text:
Keywords: Belize x
University Press of Florida (27)
Open Section Archaeology (26)
Prehistoric Archaeology (15)
Archaeological Methodology and Techniques (2)
Disease Ecology / Epidemiology (1)
Open Section Earth Sciences and Geography (2)
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Open Section Environmental Science (1)
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Ethnomusicology, World Music (2)
Freshwater community interactions and malaria
Eliška Rejmánková, John Grieco, Nicole Achee, Penny Masuoka, Kevin Pope, Donald Roberts, and Richard M. Higashi
in Disease Ecology: Community structure and pathogen dynamics
Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
The incidence of malaria has recently increased in many parts of the tropics. This increase is due mainly to drug resistance and the failure of disease control measures. But changes in vector ... More
The incidence of malaria has recently increased in many parts of the tropics. This increase is due mainly to drug resistance and the failure of disease control measures. But changes in vector (mosquito) and host (human) ecology may also play a role. This chapter presents results from field studies in Belize showing that freshwater community changes lead to changes in malaria transmission. Changes in vegetation structure, mediated by an anthropogenic increase in aquatic nutrients, lead to replacement of one mosquito species by another. Species-specific habitat selection by mosquito females leads to the replacement of a less efficient malaria vector by a more efficient one. Vector ecology is influenced by changes in land cover and host availability, leading to predictable changes in malarial dynamics.Less
Eliška RejmánkováJohn GriecoNicole AcheePenny MasuokaKevin PopeDonald RobertsRichard M. Higashi
The incidence of malaria has recently increased in many parts of the tropics. This increase is due mainly to drug resistance and the failure of disease control measures. But changes in vector (mosquito) and host (human) ecology may also play a role. This chapter presents results from field studies in Belize showing that freshwater community changes lead to changes in malaria transmission. Changes in vegetation structure, mediated by an anthropogenic increase in aquatic nutrients, lead to replacement of one mosquito species by another. Species-specific habitat selection by mosquito females leads to the replacement of a less efficient malaria vector by a more efficient one. Vector ecology is influenced by changes in land cover and host availability, leading to predictable changes in malarial dynamics.
Keywords: mosquito, nutrients, freshwater, community, land cover, vector, aquatic, Belize, host, vegetation
Salt: White Gold of the Ancient Maya
Heather McKillop
Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
This book reports the discovery, excavation, and interpretation of Late Classic Maya salt works on the coast of Belize, transforming our knowledge of the Maya salt trade and craft specialization ... More
This book reports the discovery, excavation, and interpretation of Late Classic Maya salt works on the coast of Belize, transforming our knowledge of the Maya salt trade and craft specialization while providing new insights on sea-level rise in the Late Holocene as well. Salt, basic to human existence, was scarce in the tropical rainforests of Belize and Guatemala, where the Classic Maya civilization thrived between A.D. 300 and 900. The prevailing interpretation has been that salt was imported from the north coast of the Yucatan. However, the underwater discovery and excavation of salt works in Punta Ycacos Lagoon demonstrate that the Maya produced salt by boiling brine in pots over fires at specialized workshops on the Belizean coast. The Punta Ycacos salt works are clear evidence that craft specialization took place in a nondomestic setting and that production occurred away from the economic and political power of the urban Maya rulers, thus providing new clues to the Maya economy and sea trade. The book presents new data on sea-level rise in the Late Holocene that extend geologists' and geographers' sea-level curves from earlier eras. Likewise, it enters the environmental-versus-cultural debate over the Classic Maya collapse by evaluating the factors that led to the abandonment of the Punta Ycacos salt works at the end of the Classic Period, synonymous with the abandonment of inland Maya cities.Less
Salt : White Gold of the Ancient Maya
This book reports the discovery, excavation, and interpretation of Late Classic Maya salt works on the coast of Belize, transforming our knowledge of the Maya salt trade and craft specialization while providing new insights on sea-level rise in the Late Holocene as well. Salt, basic to human existence, was scarce in the tropical rainforests of Belize and Guatemala, where the Classic Maya civilization thrived between A.D. 300 and 900. The prevailing interpretation has been that salt was imported from the north coast of the Yucatan. However, the underwater discovery and excavation of salt works in Punta Ycacos Lagoon demonstrate that the Maya produced salt by boiling brine in pots over fires at specialized workshops on the Belizean coast. The Punta Ycacos salt works are clear evidence that craft specialization took place in a nondomestic setting and that production occurred away from the economic and political power of the urban Maya rulers, thus providing new clues to the Maya economy and sea trade. The book presents new data on sea-level rise in the Late Holocene that extend geologists' and geographers' sea-level curves from earlier eras. Likewise, it enters the environmental-versus-cultural debate over the Classic Maya collapse by evaluating the factors that led to the abandonment of the Punta Ycacos salt works at the end of the Classic Period, synonymous with the abandonment of inland Maya cities.
Keywords: Classic Maya, salt works, Belize, sea-level rise, Late Holocene, Punta Ycacos Lagoon
Luis Roniger
in Transnational Politics in Central America
Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This book aims to provide an understanding of the transnational dynamics of Central America. This is a region that includes Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and ... More
This book aims to provide an understanding of the transnational dynamics of Central America. This is a region that includes Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. These countries share a close geographical relationship and historical background, a geopolitical interdependence, and challenges in the international arena. In tracing the transnational dynamics of Central America, the book analyzes the connected history, close and dynamic interrelations, crossings and mutual impact of the countries of the isthmus on one another, in addition to their geopolitical interdependence and a series of common challenges they have faced in the international arena. This book is an attempt to make sense of these and other regional trends by indicating that one needs to approach Central America with a Janus-faced perspective: trying to understand the process of fragmentation into separate nation-states along with lingering transnational dynamics.Less
This book aims to provide an understanding of the transnational dynamics of Central America. This is a region that includes Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. These countries share a close geographical relationship and historical background, a geopolitical interdependence, and challenges in the international arena. In tracing the transnational dynamics of Central America, the book analyzes the connected history, close and dynamic interrelations, crossings and mutual impact of the countries of the isthmus on one another, in addition to their geopolitical interdependence and a series of common challenges they have faced in the international arena. This book is an attempt to make sense of these and other regional trends by indicating that one needs to approach Central America with a Janus-faced perspective: trying to understand the process of fragmentation into separate nation-states along with lingering transnational dynamics.
Keywords: transnational dynamics, Central America, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Perspectives on the Ancient Maya of Chetumal Bay
Debra S. Walker (ed.)
Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The ancient Maya invested massive amounts of labor on road systems (sacbeob) for communication and trade, yet Chetumal Bay, situated between modern day Quintana Roo, Mexico, and Corozal District, ... More
The ancient Maya invested massive amounts of labor on road systems (sacbeob) for communication and trade, yet Chetumal Bay, situated between modern day Quintana Roo, Mexico, and Corozal District, Belize, provided an economical alternative: an extensive network of riverine and maritime waterways to journey to the edges of Mayab and beyond. This volume reports recent work at sites important to Maya archaeology in the region that depended on waterborne exchange for their livelihood, including Cerro Maya (Cerros), Oxtankah, and Santa Rita Corozal. Archaeological researchers in this volume describe how life on the bay influenced their data sets. It is clear the ancient Maya knew Chetumal Bay was a central place, the nexus of a larger system of waterways that made their livelihoods possible. The contributing authors make the case that the river system affected all aspects of Maya culture, including settlement, food production, special and exotic goods production and use, political relationships, and social organization. Besides trade in products imported from elsewhere, the region was widely known for its high-quality local agricultural produce, including chocolate, achiote, vanilla, tropical fruits, honey, and wax as well as marine resources such as salt, fish, and shell products. Evidence outlined here suggests the Maya living on the fringes of the bay perceived the entire bay as a single resource procurement zone. Waterborne trade brought the world to them, providing them a wider horizon than would have been available to inland cities dependent only on sacbeob for news of the world.Less
The ancient Maya invested massive amounts of labor on road systems (sacbeob) for communication and trade, yet Chetumal Bay, situated between modern day Quintana Roo, Mexico, and Corozal District, Belize, provided an economical alternative: an extensive network of riverine and maritime waterways to journey to the edges of Mayab and beyond. This volume reports recent work at sites important to Maya archaeology in the region that depended on waterborne exchange for their livelihood, including Cerro Maya (Cerros), Oxtankah, and Santa Rita Corozal. Archaeological researchers in this volume describe how life on the bay influenced their data sets. It is clear the ancient Maya knew Chetumal Bay was a central place, the nexus of a larger system of waterways that made their livelihoods possible. The contributing authors make the case that the river system affected all aspects of Maya culture, including settlement, food production, special and exotic goods production and use, political relationships, and social organization. Besides trade in products imported from elsewhere, the region was widely known for its high-quality local agricultural produce, including chocolate, achiote, vanilla, tropical fruits, honey, and wax as well as marine resources such as salt, fish, and shell products. Evidence outlined here suggests the Maya living on the fringes of the bay perceived the entire bay as a single resource procurement zone. Waterborne trade brought the world to them, providing them a wider horizon than would have been available to inland cities dependent only on sacbeob for news of the world.
Keywords: Maya archaeology, Chetumal Bay, Quintana Roo, Mexico, Corozal District, Belize, trade, exchange, marine resources, Cerro Maya, Cerros, Oxtankah, Santa Rita Corozal
Understanding Late Classic Maya Mortuary Ritual in Caves: Dental Evidence of Health from Macro- and Microscopic Defects and Caries
Amy R. Michael, Gabriel D. Wrobel, and Jack Biggs
Cathy Willermet and Andrea Cucina (eds)
in Bioarchaeology of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Bioarchaeology frequently investigates dental health in burial populations to make inferences about mortuary variability within and between ancient groups. In this chapter, micro- and macroscopic ... More
Bioarchaeology frequently investigates dental health in burial populations to make inferences about mortuary variability within and between ancient groups. In this chapter, micro- and macroscopic dental defects were examined in a series of ancient Maya mortuary cave and rockshelter burials in Central Belize. The nature of mortuary cave ritual use and funerary performance in the Late Classic is widely debated in the literature. This study utilizes two analytical approaches, mortuary practice and paleopathology, to better understand mortuary variability between two site types that may be distinguished by social status in life. Ethnohistoric accounts focused on mortuary activities in the Late Classic period have described sacrificial victims as individuals originating outside of the elite population. To test these accounts, this study compares the dental health data of individuals from non-elite (rockshelter) populations to elite (cave) burial contexts.Less
Understanding Late Classic Maya Mortuary Ritual in Caves : Dental Evidence of Health from Macro- and Microscopic Defects and Caries
Amy R. MichaelGabriel D. WrobelJack Biggs
Bioarchaeology frequently investigates dental health in burial populations to make inferences about mortuary variability within and between ancient groups. In this chapter, micro- and macroscopic dental defects were examined in a series of ancient Maya mortuary cave and rockshelter burials in Central Belize. The nature of mortuary cave ritual use and funerary performance in the Late Classic is widely debated in the literature. This study utilizes two analytical approaches, mortuary practice and paleopathology, to better understand mortuary variability between two site types that may be distinguished by social status in life. Ethnohistoric accounts focused on mortuary activities in the Late Classic period have described sacrificial victims as individuals originating outside of the elite population. To test these accounts, this study compares the dental health data of individuals from non-elite (rockshelter) populations to elite (cave) burial contexts.
Keywords: Bioarchaeology, Dental defects, Mortuary practice, Cave ritual, Burial populations, Burial contexts, Belize, Maya, Paleopathology
Maya Christians and Their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize
Elizabeth Graham
Most of the research concerned with early Spanish colonialism in Middle America focuses on Mexico, Yucatan, and the Spanish-speaking nations of Central America. The land that became Belize was ... More
Most of the research concerned with early Spanish colonialism in Middle America focuses on Mexico, Yucatan, and the Spanish-speaking nations of Central America. The land that became Belize was nameless to the invaders and gradually became "frontier" with respect to the colonial core. By 1700, Spanish involvement had all but ceased and British logwood cutters had begun to penetrate the lands bordering the major rivers. This book examines the sixteenth- to seventeenth-century period of contact through the lens of archaeology and history. Its focus is the coming of Christianity and the effects of evangelization and conversion on the Belize Maya communities of Tipu and Lamanai, both of which were the sites of Spanish visita missions. Christian churches were built and maintained in both communities, and the excavation of these churches and the material cultural information that resulted are both drawn on to contribute to an analysis of religious change. The book assesses the concept of religion, the significance of doctrine, the empowerment of the individual, and the process of conversion by examining the meanings attributed to ideas, objects, and images by the Maya, by Iberian Christians, and by archaeologists.Less
Most of the research concerned with early Spanish colonialism in Middle America focuses on Mexico, Yucatan, and the Spanish-speaking nations of Central America. The land that became Belize was nameless to the invaders and gradually became "frontier" with respect to the colonial core. By 1700, Spanish involvement had all but ceased and British logwood cutters had begun to penetrate the lands bordering the major rivers. This book examines the sixteenth- to seventeenth-century period of contact through the lens of archaeology and history. Its focus is the coming of Christianity and the effects of evangelization and conversion on the Belize Maya communities of Tipu and Lamanai, both of which were the sites of Spanish visita missions. Christian churches were built and maintained in both communities, and the excavation of these churches and the material cultural information that resulted are both drawn on to contribute to an analysis of religious change. The book assesses the concept of religion, the significance of doctrine, the empowerment of the individual, and the process of conversion by examining the meanings attributed to ideas, objects, and images by the Maya, by Iberian Christians, and by archaeologists.
Keywords: Maya, Belize, Yucatan, Christianity, missions, religion, Spanish conquest
From Cradle to Grave and Beyond: A Maya Life and Death
Ann L. W. Stodder and Ann M. Palkovich
in The Bioarchaeology of Individuals
With background on the impact of feminist archaeology in "peopling the past," this chapter presents the osteobiography of a young adult male from Bajo Hill, a Maya Late/Terminal Classic Period site ... More
With background on the impact of feminist archaeology in "peopling the past," this chapter presents the osteobiography of a young adult male from Bajo Hill, a Maya Late/Terminal Classic Period site near La Milpa, Rio Bravo, Belize. Careful use of ethnographic and historical sources, attention to artistic imagery, and analysis of grave goods complement analysis of fragmentary skeletal remains from a grave beneath a house floor. The collective evidence suggests that this individual held the important role of medico-religious specialist in his small farming village.Less
From Cradle to Grave and Beyond : A Maya Life and Death
Ann L. W. StodderAnn M. Palkovich
With background on the impact of feminist archaeology in "peopling the past," this chapter presents the osteobiography of a young adult male from Bajo Hill, a Maya Late/Terminal Classic Period site near La Milpa, Rio Bravo, Belize. Careful use of ethnographic and historical sources, attention to artistic imagery, and analysis of grave goods complement analysis of fragmentary skeletal remains from a grave beneath a house floor. The collective evidence suggests that this individual held the important role of medico-religious specialist in his small farming village.
Keywords: Osteobiography, Bajo Hill Site, Medico-religious specialist, Programme for Belize Archaeological Project
in Maya Christians and Their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize
The people (Maya and Spaniards), the region (Belize and Yucatan), and the time periods (sixteenth and seventeenth centuries) on which the book focuses are described in this introduction. A chronology ... More
The people (Maya and Spaniards), the region (Belize and Yucatan), and the time periods (sixteenth and seventeenth centuries) on which the book focuses are described in this introduction. A chronology is provided by way of a table, the origins of the research are explained, and the chapters are outlined.Less
