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New Apps Encourage Climate Positive Design
By Rob Walker, March 24, 2020
A couple of years ago, landscape architect Pamela Conrad got curious about the climate impact of her work. How much carbon dioxide did her chosen materials release into the atmosphere? How much carbon was sequestered, or captured, by any given project's mix of trees, shrubs, grasses, and other plants? What factors could she adjust to improve the net outcome? Conrad, a principal at the San Francisco firm CMG Landscape Architecture, decided to investigate.
"I went online and I just assumed there was going to be some magical tool that I could download, and it would just tell me," she says. "I kind of expected to find it that afternoon." That didn't happen. She did find helpful tools and data intended to help gauge and improve the emissions impact of the built environment, but what she was looking for didn't seem to exist: a tool to help landscape architects understand, in a holistic way, the climate impacts of their work.
Beyond her personal curiosity, this struck Conrad as a surprising absence. "We haven't been measuring anything outside the building," she says. That meant crucial conversations with policy makers and clients weren't happening, because "we haven't had the data." Because landscape architecture can not only reduce emissions but also make tangible contributions to carbon sequestration, this field is perfectly positioned to offer "climate positive design," as Conrad calls it: design that sequesters more carbon dioxide than it emits.
Conrad set out to make the tool she couldn't find, with the support of a research grant from the Landscape Architecture Foundation. She worked with environmental consultants and tech developers to create a beta version of the free, web-based app now known as Pathfinder. The app, which formally launched in September 2019, has been used by 300 firms and counting. It is intentionally simple and accessible. Users enter various details of a project, large or small, from a backyard garden to a city plaza. The interface asks for information about materials (e.g., sand, crushed stone), plant types (e.g., trees, lawn), and other details.
On the back end, the app draws on data from sources including the U.S. Forest Service and the Athena Impact Estimator software created by the Athena Sustainable Materials Institute (ASMI) for building materials. It provides a kind of carbon profile for each project and offers suggestions to improve it, such as substituting a no-mow meadow for a lawn, or a wood deck for paving. The suggestions are intended to reduce the time it will take for each project to become carbon neutral, and then carbon positive. In the course of designing Pathfinder, Conrad tapped into a vein of similar efforts in other corners of the architecture and construction sectors that are contributing fresh insight to broader discussions of policy, planning, and land use. ASMI, a nonprofit collaborative, has been a pioneer on this front: since 2002 it has provided a variety of software tools that help designers measure the building, construction, and material impacts of their projects and materials.
Interest in this sort of resource is surging. Stephanie Carlisle, a principal at Philadelphia architecture firm KieranTimberlake, caused a stir earlier this year with a lengthy call-to-arms essay on the contribution of architects to climate change in Fast Company. New construction contributes massively to carbon emissions, she wrote: "Although it's become mainstream to discuss energy efficiency and advocate for minimizing those impacts, architects, engineers, and planners have yet to truly reckon with the magnitude and consequences of everyday design decisions."
Carlisle says she has been heartened by the enthusiastic response to the essay. As it happens, KieranTimberlake introduced its own carbon measurement tool, Tally, a few years ago. Tally was designed to be folded into workflow processes, as a plug-in to a 3D modeling software commonly used in the industry called Revit. This means, Carlisle explains, that a designer can substitute and change material and other options Tally allows architects to compare the climate impacts of various materials on a work in progress, then run a report on its potential carbon impact. "It tells designers where to spend their energy," she says. Some 200 firms now use Tally, and its sales rose about 150 percent last year.
Tally, Pathfinder, and other similar tools fit into a broader trend of architects and landscape architects responding to climate change. "These [projects] are great pieces of the puzzle," says Billy Fleming, Wilks Family Director for the Ian L. McHarg Center at the University of Pennsylvania and a coeditor of the recently published Design with Nature Now, a collaboration between the university and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. "The core of [the challenge] is absolutely about social, technical, and political systems that have to be reorganized around an international mobilization and response to climate change. So these efforts should be treated as the beginning of a conversation—not the end of it."
Indeed, both Carlisle and Conrad emphasize that these tools are just a means to an end. Such tools are "directly empowering architects and engineers," Carlisle says, but they can also help establish common benchmarks that make it easier for communication around carbon standards to "make its way into policy and code." That's starting to happen—Carlisle cites Marin County's recent introduction of carbon standards for construction materials, and Conrad notes that San Francisco is embarking on a sustainable neighborhoods framework that factors in carbon sequestration standards—but they say there's still not enough awareness of the possible positive impacts of design outside the design professions, or perhaps even within them. "We need way more investment in R&D, and in tools," Carlisle says.
Conrad extends the point: as much as she intends Pathfinder to offer "really quick, accessible answers" with practical impacts on real projects, she also wants it to serve as an educational experience that builds awareness. "Landscape architects are the primary target," she says. "But I see [potential use for] a lot of other players in the space, like policy makers using it to set standards." While it's easy for an individual to use Pathfinder to plan a backyard renovation, large-scale landowners can use it to gauge the impact of setting aside portions of development for trees and other elements that build climate resilience. A simple slider interface shows the user that, for example, a combination of 400 large trees and 1,100 medium-sized ones can sequester 2.3 million kilograms of carbon. "Once we're able to measure what we're doing and collect that data and get that feedback," Conrad continues, "then we can start understanding what we're doing and evolve our practices."
Conrad has been spreading the word about Pathfinder through conferences and webinars, and has been taking suggestions that will guide updates in 2020. Late last year, she helped organize the Climate Positive Design Challenge, aimed at landscape architects, which established specific targets for projects large and small to achieve carbon-positive status: five years for parks, for instance, or 20 years for streetscapes or plazas. Pathfinder is meant to play a central role in helping designers meet that challenge.
"We could potentially take a gigaton of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere over the next 30 years," Conrad says. "We think you can cut emissions [on a given project] in half, and increase sequestration by two or three times, just by having the right information in front of you."
Rob Walker is a journalist covering design, technology, and other subjects. His book The Art of Noticing was published in May 2019.
Photograph: The web-based app Pathfinder was the brainchild of landscape architect Pamela Conrad, who created the tool to measure the climate impacts of her work after discovering that no such tool existed. Credit: Courtesy of CMG Landscape Architecture.
Etiquetas: mitigación climática
Aparece en Land Lines, April 2020
Inglés Version
Also Available in Español


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Federal Drive Show Blog – January 3, 2014
This is the Federal Drive show blog. Here you can listen to our interviews, find more information about the guests on the show each day, as well as links to other stories and resources we discuss.
Today's Interviews:
Larry Benson
"Quieting the Boom"
More than 65 years after Chuck Yeager flew past the sound barrier, the sonic boom remains an obstacle to supersonic flight. For decades, NASA has tried to solve the puzzle of how to fly commercial planes at the speed of sound without creating deafening shock waves. Larry Benson has done extensive research on the subject. His book, "Quieting the Boom," details early supersonic flight and what's holding NASA back.
Michael Horowitz
Read more: Federal Drive
The Justice Department has a big to-do list this year, from easing overcrowding at federal prisons to operating national security programs without stepping on civil rights. Inspector General Michael Horowitz published the list of top challenges.
Andre Mendes
Incoming Director of Global Operations
Broadcasting Board of Governors
You can't say the Broadcasting Board of Governors lacks ambition. Its strategic goal is to become the world's leading international news agency by 2016. In the meantime, it's enjoying record audiences. All of this in the middle of a major reorganization. Andre Mendes is the BBG's incoming director of global operations.
Want to stay up to date with the latest federal news and information from all your devices? Download the revamped Federal News Network app
The Homeland Security Department wants to use federated identity management to build networks of trust with state, local and federal government partners. The goal is to make information sharing easier and more secure. Federal News Radio's Jason Miller explains how DHS is easing the burden of managing so many different identities.
Heard Tom and Emily talk about another story during the show, but don't see it here? Check out our daily federal headlines for the latest news affecting the federal community.
All News Andre Mendes Michael Horowitz Radio Interviews

