text:
Charles Frederick Tunnicliffe, OBE, RA (1 December 1901 – 7 February 1979) was an internationally renowned naturalistic painter of British birds and other wildlife. He spent most of his working life on the Isle of Anglesey. He is popularly known for his illustrations for the novel Tarka the Otter.

Life
Tunnicliffe was born in 1901 in Langley, Macclesfield, England, the fourth surviving child of William Tunnicliffe (died 20 June 1925) of Lane Ends Farm, Sutton, near Macclesfield, a tenant farmer, formerly a boot and shoemaker, and Margaret (died 21 February 1942). He spent his early years living on the farm at Sutton, where he saw much wildlife. As a young boy he attended Sutton St. James' C.E. Primary School, and in 1916 he began to study at the Macclesfield School of Art. He went on to win a scholarship to the Royal College of Art in London.

He married in 1929 at the Methodist Church, Whalley Range, Manchester, to Winifred Wonnacott (24 June 1902 – 27 June 1969), a fellow art student, from Hollywood, near Belfast.

In 1947 he moved from Manchester to a house called "Shorelands" at Malltraeth, on the estuary of the Afon Cefni on Anglesey, where he lived until his death in 1979.

Work
Tunnicliffe worked in several media, including watercolour painting, etching and aquatint, wood engraving, woodcut, scraperboard (sometimes called scratchboard), and oil painting.

Much of Tunnicliffe's work depicted birds in their natural settings and other naturalistic scenes. He illustrated Henry Williamson's 1927 novel Tarka the Otter. His work was also used to illustrate Brooke Bond tea cards and as a result was seen by millions of young people in the United Kingdom during the 1950s and 1960s. He also illustrated a number of books, including the Ladybird books. His work was characterised by its precision and accuracy, but also by the way in which he was able to portray birds as they were seen in nature rather than as stiff scientific studies.

From March 1953, he painted many of the cover illustrations for the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds's (RSPB) magazine Bird Notes, and several for the later Birds magazines.  Two of the originals are on long-term loan to the gallery at Oriel Ynys Môn, but in 1995 the RSPB sold 114 at a Sotheby's auction, raising £210,000; the most expensive being a picture of a partridge, which sold for £6,440.

At his death, there was some dispute over Tunnicliffe's real intention for his body of work. However, much of his personal collection of work was finally bequeathed to Anglesey council on the condition that it was housed together and made available for public viewing. This body of work can now be seen at Oriel Ynys Môn (The Anglesey Gallery) near Llangefni.

His work is still celebrated with the Charles and Winifred Tunnicliffe Memorial Art Competition, which is held annually at Hollinhey Primary School, Sutton, which itself is built on land which was formerly part of the farm he lived on as a boy.

Honours
 1944 – Associate of the Royal Academy
 1954 – Fellow of the Royal Academy
 1975 – RSPB Gold Medal
 1978 – OBE

Tunnicliffe was the subject of a 1981 BBC Wales television documentary, True to Nature, produced by Derek Trimby and narrated by Robert Dougall.

Bibliography

At least 250 books used Tunnicliffe's illustrations, including:

 1932 – Tarka the Otter by Henry Williamson. Putnam: London.
 1933 – The Lone Swallows, and other essays of boyhood and youth, by Henry Williamson. Putnam.
 1933 – The Old Stag and Other Hunting Stories, by Henry Williamson. Putnam.
 1933 – On Foot in Devon. Or, Guidance and Gossip being a Monologue in Two Reels, by Henry Williamson. Alexander Maclehose & Co: London.
 1933 – The Star-Born, by Henry Williamson. Faber: London.
 1934 – Beasts Royal, by Patrick Russ (Patrick O'Brian). Putnam.
 1934 – The Peregrine's Saga and Other Wild Tales, by Henry Williamson. Putnam.
 1934 – Tales from Ebony, by Harcourt Williams. Putnam.
 1936 – Pool and Rapid. The story of a river, by R.L. Haig-Brown. Cape: London.
 1936 – Salar the Salmon, by Henry Williamson. Faber.
 1937 – Ambush of Young Days, by Alison Uttley. Faber.
 1937 – A Book of Birds, by Mary Priestley. Gollancz: London.
 1937 – The Sky's Their Highway, by Kenneth Williamson. Putnam.
 1940 – The Seasons and the Gardener: A Book for Children, by H. E. Bates. CUP.
 1940 – Wonders of Nature: How Animals and Plants Live and Behave in Relation to Their Natural Surroundings, by C.F. Tunnicliffe. Odham's Press.
 1941 – Nature Abounding, by E. L. Grant Watson. Faber.
 1941 – Profitable Wonders: Some Problems of Plant & Animal Life, by E.L. Grant Watson. Country Life: London.
 1941 – The Seasons and the Fisherman: A Book for Children, by Frank Fraser Darling. CUP.
 1941 – The Seasons and the Woodman: A Book for Children, by D H Chapman
 1941 – The Story of a Norfolk Farm, by Henry Williamson. Faber.
 1942 – In the Heart of the Country, by H.E. Bates. Country Life.
 1942 – My Country Book, by C.F. Tunnicliffe. The Studio: London.
 1942 – Going Fishing: The story of some rods and the places they take you to, by Negley Farson. Country Life.
 1943 – O More Than Happy Countryman, by H.E. Bates. Country Life.
 1943 – Walking with Fancy, by E.L. Grant Watson. Country Life.
 1944 – Exploring England: an introduction to nature craft, by Charles S. Bayne. Collins: London.
 1944 – The Seasons and the Farmer: A Book for Children, by Frank Fraser Darling. CUP.
 1945 – Bird Portraiture, by C.F. Tunnicliffe. (How to Do It series No.35). The Studio: London.
 1945 – Call of the Birds, by Charles S. Bayne. Collins. (First published 1929, revised 1945).
 1945 – Farmer Jim, by D. H. Chapman. George Harrap & Co.
 1945 – Green Tide, by Richard Church. Country Life.
 1945 – My Friend Flicka, by Mary O'Hara. Eyre & Spottiswoode.
 1946 – Country Things, by Alison Uttley. Faber.
 1946 – Happy Countryman, by C.H. Warren. Eyre & Spottiswoode.
 1946 – Wandering with Nomad. Thrilling Adventures Among the Wild Life of the Countryside, by Norman Ellison. University of London Press.
 1947 – Angling Conclusions, by W.F.R. Reynolds. Faber.
 1947 – How to Draw Farm Animals by C. F. Tunnicliffe. The Studio: London.
 1947 – The Leaves Return, by E.L. Grant Watson. Country Life.
 1947 – The Long Flight, by Terence Horsley. Country Life.
 1947 – Fishing and Flying, by Terence Horsley. Eyre & Spottiswoode.
 1947 – Our Bird Book, by Sidney Rogerson. Collins.
 1947 – Out of Doors with Nomad, by Norman Ellison. University of London Press.
 1948 – Carts and Candlesticks, by Alison Uttley. Faber.
 1948 – The Cinnamon Bird, by Ronald Lockley. Staples Press.
 1948 – Mereside Chronicle: with a short interlude of lochs and lochans, by C.F. Tunnicliffe. Country Life.
 1948 – Over the hills with Nomad: More Adventures in Search of Our Wild Life, by Norman Frederick Ellison. University of London Press.
 1949 – Both Sides of the Road. A Book about Farming, by Sidney Rogerson. Collins.
 1949 – Rivermouth, by Brian Vesey-Fitzgerald. Eyre & Spottiswoode: London.
 1949 – Roving with Nomad, by Norman Ellison. University of London Press.
 1949 – Wild Life in a Southern County, by Richard Jefferies. Lutterworth Press.
 1950 – Adventuring with Nomad, by Norman Ellison. University of London Press.
 1950 – Island of Skomer, by John Buxton and Ronald Lockley. Staples Press.
 1951 – Punchbowl Midnight, by Monica Edwards. Collins.
 1951 – Northwards with Nomad, by Norman Ellison. University of London Press.
 1952 – Birds of the Estuary, by C.F. Tunnicliffe. Penguin Books.
 1952 – Plowmen's Clocks, by Alison Uttley. Faber.
 1952 – Shorelands Summer Diary, by C.F. Tunnicliffe. Macmillan.
 1952 – Under the Sea Wind – A Naturalist's Picture of Ocean Life, by Rachel Carson. Staples Press: London. (First UK edition).
 1953 – The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, C.F. Tunnicliffe and Raymond Sheppard. Reprint Society. (First illustrated edition).
 1953 – Puffins, by Ronald Lockley. Dent: London.
 1956 – Here's a New Day, by Alison Uttley. Faber.
 1957 – Come Out of Doors, by C.D. Dimsdale. Hutchinson: London.
 1957 – A Year in the Country, by Alison Uttley. Faber.
 1959 – The Swans fly over, by Alison Uttley. Faber.
 1959 – What to look for in Winter, by E.L. Grant Watson. (Ladybird Nature Book series 536). Wills & Hepworth: Loughborough.
 1960 – The Horse in the Furrow, by George Ewart Evans. Faber & Faber.
 1960 – Something for Nothing: Twelve Essays, by Alison Uttley. Faber & Faber.
 1960 – What to look for in Autumn, by E.L. Grant Watson. (Ladybird Nature Book series 536). Wills & Hepworth: Loughborough.
 1960 – What to look for in Summer, by E.L. Grant Watson. (Ladybird Nature Book series 536). Wills & Hepworth: Loughborough.
 1961 – British Birds of the Wild Places, by J. Wentworth Day. Blandford: London.
 1961 – What to look for in Spring, by E.L. Grant Watson. (Ladybird Nature Book series 536). Wills & Hepworth: Loughborough.
 1962 – Wild Honey, by Alison Uttley. Faber.
 1963 – The Farm, by M.E. Gagg. Wills & Hepworth Ltd.
 1964 – Cuckoo in June, by Alison Uttley. Faber.
 1966 – Dawn, Dusk and Deer, by Arthur Cadman. Country Life.
 1966 – A Peck of Gold, by Alison Uttley. Faber.
 1967 – A Galloway Childhood, by Ian Niall. Heinemann.
 1968 – The Button-Box and Other Essays, by Alison Uttley. Faber.
 1968 – A Fowler's World: an account of days on the marsh and estuary, by Ian Niall. Heinemann.
 1968 – Know Your Broadleaves, by H.L. Edlin. (Forestry Commission Booklet No 20). HMSO: London.
 1969 – The Country Child, by Alison Uttley. Penguin Books: Middlesex.
 1969 – The Island, by Ronald Lockley. André Deutsch.
 1969 – The Valley, by Elizabeth Clarke. Faber.
 1972 – Secret Places and other Essays, by Alison Uttley. Faber.
 1978 – Up with the Country Lark, by Nellie Brocklehurst. Arthur H. Stockwell: Devon.
 1979 – RSPB Book of Garden Birds, by Linda Bennett. Hamlyn.
 1979 – A Sketchbook of Birds, by C.F. Tunnicliffe, with an introduction by Ian Niall. Gollancz.
 1980 – Portrait of a Country Artist. Charles Tunnicliffe R.A. 1901 – 1979, by Ian Niall. Gollancz.
 1981 – Sketches of Birdlife, with introduction and commentary by Robert Gillmor. Gollancz.
 1984 – Country World, by Alison Uttley. Faber.
 1984 – Tunnicliffe's Birds, by C.F. Tunnicliffe. Little Brown: Boston. (First US edition).
 1986 – The Happy Countryman, by H.E. Bates. Salem House Publishers: USA.
 1986 – The Peverel Papers. A Yearbook of the Countryside, by Flora Thompson; ed. J. Shuckburgh. Century: London.
 1986 – Tunnicliffe's Countryside, by C.F. Tunnicliffe. HarperCollins.
 1992 – Shorelands Winter Diary, by C.F. Tunnicliffe. Constable and Robinson.
 1993 – The Way of a Countryman, by Ian Niall. White Lion.
 1996 – The Peregrine Sketchbook, by C.F. Tunnicliffe, Robert Gillmor, Derek Ratcliffe. Excellent Press.

