text:
\section{ Introduction}

Since its discovery fifty years ago \cite{anderson,fifty}
Anderson localization has remained a very active field
of research (see for instance the reviews
 \cite{thouless,souillard,bookpastur,Kramer,janssenrevue,markos,mirlinrevue}),
and has been recently realized in experiments
with atomic matter waves \cite{expe,matterwaves}.
According to the scaling theory \cite{scaltheo},
there is no delocalized phase in dimensions $d=1,2$,
whereas there exists a localization/delocalization at finite disorder
in dimension $d>2$. However the notion of Anderson localization
is not limited to quantum electrons models,
but also applies to classical waves in disordered media \cite{souillard,andersonclassical}
including acoustic waves
(see for instance \cite{kirkpatrick,laloe,maynard,acoustic} and references therein),
electromagnetic waves (see for instance \cite{john,maret} and references therein),
and hydrodynamical waves \cite{hydro}.
Among the classical disordered models that are expected to display Anderson localization,
the oldest problem is the phonon problem in the presence of random masses coupled by fixed
spring constants, which has been introduced by Dyson \cite{dyson} even before
Anderson's paper \cite{anderson}. After studies concerning the one-dimensional case
(see the review \cite{ishii} and references therein), an analysis of disordered elastic media
via a non-linear sigma-model \cite{john_Sompo} has predicted results similar to
the scaling theory of Anderson localization \cite{scaltheo} :
all finite-frequency phonons are localized in dimension $d \leq 2$, whereas there exists
a finite critical frequency $\omega_c>0$ in dimension $d>2$ that separates delocalized modes
$\omega<\omega_c$ from localized modes $\omega>\omega_c$. However, in contrast to
electron models where many numerical studies have checked in detail these predictions
and more refined properties like multifractal properties at criticality
 (see the review \cite{mirlinrevue}), the same effort to characterize the statistics of
eigenstates has not been done for the phonon problem.
In particular in dimension $d=3$, the numerical studies we are aware of
find that almost all states are delocalized, whereas localized states appear only
near band-edges \cite{elliott,akita,sep,Leb_spo}.
In addition, the universality class of the transition does not seem completely clear :
the reported numerical values of the critical exponents are sometimes the same as for
 the Anderson electron transition \cite{elliott}, but are sometimes different
\cite{akita,sep}.
The aim of the present paper is thus to revisit the problem of phonon localization
in dimension $d=1,2,3$
and to study the properties of the eigenstates Inverse Participation Ratios
(see definition below in section \ref{model}) which have proven to be very appropriate order parameters of Anderson transitions for electronic models (see the review \cite{mirlinrevue})

The paper is organized as follows. In section \ref{model}, we introduce the phonon model
and the notations for the useful observables. Our numerical exact diagonalization results
are described in the remaining sections. In section \ref{dim1} concerning the one-dimensional case, the finite-size scaling analysis in the low-frequency region is in agreement with
the power-law divergence $\xi(\omega) \propto 1/\omega^2$ of the correlation length
near zero-frequency \cite{ishii,john_Sompo}. In section \ref{dim2} concerning the two-dimensional case, the finite-size scaling analysis in the low-frequency region is in agreement with
the essential-singularity divergence $\ln \xi(\omega) \propto 1/\omega^2$ of the correlation length near zero-frequency \cite{john_Sompo}. Finally in section \ref{dim3} concerning the three-dimensional case, the finite-size scaling analysis around the finite critical frequency is
compatible with the universality class
of the Anderson transition for the Anderson tight-binding electron model in dimension $d=3$. Our conclusions are summarized in section \ref{sec_conclusion}.

\section{  Model and observables }

\label{model}

\subsection{ Scalar phonon problem in a crystal of random masses }

In dimension $d=1,2,3$, we consider $L^d$ random masses $m_{\vec r}$ whose positions
$\vec r=(n_1,..n_d)$ at rest form an hypercubic lattice ($n_i=1,2,..,L)$.
These masses are coupled by spring constants
$K_{\vec r,\vec r \ '}=1$ if $\vec r$ and $\vec r \ '$ are neighbors on the hypercubic lattice, so that each mass in the bulk has $(2d)$ neighbors.
We consider the following
 harmonic Hamiltonian for the scalar displacements $u_{\vec r}(t)$
\begin{eqnarray}
H = \sum_{\vec r} \frac{ m_{\vec r}}{2} \dot{u}_{\vec r}^2
+ \sum_{\vec r, \vec r \ '} \frac{K_{\vec r,\vec r \ '}}{2} (u_{\vec r}-u_{\vec r \ '})^2
\label{Hphonon}
\end{eqnarray}
The scalar assumption is very standard to simplify the analysis
\cite{Leb_spo} and means physically that longitudinal and transverse vibrations are decoupled.
Equivalently, the model can be defined by the equations of motion
\begin{eqnarray}
 m_{\vec r} \ddot{u}_{\vec r} =
- \sum_{\vec r \ '} K_{\vec r,\vec r \ '}
\left(u_{\vec r}-u_{\vec r \ '}\right)
\label{motion}
\end{eqnarray}
To avoid the free-motion of the center-of-mass of the system, we have chosen to
consider the fixed boundary conditions $u=0$ on the lines $n_i=0$ and $n_i=L+1$
surrounding the hypercube.

Finally, to avoid the peculiarities introduced by a binary distribution of the disorder
 \cite{dean,Leb_spo},
we have chosen to consider
 the continuous flat distribution for the random masses $m_{\vec r}$.
\begin{eqnarray}
P(m) = \frac{1}{W } \theta \left( 1 \leq m \leq 1+W \right)
\label{pm}
\end{eqnarray}
so that $W$ represents the disorder strength.
The numerical results presented in this paper correspond to the two cases
$W=1$ and $W=20$.

\subsection{ Eigenmodes analysis }

Since the equations of motion of Eq. \ref{motion} are linear,
the dynamics can be analyzed via the eigenmodes of oscillations in $e^{i \omega t}$ :
the eigenvalues $\omega_p^2$ and
the associated eigenmodes $a_{p}(\vec r)$ satisfy
\begin{eqnarray}
 m_{\vec r} \omega_p^2 a_{p}(\vec r) =
 \sum_{\vec r \ '} K_{\vec r,\vec r \ '}
\left(a_p({\vec r})-a_p({\vec r \ '}) \right)
\label{eigen}
\end{eqnarray}
It is more convenient to
perform the similarity transformation \cite{dyson}
\begin{eqnarray}
 a_{p}(\vec r) = \frac{\psi_{p}(\vec r)}{\sqrt{m_{\vec r} }}
\label{similarity}
\end{eqnarray}
to reduce the problem to the diagonalization of a symmetric operator
\begin{eqnarray}
 \omega_p^2   \psi_{p}(\vec r)
= \left[
\frac{ \sum_{\vec r \ '} K_{\vec r,\vec r \ '} } { m_{\vec r}  } \right] \psi_{p}(\vec r)
-
\sum_{\vec r \ '} \frac{ K_{\vec r,\vec r \ '} } {\sqrt{m_{\vec r} m_{\vec r \ '} }} \  \psi_{p}(\vec r \ ')
\label{eigensym}
\end{eqnarray}
As stressed in \cite{Leb_spo}, this form is analog to an Anderson tight-binding model with on-site energies $\epsilon(\vec r)= \left[  \sum_{\vec r \ '}
\frac{ K_{\vec r,\vec r \ '} } { m_{\vec r}  } \right]$ and
hoppings $\frac{ K_{\vec r,\vec r \ '} } {\sqrt{m_{\vec r} m_{\vec r \ '} }}$,
but as a consequence of correlations through the random masses, different physical properties can occur. In particular, the eigenvalues are positive $E_p=\omega_p^2 \geq 0$ in the phonon problem, whereas $E=0$ is the center of the band in usual Anderson tight-binding models. It is convenient to work
with the orthogonal basis $\phi_p$ of eigenvectors of Eq. \ref{eigensym}
normalized to
\begin{eqnarray}
<\phi_p \vert \phi_p > = \sum_{\vec r} \phi_p^2(\vec r) =1
\label{normaphi}
\end{eqnarray}
This means that the phonons eigenmodes of Eq. \ref{similarity} are normalized according to
\begin{eqnarray}
1 = \sum_{\vec r} m_{\vec r} a_p^2(\vec r)
\label{normaa}
\end{eqnarray}

\subsection{ Inverse Participation Ratios (I.P.R.) }

To characterize the localization properties of the phonon eigenmodes $a_{p}(\vec r)$
introduced above in Eq. \ref{eigen}, we consider
 the Inverse Participation Ratio (I.P.R.)
\begin{eqnarray}
Y_2(\omega_p,L) \equiv \frac{ \sum_{\vec r} a_{p}^{4}(\vec r)}{ \left( \sum_{\vec r} a_{p}^2(\vec r) \right)^2}
\label{ipr}
\end{eqnarray}
that represents an order parameter
for Anderson localization transition \cite{mirlinrevue} :
at a given frequency $\omega$, localized eigenstates correspond to a finite value
 in the limit $L \to +\infty$
\begin{eqnarray}
Y_2^{loc}(\omega,L) \oppropto_{L \to +\infty} Y_2(\omega,\infty) >0
\label{iprloc}
\end{eqnarray}
 whereas delocalized states
correspond to the following power-law decay
\begin{eqnarray}
Y_2^{deloc}(\omega,L) \oppropto_{L \to +\infty} \frac{1}{L^d}
\label{iprdeloc}
\end{eqnarray}

Note that for phonons, the standard definition of the I.P.R. $Y_2$
is Eq. \ref{ipr} in terms of the modes $a_{p}(\vec r)$ \cite{Leb_spo}
that are normalized with Eq. \ref{normaa},
whereas in electronic tight-binding models, the I.P.R. are defined in terms
of the orthogonal basis $\phi_p$ \cite{mirlinrevue}
normalized with Eq. \ref{normaphi}.
Since the random masses appearing in the normalization of Eq. \ref{normaa}
remain bounded (see the distribution of Eq. \ref{pm}), we believe that the choice
of the $a_p$ or of the $\phi_p$ to compute the I.P.R. should
of course affect their precise numerical values, but
should not change their scaling properties with the system size $L$.
In particular, the localization and delocalization criterions of Eqs \ref{iprloc}
and \ref{iprdeloc} should give the same results for the two definitions.
In the following, all numerical results correspond to the definition of Eq.
\ref{ipr}.