The people (Maya and Spaniards), the region (Belize and Yucatan), and the time periods (sixteenth and seventeenth centuries) on which the book focuses are described in this introduction. A chronology is provided by way of a table, the origins of the research are explained, and the chapters are outlined.
Keywords: Belize, Maya, Spanish, Yucatan, Mesoamerica
Yucatan and Belize on the Eve of Conquest
This chapter addresses Maya political and economic organization just prior to the Spanish Conquest in Yucatan, Belize, and to some extent, Peten. The nature of native Maya states and geopolitical ... More
This chapter addresses Maya political and economic organization just prior to the Spanish Conquest in Yucatan, Belize, and to some extent, Peten. The nature of native Maya states and geopolitical units is explored, as is the Precolumbian Maya economy. A summary is provided of what we know from archaeology about Belize communities in the sixteenth century, with a focus on Tipu and Lamanai.Less
This chapter addresses Maya political and economic organization just prior to the Spanish Conquest in Yucatan, Belize, and to some extent, Peten. The nature of native Maya states and geopolitical units is explored, as is the Precolumbian Maya economy. A summary is provided of what we know from archaeology about Belize communities in the sixteenth century, with a focus on Tipu and Lamanai.
Keywords: Spanish Conquest, Maya, Tipu, Lamanai, Yucatan, Belize, Peten, tribute, warfare, human sacrifice
The Environment of Early Contact
Why did Spanish Europeans decide not to settle the mainland, coast, and cayes that are now Belize? How did Spaniards or other seafaring Europeans view Belize's coast, and did this information find ... More
Why did Spanish Europeans decide not to settle the mainland, coast, and cayes that are now Belize? How did Spaniards or other seafaring Europeans view Belize's coast, and did this information find its way to early maps? How was the land that became Belize known to the early conquerors? In this chapter, possible Franciscan travel through Belize is discussed, as is the important role of trade and coastal travel in the Maya world just prior to the Conquest, with much of the information based on archaeological data. An attempt is made to contextualize Belize in terms of the conquests of Yucatan and Central America.Less
Why did Spanish Europeans decide not to settle the mainland, coast, and cayes that are now Belize? How did Spaniards or other seafaring Europeans view Belize's coast, and did this information find its way to early maps? How was the land that became Belize known to the early conquerors? In this chapter, possible Franciscan travel through Belize is discussed, as is the important role of trade and coastal travel in the Maya world just prior to the Conquest, with much of the information based on archaeological data. An attempt is made to contextualize Belize in terms of the conquests of Yucatan and Central America.
Keywords: Caribbean, Cayes, coast, Franciscan travel, Yucatan, Central America, Belize, Bay of Honduras
User Rights and Biodiversity Conservation
Marie Lynn Miranda and Sharon LaPalme
in Last Stand: Protected Areas and the Defense of Tropical Biodiversity
Environmental Science, Conservation of the Environment
The management of tropical forests has evolved considerably during recent decades. In the 1970s, the colonial and postindependence emphasis on maintaining large ... More
The management of tropical forests has evolved considerably during recent decades. In the 1970s, the colonial and postindependence emphasis on maintaining large plantations and maximizing timber production gave way to a dual emphasis on revenue generation and social forestry. More recently, the international community, including developing countries themselves, has begun to recognize the important environmental services provided by tropical forest resources, including water quality, soil retention, biodiversity, and microclimate and macroclimate regulation. Just as the prevailing view of appropriate objectives for tropical forest management has changed, so has support for the devolution, or transfer, of rights to local people. Under the previous forest-management paradigm, which stressed revenue generation and social forestry, governments and international aid agencies encouraged nationalization of forests and the gazetting of land into systems of state forest preserves. This served, perhaps unintentionally but nevertheless forcefully, to restrict the rights of locals. But as the relationship between the landless poor, indigenous groups, and the forest resource came to be better understood, more consideration was given to allowing communities to retain or gain customary and/or legal rights to the forest resource. Now, however, by adding the protection of environmental services to the management paradigm, the effects on the devolution of rights to local people are much less clear. On the one hand, some would argue that the only way to vest locals in the maintenance of the forest resource is to give them specific, income-enhancing rights to its use. On the other hand, examples abound of local populations who have exploited the forest resource in ways that are not sustainable, destroying fragile ecological relationships and degrading the biodiversity of the area in the process. The support for devolution of rights has waxed and waned over the years, with its popularity dependent on both international politics and the world economy. The question of whether to devolve rights becomes especially complicated when considering the fate of protected areas in the tropical developing world. Within the protected areas themselves, user rights exercised by local people either can be relatively benign or can have devastating effects on the local ecosystem. Less
Marie Lynn MirandaSharon LaPalme
The management of tropical forests has evolved considerably during recent decades. In the 1970s, the colonial and postindependence emphasis on maintaining large plantations and maximizing timber production gave way to a dual emphasis on revenue generation and social forestry. More recently, the international community, including developing countries themselves, has begun to recognize the important environmental services provided by tropical forest resources, including water quality, soil retention, biodiversity, and microclimate and macroclimate regulation. Just as the prevailing view of appropriate objectives for tropical forest management has changed, so has support for the devolution, or transfer, of rights to local people. Under the previous forest-management paradigm, which stressed revenue generation and social forestry, governments and international aid agencies encouraged nationalization of forests and the gazetting of land into systems of state forest preserves. This served, perhaps unintentionally but nevertheless forcefully, to restrict the rights of locals. But as the relationship between the landless poor, indigenous groups, and the forest resource came to be better understood, more consideration was given to allowing communities to retain or gain customary and/or legal rights to the forest resource. Now, however, by adding the protection of environmental services to the management paradigm, the effects on the devolution of rights to local people are much less clear. On the one hand, some would argue that the only way to vest locals in the maintenance of the forest resource is to give them specific, income-enhancing rights to its use. On the other hand, examples abound of local populations who have exploited the forest resource in ways that are not sustainable, destroying fragile ecological relationships and degrading the biodiversity of the area in the process. The support for devolution of rights has waxed and waned over the years, with its popularity dependent on both international politics and the world economy. The question of whether to devolve rights becomes especially complicated when considering the fate of protected areas in the tropical developing world. Within the protected areas themselves, user rights exercised by local people either can be relatively benign or can have devastating effects on the local ecosystem.
Keywords: Access rights, Belize, Carbon dioxide regulation, De facto rights, Ecuador, Global warming, INBio, Logging, Mexico
Salt as a Maya Trade Good
in Salt: White Gold of the Ancient Maya
Salt is basic to daily human existence, however, in the southern Maya lowlands of Guatemala and Belize, salt was scarce. The prevailing theory suggests that salt was imported from the northern part ... More
Salt is basic to daily human existence, however, in the southern Maya lowlands of Guatemala and Belize, salt was scarce. The prevailing theory suggests that salt was imported from the northern part of the Yucatan wherein several theorists alleged that the limited capability to transport bulk and huge amounts of good contributed to a scarcity of salt in the southern lowlands of Maya and Belize. However, recent fieldwork has showed a closer salt source than those in the northern Yucatan, casting a question on the viability of salt importation from the northern Yucatan to the southern Maya lowlands during the Late Classic civilization. This chapter discusses salt production in the Belize area which reduced or replaced the long-distance salt importation in the northern Yucatan and which made the lowland Maya politically and economically autonomous from the reigns of the inland Maya cities. With the discovery of the salt-production equipment and the Punta Ycacos salt works, this chapter aims to reevaluate the Late Classic Maya civilization, economy, and environment. While looking at salt production and the salt trade in the southern Maya lowlands, the chapter seeks to probe into the role of the environment in affecting cultural change. The following questions are sought to be answered in this chapter. These are: What was the response of the Late Classic Maya to the rising seas? Were communities abandoned with the rise of the threat of sea-level rise? What were the preventive measures taken by the Maya civilization to address sea-level rise? Did anthropogenic soil buildup from centuries of human garbage keep some communities above sea level?Less
Salt is basic to daily human existence, however, in the southern Maya lowlands of Guatemala and Belize, salt was scarce. The prevailing theory suggests that salt was imported from the northern part of the Yucatan wherein several theorists alleged that the limited capability to transport bulk and huge amounts of good contributed to a scarcity of salt in the southern lowlands of Maya and Belize. However, recent fieldwork has showed a closer salt source than those in the northern Yucatan, casting a question on the viability of salt importation from the northern Yucatan to the southern Maya lowlands during the Late Classic civilization. This chapter discusses salt production in the Belize area which reduced or replaced the long-distance salt importation in the northern Yucatan and which made the lowland Maya politically and economically autonomous from the reigns of the inland Maya cities. With the discovery of the salt-production equipment and the Punta Ycacos salt works, this chapter aims to reevaluate the Late Classic Maya civilization, economy, and environment. While looking at salt production and the salt trade in the southern Maya lowlands, the chapter seeks to probe into the role of the environment in affecting cultural change. The following questions are sought to be answered in this chapter. These are: What was the response of the Late Classic Maya to the rising seas? Were communities abandoned with the rise of the threat of sea-level rise? What were the preventive measures taken by the Maya civilization to address sea-level rise? Did anthropogenic soil buildup from centuries of human garbage keep some communities above sea level?
Keywords: salt, Belize, Punta Ycacos, salt works, Classic Maya civilization, sea-level rise, salt trade, salt production
Salt Production and Sea-Level Rise
This chapter examines the impact of the rise of the sea-level on the civilization especially on the salt production and salt works of Punta Ycacos during the Late Classic Maya period. The discovery ... More
This chapter examines the impact of the rise of the sea-level on the civilization especially on the salt production and salt works of Punta Ycacos during the Late Classic Maya period. The discovery and excavation of ten inundated sites that date back to the Classic period in the Port Honduras region suggest and document the Holocene sea-level rise. The production of salt in Punta Ycacos occurred in relation to the surge of settlement in the Port Honduras region and in the inland region of southern Belize during the Late Classic Maya period. However, the collapse of the southern Maya civilization and the abandonment of inland cities in southern Belize and Pasion led to the decline of demand for Punta Ycacos salt. The rising seas which submerged the salt workshops led to the abandonment of Punta Ycacos salt production sites. The sea level played an important role in the Mayan civilization as the level of the sea determined the availability of resources and habitable land for the ancient coastal areas of the Mayan civilization. Although the rise of sea-level cannot be pinpointed as the sole rationale behind the abandonment of the Punta Ycacos salt shops as the extinction of the coastal towns of Port Honduras and the Punta Ycacos salt shops were the result of the complex interplay between cultural and environmental factors, the sea-level at some point did obviate the use of the Punta Ycacos shops during the Postclassic period.Less
This chapter examines the impact of the rise of the sea-level on the civilization especially on the salt production and salt works of Punta Ycacos during the Late Classic Maya period. The discovery and excavation of ten inundated sites that date back to the Classic period in the Port Honduras region suggest and document the Holocene sea-level rise. The production of salt in Punta Ycacos occurred in relation to the surge of settlement in the Port Honduras region and in the inland region of southern Belize during the Late Classic Maya period. However, the collapse of the southern Maya civilization and the abandonment of inland cities in southern Belize and Pasion led to the decline of demand for Punta Ycacos salt. The rising seas which submerged the salt workshops led to the abandonment of Punta Ycacos salt production sites. The sea level played an important role in the Mayan civilization as the level of the sea determined the availability of resources and habitable land for the ancient coastal areas of the Mayan civilization. Although the rise of sea-level cannot be pinpointed as the sole rationale behind the abandonment of the Punta Ycacos salt shops as the extinction of the coastal towns of Port Honduras and the Punta Ycacos salt shops were the result of the complex interplay between cultural and environmental factors, the sea-level at some point did obviate the use of the Punta Ycacos shops during the Postclassic period.
Keywords: sea level, salt production, Punta Ycacos, Classic Maya period, Port Honduras, southern Belize, rising seas, ancient coastal areas
Salt Production, Trade, and Late Classic Maya Society
This chapter discusses the salt production and salt trade in Late Classic Mayan Society. Salt production in the Punta Ycacos Lagoon during the Late Classic period used to supply the coastal towns of ... More
This chapter discusses the salt production and salt trade in Late Classic Mayan Society. Salt production in the Punta Ycacos Lagoon during the Late Classic period used to supply the coastal towns of the Port Honduras region and the inland Maya cities of southern Belize and the Pasion region in Guatemala. Although the produced salt of the coastal region of the southern Maya lowlands was used for trading, there is no evidence that there existed a trade of goods between the Port of Honduras and the northern coast of the Yucatan during the Late Classic period. Instead, an extensive coastal-inland trade between the highlands of Guatemala and the southern Maya lowlands did occur wherein the salt was the primary traded good. However in the rise of cultural changes brought about by the fall of Mayan civilization and by the abandonment of inland cities together with the increase in the sea level pushed the Punta Ycacos salt production into oblivion. The discovery of these salt production sites provides a glimpse of the existence of specialized, non-domestic production and the existence of economically friendly trade within complex societies wherein the long-trade was limited to highly valuable items while inland trade was punctuated by the delivery and exchange of everyday goods essential for daily human existence.Less
This chapter discusses the salt production and salt trade in Late Classic Mayan Society. Salt production in the Punta Ycacos Lagoon during the Late Classic period used to supply the coastal towns of the Port Honduras region and the inland Maya cities of southern Belize and the Pasion region in Guatemala. Although the produced salt of the coastal region of the southern Maya lowlands was used for trading, there is no evidence that there existed a trade of goods between the Port of Honduras and the northern coast of the Yucatan during the Late Classic period. Instead, an extensive coastal-inland trade between the highlands of Guatemala and the southern Maya lowlands did occur wherein the salt was the primary traded good. However in the rise of cultural changes brought about by the fall of Mayan civilization and by the abandonment of inland cities together with the increase in the sea level pushed the Punta Ycacos salt production into oblivion. The discovery of these salt production sites provides a glimpse of the existence of specialized, non-domestic production and the existence of economically friendly trade within complex societies wherein the long-trade was limited to highly valuable items while inland trade was punctuated by the delivery and exchange of everyday goods essential for daily human existence.
Keywords: salt production, salt trade, Classic Mayan Society, Punta Ycacos Lagoon, coastal towns, Port Honduras, inland Maya cities, Belize
The Determination of Cacao in Sample of Archaeological Interest
W. Jeffrey Hurst
in Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao
Although the use of cacao by the Mesoamerican people has been documented since the early Colonial period, archaeologists have been hindered from discovering the breadth of its use in rituals and in ... More
Although the use of cacao by the Mesoamerican people has been documented since the early Colonial period, archaeologists have been hindered from discovering the breadth of its use in rituals and in the daily life of the Mesoamericans because of its rare recovery from archaeological context. In 1989, the author of this chapter determined chemically the possible existence of cacao residues in vessels recovered from Classic period tombs in Rio Azul, Guatemala. This research led to the opening of a new area of research on the manner with which cacao was used in the pre-Columbian period and the research showed that cacao was consumed in Mesoamerica one thousand years earlier than it was previously known. This chapter discusses the results of the analyses on cacao samples in a range of contexts. It also explains the methods used for chemically determining the presence of Theobroma cacao L. in decayed macrofossils and residues. In this chapter samples from diverse locations in Central America, Belize, and Honduras are examined and discussed. The chapter also outlines the experimental protocols and techniques used in the four studies presented in this chapter.Less