Further reading
 Ian Niall, Portrait of a Country Artist C. F. Tunnicliffe R.A. (1980)

See also
List of wildlife artists

References

External links

 The Charles Tunnicliffe Society

1901 births
1979 deaths
People from Macclesfield
British illustrators
English wood engravers
English illustrators
20th-century English painters
English male painters
English ornithologists
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
British bird artists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century British zoologists
20th-century British printmakers
Royal Academicians
People from Anglesey
20th-century English male artists
20th-century engravers


text:
Zadní Chodov (deutsch Hinter Kotten, auch Hinterkotten) ist eine Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand: )  in Tschechien. Sie liegt 7 km nordwestlich von Planá und gehört den Okres Tachov an. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde sie zu einem Zentrum des sowjetischen Uranbergbaus in Tschechien.

Geschichte
Das erstmals 1365 nachweisbare regelmäßige Platzdorf war eine Ansiedlung der Choden. 1555 wird der Ort im Urbar der Tachauer Herrschaft erwähnt. zu dieser Zeit wohnten hier bereits 50 Familien.

1726 wurde die auf dem Dorfplatz errichtete Kapelle zur Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit eingeweiht, die in den Jahren 1781 - 83 deutlich erweitert und 1856 zur Pfarrkirche erhoben wurde. Zu ihr gehörte die Filialkirche in Promenhof. Der Ort gehörte zur Herrschaft Plan, die im 17. Jahrhundert nahe dem Dorf Silberbergbau betrieb. 1870 hatte Hinterkotten 88 Häuser und 582 Einwohner. Im Ortsteil Khoau lebten in 33 Häusern 175 Menschen. 1930 führten amtliche Statistiken insgesamt 710 Einwohner und 129 Häuser.

Nach dem Münchner Abkommen wurde der Ort dem Deutschen Reich zugeschlagen und gehörte bis 1945 zum Landkreis Tachau.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde die deutsche Bevölkerung im Jahre 1946 vertrieben.

Nachdem bereits zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts nach Uran geschürft worden war, wurde im Jahre 1952 bei erneuten Untersuchungen eine Uranerzlagerstätte entdeckt. Erst im Dezember 1992 wurde die Förderung im letzten Schacht eingestellt. In dieser Zeit wurden 4.066 Tonnen Uran gewonnen, die bis in einer Tiefe von 1.208 m abgebaut wurden. Bis zur Stilllegung des Uranbergwerkes waren insgesamt 200.430 Bergleute beschäftigt.

Die ursprüngliche Gestalt des Dorfes ist weitestgehend erhalten geblieben. Der nahegelegene Grenzübergang Broumov/Mähring wurde 1991 eröffnet. Im Jahre 2001 wurde auf dem Friedhof im Rahmen des Khuanerfestes am 9. und 10. Juni ein von ehemaligen deutschen Bewohnern gespendeter zweisprachiger Gedenkstein eingeweiht. Er hat folgende Inschrift in deutscher und tschechischer Sprache:
 "Zum Gedenken an die ehemaligen Bewohner von Hinterkotten, die hier ihre letzte Ruhe fanden. Herr schenke ihnen und unseren beiden Völkern Frieden."

Söhne und Töchter der Gemeinde
 Anton Ruppert (1936–2020), deutscher Komponist, Korrepetitor und Dirigent sowie Hochschullehrer
 Wilfried Scharnagl (1938–2018), deutscher Journalist und Politiker (CSU)

Gemeindegliederung
Die Gemeinde Zadní Chodov besteht aus den Ortsteilen und Katastralbezirken Kyjov (Khoau) und Zadní Chodov.

Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten

Literatur
 Zdeněk Procházka: Tachovsko = Kreis Tachau (= Český les. Historicko-turistický průvodce = Historisch-touristischer Führer 2). Nakladatelství Českého Lesa, Domažlice 1994, ISBN 80-901122-2-6.

Weblinks

 Informationen über den Ort (CZ)
 Webseite des Bergwerksmuseums Plan mit Beschreibung des Uranbergbaus in Zadní Chodov (deutsch), abgerufen am 3. November 2017

Einzelnachweise

Ersterwähnung 1365

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
+353 89 9623264 info@corkevents.ie
NIGERIA INDEPENDENCE DAY TRADITIONS, CUSTOMS AND ACTIVITIES
Nigeria celebrates its independence every year on October 1st, both in the capital Abuja, including 36 states and everywhere in the world by all Nigerians. The President broadcasts a live speech on television and radio to mark the commencement of Independence Day celebrations. There will be flag raising ceremony to honour the nation. The armed forces parades with cultural dances are followed after the Presidential speech. The dance troops, singers, students from all states take part in the Independence Day celebration. On this day homage is paid to the freedom fighters and other national leaders who fought for the independence of Nigeria from the colonial rule. The celebration is an ideal platform for national integration in Nigeria and in diaspora. All Nigerians residing here in Ireland come together for the celebration.
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text:
Donovan Myrie, Investigative/Special Projects Producer
Matt Austin, Anchor
Tags: Traffic, Tech, News, Local
Are you ready for self-driving cars in Central Florida?
3 Orlando-area towns consider hosting autonomous vehicle projects within year
ORLANDO, Fla. – Tesla has software that will do some of the driving for you, along with Cadillac, Volvo and some other high-priced vehicles. But is the reality of true self-driving technology still years away?
Late last year, Tampa held its annual Florida Automated Vehicles Summit, where a News 6 crew got the chance to take a demonstration ride in a fully operational self-driving vehicle.
Virginia-based Perrone Robotics isn't going to build a self-driving car, but it could be the company to supply the software and technology that might be the automated driving brains for the next car or truck you'll buy in the very near future.
The company was at FAV 2018 to show off a high-tech Range Rover Sport, complete with a slew of self-driving technology branded as MAX. Software combined with cameras, radar and LIDAR outfitted around the car pushed the $80,000 truck from luxurious to futuristic.
And though it all may not look the best, the technology is believed to work.
"We've given it a destination and kind of a general area for it to navigate in and it's gonna get from point A to point B," Garrett Moore, a Perrone engineer, said as he fired up the car and for a ride on a special closed course of Tampa's Lee Roy Selmon Expressway.
During the test run, when the car came upon another Perrone employee standing in the middle of the road, it stopped without any input from Moore. It then followed the pedestrian at a slow pace until it finally proceeded around him.
When asked if that sequence was pre-programmed into the vehicle, Moore said, "That was real time reaction."
But are Floridians really ready to put that kind of trust into a computer?
"There's just about three quarters of Americans afraid of the idea of riding in a self-driving car," Greg Brannon, the director of automotive engineering and industry relations for AAA, said. "Really, our expectation is that the technology will improve over time and people will see that technology is working."
A new AAA study reveals that 71 percent of American drivers say they would be afraid to ride in a fully self-driving vehicle. Aside from not being familiar with the technology, another reason could be a number of high profile semi-autonomous vehicle accidents in the past year, including two fatal crashes in Florida.
"Whether they are in the car or behind one at a traffic light, they are going to see that technology is out there and working on the roadway today," Bannon said. "Once they have that experience, they'll be more likely to gain that trust."
Thanks to a very friendly political environment, Florida is one of several states leading the way in autonomous vehicle testing.
"The interesting thing is how open Florida has been to this discussion," Republican State Sen. Jeff Brandes, of St. Petersburg, said. "We've got to really focus on micro-mobility now, talking about those trips below five miles."
Brandes said as the third-largest state in the country, he expects that Florida will be part of every mobility-related conversation.
Part of that conversation centers in Central Florida, specifically in Lake Nona, Altamonte Springs and The Villages.
Self-driving vehicle.
Beep Automated Mobility Solutions is getting ready to launch autonomous shuttle service in Lake Nona using self-driving electric mini buses.
"It's a 15 passenger shuttle which we hope to begin service in the next few months," Beep's co-founder Mark Reid said at a recent demonstration at the Guidewell Innovation Center. "It works. It's fully autonomous. And it's safe, most importantly."
Beep is using French-made Navya electric shuttles. The AUTONOM Shuttle vehicle has no driver, no steering wheel, just computers and sensors telling the vehicle where to go and when to stop.
"We are one of 10 autonomous vehicle proving grounds in the United States," Orlando Mayor Buddy Dyer said. "This partnership with Lake Nona and Beep are going to further that. We want to be one of the autonomous vehicle central points of all the United States."
Brandes agrees.
"This conversation for mobility and transportation has really been led in Florida," he said. "And we're going to keep leading in Florida."
Lake Nona isn't the only area gearing up for autonomous vehicles. City leaders in Altamonte Springs want to create an automated shuttle route that parallels State Road 436. State Rep. Scott Plakon (R-Longwood) recently proposed a bill for $2 million in funding from the state to jump-start an autonomous bus route connecting a 3 1/2-mile route from Uptown Altamonte Springs to the city center. Plakon figures the entire project will cost about $8.7 million and, if fully financed, could be up and running by early 2020.
A California-based self-driving car company called Voyage also has its eye on The Villages, planning the launch of a self-driving taxi service later this year.
"We're not messing around. We've got, we've got some real hard core technology here," Voyage's vice president of strategy, policy and legal Justin Erlich said. "We thought starting this sort of service in a retirement community was the best place to do it."
The Voyage G2 is a self-driving Chrysler Pacifica minivan set to debut later this year to provide Villagers with self-driving door-to-door taxi service. Voyage sees The Villages as the perfect environment.
"You got low speeds, you got wide roads, you got customers who really are gonna benefit from the service right from the get go and really expand and change lifestyles," Erlich said. "It's the biggest in the country -- 125,000 residents and growing -- fastest growing community in the last five years."
Voyage has already started showing off the G2 in The Villages town squares, raising awareness and curiosity and getting people to see the vehicles up close. The company already runs a similar program in a California retirement community. And although most would think people in their golden years would be hesitant to embrace technology, Ehrlich makes a point.
"There's a low vision community who wants to be there on the set of first riders. So we think that, based on what we're finding, there's a core set of people that are pretty excited about this stuff," Ehrlich said.
Donovan Myrie
Donovan is an investigative and special projects producer at News 6. Dr. Myrie (yep, he has a Ph.D.) has been with News 6 since 2016 and has degrees from Ithaca College, Columbia University and Union Institute & University. He's made quite a name for himself of late in the News 6 family with his comprehensive and creative infographics.
Matt Austin
Emmy Award-winning anchor Matt Austin joined the News 6 team in June 2011 and has been the evening news co-anchor since December 2013.