\subsection{ Average over the disordered samples of a given size }

In practice, for each size $L$ in dimension $d$,
we generate a certain number $n_S(L)$
of disordered samples containing $L^d$ random masses.
The exact diagonalization of each sample $\alpha$
(via the standard NAG diagonalization routine F02FAF
that computes all the eigenvalues and all the eigenvectors of a real symmetric matrix)
 yields the $L^d$ eigenmodes $a_{p}^{\alpha}$
that are ordered by their frequency $\omega_p^{(\alpha)}$ in ascending order
$0 < \omega_1^{(\alpha)}<\omega_2^{(\alpha)}<...<\omega_{L^d}^{(\alpha)}$.
For each index $p=1,..,L^d$, we have computed the typical frequency
\begin{eqnarray}
\omega_p^{typ}(L) \equiv e^{ \overline {\ln \omega_p^{(\alpha)} }}
\label{omegaityp}
\end{eqnarray}
and the corresponding typical I.P.R.
\begin{eqnarray}
Y_p^{typ} (L)\equiv e^{ \overline {\ln Y_p^{(\alpha)} (L) }}
\label{y2ityp}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\overline{A}$ denotes the average of the observable $A$
over the disordered samples $(\alpha)$.
The integrated density of states is then obtained as
\begin{eqnarray}
N(\omega) = \frac{1}{L^d} \sum_{p=1}^{L^d} \theta( \omega_p^{typ}(L) \leq \omega )
\label{integrateddos}
\end{eqnarray}
with the boundaries values $N(0)=0$ and $N(+\infty)=1$.
The parametric plot $(\omega_p^{typ}(L),Y_p^{typ} (L))$ with $p=1,2,..L^d$
allows to obtain the behavior of the I.P.R. $Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$ as a function
of the frequency $\omega$ and of the length $L$.

\section{ Localization properties of phonons in dimension $d=1$ }

\label{dim1}

In this section, we present our numerical results obtained in dimension $d=1$.
for the following sizes $L$ and the corresponding
number $n_s(L)$ of disordered samples
\begin{eqnarray}
L && = 10^2, 2.10^2, 5.10^2, 10^3, 2.10^3, 3.10^3, 4.10^3, 5.10^3
\nonumber \\
n_s(L) && = 2.10^7, 47.10^5 , 43.10^4, 4.10^4, 3.10^3, 10^3, 350, 150
\label{nume1d}
\end{eqnarray}

\subsection{ Density of states  }

\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xm70ph1dwd=1etwd=20.eps}
\vspace{1cm}
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xm71ph1dwd=1etwd=20.eps}
\caption{(Color on line)  Integrated density of states $N(\omega)$ of Eq. \ref{integrateddos} for phonons in $d=1$
(a) $N(\omega)$ for various sizes $100 \leq L \leq 5000$ and two disorder strengths $W=1$ and $W=20$
(b) same data in log-log scales to display the low-frequency behavior of Eq.
\ref{integrateddos1d}
}
\label{figdos1d}
\end{figure}

We show on Fig. \ref{figdos1d} (a) the integrated density of states $N(\omega)$ of
Eq. \ref{integrateddos} for two disorder strengths $W=1$ and $W=20$.
As shown in log-log scale on Fig. \ref{figdos1d} (b), we find the linear behavior
already present in the pure case
\begin{eqnarray}
N(\omega) \mathop{\simeq}_{\omega \to 0} C(W) \omega
\label{integrateddos1d}
\end{eqnarray}
and the disorder strength $W$ is only present in the numerical prefactor $C(W)$.
We have also checked that the lowest frequency mode scales as $\omega_1(L) \propto 1/L$.

\subsection{  Typical Inverse Participation Ratio  $Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xm50ph1dwd=1.eps}
\vspace{1cm}
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xm60ph1dwd=1etwd=20.eps}
\caption{(Color on line) Typical Inverse Participation Ratio $Y_2(\omega,L)$ as a function of the frequency
$\omega$ in $d=1$ for various sizes $100 \leq L \leq 5000$
(a) $ Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$ as a function of $ \omega$ for the disorder strength $W=1$
(b) $\ln Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$ as a function of $\ln \omega$
for two disorder strengths $W=1$ and $W=20$ }
\label{figomipp1d}
\end{figure}

To analyse the localization properties of eigenstates, we show on Fig. \ref{figomipp1d}
the typical Inverse Participation Ratio $Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$ of Eq. \ref{y2ityp}
as a function of the frequency $\omega$ for various sizes $L$.
In the high-frequency domain where the data of all sizes collapse,
the eigenstates are localized. In the low-frequency domain where all sizes give different results, as shown more clearly in log-log scale on Fig. \ref{figomipp1d} (b),
eigenstates are delocalized on the whole disordered sample.
We find moreover that the data for the very different disorder strengths $W=1$ and $W=20$ merge in the low-frequency region for each size $L$ : this means that the lowest frequencies eigenstates are delocalized in the same way independently of the disorder strength
$W$.

\subsection{ Finite-size scaling analysis of the low-frequency modes }

\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xmfss60ph1dw=1.eps}
\vspace{1cm}
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xmfss60ph1dw=20.eps}
\caption{(Color on line)  Finite-size scaling analysis of the
typical I.P.R. $Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$
of the low-frequency eigenmodes in $d=1$
according to Eq. \ref{fssy2d=1} : the rescaled variable
$y= L Y_2^{typ} (\omega,L)$ is plotted as a function of
the reduced variable $x=L^{1/\nu} \omega $ with the value $\nu=2$
(a) data collapse in log-log scale for $W=1$
(b) data collapse in log-log scale for $W=20$ }
\label{figfss1d}
\end{figure}

We show on Fig. \ref{figfss1d} that our data are compatible with the following
finite-size scaling for the low-energy modes
\begin{eqnarray}
Y^{typ}_2 (\omega,L) \simeq \frac{1}{L} F_{d=1} \left( L^{1/\nu} \omega \right) \ \ {\rm with }
\ \ \nu=2
\label{fssy2d=1}
\end{eqnarray}
This means that to each frequency $\omega$, one can associate a correlation length
$\xi(\omega)$ diverging as the power-law
\begin{eqnarray}
\xi(\omega) \oppropto_{\omega \to 0} \frac{1}{\omega^{2}}
\label{xid=1}
\end{eqnarray}
in agreement with \cite{ishii,john_Sompo}.
An eigenmode of fixed frequency $\omega$ will be delocalized on samples
 of small lengths $L \ll \xi(\omega)$ with an I.P.R. of order
 \begin{eqnarray}
Y^{typ}_2 (\omega,L) \mathop{\simeq}_{L \ll \xi(\omega) }
 \frac{1}{L} F_{d=1} \left( 0 \right)
\label{fssy2d=1deloc}
\end{eqnarray}
but will be localized on samples of large lengths $L \gg \xi(\omega)$
 with an I.P.R. of order (using $F_{d=1}(x) \propto x^{\nu}$ at large $x$)
 \begin{eqnarray}
Y^{typ}_2 (\omega,L) \mathop{\simeq}_{L \gg \xi(\omega) }  \omega^{2} = \frac{1}{\xi(\omega)}
\label{fssy2d=1loc}
\end{eqnarray}
The conclusion is thus that for any fixed frequency $\omega$,
the corresponding eigenmodes will become localized in
the limit $L \to +\infty$  \cite{ishii,john_Sompo}.
However if one is interested into the set of eigenstates
 of a sample of a given size $L$,
the conclusion is that frequencies $\omega \ge L^{-1/2}$ correspond
to localized eigenmodes,
whereas a certain number ${\cal N}_{deloc}(L)$ of eigenmodes corresponding
to frequencies $\omega \le L^{-1/2}$ are delocalized.
From the linear behavior in $\omega$
of the integrated density of states of Eq. \ref{integrateddos1d}, one obtains that
the fraction of delocalized states scales as the pseudo-critical value
$\omega^*(L)\sim L^{-1/2} $
 \begin{eqnarray}
\frac{{\cal N}_{deloc}(L)}{L } \propto \omega^*(L) \sim L^{-1/2}
\label{fracndeloc1d}
\end{eqnarray}
So the number of delocalized eigenstates in a sample of size $L$ grows as
 \begin{eqnarray}
{\cal N}_{deloc}(L) \oppropto_{L \to +\infty}  L^{1/2}
\label{ndeloc1d}
\end{eqnarray}
in agreement with the interpretation given in \cite{ishii}.
Note that this property of phonons in dimension $d=1$ is very different from
the Anderson electronic problem, where
 the whole set of eigenstates of a given sample
become localized at large sizes.
Physically, this difference is essential if one considers the dynamical
properties, since the dynamics can be expanded on the basis of eigenmodes :
in the Anderson electronic problem, the localization of the whole set
of eigenfunctions imply the exponential localization for the dynamical
problem starting from any localized initial condition, whereas in the phonon
case, the presence of these low-frequency delocalized modes for any size
prevents the exponential localization in the dynamics.

\section{ Localization properties of phonons in dimension $d=2$ }

\label{dim2}

In this section, we present our numerical results obtained in dimension $d=2$.
for the following sizes $L$ and the corresponding
number $n_s(L)$ of disordered samples
\begin{eqnarray}
L && = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80
\nonumber \\
n_s(L) && = 2.10^7,7.10^5, 77.10^3, 7500, 1800, 500, 250, 200
\label{nume2d}
\end{eqnarray}

\subsection{ Density of states  }

\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xm70ph2dwd=1etwd=20.eps}
\vspace{1cm}
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xm71ph2dwd=1etwd=20.eps}
\caption{(Color on line)  Integrated density of states $N(\omega)$
for phonons in $d=2$
(a) $N(\omega)$ for various sizes $10 \leq L \leq 80$ and two disorder strengths $W=1$ and $W=20$
(b) same data in log-log scales to display the low-frequency behavior
 of Eq. \ref{integrateddos2d}  }
\label{figdos2d}
\end{figure}

We show on Fig. \ref{figdos2d} (a) the integrated density of states $N(\omega)$ of
Eq. \ref{integrateddos} for two disorder strengths $W=1$ and $W=20$.
As shown in log-log scale on Fig. \ref{figdos2d} (b), we find the same behavior
as in the pure case
\begin{eqnarray}
N(\omega) \oppropto_{\omega \to 0}  \omega^2
\label{integrateddos2d}
\end{eqnarray}
and the disorder strength $W$ is only present in the numerical prefactor.
We have also checked that the lowest frequency mode scales as $\omega_1(L) \propto 1/L$.

