text:
OXFORD HISTORY OF ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY.
March 8, 2009 by languagehat 75 Comments
The good people at Oxford UP sent me a review copy of The Oxford History of English Lexicography ; they must have been pretty confident I'd like it, because it's an expensive two-volume set, and their confidence was not misplaced. This is the best reference history I've read in a long time, and I feel confident in saying that if you love dictionaries, you need to set some time aside for reading it (assuming you can convince your library to spring for a copy).
OUP's description says:
Part one of Volume I explores the early development of glosses and bilingual and multilingual dictionaries and examines their influence on lexicographical methods and ideas. Part two presents a systematic history of monolingual dictionaries of English and includes extensive chapters on Johnson, Webster and his successors in the USA, and the OED. It also contains descriptions of the development of dictionaries of national and regional varieties, and of Old and Middle English, and concludes with an account of the computerization of the OED.
The specialized dictionaries described in Volume II include dictionaries of science, dialects, synonyms, etymology, pronunciation, slang and cant, quotations, phraseology, and personal and place names. This volume also includes an account of the inception and development of dictionaries developed for particular users, especially foreign learners of English.
That gives you an idea of the contents, but the only way to show you its excellences is to quote extensively, which I shall do. (I will doubtless be posting further about the book, because I haven't even finished the first volume yet.)
From the first chapter, Hans Sauer on medieval glosses and glossaries, we learn that "The first author who named his (Latin) compilation Dictionarius was apparently John of Garland (c.1195-c.1272), but this title was slow to catch on. The large and popular Latin dictionaries from the Middle Ages have titles such as Elementarium (i.e. for beginners), Derivationes (i.e. assembling word-families), Catholicon (i.e. a comprehensive collection), Medulla (i.e. the quintessence), etc. … The term 'dictionary' came to be used more frequently in the course of the seventeenth century." Later he tells us that Johannes Balbus of Genoa was "the first lexicographer to achieve complete alphabetization (from the first to the last letter of each word)." Among the delightful trivia Sauer mentions are the "rare Latin lemma… bradigabo (badrigabo) in Épinal-Erfurt 131, the meaning of which is unknown; it was glossed as felduuop (Ép) / felduus (Erf), the meaning of which is also unknown," and "the so-called 'Tremulous Hand of Worcester'":
In the first half of the thirteenth century, a monk at Worcester with shaky handwriting entered about 50,000 glosses in about twenty OE manuscripts, partly in early Middle English, but mostly in Latin. Apparently, even in the early thirteenth century, English had changed so much that Old English could no lonager be readily understood and had to be explained. Why the Tremulous Hand took such pains to do this is, however, not quite clear.
From Donna M.T.Cr. Farina and George Durman's chapter on bilingual dictionaries of English and Russian (yes, there's an entire chapter on bilingual dictionaries of English and Russian!), we find that "The first English translations from Russian began to appear in the sixteenth century. By contrast, the first Russian translation from English, a geometry textbook, did not appear until 1625… The first English grammar to appear in Russian (1766) was published seventy years after the first Russian grammar was printed in England." The first Russian lexicographer of English was Prokhor Zhdanov (Прохор Жданов), who in 1772 published a bilingual dictionary as an appendix to an English grammar he translated into Russian, and in 1784 published A New Dictionary English and Russian: Novoĭ slovarʹ Angliskoĭ i Rossīĭskoĭ—which can be perused at Google Books! In discussing the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Farina and Durman say:
The number of English teachers, governesses, and nannies increased; this is recorded in memoirs and travelogues published in Russian and in England, as well as in Russian literature. English merchants in Russia were numerous as well. Nikolai Karamzin (1792) tells how in London he encountered a group of English merchants who had gathered to speak Russian in the coffee house of the stock morket; it turned out that they had lived and done business in Saint Petersburg.
They provide detailed comparisons of the entries on particular words in a number of dictionaries ("A comparison of related entries in Grammatin, Banks, and Alexandrov (Table 6.3.3) demonstrates how the Alexandrov dictionary indicates a word's 'shades of meaning'").
In N.E. Osselton's chapter on "The Early Development of the English Monoligual Dictionary," we find that Thomas Blount was "the first English compiler to provide etymologies for all (or nearly all) of the words entered," and JK's A New English Dictionary (1702) "established once and for all the practice of including the everyday vocabulary of English alongside 'harder' words: his letter D begins with a dab, a dab-chick, a dab-fish, to dabble, a dace, and a daffodell, and at the word girl he starts with the common meaning ('A Girl, or wench')." Nathan Bailey, in his Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721), "devotes much attention to etymology, but he recognizes that this might put off readers with no knowledge of languages, and explains that the etymological information on each word has been put within square brackets 'that they may pass it over without any manner of Trouble or Inconvenience'." Benjamin Martin in 1749 developed the "useful new lexicographical device… of putting unassimilated foreign words such as legerdemain and pronto into italics." It's fascinating to me to watch the features of dictionaries that we take for granted come into existence over the centuries. Having taken us through the early 18th century, Osselton ends on this cliffhanger:
In one way or another, the works of the early lexicographers thus came to incorporate much of what we should expect to find in monolingual English dictionaries today. But pronunciation (beyond mere word-stress), the meaning of compound nouns, set collocations, phrasal verbs, particles, abbreviations, idiomatic expressions (other than proverbs), irregular plurals, all kinds of grammatical information—anything like a systematic coverage of these was to be for future generations of dictionary-makers.
I've barely scratched the surface, but further tidbits will have to await future entries [2, 3]. I think I've given enough material to suggest why I love this book so much that I've had to force myself to set it aside to do the editing by which I earn my bread. The book even smells good—not a minor consideration for me! This is a true triumph of scholarship and another feather in the cap for Oxford (I'm very much looking forward to the chapters on the OED).
mollymooly says:
The book even smells good—not a minor consideration for me
OUP is notorious for impregnating its review copies with the scent of freshly baked bread. Resist!
Bathrobe says:
English, as usual, seems to be better served than most languages. Given that lexicological traditions in other countries (I have in mind Chinese, Japanese, etc.) have very different roots from those of English, it would be very interesting to read a history of lexicography for those languages.
Chinese, for instance, is completely focused on the use of characters, which means that lexicography through the ages tends to be fixated on the number of characters recorded. Any look at pre-modern dictionaries will show that the "word" (a combination of one or more characters) was pretty much overlooked. I believe it is only under the influence of Western lexicology that modern Chinese dictionaries started to list the meanings of combinations of characters.
In modern Japanese there is an interesting dichotomy between Chinese-style character dictionaries, which are almost like Chinese dictionaries translated into Japanese, and Western-style dictionaries, which list words ordered according to hiragana. These differences of approach have strongly coloured speakers' perceptions of their own languages.
dearieme says:
"the first Russian translation from English, a geometry textbook, did not appear until 1625…": slightly odd, given that geometry textbooks in English were essentially translations from Greek even into my boyhood.
A.J.P. Iffy says:
That's interesting, because Peter the Great wasn't born until 1672 (his birthday is 9 June, one day after Frank Lloyd Wright's and mine).
MattF says:
I find the random fact that there were translations from Russian into English in the sixteenth century to be rather astonishing. Folkloric? Related to the Reformation? Anti-Catholic? Do tell.
Good question; the answer is probably in The Russian Theme in English Literature from the Sixteenth Century to 1980, but Google Books won't let me see it.
MMcM says:
geometry textbooks in English were essentially translations from Greek even into my boyhood
The author / translator (Prince Ivan Elizar'evich Al'bertus-Dalmatskii / Адьбертус Долмацкий) apparently was Greek, though his sources were Latin and English.
Is the work of Giles Fletcher being counted?
A.J.P. Crown says:
That's very interesting about Giles Fletcher.
During the same year, Giles was made chancellor of the diocese of Sussex and in may the mayor.
Mayor of Sussex?
Oh, I like The Hakluyt Society. The President is Sir Roderick Impey Murchison &c., &c. and the V.P. is Rear Adm. Drinkwater Bethune, C.B. His Excellency the Count de Lavradio is also on the board.
Anyone whose name is Drinkwater shouldn't become a Companion of the Bath.
Here is a picture of Sir Roderick Impey Murchison.
Admiral Drinkwater-Buffoon joined the Royal Navy at the age of thirteen, in 1815. He retired fifty-five years later, having gained his C.B. in 1841 for service in the first Anglo-Chinese war.
Heh. I deleted the "mayor" bit. What an awful article; somebody should do a complete rewrite.
Finally, for MMcM, who speaks Portuguese: Count Lavradio.
I wasn't too sure about "chancellor of the diocese of Sussex", either.
marie-lucie says:
The text next to the picture of Count Lavradio, apparently his diary, tells the horrible story of the death of the queen of Portugal while giving birth to her 11th child.
J.W. Brewer says:
re "Diocese of Sussex," the C. of E. has never had a diocese so named, although the Diocese of Chichester covers much of the same territory as is encompassed for secular purposes in Sussex and might have been meant. (My sense is that it is fairly unusual in England for diocesan and shire boundaries to track each other perfectly for any substantial distance, but I don't know how close this particular pair comes to being coterminous.)
How about "chancellor"? What's that in the context of a diocese?
Thanks Marie-Lucie. It's interesting in the context of our other discussion that Count Lavradio writes to Palmerston in French, and receives a reply from Lord Clarendon of the Foreign Office, in English.
Grumbly Stu says:
Anyone whose name is Wylde shouldn't become a Groom of the Bedchamber.
No dia 23 Clarendon comunicou-me que a Rainha havia nomeado para ir a Lisboa Lorde de Tabley, gentil-homem de sua Câmara (Lord in Waiting) e que no mesmo paquete iria também o Coronel Wylde, groom of the Bed-Chamber do Príncipe Alberto.
I think it's appropriate. They had about a dozen children.
Nijma says:
AJP:(his birthday is 9 June, one day after Frank Lloyd Wright's and mine)
Whoa, hold the phone. For some reason I understood that AJP was some six months older than me, so I didn't get too excited when he kept referring to himself as "not young" and "very, very middle aged". Now it appears that I am actually older than AJP by two days. I can see we're going to have to rework the semantics of this age thing.
That's interesting, did you know that sandwiched between our births was the Italian general election of 7 June 1953? The Christian Democrats apparently won a plurality in both legislative houses.
If we had been born on 2 June 1953 we would have got some money, I've forgotten the amount, it was the coronation of the Queen. Then on 19 June the Rosenbergs were executed. It was an exciting month.
"Any look at pre-modern dictionaries will show that the "word" (a combination of one or more characters) was pretty much overlooked. "
