The neutralizing activity of anti–HIV-1 antibodies is typically measured in assays where cell-free virions enter reporter cell lines. However, HIV-1 cell to cell transmission is a major mechanism of viral spread, and the effect of the recently described broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) on this mode of transmission remains unknown. Here we identify a subset of bNAbs that inhibit both cell-free and cell-mediated infection in primary CD4+ lymphocytes. These antibodies target either the CD4-binding site (NIH45-46 and 3BNC60) or the glycan/V3 loop (10-1074 and PGT121) on HIV-1 gp120 and act at low concentrations by inhibiting multiple steps of viral cell to cell transmission. These antibodies accumulate at virological synapses and impair the clustering and fusion of infected and target cells and the transfer of viral material to uninfected T cells. In addition, they block viral cell to cell transmission to plasmacytoid DCs and thereby interfere with type-I IFN production. Thus, only a subset of bNAbs can efficiently prevent HIV-1 cell to cell transmission, and this property should be considered an important characteristic defining antibody potency for therapeutic or prophylactic antiviral strategies.
HIV-1–infected individuals produce high titers of antibodies against the virus, but only a small fraction of the patients develop a broadly neutralizing serologic activity, generally after 2–4 yr of infection (Sather et al., 2009; Simek et al., 2009; Stamatatos et al., 2009; Walker et al., 2011; McCoy and Weiss, 2013). The serologic anti–HIV-1 activity in some of these individuals can be accounted for by a combination of antibodies targeting different sites on the HIV-1 envelope spike (Scheid et al., 2009; Bonsignori et al., 2012; Klein et al., 2012a; Georgiev et al., 2013) and in others, by a predominant highly expanded clone (Scheid et al., 2011; Walker et al., 2011; Burton et al., 2012; McCoy and Weiss, 2013). Although the presence of broad neutralizing activity does not correlate with a better clinical outcome, passive transfer of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) can protect against infection in macaques or in mouse models (Hessell et al., 2009; Pietzsch et al., 2012; McCoy and Weiss, 2013). In addition, bNAbs can suppress viremia in humanized mice (Klein et al., 2012b). Moreover, antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope spike appear to be the unique correlate of protection in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial (Haynes et al., 2012). Therefore, it has been proposed that vaccines that would elicit such antibodies may be protective against the infection in humans.
The recent development of efficient methods for cloning of human anti–HIV-1 antibodies from single cells (Scheid et al., 2009) led to the discovery of dozens of new bNAbs and new targets for neutralization (Burton et al., 2012; McCoy and Weiss, 2013). The new antibodies target at least six different sites of vulnerability on the HIV-1 spike. These include the CD4-binding site (VRC01, NIH45-46, 3BNC60/117, and CH103), the glycan-dependent V1/V2 loops (PG16 and PGT145) and V3 loop (PGT121, PGT128, and the 10-1074 family), a conformational epitope on gp120 (3BC176), a domain in the vicinity of the CD4bs (8ANC195), and the gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER; 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8; Scheid et al., 2009, 2011; Walker et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2011; Kwong and Mascola, 2012; Mouquet et al., 2012; West et al., 2012; Liao et al., 2013). Some of these antibodies display remarkable antiviral activity with median 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) < 0.2 µg/ml for up to 95% of isolates tested (Diskin et al., 2011; Scheid et al., 2011; Walker et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2011; Burton et al., 2012; Liao et al., 2013).
The antiviral activity of bNAbs is typically measured in vitro using cell-free pseudovirus particles and reporter cell lines, such as the HeLa-derived TzMbl cell (Heyndrickx et al., 2012). In these assays, neutralization is mediated by inhibition of free virus binding to cellular receptors and/or by inhibition of viral fusion. Although cell-free HIV-1 is infectious, the virus replicates more efficiently and rapidly through direct contact between cells, and this mode of transmission likely mediates a significant fraction of viral spread and immune evasion in vivo (Dimitrov et al., 1993; Sourisseau et al., 2007; Sattentau, 2011; Murooka et al., 2012; Dale et al., 2013). In addition, this form of dissemination appears to be less susceptible to inhibition by antiretroviral drugs than cell-free virus transmission (Chen et al., 2007; Sigal et al., 2011; Abela et al., 2012).