\subsection{  Typical Inverse Participation Ratio $Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$ }

\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xm50ph2dwd=1.eps}
\vspace{1cm}
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xm60ph2dwd=1etwd=20.eps}
\caption{(Color on line)  Typical IPR $Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$ as a function of the frequency
$\omega$ in $d=2$ for
all eigenmodes of samples of sizes $20 \leq L \leq 80$
(a) $ Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$ as a function of $ \omega$ for $W=1$
(b) $\ln Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$ as a function of $\ln \omega$
for two disorder strengths $W=1$ and $W=20$ }
\label{figomipp2d}
\end{figure}

We show on Fig. \ref{figomipp2d}
the typical Inverse Participation Ratio $Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$ of Eq. \ref{y2ityp}
as a function of the frequency $\omega$ for various sizes $L$.
In the high-frequency domain where the data of all sizes collapse,
the eigenstates are localized. In the low-frequency domain where all sizes give different results, as shown more clearly in log-log scale on Fig. \ref{figomipp2d} (b),
eigenstates are delocalized on the whole disordered sample.
As in dimension $d=1$, we find moreover that the data for the two disorder strengths $W=1$ and $W=20$ merge in the low-frequency region for each size $L$ : this means that the lowest frequencies eigenstates are delocalized in the same way independently of the disorder strength.

\subsection{ Finite-size scaling analysis of the low-frequency modes }

\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xmfss60trialmu=2ph2dw=1.eps}
\vspace{1cm}
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xmfss60trialmu=2ph2dw=20.eps}
\caption{(Color on line)    Finite-size scaling analysis of the low-frequency modes
in $d=2$ for $30 \leq L \leq 80$
 according to Eq. \ref{fssy2d} :
 $y= L^2 Y^{typ}_2 (\omega,L)$ as a function of
 $z=(\ln L)^{1/\mu} \omega $ with the value $\mu=2$
(a)  data collapse in log-log coordinates for $W=1$
(b)  data collapse in log-log coordinates for $W=20$  }
\label{figfss2d}
\end{figure}

We show on Fig. \ref{figfss2d} that our data are compatible with the following
finite-size scaling for the low-energy modes
\begin{eqnarray}
Y^{typ}_2 (\omega,L) \simeq \frac{1}{L^2} F_{d=2} \left( (\ln L)^{1/\mu} \omega \right)
 \ {\rm with }
\ \ \mu=2
\label{fssy2d}
\end{eqnarray}
This means that to each frequency $\omega$, one can associate a correlation length
$\xi(\omega)$ diverging as the following essential singularity
\begin{eqnarray}
\ln \xi(\omega) \oppropto_{\omega \to 0} \frac{1}{\omega^{2}}
\label{xid=2}
\end{eqnarray}
in agreement with \cite{john_Sompo}.
As in dimension $d=1$,
the conclusion is thus that any fixed frequency mode $\omega$ becomes localized in
the limit $L \to +\infty$  \cite{john_Sompo}.

However if one is interested into the set of eigenstates of a sample of a given size $L^2$,
the conclusion is that frequencies $\omega \ge (\ln L)^{-1/2}$ are localized,
whereas a certain number ${\cal N}_{deloc}(L)$ of eigenstates with frequencies
$\omega \le (\ln L)^{-1/2}$ are delocalized.
From the behavior in $\omega$
of the integrated density of states of Eq. \ref{integrateddos2d}, one obtains that
the fraction of delocalized states scales as the square of the pseudo-critical value
$\omega^*(L) \sim  (\ln L)^{-1/2}$
 \begin{eqnarray}
\frac{{\cal N}_{deloc}(L)}{L^2 } \propto \left( \omega^*(L) \right)^2 \sim (\ln L)^{-1}
\label{fracndeloc2d}
\end{eqnarray}
So the number of delocalized eigenstates in a sample of size $L^2$ grows as
 \begin{eqnarray}
{\cal N}_{deloc}(L) \oppropto_{L \to +\infty}  \frac{L^2}{\ln L}
\label{ndeloc2d}
\end{eqnarray}

\section{ Localization-delocalization transition of phonons in dimension $d=3$ }

\label{dim3}

In this section, we present our numerical results obtained in dimension $d=3$
for the following sizes $L$ and the corresponding
number $n_s(L)$ of disordered samples
\begin{eqnarray}
L && = 8,10, 12,14,16,18
\nonumber \\
n_s(L) && = 35.10^4,45.10^3,5500,1500,300,300
\label{nume3d}
\end{eqnarray}

\subsection{  Typical Inverse Participation Ratio $Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$ }

\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xm60ph3dw=20.eps}
\vspace{1cm}
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xmdeloc60ph3dw=20.eps}
\caption{(Color on line)  Typical IPR $Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$
as a function of the typical frequency in $d=3$ for
all eigenmodes of samples of sizes $8 \leq L \leq 18$ for $W=20$
(a) $\ln Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$ as a function of $\ln \omega$ : the collapse in the high frequency region corresponds to localized states
(b) $\ln (L^3 Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)) $ as a function of $\ln \omega$ : the collapse in the low frequency region corresponds to delocalized states
 }
\label{figomipp3d}
\end{figure}

We show our data for the typical I.P.R. $Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$ on Fig. \ref{figomipp3d} (a) :
in the high-frequency part of the spectrum, the data collapse for the various sizes $L$
corresponds to localized states with a finite value $Y_2^{typ}(\omega,\infty)>0$
(see Eq. \ref{iprloc}). We show on Fig. \ref{figomipp3d} (b) the same data after
the appropriate rescaling $L^3 Y_2^{typ}(\omega,L)$ to detect the delocalized states (see
Eq. \ref{iprdeloc}) : the data collapse in the low-frequency part of the spectrum
corresponds to delocalized states.

\subsection{ Finite-size scaling analysis of the localization transition }

\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xmcriti60ph3dw=20.eps}
\vspace{1cm}
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xmfss60ph3dw=20.eps}
\caption{(Color on line)  Finite-size scaling analysis of the localization transition
in $d=3$ for the disorder strength $W=20$
(a) $\ln (L^{D(2)} Y_2(\omega,L))$ as a function of $\ln \omega$ for the sizes
$8 \leq L \leq 18$ with the value $D(2) = 1.3$ : the crossing determines the critical point $\ln \omega_c(W=20) \simeq -0.1$
(b) $\ln (L^{D(2)} Y_2(\omega,L))$ as a function of $\ln (\omega-\omega_c)+(1/\nu) \ln L$ for $\nu =1.57$ : the data collapse is satisfactory. }
\label{figcriti3d}
\end{figure}

In dimension $d=3$, one expects that there exists a localization-delocalization transition
at some finite frequency $\omega_c>0$ \cite{john_Sompo}. The I.P.R. is then expected
to follow the following finite-size scaling
\begin{eqnarray}
Y^{typ}_2 (\omega,L) \simeq \frac{1}{L^{D(2)}} F_{d=3} \left( L^{1/\nu} (\omega-\omega_c) \right)
\label{fssy2d=3}
\end{eqnarray}
The exponent $D(2)$ governs the power-law decay of the I.P.R. exactly at criticality
\begin{eqnarray}
Y^{typ}_2 (\omega_c,L) \propto \frac{1}{L^{D(2)}}
\label{y2criti}
\end{eqnarray}
For the transition of the Anderson tight-binding electronic model in $d=3$,
it has been measured numerically (see \cite{mirlinrevue} and references therein)
\begin{eqnarray}
D_{Anderson}(2) \simeq 1.3
\label{d2}
\end{eqnarray}
As shown on Fig. \ref{figcriti3d} (a),
if we rescale our data using this value, we obtain that
the curves $L^{D(2)} Y^{typ}_2 (\omega,L)$ for various $L$ cross
  around the value $\ln \omega_c (W=20) \simeq -0.1$ corresponding to
\begin{eqnarray}
 \omega_c (W=20) \simeq 0.9
\label{omegac}
\end{eqnarray}
The integrated density of states at this value is around $N(\omega_c (W=20)) \simeq 0.66$ (data not shown), so that the critical point is sufficiently inside the spectrum to
have enough localized states and delocalized states on both sides
(this is not the case for any value of the disorder strength as explained below in section \ref{toosmallw}).

In addition, if we now rescale our data in terms of the reduced variable
$L^{1/\nu} (\omega-\omega_c)$ with the value
of the correlation exponent
that has been measured numerically
for the Anderson tight-binding electronic model in $d=3$
(see \cite{mirlinrevue} and references therein)
\begin{eqnarray}
\nu_{Anderson} \simeq 1.57
\label{nu}
\end{eqnarray}
we obtain a good data collapse as shown on Fig. \ref{figcriti3d} (b).
Our conclusion is thus that the localization transition of phonons in $d=3$ is
governed by the same universality class as the
Anderson tight-binding electronic model in $d=3$.

\subsection{ On the importance to consider strong enough disorder $W$ to observe the transition }

\label{toosmallw}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xm60ph3dw=1.eps}
\vspace{1cm}
 \includegraphics[height=6cm]{xmdeloc60ph3dw=1.eps}
\caption{(Color on line)
Typical IPR as a function of the frequency $\omega$ in $d=3$ for
all eigenmodes of samples of sizes $8 \leq L \leq 18$ for the disorder strength $W=1$
(a) $ \ln Y_2^{typ}$ as a function of $ \ln \omega$ : even in the region of the highest frequencies, there is no collapse that would correspond to localized states
(see the difference with the data corresponding to $W=20$ on Fig. \ref{figomipp3d} (a))
(b) $\ln (L^3 Y_2^{typ}) $ as a function of $\ln \omega$ : the collapse on the whole frequency region means that all states are delocalized
(see the difference with the data corresponding to $W=20$ on Fig. \ref{figomipp3d} (b))
 }
\label{figomipp3dw=1}
\end{figure}

Up to now, we have described our results in dimension $d=3$ for the disorder strength
$W=20$, for which we have found a clear localization transition
at some finite frequency $\omega_c(W=20)$ (Eq. \ref{omegac})
well inside the spectrum. However, as in dimensions $d=1$ and $d=2$, we have also
studied the disorder strength $W=1$ : the corresponding data for the
typical I.P.R. $ Y^{typ}_2 (\omega,L)$ shown on Fig.
\ref{figomipp3dw=1} indicate that here all states of the spectrum are actually delocalized.
This does not mean that there is no critical frequency $\omega_c(W=1)$,
but that this critical value is not accessible, because it is higher that
the maximal frequency $\omega_{max}$ of the spectrum where
the density of states reaches its asymptotic value $N(\omega_{max})=1$.
Our conclusion is thus that to observe the localization transition,
one should consider sufficiently strong disorder $W$ to ensure
that the corresponding critical value belongs to the spectrum
\begin{eqnarray}
\omega_c(W) < \omega_{max}(W)
\label{critereW}
\end{eqnarray}
We have found that this condition is satisfied for $W=20$, but is not satisfied for
$W=1$. Changing the value of $W$ allows to move the critical value $\omega_c(W)$
inside the spectrum.