Well, that's probably because pre-modern dictionaries of Chinese were describing the pre-modern form of the language in which most of the compounds we now call words in Mandarin did not have lexical status. One of the first rules you learn in reading Tang poetry is not toread anything that loos like a modern compound as a compound, because it will not in fact be that compound, just those two characters co-occuring.
Now it appears that I am actually older than AJP by two days
Fret not, you're both younger than I am, which means you're officially young.
Bathrobe, can you expand on your point on colored perceptions? I'm not quite sure what you're getting at, but it sounds interesting. The current division of dictionary labor seems pretty logical and in-line with the realities of Japanese to me.
o Coronel Wylde, groom of the Bed-Chamber do Príncipe Alberto.
– I think it's appropriate. They had about a dozen children.
When the queen of Portugal died, Queen Victoria sent two envoys, one of whom was "groom of the Bed-Chamber" to Prince Albert. her husband. They were there to visit the king, not the dead queen.
The queen who died was having her 11th child, a very difficult birth after ten which had been easier. Victoria and Albert, fortunately, stopped at nine children, otherwise Victoria might have died in childbirth too. Life was awfully hard on women in those days, even the highest placed ones. The Indian queen for whom the Taj Mahal was built died having her 14th child.
Fret not, you're both younger than I am
I don't think this counts. Checking one of the few photos of Hat that is out there in the public, I would say that although he looks a bit scruffy, if the stated date is accurate, Hat's state of preservation is so remarkable that in another era he would be suspected of having a pact with the Evil One.
I LOVE the Hakluyt Society. I own 6+ of their books, and I'd own 10-20 more if I could afford them.
komfo,amonan says:
George III's queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz had 15 children & died at a ripe old age. (My great-grandmother, not a queen, rather a sharecropper, had 14 children & died at a ripe, slightly older age.)
Donna M.T.Cr. Farina: Hold the phone. No one else found this weird? Why the "Cr."? Certainly one sees Russians referred to as "Ya. Smirnov" or whatever, for the obvious reasons. But that's not akin to what's going on here. Otherwise, I'm imagining a distinction between her and a Donna M.T.Cl. Farina or something. Seriously, what is going on there?
I don't have much time to elaborate at the moment, but:
It's clear that the Chinese obsession with single characters reflects (and is maybe responsible for) a low consciousness of the word in Chinese, taking into account, of course, Jim's comment about the monosyllabic nature of earlier stages of Chinese. The writing system in effect "freezes" native speaker perceptions of the language in an earlier diachronic state.
The Japanese situation is also, as Matt says, in line with the realities of the language. That is, the complexity of the language (writing and vocabulary) is reflected in the split personality of its dictionaries. Kanwa jiten are a very strange beast. They are neither fully a dictionary of Chinese, nor fully a dictionary of Japanese. They are something in between. They list words and allusions from the Chinese classics, words from modern Chinese, and Chinese character compounds from modern Japanese. If they did the same thing with English, you would get an English language dictionary (English headwords), but with all the explanations in Japanese, explanations of archaic English meanings, some note of meanings as they have evolved in contemporary English, and also "Japlish" usages. It seems to me to illustrate the nature of the Chinese-character script as an "alien" script that has been adapted and accepted into Japanese, but without ever severing its roots with Chinese. This is nothing like a modern English-language dictionary, which purports to be quite "democratic", not discriminating against any words once they have been naturalised into English, and noting "resident aliens" (not fully naturalised expressions) in terms of the way they function within the English language — their original meaning is usually given in an etymological sense, not as something that is still alive in a linguistic sense. English is taken as primary; foreign language origins as secondary. This seems to me to be somewhat different from the nature of the Kanwa jiten, which still in some sense takes the original Chinese as primary.
Modern kokugo jiten, on the other hand, are equivalent to English-language dictionaries. That is, words are listed "democratically" according to their pronunciation, with the meaning given in Japanese, not in terms of classical Chinese.
So I agree, the Japanese lexographic situation does in some way represent the historical and linguistic situation. Which is why it is so interesting, of course.
Must run!
I hope you're not going out dressed like that.
As a further note on this, perhaps only tangentially related, it is interesting that the Chinese Wikipedia article on 机械 (machine), in addition to the introductory note tracing 机械 back to Greek mechine and Latin mecina, has a rather long section on the concept and etymology of 机械 in Chinese, replete with quotes from the Chinese classics (although the section is flagged as "original research"). Maybe I am stretching the point, but the idea of reaching back to very early uses and meanings of Chinese characters in order to explain a word that was originally coined (or pressed into use) as the equivalent of an English one seems to me to typify a clear tendency in the way Chinese apprehend words and their meanings. This is not, I might suggest, unrelated to the general Chinese approach to lexicology, with its historical emphasis on the Chinese character and its usage within the classical tradition.
Japanese Wikipedia, on the other hand, mentions in the definition that 機械 was created during the Meiji era as an equivalent to English "machine" — no Chinese classical allusions. (It also notes that the same sense was earlier conveyed by the term カラクリ, as a pre-Meiji, pre-Western inundation term with the same meaning as 機械.)
These are just idle musings, but I think that this is all the kind of stuff you might include in a history of Chinese or Japanese lexicography 🙂
Marvelous, thank you! I have no argument with your summary. Re it coloring speakers' perceptions of their own language, I would characterize it as more of a feedback loop. The earliest Chinese-character dictionaries in Japan were explicitly for dealing with Chinese–this was back when educated Japanese men (and some women) were all expected to read, write, and speak it. These have gotten more convenient and picked up more Japan-centric information (ateji, names, etc.) over the years, but they're still basically designed for this purpose. The fact that all children are still forced to study a bit of classical Chinese in school helps perpetuate this. So it isn't so much a representation of "Chinese as an alien _script_" as "classical Chinese _language_ as a mistletoe-language on the tree of Japanese", I would say.
Put another way, I don't think that most Japanese folks feel that kanji are foreign or alien, not even compared to kana– but if you show them a two-kanji compound that exists in Japanesee, and say "yes, actually this is to be read as classical Chinese, verb-noun", the two characters will immediately pop into the foreign zone, like an optical illusion of a cube/cube-shaped hollow.
Bathrobe and Matt, thanks very much for your enlightening comments!
the Chinese Wikipedia article on 机械 (machine), in addition to the introductory note tracing 机械 back to Greek mechine and Latin mecina
Here's the Chinese Wikipedia article; somebody should fix the references to "Greek mechine and Latin mecina," which should be Greek mēchanē (or, better, mēkhanē) and Latin machina. I don't even know which is the Edit tab.
Donna M.T.Cr. Farina: Hold the phone. No one else found this weird? Why the "Cr."?
That is odd, isn't it? In the "Notes on Contributors" she's simply Donna Farina; googling, I find her as Donna M. Farina and Donna M.T.C. Farina.
Aha, in a Dictionary Society memorial tribute to "Ladislav Zgusta, DSNA Founding Member, 1924 – 2007," we find "Below are several accounts of his life and work, beginning with the personal reminiscences of Donna Crispissima Farina, a close friend and colleague." So now we know what the Cr. stands for, if not why it's abbreviated that way. (Interestingly, that's the only place on the internet where the phrase "Donna Crispissima" occurs, though that will now change.)
Sure, such women were exceptionally strong, but many other women died even with their first child, or giving birth to their last child, like the queen of Portugal.
In Don Quixote, as I remember, the cognates of "machine" and "engine" (and "ingenuity", I think) all seem to connote / denote something like "trap" or "trick". (Don't know about the Greek or Latin). The root Chinese words for machines seem more to mean "trigger" or "pivot" — something that makes possible to do a lot of work with the expenditure of a small amount of energy.
I had all this worked out but lost my notes.
A Chinese word once said "English words don't have meanings" — i.e., English writing is phonetic (or pretends to be).
A JApanese science-PhD friend wrote his father with minimal use of kanji, and was rebuked for that. Seemingly the syllabic and ideographic parts of the writing system define two levels of discourse, or even two metaphysical realms — the earthy-lowly-common and the refined-civilized-superior, or something like that.
"Maybe I am stretching the point, but the idea of reaching back to very early uses and meanings of Chinese characters in order to explain a word that was originally coined (or pressed into use) as the equivalent of an English one seems to me to typify a clear tendency in the way Chinese apprehend words and their meanings. "
"Japanese Wikipedia, on the other hand, mentions in the definition that 機械 was created during the Meiji era as an equivalent to English "machine" — no Chinese classical allusions. "
Well, there's the problem right there. Who is going to admit that ji1qi1 was coined by the Ocean Pygmies? Quick, go fangle up a Chinese etymology, as classical as possible, and if that won't do and you must admit to foreign influence, let it be some foreigners we aren't ashamed of copying.
I'm an Ocean Pygmy and proud of it.
Well, you should be. You are one of the proud, the few, the favored few whose ethnicity is not written with an animal radical.
To the credit of the Japanese they didn't slavishly adopt that sideways insult as their ethnonym, as I understand.
Does someone mind explaining what on earth (or sea) is an ocean pygmy? This doesn't google at all. And "animal radicals"? People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)?
Christophe Strobbe says:
Here's the Chinese Wikipedia article; somebody should fix the references to "Greek mechine and Latin mecina," which should be Greek mēchanē (or, better, mēkhanē) and Latin machina. I don't even know which is the Edit tab.
When you use Firefox 3 with the Chinese Perapera-kun add-on, it's easy to find out.
I think those edits have already been made (marked as 小) by 28481k.
jamessal says:
I just love the OUP to pieces for sending you that book, and look forward to future posts. And yes, the smell!
Nijma,
Ocean Pygmy is a translation for a term the Chinese applied to the Japanese. Since it applied to the Japanese, it developed two senes, "pygmy" and "pirate". There have been times when Japanese pirates were prettyactive off the southern coast.
Animal radical: The majority of Chinese charaters, han4zi4, are written with a chunk that reflects the phonetic value of the word (whenever the han4zi4 developed, which can be as long as 3,500 years ago, so the resemblance can be invisible by now) and then with a chunk that reflects something of the semantic load of the word. Westerners started calling that piece the "radical" back in the 1800s and the term hasn't really been replaced even though it doesn't make any particular sense.
So words that refer to things you do often have a little attenuated picture of a hand to the side, silk for colors naturally, grain for grains and such wood for wooden things and so on.
Often ethnonyms were written with some phonetic rendering of the group's name for itself, or someone else's name for them, with a radical to show that this was a new word, not the word the phonetic rendering was borrowed from. For non-Chinese ethnic group that was generally the radical for words refering to animals, for obvious reasons. Nowadays the animal radical has been quietly dropped from most of these.