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Cymevene
Procedure started
Under evaluation
CHMP opinion
European Commission final decision
On 25 February 2016, the European Medicines Agency completed a review of Cymevene. The Agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) concluded that there is a need to harmonise the prescribing information for Cymevene in the European Union (EU).
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What is Cymevene?
Cymevene is an antiviral medicine that is used to treat or prevent infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) in immunocompromised individuals (people with a weakened immune system).
CMV is a common virus that belongs to the herpes virus family. It can infect almost anyone but usually remains dormant in healthy people, rarely causing symptoms. However, the virus can cause problems in people with a weakened immune system such as people with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or who are undergoing cancer treatment or taking medicines to prevent rejection of an organ transplant. In these patients, CMV can result in severe or life-threatening infections that attack various organs including the lungs, brain and eyes.
Cymevene contains the active substance ganciclovir and is available as a powder to be made into a solution for infusion (drip) into a vein.
Cymevene is marketed in all EU member states with the exception of Latvia, Malta and Slovenia. It is also available in the EU under the names Cymevan, Cymeven i.v. and Citovirax. The company that markets these medicines is F. Hoffmann – La Roche Ltd. and associated companies.
Why was Cymevene reviewed?
Cymevene has been authorised in the EU via national procedures. This has led to divergences across member states in the way the medicine can be used, as seen in the differences in the summaries of product characteristics (SmPCs), labelling and package leaflets in the countries where the medicine is marketed.
Cymevene was identified as needing harmonisation by the Co-ordination Group for Mutual Recognition and Decentralised Procedures – Human (CMDh).
On 15 September 2014, the European Commission referred the matter to the CHMP in order to harmonise the marketing authorisations for Cymevene in the EU.
What are the conclusions of the CHMP?
The CHMP, in the light of the data submitted and the scientific discussion within the Committee, was of the opinion that the SmPCs, labelling and package leaflets should be harmonised across the EU.
The areas harmonised include:
4.1 Therapeutic indications
The CHMP agreed that Cymevene can be used for the treatment of diseases caused by CMV in immunocompromised patients. Cymevene can also be used to prevent CMV disease in patients with drug-induced immunosuppression (for example after an organ transplant or chemotherapy). The medicine can be used in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age. When prescribing Cymevene, consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antiviral agents.
The CHMP also agreed that Cymevene should no longer be indicated for the prevention of CMV disease in patients with AIDS. Since the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced the risk of CMV disease in patients with HIV infection, preventive treatment with Cymevene is no longer considered necessary.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Having harmonised the indication, the CHMP also harmonised the recommendations on how to use Cymevene. The recommended dose of Cymevene and duration of treatment depend on the weight of the patient and on whether the medicine is used to prevent or treat CMV disease. Patients with reduced kidney function should receive lower doses of Cymevene.
Different treatment schedules should be followed during initial and maintenance treatment, in accordance with treatment guidelines.
Information on the safety and efficacy of Cymevene in children under 12 years of age is limited. The CHMP was unable to make recommendations on such use based on currently available data and further assessment should be carried out.
4.3 Contraindications
Cymevene must not be used in patients allergic to its active substance ganciclovir, to a related antiviral medicine, valganciclovir, or to any other ingredients of the medicine.
It is not known whether ganciclovir passes into breast milk; however this possibility cannot be excluded and therefore breastfeeding must be discontinued in women treated with Cymevene, to avoid potential serious side effects in breastfed infants.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Ganciclovir has the potential to cause birth defects in humans. For this reason, the CHMP agreed that Cymevene should not be used in pregnant women unless the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the potential risk to the unborn child.
Women who could become pregnant must be advised to use effective contraception during treatment with Cymevene and for at least 30 days after treatment has stopped. Men whose female partner could become pregnant must be advised to use barrier contraception methods during treatment with Cymevene, and for at least 90 days afterwards.
The Committee also harmonised other sections of the SmPC including sections 4.4 (special warnings and precautions for use), 4.5 (interactions) and 4.8 (side effects).
The amended information to doctors and patients is Annex III .
The European Commission issued an EU-wide legally binding decision on this opinion on 28 April 2016.
Questions and answers on Cymevene and associated names (ganciclovir, 500 mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion, intravenous) (PDF/81.64 KB)
First published: 26/02/2016
EMA/142869/2016
Available languages (22)
(PDF/108.89 KB)
(PDF/80.57 KB)
(PDF/81.8 KB)
About this medicine
Approved name
International non-proprietary name (INN) or common name
Cymevan
Citovirax
About this procedure
EMEA/H/A-30/1406
Article 30 referrals
This type of referral is triggered when Member States have adopted different decisions over the years for some medicines (e.g. different indications, contraindications or posology) and there is a need to harmonise across the EU.
Key dates and outcomes
CHMP opinion date
EC decision date
Opinion provided by Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use
Cymevene Article-30 referral - Annex III (PDF/429.13 KB)
(PDF/346.3 KB)
Cymevene Article-30 referral - Assessment report (PDF/3.16 MB)
EMA/CHMP/175628/2016
Cymevene Article-30 referral - Annex I (PDF/106.62 KB)
(PDF/113 KB)
Cymevene Article-30 referral - Annex II (PDF/63.88 KB)
Description of documents published
Please note that some of the listed documents apply only to certain procedures.
Overview - lay-language summary of the stage of the procedure
Notification – a letter from a Member State, the European Commission or the marketing authorisation holder requesting the initiation of the procedure
Scientific background – further background information from the triggering Member State on the issues leading to the initiation of the procedure (if applicable)
List of questions – questions agreed by the Committee requesting further information from the marketing authorisation holder(s) / applicant(s) to evaluate the issues identified
Timetable for the procedure – agreed timeframe to respond to the list of questions, to assess the issues and to adopt a conclusion
List of medicines concerned by the procedure – medicine(s) / active substance(s) concerned, and marketing authorisation holder(s) / applicant(s)
List of questions to be addressed by the stakeholders – call for data to be submitted by stakeholders (e.g. healthcare professionals, patient organisations, individual patients) (if applicable)
Stakeholder submission form – form to be used by stakeholders to submit data (if applicable)
Scientific conclusions – scientific conclusions of the PRAC and/or CHMP and/or CMDh
Assessment report – PRAC or CHMP assessment and conclusions on the issues investigated, including divergent positions (if applicable)
Divergent positions – divergent positions of the CHMP or CMDh members for pharmacovigilance procedures (if applicable)
Changes to the summary of product characteristics, labelling and package leaflet (amended sections or fully revised version) (if applicable)
Condition(s) to the marketing authorisation(s) – condition(s) for the safe and effective use of the medicine(s) (if applicable)
Condition for lifting the suspension – condition to be fulfilled for the suspension of the marketing authorisation(s) to be lifted (if applicable)
Timetable for implementation of CMDh position – agreed timeframe to submit and finalise the variation(s) implementing the outcome of the procedure (if applicable)
Note that older documents may have different titles.
Meeting highlights from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) 22-25 February 2016
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Alexander Rodchenko. From the Still Art Foundation Collection
Posted on December 12, 2019 - By The Lumiere Brothers Center for Photography
January 24 - April 5 2020
The Lumiere Brothers Center for Photography presents an exhibition of photographs by the outstanding Russian avant-garde artist Alexander Rodchenko from the collection of the Still Art Foundation, established by Elena and Mikhail Karisalov. The exhibition will include Rodchenko's works of different years, from the first photographic experiments of the 1920s to the end of the 1930s. The exhibition will feature portraits of Rodchenko's friends—artists, architects, poets, writers, filmmakers, employees of the magazines LEF and Novyi LEF, including the familiar portrait of Lily Brik, which was used in the advertising poster for the Leningrad Department of Gosizdat (State Publishing House), several photographs of Vladimir Mayakovsky from the first photoshoot in Rodchenko's studio on MyasnitskayaStreet (1924), and the famous photograph of Osip Brik, where one of the lenses in his spectacles is replaced by the LEFlogo.The exhibition will also include family portraits: Rodchenko's mother, his wife Varvara Stepanova and daughter Varvara Rodchenko, architectural shoots and photo reports: the legendary Balconies (1925), Fire Escape (1925), Stairs (1929), as well as Pioneer with a Trumpet (1930) and Pioneer Girl (1930).
Pioneer with a Trumpet 1930 © Alexander Rodchenko
The exhibition will be co-curated by Rodchenko's grandson, Alexander Lavrentiev, who is the leading specialist of his work. The exhibition will feature 58 silver-gelatin prints from two albums of the museum portfolio series, published in an edition limited to 35 copies in 1994- 1997, collected under the direction of Varvara Rodchenko, Alexander Lavrentiev and gallery owner Howard Schickler. The photos included in the portfolio and presented for the exhibition by the Still Art Foundation,were printed by Alexander Lavrentiev and Yuri Plaksin in Rodchenko's photo laboratory from his original negatives.
Portrait of the Artist's Mother 1924 © Alexander Rodchenko
Alexander Mikhailovich Rodchenko (1891-1956), one of the leaders of the Russian avant-garde, an innovator in the field of painting, sculpture, and book, poster, film and theater design, began taking photographs in 1924. His experimental approach to photography forever changed the history of this art form and influenced not only his contemporaries, but also determined the development of photography for decades to come. Using techniques such as shooting from an unusual angle (extreme viewpoints from above or below), which immediately became known as rodchenkovsky; diagonal construction of compositions, defining the dynamics and rhythm of the photograph; detail and close-up shots; the use of double exposure and delicate work with black and white contrasts, Rodchenko strove, as Osip Brik wrote, to turn a familiar thing into a seemingly never before seen construction, to change a person's usual view of the world, and to expand the possibilities of seeing things.
Fire Escape 1925 © Alexander Rodchenko
The Poet Vladimir Mayakovsky 1924 © Alexander Rodchenko
Girl with leica 1934 © Alexander Rodchenko
The critic Osip Brik 1924 © Alexander Rodchenko
All about the exhibition


The Netherlands and Bangladesh are about to collaboration the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100. It is very important for Bangladesh to create a solid strategy to tackle safety issues and structure the available water in relation to sudden climate changes and economic developments.
The knowledge and principles developed in the Netherlands in the Dutch Delta Program will also be used by Bangladesh to create a long-term strategy linked to the existing water policy. The objective is to work together on sustainable delta management,integrate activities on water tasks and manage crisis situations. Water management in Bangladesh can then be revitalized, particularly by applying a holistic approach, thus creating understanding of the water system as a whole.
Twynstra Gudde was a partner in the consortium of Euroconsult-Mott MacDonald, Deltares, Alterra, Unesco-IHE, which have explored the main characteristics and challenges of the Bangladesh water sector.
"Our contribution lies in organizing the institutional aspects and deepening and coordinating strategic policies."
Twynstra Gudde played an important role in the institutional and policy aspects involved, and in strategy development and organizational issues related to good water governance. The consortium's explorations and preparations also provided the input and basis for an agreement between the two countries.