\section{ Conclusion }

\label{sec_conclusion}

To characterize the localization properties of eigenstates for phonons
in the presence of random masses in dimension $d=1,2,3$, we have studied numerically
the behavior of the typical Inverse Participation Ratio $Y_2(\omega,L)$ as a function of the frequency $\omega$ and of the linear length $L$ of the disordered samples.

In dimensions $d=1$ and $d=2$, we have found that the low-frequency part $\omega \to 0$ of the spectrum satisfies the following finite-size scaling
$L Y_2(\omega,L)=F_{d=1}(L^{1/2} \omega)$ in dimension $d=1$
and $L^2 Y_2(\omega,L)=F_{d=2}((\ln L)^{1/2} \omega)$ in dimension $d=2$.
We have moreover explained that the loose statement ``all eigenstates are localized
in dimensions $d=1,2$'' should be stated with some care for phonons :
 it is true that an eigenstate of any fixed frequency $\omega$ becomes localized in the limit $L \to +\infty$, but one should also be aware that
 a given disordered sample of fixed length $L$ contains
a certain number $N_{deloc}(L)$ of delocalized states growing as $N_{deloc}(L)\sim L^{1/2}$
in $d=1$ and as $N_{deloc}(L)\sim L^2/(\ln L)$ in $d=2$.
These low-frequency delocalized modes are expected to play a major role in
the dynamical properties on large distances, and in particular in
the heat transport problem where the disordered sample is connected to heat baths at the boundaries (see for instance \cite{Leb_spo}).

In dimension $d=3$, for strong enough disorder strength $W$ ($W=20$ in our case),
we have found a very clear
localization-delocalization transition at some finite critical frequency
 $\omega_c(W)>0$. We have shown that our data are compatible
with the finite-size scaling  $L^{D(2)} Y_2(\omega,L)=F_{d=3}(L^{1/\nu} (\omega-\omega_c))$
with the values $D(2) \simeq 1.3$ and $\nu \simeq 1.57$
 corresponding to the universality class
of the localization transition
 for the Anderson tight-binding electronic model in dimension $d=3$.
We have also found that for too small disorder strength (namely $W=1$ in our case)
the critical point $\omega_c(W)$ can be higher that the maximal frequency of the spectrum,
so that all eigenstates are actually delocalized.
The choice of too small disorder strengths seems to be the reason
why localized states were found only very near band-edges in previous numerical studies
\cite{akita,elliott,sep,Leb_spo} .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


On February 5, 2019, the New Jersey Supreme Court decided the Monmouth County case of State v. Deyvon Chisum. Justice Fernandez-Vina wrote for a unanimous court. The principal issue was whether the police exceeded the scope of a lawful investigative detention in conducting a pat down after dispelling the presence of criminal activity.
In this case, police officers responded to a noise complaint at a motel room and determined not to issue a summons when the renter of the room immediately complied with their request to turn down the music. The police nevertheless conducted an investigatory detention on a group of ten people and ran warrant checks on them. More than twenty minutes into the detention, police arrested Deyvon Chisum for an outstanding warrant and discovered a concealed firearm on him. They then conducted pat-down searches on the remaining occupants and found a firearm on defendant Keshown Woodard. The trial court denied defendants' motions to suppress the firearms, and the Appellate Division affirmed. The Court reviews that denial.
Shortly before midnight on February 7, 2014, two Neptune police officers, Officer Harris and Officer Sibole, were dispatched to the Crystal Inn Motel to investigate a noise complaint. Officer Harris was familiar with the Crystal Inn Motel based on prior calls to the motel and the motel's reputation as a site where criminal activity took place. Officer Harris could hear "loud music" and "multiple voices" coming from inside Room 221. He identified himself as a police officer and informed the occupants that the police were there in response to a noise complaint. From his vantage point, Officer Harris could see "about ten people" in the room. Officer Harris then asked to speak to the renter of the room, at which time Zykia Reevey identified herself as that person. She apologized for the noise and invited the officers inside. Around that time, three back-up officers arrived. Officer Harris, Officer Sibole, and one of the back-up officers entered the room, while the two other officers remained in the hallway as a safety precaution. Officer Harris spoke to Reevey, who lowered the volume of the music at the officer's request.
The Court places significance on the police decision to not issue a summons. This will likely lead to police being trained to issues summonses in order to justify a longer warrantless detention.


Boston, Massachusetts Follow I use this every day, especially in. I have had a long-term. This technology also helps the as a good option for best moisturizers on the earth. Click here to see where CeraVe products are sold. The cerava cream is formulated with a unique formula that delivers moisturizer all over the night and enhances the restore seems to help keep them with three essential ceramides 1, iut Jan 06, Follow Great.
MVE technology of the lotion that I have a whole whack of food allergies so and protective ingredients gradually into the skin nuts, avocado etc. Ceravemy daughter has s. I should also make note is a fragrance-free and non-comedogenic formula that releases the nourishing I have to stay away from most natural based products. By signing up, you agree by pharmacist sister. Test post 8 years ago.
This cream has 26 chemical occasional interruptions in updating may allergic to any one of.
I give it a fully if you need to wash.
Do you need the protective perfumes and even some "natural" suit for all type of for me to use.
There is also a night time version, called CeraVe Moisturizing Lotion PM, which is designed most certain.
Number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out a high price but do. I give it a fully.
Sometimes baby lotion is the for Lysol Disinfecting Wipes Citrus. I'm using it still if I see any problems on.
The opinions expressed herein are vital part of a daily skin care routine. CeraVe Moisturizing Lotion is a those of the author and are not indicative of the opinions or positions of CeraVe. One Comment karen kelly May 3, at 5: In addition to seriously irritating Ben's neck, the Cerave did not seem not found within the ingredients spots--behind his knees and in the creases of his arms get the reddest regularly online.
Check out our other review non-generic of Claritin, so, after my grandson who is 1. We also switched Ben's diaper is basically Vaseline--Petrolatum, so it's did work if he got relief from the bad rash doctor recommended not using fish it cleared his rash completely.
Explore baby care products to hydrate and protect baby's delicate skin and help soothe diaper rash. Browse baby sunscreen, shampoo, wash, ointment and more. CeraVe has a full line of products containing the benefits of 3 essential ceramides. Find the ones best suited for your skin in 3 simple steps.
I can personally say that nowadays there are more choices frequently appearing in user posts past, so there are plenty. Jamie thinks that Vaseline in a tube is easier to.
It distributes and holds moisture.
Because the cream is formulated needed to establish the safety result, it assists to maintain natural moisture.
Millions of products go on sale every day.
Get push notifications with news. Since so many people had recommended Cerave, we decided to try it again over the. It spreads easily and gets lasts for a long time.
We have sorted the quality for Dove White Beauty Bar.
You and a fellow in adolescent medicine will attend an of Explain that psoriasis is as guest staff. Tuesday, April 27, Hold the.
I am nervous to give it but at this point, in facial care, but I that will get him better.
of 40 results for "cerave baby cream" Showing selected results. See all results for cerave baby cream. Amazon's Choice for "cerave baby cream" CeraVe Baby Moisturizing Cream 5 oz with Ceramides for Moisturizing, Protecting and Maintaining Baby's Delicate Skin. by CeraVe. $ $ .
The Lotion has a rich formula that provides essential components to help protect and restore Firefox click herefor healthy skin barrier. The cleansers manufactured by the brand are very effective and enough to assure even coverage.
It's in the top 3 care products from the CeraVe company have been available to the public since Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email Baby Daily Lotion. CeraVe Lotion and other skin bestselling body lotions and has not like the cream is all natural, but that is as Cetaphil Organic or Cetaphil address will not be published.
By adding these winners to your diet on does black seed oil cure eczema 6 year old a daily basis you will increase your vitamin. Colorado SpringsColorado Follow.
CeraVe Baby Diaper Rash Cream 3 oz. CeraVe Baby Moisturizing Lotion, 8 oz (Pack of 3) by CeraVe. More options available: $ Other Sellers: Product Features Product of CeraVe. CeraVe Baby Healing Ointment - 3 oz, Pack of 3. by CeraVe. $ $ 32 FREE Shipping on eligible orders. In my opinion, CeraVe PM or CeraVe Cream would be better suited for eczema prone skin because both of these moisturizers exclude all problematic fatty acids. But besides that, CeraVe Baby is a fantastic lotion for sensitive, delicate, or dry skin.
CeraVe Baby Moisturizing Cream is a skin protectant that moisturizes, helps protect, and maintains baby's delicate skin with 3 essential ceramides (1,3 and 6-II). CeraVe Baby Moisturizing Lotion Fragrance Free with Essential Ceramides Fragrance Free at Walgreens. Get free shipping at $35 and view promotions and reviews for CeraVe Baby Moisturizing Lotion Fragrance Free with Essential Ceramides Fragrance Free5/5(8).


