huston
M, #8185, b. 22 January 1894, d. 19 April 1967
Robert S. Huston married Olga Beatrice Dornbusch, daughter of Lincoln Abraham Dornbusch and Sara Frances Harn. Robert S. Huston was born on 22 January 1894. He died on 19 April 1967 at Dayton, Montgomery Co., Ohio, at age 73. He was buried at Beavercreek Township Cemetery, Beavercreek, Greene Twsp., Ohio, Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 9 May 2020), memorial page for Robert S Huston (1894–1967), Find a Grave Memorial no. 39239447, citing Beavercreek Township Cemetery, Beavercreek, Greene County, Ohio, USA ; Maintained by Ronipony (contributor 47012530) .
He lived in January 1955 at Dayton, Montgomery Co., Ohio.
Loretta B Dutcher
Loretta B Dutcher married Orrille Lincoln Dornbusch, son of Lincoln Abraham Dornbusch and Sara Frances Harn, in December 1956 at Hillsborough Co., Florida. Loretta B Dutcher and Orrille Lincoln Dornbusch were divorced in March 1959 at Pinellas Co., Florida; Certificate Number: 3927.
Dorothy Guernsey Hotchkiss
F, #8187, b. 3 December 1901, d. 6 January 1991
Dorothy Guernsey Hotchkiss was born on 3 December 1901. She married Orrille Lincoln Dornbusch, son of Lincoln Abraham Dornbusch and Sara Frances Harn, on 3 May 1926 at Pinellas Co., Florida. Dorothy Guernsey Hotchkiss and an unknown person were divorced in November 1956 at Hillsborough Co., Florida; Certificate Number: 18056. She died on 6 January 1991 at Orange Co., California, at age 89.
As of 3 May 1926,her married name was Dornbusch.
Willie B. Harding
F, #8188, b. 25 October 1902, d. 4 January 1990
Willie B. Harding was born on 25 October 1902 at Leeds, Jefferson Co., Alabama. She was the daughter of Cleofus R. Harding and Ella M. East. Willie B. Harding married Marion Francis Dornbusch, son of Lincoln Abraham Dornbusch and Sara Frances Harn, on 26 February 1923 at Pinellas Co., Florida. Willie B. Harding died on 4 January 1990 at Pinellas Co., Florida, at age 87.
As of 26 February 1923,her married name was Dornbusch.
Cleofus R. Harding
M, #8189, b. 18 May 1876, d. 20 May 1926
Cleofus R. Harding was born on 18 May 1876 at Alabama. He married Ella M. East on 1 December 1901 at Alabama. Cleofus R. Harding died on 20 May 1926 at Leeds, Jefferson Co., Alabama, at age 50. He was buried at Cedar Grove Cemetery, Leeds, St. Clair Co., Alabama, Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 9 May 2020), memorial page for Cleofus R. "Ophas" Harding (18 May 1876–20 May 1926), Find a Grave Memorial no. 84511763, citing Cedar Grove Cemetery, Leeds, St. Clair County, Alabama, USA ; Maintained by W.D. Hosey (contributor 46850918) .
Cleofus R. Harding was also known as Ophas.
Child of Cleofus R. Harding and Ella M. East
Willie B. Harding b. 25 Oct 1902, d. 4 Jan 1990
Ella M. East
F, #8190, b. 4 August 1883, d. 23 January 1918
Ella M. East was born on 4 August 1883 at Alabama. She married Cleofus R. Harding on 1 December 1901 at Alabama. Ella M. East died on 23 January 1918 at Leeds, Jefferson Co., Alabama, at age 34. She was buried at Cedar Grove Cemetery, Leeds, St. Clair Co., Alabama, Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 9 May 2020), memorial page for Ella May East Harding (4 Aug 1883–23 Jan 1918), Find a Grave Memorial no. 37205581, citing Cedar Grove Cemetery, Leeds, St. Clair County, Alabama, USA ; Maintained by W.D. Hosey (contributor 46850918) .
As of 1 December 1901,her married name was Harding.
Child of Ella M. East and Cleofus R. Harding


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Solid US and Canadian trading performance and progress on UK iniatives provide some scope of optimism for investors. Our recommendation is now under review.
Ferguson tightening the screws as it warns on lower growth rates due to poor market conditions.
Headquarters to move back to the UK following unfavourable Swiss corporate tax reforms which may help rekindle struggling UK market.
Today's results have shown a 6.5% rise in organic growth and a 27.9% increase in profits compared to the previous year, but warned the market it now expected growth to fall in the second half due to poor market conditions. The company is still seeing good growth in its main US market where organic revenue growth reached 9.7%. However, Ferguson said that it now expected full-year organic growth to be in the 3-5% range with the consequent knock-on effect that trading profit will be at the lower end of the range of expectations.
The response from the market today was swift with a 9% drop in the shares in early trading. While the news today is concerning, it is hardly unexpected. Growth in the US remains robust and it was good to see the dividend lifted by 10%, the company is clearly experiencing a slowdown in some of its other markets. Management also announced the company's headquarters is to move to the UK in order to avoid unfavourable tax reforms introduced in Switzerland.