Your child's physician is likely to be following these 2011 guidelines for "health supervision" of Down syndrome. Some physicians don't even do that much, so if your child hasn't had all of these tests, request them. These are the tests that Medicaid and your insurance will definitely cover. Keep in mind, they are the bare minimum tests that are recommended. Much more health supervision is actually needed for your child.
Qadoshyah Fish explains additional, important lab tests to request and why at her Got Down Syndrome Blog.
I'd also recommend getting vitamin D3 levels tested because it's a fat soluble vitamin so you don't want to over supplement and tax his liver, but vitamin D3 is vital and usually low. See How Much Vitamin D3? for optimal lab values and why.
Additionally, more thyroid testing is needed, since 100% of our kids will eventually (most sooner than later) have life-altering thyroid issues and the majority of physicians don't know how to properly monitor. Here is more guidance on recommended thyroid labs from Stop the Thyroid Madness.
I'm worried about Leukemia, what lab tests do I need to request?
How do I know what the lab results mean?
This guide for thyroid lab results.A helpful link on blood test results that gives the explanation of the test and healthy ranges, not just the average range.
Also look to how to understand lab tests, ranges etc.
How do I get a good draw for my child?
Newborns should get blood drawn from their heel. This was done on my son with no problems the first week of his life. They pricked his heel, and then collected the blood as it came out from the prick. Once your child starts standing, they develop thicker skin and callouses so the heel is no longer an option.
• Keep your baby hydrated. Dehydration makes the veins harder to find.
• Make sure your baby is relaxed and stress free. Play soothing music on the way to the office and give yourself plenty of time to make the appointment. There is usually a wait in many of these labs. A baby will pick up the signals from a stressed out parent. Stress increases the blood flow and constricts the veins.
• During the blood draw, soothe your baby. Cuddle and sing favorite songs. Let him/her know how proud you are of them for being strong.
Jett was used to me singing to him so that was super helpful in calming him and distracting him during blood draws. To prepare, I'd pick at least three songs to sing to him when he's feeling calm and happy so he can have positive associations to you singing those songs during times of stress. I swear that when I sang, he was an angel during the longest blood draw right before his heart surgery.
Surprisingly, Medicaid paid for the phlembologist to come to our house!! It was a 45 minute drive and made things so much easier. I would ask the lab company if they can provide that service if you feel it would benefit your child in keeping the ordeal as stress free as possible.


These things are insane. 516 ilvl weapon reward from Heroic Scenarios, 2 valor upgrades and it's 2 ilvl's better than what you get from Normal ToT. I don't know if you can use the Eye of the Black Prince on them (I doubt it) but even if you can't, they're clearly the best option for people who don't raid normal or heroic. Some of the itemization is really interesting too; for example there are iterations with parry/mastery, dodge/parry, just crit, mastery, parry, etc... Certainly one itemized as parry/mastery would be fantastic for a blood dk, and the only time we've ever really seen an epic 2h weapon with tank itemization on it. I'm honestly surprised that Blizz even made these available, as much of an improvement over the LFR weapons as they are, but my non-raiding alts aren't complaining about it.
Got this one today with the "Earthshaker" suffix which gave me +982 hit and +982 crit.
Nice upgrade from raid finder Shinka!


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Catch Ultra Music Festival online and more free live concerts from your couch
The news of Ultra Music Festival's cancellation was a supreme disappointment — even coming from someone who lives in downtown Miami and would have to deal with all the additional traffic that it brings. If you're someone who also loves going to concerts, festivals, and other live music events, the current coronavirus situation is looking like it may cancel everything we were looking forward to over the next few months. Luckily, some musicians and bands are pulling through for their fans and moving cancelled shows to the internet so everyone can attend. Even better, some acts are announcing shows to keep everyone entertained even when they had nothing booked previously.
Source: SiriusXM
A number of these online concerts have already taken place, though you can find many of the ones you've missed by checking the artist's YouTube page. Take a look at the list below to see if and when one of your favorite acts might be performing:
Coming up:
Ultra Virtual Audio Festival
Ultra may have been cancelled, but thankfully the Ultra Virtual Audio Festival is here to take its place featuring performances by Major Lazer, Afrojack, Armin van Buuren, Martin Garrix, Above & Beyond, and more. The show starts at 5PM EST, though you'll need a SiriusXM membership or free trial if you want to listen.
Listen via SiriusXM
The "Take Me To Church" singer is set to go live on Instagram today at 3PM EST to perform the hits and new songs off his latest album Wasteland, Baby!
Watch via Instagram
The band behind hit songs like "Apologize" and "Counting Stars" is holding a show on its official Instagram account later today at 4PM EST. This is your chance to hear some of the band's best songs and new tracks from upcoming album, "Human".
The once-bubblegum-pop singer and 'This Is Us' actress made a heel turn in recent years to a more alternative sound, and today's livestream will see Moore and her husband perform songs from her first album in over ten years, "Silver Landings". Catch them live starting at 4PM EST on Instagram.
While a bit different from the rest of the concerts and performances in this list, the Metropolitan Opera's Nightly Opera Stream is not to be missed. Each night at 7:30PM EST, you can catch a new show, and best of all, they're available on demand through 3:30PM the following day. Check this list for the schedule
Watch via MetOpera
Billboard Live-at-Home Sessions
Billboard is keeping music fans entertained during the COVID-19 outbreak with exclusive live performances which debut on Billboard's Facebook page. The Pop/RnB singer JoJo has already had her own show premiere, while artists like Luke Bryan, Josh Groban, and Russell Dickerson are set to appear in the coming days.
Watch via Facebook
The iconic RnB artist took to Instagram to announce a livestream coming up this weekend. Fans can pay $1 to watch the show and suggest songs for Erykah to play during the event.
Previous Performances:
These online concerts have been running for a few days now, and luckily many of the ones that have already occured are now available to watch on sites like YouTube and Facebook. Below you can find intimate performances by artists like Bruce Springsteen, Charlie Puth, and John Legend. Many of these shows even bring you inside the artists' home and give you a bit more insight into their thoughts than what you'd hear at an actual performance.
Live artist performances on YouTube
John Legend #TogetherAtHome
Coldplay's Chris Martin #TogetherAtHome
Niall Horan of OneDirection #TogetherAtHome
Charlie Puth #TogetherAtHome
Shawn Mendes with Camila Cabello #TogetherAtHome
Common #TogetherAtHome
Bruce Springsteen: Live at Hyde Park (2009)
Death Cab for Cutie's Ben Gibbard: Live From Home (New shows daily at 4PM PDT)
Diplo: Coronight Fever
Hunter Hayes #Rescheduled: Live
Major Lazer: A Very Lazer Sunday
Miley Cyrus: Bright Minded
Live artist performances on Facebook
Garth Brooks from Studio G
JoJo: Billboard Live-At-Home
Live artist performances on Instagram and Twitch
Keith Urban #InstaBand
Best I ever had
Looking for stuff to binge while you're at home? Check out Netflix
You might have a lot of time on your hands all of a sudden, and want to watch the best shows available on Netflix. We've got the shows worth your time.


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JOHN B. MORRIS, MAJ, USMC
John Morris '55
Date of birth: December 31, 1932
Date of death: January 10, 1968
JOHN BUTLER MORRIS
Baby John entered the cold gray walls with his eyes half shut. Opening them, he decided that the service sponsoring the green suits, rather than the standard blue, was his favorite. His friendliness and exquisite doodling won him the art editorship of the Trident. Next to drawing, he probably enjoyed a good cigar more than anything else. His ability to place a great distance between each foot distinguished him in all track events in which he chose to participate, but the Flying Squadron gained his most spirited offerings.
From the April 1968 issue of Shipmate.
From the April 1968 issue of Shipmate:
Maj. John B. Morris, USMC, died on 10 Jan. in Nevada, when the transport plane from Quantico, Va., in which he was a passenger, crashed on Mt. Tobin during a blizzard. The 12 passengers and seven crewmen aboard were all killed. He had been serving as Operations Officer, Amphibious Warfare Presentation Team, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico. Services and interment were held at Arlington National Cemetery, with full military honors.
Maj. Morris was born in Philadelphia, Pa., and graduated from the Naval Academy in 1955. He completed flight training at the Naval Air Station, Corpus Christi, Tex., in 1958, and the Mountain Leadership and Survival Training Courses at Marine Corps Cold Weather Training Center at Bridgeport, Calif., in 1961. He had served with the 3rd Marine Division at Okinawa; the 1st Marine Division at Camp Pendleton, Calif.; the 3rd Marine Division, Vietnam; the 2nd Marine Air Wing, Cherry Point, N. C. While serving as the S-4 of the 1st Battalion, Third Marines in Vietnam he was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with combat "V," and had been awarded the National Service Medal with star, and the Armed Forces Expeditionary and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medals.
Surviving are his widow, the former Irene Pirochta of Owosso, Mich.; a son David 4, and daughter Carla 3, who have been living in Quarters 397C, Marine Corps Base, Quantico; his parents. Col. George W . Morris, USA (Ret.), and Mrs. Morris of 239N. 24th St., Camp Hill, Pa. 17011, and a sister, Mrs. Clarence W . McKee.
John was part of a "10-day Western tour from Quantico Marine Base in Virginia" to discuss amphibious landing tactics.
John is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. He was survived by his wife, Irene, son David, and daughter Carla. (Information courtesy of John's brother-in-law, John Pirochta, via email on April 23, 2018.)
John is one of 34 members of the Class of 1955 on Virtual Memorial Hall.
← James Baldwin '55
Jonathan Coe '55 →
Retrieved from "http://usnamemorialhall.org/index.php?title=JOHN_B._MORRIS,_MAJ,_USMC&oldid=86365"
Fixed Wing Passenger
Bronze Star
This page was last modified at 11:48 on 5 June 2019.