Although the use of cacao by the Mesoamerican people has been documented since the early Colonial period, archaeologists have been hindered from discovering the breadth of its use in rituals and in the daily life of the Mesoamericans because of its rare recovery from archaeological context. In 1989, the author of this chapter determined chemically the possible existence of cacao residues in vessels recovered from Classic period tombs in Rio Azul, Guatemala. This research led to the opening of a new area of research on the manner with which cacao was used in the pre-Columbian period and the research showed that cacao was consumed in Mesoamerica one thousand years earlier than it was previously known. This chapter discusses the results of the analyses on cacao samples in a range of contexts. It also explains the methods used for chemically determining the presence of Theobroma cacao L. in decayed macrofossils and residues. In this chapter samples from diverse locations in Central America, Belize, and Honduras are examined and discussed. The chapter also outlines the experimental protocols and techniques used in the four studies presented in this chapter.
Keywords: cacao, Mesoamerican, Theobroma cacao L. cacao residues, archaeological, macrofossils, Central America, Belize, Honduras
From Chocolate Pots To Maya Gold: Belizean Cacao Farmers Through the Ages
Patricia A. McAnany and Satoru Muruta
This chapter discusses the Belizean cacao farmers through the ages. It discusses the deep history of cacao cultivation in the Belize zone, which is demonstrated by the continuity of cacao farming ... More
This chapter discusses the Belizean cacao farmers through the ages. It discusses the deep history of cacao cultivation in the Belize zone, which is demonstrated by the continuity of cacao farming from the Middle Preclassic to contemporary times. This chapter focuses on the Belize zone which is conducive for chocolate farming and cacao cultivation. This chapter begins with a discussion on the contemporary situation of cacao production for the world market and specifically the chapter details how the considered Maya gold entered the world market. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the ethnohistory of the Belizean cacao and talks about cacao production and cultivation from before the Spanish conquest up to the Preclassic period.Less
From Chocolate Pots To Maya Gold : Belizean Cacao Farmers Through the Ages
Patricia A. McAnanySatoru Muruta
This chapter discusses the Belizean cacao farmers through the ages. It discusses the deep history of cacao cultivation in the Belize zone, which is demonstrated by the continuity of cacao farming from the Middle Preclassic to contemporary times. This chapter focuses on the Belize zone which is conducive for chocolate farming and cacao cultivation. This chapter begins with a discussion on the contemporary situation of cacao production for the world market and specifically the chapter details how the considered Maya gold entered the world market. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the ethnohistory of the Belizean cacao and talks about cacao production and cultivation from before the Spanish conquest up to the Preclassic period.
Keywords: Belizean cacao farmers, cacao cultivation, Belize zone, cacao farming, Maya gold, Belizean cacao
Human Geophagy: A Review of Its Distribution, Causes, and Implications
Peter W. Abrahams
in Geology and Health: Closing the Gap
Earth Sciences and Geography, Geochemistry
Geophagy (or geophagia) can be defined as the habit of eating clay or earth, a practice about which there is a great deal of misunderstanding. Though many ... More
Geophagy (or geophagia) can be defined as the habit of eating clay or earth, a practice about which there is a great deal of misunderstanding. Though many people know and accept that geophagy is undertaken by wild and domesticated animals, and that humans can inadvertently ingest soil by (for example) hand-to-mouth activity, the deliberate consumption of soil by humans appears to be more difficult to comprehend. Yet geophagy (or pica) is a widespread among contemporary nonhuman primates (Krishnamani and Mahaney 2000), suggesting that the practice predates human evolution, and that soil ingestion has continued for a multiplicity of reasons. Therefore, although words such as 'evil,' 'odd,' 'filthy' and 'degrading' have been applied to geophagy as practiced by humans, a more enlightened appraisal is to suggest that soil consumption should be considered to be within the normal range of human behavior (Vermeer 1986). The oldest evidence for human geophagy comes from a prehistoric site at Kalambo Falls where the bones of Homo habilis, the immediate predecessor of Homo sapiens, have been found alongside a white clay believed to have been used for geophagical purposes (Root-Bernstein and Root- Bernstein 2000). Human migration then transferred geophagy to other parts of the earth, although Laufer (1930) concluded that the practice is not universal, being unknown in some countries such as Japan, Korea, and parts of Africa. To a certain extent this may be attributable to a lack of reporting on geophagy. For example, although the practice is not recorded in Namibia by Lagercrantz (1958, Figure 1),Thomson (1997) reports that the deliberate consumption of soil is commonly undertaken by pregnant women in the eastern Caprivi region of the country. Geophagy can still be found relatively easily throughout many societies of the world today. While investigating geohelminth (i.e., parasitic worm) infection and mineral nutrient deficiencies in children and pregnant women, Geissler et al. (1997, 1998) indicated the prevalence of geophagy in parts of Kenya. In these studies, 73% of 285 school children aged 5-18 years indulged in the practice, whereas 154 of 275 pregnant women (56%) reported eating soil regularly. Less
Geophagy (or geophagia) can be defined as the habit of eating clay or earth, a practice about which there is a great deal of misunderstanding. Though many people know and accept that geophagy is undertaken by wild and domesticated animals, and that humans can inadvertently ingest soil by (for example) hand-to-mouth activity, the deliberate consumption of soil by humans appears to be more difficult to comprehend. Yet geophagy (or pica) is a widespread among contemporary nonhuman primates (Krishnamani and Mahaney 2000), suggesting that the practice predates human evolution, and that soil ingestion has continued for a multiplicity of reasons. Therefore, although words such as 'evil,' 'odd,' 'filthy' and 'degrading' have been applied to geophagy as practiced by humans, a more enlightened appraisal is to suggest that soil consumption should be considered to be within the normal range of human behavior (Vermeer 1986). The oldest evidence for human geophagy comes from a prehistoric site at Kalambo Falls where the bones of Homo habilis, the immediate predecessor of Homo sapiens, have been found alongside a white clay believed to have been used for geophagical purposes (Root-Bernstein and Root- Bernstein 2000). Human migration then transferred geophagy to other parts of the earth, although Laufer (1930) concluded that the practice is not universal, being unknown in some countries such as Japan, Korea, and parts of Africa. To a certain extent this may be attributable to a lack of reporting on geophagy. For example, although the practice is not recorded in Namibia by Lagercrantz (1958, Figure 1),Thomson (1997) reports that the deliberate consumption of soil is commonly undertaken by pregnant women in the eastern Caprivi region of the country. Geophagy can still be found relatively easily throughout many societies of the world today. While investigating geohelminth (i.e., parasitic worm) infection and mineral nutrient deficiencies in children and pregnant women, Geissler et al. (1997, 1998) indicated the prevalence of geophagy in parts of Kenya. In these studies, 73% of 285 school children aged 5-18 years indulged in the practice, whereas 154 of 275 pregnant women (56%) reported eating soil regularly.
Keywords: Atlantic Ocean, Belize, Europe, Germany, Honduras, Japan, Kenya, Namibia, Uganda
Landscapes of Drugs and War : Intersections of Political Ecology and Global Conflict
Michael K. Steinberg and Kent Mathewson
in The Geography of War and Peace: From Death Camps to Diplomats
Earth Sciences and Geography, Cultural and Historical Geography
The maxim of the moment and for the new millennium (at least for now) is that "after 9/11 the world changed." Focused, amplified, and projected by the ... More
The maxim of the moment and for the new millennium (at least for now) is that "after 9/11 the world changed." Focused, amplified, and projected by the media, the September 2001 events have echoed with an apparent immensity and a rending of the global geopolitical fabric that merit comparison with Waterloo in June 1815 and Sarajevo in June 1914. In each case, an epoch is said to have ended, the first by conventional battle in concert with peace conventions that ended several decades of global conflict, the latter two with acts of terrorism that precipitated global wars of vastly differing intensities and probable durations. Each of these turning points in global history has, of course, its own character, dynamics, and contexts, which largely transcend the narrower episodes and scenes that constitute the intersections of drugs, war, and peace. Nevertheless, one of the persistent and little-noticed elements in the history and geography of warfare during the past half millennium has been the role played by psychoactive substances. With the exception of the Sino-British Opium Wars (1830s–1840s), drugs as aids or obstacles, let alone causal factors, of war have been largely overlooked. Yet even a cursory overview, as presented here, should establish the contours of a topic that merits in-depth attention. Here we have only the space to point to some key instances and promising case studies. Future researchers may find these useful points of departure. The three pivotal events noted earlier, plus October 1492 as the antecedent and fourth key moment, mark a fivefold periodization that provides a convenient way of framing the differing historical relations between drugs and warfare. Prior to Europe's transatlantic expansion and the coeval eruption of capitalism across the globe, the varying articulations between drugs and war were largely local, individual, and particular. With the rise of long-distance trade networks structured by mercantile capitalism, prime commodities such as sugar and tropical spices launched European-based empires and provoked wars from the East Indies to the West Indies, as well as points north and south. Less
Michael K. Steinberg Kent Mathewson
The maxim of the moment and for the new millennium (at least for now) is that "after 9/11 the world changed." Focused, amplified, and projected by the media, the September 2001 events have echoed with an apparent immensity and a rending of the global geopolitical fabric that merit comparison with Waterloo in June 1815 and Sarajevo in June 1914. In each case, an epoch is said to have ended, the first by conventional battle in concert with peace conventions that ended several decades of global conflict, the latter two with acts of terrorism that precipitated global wars of vastly differing intensities and probable durations. Each of these turning points in global history has, of course, its own character, dynamics, and contexts, which largely transcend the narrower episodes and scenes that constitute the intersections of drugs, war, and peace. Nevertheless, one of the persistent and little-noticed elements in the history and geography of warfare during the past half millennium has been the role played by psychoactive substances. With the exception of the Sino-British Opium Wars (1830s–1840s), drugs as aids or obstacles, let alone causal factors, of war have been largely overlooked. Yet even a cursory overview, as presented here, should establish the contours of a topic that merits in-depth attention. Here we have only the space to point to some key instances and promising case studies. Future researchers may find these useful points of departure. The three pivotal events noted earlier, plus October 1492 as the antecedent and fourth key moment, mark a fivefold periodization that provides a convenient way of framing the differing historical relations between drugs and warfare. Prior to Europe's transatlantic expansion and the coeval eruption of capitalism across the globe, the varying articulations between drugs and war were largely local, individual, and particular. With the rise of long-distance trade networks structured by mercantile capitalism, prime commodities such as sugar and tropical spices launched European-based empires and provoked wars from the East Indies to the West Indies, as well as points north and south.
Keywords: Air America, Belize, Colombia, East Indies, FARC, Guatemala, Hamas, Islamic militants, Laos, Maoism
Ancient Maya Cities of the Eastern Lowlands
Brett A. Houk
Within a challenging tropical environment, a remarkable urban tradition developed and flourished as an element of ancient Maya culture. This book is about the cities of the eastern lowlands, a small ... More
Within a challenging tropical environment, a remarkable urban tradition developed and flourished as an element of ancient Maya culture. This book is about the cities of the eastern lowlands, a small but geographically diverse part of the homeland of the Maya. Using data collected by many different archaeological projects and researchers, the author presents detailed descriptions of 14 Classic period (ca. 250 to 900 CE) cities from five geographical areas of the modern nation of Belize, discussing the setting, the history of investigations, the site plan and urban features, culture history, and political history of each. For many of the cities discussed, this is the first time all of this information has been presented together. The data are viewed through the analytical lenses of site planning and the built environment. The final chapters consider the 14 cities as a group to examine urban planning and look for meaning, construed broadly here to encompass all the things that contributed to the final design of a place including mundane things like where water drains to esoteric things like worldview and cosmology. What the data in this book show are remarkable and nuanced variations in architectural assemblages across space and time, varied levels of political control over suburban landscapes, shared planning concepts combined with wildly different ideas about how to build a Maya city, and intriguing hints at possible relationships between cities based on planning principles. Flexibility in city design emerges from this study as a hallmark of ancient Maya urbanism.Less
Within a challenging tropical environment, a remarkable urban tradition developed and flourished as an element of ancient Maya culture. This book is about the cities of the eastern lowlands, a small but geographically diverse part of the homeland of the Maya. Using data collected by many different archaeological projects and researchers, the author presents detailed descriptions of 14 Classic period (ca. 250 to 900 CE) cities from five geographical areas of the modern nation of Belize, discussing the setting, the history of investigations, the site plan and urban features, culture history, and political history of each. For many of the cities discussed, this is the first time all of this information has been presented together. The data are viewed through the analytical lenses of site planning and the built environment. The final chapters consider the 14 cities as a group to examine urban planning and look for meaning, construed broadly here to encompass all the things that contributed to the final design of a place including mundane things like where water drains to esoteric things like worldview and cosmology. What the data in this book show are remarkable and nuanced variations in architectural assemblages across space and time, varied levels of political control over suburban landscapes, shared planning concepts combined with wildly different ideas about how to build a Maya city, and intriguing hints at possible relationships between cities based on planning principles. Flexibility in city design emerges from this study as a hallmark of ancient Maya urbanism.
Keywords: cities, built environment, meaning, Classic period, Belize, eastern lowlands, worldview, cosmology
The Black Carib Wars: Freedom, Survival, and the Making of the Garifuna
This book offers a thoroughly researched history of the struggle of the Garifuna people to preserve their freedom on the island of St. Vincent. Today, thousands of Garifuna people live in Honduras, ... More
This book offers a thoroughly researched history of the struggle of the Garifuna people to preserve their freedom on the island of St. Vincent. Today, thousands of Garifuna people live in Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and the United States, preserving their unique culture and speaking a language that directly descends from that spoken in the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. All trace their origins back to St. Vincent, where their ancestors were native Carib Indians and shipwrecked or runaway West African slaves—hence the name by which they were known to French and British colonialists: Black Caribs. In the 1600s they encountered Europeans as adversaries and allies. But from the early 1700s, white people, particularly the French, began to settle on St. Vincent. The treaty of Paris in 1763 handed the island to the British, who wanted the Black Caribs' land to grow sugar. Conflict was inevitable, and in a series of bloody wars punctuated by uneasy peace the Black Caribs took on the might of the British Empire. Over decades, leaders such as Tourouya, Bigot, and Chatoyer organized the resistance of a society that had no central authority but united against the external threat. Finally, abandoned by their French allies, the Black Caribs were defeated, and the survivors deported to Central America in 1797. The book draws on extensive research in Britain, France, and St. Vincent to offer a compelling narrative of the formative years of the Garifuna people.Less
The Black Carib Wars : Freedom, Survival, and the Making of the Garifuna
This book offers a thoroughly researched history of the struggle of the Garifuna people to preserve their freedom on the island of St. Vincent. Today, thousands of Garifuna people live in Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and the United States, preserving their unique culture and speaking a language that directly descends from that spoken in the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. All trace their origins back to St. Vincent, where their ancestors were native Carib Indians and shipwrecked or runaway West African slaves—hence the name by which they were known to French and British colonialists: Black Caribs. In the 1600s they encountered Europeans as adversaries and allies. But from the early 1700s, white people, particularly the French, began to settle on St. Vincent. The treaty of Paris in 1763 handed the island to the British, who wanted the Black Caribs' land to grow sugar. Conflict was inevitable, and in a series of bloody wars punctuated by uneasy peace the Black Caribs took on the might of the British Empire. Over decades, leaders such as Tourouya, Bigot, and Chatoyer organized the resistance of a society that had no central authority but united against the external threat. Finally, abandoned by their French allies, the Black Caribs were defeated, and the survivors deported to Central America in 1797. The book draws on extensive research in Britain, France, and St. Vincent to offer a compelling narrative of the formative years of the Garifuna people.
Keywords: Garifuna people, freedom, St. Vincent, Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Caribbean, native Carib Indians, West African slaves