However the strong balance sheet, solid trading conditions in Canada and good progress on strategic initiatives in the UK are all positives for investors in the plumbing products and building materials company. Our view on this stock is now under review.
If you're looking to invest in any of these companies and you're not currently a customer of The Share Centre, sign up today. You can also view the full range of Support Services companies and their share prices.


text:
Suns' Cam Johnson ready for Finals after missing last game with illness
Jul 5, 2021, 2:54 PM | Updated: Jul 6, 2021, 11:48 am
JUNE 28: Cameron Johnson #23 of the Phoenix Suns and Paul George #13 of the LA Clippers tangle during the second half in Game Five of the Western Conference Finals at Phoenix Suns Arena on June 28, 2021 in Phoenix, Arizona.(Photo by Christian Petersen/Getty Images)
(Photo by Christian Petersen/Getty Images)
BY JOHNNY SOTO
Suns forward Cam Johnson is back fully healthy and ready to help Phoenix take on the Milwaukee Bucks in the NBA Finals.
Johnson missed Game 6 of the conference finals against the Los Angeles Clippers with a non-COVID illness.
"It was frustrating for sure," Johnson told reporters on Monday. "Another part of it is it's Game 6 of the Western Conference Finals and you come down with something like that, it's like everyone in the world knows, so can't even take my L in peace and silence."
Johnson added that he wasn't sure what caused his sickness and chose to stay away from his teammates to make sure no one else came down with anything.
Bickley: 3rd time is a charm for Phoenix in NBA Finals; Suns in 5
NBA Finals preview, Pt. 2: Defending Giannis would be Ayton's biggest test
Bucks' Antetokounmpo upgraded to questionable before Game 1 of Finals
Devin Booker, P.J. Tucker excited to have old Suns practice battles in Finals
NBA Finals preview, Pt. 1: Matchups make Suns' Devin Booker the X-factor
Put injuries aside: Celebrate the Suns and Bucks for reaching NBA Finals
NBA Finals MVP betting odds favor Chris Paul, Devin Booker over Giannis
"I'm fine. It was just a rough night," Johnson said. "Obviously, if it was something different than [food poisoning], I didn't want anybody else to get it, so I just wanted to keep my distance.
"I have a lot of trust and faith, obviously, in the guys to the point where I left and I felt really, really comfortable with what our guys are capable of, and I definitely watched the game with kind of an aura of peace knowing that we're going to take care of it."
In his first playoff run, Johnson is averaging 8.1 points, 3.1 rebounds and 1.1 steals while shooting 50% from the field in 20.5 minutes of work.
As Phoenix prepares to face the Bucks in the Finals, Johnson is excited for chance to play on the NBA's biggest stage.
"This means a lot. Obviously, I watched the Finals every year of my life, and this is obviously something that millions and millions of people around the world would give a lot to be a part of. So, the fact that myself and my team and everyone in this organization has an opportunity to play in it is incredible. I'm just really thankful that I have this opportunity," Johnson said.
Game 1 of the NBA Finals between the Suns and Bucks is scheduled for Tuesday and will tip off at 6 p.m. at Phoenix Suns Arena.
Catch all the Finals action on 98.7 FM Arizona's Sports Station.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Possible to have row breaks in a table spanning several slides Is Powerpoint (2010) able to create row breaks for a table spanning over several slides?
If yes, how can the row breaking be controlled?

A: PowerPoint won't break anything from slide to slide automatically.  If you're creating a table in code, you'd need to track the height of the table as you add each row.  When the table height exceeds the max value you have in mind, you'd add another slide, add a table to it and start adding data to it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Αρχική World News Outcomes of Cancer Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Veneto
Outcomes of Cancer Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Veneto
A large series from Veneto region of people molecularly tested for SARS-CoV-2 between 22 February and 1 April 2020, point out that a prevalence of cancer was not associated with a risk of infection. However, the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 positive people hospitalised was higher among patients with cancer, as well as the proportion of deaths. The Italian researchers who published their findings in a brief communication on 31 July 2020 in the Nature Cancer, concluded that the risk of adverse outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection was significantly higher in patients with cancer versus those without cancer, particularly in case of males, older people and those whose cancer has been diagnosed no more than 2 years before infection.
In their report, the authors addressed the prevalence of patients with a clinical history of cancer in a population tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection among the residents of the Veneto region in the northeast of Italy. The primary outcomes of the study were a quantification of the prevalence of patients with a history of cancer in the population tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection and an estimation of the association between a history of cancer and clinical outcomes of patients who were SARS-CoV-2 positive.
Of the 84,246 individuals tested, 4,789 (5.7%) had a history of cancer. The proportion was higher for males 7.0% (2,311/33,183) than for females 4.9% (2,478/51,063). When the individuals tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection were stratified by age (under 70 years old, 70–79 years old, 80 or more years old), the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients with cancer was 10.7% (281/2,628), 18.1% (186/1,025) and 22.5% (256/1,136), respectively, in the three age categories (test for trend p < 0.0001).