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Piposh () is an Israeli media franchise that started as a series of comedic point-and-click adventure video games developed by Guillotine and published by Hed Arzi Multimedia for Windows. Based on an eponymous actor-turned-detective who embarks on several adventures solving murders, the titles include Piposh, Piposh 2, Halom SheItgashem (spinoff), and Piposh 3D: HaMahapecha. An English version of Piposh entitled Piposh: Hollywood was published in 2002. The series, which began in 1999, was created at a time when the Israeli video gaming industry was at its peak, particularly in terms of adventure gaming, and served as a notable example of a work targeted specifically at the young local market, with aspects such as inside jokes relating to Israeli culture. The games became very popular within Israel, although never becoming financially successful, and its developers struggled to live off the proceeds.

Piposh evolved into a franchise, with a television series, a comic book, and an soundtrack being created. The series continues to have a dedicated fanbase, and Piposh conventions have been regularly held as a way for fans to celebrate the games together. While the titles have often been criticized for their amateurish visual style and clunky game mechanics, they are looked at fondly by critics who see Piposh as a source of Israeli pride and a key milestone in the advancement of the local industry throughout the 21st century. In November 2018, it was announced a reboot was in development, with the first part of a four-part game to be released in September 2020.

Plot and gameplay

The series consists of point and click adventures, requiring players to interact with an inventory and with characters in order to complete puzzles and advance the story. The main character is intended to be a caricature of the arrogant Israeli, with a worldview that "the whole world is an idiot – and that talk can not be done quietly, only with shouting".

The plot of Piposh follows the quirky adventures of its main character, flawed actor Hezi Piposh and  "morbidly tactless guy in his attempts to reach Hollywood and make it big". In the first game, he boards the wrong boat and has numerous antics, including being caught up in a murder. He can interrogate characters, break into their rooms, and accuse them of murder. In Piposh 2, Piposh finds himself trapped on an island populated by dwarves, who help him assemble an aviation device to escape. Halom SheHitgashem is focused on eight strange acquaintances who are invited to the castle of an eccentric man. Piposh 3D revolves around a political revolution that ensues because the entire country decides to become vegetarian, replacing meat with tofu.

History

Conception and In the Interest of Ratings (1997–98)
In the late 1980 while Ronan Gluzman was at the age of 13, he began his computer gaming career by creating games and animations on Macromedia Mac Director software. After he left the Israeli army and while his brother Roy was still a member, they set up a small graphics business in Pardes Hanna (פרדס חנה), where they did routine projects for commission. In 1997, one of their projects reached the desk of the CEO of video game distributor Hed Artzi Multimedia (הד ארצי מולטימדיה), the multimedia arm of Israeli record label Hed Arzi Music, who liked the illustration style of the duo and suggested they create a Hebrew-language computer game. He gave them NIS 10,000 in return for 50% of the future profits from the sales.

Despite having no experience in the video gaming industry, the team went to work and after nine months of development, released In the Interest of Ratings (בתככי הרייטינג), a title which focused on the incompetent detective Elimelech Egoz (voiced by Moshe Ferster), who goes on holiday at the fictional Nofei Hadera Hotel only to be greeted by a bizarre murder case. The game contained intertextuality, inside jokes, irony, and cynicism. In the Interest of Ratings received negative reviews in the press, including in Internet Captain (קפטן האינטרנט), the technology/multimedia branch of the leading Israeli newspaper Haaretz; however it received positive reviews in youth-oriented newspapers. Ultimately the game was relatively popular, though it was not financially successful. But it led the duo to decide to try to develop a second video game, which would become Piposh, under their new development company Guillotine (גיליוטין).

Piposh (1998–99)
The Gluzman brothers wrote the text and the code, drew the backgrounds and characters, and created the animations; in addition they convinced actors Shai Avivi, Amos Shuv, Anat Magen, Ilan Peled, Dudu Zar, Meni Pe'er, and Ilan Ganani (as Piposh) to voice characters voluntarily. The game was developed by four people in a garage, at a time when the computer gaming industry in Israel was considered practically non-existent. Glutzman recalls that Guillotine was not particularly well managed, lacked business planning and didn't have a financial focus, and instead consisted of a naive team who wanted to simply make something "fun and cool". Ynet asserts the duo was irrational for choosing set up a development company for Israeli games that only appealed to the local market. Ronen would later describe the contemporary Israeli video gaming industry as an imaginary thing to pursue, for four young developers working from their garage. During development, Ronan used the program Macromedia Director 4, and he created each game screens from scratch. At the time of the game's release, Ronan published his phone number to allow stuck players to phone in for help.

After a year and a half of development, Piposh was released; it became a hit among teenagers and sold 6000 copies over a period of one year in retail sales, and would ultimately sell or over 7000 copies. They achieved this without reducing the original selling price. Haaretz asserts that many thousands more probably illegally pirated it. The game reached 5th place on the sales charts, and for a few weeks was competitive with the best-selling games from abroad. Some of Piposh's royalties were donated to the animal rights and welfare organizations. The game originally had text and voice-work in Hebrew, though a few years later it was made available in both English and Russian, and due to its success Guillotine was able to distribute the games to the United States and Russia. Due to the title's low minimum requirements, it was able to be played on computers with weaker processing power. The game was deemed an adventure gaming success aimed primarily at the local market, having been developed independently, almost underground. While not officially a Piposh title, In the Interest of Ratings has a link to the series; within Piposh, the main character – a flawed actor – claims to have played Egoz in the previous game.

Rest of the series (2000–04)
Roy left the series during production of the second game, believing that in addition to piracy, the distribution networks weren't as efficient at bringing video games to stores as other products like Israeli music. According to Ronan, his brother did not have prowess in the business and marketing side to succeed in the industry.  After leaving, Roy moved away from sensationalist nature of the entertainment and gaming industry, and instead focused in personal creative projects. On his own Ronan began to suffer financially, which would continue for years while making the Piposh games. By 2003 he was living on 30 shekels a day. He would later explain that at the time, to be a video game developer in Israel, one was expected not to make money. While the first game took 1.5 years to make, the team spent a year making Piposh 2, and a year making Halom SheItgashem. Each time the developers made a game, they did it independently and without external funding. Once a title neared completion, Guillotine spoke to their distribution company to print discs and send them to stores. However, as the distribution company was very large they didn't have time to invest into a small local game like Piposh so the games ended up being sent out two weeks later than intended, once the advertising and buzz had died down. For each title, Ronan produced advertising materials such as posters, business cards and funny stickers.

Piposh 3D was the series' first foray into 3D graphics, after using traditional animation for the previous games; this title was directed by Roy Lazarowitz. By this point the developers had grown tired of their distributor and sought to use Indogram, which represented fewer games and could therefore invest more time into each. It was developed using the A5 engine, which Guillotine had purchased specifically for this title. 2004 saw the English release of Piposh entitled Piposh Holywood, which was to be published by The Phantom after Phantom Entertainment bought the distribution rights electronically. Ynet noted that if successful, it would have been a notable achievement for the industry, seeing the first Israeli video game released on console, but noting the unclear outcome of this venture. Guillotine had aimed to translate their first Piposh game to break it into the international market, however the text and dubbing translations became an astronomical task due to the original game having a badly-constructed programming interface. The foreign adaption of the first game is known worldwide by its English title. The games were not intended to meet the technological standards of the global industry, particularly in terms of graphics. They were not targeted at a worldwide audience, instead appealing to Israeli teenagers who were not necessarily gamers, but who wanted immature content with cultural references they would understand. Haaretz contends that despite the development team tapping into the minds of local youth, the rampant pirate copying phenomenon prevented them from making a living of their games.

Piposh saw numerous opportunities for franchise expansion over its history. The team gave up a NIS 20,000 offer by Burger Ranch to distribute the games because they were vegetarians. Soon after the release of Piposh, the duo started creating a weekly comic section in the local youth newspapers Rosh 1 and Maariv LeYanar, and also created a comic book which was published by Hed Artzi, released under the title "Piposh and Other Vegetables" (פיפוש ושאר ירקות), which could be purchased from the official Guillotine site. They also lectured to youth at an animation and comics festival at the Tel Aviv Cinematheque. In 2000, the developers thought of porting Piposh to mobile phones, having already set up documents such as an instillation guide; however this never came to fruition. A spin-off television series named Batheshet Moav (בטשת מואב) – ten episodes in length and about five minutes per episode – first aired on the Beep channel in either 2001 or February 5, 2002. A previous concept for the show – where viewers could interact by choosing which of two outcomes they wanted to watch – was offered to Fox Kids. While Fox wanted to sign a contract, Guillotine refused as they did not want to give up the rights and the artistic freedom, for instance they would be censored from using the swear word קיבינימט and from mentioning that Piposh's father drowned in the Yarkon River. An album featuring music, interviews, and other content entitled At the Piposh Tavern was released by Guillotine and the Tag Group in 2004. A fourth game (excluding the spinoff) was to be released but this was eventually cancelled. Running until at least 2004, 'Piposh Congresses' have been held as national meeting for all the fans of Piposh and Guillotine. The developers sold an "I'm Pipposi Proud" game package, which included 5 game discs including the first three titles, plus a demo of Piposh 3D and a disc with rare files and documents.