So you can write "PETA" with the word for "fart" – "pi4" and "da4" – big, and maybe add an animal radical to pi4.
Does someone mind explaining what on earth (or sea) is an ocean pygmy? …. And "animal radicals"?
I am not familiar with these phrases either, or with the Chinese language, but as a guess: "ocean pygmies", which appears to be an insult, could mean "people as unworthy of notice as primitive dwarfs, arriving from the ocean", and "animal radicals" may refer to some feature of the writing system used to distinguish apparent homonyms – in this case "animal" is used instead of "human", yet another insult.
These are almost shots in the dark, and I am ready to be corrected.
I didn't know Jim was dealing with Nijma's query. Thanks, Jim.
(Although not actually Japanese, I was born in Japan.)
Ah, thank you. "Radicals" makes perfect sense to me though. It comes from the same place as "radish" and means "root". Political or religious radicals often claim the status quo has strayed from the correct path and they are returning to a basic, more pure "root" teaching.
J. W. Brewer says:
Re radical/radish, members of the Radical Party in France during the Third Republic were supposedly called "radishes" by their critics for being symbolically "red on the outside; white on the inside" (largely because they remained non-socialist when socialism became the hip new thing on the Left). It had never previously struck me that this might be a learned etymological pun in addition to the visual image.
Getting back to lexicography, the "Chinese character mould" is actually a very difficult one to break. Most of the Chinese -> foreign language dictionaries that I've seen adopt characters as the basis for listing entries. The ordering of the characters does vary, however. The traditional method is by radical (find the radical, then find the character by counting the remaining number of strokes), but the modern trend on the Mainland is to use alphabetical order (that is, characters are ordered by pronunciation). The only exception I have seen is a Chinese-Japanese dictionary published many years ago — 1960s — by Iwanami. This dictionary took the radical and, I later heard, rather controversial step of listing words alphabetically according to the pinyin spelling. That is, to find the equivalent to 麻烦 (bother, nuisance), you did not look up 麻 and then search for the compound 麻烦, you looked up máfan alphabetically, as you would in an English-language dictionary. The entry then gave both the correct characters and the Japanese equivalents. Although the idea sounds like a good one, the usefulness of the dictionary proved to be rather limited, for several reasons:
*It was only useful for speech. Obviously it wasn't good for interpreting written passages, and aspects of Chinese that are dependent on characters or the literary language were not as well covered.
*The dictionary wasn't very large, meaning that a lot of vocabulary wasn't listed. This is the last thing you want in a Chinese dictionary!
*You had to be totally sure of the pronunciation to look a word up, which, as those who study Chinese will realise, is not so easy as it sounds. Due to dialects and unclear speech, it's often quite difficult to be sure what the correct pronunciation is. And if you ask, somebody will end up writing the character for you, anyway.
Dictionaries going the other way, i.e., Japanese to Chinese, virtually always adopt hiragana/katakana as the basis for listing entries, for obvious reasons. A dictionary that adopted a character-based approach wouldn't get you very far.
The situation for Chinese-Vietnamese dictionaries is analagous to that of Chinese-Japanese and Chinese-English. But going the other way, the situation is somewhat different. There is at least one Vietnamese-Chinese dictionary that adopts a Chinese-character-like system in its arrangement of entries. The Từ Điển Việt Hán
My extended comment was clipped 🙂
The Từ Điển Việt Hán edited by Giáo sư Đinh Gia Khánh
Clipped again! Looks like the letters of the Vietnamese alphabet might be messing up my post.
JWB: Re radical/radish, members of the Radical Party in France during the Third Republic were supposedly called "radishes" by their critics for being symbolically "red on the outside; white on the inside" … . It had never previously struck me that this might be a learned etymological pun in addition to the visual image.
It was not a "learned etymological pun", just an obvious everyday pun likely to come to any speaker's mind, whether literate or not. The French words are radical/radis: shorten radical to radi (a common way of shortening French words) and you get the pronunciation of radis (the s is silent). Saying or writing les radis is totally ambiguous: les radicaux 'the radicals' or les radis 'the radishes'. The red/white image follows from the pun, and proves appropriate to the alleged political attitudes of the people in question, but the simple pun came first.
p.s. but it is true that both words derive from the Latin word for 'root', radix, radicis. English radish is a borrowing from Old French.
"ocean pygmies", which appears to be an insult, could mean "people as unworthy of notice as primitive dwarfs, arriving from the ocean", "
You know, Marie Lucie, in this case I think it was just a reference to actual physical stature. Maybe Japanese were taller in former times, but as recently as the 1930s Japanese immigrants in California were sometimes less than 5 ft. tall. males and females. I have since heard that part of the problem was a lack of calcium in the native diet, which hard to believe with a diet so heavy on fish and presumably fish bones.
a lack of calcium in the native diet
I seem to remember something about a hereditary condition that makes it difficult for many Japanese to digest milk. I also seem to remember something about the untouchable Ainu tribe not having a problem with this.
I have heard somewhere that Chinese are admonished not to put soy sauce on their rice lest they stunt their growth like the Japanese (who do put soy sauce on their rice).
Jim, the Japanese in question might have been considered as "primitive dwarfs"!
Nijma: difficult for many Japanese to digest milk
This is a widespread genetic condition for many Asians and Native Americans whose traditional cultures did not use milk or other dairy products as food. Most people in the West with that condition would have died very young and not transmitted their genes. The Ainus did not have domestic animals except dogs, so they would not have used milk products either.
The current thinking on lactose intolerance seems to be that a genetic mutation in Northern Europeans caused them to be more likely to respond to milk intake after weaning by continuing / resuming lactase production. Even among populations without the mutation, and so tending to lactose intolerance, studies seem to show that environment, that is milk consumption, is more important than genetics. The Ainu report a lower rate of lactose intolerance problems, but a study that just measured found that they actually have lower lactase levels than ethnic Japanese.
28481k says:
Though Christopher Strobbe commended my effort of editing the page, I made a slight oversight on the spelling of machina as mechina, my bad.
On the issue of Ocean Pygmy: a still current ethnic slur by Chinese to Japanese describes their legs as radish shaped from spending too much time on tatami, compared with (the ideal and relatively) long and slender legs of Chinese by sitting on chairs.
A.J.P. Cho says:
Maybe Japanese were taller in former times,
This just reminded me that "In former times" is an expression I've heard quite often in Germany and to an extent in Scandinavia, but not nearly as often by a native English speaker. I suspect it is the Germans' translation for things that might be better translated as "in the old days", or "in the past". Something like, "In former times I used to take my washing to the laundromat" — there's nothing exactly wrong with it, I've just noticed that when it's used by Germans it sometimes doesn't quite sound right. It is a perfectly acceptable English phrase, of course.
A.J.P. Oh says:
I use 'ocean pygmy' to mean Icelanders, but that may be a quite local thing.
Actually, 大根足 (daikon-ashi = 'radish legs') is used by the Japanese themselves, generally in a self-deprecating sense. Chinese women are usually praised as スタイルがいい (sutairu ga ii ='have a nice figure').
In former times I used to take my washing to the laundromat
JJ, I guess the kind of sentence the Germans had in mind when they said that was Damals/Früher habe ich meine Wäsche zum Waschsalon gebracht.
The slightly-off quality of "in former times" in Germglish is something they learn in school, I imagine. They learn that "Then I took my washing …" and "Earlier I took my washing …" don't mean what the above German sentence means. Possibly they were not taught that the "I used to take .." idiom will suffice by itself here. An extra "back then" or "when I was young and green" is optional in idiomatic English.
There is a common tendency to think individual words are individually significant. That's why a German will think that "Damals/früher", a significant adverb in the German sentence, is missing in "I used to take ..", so something like "In former times" needs to added back in.
A.J.P. The preferred term. says:
Grumbly Stu, you probably don't speak much English with Germans in Germany, but have you ever noticed them using this expression?
I must admit it's mostly one person I know in Hamburg who says it all the time, but it wasn't just him, and I think you're right that it's something they're taught at school.
It seems to me that "in former times" suggests "a very long time ago": "in former times there were no laundromats or washing machines, women would do the wash in the local fountain", or such. Even without going that far, "in former times" used by an old person about their youth suggests that there has been a radical, irrevocable change in society since then, such as "before the Russian revolution". One's younger days 10 or 20 years ago do not qualify as "in former times" for me except if one's circumstances have changed very drastically in the meantime (eg for refugees).
I remember that Germans used to say things like that 20-30 years ago, in former times. Nowadays, different slightly-off expressions are in currency.
One all-time favorite is "I have / don't have the possibility to …". I have never figured out why individual Germans find it so hard simply to say "I can / can't …". The general explanation, of course, is that the German Geist revels in tumescent diction.
"The general explanation, of course, is that the German Geist revels in tumescent diction."
Davids Medienkritik had a discussion on that cultural diffenrece a couple of years ago.
"Actually, 大根足 (daikon-ashi = 'radish legs') is used by the Japanese themselves, generally in a self-deprecating sense. "
Whereas the Chinese call the luo1bo tou2 – 'radish heads'. And it is slightly deprecating.
"One's younger days 10 or 20 years ago do not qualify as "in former times" for me except if one's circumstances have changed very drastically in the meantime (eg for refugees). "
That is my sense of the experession, and the one I used it in. The days when Japanese were 5 ft or less are another age of Middle Earth.
"Donna Crispissima": salt and vinegar or cheese and onion?
hywl fawr
A.J.P. Smoke Kools. says:
That's right, but this guy would say things like "In former times we would charge our pencil sharpers to the office".
He may have just latched onto "in former times" because it has the sonorous rotundity of a politician's cliché. Gymnasium-educated German teenagers tend to talk that way. I call it Abiturientendeutsch.
To be sure, average Germans don't tumesce in everday conversation. Except for the slang word "geil", which means horny but also awesome, cool etc. [doesn't "cool" date me!] Its root meaning is swollen, as in proud flesh (an elevated, distended scar). Which reminds me that I want to reread The Way of All Flesh.
A.J.P. Smoking is bad for you.. says:
I'd forgotten that one. Every time this other guy would take a look at what we were designing he'd say "geil!". And every time we'd design a very long building he'd say "Lange läuft", length runs, which is some sort of sailing term for the longer the better.
A.J.P. Smoking is bad for you. says:
Cool is not dated, Grumbly Stu. It is still in general slang circulation (I think).
Yes, for some reason "cool" has stuck around for decades.