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Home / News / Business / Consultants examine ways to attract business tourism
Consultants examine ways to attract business tourism
Joe Taylor / November 3, 2014 Leave a Comment
Clare and Limerick professionals join Medical Conference Ambassador Programme in Adare Manor
Medical professionals from across Clare and Limerick gathered in Adare Manor at the weekend to examine how the region could garner some of the lucrative €500 million in spending generated annually in Ireland by Business Tourism.
Minister for Finance, Mr. Michael Noonan, T.D., joined Doctors and Consultants from Limerick and Clare hospitals to launch a Medical Ambassadors Programme designed to promote the Midwest and the wider Shannon Region as a location for investment due to its capacity to host large national and international conferences.
The event was hosted by the Shannon Region Conference and Sports Bureau which attracts major international conferences, incentives and sports events worth an estimated €5 million to the Region each year.
Addressing delegates at the weekend conference, Minister Noonan outlined the potential role that can be played by medical professionals in delivering new business tourism opportunities for the Region.
Minister Noonan stated: "The Bureau works with over 300 Ambassadors across sport, business, academia and culture. With the Midwest fast becoming the destination of choice for foreign direct investment in the Medical and Pharma sectors therefore, it is no surprise that the Bureau has decided to launch a Medical Conference Ambassador Programme to further leverage the business opportunities from these sectors."
"Now more than ever it is extremely important there we use our unquestionable influence abroad to attract new business. I look forward to seeing the beneficial results of this new Programme," the Minister added.
Tony Brazil, Bureau chairperson described the weekend event as "a valuable opportunity for medical professionals based in the region to play their part in consolidating the Midwest's growing status as a location for large scale association conferences."
Mr. Brazil explained: "Irish tourism has had a turbulent 10 years with the banking crisis, the Ash Cloud crisis and increased competition from abroad. However, this Region has managed to become the best performing region outside of Dublin in its ability to attract international association conferences. This is a testament to the wonderful conference facilities that this region's hotels, venues and academic institutions have to offer."
"Medical conferences covering many medical specialties and professional groups present significant potential for Limerick and Clare. We estimate that each international conference delegate gives a direct financial spend of €1,300 to the economy, so we warmly welcome the support shown by representatives of the local medical sector whose ambassadorial role in bringing conferences and events to the Region will greatly support the efforts of the Shannon Region Conference and Sports Bureau," he added.
Hospitals represented at the weekend conference included St John's, Ennis General, University College, Limerick Maternity and Croom.
The Shannon Region Conference and Sports Bureau is a public/private partnership set up in 2013 to bring conference and event business to the Shannon Region. Partners include Fáilte Ireland, Shannon Airport, Limerick Chamber of Commerce, Limerick Local Authorities, Clare County Council, Irish Hotels Federation Shannon Branch, University of Limerick, LIT and Mary Immaculate College. The Shannon Bureau has a host of Patrons; which include Sir Terry Wogan, Gerard Hartmann, Des O'Malley and Michael O'Leary. More from www.conferenceandsportsbureau.com.
Business adare manor, business tourism, Consultants, limerick, medical
Selection Of Top Stories…
Limerick senior hurlers celebrate as part of winning horse racing syndicate
June 28, 2013 By Joe Taylor Leave a Comment
THE GOOD TIMES keep going for some of the Limerick senior hurlers. After their recent victory over Tipperary that sees them go forward to contest next month's Munster senior hurling final, three members of John Allen's side are now celebrating horse racing glory. Defender Gavin O'Mahony and … [Read More...]
Angela's Ashes as Gaeilge for New York
November 1, 2011 By Joe Taylor 1 Comment
A Gaelic version of Frank McCourt's, Angela's Ashes, is to be launched in New York. The Irish language publication of the Pulitzer Prize winning memoir will be launched at … [Read More...]
Hayes returns for Munster
September 29, 2010 By Joe Taylor Leave a Comment
Munster coach Tony McGahan has named John Hayes in a 29 man squad in what is otherwise an unchanged squad for the Magners League clash with Leinster at the Aviva Stadium this weekend. With new long-term injuries in the backline to Felix Jones and ian Dowling and the continued absence of Keith Earls, … [Read More...]
Launch Of Book By Limerick Author A Night Of Celebration
December 6, 2010 By Joe Taylor 2 Comments
The long-awaited follow up, to Between The Three Bridges a memoir by PJ Taylor about life on Upper Carey's Road, was unveiled on Friday December 4th at Punche's Hotel. The new book is titled: "Who's Sorry Now" and continues the chronicle from 1962 to 1969 after his family moved from Carey's Road … [Read More...]
Future of Limerick's Georgian House is uncertain
July 13, 2011 By Joe Taylor
The future of the Georgian House is in doubt after a decision was taken to close its doors to visitors next month, with the loss of five … [Read More...]
Gardai in Limerick warn of 'slushy conditions' on certain routes
February 14, 2018 By Leave a Comment
GARDAI in Limerick are warning of "slushy conditions" on routes around the west of the county this Tuesday morning.According to AA Roadwatch, "it's particularly bad around Athea and along the N21 at Templeglantine".#LIMERICK Gardai are warning of slushy conditions on routes … [Read More...]
Limerick areas announced for Pride of Place competition
July 4, 2013 By Joe Taylor Leave a Comment
MOYROSS, Foynes, the Castleview Housing Estate in Newcastle West, and Limerick Youth Service have been nominated by Limerick City and County Councils to represent Limerick in the 2013 IPB Pride of Place Competition. The annual All-Island competition, which is run by Co-operation Ireland in … [Read More...]
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There are certain times of the year with certain commodities that various weight limits are given an extra 7.5% weight on gross and axle weights. This is never allowed on interstate roads nor reduced roads and/or bridges. Depending on the commodity, February and March are also restricted months.