text:
Mosul offensive to start soon, says French defence minister
Members of the Shiite Badr Organisation undergo training before the upcoming battle to recapture Mosul in Diyala province, Iraq September 27, 2016. (File photo: Reuters)
Reuters, France Friday 30 September 2016
An Iraqi government-led offensive to retake the northern Iraqi city of Mosul from ISIS will start soon, France's defense minister said on Friday after French warplanes took off from the Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier to strike the militant group.
The United States on Thursday increased the number of troops it has in Iraq to more than 5,000 as part of a US-led coalition providing air support, training and advice to the Iraqi military, which collapsed in 2014 in the face of ISIS territorial gains and advance towards Baghdad.
Iraqi forces, including Kurdish peshmerga forces and mostly Iranian-backed Shiite militias, have retaken around half of that territory over the past two years. Mosul, the largest city under the hardline group's control anywhere across its self-proclaimed caliphate, is likely to be the biggest battle yet.
"The battle for Mosul has not started yet. (The operations today) are the extension of our support for the coalition," Jean-Yves Le Drian told reporters at a naval shipyard in northwestern France. "There will soon be the main attack."
The carrier, which arrived in the eastern Mediterranean this week, holds about 1,900 personnel and is accompanied by an attack submarine, several frigates and refueling ships as well as fighter jets and surveillance aircraft.
Eight war planes took off for a mission over Iraq earlier on Friday, according to the defense ministry.
France, the first country to join US-led air strikes in Iraq, has stepped up aerial operations against ISIS, including in Syria, after several attacks by the group in France.
Paris also has special forces operating in both countries and has provided weapons to Syrian rebel groups, peshmerga and Iraqi forces.
More US troops to reach Iraq ahead of Mosul battle
In battle for Iraq's Mosul, many forces with many motives
Push for Iraq's Mosul to start 'in a few weeks': UK
Iraq oil fires cast doubt on Mosul mission


A dedicated server is a server which is designed to have all of the available resources belonging to a single entity. The server is not shared with any other party and the available options for the server are all inclusive to the client. With this control means a lack of support for the server as what the client chooses to use in terms of software is not covered unless it is provided by the web host. This can be an inconvenience to clients which may not fully grasp the concept of self managing the server.
What is unmanaged dedicated hosting?
Unmanaged dedicated servers are an option which can be available with most hosting providers and offers complete control over the server in every aspect. Clients using an unmanaged dedicated server need to provide all of the necessary configurations, operating system, updates to the server and perform their own tech support. Unmanaged plans with a dedicated server will often be affordable and provide a great amount of customization to get the exact usage from the server as needed from the client based on their specifications and control of the system.
If tech support is necessary, various unmanaged dedicated server hosts will provide this support option on a charge per hour basis and at a minimum amount of time with the support. This means that support will be charged for the full minimum amount even if it only takes a few minutes to resolve the issue. Stability of the systems is under the control of the client and uptime of the server depends on how they manage it. This can provide a wide array of difficulties if clients are unable to perform the necessary management of the servers with the selection of hardware and software that they have chosen to use with the service.
The infrastructure must be maintained and kept in working order for the server to run smoothly and without problems. Control over the server includes having access to the hard disk and being able to partition it as necessary. It is important for the client using the unmanaged dedicated server to provide all of the latest updates for their servers to ensure security. With these updates the client will also have to perform routine reboots of the server to ensure that the updates finish installing and are loaded with the server.
In essence, a client will need to have the skills necessary to maintain the server from the bottom up or have a team which could perform these tasks for them. The infrastructure and manner in which operations occur with the server is also the complete responsibility of the client. The client may or may not have the added ability to choose where the server resides in the world. Most of the dedicated server hosts make it possible to choose from server clusters located in various countries, states and otherwise selectable locations. Some services will offer limited management such as providing hardware upgrades or handling replacements when there has been damage to the system.
Why shared hosting is ideal for small business?


Our jumbo shape Celebrate 60th mylar sits on top of 6 - 11" colorful latex balloons with a base 18" Happy Birthday.
Select Add a Treat Gift Bag??
Select DATE/DAY OF DELIVERY or PICK-UP?
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In this section you will find helpful service manuals, technical diagrams, deep specifications and illustrative maintenance videos for your H2O Jet waterjet products. If you aren't finding what you're looking for here please contact us.
Convert your Maxjet5 to the H2O JET IDE III Use our 301200-1 and follow these Assembly Instructions, with part callouts.


text:
#pragma once

#include "cabl/util/Types.h"
#include <cstdint>

#ifdef CABL_USE_NETWORK
#include <cereal/cereal.hpp>
#include <cereal/types/vector.hpp>
#endif

namespace sl
{
namespace cabl
{

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

class Transfer final
{

public:
  Transfer() = default;
  explicit Transfer(unsigned length_);

  Transfer(tRawData data_);
  Transfer(const tRawData& header_, const tRawData& data_);
  Transfer(const tRawData& header_, const uint8_t* pData_, size_t dataLength_);

  bool operator==(const Transfer& other_) const;
  bool operator!=(const Transfer& other_) const;

  operator bool() const
  {
    return (m_data.size() > 0);
  }

  inline uint8_t& operator[](int i)
  {
    return m_data[i];
  }

  inline const uint8_t& operator[](int i) const
  {
    return m_data[i];
  }

  void reset();

  const tRawData& data() const
  {
    return m_data;
  }
  void setData(const uint8_t*, size_t);

  size_t size() const noexcept
  {
    return m_data.size();
  }

private:
#ifdef CABL_USE_NETWORK
  friend class cereal::access;
#endif

  template <class Archive>
  void serialize(Archive& archive)
  {
    archive(m_data);
  }

  tRawData m_data;
};