text:
Full Biography of Nigerian Emcee and Comedian, MC Fish
September 3, 2020 September 25, 2020 - by dnbstories - Leave a Comment
Who is MC Fish?
MC Fish is a Nigerian event host, comedian and master of ceremony who is married to popular Nollywood actress Anita Joseph. Want to know more about MC Fish? Keep scrolling!
MC Fish's Childhood and Education
MC Fish whose real name is Fisayo Michael Olagunju was born into the Olagunju family on March 22, 1993. MC Fish is currently 27 years old while his wife, popular Nollywood actress Anita Joseph is 35 years old.
Details regarding MC Fish's formative years are few and far between. MC Fish grew up in Lagos State. He has one sibling – a sister. The event host and emcee has not disclosed many details about his family and his alma mater is not currently known.
MC Fish's Career
MC Fish has done well for himself as a master of ceremony and a professional hype man. If you are alien to the term 'hype man' – a hype man is someone who gets the crowd at a gathering pumped up and ready to party like there's no tomorrow. A good hype man has to be full of life and energy and also possess the ability to excite the crowd.
MC Fish has made a name for himself in the entertainment industry – he was charging a quarter of a million naira per show back in 2017 – that amount has since doubled. Reports say MC Fish's marriage to Anita Joseph has helped boost his career.
MC Fish revealed his biggest show till date is the Hennessey Artistry show that took place in 2018. One can say MC Fish stumbled into the craft of emceeing by luck. He reportedly filled in for a host who failed to show up at an event. After seeing how well he performed, people started hiring him for jobs and from there, MC Fish's career kicked off.
MC Fish's Marriage to Anita Joseph
MC Fish got married to popular Nollywood actor Anita Joseph on February 14, 2020. The wedding ceremony which took place on Valentine's Day was a low key event attended by close friends and family of the couple.
Anita Joseph broke the good news of her wedding on Instagram. MC Fish was impeccably dressed in a white three-piece suit with a black waistcoat and a bow tie that accentuated his handsome features.
His bodacious bride Anita Joseph appeared all styled out in a white, lacy gown that hugged her curves jealously.
Anita's best friends Bobrisky and Tonto Dikeh were absent for her big day due to undisclosed reasons – and this prompted fellow Nollywood hotshot Uche Maduagwu to say: 'Go and give testimony in #church that God did not allow those whose spiritual bride price was returned and those who misplaced their original gender to attend your happiest day.' Shots fired!!!
Contrary to what many believe, MC Fish and Anita Joseph actually dated for three years before they got married. The 27-year-old entertainer has described his marriage to Anita Joseph as "spiritual".
"What Anita and I have is more than marriage; it's more spiritual," MC Fish said in a recent interview.
MC Fish Net Worth
The exact net worth of Nigerian event host and comedian MC Fish is currently not known. A rough estimate of MC Fish's net worth based on calculated earnings from his income source puts it at around N46 million.
Other Interesting Facts about MC Fish
MC Fish was at the centre of heated online controversy in 2016 when a woman of European origin named Michelle accused him of scamming her of an undisclosed sum of money over a period of two years.
The Other Side of Love by Daniel Nkado
Short Story: A Twist of Love!
Full biography of Nollywood actress Anita Joseph and other facts about her
Roommates 5: Episode 2
Who is Anita Okoye? Biography, tribe and career of Paul Okoye's estranged wife
The Lost Moon Piece – 2
Ola – The Tale of a Young Moon Maiden – 6
Roommates 2: Episode 12
Something Bigger Than Love – 11
Life Story: 15 Hours Of Highness
Fans excited to see ace actress Genevieve Nnaji back on social media
BREAKING: Gospel musician Sammie Okposo confirmed dead
All about Ali Wong's family, marriage, husband and kids
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/* http://keith-wood.name/datepick.html
   Datepicker extensions for jQuery v4.0.4.
   Written by Keith Wood (kbwood{at}iinet.com.au) August 2009.
   Dual licensed under the GPL (http://dev.jquery.com/browser/trunk/jquery/GPL-LICENSE.txt) and
   MIT (http://dev.jquery.com/browser/trunk/jquery/MIT-LICENSE.txt) licenses.
   Please attribute the author if you use it. */