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Use your weapons to wreck the other cars and gain an important advantage in the race. Wrecking opponents awards credits that can be used to buy upgrades and weapons.
Blast your way to greatness on 9 tracks across 3 different environments. Each track also features a reversed version, for a total of 18 tracks.
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Completing career tiers unlocks fun challenge modes: Time Attack, Minefield and Barrels.
Unlock great achievements and compete for the first places on the Wrecks Leaderboard.
Note: The game is only single-player.


This serie of products allows to integrate a CAN network with a PROFIBUS net.
The HD67552 is a CAN / PROFIBUS Slave Converter and it allows you to connect some CAN devices with a PROFIBUS net (for example a SIEMENS PLC...) in order to exchange the informations between the networks.
The HD67577 is a CAN / PROFIBUS Master Converter and it allows you to connect some PROFIBUS slaves with an existing CAN network.
These converters are contained in a metal housing, so it is STRONG and RESISTANT to the vibrations and shocks. The electrical parts are with triple isolation of 4000 V between CAN/ PROFIBUS - CAN/Power Supply - PROFIBUS /Power Supply.


"Creating Connections was a rural math and science initiative funded by the Annenberg/CPB Math and Science Project and by the US West Foundation. The ultimate goal of the project was to improve math and science education in rural settings."
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Sony has ditched its signature style with its new Xperia phone, but is bringing some global firsts to its video capabilities.
The XZ has a number of unique selling points, that on any other phone would be the standout feature.
With Samsung and Apple both giving Mobile World Congress a miss, rival brands had the chance to show the fresh features they offer.
Australian virtual reality headset sales are tipped to surge, with Sony's PlayStation VR expected to be most popular.
Australian sales of virtual reality headsets are tipped to surge as tech giants hook consumers into strange new worlds.
The Xperia Z5 Compact goes a long way on one charge, has an affinity for water and a sharp camera that makes it the perfect holiday companion.
The Sony Xperia Z5 Compact promises a premium smartphone in a more portable body. It is a fine option for those who hate to lift their other hand.
New sales figures show Apple's Australian iPhone sales have surged at the expense of Samsung, and other suppliers running Google's Android system.
Could Sony's Xperia Z4 Tablet be the tablet that finally knocks Apple's iPad off its perch?
The idea of using tablets for work has reared its head again.
Sony's new Xperia Z5 plays the numbers game, wins.
Sony's new smartphone lineup has some impressive technical specs. Will the phones be just as impressive?
New sales figures show Apple is sitting pretty ahead of its pending announcement next week about a new iPhone, with iOS dominance continuing to grow in Australia despite the iPhone 6 being almost a year old.
Australian business leaders explain whether their careers have been driven by relying on data or instincts.
Do you know how hard the Galaxy Note 4 is to use if you have hands the size of a pikelet?