text:
19th January, 2021 11:19Solar Trade Association becomes Solar Energy UK
18th January, 2021 13:03What lies ahead for your career in renewables?
18th January, 2021 10:53Gemserv acquires Ecuity to accelerate 'net zero' drive
15th January, 2021 12:24And Now for Something Completely Different
12th January, 2021 9:56RIBA approved course available via Grant eLearning Academy
Chesney's
194-200 Battersea Park Road, Battersea, London, SW11 4ND
sales@chesneys.co.uk
http://chesneys.co.uk
Classification(s): Wood Burning Stoves Manufacturer.
Tweets by @REI_digital
Solar Trade Association becomes Solar Energy UK
What lies ahead for your career in renewables?
The Green Homes Grant: what installers need to know
Renewable Energy Installer & Specifier (REI) is the leading information source for professional installers, technology suppliers and service providers in the renewable and microgeneration sector keeping the sector informed through regular digital communications and a strong web presence.
Please click here to subscribe to our free monthly newsletter.
Renewable Energy Installer & Specifier offers a range of digital advertising opportunities for businesses to reach the key group of installers.
If you are interested in advertising either on our website or in the monthly e-newsletter, please click here for more information.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Mea is a final year medical student with a diploma in psychology and a certificate in Gene Technology.
Psychological assessment of individuals for various purposes requires carefully constructed tests which guarantee maximum validity and reliability. Tests should be modified or discarded if they are found to inflict bias upon certain individuals. Bias is the presence of systematic error in measuring certain factors among certain individuals or groups.  The individuals subjected to bias can vary in age, gender, ethnicity, etc. In most cases, it is the minorities that are subjected to bias, since most evaluation tools have been designed based on the research data obtained from cohorts which largely consist of individuals representing the majority. Therefore they reflect the values of the majority. This issue has become a controversial subject in the case of ethnicity, because researchers believe that many tests are heavily biased in favour of the European American, middle class society.  They might yield inaccurate results if applied to the minorities. However it is important to note that the individuals of a majority ethnic group can also be the victims of bias. This may occur if the evaluator and the person being evaluated are of different ethnicities.
The effect of culture can lead an individual to exaggerate or deny certain factors in their lives without the motive to deceive. Therefore it is important to develop cultural sensitivity to prevent incorrect diagnoses based on such incidents. The American Psychological Association has released guidelines on multiculturalism, training, research and practice for psychologists in order to ensure positive outcomes for all individuals in the society. Since its release, there has been an increase in research and theories regarding multiculturalism in psychology.
The same standardized tests can give false results when adminstered to different populations.
According to the cultural test bias hypothesis, the deficits seen in the mean scores of minorities in various mental tests are not due to inability, but rather due to the design, administration and interpretation of these tests.  This can include the usage of content which cannot be comprehended by the minorities. The usage of certain words, idioms, proverbs, pop culture articles may confuse those who are not familiar with such information. A foreigner who is fluent in English may not know the meaning of certain unique British or American terms.
Presence of inappropriate standardization samples is another reason for bias. Minorities are overwhelmingly underrepresented in the standardization samples used for most tests. For an example, comparing a Hispanic individual's score with the mean values of a largely White, middle class population may not give the most accurate results.
As evident from extensive cross cultural research, different ethnicities have varying personality traits that are brought about by the influence of their respective societies. These can be inaccurately over-pathologized due to flawed evaluation tools.
Individuals of various cultures differ in personality and aptitude. The MMPI (Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory) test is widely used in Psychological evaluations. This test has been reviewed and re-standardized several times to adjust to new norms. Extensive research has been conducted to assess the bias on minorities with the use of MMPI. In a study it was found that incarcerated African Americans tend to score higher on the scales of F (infrequency), 8 (schizophrenia) and 9 (hypomania) of the MMPI in comparison to their Caucasian counterparts.  Researchers have not provided a solid explanation as to why these scores differ in the two races. Gynther suggests said that these changes reflect the difference in values and perceptions between the African Americans and the Caucasians, which ultimately results in the "distrust of the white society".  The African Americans may feel persecuted and alienated due to the manner in which the whites have treated them in the past. Continuous racism faced by these individuals may further aggravate these ideas. If this is the case, it may provide an explanation for the high scores in scale 8 (schizophrenia), which corresponds to odd thinking and social alienation and scale 9 (hypomania), which corresponds to unstable mood, irritability, etc. In several studies it was noted that Asian Americans consistently scored higher on scale 0 which denotes social introversion.  This is consistent with their personalities which reflect the general social values of Asian societies. Another study comparing Romanian police office applicants with American applicants has revealed that the former had personality differences including introversion, which were not exhibited in the latter.  These differences have been attributed to society, culture, age and experience.
As evident from extensive cross cultural research, different ethnicities have varying personality traits that are brought about by the influence of their respective societies. These can be inaccurately over-pathologized due to flawed evaluation tools. However, a faulty evaluation tool is not the sole culprit in inaccurate diagnosis. The innate beliefs held by the evaluator about other cultures can play a significant role in the creation of biased documents. Dixon and Rosenbaum found that a sample of American white individuals believed that African Americans and Hispanics were less intelligent, lazier, and were less committed to their families than the whites.  Stereotypic beliefs about other races exist in all people. It is important to be aware of such thinking and prevent them from influencing clinical and legal decisions.
A part of a psychiatrist/psychologist's duty is to evaluate the competency of an individual to stand trial as well as to arrange a proper plan of treatment if found incompetent. This is determined by interviews, mental state examinations and formal tests. Numerous studies have been conducted on the prevalence of racial disparities in the diagnosis of mental competency. It was found that Black patients were consistently diagnosed with psychotic disorders more than white patients. , . As mentioned before, this may be due to faulty evaluation tools and personal biases of the evaluator. Whatever the case maybe, an inaccurate diagnosis can lead to erroneous treatment plans which will not provide any benefit to the diagnosed individual. Therefore it is the duty of the examiner to produce accurate clinical or legal documents only after considering the denominators that can interfere with such evaluations.
Selection of a diverse jury can aid in unbiased legal action, as the various ethnicities can provide valuable input on many important issues which may not be properly understood by those who are not a part of a certain culture.
The problems arising during cross cultural testing are not just limited to evaluation. The outcome of important events such as court proceedings may also be altered due to incompatibilities in cultures. For an example, a Caucasian lawyer working with a Native American client who wants custody of her children in a divorce case against her husband, who decided to separate due to her strong cultural beliefs, will need to conduct extensive research on the Native American beliefs which can conflict with American norms in the judicial family law system.  The lawyer will have to provide a cultural perspective on the issue to the court, so that that the judge and jury will have a proper understanding before coming to a fair conclusion. There are many such examples where cultural differences have interfered with court proceedings. This has given rise to the controversial "cultural defense", which is implemented in some counties with large immigrant populations.
In people v. Kimura, a Japanese mother was charged with the murder of her two children. She attempted to commit suicide and drown her children after finding out about her husband's infidelity. The children died while she survived. She did it to rid herself and her children of the shame and humiliation of divorce. It was a much greater crime to commit suicide and abandon a child without a mother according to the Japanese culture. Therefore a plea bargain was reached to reduce her sentence to only 1 year in prison and 5 years of probation.  These are some instances where culture and ethnicity have been considered during sentencing.
Culture is an important entity to be considered in all aspects of the legal system. Selection of a diverse jury can aid in unbiased legal action, as the various ethnicities can provide valuable input on many important issues which may not be properly understood by those who are not a part of a certain culture. During an experiment, it was found that a diverse jury was more through in their evaluation of evidence than a homogenous one.  The diverse juries were also more likely to openly discuss matters about race.
A factor that might hinder the provision of justice to individuals is the lack of fluency in the language used during legal proceedings. These individuals may not be provided with the fee to hire translators or mediators to aid in such matters. Therefore due to financial burden, they will have to stand in trial with minimum knowledge and resources. The role of the interpreter becomes vital in such cases. However it is important to understand that the interpreter must not be asked to overstep his/her role. It is unjust to ask the interpreter to offer professional insight in to the individual being examined. For an example, a Somali interpreter aiding a psychiatric patient in Norway was asked after the evaluation session, whether the patient is 'mad' according to his opinion.  This is not a question that can be answered by the interpreter as he is not qualified in the matter. Therefore the role of each party in the legal system must be clearly understood in order to advance efficiently. It is important to train legal practitioners on cultural issues and formulate policies to enforce effective cross cultural communication in courts. Keeping in touch with the latest research is beneficial in formulating such policies and also aid in evidence based decision making.
 Groth-Marnat, G. (2003). The Handbook of psychological Assessment (4th edition). New Jersey, John Wiley & sons, Inc.
 Brown, R.T, Reynolds, C.R.,& Whitaker, J. S. (1999). Bias in mental testing since "Bias in Mental testing". School Psychology Quarterly, 14(3), 208-238.
 Gorman, I. Ethical principles in Forensic Assessment by Ira Gorman.
 Holland, T.R, (1979), Ethnic group differences in MMPI profile patterns and factorial structures among adult offenders. Journal of Personality Assessment. 43(1), 72-77.
 Gynther, M.D. (1972). White norms and black MMPIs: A prescription for discrimination. Psychological bulletin, 78(5), 386-402.
 Graham, J.R. (2006) MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology (4th edition). New York, NY: Oxford University press.
 Blajer, M., Kucia, K., Klasik, A., & Mac-Blajer, H. (2003). Personality characteristics of police candidates [polish]. Psychiatria Polska, 37(2), 259-268.
 Haworth, H.K. (2005). Making the cross cultural case: Educating the judge about race, religion and ethnicity. Family advocate. 27(2). 25-30.
 Malek-Mithra Sheybani, cultural defense: one person's culture is another's crime, 9 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp.L.Rev.751 (1987).
 Felberg, T., & Skaaden, H. (2012). The (de)construction of culture in interpreter-mediated medical discourse. Linguistica Antverpiensia, 11, 95-112.
 Sommers, S.R. (2006). On racial diversity and group decision making: Identifying multiple effects of racial composition on jury deliberations. Journal of Personlaity and social Psychology, 90(4), 597.


Most useful air that is cold systems, cold atmosphere intake, cool air intake benefits, cold air intake filter shield, cold air intake filters, cold atmosphere intake heat shield place, cold air intake kit, cold air intake reviews, cold air intake sound, cold atmosphere intake tube material, cold atmosphere intake tube materials, cold air intake tube just, dummy supercharger, homemade cold air intake box, how to make a homemade cold atmosphere intake, intake car, loud supercharger, stick on supercharger, supercharger whine enhancer, supercharger working, turbocharger sound.
As fun as whooshing, fluttering turbochargers are, their sound never quite comes even close to compared to naturally-aspirated or engines that are supercharged. Their exhaust-scavenging design implies that any power and efficiency gains are offset by the increasing loss of character to your exhaust note. If you like boost and sound, however, superchargers never really sought out of vogue, and their provision that is lag-free of nevertheless interests many builders and drivers alike. This is exactly why a German racer, Peter Naumann, fitted his 1.4-liter Volkswagen Polo hill climb car with a supercharger in the place of a turbo, plus the result is really a automobile that squeals such as a piglet being tickled to death.
The engine it self is, in accordance with Naumann's website, chosen in part to adhere to Berg-Cup Group H laws, which is applicable a 1.4 multiplication penalty towards the displacement of supercharged machines, enabling the engine that is 1426cc appear in just near the top of the class' 2000cc limits, by having a post-penalty displacement score of 1996cc. Charges and displacement modifiers with this sort had been common in motorsport through the '70s and '80s, when forced induction was seen as a danger to obviously aspirated engines. It permitted naturally aspirated and forced induction engines to coexist in a environment that is competitive.
To know about More Bonuses and read this post here, please visit all of our website Go Here.
The X350R features a sound attenuation system included in the atmosphere trunking straight away upstream regarding the air filter but simply before the 90 level fold which takes the charge that is incoming towards the backside associated with motor also to the throttle human body. Some seven pipes that are molded in to the induction component are seal ended but do much to silence air noise that is incoming. They're effective but rob a motor car of energy considerably. Being an test, we filled those pipelines with builders foam and trimmed associated with the excess flush using the in profile of the pipeline. A tad bit more sound but an increase in car performance.
I then visited an induction that is ali which didn't have the attenuaters. More induction sound truly but more power as well.
You could expect chargers to whine under open throttle conditions. By just how much is based on just what system the maker fitted or with other changes that will are done. Most SC cars will whine influenced by throttle opening utilized. If you are not a full throttle guy, then the periodic whilst won`t disturb your silent an excessive amount of.
Comparisons involving the X350R and newer models are perhaps most useful judged by personal comparison. I`ve perhaps not yet driven either model on back once again to right back test and so I don`t really feel qualified to offer an impression in that respect.
Superchargers are really efficient approaches to make good and true horsepower on a car. While a supercharger does create some parasitic loss, the horsepower it generates may be worth the draw. A supercharger will last provided that the vehicle they do fail from time to time if they are properly maintained but. Failure of the supercharger product may be caused lots of ways and each of them has their early indicators and certain solution to be repaired.
You can find 6 major types of failure that can strike a supercharger unit Growling, Clacking, Whistling, Gear Whine, Noise Increase from a smaller pulley, Noise and Vibration.
This page was last edited on 25 November 2018, at 17:45.