(function($) { // Hide scope, no $ conflict

var themeRollerRenderer = {
	picker: '
' +
	'
' +
	'{link:prev}{link:today}{link:next}
{months}' +
	'{popup:start}
{button:clear}{button:close}
{popup:end}' +
	'

',
	monthRow: '
{months}
',
	month: '
' +
	'
{monthHeader:MM yyyy}
' +
	'

{weekHeader}

{weeks}

',
	weekHeader: '
{days}
',
	dayHeader: '{day}	',
	week: '
{days}
',
	day: '{day}	',
	monthSelector: '.ui-datepicker-group',
	daySelector: 'td',
	rtlClass: 'ui-datepicker-rtl',
	multiClass: 'ui-datepicker-multi',
	defaultClass: 'ui-state-default',
	selectedClass: 'ui-state-active',
	highlightedClass: 'ui-state-hover',
	todayClass: 'ui-state-highlight',
	otherMonthClass: 'ui-datepicker-other-month',
	weekendClass: 'ui-datepicker-week-end',
	commandClass: 'ui-datepicker-cmd',
	commandButtonClass: 'ui-state-default ui-corner-all',
	commandLinkClass: '',
	disabledClass: 'ui-datepicker-disabled'
};

$.extend($.datepick, {

	// Template for generating a datepicker showing week of year.
	weekOfYearRenderer: $.extend({}, $.datepick.defaultRenderer, {
		weekHeader: '
' +
		'{l10n:weekText}	{days}
',
		week: '
{weekOfYear}	{days}
'
	}),

	// ThemeRoller template for generating a datepicker.
	themeRollerRenderer: themeRollerRenderer,

	// ThemeRoller template for generating a datepicker showing week of year.
	themeRollerWeekOfYearRenderer: $.extend({}, themeRollerRenderer, {
		weekHeader: '
{l10n:weekText}	{days}
',
		week: '
{weekOfYear}	{days}
'
	}),

	/* Don't allow weekends to be selected.
	   Usage: onDate: $.datepick.noWeekends.
	   @param  date  (Date) the current date
	   @return  (object) information about this date */
	noWeekends: function(date) {
		return {selectable: (date.getDay() || 7) < 6};
	},

	/* Change the first day of the week by clicking on the day header.
	   Usage: onShow: $.datepick.changeFirstDay.
	   @param  picker  (jQuery) the completed datepicker division
	   @param  inst    (object) the current instance settings */
	changeFirstDay: function(picker, inst) {
		var target = $(this);
		picker.find('th span').each(function() {
			var parent = $(this).parent();
			if (parent.is('.datepick-week') || parent.is('.ui-state-hover')) {
				return;
			}
			$('' + $(this).text() + '').
				click(function() {
					var dow = parseInt(this.className.replace(/^.*datepick-dow-(\d+).*$/, '$1'), 10);
					target.datepick('option', {firstDay: dow});
				}).
				replaceAll(this);
		});
	},

	/* Add a callback when hovering over dates.
	   Usage: onShow: $.datepick.hoverCallback(handleHover).
	   @param  onHover  (function) the callback when hovering,
	                    it receives the current date and a flag indicating selectability
	                    as parameters on entry, and no parameters on exit,
	                    this refers to the target input or division */
	hoverCallback: function(onHover) {
		return function(picker, inst) {
			var target = this;
			var renderer = inst.get('renderer');
			picker.find(renderer.daySelector + ' a, ' + renderer.daySelector + ' span').
				hover(function() {
					onHover.apply(target, [$.datepick.retrieveDate(target, this),
						this.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'a']);
				},
				function() { onHover.apply(target, []); });
		};
	},

	/* Highlight the entire week when hovering over it.
	   Usage: onShow: $.datepick.highlightWeek.
	   @param  picker  (jQuery) the completed datepicker division
	   @param  inst    (object) the current instance settings */
	highlightWeek: function(picker, inst) {
		var target = this;
		var renderer = inst.get('renderer');
		picker.find(renderer.daySelector + ' a, ' + renderer.daySelector + ' span').
			hover(function() {
				$(this).parents('tr').find(renderer.daySelector + ' *').
					addClass(renderer.highlightedClass);
			},
			function() {
				$(this).parents('tr').find(renderer.daySelector + ' *').
					removeClass(renderer.highlightedClass);
			});
	},

	/* Show a status bar with messages.
	   Usage: onShow: $.datepick.showStatus.
	   @param  picker  (jQuery) the completed datepicker division
	   @param  inst    (object) the current instance settings */
	showStatus: function(picker, inst) {
		var renderer = inst.get('renderer');
		var isTR = (renderer.selectedClass == themeRollerRenderer.selectedClass);
		var defaultStatus = inst.get('defaultStatus') || ' ';
		var status = $('
' +
			defaultStatus + '
').
			insertAfter(picker.find('.datepick-month-row:last,.ui-datepicker-row-break:last'));
		picker.find('*[title]').each(function() {
				var title = $(this).attr('title');
				$(this).removeAttr('title').hover(
					function() { status.text(title || defaultStatus); },
					function() { status.text(defaultStatus); });
			});
	},