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Pregnancy and Microbiome
The CNP Pregnancy and Microbiome Research Category consolidates research exploring the relationship between pregnancy and the microbiome. To view each original study on the open internet, click "Original." To view the CNP summary of the study, click "CNP Summary." While a small portion of the studies in this research category is available below for free, the full set of studies (and their summaries) are available to CNP members through the CNP Library Membership (available January 15, 2022).
Evidence for maternal diet-mediated effects on the offspring microbiome and immunity: implications for public health initiatives
CNP Summary
This 2021 article highlights the concerning effects of diet today, especially in the offspring. Mirpuri explains that the consumption of a high-fat diet by the mother during pregnancy can influence the microbiome of her future child or children. Diet is also believed to have significantly contributed to the high prevalence of obesity/overweight among women of childbearing age in the U.S. (said to be 50%). The consequential changes in neonatal microbiome associated with maternal fat-rich diets are related to multiple morbidities such as necrotizing enterocolitis (a serious gastrointestinal problem), atopy (tendency to develop allergic diseases), asthma, metabolic dysfunction, and hypertension (high blood pressure). This review outlines the possible mechanisms by which maternal diets affect offspring immunity and microbiome, focusing on the more recent studies. The author suggests possible avenues of research to approach and even potential mechanisms and summarizes our current knowledge of ideal nutrition during pregnancy and discusses how public health initiatives can promote the well-being of the future generation. [NPID: pregnancy, microbiome, gut-brain axis, gut microbiota, high-fat diet, high fat, obesity, overweight, enterocolitis, atopy, asthma, metabolic dysfunction, hypertension, high blood pressure, public health]
CNP Research Summary can be found in the CNP Library Membership
The relationship between perinatal mental health and stress: a review of the microbiome
This 2019 review focuses on the interaction between stress-induced adaptations (such as the immune system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the autonomic nervous system) and the microbiota since this relationship may contribute to mental illnesses/disorders/behaviors/experiences in women during pregnancy and postpartum. Redpath et al. explain that when the stress response activates the HPA axis and dysregulates the ANS, the parasympathetic system is eventually inhibited. This article also mentions perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (during pregnancy or in the first year following childbirth) since its underlying mechanisms and etiologies have not yet been confirmed. It was recently found that the sustained elevated levels of cortisol, reduced heart variability, and altered immune responses (factors associated with stress) increase vulnerability to perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. The bidirectional communication that takes place between the nervous system and the microbiota is now also believed to play an important role in the development of perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. Finally, there is a lot of promise in the study of the relationship between the psychoneuroimmune system, the gut microbiota, and perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. [NPID: anxiety, depression, heart rate variability, microbiota; pregnancy; psychosocial, stress, HPA, cortisol, gut-brain axis]
Improving mental health for the mother-infant dyad by nutrition and the maternal gut microbiome
Association between psychosocial stress and fecal microbiota in pregnant women
This 2019 study states that a child's emotional and behavioral development may be affected if his/her mother had suffered psychosocial stress before giving birth. Hechler et al. explore the role of the mother's intestinal microbiota in this implication, which may in turn influence the microbiota in the intestines of the child. To investigate the relationship between psychosocial stress and fecal microbiotas in pregnant women, 70 female participants provided late pregnancy stool samples and completed questionnaires regarding anxiety as well as general and pregnancy-specific stress. The only association identified was between maternal general anxiety and microbial composition. In conclusion, this is the first study to find a mechanism by which psychological symptoms in pregnancy may affect the offspring. [NPID: pregnancy, microbiome, gut-brain axis, gut microbiota, psychological stress, stress, late pregnancy, anxiety]
Emerging literature in the Microbiota-Brain Axis and Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders
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May We Suggest … Salty Goodness
Salt. What we toss nonchalantly over shoulders today was once so precious it financed the Great Wall of China. And though it's no longer worth its weight in gold, our cravings for it are still mighty. To help you decipher which types to use when, here's a taste of what you will find.
Table Salt—A.k.a that blue-and-white box with the pullout metal spout. This is the all-purpose salt a lot of us grew up with.
Origins: Underground salt deposits are dissolved, mechanically evaporated and purified for culinary use.
Taste, Texture & Character: The fine-grained, cube-shaped crystals dissolve uniformly in your mouth.
Mineral Content: Sodium chloride with a bit of potassium iodide to keep it free-flowing.
Best for: Everyday baking and cooking.
Fun Fact: Both salt brands, Sifto and Windsor, mine salt in Ontario, near (and 1800 ft. under) Lake Huron.
Kosher Salt—A coarse salt certified as pure, meaning pure sodium chloride (additive-free).
Origin: Specifically designed for "koshering," or salting meat to draw out the blood.
Taste, Texture & Character: Its coarse-textured large crystals are ideal for picking up with your fingertips and sprinkling evenly over food when you're preparing it. It's not a finishing salt.
Mineral content: Pure sodium chloride.
Best for: Pickling and salting foods, but is also a great for salting a margarita glass or salt-crusting a whole fish.
Fun Fact: Packaged salt that features a kosher-approved symbol is certified to be pure.
Sea Salt—Salt harvested from the sea, of course.
Origin: Ocean salt water is evaporated by the sun and wind, producing a salt "crop."
Taste, Texture & Character: This salt varies widely in grain size and subtle flavours. If you're looking to replace your table salt, choose a sea salt labelled "fine."
Mineral content: Sodium chloride and trace minerals (including iron) that reflect the composition of the sea water.
Best for: Meat, fish, potatoes, vegetables—basically anything you'd normally use table salt to season.
Fun Fact: Only 2.7% of the ocean is salt.
Fleur de Sel—A luxury sea salt best thought of as a garnish or a condiment.
Origin: The thin layer of salt that rises to the surface of shallow pools of sea water is laboriously hand-raked and solar evaporated.
Taste, Texture & Character: The irregular, moist crystals make this salt dissolve quickly, almost melting in your mouth. The flavour profiles differ vastly from region to region and from country to country (France, Mexico, Italy).
Mineral content: Sodium chloride plus trace minerals from the environment from which it's harvested.
Best for: Steamed vegetables, pan-fried eggs, and grilled steak. Try a light sprinkling on chocolate chip cookies before they go in the oven—astounding!
Fun Fact: Classic fleur de sel is produced in Guérande, Camargue, Noirmoutier and I'ile de Ré. But the label "fleur de sel" describes the way the salt is made and the qualities it possesses.
Sour Salt—Also known as citric acid, a natural acid found in citrus (especially lemons and limes).
Origin: It was first isolated from lemon juice by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1784.
Taste, Texture & Character: Fine white crystals with dynamite sourness. It's often used to enhance lemon and lime flavours in recipes and to give sourdough its trademark tang.
Mineral content: Sour salt contains no sodium.
Best for: It's a classic addition to borscht (beet soup), and a pinch added to a bowl of water will keep freshly cut fruit from browning.
Fun Fact: Citric acid is sometimes added to sausages to keep them pink.
Himalayan Pink—Rock salt mined from the Himalayan mountains.
Origin: This salt has been quarried by hand in the Himalayas for millennia and is readily available in most grocery stores (and box stores with kitchen sections).
Taste, Texture & Character: It varies in colour from blood-red to translucent snow-white. The bone-dry salt crystals resemble rosy-hued tumbled pebbles. You can also buy fine-grained versions.
Mineral content: 97% sodium chloride and considered one of the purest salts on the planet. It is also widely touted for containing 84 trace minerals (such as phosphorous, zink and bromine), but the buzz about its health benefits are yet to be proven.
Best for: Use on roasted game, bison or any application where complete dissolution of salt is desired (pasta water, tomato sauce or other sauces).
Fun Fact: The pink colour comes from its trace amounts of iron oxide.
In 1924, the Michigan Medical Association requested the Morton Salt Company add iodine to their table salt to battle iodine deficiency.
Grey salt harvested in the Guérande gets its colour from the clay-lined marshes from which it's collected.
Photo, © andriigorulko / Dollarphotoclub
More Truly Deeply Madly
Athflow – Loungewear