Aftermath (2005–17)
The last title developed by Guillotine was the network-strategy nonsense game Vajimon, which saw players fight against each other over the internet using a variety of vegetables. Around 2003–4, the company's operations were terminated and its managers retired. Ronen left the industry soon after due to the financial and mental burden the series had given him, and became a yacht skipper. He earned money as a writer of games for interactive TV and cell phone in a leading high tech company. In 2005, the brothers lectured for a Gameology course at Beit Berl College as part of the first Israeli curriculum course for video game development. The program was started by Dr. Diana Silverman Keller who discovered while writing her thesis that there was no formal education in the field of game creation in the country. She noted that "Despite the success of Israeli high-tech, the Israelis do not excel at developing games". Keller contacted Ronan, who at the time was known as the "spiritual father of the Israeli gaming community", and he soon became a central figure in the program.

On May 7, 2008, on Israel's 60th Independence Day, all Guillotine games were re-released free to download on the Internet. By this time, it was impossible to get the games anymore, as there were no orderly backups. Ronan Gluzman noted that the games were unplayable unless the player had a Windows 95 computer, and commented "I felt that I had to do this, in order to save the game from falling into the abyss". Tal Dinovich, a fan of the series who had volunteered for years on the site and answered phone calls from stuck players, helped locate all the game files and create updated versions that would work on Windows XP. Ronan noted it was strange to revisit these games after having not touched them since the series ended in 2003. While he had since moved on from the series, Ronen did create a Facebook group for the fans who had grown up with the series and wanted to reminisce. According to Calcalist, the series released 7 games, 4 of which are available for free download. As part of the campaign, Ronen aimed to print special nostalgic shirts, as this was a common fan request.

In December 2008, a group of Piposh fans, believing that it had died prematurely, started a campaign to create a new chapter of the series and started looking for volunteers. The game, to be developed through their company Sellotape (סלוטייפ) was entitled Piposh 2.5 and the Stolen Vase. The official website of the project wrote that while the developers were unable to reach the quality level of the official games, they hoped to emulate it as much as possible. Their aim was to "remember, save, and enjoy" the Piposh series. The plot, taking place immediately after Piposh 2, saw the protagonist try to find the magic 'vase of life' that can be used to resurrect characters that died in the prequel. The producer/director was Ben Werchizer, the artist/designer was Daniel Avdo, the music and dubbing producer was Itay Jeroffi, and the writer was Shahar Kraus; they were looking for professional programmers in Director or Flash as well as voice talent. Their site contained a "build your own character" minigame from the series as a flash game, and a forum dedicated to the resurrection of Piposh. The project was discontinued around 2010.

Video game archivist and founder of the Movement for Preservation of Games in Israel Raphael Ben-Ari got in touch with the series' creators and detailed the story behind its development process and in a documentary film. The documentary was uploaded to YouTube on Ben-Ari's Oldschool account. Ben-Ari believes the work boosted the Piposh community in Israel and introduced the series to many new people.

In 2015, Renard was given the "Half Life" award at the 2015 GameIS Awards.due to his work on the series having a "significant impact on the short history of the Israeli gaming industry", thereby helping it to flourish.

During this time, Piposh was surrounded by a loyal fanbase who held onto the franchise even while no games were in active development. Writing a game quote in one of the Piposh Facebook groups would be met with relevant written responses and memes, and links to legally download the games. Over the years, the large community of fans who love and reminisce over the series "ran Facebook groups, organized events and constantly asked for a new game".

Comeback (2018–present)

In 2018, Piposh creators announced they would produce a reboot of the game, due for release in September 2019.

Critical reception
The games became a cult hit in Israel, known for their unique humor, original characters and a satirical look at Israeli society. Ronen is notable for being one of a few Israelis who have managed to develop a computer game within the country and distribute it in Israel. According to Timeout, the games are hilarious and brave. Eser felt that Piposh was a "semi-decent adventure game". Bikorate felt the title had a "fascinating plot and humor ahead of its time". The student newsletter Factor thought the game was "more funny, more ingenious, and generally more universal" than In the Interest of Ratings had been a year earlier, and felt the two games were "exemplary examples of Israeli creativity". Sport5 listed the game in their article There is honor: the greatest Israeli computer games ever, rating it 10/10 and praising its unique crazy and sharp sense of creativity and humour, as well as for sparking one of the "most cohesive computer game communities ever in the country".

Haaretz deemed it ultimately a failed initiative to establish the Israeli video gaming industry, despite its significance. Vgames deemed the series "the most daring attempt to create computer games for Israeli audiences only". In 2001, Ynet asserted that the few games of Israeli origin such as Piposh were "quite negligible in terms of scope and technicality", and were "not close to being competitive in the global market", however in 2003 the site saw the series as a source of Israeli pride. The site would later come to feel that the series offered some of the most "bizarre, funny and hallucinatory quests" to come out of gaming, noting that the first title is widely regarded as a cult game, and that many peculiar moments from the series are etched into the minds of players. Bikorate thought Piposh 2 surprised with its "witty and satirical jokes about Israeli society".

The Hebrew site Eser, despite having sympathy for Israeli game developers, who are "forced to work in almost impossible conditions" when compared to their American and European colleagues, gave Piposh 3D a scathing review; while calling its premise amusing, and noting that the patient Piposh fanbase would overlook its inferior graphics the site felt the game was very bad, likening it to a "singer singing without makeup". Ynet criticised 3D's graphics and interface, though noted its humour and charm might make up for the experience. Ben-Ari feels a sense of patriotism toward the game as a piece of video gaming software that is proudly and unabashedly Israeli.  Factor thought the series attempt to enter the 3D market was an "utter failure". Even though Walla thought Piposh 3D was a bad game, it thought the game looked like a masterpiece in comparison with Dangerous Vaults, a Lara Croft parody that forces players to have sex with animals.

When news of a fan-made Piposh 2.5 was brought to Nana 10, the site made an emotional appeal to its readers, hoping to attract  anyone who could "help this promising project take shape", while hoping it would be the first of many. Meanwhile, 2all.co.il wished the developers success.

Noting a recent campaign to name a road in Israel "Lara Croft street", Nana 10 hoped that soon there would be a "Piposh street" to honour the series.  The paper believed Piposh to the possibly the most successful and profitable Israeli computer gaming project, deeming Guillotine a champion of the local industry. Makorrishon deemed Guillotine a "stubborn pioneer" due to persisting with making a game in Israel, though noted that despite their bravery, the company did close down a mere 6 years later. Looking back at the games in 2008, Ronen was impressed at how the humour held up, and noted ultimately that Piposh is "not a game of technology, but of people, behavior and relationships". Comedy Children listed the original title as the only Israeli entry in an article entitled "The Most Funny Games".

According to Gadgety, the games have "earned cult status among Israeli players". Calcalist deemed it "most important series of games - well, the only one - that was done in Israel in this millennium". Additionally, it argued that the series' humor that combined the nonsense of LucasArts and Sierra with the experimental weirdness of Channel 2. Ronen has said that "What Piposh is good at is being crazy, being delusional and telling a good story with an emphasis on humor and Israeliness".

References

1999 video games
Adventure games
Video games developed in Israel
Windows games
Windows-only games

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Solving the forking problem: Why future blockchains must upgrade themselves
Sky Guo, CEO and Co-Founder of Cypherium, says the next generation of blockchains must be able to upgrade themselves.
By Sky Guo
March 1, 2018 10:14 GMT
Cryptocurrencies had a difficult start to 2018. Just last month, $60 billion was wiped off the value of the entire cryptocurrency market in 24 hours, and Bitcoin tumbled to $6,800 after reaching its all-time high in December. While the market seems to be recovering now, crypto's volatility and murky regulatory landscape shows that we haven't built a cryptocurrency ecosystem that's ready for mainstream adoption. Blockchain, the technology underlying Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, just isn't ready for prime time.
Right now, cryptocurrency transactions can be costly, slow, and tedious to process. The next generation of blockchain platforms must achieve better scalability, faster settlement, and lower fees -- all while retaining decentralization -- in order to succeed. For this to happen, blockchains must be able to upgrade themselves.
Bitcoin is based on a process called Proof-of-Work, which serves as a consensus mechanism within a decentralized network. Its most significant drawback is its lack of scalability. The Bitcoin network generates a block every ten minutes, with a maximum block size of 1MB. This has restricted Bitcoin's transaction speed to no more than seven transactions per second. Because of Bitcoin's inherent forking problem, a transaction can be considered secure only after six confirmations - which takes, at minimum, and hour. Executing a single Bitcoin transaction can take between a few hours to a few days, with transaction fees averaging several dollars and rising with increasing demand.
When you compare this to VisaNet -- which is capable of processing up to 10,000 transactions per second -- it's clear that Bitcoin isn't cutting it. Many argue that raising Bitcoin's block size is the best option, but doing so requires a large percentage of the network to change their software, creating another fork in the blockchain. Bitcoin's inability to handle high-volume transactions at a reasonable speed is a clear hindrance to its mainstream adoption.
As it grows, Ethereum is facing some of the same structural problems. In recent months, Ethereum smart contract execution fees (gas) recently rose to more than five cents from less than one cent in 2016. When CryptoKitties spiked Ethereum's popularity late last year, nearly 30,000 transactions were stuck in limbo as the blockchain struggled to process the backlog. This prompted the Ethereum community to plead with its miners to increase the gas limit by 33 percent just to encourage quicker processing.
These issues with Bitcoin's forking and Ethereum's gas limits are a roadblock to cryptocurrencies' overall growth potential. Future cryptocurrencies must be able to upgrade themselves without a cumbersome process or the involvement of a centralized party.
One way this can be done is through a hybrid approach that combines Proof-of-Work and another consensus mechanism, called Byzantine fault tolerance. Well-known examples of Byzantine fault tolerance-based blockchains include Hyperledger and Stellar. By combining consensus mechanisms, blockchains can allow participants to actively adjust the blockchain's protocol without compromising decentralization or security. With this "committee method", blockchains can separate Proof-of-Work from the transaction verification process. This would reduce confirmation time and allow thousands of low-fee transactions per second, reducing many of the roadblocks faced by major cryptocurrencies today. Each layer of the blockchain could be separated and upgraded in the future, and consensus could be decentralized and permissionless. No trusted authority would be required.
While Bitcoin and Ethereum introduced us to blockchain technology, our understanding of its possibilities and pursuit of new iterations should not stop there. By solving the forking problem and allowing blockchains to upgrade themselves, we can create a comprehensive foundation for the future of blockchain adoption.
Sky Guo is the CEO and Co-Founder of Cypherium. Guo holds extensive infrastructure-level knowledge regarding blockchain consensus, transaction, cryptographic algorithms and messaging mechanisms, and has conducted extensive research on present blockchain implementations and their source code.
Related topics : Bitcoin Ethereum