By using logistic regression analysis, the prevalence odds ratio (pOR) of a SARS-CoV-2 positive status in the study population was statistically associated with sex (female versus male, pOR 0.68) and age (70–79 versus 0–69 years, pOR 2.73, ≥80 years versus 0–69 years, pOR 3.15). A clinical history of cancer was not associated with SARS-CoV-2 positive status (pOR 0.97).
Among SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals, 7.8% had been diagnosed with cancer. Males prevailed (p = 0.0025) among these patients with cancer, and their distribution increased with older age (test for trend p < 0.0001).
Among the SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals who needed to be hospitalised, a statistically significant difference between the patients with cancer and the others emerged only for age (test for trend p < 0.0001).
Among the 723 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients with cancer, 7.6% had a history of multiple malignancies (38 males and 17 women); 35 of these 55 patients (63.6%) were hospitalised due to their SARS-CoV-2 infection and 8 of 55 (14.5%) died.
The proportion of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals hospitalised was 56.6% (409/723) among patients with cancer, as compared with 34.4% (2,941/8,552) among the others (p < 0.0001). The prevalence of those admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to COVID-19 did not differ between the patients with cancer and the others. Of the 723 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients with cancer, 106 died of COVID-19 during the study period (14.7%), as compared with 385 of 8,552 (4.5%) of the other SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals (p < 0.0001).
By using logistic regression (pOR adjusted for sex and age), the risk of hospitalisation and death was consistently lower among females. Compared to younger people, SARS-CoV-2 positive patients aged 70 years or more were at greater risk of hospitalisation (pOR 4.02) and death (pOR 25.43).
Individuals who had been diagnosed with cancer within the 2 years before the infection showed the highest risk of both hospitalisation and death (pOR 2.67). No statistically significant association emerged between age or history of cancer and admission to the ICU, while such an event was less frequent among women.
Among SARS-CoV-2 positive patients with cancer, the risk of adverse events was distinguished by site of primary cancer. After adjusting for sex and age, a statistically significant higher pOR for hospitalisation due to the viral infection emerged for breast, haematological and urological malignancies. As for admission to the ICU, no statistically significant increase in pOR was seen for any of the malignancies considered. A statistically significant higher pOR for death was associated with lung cancer, breast cancer and haematological malignancies.
The authors concluded that in their series there was no statistically significant association between a history of malignancy and SARS-CoV-2 positive status. But the risk of COVID-19 adverse outcomes was significantly higher among patients with cancer, particularly males, older people and those whose cancer has been diagnosed no more than 2 years before becoming SARS-CoV-2 positive. Malignancies involving the breast, urinary tract, blood and lung were associated with a higher risk of adverse clinical outcomes and/or death related to COVID-19.
The study was formally approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Veneto Region, Italy.
Rugge M, Zorzi M, Guzzinati S. SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Italian Veneto region: adverse outcomes in patients with cancer. Nature Cancer 2020; 1(784-788).
Προηγούμενο άρθροThe Best And Worst Face Masks For COVID-19, Plus Face Masks That Give Back To Pandemic Heroes
Επόμενο άρθροClinical Trials in Genitourinary Cancers: KEYNOTE-641, P3BEP, and PIVOT-09


Students who start university when the economy is in bad shape end up with higher pay than those who start during a boom – on average, an extra £1,200 for every working year.
That is the central finding of research by Dr Jacopo Mazza, from our Department of Economics, who worked with researchers from York and the Czech Republic, to study UK Labour Force Survey data from 1998 to 2016.
They compared it to the outcomes for students who started university at different points of the business cycle between 1960 and 2010 and their findings are to be presented to the Royal Economic Society's annual conference in Brighton (26-29 March).
Previous research shows that graduating during a recession has a long-lasting negative impact on wages. This latest research shows a recession when you start has the opposite effect – boosting the economic potential of graduates.
The researchers conclude that the better outcomes must result from increased effort, with the data providing supporting evidence, revealing that those who enrol when employment is high have above-average grades.
While all three explanations provide plausible justification for the increased effort, none can be directly tested with the data. It remains an open question for future research to determine which of the three factors is the most important.
"Whatever factor leads to better performance and higher wages for those who start higher education in bad economic times, our findings send a clear signal that it is not a good idea to limit funding for education or curb enrolment to universities during a recession," added Dr Mazza.
Caught in the Cycle: Timing of Enrolment and Labour Market Performance of University Graduates is one of several research papers from the Department of Economics, the Essex Business School and the Institute for Social and Economic Research to be presented to the conference at the University of Sussex.


Seeing TaylorMade' announcement (our coverage here) of its new mini driver got me thinking. What the hell is a mini driver? Surely, I need a Mahoosive big headed driver with a sweet spot the size of a tea plate which will launch the ball in to the stratosphere (Kaboom!). Did I not have a mini driver back in the 70s, it was made out of wood (persimmon if you were posh) and it had the propensity to fly all over the place.
PING today unveiled details of its 2019 Spring/Summer ladies' apparel collection, which takes its inspiration from the company's heritage in Arizona, USA.
PING has unveiled details of its new performance driven 2019 Spring/Summer men's apparel range, which takes its inspiration from the company's heritage in Arizona, USA, and for the first time features innovative Sensor Cool Cotton, engineered with COOLMAX® fabric, to deliver enhanced comfort and feel.