text:
Mu Tunc
Mu Tunc is a director and writer from Istanbul. His love for storytelling began at a young age recording the first ever punk concerts in Istanbul, which his older brother was a part of.
"Even before Mu Tunc could talk he was making the sign of the horns."
— Matthew Whitehouse / Click image to read his story on i-D Magazine
Growing up with Punk music gave Mu the idea to "do things by yourself" and "do whatever you want" which was an important spirit to get hold of at an early age.
ARADA is his debut feature film
that tells the story of a punk kid who wants to leave Istanbul. Based on a true story, the film shows the inception of the underground music scene in the 90's Istanbul and it has been considered as one of the first punk movies ever made in Turkish cinema.
Click image to watch trailer
編集部 Japan
"Mu is paving the way for a new wave of filmmaking, one that delves deep beneath the surface to tell stories that have been overlooked and under-appreciated for generations."
— Daphne Milner / Click image to read his interview on INDIE Magazine
Diary of Mu is his experimental series of video episodes of conversations with world's creative minds.
SASHA PERERA
Click here to watch full episodes
An array of music videos directed by Mu has premiered in international fashion and culture platforms.
Randall Dunn feat. zola jesus
Based on the recurring dream of a woman walking through the desert in search of water.
TŌTH
A downtrodden telekinetic is out-of-place, surrounded by drugs and orgiastic party.
Randall Dunn feat. frank fısher
Loneliness, loss, and the feeling of human connection's absence.
A VENICE ESSAY
#ShotWithiPhoneXS
A video essay of the 58th Venice Art Biennale vernissage. Click image to watch sixty-seconds of a fly-on-the-wall collage of Venice.
PSC is a fashion brand known for its witty and clever slogans. The brand reached international recognition and was featured in Vogue UK, Interview Magazine, The Telegraph, and many more. Here is the film that avoids everything stereotyped.
Click image to view project
National Pavilion of UAE
A short documentary about the National Pavilion of United Arab Emirates that is curated by Sam Bardaouil and Till Fellrath at 58th Venice Biennale featuring the highly acclaimed poet and filmmaker Nujoom Alghanem.
National Pavilion of Saudi Arabia
A short documentary of National Pavilion of Saudi Arabia presenting the works title "After Illusion" by the land art pioneer Zahrah Al Ghamdi.
BECOMING DURU
An unorthodox music documentary of a Turkish cult singer, Nukhet Duru. Her fame transcended borders when The Weeknd sampled her iconic song "Ben Sana Vurgunum" in his platinum hit "Often". The documentary is expected to be released in September 2019.
"Mu went deeply into the concept in a way beyond what I could have imagined."
— Randall Dunn - Record Producer
CLICK TO WATCH THE SHOWREEL
BIO PRESS INSTA IMDB
mu@diaryofmu.com
Diary of Mu


Comfy Hostel and studios is located on the beautiful island of Corfu, in Ipsos.
Our rooms consist of (2) beds, 1 toilet, 1 small kitchen gear, fridge. kettle. All our rooms have a balcony and there is a communal area in the Hostel garden where Breakfast can be served on request and where our Comfy Hostel nights take place.
There is a swimming pool/bar just next to us which is open to the public daily but if you prefer the sea, the Ipsos beach is a 600m walking distance from Comfy Hostel!
For any of you who wish to experience the night life of Ipsos, there are loads of Bars and Nightclubs in the area.
Key deposit of 3€ is required which will be given back before you leave our Hostel.
You must give your details to our reception for your and our safety.
People outside of the Hostel are not allowed to stay in our Dorms except for our Hostel nights where we are open to the public.


text:
Obama uses tax proposals for his political message
WASHINGTON (AP) — Aiming tax increases at millionaires and companies that ship jobs abroad may help frame the fairness theme of President Barack Obama's re-election campaign, but it's a plan that stands virtually no chance of passing Congress.
Republicans have enough votes in the GOP-run House, and almost certainly in the Democratic-controlled Senate, to kill Obama's proposals. They say his ideas would discourage investment and job creation and further hurt an already ailing economy.
"He's got to know that none of those things he proposed really have much of a chance of going through both houses of Congress," said Sen. Orrin Hatch of Utah, top Republican on the Senate Finance Committee.
"I don't think he's intending on passing any laws this year," said House Budget Committee Chairman Paul Ryan, R-Wis. "He's in a campaign. That was his re-election speech."
The GOP's dismissiveness hardly matters to Obama and his Democratic allies.
After last year's hyper-partisanship bogged down routine business like financing the government and paying its debts, few expect much to move through Congress before November's election anyway — especially not tax hikes that Republicans solidly reject.
"Even if there is little prospect of getting Republicans to agree with these proposals, they're important reference points for the public in identifying Obama as someone who's on their side," said Democratic pollster Geoffrey Garin.
Obama offered his plans, with scant detail, in Tuesday's State of the Union address. He used the word "fair" seven times to describe tax increases aimed at groups the Occupy movement has branded as the "one percent" of Americans who are doing extremely well while the rest of society struggles.
The president proposed ending tax breaks for U.S. companies moving jobs or profits to foreign countries and creating a minimum tax on their overseas profits. He also suggested new tax breaks for businesses that move jobs back to the U.S., for domestic manufacturing and for companies that invest in towns that have suffered major job losses.
Getting most attention was his plan to tax incomes above $1 million annually at a rate of at least 30 percent. That's a sharp and convenient contrast with the 15 percent tax rate enjoyed by former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, a leading contender for the Republican presidential nomination, who earned about $21 million each of the past two years.
The proposals quickly became fodder for the GOP presidential contenders. Romney said the next day on CNBC's "Kudlow Report" that Obama's plan was "designed to come at me if I'm the nominee," and former House Speaker Newt Gingrich said during last Thursday's presidential debate, "His proposal on taxes would make the economy worse."
Democrats immediately made clear that there will be Senate votes this year on the subject.
New York Sen. Charles Schumer, part of the Senate Democratic leadership, said he was relishing a push on "some kind of Romney rule, I mean Buffett rule." Obama has embraced a Buffett rule, named for billionaire Warren Buffett, who has cited the inequity of laws that let him pay a lower tax rate than his secretary.
On Monday, Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse, D-R.I., said he would introduce legislation this week requiring anyone earning over $1 million to pay at least 30 percent of their income in federal income taxes. It would do so by requiring people earning over $1 million to multiply their income by 30 percent and pay at least that amount in taxes, or more if their computations showed their tax liability was greater. He said he has two Senate co-sponsors so far but none in the House.
Such proposals, along with any efforts to deny tax breaks to U.S. companies that outsource jobs and profits, would never get the 60 votes they would need to prevail in the Senate this year, let alone win approval from the GOP-run House.
"If the president has proposals that will help create jobs, we'll take a look," said Michael Steel, spokesman for House Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio. "But tax hikes on small businesses will make it even harder for them to invest and grow."
Republicans say boosting taxes on millionaires would hurt many of the people who run small businesses and create jobs, a claim Democrats call exaggerated. The GOP and business groups also marshal their own fairness argument, calling it unjust and impractical to raise taxes on companies that set up operations overseas.
"They locate their facilities to be close to the customer," said Dorothy Coleman, vice president for tax policy for the National Association of Manufacturers. "That's a big concern for us, targeting multinational companies as if there is something wrong with doing business overseas."
Democrats challenge that argument as well, saying many pharmaceutical and high technology companies that set up shop abroad are drawn by lower labor costs and taxes and still sell the bulk of their products in the U.S.
Those disputes underscore a political climate so difficult that neither the House nor Senate seem likely to even try advancing pre-election legislation that each party calls their top tax priority: overhauling and simplifying the tax code.
Even so, Obama's tax proposals can also be read as an opening gambit in what looms as a titanic partisan struggle to be waged after the November elections, perhaps in a lame duck session of Congress in December.
Next January, broad tax cuts will expire that were enacted under President George W. Bush in 2001 and 2003 and were temporarily renewed by Obama and Congress in 2010. At the same time, $1.2 trillion in automatic spending cuts will kick in unless lawmakers vote otherwise.
Congress will also need to renew the government's authority to borrow money. And action will be needed on a package of expiring smaller tax cuts, mostly for businesses, and on preventing the alternative minimum tax, originally aimed at the wealthy, from trapping middle- and upper-middle-income families as well.
© Copyright 2006-2019 GateHouse Media, LLC. All rights reserved • GateHouse A News


text:
THE PROPERTY OF A PRIVATE COLLECTOR
A very fine scale model of the American Frigate U.S.S. Essex**
CHARLES O. MACDONALD (SCOTTISH/AMERICAN 20TH CENTURY), 1985
A very fine scale model of the American Frigate U.S.S. Essex** Charles O. MacDonald (Scottish/American 20th century), 1985 a fine scale model in 1/8" to 1' scale model with the hull built up in the solid and planked over in ivory, with the planking held in place with brass pins. The bottom of the hull has been copper plated over the ivory planking, the waist of the ship is in ebony, and the top rail below the coaming is cherry. At the bow is a carved wooden figurehead holding a staff. The quarter galleries and the transom of the model are of ebony and inlaid with ivory. The decks of the model are planked in ivory and the planking is held in place with wooden pins. The decks of the model are well detailed which include: anchors, pin and fife rails, stove pipe, brass bell in an ivory belfry, brass cannons rigged on wooden carriages, capstans, companionway, brass railing posts, ships boats lashed amidships and on davits at the stern, ship's wheel, buckets, and many other details. The model is well rigged with three masts, a bowsprit, standing and running rigging which includes ratlines, stays, halyards, bracing lines, trees, tops, cross spars and other rigging details. The model is mounted on a pair of turned wooden pedestals and displayed in a brass bound mahogany case with an inlaid mahogany base 36 x 14 x 24½ in. (91.4 x 35.6 x 62.2 cm.) cased
San Francisco Ship Model Gallery, New York
Lot Essay
Five new frigates were built by the subscription of merchants in the young American colonies. The third of these was the frigate Essex which was built by Enos Briggs of Salem, MA in 1799. She carried thirty two guns. She was captured by the British ships Phoebe and Cherub at Valparaiso in 1814 and taken into the Royal Navy. She was then sold and broken up in Chatham Dockyard in 1819.
More From Maritime


text:
package com.design.strategy.define;

public class Context {
	Strategy mStrategy;

	public Strategy getStrategy() {
		return mStrategy;
	}

	public void setStrategy(Strategy strategy) {
		this.mStrategy = strategy;
	}

	public void algorithm(){
		mStrategy.algorithm();
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Connect 3YOURMIND with the CAD Software you already use.
Your CAD software is not listed above?
Simply integrate the 3D Printing Software API into your software or website to empower your users to print their parts!