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Medieval cathedrals – Architecture
Home/Medieval/Medieval cathedrals – Architecture
Medieval cathedrals: Façade of Amiens cathedral in France
What is a cathedral?
A cathedral is any Christian church where a bishop has his headquarters. No matter how big a church is, if there's no bishop working in it, then it's not a cathedral.
More about bishops
Medieval architecture
Lots more Middle Ages articles
For instance, the cathedral of Laon in northern France lost its bishop when the town got smaller. Now it is only a church.
And the church of Toulouse, even though it is a big beautiful church, never had a bishop. So it was never a cathedral. But most really big medieval churches in Europe are cathedrals.
All about St. Sernin in Toulouse
The church at Laon
When did people build cathedrals?
Most famous medieval cathedrals are in Europe (where the Christians were). Most of them were built between about 1000 and 1600 AD, during the Middle Ages. There are cathedrals all over Europe, in Spain, in England, in France, in Germany, and in Italy.
Lots of articles about the Middle Ages
Romanesque and Gothic architecture
The Romanesque cathedral at Vezelay (1100 AD). This is where Bernard of Clairvaux preached the Second Crusade
The architecture of cathedrals is based on the old Roman basilica. The earliest Christian churches were a lot like Roman basilicas.
More about Roman basilicas
But the biggest cathedrals are bigger and higher than the biggest Roman basilicas. Early medieval architects built cathedrals in the Romanesque style, and then later (beginning about 1100 AD) they built cathedrals in the Gothic style. You'll find some examples of Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals on the Romanesque and Gothic pages.
What do Romanesque churches look like?
How are Gothic churches different?
Why did towns build cathedrals?
Cathedrals were where Christian people in medieval Europe went to pray to God, and also where they took communion and talked to their priests. People also went to cathedrals for baptisms or funerals. At the end of the Middle Ages they started to get married in cathedrals, too.
What is communion?
How did people get baptised?
What do Christian priests do?
In the Middle Ages, most cathedrals did not have chairs in them, the way they do today. People stood or walked around during the Mass. Or they knelt on the stone floor to pray.
What is a Christian Mass?
Chartres nave
Cathedrals were also community centers
But cathedrals were not only for religious ceremonies. When bishops or lords or kings had important things to say to a group of people, they met in the cathedral. They might use the cathedral as a courthouse. Other times, teachers used the cathedral as a school.
More about medieval schools
It was the biggest place in town that was inside, out of the cold and rain. In bad weather, many towns held their farmer's market inside the cathedral, or they held job fairs there. People also gathered inside the cathedral for safety if enemies attacked their town, or used the cathedral as a hospital when a lot of people were sick.
Medieval hospitals and medicine
Learn by doing: medieval castle project
More about the Romanesque
More about Chartres Cathedral
Bibliography and further reading about cathedrals:
Romanesque architecture
Gothic architecture
More medieval architecture
More about the Middle Ages
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By Karen Carr|2019-09-13T06:43:48-07:00July 30th, 2017|Medieval|24 Comments
Cite this page: Carr, K.E. Medieval cathedrals – Architecture. Quatr.us Study Guides, July 30, 2017. Web. December 21, 2021.
About the Author: Karen Carr
Dr. Karen Carr is Associate Professor Emerita, Department of History, Portland State University. She holds a doctorate in Classical Art and Archaeology from the University of Michigan. Follow her on Instagram, Pinterest, or Facebook, or buy her book, Vandals to Visigoths.
Medieval architecture – Gothic and Romanesque – Europe
High Middle Ages – 800 AD to 1100 AD
Medieval stained glass, eyeglasses, and modern glass
Heloise and Abelard – Middle Ages in Europe
Visit Italy with kids! Sights to see
September 3rd, 2017 | 0 Comments
Zacary June 14, 2021 at 9:37 am - Reply
Karen Carr August 25, 2021 at 10:47 am
Thanks! I'm glad we could help.
Uknown November 10, 2020 at 3:05 pm - Reply
I Am Looking Up Cathedrals And Came Across This, But Unlike Many Of You Who Need To Do A History Research Paper, I Need To Know For A Digital Art Art Piece I'm Working On.
Same here, I have to build a representation of this for my class and write a summary about it.
Inside 19 of the most beautiful cathedrals in the world | | May 21, 2020 at 1:26 pm - Reply
[…] European cathedrals were constructed between 1000 and 1600 […]
anoynumous May 13, 2019 at 5:57 pm - Reply
what are the two main types of cathedral and what are they like
I cant find it
Karen Carr May 13, 2019 at 7:49 pm
I'm sure your teacher means Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals, those are the two types. You'll find links in the article for more description of each type.
jjjj April 8, 2019 at 8:28 pm - Reply
Karen Carr April 8, 2019 at 9:07 pm
I think the article can tell you that :)
Will April 9, 2019 at 2:19 pm
lol same assignment
Gary October 11, 2018 at 6:42 pm - Reply
Hey Karen I'd like to state that this article is very factual and interesting…Good Work!!!
Karen Carr October 12, 2018 at 8:24 am
Thanks! I'm glad you liked it, Gary! That makes my day!
Jeff September 21, 2018 at 6:41 am - Reply
what do you mean brother
Karen Carr September 21, 2018 at 7:10 am
Sorry, Jeff, am I missing something? Can you explain?
beastboy September 20, 2018 at 12:10 pm - Reply
the small May 8, 2018 at 12:06 pm - Reply
i hate this
Karen Carr May 8, 2018 at 3:17 pm
Sorry to hear it! I'll try to make this article more interesting.
Ethan May 24, 2018 at 6:32 am
this article is interesting.
john April 18, 2018 at 3:16 pm - Reply
Do you have a source on the section for "Why did people build cathedrals?" I'm writing a medieval history paper!
Karen Carr April 18, 2018 at 5:09 pm
Either of the books listed in the bibliography would discuss these same points; have you checked them?
FRANK April 10, 2018 at 3:13 pm - Reply
wheres the important info
What were you trying to find out?
bob January 26, 2018 at 9:24 am - Reply
sooooo coooolll
Karen Carr January 26, 2018 at 9:44 am
Sponsor this article!
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Architecture basilica bishop cathedral Christianity Europe funeral Gothic marriage mass medieval Middle Ages prayer priest Romanesque
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Since the day you were a little girl you have always dreamed of your wedding. Dreamed of walking down a beautiful aisle in the middle of a garden surrounded by your family and friends. When Freddy met Lilly is a top Brisbane designer that wants to make this dream come true. Here at our store we will be able to dress your entire wedding party to make it look like it walked right out of your dream garden wedding.
After your venue, your dress will be one of the main focal points of your wedding. Therefore, you want to make sure you are doing everything you can to ensure it not only fits you perfectly, but fits the scenery as well. You, of course, can choose any dress that fits your desired wishes, but on average brides, we like the idea of a flowing gown so that it blends into the scenery. One gown that you can find at When Freddy met Lilly is the Veronica gown. This wedding gown is flowing and covered fully in lace, making it look like you are in your natural element. It also features a v neckline so that you won't get overheated during your wedding.
You have your entire wedding planned out from the song you will march to, to the hairstyle you want, and even the perfect colours you have always dreamed of using. If you have chosen the color silver well congratulations, your wedding is about to bump up on the elegance scale. Silver is a timeless colour and it will look great as the colour your bridesmaids are wearing. Here at When Freddy met Lilly we pride ourselves in providing you with silver bridesmaids gowns.
Silver goes with everything imaginable. Therefore, when you choose an elegant silver bridesmaid gown from a top Brisbane designer, you don't have to worry about it not matching the theme you have chosen for your wedding. The Brisbane designers at When Freddy met Lilly have several different styles when it comes to silver gowns. From short to long, snug fitting to nice and flowing, when you visit us you will find the perfect gowns for your wedding party.
Your wedding is something that should solely reflect you and your future spouse as a couple. They should be centred around stuff you both love and your personalities. Often times couples prefer to go with a themed wedding instead of a traditional wedding. One of the most common themes we see here at When Freddy met Lilly is The Great Gatsby. This theme is perfect for those of you who wish to go with a more elegant, classic look over the modern traditions. If you are interested in learning more about this theme, we can help.
One of the best things about this theme is that though it requires many details, all the details in a Great Gatsby themed wedding are streamlined and simple. Therefore, nothing has to be over the top and it can all be purchased rather easily. You will however, need to make sure that you research the era closely that way your wedding can be pulled off perfectly.
In Mid-September we found ourselves in the heart of New York City, living the fashion dream. It was a short 10-day "business only" trip, which allowed very little down time in our incredibly busy schedule. When Freddie met Lilly is very proud to have represented our many designs at one of the world's biggest runaways. Let's just say we were a little nervous !!
Fashion-Palette New York Fashion Week is a well known stage; that allows the very best Australian designers to present their unique designs. We were very excited, after all our hard work to show our Hepburn – Esque Collection.