If correctly installed and with the right tension of the 02 cable or 0 6 rod, the system doesn't present any flexibility problems up to 220 cm, using the brackets of cm 5,7 and 10 cm of length, with light fabrics.
This measure is reduced down to 160 cm if using the empty rod (tube) o12x1.5. Over this length or with heavier fabrics we advice to use the central bracket.
We underline that, by using our patent rolling-system for 06 and o12x1.5 to hook the curtain, we eliminate the eternal problem of the bending rod or cable, over passing also the central bracket, if installed. In the systems with cable o2 the rolling do not pass over and will stop on the central bracket.
In good conditions, a perfect wall anchorage is permitted, in not optimal condition we advise to use the expansion – bolt, especially for the 02 cable or rod o6 where we have a high solicit action of the bracket 's base. When we have the double system, on the central bracket, the rolling can over pass only on the front rod. N.B. In the double system as back rod it is always used the tube 012×1.5.


Any Bloody Mary fans in the house? Vapor4Life recently attended Highwood's Bloody Mary Festival. Bright and early Saturday morning I arrived with my car full of equipment and ecig products. At 8 a.m. there were a handful of other vendors getting their booths set up. After figuring out where our booth would be, I got to work setting up the tent and tables. Luckily Joey from our tech team was there to help.
We sold Dial-A-Volts and Vapor King starter kits. The scene was pretty similar to last year's event, and just as fun. It definitely seemed like a lot more people were aware of ecigs this time around though. We had sampler Smileomizers filled with Coffee, Watermelon, Blueberry, Traditional Tobacco, Traditional Menthol and Grape vape flavors.
A few months prior, my friend and I signed up for the 5k race that took place on day 2 of the Fest. The race started at 9 a.m. and there were about 50 runners. About 10 of these racers signed up for the 'Bloody Buddy Challenge' which consisted of the race plus push ups, calisthenics, the crab walk and piggyback carry. The race was pretty cool, but I was totally spent at the end. At the finish line, they had miniature Bloody Marys for all the racers. Now that's what I call refreshing.
The festival sponsor, Hoosier Momma was selling popcorn with a Bloody Mary taste. Sounds kind of gross, but I tried a sample and surprisingly, it wasn't actually that bad. Hhhmmm I wonder how a Bloody Mary-flavored ecig would be. We do have quite a few delicious beverage flavors…What do you think about Bloody Mary-flavored ecigs? Would you at least try one?
See more pics from this event on our Facebook page!