	/* Allow easier navigation by month/year.
	   Usage: onShow: $.datepick.monthNavigation.
	   @param  picker  (jQuery) the completed datepicker division
	   @param  inst    (object) the current instance settings */
	monthNavigation: function(picker, inst) {
		var target = $(this);
		var renderer = inst.get('renderer');
		var isTR = (renderer.selectedClass == themeRollerRenderer.selectedClass);
		var minDate = inst.curMinDate();
		var maxDate = inst.get('maxDate');
		var monthNames = inst.get('monthNames');
		var monthNamesShort = inst.get('monthNamesShort');
		var month = inst.drawDate.getMonth();
		var year = inst.drawDate.getFullYear();
		var html = '
';
		for (var i = 0; i < monthNames.length; i++) {
			var inRange = ((!minDate || new Date(year, i + 1, 0).getTime() >= minDate.getTime()) &&
				(!maxDate || new Date(year, i, 1).getTime() <= maxDate.getTime()));
			html += '
' +
				(inRange ? '<a href="#" class="dp' + new Date(year, i, 1).getTime() + '"' : '' + monthNamesShort[i] +
				(inRange ? '' : '') + '
';
		}
		for (var i = -6; i <= 6; i++) {
			if (i == 0) {
				continue;
			}
			var inRange =
				((!minDate || new Date(year + i, 12 - 1, 31).getTime() >= minDate.getTime()) &&
				(!maxDate || new Date(year + i, 1 - 1, 1).getTime() <= maxDate.getTime()));
			html += '
' + (inRange ? '<a href="#" class="dp' +
				new Date(year + i, month, 1).getTime() + '"' : '' + (year + i) +
				(inRange ? '' : '') + '
';
		}
		html += '
';
		html = $(html).insertAfter(picker.find('div.datepick-nav,div.ui-datepicker-header:first'));
		html.find('a').click(function() {
				var date = $.datepick.retrieveDate(target[0], this);
				target.datepick('showMonth', date.getFullYear(), date.getMonth() + 1);
				return false;
			});
		picker.find('div.datepick-month-header,div.ui-datepicker-month-header').click(function() {
			html.slideToggle();
		}).css('cursor', 'pointer');
	},

	/* Select an entire week when clicking on a week number.
	   Use in conjunction with weekOfYearRenderer or themeRollerWeekOfYearRenderer.
	   Usage: onShow: $.datepick.selectWeek.
	   @param  picker  (jQuery) the completed datepicker division
	   @param  inst    (object) the current instance settings */
	selectWeek: function(picker, inst) {
		var target = $(this);
		picker.find('td.datepick-week span,td.ui-state-hover span').each(function() {
			$('' +
					$(this).text() + '').
				click(function() {
					var date = target.datepick('retrieveDate', this);
					var dates = [date];
					for (var i = 1; i < 7; i++) {
						dates.push(date = $.datepick.add($.datepick.newDate(date), 1, 'd'));
					}
					if (inst.get('rangeSelect')) {
						dates.splice(1, dates.length - 2);
					}
					target.datepick('setDate', dates).datepick('hide');
				}).
				replaceAll(this);
		});
	},

	/* Select an entire month when clicking on the week header.
	   Use in conjunction with weekOfYearRenderer or themeRollerWeekOfYearRenderer.
	   Usage: onShow: $.datepick.selectMonth.
	   @param  picker  (jQuery) the completed datepicker division
	   @param  inst    (object) the current instance settings */
	selectMonth: function(picker, inst) {
		var target = $(this);
		picker.find('th.datepick-week span,th.ui-state-hover span').each(function() {
			$('' +
					$(this).text() + '').
				click(function() {
					var date = target.datepick('retrieveDate', $(this).parents('table').
						find('td:not(.datepick-week):not(.ui-state-hover) ' +
							'*:not(.datepick-other-month):not(.ui-datepicker-other-month)')[0]);
					var dates = [date];
					var dim = $.datepick.daysInMonth(date);
					for (var i = 1; i < dim; i++) {
						dates.push(date = $.datepick.add($.datepick.newDate(date), 1, 'd'));
					}
					if (inst.get('rangeSelect')) {
						dates.splice(1, dates.length - 2);
					}
					target.datepick('setDate', dates).datepick('hide');
				}).
				replaceAll(this);
		});
	},

	/* Select a month only instead of a single day.
	   Usage: onShow: $.datepick.monthOnly.
	   @param  picker  (jQuery) the completed datepicker division
	   @param  inst    (object) the current instance settings */
	monthOnly: function(picker, inst) {
		var target = $(this);
		var selectMonth = $('
<button type="button">Select</button>
').
			insertAfter(picker.find('.datepick-month-row:last,.ui-datepicker-row-break:last')).
			children().click(function() {
				var monthYear = picker.find('.datepick-month-year:first').val().split('/');
				target.datepick('setDate', $.datepick.newDate(
					parseInt(monthYear[1], 10), parseInt(monthYear[0], 10), 1)).
					datepick('hide');
			});
		picker.find('.datepick-month-row table,.ui-datepicker-row-break table').remove();
	}
});

})(jQuery);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Adolescents are writing for their second post-reunion album. According to a message on their official message board left by bassist Steve Soto the band plans to have a new record "hopefully by the end of the year."
The early 80's band reunited to release 2005's O.C. Confidential.


text:
The Knockout Stage of the 1994 Federation Cup Americas Zone was the final stage of the Zonal Competition involving teams from the Americas. Those that qualified for this stage placed first, second and third in their respective pools.

The twelve teams were then randomly drawn into a two-stage knockout tournament, with the winners qualifying for the World Group.

Draw

Semifinals

Paraguay vs. Costa Rica

Bolivia vs. Guatemala

Chile vs. Peru

Venezuela vs. Trinidad and Tobago

Cuba vs. Ecuador

Uruguay vs. Mexico

Finals

Paraguay vs. Bolivia

Chile vs. Venezuela

Cuba vs. Mexico

 ,  and  advanced to the World Group, where they were defeated in the first round by , 3–0, , 3–0, and , 3–0, respectively.

See also
Fed Cup structure

References

External links
 Fed Cup website

1994 Federation Cup Americas Zone

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


> Jiang, J.-S. & Brunger, A. T. (1994). J. Mol. Biol. 243, 100-115.
> of penicillopepsin and neuraminidase crystal structures."
> bulk-solvent model: obtaining optimal parameters"
> P.V. Afonine, R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve & P.D. Adams. Acta Cryst. (2005).
> other similar tools all use mask based (Flat Model) for bulk solvent.
> The exponential model is not available.


Today we'll be discussing the xAPI features of our Scrolling Text Scenario template.
Each button a learner selects in response to the scenario they've just read fire a statement over to your LRS.
Those statements look like this.
To adjust these statements, select a button, scroll down to the send statement action, and open the Action tab in the top ribbon.
In our version, we've left the Object details blank - this will default to the name of the item the user clicked (for instance, "Scrolling Scenario Option 4" which is the name of button 4).


text:
The Day Times
Jackets vs. Everybody
December 28, 2016 January 13, 2017 - by adviser - Leave a Comment
Men's Hockey- Grosse Pointe South
The DCDS Men's Hockey Team, led by Senior Captains Connor McGinnis and Michael Stebbins, is off to a tremendous start this year. Once again, the team will face the Grosse Pointe South Blue Devils, its biggest rivals, during the season. Last year, the two teams played two extremely competitive games. The Jackets took home the victory both times, with scores of 4-3 and 8-4. In the second game, McGinnis scored a hat trick to seal out the win over the Blue Devils.
"It was a huge team effort and probably one of our best team performances all year," McGinnis said.
The team's success is no surprise. The Men's Hockey Team has earned every single one of its wins; the team's hard work in the offseason pays off on the ice.
"We skated three times a week plus played a game every Sunday in a fall league," McGinnis said. "We also conditioned twice a week to get in better shape for the season."
This year, the Men's Hockey Team is looking to make a deep run into the playoffs, and the team has a shot to win the state championship. With Cranbrook moving to Division One, the Jackets are looking to overcome the Blue Devils for the third time in a row in order to take home the hardware.
Men's Basketball- Brother Rice and St. Mary's
DCDS Basketball has always been a force to be reckoned with, and nobody would know better than the Brother Rice Warriors and the St. Mary's Eaglets. The Jackets, led by Senior Captains Paulie Mocur and Cole Bearden, have been preparing to play both teams, their biggest rivals, for months.
"We watch film on both teams and practice against a scout team," Mocur said. "A scout team is when five players from our team mimic the play style of a team we plan on playing."
The heated rivalry between DCDS and St. Mary's has been growing for more than 15 years. The Jackets face off against Eaglets every year in the Vorhees Basketball Tournament. Last year, DCDS Jackets beat St. Mary's 50-47.
The Brother Rice Warriors are equally tough opponents for the DCDS Men's Basketball Team. Even though the teams started playing each other only two years ago, the similar talent level results in spectacular games. The Jackets defeated the Warriors last year 44-42, and they are seeking another victory this season.
Andrew Jonna Commits to Albion College
Basketball's Breakout Season (feat. Brendan "BT" Terrill)
Spotlight: Zain Akeel
Previous Article Last fall saw 105 and much more
Next Article DCDS Makes a Difference at Harms
About adviser
View all posts by adviser →
Video update 5-21-19!
https://youtu.be/dGhx7BgDOQw
Sting media Update!
https://youtu.be/J0dtgbb8sWg
Hockey Team State Championship Interview!
https://youtu.be/SaST2FNjgyU
Click Image To Purchase!
Weekly Update!
https://youtu.be/pmlJv587a-w
DCDS Athletics
Men's Soccer team interview!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ght96Xy_y-I&t=6s