I woke up this morning at 5:45, worried. I laid in bed feeling defeated already, when this day hadn't even started. The past week and a half I have been trying and trying again. In public, things are awesome! In the privacy of my home where chaos and tantrums ensue, I am exhausted. But it's more than that, really. Yesterday I spent my boys' nap time laying between them on our bed so they would sleep (colds on all fronts around here prevent good sleep), and the lies pestering me felt astronomical. How are you supposed to be able to do this with three little boys? You lost your cool so many times in the past 48 hours that I'm pretty sure the boys are now scared of you. How are you going to lug around three kids when one of them can't walk very well and the other will be strapped in a car seat? How can you afford this? Huh? How are you gonna do this, Janelle?
This is life right now. It seems big and scary, and I am nervous about things to come, worried about the possibility of the privacy of my home becoming the public version. But it is more than that. The big HOW flashing in front of my face in big, bright lights makes me think that I've got to have at least something figured out. I need a plan. I need to nest until I can't move out of exhaustion, make lists until I feel content, or push & push against the inevitable because holy cow. Life is going to hit the fan soon. And I am freaking. out.
I woke up this morning at 5:45, empty, needy, and starving for some Truth. I poured a big glass of water and sat on the couch and prayed and prayed until the longing for Jesus calmed me. Jesus, I am exhausted. I am scared. I am worried. And I want you to set all of these lies in my mind on fire so I don't have to look at or feel them anymore. Shatter them. I want to sleep and wake believing and knowing that you are what matters. You always provide. You are enough. I want to lean even harder into your perfection, trust you even more and then once that seems enough, even more.
I'm gonna get a little crazy and say, okay. Let the privacy of my home, with the crazy, the tantrums, the trying and failing, become what the public sees. Because why not? This is the most imperfect life I'll live, and thank the Lord that I am perfected by grace. And how could anyone believe it if I keep it hidden under a fake smile that's secretly pleading for a helping hand? There is greatness to come, and there is greatness today. I am a waddling pregnant woman with two little boys, and I do not have answers to all the questions I'm asking, but it's not about that. It's about walking in the path He commands me. That is where my happiness is. And my happiness is full of tantrums from toddlers, flashing HOW's in my face, exhaustion, believe it or not. I'm lighting the lies on fire, shattering them so they can't keep me from the grace that is given to me in abundance. What's keeping you from grace? What are the lies you're enlisting as truth? Light them on fire, friend. You aren't defeated.


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Sales Agent Law Austria: We Will Enforce Your Claims As Commercial Agent / Sales Agent or Company Throughout Austria: Law Experts Attorneys at Law, Attorney at Law Dr Wiesflecker, Innsbruck/Tyrol and Vienna, Austria
The commercial agents / sales agents and their principal, commercial agency law as a specialist area – Law Experts Attorneys at Law, Austria
Commercial agents / Sales agents are sales specialists who mostly work independently for one or more companies and on the basis of a commercial agency agreement. As commercial agents they constantly broker business for other companies and, in accordance with the commercial agency legislation, are also obliged to make every effort to acquire business. Generally, the commercial agent does not sign this business himself but brokers it. Given his role the commercial agent is an extremely important part of the distribution chain for many companies.
Generally, the commercial agent signs a 'commercial agency agreement' with the company (Principal). This contract has to operate within the legal limits of commercial agency legislation. Disputes arise in most cases from the commercial agency relationship during the course of terminating the agreement. This is essentially particularly to do with dissolving or terminating the commercial agency agreement, commission claims and the commercial agent's claim for compensation.
Your specialist for matters concerning commercial agency legislation, Attorney at Law Dr Hannes Wiesflecker, Austria
Due to his many years of experience working at renowned international law firms and his specialisation in corporate and contract law, Dr Hannes Wiesflecker has the relevant expertise and years of experience to succeed in enforcing or defending against legal claims in the areas of commercial agency law and distribution law.
Commercial agency law as a specialist area of private law requires appropriate experience and the right specialist knowledge. A good understanding of the judicature on commercial agency law is crucial to make your claims thoroughly and in a timely fashion and to defend against any unjustified claims. Corresponding regulations for registering claims and statutory periods of limitation must be observed.
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From East to West of Austria, from Innsbruck to Vienna: Law Experts Attorneys provide you with reliable legal services. Please click This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. to write an e-mail to Attorney at Law Dr Wiesflecker or call +43 512 586 586.
You will find more information on shipping law and freight law in our Knowledge Database or under the menu item News.
Find more information on the Sales Agent Law Austria / Austrian Sales Representatives Act (Handelsvertretergesetz, HVertrG), Commercial Agents, Austrian Sales Agents and Sales Representatives in Austria as follows:
The Information Disclosure Obligations Between Sales Agents/Sales Representatives and Their Principals - Sales Agent Law Austria
Both, sales representatives and their principals are subject to due diligence obligations and disclosure obligations as part of their business relationships. On the one hand, as a matter of law, the sales representative must principally report all sales transactions made to the principal. However, this does not mean that the sales representative is under any obligation, to keep the principal abreast of all daily business transactions every single day. In this context, it must be taken into account that the sales representative is fundamentally an independent and autonomous contractor. Moreover, from the perspective of the principal, any ties that bind or restrict the sales representative that could suggest or establish grounds for an employment relationship should be avoided.
Principally, the sales representative's aforementioned obligations to disclose information already exist on the basis of the Austrian Sales Representatives Act (Handelsvertretergesetz, abbreviated HVertrG); however, it is possible to include more specific and concrete details in the wording of the respective contract with the sales representative.
Nevertheless, the principal is also subject to certain information disclosure obligations. For instance, the principal must provide the sales representative with all of the documentation and information the sales representative needs to perform his/her duties. Furthermore, the principal must notify the sales agent about foreseeable sales declines or, for example, the cessation of business segments, the manufacturing of certain products, etc., which affect the sales agent.
Contract Closing Obligation, Protection of Interests Obligation – Statutory and Contractual Duties of the Sales Representative Pursuant to the Austrian Sales Representatives Act
Under the Austrian Sales Representatives Act, sales representatives always assume an obligation to broker and close sales contracts. This means that the sales representative must strive to continuously solicit new business relationships on behalf of the principal and must also work to maintain and expand existing business relationships.
However, the sales representative's/sales agent's right and/or obligation to directly close business deals and to render services beyond the general brokerage and closing of contracts (e.g. customer maintenance, authority to enter into contracts, collection activities affiliated with accounts receivable, credit checks, delivery warehouse maintenance, training seminars, etc.) are activities that are contingent upon the inclusion of respective terms and conditions in the contract with the sales representative/agent.
Furthermore, it must be emphasized that the commissions paid to sales representatives only cover the work specified in the contract with the sales representative for which such remuneration is supposed to be paid. If the sales representative performs additional duties that are not specified in the contract, such as the facilitation of training seminars or the performance of certain transports, separate payment for this work is principally mandatory.
The protection of interests obligation must also be addressed when it comes to the relationship with sales representatives. The obligations listed as examples in § 5 of the Austrian Sales Representatives Act refer, among other things, to the obligation to make the required reports to the principal and to promptly notify the principal of any business transaction that has been closed. Other obligations the law explicitly standardizes include § 7 Sect 1 Austrian Sales Representatives Act, which prohibits the acceptance of rewards and the mandate pursuant to § 26 Sect 1 Sales Representatives Act, which requires the sales representatives to continue to perform his/her work in the event of risks inherent in delays affiliated with the company's insolvency, until other precautions can be implemented.
The characteristics of the relationship with sales representatives/agents also principally give rise to the prohibition of competition while the relationship with the sales representative/agent is in good standing, as well as the obligation to protect business and company secrets and the obligation to archive/store as well as release tangible and intangible company property.
Term and Termination of the Contract with a Sales Representative - Sales Agent Law Austria / Sales Representatives Actin Austria
Principally, as is common practice in general contract law, contracts may be made for a specific period of time (term) or for an indefinite period of time. Just like in general contract law, a contract made for a definitive period of term ends once the term expires. The mere passing of time thus terminates the contractual relationship. However, pursuant to § 20 Austrian Sales Representatives Act, a contract made for a certain period of time, which continues for a conclusive defined period, is deemed prolonged by an indefinite period of time. This consequence must therefore always be considered if the contracting parties "simply continue their cooperation" once the respective contract has ended.
If a contract has been made for an indefinite period of time, it may be terminated on the basis of the statutory advance termination notice periods pursuant to § 21 Austrian Sales Representatives Act.
The so-called "chain contracts," which are in fact separate individual contractual relationships, into which the respective parties enter again and again or link together and thus establish a continuous contractual relationships, should also be mentioned in this context.
The Austrian Sales Representative's Entitlement to a Commission, Austrian Sales Representatives Act
The Austrian Sales Representatives Act principally does not provide any stipulations as to the calculation basis for sales representative commissions. The principal and the sales representative are at liberty to agree upon the calculation basis for commissions, such as sales revenues, purchase price, sales price, the difference between the two, etc., at their discretion.
Nevertheless, pursuant to § 10 Sect 2 Austrian Sales Representatives Act, principals are not permitted to deduct any discounts they e.g. grant to third parties, from the computation basis for the commission.
Compensation Entitlement According to the Austrian Sales Representatives Act, Austrian Sales Agents and Sales Representatives
Art 24 of the Austrian Sales Representatives Act governs the compensation entitlement of sales agents/representatives. This provision stipulates that once the contractual relationship with the sales representative ends under the prerequisites specified in § 24 HVertrG, the sales agent/representative is entitled to compensation. As the term "entitlement to compensation" implies, the primary objective of the entitlement to compensation is to allow the sales agent/representative to participate in the success of the company in some way in exchange for his/her significant contributions to this success.
Principally, 3 prerequisites must be met for an entitlement to compensation to materialize First and foremost, the sales representative must have brought on board new customers on behalf of the company or must have significantly expanded business relationships that already existed. According to the Austrian Sales Representatives Act, an entitlement to compensation cannot be established in the absence of new customers or new business. This is very often a point of disagreement in practice, since the differences in opinion as to what defines a new or an existing customer or to what end business relationships have been significantly expanded can of course be vast.
The second issue that must be addressed with regard to compensation entitlements is the prerequisite that the principal must be able to likely generate significant benefits from the newly created business relationships even after the contract with the sales representative has been terminated. The third condition is that the compensation payment, taking into account all circumstances, must meet the standards of what is defined as reasonable.
If just one of these conditions is not met, an entitlement to compensation does not exist. The burden of proof that the prerequisites for the entitlement are met is upon the sales representative. If all of the three requirements are met, the compensation entitlement must be computed by deploying a relatively complex method. Principally, the compensation ceiling is one annual commissions income.
Statute of Limitations Based Forfeiture of Sales Representative Entitlements - Sales Agent Law Austria
Contractual modifications of the statutes of limitations by the contracting parties are both, feasible and possible. Hence, the respective contract with the sales representative must be reviewed thoroughly since it is not uncommon for the statute of limitations to have been reduced to e.g. half a year in actual contracts. Failure to pay attention to shortened statutes of limitations may result in the forfeiture of entitlements.
However, according to the Austrian Sales Representatives Act, the general statute of limitations for entitlements arising from a sales representative's contract totals 3 years. Nonetheless, as far as the claiming of compensation entitlements is concerned, the statute of limitations expires after a year. Hence, any compensation entitlement must be verifiably made with the other party within a year.
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Director - Institute for Nuclear Theory
University of Washington - INT
Faculty Positions, Science, Technology & Mathematics, Physics & Space Sciences
Tenured/Tenured Track
The University of Washington seeks outstanding applicants to serve as Director for the Institute for Nuclear Theory (INT) and tenured Professor in the Department of Physics. The INT is the Department of Energy's national visitor center in this field, see http://www.int.washington.edu/about.html. This is a full-time 12-month position, anticipated to begin in Autumn 2022.
The successful applicant will be expected to engage in innovative research and leadership in nuclear physics, incorporate a broad perspective on nuclear physics, work to maintain and enhance the vitality of the INT's programs and local research efforts, and commit to building ties with related subfields including astro, particle, atomic, and condensed matter physics. All University of Washington faculty engage in teaching, research and service; in particular, opportunities are available for teaching, advising graduate students, and mentoring postdoctoral scholars.
Applicants must have a Ph.D. degree, or foreign equivalent, and a strong record of published research in nuclear theory, broadly construed.
Positive factors for consideration include:
Research excellence and innovation in theoretical nuclear physics, broadly construed.
Prior leadership, or leadership potential, in theoretical nuclear physics.
Demonstrated experience in successfully applying for and managing sizeable research grants.
Demonstrated commitment to improving diversity, equity, and inclusion.
Service and collegiality: Evidence for a willingness to be collaborative and a track record of building communities.
Applications should be submitted at http://apply.interfolio.com/93162 must include a cover letter, curriculum vitae of no more than 5 pages, a statement of research and a statement of teaching interests, publication list, diversity and equity statement, and three names and email addresses of possible references. References will not be contacted without prior approval from the applicant. Inquiries should be directed to facsrch@uw.edu.