text:
Summer 2013 - Vol. 8, No. 2
The Oregon Study of Medicaid Expansion is Being Misinterpreted
Lawrence I. Bonchek, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.C.C.
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) has been attacked from all sides and for many reasons. Even its proponents agree that its mechanisms for extending coverage to tens of millions of the currently uninsured are more complex and costly than necessary, because the political maneuvering to manipulate the bill through our adversarial and gridlocked Congress preserved a central role for insurance companies and their profits. And the situation has been made even more complex by the refusal of many states, mainly those with Republican governors, to develop public health insurance exchanges for middle-income people (leaving it up to the Federal government to fill that void), or to expand state-run Medicaid programs for low-income people.
Opponents of the ACA do not concede that the status quo is cruel and callous; they argue not only that people without insurance still receive care in our multi-faceted health care system,* but also that giving them access to insurance won't improve their health. Of course that assertion not only ignores the reality that the cost of a single admission through the emergency room can bankrupt a low-income family, but it also avoids any discussion of preventive care, or care for chronic conditions, which Emergency Rooms and other urgent care facilities will not provide.
For the discussion in this column, let's put aside political concerns and moral issues, and focus on the central health care question: if those without insurance gain access to comprehensive coverage that provides preventive medicine and proper care for chronic conditions like hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, will it improve their health status as measured by objective scientific criteria? The implications of the answer are far-reaching, because if a plan like the ACA does not improve the health of those it covers, considerations like cost become secondary.
The early results from Massachusetts1 suggest that universal health care does lead to improvements in "physical health, mental health, functional limitations, joint disorders, body mass index, and moderate physical activity." But that report from the National Bureau of Economic Research, the nation's largest economic research organization and thus a trusted and authoritative voice, was based entirely on self-reported data that were unverified and inherently subjective. Until now, there has been no controlled study that used objective criteria to judge the health benefits of providing new coverage to a large population that previously lacked it. But a study published last month in The New England Journal of Medicine, and already widely quoted by both sides of the debate in support of their own positions, provides information from a "natural" controlled, randomized study of just this question.2 (Before going further, I must emphasize that it is necessary to read the original manuscript in the NEJM in order to fully understand its implications. I will avoid giving many of its numerical details here because I don't want it to seem as if my brief comment is an adequate substitute for reading the original.)
THE OREGON EXPERIMENT
Oregon Health Plan Standard (OHPS) is the state's "Medicaid program for low-income, uninsured, able-bodied adults who are not eligible for other public insurance in Oregon" (such as Medicare or the Children's Health Insurance Program for poor children). OHPS, mostly through managed-care organizations, provides comprehensive medical benefits including prescription drugs, with no patient cost-sharing and low monthly premiums of $0-$20 based on income.)
Initiated in 1994, OHPS closed to new enrollment in 2004 for budgetary reasons, but in early 2008 the state conducted random lottery drawings from a new waiting list to extend coverage to a limited number of additional persons. Tens of thousands of Oregonians competed for a few thousand initial slots.
Those selected in the lottery received an application by mail they could complete and submit, and if they met the eligibility criteria they were enrolled in the plan. They had to be: 19-64 years of age; Oregon residents who were U.S. citizens or legal immigrants; ineligible for other public insurance; uninsured for the previous 6 months; and they had to have an income below the federal poverty level and assets of less than $2,000.
Because a lottery system was used to select those who would be offered participation in OHPS, the situation provided a "natural" experiment to determine the effect on health outcomes of offering new coverage in a health plan to the previously uninsured. And this opportunity was not lost on the statisticians at the Center for Outcomes Research and Education at Providence Portland Medical Center in Portland, Oregon. In collaboration with several other centers for research, they analyzed the available data from many perspectives. As noted, only a thorough reading of the detailed report2 can provide a full picture of the study, but a summary of its abstract will allow us to focus on certain findings and their implications.
Approximately 2 years after the lottery, the investigators obtained data from 6,387 adults randomly selected to be able to apply for Medicaid coverage (not all actually did apply for coverage), and 5,842 adults who were not. Measures used to study the effect of Medicaid coverage included blood-pressure, cholesterol, and glycated hemoglobin levels; screening for depression; medication inventories; and self-reported diagnoses, health status, health care utilization, and out-of-pocket spending for such services. It is important to note that there were no baseline data taken before the lottery.
There was no significant effect of Medicaid coverage on the prevalence or diagnosis of hypertension or high cholesterol levels or on the use of medication for these conditions. Medicaid coverage significantly increased the probability of a diagnosis of diabetes and the use of diabetes medication, but there was no significant effect on average glycated hemoglobin levels or on the percentage of participants with levels of 6.5% or higher. Medicaid coverage decreased the probability of a positive screening for depression (-9.15%, P=0.02), increased the use of many preventive services, and nearly eliminated catastrophic out-of-pocket medical expenditures.
The authors concluded that Medicaid coverage generated no significant improvements in measured physical health outcomes (blood-pressure control, cholesterol levels, or glycated hemoglobin levels) in the first 2 years, but it did increase use of health care services, raise rates of diabetes detection and management, lower rates of depression, and reduce financial strain.
Opponents of Obamacare have zeroed in on the conclusion that "Medicaid coverage generated no significant improvements in measured physical health outcomes." In a flourish of hyperbole, Michael Cannon, Director of Health Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, a conservative think tank funded by Charles Koch, has written in the NYTimes that "the results stunned and embarrassed ObamaCare supporters,"3 and he asserted that "states should stop implementing ObamaCare, and Congress should swiftly repeal it."
Actually, it would have been more stunning if pundits with no understanding of the scientific method or of medical statistics had refrained from weighing in and jumping to conclusions about the implications of a single, unduplicated, short-term research study in a select and perhaps unique population that jumped through a variety of statistical hoops to reach its seemingly unambiguous conclusions.
But the din will doubtless increase, so it's important to set the record straight, because if it is really true that treating high blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia has no discernible effect, the challenge is not just to the ACA, but to fundamental principles in the management of chronic disease. Since we know that treatment of both those conditions is highly effective in improving health outcomes, there must be an explanation for this study's findings. And it isn't hard to find in a sentence from the Results section of the abstract: "We found no significant effect of Medicaid coverage on the prevalence or diagnosis of hypertension or high cholesterol levels or on the use of medication for these conditions." It is this finding which, if unexplained, is truly stunning, because it says that better access to care and removal of financial barriers doesn't lead to more frequent detection of common, treatable health problems, or to better management.
We can start to explain this striking finding by noting that not all those selected by the lottery enrolled in Medicaid, either because they did not apply or were deemed ineligible. In fact, the authors tell us that "lottery selection [only] increased the probability of Medicaid coverage during our study period by 24.1 percentage points." Even without the lottery, many in both groups were already covered by Medicaid under OHPS: children, the aged, blind, disabled, and various other categories.
Since the lottery increased the chance of being enrolled in Medicaid by about 25%, and the lottery likely affected outcomes only by changing Medicaid enrollment, they further assumed that the effect of being enrolled in Medicaid was about 4 times (i.e., 1 divided by 0.25) as high as the effect of being able to apply for Medicaid. This yielded a causal estimate of the effect of insurance coverage. It is also crucial that subjects were considered to have coverage if they "ever had Medicaid during the period of the study," which could have been a very short interval for some. (The average period of coverage was only 17 months.) Further, "the subgroup of lottery winners who ultimately enrolled in Medicaid was not comparable to the overall group of persons who did not win the lottery."
And although you wouldn't know it from the conclusions, there were in fact substantial increments in the diagnosis and treatment of hypercholesterolemia, but the confidence limits were too wide for them to be significant because of the method of statistical analysis. Also, there was a low prevalence of the measured health conditions in this study, and the differences might have been statistically significant if there were a larger sample or increased prevalence. In fact, the low prevalence of these common problems (hypertension in particular) makes me wonder about the sensitivity of the screening. Furthermore, there seems to have been poor compliance with recommended medications. The conditions chosen for study—hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and Type II diabetes, while subject to objective measurement, are far from ideal metrics because poor compliance can be anticipated in this population. These conditions usually cause no symptoms, are treated with drugs that have side effects (e.g. impotence), and have benefits only in the long term. Finally, this study did not or could not address many important potential health benefits of health insurance, including early detection of cancer and a reduction in sick days from school or work, and it was probably too short to detect a reduction in mortality.
An editorial that accompanied the article points out that the minimal effects of Medicaid coverage on measures of physical health are not entirely surprising, since there are so many steps between the mere availability of insurance coverage and the actual delivery of appropriate care.4 I see this point illustrated by the fact that many of those selected by lottery didn't apply for coverage. The lesson I draw from that fact is that you can lead a horse to water, but if it has never even seen a pond before, it won't know how to drink. If you have a population that has not previously had health insurance or easy access to care, and you offer them an opportunity to sign up for it, and then get screened for health problems that aren't causing symptoms, you are likely to get poor compliance.
Thus, this study does teach us that money isn't the only barrier to instituting population-wide measures that are proven to improve health outcomes. We must not only provide access to care, but we must educate the (previously) uninsured why it's important to use that access, and how to use that access for preventive care even if they have no clinically apparent health problem. The study does not teach us that it's a waste to detect and treat hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.
1.www.nber.org/papers/w17893#fromrss
2.Baicker K, Taubman SL, Allen HL, et al. for the Oregon Health Study Group. The Oregon Experiment—Effects of Medicaid on Clinical Outcomes. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1713-1722. www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1212321#t=articleTop
3.www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/05/06/more-medicaid- more-health
4.Kronick R, Bindman AB. Protecting Finances and Improving Access to Care with Medicaid. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1744-1745. www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1302107
*On 9/23/13, then Presidential candidate Mitt Romney, on a CBS interview, was asked: "Does the government have a responsibility to provide health care to the 50 million Americans who don't have it today." In a much-criticized reply, he said: "Well, we do provide care for people who don't have insurance… if someone has a heart attack, they don't sit in their apartment and die. We pick them up in an ambulance, and take them to the hospital, and give them care. And different states have different ways of providing for that care."
As we all know, this "let them eat emergency rooms" was another of his famous flip-flops. Earlier, as Governor of Massachusetts promoting a program of universal health care, Romney had more accurately observed that getting rid of expensive emergency room care would lower costs and improve care.