The 2019 Honda Classic proved to be an early season highlight for Mizuno – with winner Keith Mitchell just one of four players using Mizuno irons to hold a share of the lead on the final day.
The successful third annual Messinia ProAm, featuring competitors from 20 countries, saw a victory for Italy, while Hollywood actor Bill Murray and England's Rugby World Cup winner Mike Tindall added to the event's appeal.
Golf's traditional short-haul markets may be in danger of losing business to the pro-active 'new kids on the block' if they don't reconsider their pricing strategies.


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Post-Election Day politics in New Jersey might feature as many as five contested races for Legislative leadership positions: Senate President, Assembly Speaker, Senate Majority Leader, Assembly Majority Leader, and Assembly Minority Leader.
Senate President Richard Codey (D-Roseland) faces a challenge from Majority Leader Stephen Sweeney (D-West Deptford). Assembly Speaker Joseph Roberts (D-Camden) is retiring; Majority Leader Bonnie Watson Coleman is running for Speaker against John Wisniewski (D-Sayreville), and possibly against Democratic State Chairman Joseph Cryan (D-Union) and Sheila Oliver (D-Adubato). Those races create openings for Majority Leader; perhaps more importantly, the contests create campaigns for Senate Judiciary Chairman and for Budget and Appropriations committee chairmanships in both houses.
Assembly Speaker, 1971: Democrats picked up nineteen seats in the 1971 mid-term election, giving them a 40-39 majority. (Anthony Imperiale of Newark's North Ward was elected to the Assembly as an independent.) A group of four Democrats led by then-Assembly Minority Leader David Friedland (D-Jersey City) cut a deal with Republicans to elect Republican Thomas Kean (R-Livingston) as Speaker.
Assembly Speaker, 2001: On the night Democrats won the governorship and regained control of the State Assembly, Gov.-elect James E. McGreevey led a coup that lined up votes to elect Albio Sires (D-West New York), an obscure freshman Assemblyman who had been a Republican four years earlier, as Speaker. The job was supposed to have gone to Joseph Doria (D-Bayonne), a former Speaker who had spent the last ten years as Minority Leader.
Assembly Minority Leader, 1999: Roberts came within three votes of ousting Doria as Minority Leader. Doria responded to the challenge by removing Roberts as the Assembly Democratic budget officer. Roberts led a revolt of seven South Jersey Democrats, who formed their own caucus. The split last two years and extended into Roberts' bid to serve as a Democratic National Committeman. Click here to read both sides of the story.
Senate President, 1991: Riding voter opposition to Gov. Jim Florio's tax increases, Republicans won control of both houses of the Legislature. In the Senate, the GOP went from 17 seats to 27 and was in the majority for the first time in eighteen years. Sensing victory, Donald DiFrancesco (R-Scotch Plains) mounted an early challenge to the Senate Minority Leader, John Dorsey (R-Boonton). DiFrancesco set up his own political operation (headed by Chip Stapleton and Jeffrey Michaels), and began contributing money directly to Republican Senate candidates. He had at least fourteen votes before Dorsey dropped out and became Majority Leader.
Senate President, 1975: Frank "Pat" Dodd (D-West Orange) became Senate President after Democrats won control in the 1973 Watergate landslide, and he was seeking re-election after two years. Dodd was facing a challenge from Senate Majority Leader Matthew Feldman (D-Teaneck), who had the backing of Gov. Brendan Byrne (D-West Orange). When Dodd's count showed him losing to Feldman, he dropped out of the race. Feldman was viewed as a Byrne loyalist, as was the new Majority Leader, Joseph Merlino (D-Trenton).
Assembly Assistant Majority Leader, 1975: Byrne got his way in the Senate race, but not in the Assembly. The new Speaker was Joseph LeFante (D-Bayonne), an ally of James Dugan (D-Bayonne), the Democratic State Chairman and a State Senator from Hudson County. Dugan had broken with Byrne and had pushed for Dodd's re-election. William Hamilton (D-New Brunswick) was unopposed for Majority Leader, but Byrne's pick for Assistant Majority Leader, Richard Van Wagner (D-Middletown) got beaten by Dugan's candidate, Albert Burstein (D-Tenafly). This was important because Byrne wanted Van Wagner to be in line to run for Speaker in four years.
Assembly Speaker, 1977: During his first year as Speaker, LeFante was elected to Congress (he won a Hudson County seat just narrowly after supporting Byrne's state income tax). Hamilton moved up to Speaker, but not without first beating Christopher Jackman (D-West New York), the international vice president of the United Paperworkers Union. Jackman argued that Democrats had agreed to give the speakership to Hudson County, and since LeFante had served just one year, Hudson still had one more year to go. Hamilton won 20 votes on the first ballot, with Jackman, Thomas Deverin (D-Carteret) and Ronald Owens (D-Newark) each receiving eight votes. Jackman and Deverin dropped out and Hamilton beat Owens 28-15 on the second ballot.