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

} // namespace cabl
} // namespace sl

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The FBI's Unified Crime Report gathers information from police districts all over the country. As you can see from the chart below, there were 259 property crimes in Woodhaven in 2016, of which 9 were burglaries. But you can avoid becoming a statistic when you make the decision to invest in a home security system.
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How to get 2019 Cotton Bowl tickets to see Penn State football vs. Memphis
The Penn State Nittany Lions head to the Cotton Bowl for the first time in more than 40 years Dec. 28, 2019.
How to get 2019 Cotton Bowl tickets to see Penn State football vs. Memphis The Penn State Nittany Lions head to the Cotton Bowl for the first time in more than 40 years Dec. 28, 2019. Check out this story on ydr.com: https://www.ydr.com/story/sports/college/penn-state/football/2019/12/09/cotton-bowl-ticket-information-penn-state-football-vs-memphis/2629178001/
York Daily Record Published 10:09 a.m. ET Dec. 9, 2019 | Updated 10:17 a.m. ET Dec. 9, 2019
For the first time in 45 years, the Penn State football team will play in the Cotton Bowl when it takes on Memphis on Dec. 28.
The No. 10 Nittany Lions (10-2) will be going for their third 11-win season under coach James Franklin, fresh off his recent contract extension. This will also be the team's third New Year's Six bowl in four years.
Penn State plays No. 17 Memphis, the highest ranked Group of 5 team and winner of the AAC championship game over Cincinnati. Memphis is 12-1, with its only loss coming Oct. 12 to Temple.
Memphis will have an interim coach, Ryan Silverfield, at the helm after Mike Norvell took the Florida State job. Penn State assistant Joe Lorig - who was brought in before this season to fix the Lions' special teams problems - coached the Tigers' special teams for three years.
Cotton Bowl ticket information
The day after the bowl announcement, limited tickets were available for purchase online.
For general information about tickets and to find other information including travel and parking, head to www.cottonbowl.com.
Tickets start at $150. You can see available tickets for purchase at Ticketmaster.
You can also view re-sale tickets at the Ticket Exchange, again starting at $150.
Cotton Bowl game time, TV information
What: 84th Goodyear Cotton Bowl Classic
When: noon Saturday, Dec. 28
Where: AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas
TV: ESPN will broadcast
Photos: Penn State falls to Kentucky in Citrus Bowl
Penn State tight end Nick Bowers (83) is stopped after a reception by Kentucky safety Darius West (25) during the second half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky's Benny Snell Jr. (26) runs for a 12-yard touchdown past Penn State linebacker Koa Farmer (7) and the Penn State defense during the second half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky defensive end T.J. Carter (90) sacks Penn State quarterback Sean Clifford (14) during the second half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky wide receiver Lynn Bowden Jr., left, tries to get past Penn State linebacker Jan Johnson (36) during the second half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Penn State running back Miles Sanders (24) is upended by Kentucky cornerback Derrick Baity Jr., right, during the second half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky quarterback Terry Wilson, center, is stopped for a loss by Penn State cornerback Tariq Castro-Fields, left, and defensive end Yetur Gross-Matos (99) during the second half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky quarterback Terry Wilson (3) looks for a receiver as he is pressured by Penn State defensive end Shaka Toney during the second half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky's Lynn Bowden Jr. (1) runs a 58-yard touchdown against Penn State on a punt return during the first half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky wide receiver Lynn Bowden Jr. (1) tries to get past Penn State linebacker Jan Johnson (36) during the second half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Penn State quarterback Trace McSorley looks for a receiver against Kentucky during the first half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Penn State quarterback Trace McSorley throws a pass against Kentucky during the first half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Penn State head coach James Franklin slaps hands with players, including offensive lineman C.J. Thorpe (69) as they come off they find during the first half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game against Kentucky, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Penn State wide receiver Juwan Johnson (84) consoles teammate wide receiver KJ Hamler (1) after losing to Kentucky in the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Penn State quarterback Trace McSorley walks off the field after losing to Kentucky in the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky running back Benny Snell Jr. (26) drops to his knees after scoring a touchdown on a 12-yard run against Penn State during the second half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky linebacker Kash Daniel (56) sacks Penn State quarterback Trace McSorley during the first half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky quarterback Terry Wilson (3) looks for a receiver against Penn State during the first half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky wide receiver Lynn Bowden Jr. (1) takes off past Penn State cornerback Tariq Castro-Fields (5) on a 41-yard run during the second half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky head coach Mark Stoops, far right, gets doused with a sports drink after his team defeated Penn State in the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky safety Davonte Robinson, right, stops Penn State wide receiver KJ Hamler (1) after a 41-yard gain just short of the goal line during the first half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky's Lynn Bowden Jr. (1) returns a punt for a 58-yard touchdown as he gets past Penn State's C.J. Thorpe (69) during the first half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky safety Davonte Robinson, left, stops Penn State running back Miles Sanders (24) after a short gain during the first half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Penn State tight end Nick Bowers (83) celebrates his 1-yard touchdown reception against Kentucky with wide receiver Clevan Thomas Jr. (18) during the first half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky wide receiver Tavin Richardson, left, is stopped by Penn State cornerback Amani Oruwariye, back right, after a reception during the first half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Penn State safety Nick Scott (4) stops Kentucky running back Benny Snell Jr. (26) after a short gain during the first half of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Kentucky head coach Mark Stoops, left, greets Penn State head coach James Franklin at midfield before during the start of the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game, Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux) John Raoux, AP
Penn State coach James Franklin waves to fans at the Citrus Bowl college football game pep rally in Orlando, Fla., Monday, Dec. 31, 2018. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) JOE HERMITT, AP
Penn State head coach James Franklin, front right, greets fans at a Citrus Bowl NCAA college football pep rally in Orlando, Fla., Monday, Dec. 31, 2018. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Penn State fans attend the Citrus Bowl college football game pep rally in Orlando, Fla., Monday, Dec. 31, 2018. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) JOE HERMITT, AP
Penn State fans atttend the Citrus Bowl college football game pep rally in Orlando, Fla., Monday, Dec. 31, 2018. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) JOE HERMITT, AP
Penn State quarterback Trace McSorley throws during practice for the Citrus Bowl, Sunday, Dec. 30, 2018 in Orlando, Fla. Penn State plays Kentucky in the Citrus Bowl on Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Penn State running back Miles Sanders catches a pass during practice for the Citrus Bowl, Sunday, Dec. 30, 2018 in Orlando, Fla. Penn State plays Kentucky in the Citrus Bowl on Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Penn State offensive coordinator Ricky Rahne talks with quarterback Trace McSorley during practice for the Citrus Bowl, Sunday, Dec. 30, 2018 in Orlando, Fla. Penn State plays Kentucky in the Citrus Bowl on Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Penn State defensive tackle Robert Windsor during practice for the Citrus Bowl, Sunday, Dec. 30, 2018 in Orlando, Fla. Penn State plays Kentucky in the Citrus Bowl on Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Penn State offensive coordinator Ricky Rahne jokes with quarterback Trace McSorley during practice for the Citrus Bowl, Sunday, Dec. 30, 2018 in Orlando, Fla. Penn State plays Kentucky in the Citrus Bowl on Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Penn State wide receiver Juwan Johnson hauls in a pass during practice for the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game on Saturday, Dec. 29, 2018, in Orlando, Fla. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Penn State quarterback Trace McSorley (9) throws alongside Will Levis, left, during practice for the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game on Saturday, Dec. 29, 2018, in Orlando, Fla. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Penn State linebacker Micah Parsons runs a drill during practice for the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game on Saturday, Dec. 29, 2018, in Orlando, Fla. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Penn State quarterback Trace McSorley throws during practice for the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game on Saturday, Dec. 29, 2018, in Orlando, Fla. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Penn State offensive coordinator Ricky Rahne talks with quarterback Will Levis during practice for the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game on Saturday, Dec. 29, 2018, in Orlando, Fla. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Penn State head coach James Franklin during practice for the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game on Saturday, Dec. 29, 2018, in Orlando, Fla. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
The Citrus Bowl trophy is displayed on Saturday, Dec. 29, 2018, in Orlando, Fla. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Penn State defensive tackle Damion Barber and defensive tackle PJ Mustipher run a drill as coach Sean Spencer looks on during practice for the Citrus Bowl NCAA college football game on Saturday, Dec. 29, 2018, in Orlando, Fla. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Penn State offensive lineman Rasheed Walker works during practice for the Citrus Bowl, Sunday, Dec. 30, 2018 in Orlando, Fla. Penn State plays Kentucky in the Citrus Bowl on Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Penn State quarterback Trace McSorley arrive for practice for the Citrus Bowl, Sunday, Dec. 30, 2018 in Orlando, Fla. Penn State plays Kentucky in the Citrus Bowl on Tuesday, Jan. 1, 2019. (Joe Hermitt/The Patriot-News via AP) Joe Hermitt, AP
Read the full hazing lawsuit against Penn State
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Will New Gas Pipelines Take Away Landowner Rights, Shave off Mountaintops and Disrupt Clean Water?
byNancy Andrews
This orange-tasseled stake is about 62-feet from Fern Echols' kitchen window. It marks where the proposed 3-and-a-half foot diameter natural gas Mountain Valley Pipeline would come near her home in Newport, Virginia. She and her husband, Earl Echols object to the private company's use of eminent domain to take their land should the project be approved. In the meantime, she can't stand having the stake in her phlox bed and wants to pull it up. Her husband cautions otherwise. Photo by Nancy Andrews
Newport, Va. – The proposed Mountain Valley Pipeline has not been approved, much less built, but it is as real as the wooden stakes already in the ground to mark its probable path.
The 42-inch diameter natural gas pipeline would start in West Virginia's Marcellus and Utica Shale drilling region and draw a path south for 303 miles to connect with the Transcontinental Pipeline in Virginia. From there, the gas can go anywhere.