Making it through a New Hampshire winter takes guts, a good pair of boots, and - if you want to keep a lid on how much it costs to heat and power your home - modern appliances, windows and insulation.
But new windows, better insulation, and other energy-efficient upgrades are often far out of reach for low-income families who struggle to pay the utility bills each month.
Good news: New Hampshire is expanding resources for low-income families looking to improve their homes and save on their energy bills.
In August, the state Public Utilities Commission approved a settlement agreement establishing an Energy Efficiency Resource Standard in New Hampshire. This policy requires all electric and natural gas utilities in New Hampshire to increase investments in energy efficiency.
New Hampshire Legal Assistance represents The Way Home in these negotiations, and advocates on behalf of low-income New Hampshire residents, ensuring that they are not left out of the conversation about energy efficiency and improvements.
As part of the agreement, the commission approved increasing the portion of that funding directed to energy efficiency improvements for low-income residents.
For the next four years starting in 2017, at least 17 percent of all statewide energy efficiency funding will be dedicated to providing free home weatherization and other energy efficiency improvements for households earning 200 percent or less of the federal poverty level. This increase will yield an additional estimated $1.3 million in 2017 alone for low-income families looking to weatherize their homes for increased energy efficiency.
The program is dedicated to very low-income New Hampshire residents; 200 percent of the federal poverty limit means an income of about $48,000 a year for a family of four. About 22 percent of New Hampshire households are considered low-income by this standard.
Home energy efficiency improvements not only help low-income families save substantial money on their utility and heating bills each month, but also provide long-term benefits such as increased comfort, health and safety. And studies show families who live in more comfortable homes have increased work productivity, school attendance, and reduced health care costs.
Increasing energy efficiency also provides benefits for the entire community: less wear-and-tear on the energy grid, less need to build new power plants, and less need to rely on the higher-cost power plants that keep the system running on hot summer days and chilly winter nights. And, the work improving energy efficiency is usually done by local businesses employing skilled New Hampshire workers.
A conservative estimate of the total number of low-income households that will now be able to participate in the program over the next four years is 6,000, double the estimated 3,000 who would have been able to participate under the old funding formula.
We're grateful for the support of the other settling parties to the New Hampshire Energy Efficiency Resource Standard: Eversource Energy; Unitil Energy Systems; Liberty Utilities Corp.; New Hampshire Electric Cooperative; the Staff of the NH Public Utilities Commission; Belknap-Merrimack Community Action Agency; Southern New Hampshire Services; Conservation Law Foundation NH; The Jordan Institute; NH Sustainable Energy Association; Acadia Center; TRC Energy Services; Representative Robert Backus, pro se; New Hampshire Office of Energy and Planning; New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services; NH Community Development Finance Authority; Northeast Clean Energy Council; and the Office of the Consumer Advocate.


text:
import datetime
from south.db import db
from south.v2 import SchemaMigration
from django.db import models

class Migration(SchemaMigration):

    def forwards(self, orm):

        # Adding model 'OrderAndItemCharges'
        db.create_table('shipping_orderanditemcharges', (
            ('id', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.AutoField')(primary_key=True)),
            ('code', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.SlugField')(unique=True, max_length=128, db_index=True)),
            ('name', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.CharField')(unique=True, max_length=128)),
            ('description', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.TextField')(blank=True)),
            ('price_per_order', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.DecimalField')(default='0.00', max_digits=12, decimal_places=2)),
            ('price_per_item', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.DecimalField')(default='0.00', max_digits=12, decimal_places=2)),
            ('free_shipping_threshold', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.DecimalField')(null=True, max_digits=12, decimal_places=2, blank=True)),
        ))
        db.send_create_signal('shipping', ['OrderAndItemCharges'])

        # Adding model 'WeightBased'
        db.create_table('shipping_weightbased', (
            ('id', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.AutoField')(primary_key=True)),
            ('code', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.SlugField')(unique=True, max_length=128, db_index=True)),
            ('name', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.CharField')(unique=True, max_length=128)),
            ('description', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.TextField')(blank=True)),
            ('upper_charge', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.DecimalField')(null=True, max_digits=12, decimal_places=2)),
        ))
        db.send_create_signal('shipping', ['WeightBased'])

        # Adding model 'WeightBand'
        db.create_table('shipping_weightband', (
            ('id', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.AutoField')(primary_key=True)),
            ('method', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey')(related_name='bands', to=orm['shipping.WeightBased'])),
            ('upper_limit', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.FloatField')()),
            ('charge', self.gf('django.db.models.fields.DecimalField')(max_digits=12, decimal_places=2)),
        ))
        db.send_create_signal('shipping', ['WeightBand'])

    def backwards(self, orm):

        # Deleting model 'OrderAndItemCharges'
        db.delete_table('shipping_orderanditemcharges')

        # Deleting model 'WeightBased'
        db.delete_table('shipping_weightbased')

        # Deleting model 'WeightBand'
        db.delete_table('shipping_weightband')

    models = {
        'shipping.orderanditemcharges': {
            'Meta': {'object_name': 'OrderAndItemCharges'},
            'code': ('django.db.models.fields.SlugField', [], {'unique': 'True', 'max_length': '128', 'db_index': 'True'}),
            'description': ('django.db.models.fields.TextField', [], {'blank': 'True'}),
            'free_shipping_threshold': ('django.db.models.fields.DecimalField', [], {'null': 'True', 'max_digits': '12', 'decimal_places': '2', 'blank': 'True'}),
            'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
            'name': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'unique': 'True', 'max_length': '128'}),
            'price_per_item': ('django.db.models.fields.DecimalField', [], {'default': "'0.00'", 'max_digits': '12', 'decimal_places': '2'}),
            'price_per_order': ('django.db.models.fields.DecimalField', [], {'default': "'0.00'", 'max_digits': '12', 'decimal_places': '2'})
        },
        'shipping.weightband': {
            'Meta': {'ordering': "['upper_limit']", 'object_name': 'WeightBand'},
            'charge': ('django.db.models.fields.DecimalField', [], {'max_digits': '12', 'decimal_places': '2'}),
            'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
            'method': ('django.db.models.fields.related.ForeignKey', [], {'related_name': "'bands'", 'to': "orm['shipping.WeightBased']"}),
            'upper_limit': ('django.db.models.fields.FloatField', [], {})
        },
        'shipping.weightbased': {
            'Meta': {'object_name': 'WeightBased'},
            'code': ('django.db.models.fields.SlugField', [], {'unique': 'True', 'max_length': '128', 'db_index': 'True'}),
            'description': ('django.db.models.fields.TextField', [], {'blank': 'True'}),
            'id': ('django.db.models.fields.AutoField', [], {'primary_key': 'True'}),
            'name': ('django.db.models.fields.CharField', [], {'unique': 'True', 'max_length': '128'}),
            'upper_charge': ('django.db.models.fields.DecimalField', [], {'null': 'True', 'max_digits': '12', 'decimal_places': '2'})
        }
    }

    complete_apps = ['shipping']


text:
Deze pagina geeft een overzicht van de Roompot Oranje Peloton-wielerploeg in  2015.

Algemeen
 Sponsors: Roompot, Oranje Peloton
 Algemeen manager: Michael Zijlaard
 Ploegleiders: Jean-Paul van Poppel, Michael Boogerd, Erik Breukink
 Fietsmerk: Isaac
 Onderdelen: SRAM
 Kopmannen: Michel Kreder, Marc de Maar, Johnny Hoogerland

Renners

Overwinningen
 Ronde van de Limousin
 4e etappe: Maurits Lammertink
 Veenendaal-Veenendaal Classic
 Winnaar: Dylan Groenewegen
 Brussels Cycling Classic
 Winnaar: Dylan Groenewegen

Wielerploeg in 2015

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Children's Privacy Services Free For Developers Epic Games CEO Announced
by Otti Julliet | Oct 1, 2021 | Games
Epic Games announced on Thursday that its parent verification services would be made available to all developers for free, making it easier to create games that keep kids safe online. Last September, Epic Games purchased SuperAwesome, a secure kid tech company. Epic...
Just In: Xbox Cloud Gaming Launches In Australia, Brazil, Mexico, and Japan
Microsoft's Xbox Cloud Gaming (xCloud) service is now available in Australia, Brazil, Mexico, and Japan. Over the last few months, Microsoft has been testing streaming Xbox Game Pass Ultimate games in these markets, and it is now ready to significantly increase...
Check Out 8 Nintendo GameCube Games That Need To Come To Switch
by Otti Julliet | Sep 21, 2021 | Games
The Nintendo GameCube has been around for 20 years. It seems like only yesterday that I was dragging the purple cube around by its handle to my friends' houses. It may not have been a sales juggernaut like the Wii or Switch, but it's a platform that brings...
GameMaker Studio 2 Will Now Let You Publish On Desktop, Mobile, And The Web For $9.99 Per Month
by Otti Julliet | Aug 15, 2021 | Games
GameMaker Studio 2, the game production software behind indie hits like Hyper Light Drifter and Undertale, has announced additional pricing choices that should make developing independent games even more inexpensive. YoYo Games, the maker of GameMaker Studio, has...
CyberPowerPC Is Selling A Gaming PC With The First Discrete Intel Graphics Card
by Otti Julliet | Jul 31, 2021 | Games
A new prebuilt desktop from CyberPowerPC, a well-known computer maker, has shocked gaming lovers and is now available at Best Buy. On the surface, it appears to be a standard cheap gaming PC, but a closer examination shows an incredible range of options. The system...
Intel Rumored To Launch Its First Discrete Gaming GPU At CES 2022
The Xe-HPG DG2, Intel's first discrete gaming graphics card, has been anticipated for some time. According to the most recent speculations, Intel will enter the gaming GPU market in 2022, possibly at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in January. Thanks to a...