text:
Protesters had their say when Pence spoke for Gorsuch in Philadelphia
PHILADELPHIA (WTXF/AP) - Vice President Mike Pence visited Philadelphia's historic area, addressing the city's chapter of the Federalist Society.
Pence spoke at noon at Congress Hall for about 20 minutes while protesters took to the streets outside.
Pence pledged to the group of conservative lawyers and academics that Supreme Court nominee Neil Gorsuch, 49, will be seated on the high court "one way or the other."
Earlier in the week, President Donald Trump urged the Senate's Republican leader to scrap longstanding rules and "go nuclear" if Democrats block Gorsuch, a Denver-based U.S. appellate court judge, to a lifetime appointment on the nation's highest court.
SEPTA had been "urging riders to use the Market-Frankford and Broad Street Lines for their travel needs. Both lines provide service to City Hall/15th Street Stations, with trips approximately every 10 minutes throughout the day on regular Saturday schedules. This frequency of service, coupled with plenty of capacity for passengers, provides riders with good options for getting to-and-from Center City."
Unexpectedly, eastbound service on the Market-Frankford Line had to be shut down for police activity but has resumed normal operations at 5th Street.
Also, "For those traveling from outside of the city, there are convenient connections to the Market-Frankford Line at Frankford Transportation Center in Northeast Philadelphia and 69th Street Transportation Center in Upper Darby. The Broad Street Line offers service from AT&T Station in South Philadelphia and Fern Rock Transportation Center in North Philadelphia."
Click here for System Status on all SEPTA routes.
Also, if you're planning to visit historic sites, the National Park Service reports, "There will be a delayed opening for Old City Hall, Independence Hall, West Wing, and Congress Hall on Saturday, Feb. 4. These buildings will open to the public at approximately 1pm."
Congress Hall was the meeting place for the U.S. Congress from 1790-1800. Among the historic events held there was George Washington's second inauguration.
Alyssa Nakken becomes first female full-time coach in Major League Baseball history


text:
Woman with excess body hair from PCOS ditches the razor and finds her body confidence
Yahoo Style UK team
February 21, 2018, 8:03 a.m.
A women with PCOS has ditched the razor and found her body confidence [Photo: SWNS]
A woman with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has decided to embrace one of the side effects of the condition by ditching her razor, and allowing her excess body hair to grow freely.
According to the NHS PCOS is a common condition that affects how a woman's ovaries work.
Thanks to the high levels of "male hormones" in women with the condition, one of the most common side effects of PCOS is the growth of dark hair on your face and body.
Despite being perfectly natural, excess hair is often seen as a beauty taboo, which is why women often feel pressure to remove it.
But not Leah Jorgensen. The 33-year-old behavioural health technician from Wisconsin has suffered from PCOS since the age of 14.
Having been on the receiving end of cruel comments by people branding her a 'man', Leah spent years in full-sleeved, high-necked shirts and long trousers in a bid to hide the excess hair.
By her late 20s, she was spending hours shaving to remove the thick hair on her chin, cheeks, upper lip, chest, stomach, arms, legs and back.
Leah found the confidence to wear a bikini for the first time last year [Photo: SWNS]
Leah's insecurity about her body hair stopped her from getting close to people – she didn't have her first kiss until age 27 and avoided the dentist for twelve years.
"I had never seen women who looked like me," says Leah. "I was so ashamed that I didn't want to talk about it.
"My way of coping with that shame and embarrassment was to hide. My daily goal for a long time was to just get through the day without anyone noticing how hairy I was.
"Because I have so much of it, it was very difficult to hide it. I developed a terrible case of anxiety and it really took a toll on my mental health."
Leah recalls an experience with her doctor who said she had the most severe case of hirsutism (excess body hair) she'd ever seen, which left her feeling like a 'freak'.
And further experiences with classmates who teased her about her hair, also took their toll.
"I felt ashamed, embarrassed and scared, like I was somehow less of a woman," she says.
"I covered up with clothes and shaved my face, and if I was going to be showing any part of my body I would shave it."
"It gets hot and humid here in the summer and I would wear hoodies year round so I would be drowning in sweat. 'People would ask me, 'Why are you wearing that?' and I was just like, 'Leave me alone.'"
"I was really convinced I would lose my friends and my family would disown me and I wouldn't be able to get a job or a boyfriend, I would just live a miserable life alone."
Leah used to spend hours shaving her excess body hair [Photo: SWNS]
The turning point came in in 2015, when Leah was hit by a car. She had to be taken to hospital by ambulance, and then had her clothes cut off by paramedics to undergo surgery. This meant people saw the extent of Leah's hair growth – but to her huge surprise, they weren't at all bothered.
"I realised no one cared what I looked like," she explains, "They just saw me as a person. It really helped me to get over it."
From that moment onwards Leah vowed to stop shaving and hiding away her hair. Instead, she now embraces her hair, wearing low-cut, sleeveless tops and skirts with bare legs out in public without worrying about what people think.
She also bravely wore a bikini for the first time last summer.
Her new found body confidence lead to Leah setting up her Instagram where she regularly shares photos of her body hair with her 2,500 followers alongside empowering messages encouraging others to love their own bodies.
Next month the body positive advocate will be photographed for a book promoting diversity, called Underneath We Are Women.
Speaking about overcoming her body fears she says: "I realised that I never really disliked how the hair looked. The problem was not with the hair, it was with people's perception of it."
"I thought, 'Enough is enough.' I didn't want to run from it anymore."
The mindset shift also prompted her to quit her job in insurance and return to college, where she is studying social work and recently got a job working with autistic children.
"People definitely stare or try to take photos but I expect that because you don't really see women who look like me,"Leah says.
"I used to be scared of people noticing my hair but now I embrace it and let it grow. I'm unique and that is perfectly fine.
"I do still shave my face because I like how my face looks without hair, but I used to shave multiple times a day and now I will go a couple of days.
"It has been incredibly empowering," she says of her body confidence journey.
"I hope that sharing my story will give others courage. And to women who have hirsutism; you are not alone."
Leah used to be so conscious of her excess body hair [Photo: SWNS]
Leah isn't the only PCOS sufferer who decided to ditch the razor. Singer and sideshow performer Little Bear Schwarz used to have to shave every day to remove the traces of her hair. But at 31, stopped shaving and found it to be not only empowering, but also lucrative for her career.
"I realised it was kind of now or never, so I grew it out and within a few weeks found a flyer for a beard competition, which I entered and won," Schwarz told Yahoo Lifestyle.
Within a month, she had joined the Wreckless Freeks sideshow as a performer. "I learned pretty early in that [having a beard] was not just possible but also lucrative."
Follow us on Instagram and Facebook for non-stop inspiration delivered fresh to your feed, every day. For Twitter updates, follow @YahooStyleUK.
Read more from Yahoo Style UK:
Model receives rape threats after showing off her hairy legs in Adidas advert
These women will make you want to grow out your armpit hair
Gigi Hadid shows off armpit hair for LOVE Advent Calendar
TikTok's latest obsession? This $39 insulated tumbler.


text:
Q: Magento2 installation is failing at 51%
Module 'Magento_Theme': [ERROR] InvalidArgumentException: Wrong file
  in
  C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\magento\framework\Image\Adapter\Gd2.php:64