Along the way, thin wooden spikes with blaze-orange plastic ribbons mark a path through blooming flower beds next to homes, across fields, roads, creeks and rivers, up steep mountain sides, along mountain top ridges, through rolling valleys of West Virginia and Virginia's most pristine areas, including crossings at the Greenbrier River and the Appalachian National Scenic Trail.
The Mountain Valley Pipeline (MVP) is one of multiple major pipeline projects underway in the Appalachian region making way for increased natural gas production from fracking. More than a thousand miles of new large-diameter pipelines are being built and existing pipelines are being reversed to send gas to the Gulf Coast rather than from it. 27 new liquid natural gas export facilities are in some phase of the approval process or have been approved for construction. Only two export such facilities already exist, according to data from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Also underway are several pipelines that will cross into Canada and Mexico to export natural gas.
Major Natural Gas Pipeline Projects in Appalachia. Source Federal Regulatory Commission. Graphic by Martha Thierry and Nancy Andrews/100DaysInAppalachia.com
While the nation has focused on oil pipeline fights such as Dakota Access and Keystone XL in the west, the natural gas industry here in the east has been planning and building a system that experts and industry analysts say will increase the number of natural gas wells drilled and completed in the Appalachian region. In short, fracking will increase once these pipelines are in place.
MVP's and its proposed neighbor, the Atlantic Coast Pipeline (ACP), 42-inch in diameter pipeline proposals are currently under review by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), the government agency charged with approving or denying interstate pipeline projects.
FERC's record is one of pipeline approval and with few, perhaps only one lone denial in the last decade. According to FERC spokesperson Celeste Miller, FERC doesn't just "approve or not approve" pipeline applications. "The pipelines that come in the door – a lot of them don't go out the door the same way," she said.
'We don't live in Russia'
For homeowners like Fern Echols that means the thin wooden stake she can see outside her kitchen window will likely be replaced by steel pipe big enough to swallow her kitchen stove and still have some room to spare. She and her husband Earl Echols are against the pipeline.
"We have worked hard all these years, raised our family, paid our taxes, paid our bills, and moved on and we mind our business. And one day someone comes up and tells me what they are going to do with our property and possibly do with me. The last account I had this was America. The way I'm feeling right now is this is a form of Communism. We don't live in Russia. This is Newport."
Fern and Earl Echols have lived in this one-story home for 47 years.
For the Echols family, their land and tranquility are being taken against their will. If FERC gives approval, the private pipeline company will be able to take their property under eminent domain laws. The Echols argue there is no public gain to be had from the pipeline, but rather only the profit of private companies that produce or ship natural gas. This includes the pipeline company itself, the private Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC — a partnership of multiple investors led by Pittsburgh's Equitable Gas' EQT Midstream Partners, LP.
Only 500 feet of pipe this size is in West Virginia
"I'm afraid that pipeline – it's 42-inches in diameter…It won't be safe," Fern Echols said, "I won't ever see no peace. I might have to stay here, but I won't be comfortable." The orange tasseled pipeline stake is 62 feet from Echols' home, sticking straight up in the middle of her beloved purple, pink and white blooming phlox bed that she's tended for 47 years.
There are millions of miles of natural gas pipelines in the U.S., but the majority of those millions of miles are the small, one- or two-inch in diameter lines that distribute gas to the end customer. In fact, MVP and ACP would be bigger than 99 percent of all natural gas pipelines in the ground today, according to data by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHSMA). The size of these pipelines has increased the fears.
"Having that potential atom bomb right there, 500 feet away from your house," worries Jerry Deplazes. "If that thing leaks and explodes you're probably cinders when they're done," Deplazes said. If approved, the pipeline would run through the Deplazes farm just outside of Newport.
For many, the peace has already been disrupted. Pamela Humphrey, who lives near Newport in Giles County, is "always composing something, trying to get someone in Virginia to care about what's happening to us and the way we're being treated," she said. Humphrey sleeps with a pencil and pad at her bedside. When a thought comes to her in the middle of the night, she quickly jots it down. "It's absolutely consuming," she said of her letter-writing and calling efforts.
Susan Edwards might rather forget about the pipeline. She has nightmares. "I dream that Newport is on fire," she said, "and that we can't put it out.'' Edwards lives in nearby Clover Hollow, and in her nightmare, she and her neighbors are separated from everyone by the fire that make her single exit road out of the hollow impassable. "We're trapped," she said of her nightmare.
Susan Edwards sings with her grandchildren Alexis Edwards, 17, and Megan Edwards, 15, at Mt. Olivet United Methodist Church in Newport, Virginia. The historic church is part of the Newport Historic District that's now been identified among Virginia's "most endangered" historic districts.
Construction offers worries too
Stuck in the heart of some of Virginia and West Virginia's most pristine land, stakes also mark access roads – and for some people, those stakes create a fear equal to the fear of the pipeline itself. The path weaves through backyards, front yards and barnyards, would take out beloved trees and tranquility with it. The access roads come close to homes, some have their driveways fenced off from the construction.
"They said the access road would be 131-feet from my house. It's not even 131-inches from my house,'' Jerolyn Deplazes said. "It's that close — trucks rumbling by the doorway, the farmyard, the barnyard— up the hill and disturbing the cattle."
Jerolyn and Jerry Deplazes stand in their driveway next to their home on the left and the tool shed on the right. Their driveway would become an access road during pipeline construction. The pipeline itself would be built just over the ridge behind them in this picture.
Amid stakes for pipeline access roads, children from Mayapple School play in the woods above their classroom.
On the hills above Mayapple School, children play among the blue-and-white ribboned stakes in the woods. Mayapple is a nature-based school for children ages 2-1/2 to 6 years old. At playtime children run barefoot in the nearby fields, while some of the older students grab a shovel to move around mulch.
Melissa West, the school's teacher and founder, fears she will need to close. She said she's has had no luck finding an alternative space that would pass building code requirements and offer the nature-based setting that defines her program. Keeping Mayapple at its current location is not an option she said. "Even though the risks might be low, it's not zero. An emergency with a pipeline could be extremely disastrous. Look, we're talking about children's lives here," West said.
The original MVP plan brought the pipeline 211-feet from the school building. The revised plan moved the 3½ foot-diameter gas pipeline several hundred feet farther away, but not out of the "potential impact radius" of danger. Moving the path of the pipeline away from the school, placed it closer to Newport's historic Mt. Olivet United Methodist Church, a glowing-white, wooden structure built in 1852.
On a spring Sunday, Carter Craigie rang the church bells 20 times with the help of 8-year-old Kira Estes. The morning light streamed in through the colors of the arched stain glass windows, the sunlight bounced from one white wall to the next and back again.
"How can I not think about it?" asked Craigie of the impending pipeline. "I don't understand how you can worship the U.S. dollar the way they do. I am trying to have a place in my heart for them, but it's difficult. Remember, God loves us, each and every one.'' He paused. "I struggle with that. I don't think of the pipeline as being safe at all. I think the beauty will be destroyed and leave a permanent scar right through our county."
Carter Craigie, 78, talks with bell ringer Kira Estes, 8, before Sunday School at the Mt. Olivet United Methodist Church in Newport, Virginia. The church would be about 500 feet from the pipeline.
There are no rules on how close a pipeline can come to a home
If the current proposal is approved, Fern and Earl Echols will find their home fenced in by construction and the pipeline. According to plans and the stakes in the ground, the pipe runs along one side of their house, with an access road along the other side. The Echols say no one has offered to purchase their one-story, yellow home. MVP spokesperson Natalie Cox, said the company is not buying houses, "typically if land is bought outright, it is for the construction of the station."
The home of Fern and Earl Echols in Newport, Virginia, will be pinned-in on two sides during the construction of the proposed Mountain Valley Pipeline.
Once the pipeline is in place, nothing can be built in the 25-foot right of way on each side of the center line of the buried pipe. But there are no regulations describing how close a pipeline can be put to a home or other above-ground structure. "We don't have regulations with requirements or distances from structures," Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration public affairs staffer Darius Kirkwood said. "We have classification requirements to increase safety factors," based on number of structures and distance from the natural gas pipeline he said.
Those regulations, including CFR 49 192.903, take into account the diameter of the pipe and the pressure of the gas in the pipe in an attempt to predict the "potential impact radius" should an ignited pipe rupture occur. Some Newport residents refer to this impact zone as "the blast zone." For a natural gas pipeline of the size and pressure of the MVP , the area "which the potential failure of a pipeline could have significant impact on people or property" is 0.42 miles wide.
The Echols home, Mt. Olivet Church and the Mayapple School are within the "potential impact radius" of 1115 feet to each side of the center line of the pipe. Just in case someone were to miss this point, Richard Shingles, coordinator of Preserve Giles County, put up signs along the main road through Newport to announcing, "ENTERING PIPELINE BLAST ZONE."
Rick Shingles helped put up signs to mark what regulations call the "potential impact radius" or what some call the "blast zone," where the "potential failure of a pipeline could have significant impact on people or property."
Bipartisan Support and Disapproval
Democratic governors in both Virginia and West Virginia are supportive of the pipelines. Virginia's Gov. Terry McAuliffe touts interstate pipeline construction in economic briefs and has specifically spoken on benefits of the ACP, which is also on President Donald Trump's priority list of infrastructure projects. West Virginia's Gov. Jim Justice touts West Virginia's recent and controversial permit approval for the MVP as "job creation." On the ground in opposition, one can find members of the Pantsuit Nation Facebook page for Hillary Clinton supporters. In other homes, you'll see Donald Trump's red baseball caps with his, "Make America Great Again" slogan.
"You have people on both sides of the political aisle" opposing the pipeline, observes Mt. Olivet's pastor Morris Fleischer. "Conservatives may really be upset about the property rights issues. Others may be more concerned about the environmental issues, but all-in-all their voices are united against the pipeline as it is," he said of the people in Newport.
As Trump supporters, the Echols and their daughter, Dawn Cisek, proudly refer to themselves as "Deplorables." Like many others along the pipeline route, they see the pipeline and the FERC process of approval as an invasion of their home and landowner rights. They object to the use of eminent domain to force them to sell to a private company allowing it and others to make a profit and give them a path to export the gas in the future. In addition to worrying about her parents' home, Cisek has a potential pipeline access road that could go within 20-feet of her 19th century farmhouse and possibly take down her two front-yard trees.