Assembly Majority Leader, 1979: In line to become Speaker in two years, Burstein was defeated for re-election as Majority Leader by Alan Karcher (D-Sayreville). Burstein had been a candidate for Speaker, but dropped out after Jackman, who became Speaker after Hamilton won a State Senate seat in 1977, had the votes to win an unprecedented second two-year term. Karcher said Democrats needed to be more combative after losing ten seats in the '79 mid-term elections, and said he was better suited than Burstein to act in a partisan manner.
Assembly Speaker, 1981: Assembly Speaker, 1981: Jackman sought a third term as Speaker, but lost to Karcher in a 25-18 vote. The Karcher for Speaker campaign was launched at the Westfield home of Adam Levin, the state consumer affairs director who was trying to get the Democratic-controlled Legislature to pass a congressional redistricting map that would help him unseat U.S. Rep. Matthew Rinaldo (R-Union). Doria, Willie Brown (D-Newark) and Raymond Lesniak (D-Elizabeth) got behind Karcher. Upset by Jackman's defeat, the New Jersey AFL-CIO passed a resolution urging all labor unions to stop contributing money to the Democratic State Committee, and to stop supplying them with Election Day workers.
Senate Minority Leader, 1981: In the old days, leadership positions were rotated every two years, from Assistant Whip to Whip to Assistant Leader to leader. It was to be James Vreeland's (R-Towaco) turn for 1982-83, but 37-year-old DiFrancesco, who had been in the Senate for two years, challenged the 71-year-old Vreeland. DiFrancesco toppled the old rotation system by getting the votes of incoming freshmen. Eight of the eighteen Republican Senators were elected for the first time in 1981, and five of them had served in the Assembly with DiFrancesco.
Assembly Speaker, 1985: On the coattails of Gov. Thomas Kean's70% re-election victory, Republicans picked up fourteen Assembly seats to win control for the first time since Kean was Speaker. Then-Minority Leader Chuck Hardwick (R-Westfield) was presumed to be the next Speaker, and scheduled a leadership vote for two days after the General Election. About 24 hours after the polls had closed, then-Kean Chief of Staff Greg Stevens began making calls to secure votes to elect Walter Kavanaugh (R-Somerville) as Speaker. Hardwick was no lapdog for the administration, but he had the support of his caucus and Kavanaugh dropped out within hours.
Assembly Minority leadership team, 1983: A group of Republican Assemblymen led by Hardwick ran a slate of candidates against most of the incumbent GOP leadership; Kavanaugh was defeated, along with Marie Muhler (R-Marlboro), Anthony "Doc" Villane (R-Eatontown), and Karl Weidel (R-Pennington). They were beaten by Chuck Haytaian (R-Hacketstown), John Hendrickson (R-Eagleswood), and John Markert (R-Westwood). Minority Leader Dean Gallo (R-Parsippany) ran unopposed.
Senate President, 1902: Senate Republicans voted to elect Elijah Hutchinson (R-Hamilton) as a compromise choice for Senate President after New Jersey's two United States Senators backed different candidates. John Kean (R-Elizabeth) supported State Sen. Joseph Cross (R-Elizabeth), while John Dryden (R-Trenton) backed Theodore Strong (R-New Brunswick). Legislative leadership posts were important to U.S. Senators back then because the Legislature still picked United States Senators.
Assembly Minority Leader, 2003: Hours after Republicans lost Assembly seats in McGreevey's mid-term election, Alex DeCroce (R-Parsippany) made it clear he had enough votes to oust Paul DiGaetano (R-Nutley) as Minority Leader. DiGaetano's exit strategy: he announced that he was leaving leadership to mount a campaign for the Republican nomination for Governor in 2005.
Assembly Speaker, 1938: When Herbert Pascoe (R-Elizabeth) sought to bust the rotation system and seek re-election as Speaker, fifteen of the 41 Assembly Republicans refused to participate in the leadership election. There was some talk that Majority Leader Roscoe McClave (R-Cliffside Park) would forge a coalition with the nineteen Democrats to become Speaker, but that never happened. Pascoe was an atypical legislator in his day – he served fourteen years in the lower house in a time when Assemblymen served one year terms and typically only spent two or three years in Trenton. He was the first person to serve more than one year as Speaker. He later spent five years in the State Senate.
Assembly Minority Leader, 1954: One leadership war occurred during a lame duck session and involved an outgoing legislator. In November 1954, Assembly Democrats voted to strip Minority Leader Frank Thompson (D-Trenton) of his leadership position after Thompson and Raymond Stewart (D-Trenton) voted with the Republican majority to override Gov. Robert Meyner's veto of a bill to exempt Christian Scientists from public school physical exams. Thompson had already won a seat in Congress where he served until his indictment in the ABSCAM scandal helped Republican Christopher Smith (R-Hamilton) unseat him 26 years later.
Assembly Minority Leader, 1920: The easiest leadership contest in state history was probably after the 1920 general election, when Republicans won a 59-1 majority in the State Assembly. The lone Democrat in the lower house was Harry Runyon, a Warren County Democrat who was also the Mayor of Belvidere. Since Assembly rules guaranteed at least one member of the minority on each committee, Runyon had a seat on every legislative panel.