Liza Grobler is an artist who can turn unimaginable concepts into tangible form. She plays with a variety of materials, teasing them into shapes that were never meant to be. Shapes that are sensuous and tactile. One has to appreciate them in their command of space: how they sinew and swoop differently from every angle.
Her exhibition, Blindfolded Line, Dancing Through Time, features large and fascinating works where the viewer can get lost in this spatial interplay of contrasting materials. They are an intriguing delight which restores one's faith in art that engages and inspires.
At the same time it is witty, bright and rooted in our urban environment. It has elements of fun and also perhaps hidden social commentary. The subject matter indicates a deliberate and highly playful evasion of aesthetic categorisation. It is idiosyncratic, enigmatic art.
Grobler's vocabulary oscillates freely between the figurative and the nonrepresentational. She communicates through a unique symbolism that is more expressive than descriptive. She creates a magnificent depth and texture to the pieces she designs. The subject is unnameable, the result is poetic. One feels the authenticity of the creative impulse.
Grobler works on her own colour experiments, using blocks of colour with limited overlap, allowing them to become basic building blocks to create a colour harmony. The bold colours come together in vibrating edges that create a sense of pulsating movement, in order to be transformed into a sprawling hyper visual experience; into fantastic and yet deeply meditative works.
Her paintings feature a heightened chromatic palette, complex figure / ground reversals and interlocking forms, as well as a variety of surface textures modified by successive layers of resins, oils and waves.
In this exhibition she explores the notion that all images develop from a single dot. The movement of the dot does not only build an image, it also connects. It shows an intrinsic need to communicate, to share experiences and to be informed by responses. The line strives to dance, but mostly stumbles ahead into unknown territories. As with most explorations, the outcome is often a surprise.
The drawn line reconfigures space; it divides, yet juxtaposes two entities; it connects two distant points; it includes some and excludes others; it marks a boundary between standing for, and standing against.
The notion of a "blindfolded line" leads to the experience of space. It is a search in the dark towards an unknown outcome. The artist allows organic patterns to evolve as independent configurations. The process is one of creating relatively unplanned elements that are arranged in spontaneous compositions, which gradually take shape as the work progresses. It could also be argued that the work exists in an indefinable temporal state: a work-in-progress and therefore, in a sense, incomplete. Both the form and the process inform the content.
Conceptually, the works are open to manifold impressions. In fact, it can be said that the artist depends on the viewer to complete the picture. The exhibition invites viewers to allow their own imaginations to take a ride on the playful and engaging ideas that the artist presents. Grobler engages with mundane materials, giving everyday objects a new life and spreading energy to all who encounter them.
The viewers are integral through their participation. They are invited to become part of the artwork itself. In fact, their interaction with the work allows further organic growth.In the pipe cleaner web the lines sit in space; a maze growing over time, created through audience participation. The artist trusts and allows the work to flow and develop without having final control. Retrieving and letting it unfold, becomes part of the facilitation process of finalising the end product.
By allowing space for the unknown and inviting participation, the artist is creating a social form of art. In the manner of Michel Foucault, Grobler allows art making to unfold like a game that invariably goes beyond its own rules and transgresses its own limitations. The aspects that are absent are as important as those that are present.
Liza Grobler's exhibition, Blindfolded Line, Dancing Through Time is a highly immersive installation. Her work has a gravitas with an ethereal splendour.
Foucault, Michel: What is an Author? Lecture presented to the Societe Francaise de Philosophies, 22 February 1969. In: The Philosophy of Language. Edited John Searle, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Franciscono, Marcel: Paul Klee – His work and Thought. University of Chicago Press, 1991.


Fill out your info and we will notify you when the Winter Rosé 4-Pack is back in stock or when a new vintage becomes available.
We often associate winter as a season for rich hearty food and wine, and rightly so. But if you're feeling a bit contrarian, the season also has more than its share of delicate flavors that shine with a dry rosé.
Winter is when Pacific oysters are at their best, I feel. They're always so fancily presented at restaurants, but at home I just shuck them over the sink and eat as I go. You're going to want a rosé with plenty of crisp acidity and minerality to spar with the oyster's creamy flesh and briny liquor. The Bandol rosé from Domaine de Terrebrune is always the leanest of our Provencal rosés—like a sunny but blustery coastal day—and is my favorite with Marin Miyagis or lovely little Hama Hamas from Washington. It's also peak Dungeness Crab season all along the Pacific Coast. I bought an inexpensive crab net a few weeks ago and it's loads of fun, especially for my kids. You just bait it, toss it in, wait a few minutes, then pull it up and see what's there. I find that the gentle sweetness of crab melds beautifully with the slight creaminess of the rosé from Les Pallières, au petit bonheur. It's like drinking a Grenache-tinged cloud.
Of course, winter's delights aren't just from the sea. This time of year my pantry fills up with winter greens and squash from the Riverdog Farms CSA. I sauteé the greens—red mustard, chard, rapini, spinach—in olive oil with lots of garlic, and add a splash of homemade red wine vinegar and pinch of dried red pepper at the end. There's a bit of heat and pleasing bitter bite that's perfect with Yves Leccia's structured rosé from Corsica, which has a bite of its own.
Squash pairs well with rosé for the same reason crab does—the little bit of sweetness. I've experimented with cooking acorn and butternut squash in the fireplace this year and it's worked really well. The outside is charred all to hell, but the insides are soft and well-done, with just a whiff of smokiness. And while you can certainly do red, I like to mix it up and pair it with Tavel rosé from Château de Trinquevedel, which is a bit weightier and has more sunny red fruit than the Pallières, Leccia, or Terrebrune. It stands up to the fuller flavors without overpowering them, bringing a bit of equilibrium to a season that is often overpowering enough as it is.


It all began with a flaming volcano.
A trashy cocktail in a Chinese restaurant in Athens, Georgia, was the suitably kitschy catalyst for the fabulously schlocky new-wave purveyors the B-52s.
Kitsch classics: (from left) Cindy Wilson, Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson.
"It's literally a ceramic volcano and you put Sterno [a portable burner] in the hole up top, light it then all around it is a tropical drink and you share it with a bunch of straws," says Fred Schneider of the cocktail's full glory.
"Well, we shared it because we didn't have much money."
For the five friends and proud misfits – Schneider, Kate Pierson, Keith Strickland and brother and sister Cindy and Ricky Wilson – the cocktail led to an impromptu jam session at a friend's house. They came up with a song called Killer Bees – which was never recorded, but the band was born and their first gig followed at a friend's Valentine's Day party.
"All of our 10 friends really liked it," Schneider says wryly. "We played the foyer and they were in the living room and dining room dancing and we did the same four songs twice."
This Valentine's Day marks 40 years since their debut performance in 1977.
"Well, I made it," says Schneider of reaching the 40-year milestone. "I ain't complaining."
The B-52s' self-titled debut album, released in 1979.
He says the enduring appeal of the band – named after the US southern slang for a beehive hairdo – is down to their unique charm. "We're a happy dysfunctional family."
Schneider says their greatest achievement is their body of work. "I think we're just one of the most entertaining, listenable bands going. There's no one like us. We never followed trends and each person has something unique to bring to the mix, and we're on the same wavelength pretty much."
He says the anniversary celebrations will continue: on February 14 they'll play Auckland as part of their Australia and New Zealand tour; next year marks 40 years since the release of their first single, Rock Lobster, in 1978, followed by their first, self-titled album the following year.
It was performing on Saturday Night Live in 1980 that pushed them into the big league and their album into platinum-selling status. Since then the band has sold about 20 million records, but it hasn't been an easy ride. In 1985, Ricky Wilson died of an AIDS-related illness, aged 32, and the band, rocked by the loss, went into hiatus for several years.
In 1989, the band started working together again, emerging with the album Cosmic Thing and two of the band's biggest hits, Roam and Love Shack.
"We were going broke, we had terrible management and accounting and all that ... and Ricky had passed away, and we got back together and, luckily, things just turned around for the better," Schneider says.
Love Shack remains the band's signature song.
"It's just a great party song," Schneider says. "I've actually walked past wedding parties in hotels and they're playing Love Shack."
On this tour, which will be without Strickland, who no longer goes on the road with the band, they're sharing the bill with another retro act, Simple Minds.
"I've never seen them live but I do have a couple of their albums," Schneider says. "Eighties bands sound great, they sound better than a lot of the crap out there."
So there's no one current he's listening to? "I have hundreds of records, so I just basically play them. I keep meaning to go on YouTube and listen to new things and I wind up watching just nutty stuff like birthdays gone wrong."
Beyond the Australia tour, the band are to continue collaborating on live shows in the US with symphony orchestras – "No, not #Rachmaninoff … #Rachlobster!" as it says on the band's website – which may translate into an album.
Schneider also runs his coffee brand, Fred's Monster Blend, which he says is a whole new side career, and possibly a welcome distraction from politics in the US.
"Oh, lord, we've got the orange demon," he says. "He's going to make America hate again. He's just horrible. Nobody I know likes him, and the people he's surrounding himself with are grade-Z, too. It's just horrifying. Hopefully it will rally people."
The B-52s and Simple Minds play the Hordern Pavilion on February 9 and Bimbadgen Estate, Hunter Valley, on February 11.


text:
Q: iMacros error in JS code
SyntaxError: missing ) after argument list, line NaN (Error code:
  -991)

I get this error every time I try to use this code in iMacros:

var photo=1;
var macroStart;
macroStart +="CODE:";
macroStart +="SET !ERRORIGNORE YES" + "\n";
macroStart +="TAB T=1" + "\n";
macroStart +="TAG POS=" +photo+ " TYPE=DIV ATTR=CLASS:fave_photo_inner" + "\n";
macroStart +="TAG POS=1 TYPE=A ATTR=ONCLICK:Photoview.savePhoto()&&ID:pv_save_to_me" + "\n";
macroStart +="TAG POS=1 TYPE=A ATTR=ONCLICK:Photoview.hide(0)&&CLASS:fl_r<SP>pv_close_link" + "\n";

var i=0;
var number=prompt("input number of photos",5);
for (i=1; i <= number; i++)
{
iimPlay(macroStart,25)
iimDisplay("Current image is: "i)
photo++
}

iimDisplay("Success")

What I'm doing wrong?

A: Pay attention to the mistake of missing '+' sign in your line #15. Must be:
iimDisplay("Current image is: " + i);

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