Cisek said she's written to President Trump. "I told him that we were some of his 'Deplorables' and that we voted for him. This is one of our struggles that we're having with this pipeline and we hope that he would at least look into it before he continues with it."
Dawn Cisek hugs her parents goodbye after a visit. Both Cisek and her parents are directly affected by the pipeline.
Earl Echols said he wanted to stay in the house despite the pipeline, but Fern Echols would rather go. She worries about the family gatherings at Easter where everyone – 27 people at the last count of children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren – is in her kitchen and eating her deviled eggs.
MVP spokesperson Cox, "It's difficult to find any route that's not going to touch anything. Of course that's our objective — to have the least impact possible, to keep people and their homes and their communities."
Too many pipelines?
Outgoing FERC commissioner Norman C. Bay issued a statement in February calling into question the current method used by FERC for evaluating need for a pipeline so as it would, "not subject to costly boom-and-bust cycles." He questioned the current method of defining the necessity of the pipeline through commitments to use the pipeline, especially if those companies lining up to say they needed the pipeline were affiliated with the pipeline company itself. This is the case with MVP and ACP. As a cautionary example, he cited the building of liquid natural gas import facilities in the early 2000s that are now "stranded" because of the lack of need.
Bay, who had previously been unwilling to have an overview or regional impact perspective on pipeline construction, also called for a look at the environmental impact of increased gas production in the Marcellus and Utica that would result in the increase of pipeline capacity.
Some members of Virginia's Congressional delegation have announced plans to introduce legislation to prohibit the use of eminent domain "to be limited to situations in which the taking of property is for public, not private, use" and require FERC to review pipeline proposals in a more systemic rather than individual manner.
Near the proposed site of the Mountain Valley Pipeline crossing on Peters Mountain, Monroe County, West Virginia.
Both the Mountain Valley and Atlantic Coast pipelines plan to run their 42-inch diameter pipes along the tops of mountain ridges. This will require removing the top of the mountain to a width sufficient to bury the 3.5-foot-wide pipe and create the 125-foot-wide construction right of way. This MVP "typical construction detail" shows pipeline construction running along a mountain ridge. According to MVP spokesperson Natalie Cox, additional details will not be provided to the public for specific mountain ridge removal locations.
Concerns about mountaintop removal, water and the Appalachian Trail
Maury Johnson writes letters, calls and volunteers for Preserve Monroe in an effort to fight the pipeline.
Thousands of pages of documents have been filed on each of the pipelines. In some cases, thousands of pages are filed after the official public comment period has ended.
Even with all the information, there can be at times a lack of detail. For example, when residents look to find exactly how the pipeline will be constructed in their yard or on a mountain next to their home, little specific information is available.
Both the MVP and ACP plans call for ridge line placement, where the top of a mountain is removed to make a level 125-foot work area and trench to bury the 3.5-foot wide pipeline.
"How do you put a 125 foot corridor on a ridge this narrow?" said Maury Johnson in Monroe County, West Virginia about the mountain ridge above his property. "This is mountaintop removal. But they don't have to go through the permits that mountaintop removal has to go through. They just cut the Ridge off and throw it over the sides of the hill," he predicted. Though he doesn't own the ridge above his farm, the pipeline is proposed to go through Johnson's property.
Nowhere in the MVP filings can one see how much of each mountaintop will be removed. "We're not going to give out our actual construction drawings. Those are our construction drawings. That's why examples are provided on techniques that would be used," MVP spokesperson Natalie Cox explained.
"It's a geometry problem," said Allegheny-Blue Ridge Alliance's Lewis Freeman, whose group has studied the issue along the ACP's route. Their report estimates 38 miles of mountain ridge removal for that pipeline.
"They have to cut some of these ridges down 50, 60, 70 feet. There's no way you could put a 125-foot wide corridor on a ridge that's 18 feet wide. You just can't do it. It is mountaintop removal, " said Johnson.
Maury Johnson walks along his farm. Among his many concerns about the pipeline are "mountaintop removal" to create a 125-foot wide work area and bury the 42-inch diameter pipe along the ridge of the mountaintops near his land.
An orange ribbon marking the path of the proposed Mountain Valley Pipeline crosses Peters Mountain and the Appalachian National Scenic Trial.
The Mountain Valley Pipeline will cross underneath the Appalachian National Scenic Trail near this spot.
Appalachian Trail crossing
Both the ACP and MVP cross the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. The Appalachian Trail Conservancy's Andrew Down said he is particularly concerned about the MVP proposals and the precedent it will set for other scenic trails. According to Downs, the MVP impacts nearly 80 miles of the Appalachian Trail. The MVP "does not follow best practices when siting infrastructure this size. They essentially parallel Appalachian Trail for about 12 miles, which we consider a completely avoidable impact source," Downs said.
"There 58 pipelines that cross the AT currently," Downs described "and hundreds of power lines. It's almost unprecedented for us to offer opposition at this level," the Conservancy's Central and Southwest Virginia Regional Director said.
"We vastly prefer and have had greater success standing shoulder to shoulder with these energy companies and coming up with win-win solutions that are better and the Appalachian Trail better for the infrastructure. That may sound pie in the sky, but I've got projects that we've done with," Downs said.
The Peters Mountain crossing is of particular concern for those interested in not only the Appalachian Trail, but spring water in general.
Jana Peters and her husband Dana Olson live on Peters Mountain and are worried about their spring water.
One of the springs on Jana Peters' and Dana Olson's farm on Peters Mountain.
Karst terrain and water concerns
Never heard of karst? Perhaps you'll remember the sinkhole that swallowed, 8 classic Corvettes at the National Corvette Museum in Bowling Green,Kentucky? That's an example of the power and unpredictability of karst terrain.
Karst terrain describes ground that has relatively soft and soluble limestone layers that give way to water to form caves, sinkholes and create almost pipeline-like networks for water to travel underground. These pathways carry water for springs and sub-surface streams. Parts of the MVP and ACP cross karst terrain and come near or over known sinkholes and caves. The unpredictability of the terrain has raised fears of pipeline accidents.
Some residents, like the Jana Peters and Dana Olson who live on the side of Peters Mountain, worry that blasting to break up bedrock in order to create the pipelines trench will cause unknown changes in underlying karst terrain and divert the flow of existing springs. Like others along the pipeline routes, spring water is their only water they have for themselves and their livestock.
It's not just any water, some of Monroe County's water has been judged among the world's best tasting water. It's so good, they sell it.
"My big concern is the springs. This is karst terrain. We're likely going to disturb our water. We have wonderful springs, real strong springs – the best water you could ever ask for," Jerry Depalzas explained in nearby Giles County, Virginia just the other side of Peters Mountain. They chaff at the idea their water can simply be replaced by water trucked into the farm. Their water is so important, Jerolyn Deplazes takes her own water with her in jugs when she and Jerry Deplazes travel.
Others such as Ashby Berkley see the beauty of the land and tourism as the better economic path in the long term. The pipeline is set to cross his property and the Greenbrier River at Pence Springs, West Virginia. The MVP plan is to dam and trench the river, rather than bore underneath. That's significant given the Greenbrier is a free-flowing river, meaning it does not have any dams along its route.
"I look at it from a different industry point of view. We sell recreation in the beauty and fun." Berkley said, "and it's sustainable." Berkley owns an historic resort dating back to 1791 in nearby Sweet Springs. He plans to restore the building, and hopes to employ as many as 200 people. He noted there was a time when the area thrived because of its great water and plentiful sulphur, hot and warm springs.
"People turn a deaf ear to ear to the concept of pollution, unless it affects the water. When they get yellow water and green water through the faucets. Then they want somebody to come and fix it," Berkley said.
The task of fighting the pipeline is daunting for people like Berkley, "the idea of fighting this – the federal government, the state government, the industry – is awesome," Berkley explained.
"We are fighting it because, my God we just can't continue to live this way. It's an abomination, seriously," Berkley continued. "The whole emphasis is on a job and on making money instead of the educational thing that this is the earth, " Berkley said. "You know we only have one earth. And what good is a job going to do if you can't live here?"
The proposed Mountain Valley Pipeline would cross the Greenbrier River at this spot in Pence Springs, West Virginia.
Ashby Berkley of Talcott, is a fifth generation West Virginian. The MVP would cross his property at the Greenbrier River in Pence Springs.
This is part of a series of people and places along the proposed pipelines routes in Appalachia.
October 2016 filing from the Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC showing the route of the pipeline next to the home of Fern and Earl Echols in Newport, Virginia.
In '100 Days, 100 Voices' Nancy Andrews presents photographs depicting the diversity of voices across Appalachia. These portraits strive to show the varied faces, passions, issues and opinions from around the region. These interviews have been edited for brevity and clarity. If you have an idea for '100 Days, 100 Voices' please contact Nancy Andrews on Twitter @NancyAndrews or email at nancy.andrews [at] mail.wvu.edu. Follow her on Instagram @NancyAndrews.
by Nancy Andrews, 100 Days in Appalachia
<h1>Will New Gas Pipelines Take Away Landowner Rights, Shave off Mountaintops and Disrupt Clean Water?</h1> <p class="byline">by Nancy Andrews, 100 Days in Appalachia <br />June 14, 2017</p> <p>Newport, Va. – The proposed Mountain Valley Pipeline has not been approved, much less built, but it is as real as the wooden stakes already in the ground to mark its probable path.</p> <p>The 42-inch diameter natural gas pipeline would start in West Virginia's Marcellus and Utica Shale drilling region and draw a path south for 303 miles to connect with the Transcontinental Pipeline in Virginia. From there, the gas can go anywhere.</p> <p>Along the way, thin wooden spikes with blaze-orange plastic ribbons mark a path through blooming flower beds next to homes, across fields, roads, creeks and rivers, up steep mountain sides, along mountain top ridges, through rolling valleys of West Virginia and Virginia's most pristine areas, including crossings at the Greenbrier River and the Appalachian National Scenic Trail.</p> <p>The Mountain Valley Pipeline (MVP) is one of multiple major pipeline projects underway in the Appalachian region making way for increased natural gas production from fracking. More than a thousand miles of new large-diameter pipelines are being built and existing pipelines are being reversed to send gas to the Gulf Coast rather than from it. <a href="https://www.ferc.gov/industries/gas/indus-act/lng.asp">27 new liquid natural gas export facilities </a>are in some phase of the approval process or have been approved for construction. Only two export such facilities already exist, according to data from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Also underway are several pipelines that will cross into Canada and Mexico to export natural gas.