1993 Senate Bill 1705. New Text Of House, No. 5318, Making Appropriations For The Fiscal Year Ending June Thirtieth, Nineteen Hundred And Ninety-Three To Provide For Supplementing Certain Existing Appropriations And For Certain Other Activities And Projects.
Title 1993 Senate Bill 1705. New Text Of House, No. 5318, Making Appropriations For The Fiscal Year Ending June Thirtieth, Nineteen Hundred And Ninety-Three To Provide For Supplementing Certain Existing Appropriations And For Certain Other Activities And Projects.


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Thank you for the comment and the visit. It is a maze and a haze if we don't watch!


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been going here forever love it always have always will ! it's just great period !
i love the food over there,especially wings and hot and sour soup. and sevice are good .
Always good hot food. Great customer service. Fast delivery.
Great customer service and delicious food.
The people that own the place are really nice and they have great food. Only thing lacking is the decor.
The BEST Chinese food in the Kansas City Area!
This little place is a wonderful addition to Parkville. Mostly for take out, it does have a few tables in the front for people who would prefer to eat in, This is family run, the husband is in the kitchen and the wife runs the front.The food is good, basic, decently priced. I have purchased food here several times over the past 3 years and have never experienced or witnessed rudeness of any kind. I highly recommend the place for decent take out, and have recommended it to friends and co-workers.
When my husband and I get a hankering for some Chinese food and want it delivered, I always order from China Wok. They have great food at great prices and we always get our food nice and hot! I have never been dissatisfied with what we get here.I highly recommend the food, and to actually have it delivered is a huge plus!!
VERY NICE BUFFET WITH VERY NICE SERVICE. WE WILL GO BACK FOR THE SEAFOOD AND SUSHI , ALSO THE HIBACHI GRILL, REMEMBER TO MAKE A RESERVATION ON WEEKEND NIGHT, THEY ARE ALWAYS BUSY.
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text:
Metacat
by James Somers, March 11, 2009
A couple of puzzles
James Marshall's doctoral thesis, "Metacat: a Self-Watching Cognitive Architecture for Analogy-Making and High-Level Perception," produced under the tutelage of Douglas Hofstadter at Indiana University's Fluid Analogies Research Group (FARG), describes a computer program that is capable of solving "string analogy" puzzles like this one:
abc -> abd, ijk -> ?
What's interesting about this particular problem is that the most obvious answer, ijd, doesn't actually occur to most people. We tend to see ijl instead.
The reason (I think) is that we automatically recognize that the letters in each of abc and ijk follow one another in the alphabet, so what sticks out for us is the "1-2-3″ pattern. With that in mind, the most natural rule that changes abc to abd is not "replace the last letter by d," but rather something like "increment the last letter." Applying that to ijk gives ijl.
The point of articulating these steps explicitly is to demonstrate that there is a lot of work going on under the hood even when we solve the simplest abstract problems. Work which a computer program like Metacat, and by extension its programmers, have to know how to do precisely if the thing is going to have any chance at tackling these puzzles at a human level. They have to know, for example, how to determine that the most salient feature in the problem above is the relative position of the letters — and this turns out to be a pretty significant task.
Of course things only get more difficult as the problems get more complex, e.g.,
abc -> abd, mrrjjj -> ?
You may even have to stop for a minute to think about this one. There are several attractive answers, and the "best" one isn't the most obvious.
One possibility is mrrjjk, which follows the same logic as our solution to the first problem. But it loses major points for missing the three "clusters" of identical letters in the target string. Accounting for these gives the much more elegant mrrkkk.
That's not quite optimal, though, because if we look closely we notice that while abc follows the "1-2-3″ pattern in terms of alphabet position, mrrjjj does it with letter frequency. So if our rule turns out to be "increment the last letter-group" (accounting again for those clusters), we ought to make sure we "increment" in the appropriate way.
Our best bet, then, is actually mrrjjjj.
Remarkably, Metacat is able to solve this problem and others still more difficult. Perhaps more important, though, is that the method it uses to do this is in some ways just a slowed-down version of our own unconscious cognition, which, Marshall insists, is really all about analogies.
Analogies as the core of thought
These little puzzles may not seem like much. They are, after all, restricted to a highly stylized microdomain: simple manipulations of letter strings. What's so general about that?
Consider, as a parallel example, a set of problems where someone is asked to "complete" an integer sequence, as in:
1, 2, 3, ...
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, ...
For a person who (say) knows nothing more about math than the successorship of integers — pretend that he's even ignorant about simple arithmetical operations like addition — the task would become an exercise in (a) scouring for relationships among the numbers, and (b) flexibly updating his best hypothesis as he considers more terms. Both of which strike me as exceedingly general abilities.
(Incidentally, there is a program called Seek-Whence out of FARG that tries to complete integer sequences.)
In the same way, Metacat is less concerned with letters than it is with broadly defined structural relationships.
To see how, think of the steps you had to take to solve one of the puzzles above. Your first move, most likely, was to try to discover some "rule" that transforms the original string. Then, either consciously or not, you tried to highlight the relevant abstract structural similarities between the original string and the target string. And finally, you applied your rule to this abstract representation of the target to produce a solution.