Stack trace:
#0 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\magento\framework\Image.php(55): Magento\Framework\Image\Adapter\Gd2->open('C:/xampp7.3.15/...') #1 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\magento\framework\Image.php(36): Magento\Framework\Image->open() #2 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\magento\framework\ObjectManager\Factory\AbstractFactory.php(121): Magento\Framework\Image->__construct(Object(Magento\Framework\Image\Adapter\Gd2), 'C:/xampp7.3.15/...') #3 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\magento\framework\ObjectManager\Factory\Dynamic\Developer.php(66): Magento\Framework\ObjectManager\Factory\AbstractFactory->createObject('Magento\\Framewo...', Array) #4 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\magento\framework\ObjectManager\ObjectManager.php(56): Magento\Framework\ObjectManager\Factory\Dynamic\Developer->create('Magento\\Framewo...', Array) #5 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\magento\framework\Image\Factory.php(47): Magento\Framework\ObjectManager\ObjectManager->create('Magento\\Framewo...', Array) #6 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\magento\framework\View\Design\Theme\Image.php(127): Magento\Framework\Image\Factory->create('C:/xampp7.3.15/...') #7 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\magento\module-theme\Model\Theme\Registration.php(135): Magento\Framework\View\Design\Theme\Image->createPreviewImage('C:/xampp7.3.15/...')
#8 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\magento\module-theme\Model\Theme\Registration.php(114): Magento\Theme\Model\Theme\Registration->_savePreviewImage(Object(Magento\Theme\Model\Theme\Data))
#9 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\magento\module-theme\Model\Theme\Registration.php(73): Magento\Theme\Model\Theme\Registration->_registerThemeRecursively(Object(Magento\Theme\Model\Theme\Data))
#10 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\magento\module-theme\Setup\Patch\Data\RegisterThemes.php(47): Magento\Theme\Model\Theme\Registration->register() #11 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\magento\framework\Setup\Patch\PatchApplier.php(162): Magento\Theme\Setup\Patch\Data\RegisterThemes->apply() #12 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\setup\src\Magento\Setup\Model\Installer.php(1010): Magento\Framework\Setup\Patch\PatchApplier->applyDataPatch('Magento_Theme')
#13 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\setup\src\Magento\Setup\Model\Installer.php(879): Magento\Setup\Model\Installer->handleDBSchemaData(Object(Magento\Setup\Module\DataSetup), 'data', Array) #14 [internal function]: Magento\Setup\Model\Installer->installDataFixtures(Array) #15 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\setup\src\Magento\Setup\Model\Installer.php(368): call_user_func_array(Array, Array) #16 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\setup\src\Magento\Setup\Controller\Install.php(109): Magento\Setup\Model\Installer->install(Array) #17 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-mvc\src\Controller\AbstractActionController.php(84): Magento\Setup\Controller\Install->startAction() #18 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-eventmanager\src\EventManager.php(322): Zend\Mvc\Controller\AbstractActionController->onDispatch(Object(Zend\Mvc\MvcEvent))
#19 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-eventmanager\src\EventManager.php(179): Zend\EventManager\EventManager->triggerListeners(Object(Zend\Mvc\MvcEvent), Object(Closure)) #20 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-mvc\src\Controller\AbstractController.php(116): Zend\EventManager\EventManager->triggerEventUntil(Object(Closure), Object(Zend\Mvc\MvcEvent)) #21 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-mvc\src\DispatchListener.php(118): Zend\Mvc\Controller\AbstractController->dispatch(Object(Zend\Http\PhpEnvironment\Request), Object(Zend\Http\PhpEnvironment\Response)) #22 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-eventmanager\src\EventManager.php(322): Zend\Mvc\DispatchListener->onDispatch(Object(Zend\Mvc\MvcEvent)) #23 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-eventmanager\src\EventManager.php(179): Zend\EventManager\EventManager->triggerListeners(Object(Zend\Mvc\MvcEvent), Object(Closure)) #24 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-mvc\src\Application.php(340): Zend\EventManager\EventManager->triggerEventUntil(Object(Closure), Object(Zend\Mvc\MvcEvent)) #25 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\setup\index.php(39): Zend\Mvc\Application->run() #26 {main} Next Magento\Framework\Setup\Exception: Unable to apply data patch Magento\Theme\Setup\Patch\Data\RegisterThemes for module Magento_Theme. Original exception message: Wrong file in C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\magento\framework\Setup\Patch\PatchApplier.php:170 Stack trace: #0 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\setup\src\Magento\Setup\Model\Installer.php(1010): Magento\Framework\Setup\Patch\PatchApplier->applyDataPatch('Magento_Theme')
#1 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\setup\src\Magento\Setup\Model\Installer.php(879): Magento\Setup\Model\Installer->handleDBSchemaData(Object(Magento\Setup\Module\DataSetup), 'data', Array) #2 [internal function]: Magento\Setup\Model\Installer->installDataFixtures(Array) #3 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\setup\src\Magento\Setup\Model\Installer.php(368): call_user_func_array(Array, Array) #4 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\setup\src\Magento\Setup\Controller\Install.php(109): Magento\Setup\Model\Installer->install(Array) #5 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-mvc\src\Controller\AbstractActionController.php(84): Magento\Setup\Controller\Install->startAction() #6 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-eventmanager\src\EventManager.php(322): Zend\Mvc\Controller\AbstractActionController->onDispatch(Object(Zend\Mvc\MvcEvent))
#7 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-eventmanager\src\EventManager.php(179): Zend\EventManager\EventManager->triggerListeners(Object(Zend\Mvc\MvcEvent), Object(Closure)) #8 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-mvc\src\Controller\AbstractController.php(116): Zend\EventManager\EventManager->triggerEventUntil(Object(Closure), Object(Zend\Mvc\MvcEvent)) #9 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-mvc\src\DispatchListener.php(118): Zend\Mvc\Controller\AbstractController->dispatch(Object(Zend\Http\PhpEnvironment\Request), Object(Zend\Http\PhpEnvironment\Response)) #10 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-eventmanager\src\EventManager.php(322): Zend\Mvc\DispatchListener->onDispatch(Object(Zend\Mvc\MvcEvent)) #11 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-eventmanager\src\EventManager.php(179): Zend\EventManager\EventManager->triggerListeners(Object(Zend\Mvc\MvcEvent), Object(Closure)) #12 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\vendor\zendframework\zend-mvc\src\Application.php(340): Zend\EventManager\EventManager->triggerEventUntil(Object(Closure), Object(Zend\Mvc\MvcEvent)) #13 C:\xampp7.3.15\htdocs\DemoWebsite\setup\index.php(39): Zend\Mvc\Application->run() #14 {main}

A: Go to Below file and replace this function

vendor\magento\framework\Image\Adapter\Gd2.php

private function validateURLScheme(string $filename) : bool
  {
      $allowed_schemes = ['ftp', 'ftps', 'http', 'https'];
      $url = parse_url($filename);
      if ($url && isset($url['scheme']) && !in_array($url['scheme'], $allowed_schemes) && !file_exists($filename)) {
          return false;
      }

      return true;
  }

Again reinstall

A: My issue got resolved by following the below link.
https://github.com/magento/magento2/issues/28055

A: Find validateURLScheme function in vendor\magento\framework\Image\Adapter\Gd2.php file. at line 96. Replace function with this:
private function validateURLScheme(string $filename) : bool
  {
      $allowed_schemes = ['ftp', 'ftps', 'http', 'https'];
      $url = parse_url($filename);
      if ($url && isset($url['scheme']) && !in_array($url['scheme'], $allowed_schemes) && !file_exists($filename)) {
          return false;
      }

      return true;
  }

**Try Again ** It will work 100%.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Microsoft inks deal with Lenovo to bring Office to millions of phones
By Darren Allan 2016-08-23T09:04:00.235Z Tablets
Redmond's productivity suite (and more) will come pre-installed on Lenovo's Android hardware
Lenovo and Microsoft are partnering up to put the latter's productivity apps on the former's Android devices.
In other words, selected Microsoft apps – which include Office, Skype and OneDrive – will soon start popping up pre-installed on Lenovo's 'premium' Android devices.
In announcing the partnership, the companies also noted that the deal includes a patent cross-licensing agreement which will allow for the usage of Microsoft's intellectual property on both Lenovo and Motorola hardware.
Redmond certainly hasn't been sluggish when it comes to leveraging its IP, and the software giant took the time to remind us that since its IP licensing program kicked off back in 2003, it has sealed over 1,200 licensing agreements.
Productive marriage
Nick Parker, corporate vice president OEM Division, Microsoft, commented: "Microsoft's thrilled that our productivity apps will be pre-installed on Lenovo's premium devices. The marriage of Microsoft's apps and Lenovo's Android-based devices will enable customers around the world to be more productive, more connected and achieve even more."
In other recent Microsoft news, yesterday we witnessed the company acquiring chatbot startup Genee, a digital assistant that helps you manage your meetings more effectively. We can doubtless expect Genee's skills to be applied to Office 365 soon enough, although exactly how it will be incorporated into the suite, and how it will fit with the freshly revealed Microsoft Bookings, isn't clear at this point.
Check out our list of the 10 best office apps for Android
See more Tablets news