</p> <p> </p> <p>While the nation has focused on oil pipeline fights such as Dakota Access and Keystone XL in the west, the natural gas industry here in the east has been planning and building a system that experts and industry analysts say will increase the number of natural gas wells drilled and completed in the Appalachian region. In short, fracking will increase once these pipelines are in place.</p> <p>MVP's and its proposed neighbor, the Atlantic Coast Pipeline (ACP), 42-inch in diameter pipeline proposals are currently under review by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), the government agency charged with approving or denying interstate pipeline projects.</p> <p>FERC's record is one of pipeline approval and with few, perhaps only <a href="http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/05/coos_county_voters_reject_ban.html">one lone denial</a> in the last decade. According to FERC spokesperson Celeste Miller, FERC doesn't just "approve or not approve" pipeline applications. "The pipelines that come in the door – a lot of them don't go out the door the same way," she said.</p> <p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-7541" src="https://100daysinappalachia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/MVP-040817-581-1.jpg" alt="" width="2048" height="1365" /></p> <p><strong>'We don't live in Russia'</strong></p> <p>For homeowners like Fern Echols that means the thin wooden stake she can see outside her kitchen window will likely be replaced by steel pipe big enough to swallow her kitchen stove and still have some room to spare. She and her husband Earl Echols are against the pipeline.</p> <p class="p1">"We have worked hard all these years, raised our family, paid our taxes, paid our bills, and moved on and we mind our business. And one day someone comes up and tells me what they are going to do with our property and possibly do with me. The last account I had this was America. The way I'm feeling right now is this is a form of Communism. We don't live in Russia. This is Newport."</p> <p>For the Echols family, their land and tranquility are being taken against their will. If FERC gives approval, the private pipeline company will be able to take their property under eminent domain laws. The Echols argue there is no public gain to be had from the pipeline, but rather only the profit of private companies that produce or ship natural gas. This includes the pipeline company itself, the private Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC — a partnership of multiple investors led by Pittsburgh's Equitable Gas' EQT Midstream Partners, LP.</p> <p><strong>Only 500 feet of pipe this size is in West Virginia</strong></p> <p>"I'm afraid that pipeline – it's 42-inches in diameter…It won't be safe," Fern Echols said, "I won't ever see no peace. I might have to stay here, but I won't be comfortable." The orange tasseled pipeline stake is 62 feet from Echols' home, sticking straight up in the middle of her beloved purple, pink and white blooming phlox bed that she's tended for 47 years.</p> <p>There are millions of miles of natural gas pipelines in the U.S., but the majority of those millions of miles are the small, one- or two-inch in diameter lines that distribute gas to the end customer. In fact, MVP and ACP would be bigger than 99 percent of all natural gas pipelines in the ground today, according to <a href="https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA/menuitem.6f23687cf7b00b0f22e4c6962d9c8789/?vgnextoid=a872dfa122a1d110VgnVCM1000009ed07898RCRD&vgnextchannel=3430fb649a2dc110VgnVCM1000009ed07898RCRD&vgnextfmt=print">data by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHSMA)</a>. The size of these pipelines has increased the fears.</p> <p>"Having that potential atom bomb right there, 500 feet away from your house," worries Jerry Deplazes. "If that thing leaks and explodes you're probably cinders when they're done," Deplazes said. If approved, the pipeline would run through the Deplazes farm just outside of Newport.</p> <p>For many, the peace has already been disrupted. Pamela Humphrey, who lives near Newport in Giles County, is "always composing something, trying to get someone in Virginia to care about what's happening to us and the way we're being treated," she said. Humphrey sleeps with a pencil and pad at her bedside. When a thought comes to her in the middle of the night, she quickly jots it down. "It's absolutely consuming," she said of her letter-writing and calling efforts.</p> <p>Susan Edwards might rather forget about the pipeline. She has nightmares. "I dream that Newport is on fire," she said, "and that we can't put it out.'' Edwards lives in nearby Clover Hollow, and in her nightmare, she and her neighbors are separated from everyone by the fire that make her single exit road out of the hollow impassable. "We're trapped," she said of her nightmare.</p> <p><strong>Construction offers worries too</strong></p> <p>Stuck in the heart of some of Virginia and West Virginia's most pristine land, stakes also mark access roads – and for some people, those stakes create a fear equal to the fear of the pipeline itself. The path weaves through backyards, front yards and barnyards, would take out beloved trees and tranquility with it. The access roads come close to homes, some have their driveways fenced off from the construction.</p> <p>"They said the access road would be 131-feet from my house. It's not even 131-inches from my house,'' Jerolyn Deplazes said. "It's that close — trucks rumbling by the doorway, the farmyard, the barnyard— up the hill and disturbing the cattle."</p> <p>On the hills above Mayapple School, children play among the blue-and-white ribboned stakes in the woods. Mayapple is a nature-based school for children ages 2-1/2 to 6 years old. At playtime children run barefoot in the nearby fields, while some of the older students grab a shovel to move around mulch.</p> <p>Melissa West, the school's teacher and founder, fears she will need to close. She said she's has had no luck finding an alternative space that would pass building code requirements and offer the nature-based setting that defines her program. Keeping Mayapple at its current location is not an option she said. "Even though the risks might be low, it's not zero. An emergency with a pipeline could be extremely disastrous. Look, we're talking about children's lives here," West said.</p> <p>The original MVP plan brought the pipeline 211-feet from the school building. The revised plan moved the 3½ foot-diameter gas pipeline several hundred feet farther away, but not out of the "potential impact radius" of danger. Moving the path of the pipeline away from the school, placed it closer to Newport's historic Mt. Olivet United Methodist Church, a glowing-white, wooden structure built in 1852.</p> <p>On a spring Sunday, Carter Craigie rang the church bells 20 times with the help of 8-year-old Kira Estes. The morning light streamed in through the colors of the arched stain glass windows, the sunlight bounced from one white wall to the next and back again.</p> <p>"How can I not think about it?" asked Craigie of the impending pipeline. "I don't understand how you can worship the U.S. dollar the way they do. I am trying to have a place in my heart for them, but it's difficult. Remember, God loves us, each and every one.'' He paused. "I struggle with that. I don't think of the pipeline as being safe at all. I think the beauty will be destroyed and leave a permanent scar right through our county."</p> <p><strong>There are no rules on how close a pipeline can come to a home</strong></p> <p>If the current proposal is approved, Fern and Earl Echols will find their home fenced in by construction and the pipeline. According to plans and the stakes in the ground, the pipe runs along one side of their house, with an access road along the other side. The Echols say no one has offered to purchase their one-story, yellow home. MVP spokesperson Natalie Cox, said the company is not buying houses, "typically if land is bought outright, it is for the construction of the station."</p> <p>Once the pipeline is in place, nothing can be built in the 25-foot right of way on each side of the center line of the buried pipe. But there are no regulations describing how close a pipeline can be put to a home or other above-ground structure. "We don't have regulations with requirements or distances from structures," Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration public affairs staffer Darius Kirkwood said. "We have classification requirements to increase safety factors," based on number of structures and distance from the natural gas pipeline he said.</p> <p>Those regulations, including <span style="color: #ff0000"><strong><a href="https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&SID=5905a56ef12683504a2a2ac83127ccc7&mc=true&n=pt49.3.192&r=PART&ty=HTML#se49.3.192_1903">CFR 49 192.903, </a></strong></span>take into account the diameter of the pipe and the pressure of the gas in the pipe in an attempt to predict the "potential impact radius" should an ignited pipe rupture occur. Some Newport residents refer to this impact zone as "the blast zone." For a natural gas pipeline of the size and pressure of the MVP , the area "which the potential failure of a pipeline could have significant impact on people or property" is 0.42 miles wide.</p> <p>The Echols home, Mt. Olivet Church and the Mayapple School are within the "potential impact radius" of 1115 feet to each side of the center line of the pipe. Just in case someone were to miss this point, Richard Shingles, coordinator of <a href="https://www.facebook.com/PreserveGilesCounty/">Preserve Giles County</a>, put up signs along the main road through Newport to announcing, "ENTERING PIPELINE BLAST ZONE."</p> <p><strong>Bipartisan Support and Disapproval</strong></p> <p>Democratic governors in both Virginia and West Virginia are supportive of the pipelines. Virginia's Gov. Terry McAuliffe touts interstate <a href="https://governor.virginia.gov/media/3501/new-virginia-economy-12052014.pdf">pipeline construction</a> in economic briefs and has specifically spoken on benefits of the ACP, which is also on <a href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/white-house/article128492164.html">President Donald Trump's priority list</a> of <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3409546-Emergency-NatSec50Projects-121416-1-Reduced.html">infrastructure projects</a>. West Virginia's Gov. Jim Justice touts West Virginia's <a href="http://www.wvgazettemail.com/news/20170609/wv-dep-its-chief-challenged-on-pipeline-approval">recent and controversial permit approval</a> for the MVP as <a href="http://www.governor.wv.gov/News/press-releases/2017/Pages/100-Days-Of-The-Justice-Administration.aspx">"job creation." </a> On the ground in opposition, one can find members of the <em>Pantsuit Nation</em> Facebook page for Hillary Clinton supporters. In other homes, you'll see Donald Trump's red baseball caps with his, "Make America Great Again" slogan.</p> <p>"You have people on both sides of the political aisle" opposing the pipeline, observes Mt. Olivet's pastor Morris Fleischer. "Conservatives may really be upset about the property rights issues. Others may be more concerned about the environmental issues, but all-in-all their voices are united against the pipeline as it is," he said of the people in Newport.</p> <p>As Trump supporters, the Echols and their daughter, Dawn Cisek, proudly refer to themselves as "Deplorables." Like many others along the pipeline route, they see the pipeline and the FERC process of approval as an invasion of their home and landowner rights. They object to the use of eminent domain to force them to sell to a private company allowing it and others to make a profit and give them a path to export the gas in the future. In addition to worrying about her parents' home, Cisek has a potential pipeline access road that could go within 20-feet of her 19th century farmhouse and possibly take down her two front-yard trees.</p> <p>Cisek said she's written to President Trump. "I told him that we were some of his 'Deplorables' and that we voted for him. This is one of our struggles that we're having with this pipeline and we hope that he would at least look into it before he continues with it."</p> <p>Earl Echols said he wanted to stay in the house despite the pipeline, but Fern Echols would rather go. She worries about the family gatherings at Easter where everyone – 27 people at the last count of children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren – is in her kitchen and eating her deviled eggs.</p> <p>MVP spokesperson Cox, "It's difficult to find any route that's not going to touch anything. Of course that's our objective — to have the least impact possible, to keep people and their homes and their communities."</p> <p><strong>Too many pipelines?