The Autobiography of Donna Kozik by Donna Kozik. It was my first work, written when I was about seven years old. It was complete with cover illustration, a Swingline stapler binding and thorough, albeit brief, storytelling. My mother thought it was the best thing she ever read.
That's when I chose to be a writer.
I majored in communications in college and started working at a newspaper weeks before graduating. Five years as a newspaper editor taught me all the basics a writer needs to know: interviewing, organizing notes, writing quickly, writing accurately and editing, editing, editing.
After my parents died, I needed a change from newspaper work and become a corporate communications specialist with Erie Insurance. I started as an assistant editor for an internal magazine that went to Erie's agents and, thanks to my boss's confidence, graduated to editor in a matter of months. A few years later I was editing the corporation's largest expense item after computers: In Sync magazine. It was a daunting, yet invigorating, responsibility.
In the spring of 2000, I earned a master of business administration degree and set my sights on moving from Erie, Pa. to San Diego. Once settled in California, I started looking for a communications manager position but then started dabbling in freelancing with the custom publishing division of a leading San Diego magazine. My boss urged me to pick up a few more clients and enjoy the luxury of working from home. To me, it sounded too good to be true!
That's when I chose to be a freelance writer.
2. Stick to a writing schedule. Even if you don't have official deadlines, make some for that most important client: yourself.
3. Keep reading the good stuff. My favorite is The New Yorker, but I also relish the writing of great novels, biographies and even well-written cooking magazines.
4. Become an expert. My MBA sometimes helps me get in the door, but more clients are interested in my newspaper editing experience. Others are fascinated with my insurance and healthcare background. Whatever you choose to specialize in, know your topic inside and out – and publicize that you know it.
5. Never – and I mean never, ever — give up.
The material continues to grow for Donna Kozik's second autobiography. She is a communications copywriter and consultant based in San Diego. The Corporate Communicator is Donna's free monthly e-zine for clients, colleagues and friends wanting to write more persuasive communications. (You can subscribe at http://www.DonnaKozik.com or by sending an e-mail to CorporateCommunicator-ON@webvalence.com.) Her work still appears in Erie Insurance's In Sync magazine, which is distributed to 1.3 million policyholders. Other clients include IDEA, Inc., Sharp HealthCare and San Diego Metropolitan magazine.


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About UsCentraCare AdministrationGeorge Morris, MD
George Morris, MD
Physician Vice President, Performance Excellence and Population Health
Morris joined CentraCare Clinic in 2008 as a family medicine and sports medicine physician. He was named Medical Director of CentraCare Clinic in 2012 and continues to see patients. He assumed his current role in 2016.
Morris earned a bachelor's degree in biomedical science from St. Cloud State University and an MD from the University of Minnesota. He completed his Family Medicine Residency at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis and the Mayo/St. Cloud Hospital program. He served as a physician in the US Navy for 4 years and then completed a primary care sports medicine fellowship from the Medical College of Wisconsin in 2004.
Morris supports local sports teams and is a team physician for the US Ski and Snowboard team and is a physician leader for Project BrainSafe.
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Life is a series of unexpected events because at each moment you are meeting with new things. It is an unpredictable affair because things could go wrong without giving hints. For instance, you might meet an accident while working on an industry floor.
If you happen to meet an accident, then you are likely to sit ideally home until you recover from the injury. But then, your bills and life need to go on and without money, it would be impossible to live your life. At this juncture, you should find workers compensation lawyers NYC who can help you in getting the compensation.
The first thing that they can do is that they can find out whether you can get compensation or not. In fact, this will help you in understanding your situation better so that you can make the perfect decision. They can also help you in getting settlement loans so that you can get your bills paid and this will help you in living a stressful life as far bill payment is concerned.
However, you should be able to find the right law firm that can proficiently do the job. Here is what you should do in order to get the best solution.
Qualified and specialized lawyers: The first thing that you need to find is a qualified lawyer who can handle your case. For instance, if you are looking for New York medical malpractice attorney, then you should find an attorney who has to deal with such kind of cases earlier. You have to look at the success rate of the law firm.
Understand the process: This is one of the major aspects of the lawsuit process because you have understood how the law firm would carry out the job and what are the documents required for the job. In addition, you should also understand the service fee. It is advisable that you must find a law firm that has a good pricing structure.
Reputation: A law firm that is reputed and has won awards should be your first choice because they would have the right kind of expertise and knowledge to get the verdict in your favor. Hence, it is important that you look at reputation by looking at the previous cases that they have dealt with and won.
You can also read testimonials and reviews on review sites. You should also consider talking to previous clients to get more in-depth knowledge about the law firm's capability.
It is advisable that before filing a lawsuit, you should understand whether your case is viable or not. It should not happen that you later discover that the case is not strong enough to get the compensation. Hence, you should consult lawyers before filing the case.
The above-stated factors should help you in finding the best law firm. All you have to do is to follow the above-mentioned points and research a little to get the compensation.