The key to the process, and the part most aptly characterized as an "analogy," is the mapping you made between the original and target strings, where you had to see the two different sets of letters as, at some level, playing the same role. Which when you come down to it is exactly what's happening anytime you make an analogy.
If someone were to ask me, for example, who Canada's "president" is, it would be quite natural for me to tell them the name of our prime minister, rather than saying "nobody" — because in this context prime minister plays roughly the same role as president, namely, head of state, that the person is probably interested in. Similarly, when YouTube pitched themselves as "the Flickr of video," the notion immediately made sense to users, who could easily imagine transforming Flickr's features to incorporate videos instead of pictures.
More mundane analogies pervade everyday life. Our language is full of them: we "spend" time, "retrieve" memories, "get ideas across," and "shoot down" arguments (see Lakoff and Johnson's Metaphors We Live By for more). And even in our basic interactions with objects, we can't help but think laterally instead of literally. Marshall gives the example of eating food off of a frisbee while at a picnic.
Now, in one sense it's somewhat unremarkable to see a frisbee as a plate, but if nothing else it does illustrate the fluidity of our concepts, which for Marshall is pretty much the key to the whole operation. Here's how he characterizes it:
To some extent every concept in the mind consists of a central core idea surrounded by a much larger "halo" of other related concepts. The amount of overlap between different conceptual halos is not rigid and unchangeable but can instead vary according to the situation at hand. Much work has been done in cognitive psychology investigating the nature of the distances between concepts and categories [Shepard, 1962; Tversky, 1977; Smith and Medin, 1981; Goldstone et al., 1991]. For most people, certain concepts lie relatively close to one another in conceptual space, such as the concepts of mother and father (or perhaps mother and parent) while others are farther apart, at least under normal circumstances. However, like the boundaries defining individual concepts, the degree of association between different concepts can change radically under contextual pressure with the potential result that two or more normally quite dissimilar concepts are brought close together, so that they are both perceived as applying equally well to a particular situation, such as when the Earth is seen as an instance of both the mother concept and the planet concept. This phenomenon, referred to in the Copycat model [Metacat's predecessor] as conceptual slippage, is what enables apparently unrelated situations to be perceived as being fundamentally "the same" at a deeper, more abstract level.
What's nice about this view is that it explains apparently ineffable features of the mind, like creativity and insight, as merely special cases of a more general phenomenon. So when Einstein equated acceleration with gravity (and saw gravity as "curved spacetime"), or when Shannon defined information in terms of entropy, they were just exploring unlikely analogies (that ended up being true) — or, in the above terms, they were "slipping" particularly distant concepts.
What makes such fruitful ideating possible is a kind of "elastic looseness," wherein one's concepts are allowed to range widely enough to combine in novel ways, but still constrained away from nonsense. Lewis Carroll was especially good at toeing that line — Jabberwocky is wildly imaginative and, at first glance, meaningless, but there is enough structure in there to allow us to translate his made-up words (say, by breaking up the obvious portmanteaus), and "fill in" the plot from context. Most of Dr. Seuss's stuff is the same way: absurd slippage that might be incomprehensible, except that it's packaged in an allegory that even youngsters can swallow.
Analogies, then, appear to be fundamental to every kind of thought, from survival-level object recognition (detecting new threats, for instance) all the way to artistic or scientific innovation. And Metacat is, if nothing else, an attempt to articulate explicitly all of the subcognitive machinery that makes such analogies possible. So, assuming Marshall knew what he was doing, figuring out how Metacat works should be a lot like figuring out how the mind works.
Metacat in action
This is what Metacat looks like at the end of a typical run, after it has found a plausible solution:
(Notice that the title of the window says "Workspace," which is the name of this particular part of the program. It's only one of many components, but it's probably the most fun to watch, if only because that's where all the conceptual structures get built on top of the strings themselves. Put elsely: if you were working on one of these problems by hand with a piece of paper, you'd probably draw something that looked like the picture above.)
There is a lot going on here. If you look carefully, though, you'll notice that there are really only two "types" of line — straight and squiggly — and that together they comprise the three maps we discussed above: (1) from the original string horizontally to its transformed version, (2) from the original string vertically to the target string, and (3) from the target string horizontally to the solution. In addition there are boxes showing the "groups" formed by "bonds" that represent successor/predecessor/sameness relations, short textual descriptions (e.g. "lmost=>lmost") of salient mappings, and natural language explanations of the overarching "rules" that determine how the strings are modified.
It's worth stressing that the horizontal maps are chiefly concerned with differences between the strings, while the vertical map is meant to highlight similarities; this should make sense in light of the discussion above, where we focused on the vertical map as the crux of the analogy — which is of course more about sameness than differentness.
One may understandably be curious about how all of these Workspace structures are formed. The answer is that a whole slew of computational modules, called "codelets," are sent to the Workspace, one at a time, each with a single low-level task. Here are a few examples (hopefully the names are roughly self-explanatory):
Bottom-up bond scouts
Group evaluators
Description builders
Rule scouts
Of course the order in which various codelets are executed, and their relative frequency, effectively determines which part of the solution space is being searched at a given time. Which means that the function for choosing codelets in each step should probably be more sophisticated than a random draw, and should in some sense reflect the actual semantics of the problem at hand.