</strong></p> <p>Outgoing FERC commissioner Norman C. Bay issued a <a href="https://100daysinappalachia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/BayLetter-20170203-305131949327only.pdf">statement</a> in February calling into question the current method used by FERC for evaluating need for a pipeline so as it would, "not subject to costly boom-and-bust cycles." He questioned the current method of defining the necessity of the pipeline through commitments to use the pipeline, especially if those companies lining up to say they needed the pipeline were affiliated with the pipeline company itself. This is the case with MVP and ACP. As a cautionary example, he cited the building of liquid natural gas import facilities in the early 2000s that are now "stranded" because of the lack of need.</p> <p>Bay, who had previously been unwilling to have an overview or regional impact perspective on pipeline construction, also called for a look at the environmental impact of increased gas production in the Marcellus and Utica that would result in the increase of pipeline capacity.</p> <p>Some members of Virginia's Congressional delegation have announced plans to introduce legislation to prohibit the use of eminent domain <a href="https://www.kaine.senate.gov/press-releases/kaine-warner-introduce-bill-to-make-ferc-pipeline-process-fairer-and-more-transparent">"to be limited to situations in which the taking of property is for public, not private, use"</a> and require <a href="http://www.roanoke.com/business/news/legislators-seek-reform-of-ferc-s-pipeline-review-process/article_c24e3e30-28f0-5bb1-ae84-121c7f49ece9.html">FERC to review pipeline proposals in a more systemic </a>rather than individual manner.</p> <p><strong>Concerns about mountaintop removal, water and the Appalachian Trail</strong></p> <p>Thousands of pages of documents have been filed on each of the pipelines. In some cases, thousands of pages are filed <em>after</em> the official public comment period has ended.</p> <p>Even with all the information, there can be at times a lack of detail. For example, when residents look to find exactly how the pipeline will be constructed in their yard or on a mountain next to their home, little specific information is available.</p> <p>Both the MVP and ACP plans call for ridge line placement, where the top of a mountain is removed to make a level 125-foot work area and trench to bury the 3.5-foot wide pipeline.</p> <p>"How do you put a 125 foot corridor on a ridge this narrow?" said Maury Johnson in Monroe County, West Virginia about the mountain ridge above his property. "This is mountaintop removal. But they don't have to go through the permits that mountaintop removal has to go through. They just cut the Ridge off and throw it over the sides of the hill," he predicted. Though he doesn't own the ridge above his farm, the pipeline is proposed to go through Johnson's property.</p> <p>Nowhere in the MVP filings can one see how much of each mountaintop will be removed. "We're not going to give out our actual construction drawings. Those are our construction drawings. That's why examples are provided on techniques that would be used," MVP spokesperson Natalie Cox explained.</p> <p>"It's a geometry problem," said <a href="http://www.abralliance.org/">Allegheny-Blue Ridge Alliance</a>'s Lewis Freeman, whose group has studied the issue along the ACP's route. Their report estimates 38 miles of mountain ridge removal for that pipeline.</p> <p>"They have to cut some of these ridges down 50, 60, 70 feet. There's no way you could put a 125-foot wide corridor on a ridge that's 18 feet wide. You just can't do it. It is mountaintop removal, " said Johnson.</p> <p><strong><em>Appalachian Trail crossing</em></strong></p> <p>Both the ACP and MVP cross the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. The <a href="http://www.appalachiantrail.org/">Appalachian Trail Conservancy</a>'s Andrew Down said he is particularly concerned about the MVP proposals and the precedent it will set for other scenic trails. According to Downs, the MVP impacts nearly 80 miles of the Appalachian Trail. The MVP "does not follow best practices when siting infrastructure this size. They essentially parallel Appalachian Trail for about 12 miles, which we consider a completely avoidable impact source," Downs said.</p> <p>"There 58 pipelines that cross the AT currently," Downs described "and hundreds of power lines. It's almost unprecedented for us to offer opposition at this level," the Conservancy's Central and Southwest Virginia Regional Director said.</p> <p>"We vastly prefer and have had greater success standing shoulder to shoulder with these energy companies and coming up with win-win solutions that are better and the Appalachian Trail better for the infrastructure. That may sound pie in the sky, but I've got projects that we've done with," Downs said.</p> <p>The Peters Mountain crossing is of particular concern for those interested in not only the Appalachian Trail, but spring water in general.</p> <p><strong>Karst terrain and water concerns</strong></p> <p>Never heard of karst? Perhaps you'll remember the sinkhole that swallowed, <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/12/corvette-museum-sinkhole/5417171/">8 classic Corvettes at the National Corvette Museum </a>in Bowling Green,Kentucky? That's an example of the power and unpredictability of karst terrain.</p> <p>Karst terrain describes ground that has relatively soft and soluble limestone layers that give way to water to form caves, sinkholes and create almost pipeline-like networks for water to travel underground. These pathways carry water for springs and sub-surface streams. Parts of the MVP and ACP cross karst terrain and come near or over known sinkholes and caves. The unpredictability of the terrain has raised fears of pipeline accidents.</p> <p>Some residents, like the Jana Peters and Dana Olson who live on the side of Peters Mountain, worry that blasting to break up bedrock in order to create the pipelines trench will cause unknown changes in underlying karst terrain and divert the flow of existing springs. Like others along the pipeline routes, spring water is their only water they have for themselves and their livestock.</p> <p>It's not just any water, some of Monroe County's water has been judged among the world's best tasting water. It's so good, they sell it.</p> <p>"My big concern is the springs. This is karst terrain. We're likely going to disturb our water. We have wonderful springs, real strong springs – the best water you could ever ask for," Jerry Depalzas explained in nearby Giles County, Virginia just the other side of Peters Mountain. They chaff at the idea their water can simply be replaced by water trucked into the farm. Their water is so important, Jerolyn Deplazes takes her own water with her in jugs when she and Jerry Deplazes travel.</p> <p>Others such as Ashby Berkley see the beauty of the land and tourism as the better economic path in the long term. The pipeline is set to cross his property and the Greenbrier River at Pence Springs, West Virginia. The MVP plan is to dam and trench the river, rather than bore underneath. That's significant given the Greenbrier is a free-flowing river, meaning it does not have any dams along its route.</p> <p>"I look at it from a different industry point of view. We sell recreation in the beauty and fun." Berkley said, "and it's sustainable." Berkley owns an <a href="http://wvpublic.org/post/jeffersonian-springs-resort-wva-sells-560000">historic resort dating back to 1791</a> in nearby Sweet Springs. He plans to restore the building, and hopes to employ as many as 200 people. He noted there was a time when the area thrived because of its great water and plentiful sulphur, hot and warm springs.</p> <p>"People turn a deaf ear to ear to the concept of pollution, unless it affects the water. When they get yellow water and green water through the faucets. Then they want somebody to come and fix it," Berkley said.</p> <p>The task of fighting the pipeline is daunting for people like Berkley, "the idea of fighting this – the federal government, the state government, the industry – is awesome," Berkley explained.</p> <p>"We are fighting it because, my God we just can't continue to live this way. It's an abomination, seriously," Berkley continued. "The whole emphasis is on a job and on making money instead of the educational thing that this is the earth, " Berkley said. "You know we only have one earth. And what good is a job going to do if you can't live here?"</p> <p><em>This is part of a series of people and places along the proposed pipelines routes in Appalachia. </em></p> <p><em>Footnotes:</em></p> <p> </p> <p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-7491" src="https://100daysinappalachia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/LNG-ProposedExport-05012017.png" alt="" width="2036" height="1534" /></p> <p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-7493" src="https://100daysinappalachia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/LNG-Approved-05012017.png" alt="" width="2028" height="1524" /></p> <p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-7492" src="https://100daysinappalachia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/LNG-Existing-05012017.png" alt="" width="2034" height="1514" /></p> <p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-7432" src="https://100daysinappalachia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Echols-RSS-H600-136.png" alt="" width="1972" height="1532" /></p> <hr /> <p><em>In <a href="https://100daysinappalachia.com/category/portraits/">'100 Days, 100 Voices' </a>Nancy Andrews presents photographs depicting the diversity of voices across Appalachia. These portraits strive to show the varied faces, passions, issues and opinions from around the region. These interviews have been edited for brevity and clarity. If you have an idea for '100 Days, 100 Voices' please contact Nancy Andrews on Twitter <a href="http://twitter.com/nancyandrews">@NancyAndrews</a> or email at nancy.andrews [at] mail.wvu.edu.</em> Follow her on Instagram <a href="http://intstagram.com/nancyandrews">@NancyAndrews</a>.</p>
This <a target="_blank" href="https://www.100daysinappalachia.com/2017/06/mvp-acp-ferc-natural-gas-pipelines/">article</a> first appeared on <a target="_blank" href="https://www.100daysinappalachia.com">100 Days in Appalachia</a> and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.<img src="https://www.100daysinappalachia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/100.png" style="width:1em;height:1em;margin-left:10px;"><img id="republication-tracker-tool-source" src="https://www.100daysinappalachia.com/?republication-pixel=true&post=7424&ga=UA-88758745-1" style="width:1px;height:1px;">
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Seems half of Hollywood is reaching out to Keaton Jones – meaning the other half just hasn't yet seen the bullied Tennessee boy's heartbreaking Facebook video.
Within 24 hours the post had been viewed more than 10 million times, a roster that included Hollywood actors and stars of hip hop, country music, athletes and Beltway pundits.
"Stay strong, Keaton," tweeted Chris Evans. "Don't let them make you turn cold. I promise it gets better. While those punks at your school are deciding what kind of people they want to be in this world, how would you and your mom like to come to the Avengers premiere in LA next year?"
Others reaching out include Patrick Adams (Suits), Millie Bobby Brown (Stranger Things), Kevin Jonas, Cardi B and, well, take a look in the gallery above for a sample of a roster that's growing by the minute.


Cashflow quadrant is another book I bought few years ago. This book is my favorite book of all Robert Kiyosaki Rich Dad's books series. Personally, I feel that this book is the most important book of all because it discusses about cashflow. Cashflow is the most important part to create a better financial future because if we can manage and monitor our cash flow properly, then we can spend less and earn more.
In this cashflow quadrant book, it talks about the 4 quadrants of jobs and income sources which are employee, self-employed, business and investment. These 4 quadrants are important because different people are making moeny from these 4 different quadrants and people will have different types of mindset if they are from different quadrants.
Rich dad cashflow quadrant also teaches us to find our own financila fast track so that we can reach our financial freedom faster. It encourages us to take control of our cash flow, seek help from mentor, differentiate between risk and risky, decide the type of investors we are and more.
Overall, this is trully an amazing book to read. From this Rich Dad Cash flow Quadrant, we can learn a lot about our own cashflow and learn the faster way to reach financial freedom.