And they do. What Metacat does is to tie the probability of each codelet's being selected in the next round to the state of the "Slipnet," which is a kind of semantic network containing variously activated "concepts." Here's what it looks like (more active concepts have bigger circles above them):
I will leave it to Marshall to describe how this works, and what it means:
In some ways the Slipnet is similar to a traditional semantic network in that it consists of a set of nodes connected by links. Each of these links has an intrinsic length that represents the general degree of association between the linked nodes, with shorter links connecting more strongly associated nodes. [. . .] Each node corresponds to an individual concept, or rather, to the core of an individual concept. A concept is more properly thought of as being represented by a diffuse region in the Slipnet centered on a single node. Nodes connected to the core node by links are included in the central node's "conceptual halo" as a probabilistic function of the link lengths. This allows single nodes to be shared among several different concepts at once, depending on the links involved. Thus, concepts in the Slipnet are not sharply defined: rather, they are inherently blurry, and can overlap to varying degrees.
Unlike traditional semantic networks, however, the Slipnet is a dynamic structure. Nodes in the Slipnet receive frequent infusions of activation as a function of the type of perceptual activity occurring in the Workspace. Activation spreads throughout a node's conceptual halo, flowing across the links emanating from the core node to its neighbors. The amount of spreading activation is mediated by the link lengths, so that more distant nodes receive less activation. However, the link lengths themselves are not necessarily fixed. Some links are labeled by particular Slipnet nodes and may stretch or shrink in accordance with the activation of the label node. A labeled link encodes a specific type of relationship between two concepts, in addition to the conceptual distance separating them. For example, the link between the predecessor and successor nodes is labeled by the opposite node, and the link from the a node to the b node is labeled by the successor node. Whenever a node becomes strongly activated, all links labeled by it shrink. As a result, pairs of concepts connected by these links are brought closer together in the Slipnet, allowing activation to spread more easily between the two, and also making it more likely for conceptual slippages to occur between them.
Whenever new Workspace structures are built, concepts in the Slipnet relating to them receive activation, which then spreads to neighboring concepts. In turn, highly-activated concepts exert top-down pressure on subsequent perceptual processing by promoting the creation of new instances of these concepts in the Workspace. Thus which types of new Workspace structures get built depends strongly on which concepts are relevant (i.e., highly activated) in a given context.
I hope that the correspondence to human cognition is apparent. I am particularly attracted to this idea of a "network of concepts" that (a) directs the activity of lower-level computational/cognitive modules, and then (b) changes shape based on feedback from those modules. It seems to me that when I perceive and think, that is exactly the kind of loop I'm in.
If you have the time (and I assume that if you're reading this sentence, you do), it might be fun to watch a video of all three of these components — the Workspace, Coderack, and Slipnet — working together on an actual problem. Watch it here.
You might notice a little thermometer in the top-right corner there. That gives a measure of the "perceptual order in the Workspace": when things are frenzied, and Metacat hasn't settled into any particular "line of thought," it adds more randomness to its codelet selections; but when it starts to hone in on an idea, it "cools off" and eases its way into a conceptual groove, determinedly selecting those codelets most likely to finish the job.
An unfortunate side effect of this otherwise wonderful (and again, psychologically plausible) mechanism is that Metacat risks getting caught in a local optimum, or a "snag," somewhere short of a good solution.
That problem is largely what motivated the idea of a successor to Copycat in the first place. Indeed, what makes Metacat "meta" are a set of self-watching features designed to keep the program out of snags, by (a) watching its own activity in the Workspace and Slipnet so that it can recognize dead ends, and (b) "remembering" particular analogy problems and old solutions, to draw on if it does get stuck.
These meta features show up in the architectural overview that Marshall gives on page 56, which is probably worth taking a look at anyway:
That, in a nutshell, is how Metacat works. It's also probably a good approximation to how your mind works, if not at a neural level than at a conceptual one — which is probably more interesting, at least for now.
If you'd like to read more, or install the software yourself, or even dive into the tens of thousands of lines of LISP code that makes this run, check out Marshall's project page here: http://science.slc.edu/~jmarshall/metacat/.
2 Responses to "Metacat"
Greg Detre says:
I thoroughly enjoyed your piece on MetaCat. I went through a lengthy phase of infatuation with the FARG's work (which still hasn't quite ended). I even spent a fair while trying to imagine how I might take their ideas forward, and was absolutely delighted to get the opportunity to present to the group in Bloomington once. I ended up going in a different direction, but I thought I'd share them here with you:
http://www.gregdetre.co.uk/writing/copycat/curiousmachines_analogymaking_copycat.pdf
I'd love to hear your (or anyone else's) thoughts on them,
Yours, Greg
Ha ha… even your post is an analogy.


text:
Observationes in Poesim Romanensem Provincialibus Inprimis Respectis by Alfredus Kalischer
Observationes in Poesim Romanensem Provincialibus Inprimis Respectis
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