Cell to cell spread of HIV-1 is in large part mediated through virological synapses, where viral particles accumulate at the interface between infected cells and targets (Sattentau, 2011; Dale et al., 2013). Synapse formation involves HIV-1 Env-CD4 coreceptor interactions and requires cytoskeletal rearrangements and adhesion molecules (Sattentau, 2011; Dale et al., 2013).
Here, we examined the antiviral activity of a panel of 15 newly identified bNAbs targeting all known sites of vulnerability in conventional neutralization and cell to cell transmission assays. We show that only a subset of the bNAbs that target the CD4-binding site or the glycan/V3 loop efficiently neutralize cell to cell viral transfer in co-cultures of infected T cells with primary lymphocytes. We further characterized the antiviral mechanisms used by the effective antibodies and report that they affect multiple steps of viral cell to cell transfer.
We initially assessed the efficacy of the selected bNAbs to inhibit HIV-1 cell to cell transmission in culture using flow cytometry (Sourisseau et al., 2007). Primary CD4+ T cells infected with either NLAD8 or NL4.3 HIV-1 strains were incubated with bNAbs before co-culture with autologous target cells labeled with FarRed. Infection of target cells was measured by Gag expression. In the absence of bNAbs, 15–50% of the recipient cells were Gag+ after 48 h (representative experiments are shown in Fig. 1 a). Under these conditions, the contribution of cell-free virus to infection was negligible because Gag expression by the recipient cells was abrogated by separation of donors and targets in a transwell chamber or when cultures were gently shaken to avoid prolonged contacts (Sourisseau et al., 2007). Moreover, Gag expression in target cells was caused by de novo synthesis because it was significantly reduced in the presence of reverse transcription inhibitor (nevirapine [NVP]; Fig. 1 a).
An assay for analyzing inhibition of HIV-1 cell to cell transmission by bNAbs. (a) bNAbs NIH45-46 and 8ANC195 (15 µg/ml) were incubated for 1 h with primary CD4+ T cells infected with HIV-1 (NL4.3 or NLAD8 strains). FarRed-loaded autologous target CD4+ T cells were added, and Gag+ target cells were measured 48 h later by flow cytometry. One representative experiment (out of four) is shown. The reverse transcription inhibitor NVP was used as a positive control. NI, noninfected cells. (b) Cell-associated inhibition assays were performed as in panel a. bNAbs were used at the indicated doses, and the percentage of inhibition of infection was calculated. For cell-free infections, viruses (NL4.3 or NLAD8 strains) were incubated with the indicated bNAbs for 1 h and then added to HeLa-derived P4C5 target cells, which carry an HIV-1 LTR–β-gal reported cassette. After 36 h, infection was quantified by measuring β-gal activity. Data are mean ± SD from four independent experiments. Lines represent fitted results.
We tested a panel of 15 bNAbs to investigate their effects on viral cell to cell transmission and in parallel measured their neutralization activity in a conventional cell-free assay (Abela et al., 2012; Heyndrickx et al., 2012). As expected, all bNAbs blocked cell-free infection with either NLAD8 or NL4.3, with IC50s varying from 0.05 to 9 µg/ml (Table 1 and Fig. S1). However, only a subset efficiently inhibited cell to cell transmission (Table 1 and Fig. S1). Representative inhibition curves with one active (NIH45-46) and one inactive (8ANC195) bNAb are shown in Fig. 1 b. The most active antibodies in the cell to cell transmission assay were NIH45-46 and 3BNC60, which target the CD4bs, and clonally related anti-glycan/V3 antibodies, 10-1074, 10-996, and PGT121 (Table 1 and Fig. S1; IC50s < 0.9–2.5 µg/ml). Time of addition experiments showed that NIH45-46 and 3BNC60 remained strongly active when added up to 6 h after the beginning of the co-culture (not depicted). However, the antibody concentrations required to inhibit cell to cell transmission were 10–20-fold higher than cell-free transmission (Table 1 and Fig. S1). As previously reported (Abela et al., 2012), VRC01, a less active clonal relative of NIH45-46, was only partially effective in blocking cell to cell transmission, with 65 and 85% inhibition of NLAD8 and NL4.3, respectively, at concentrations of 15 µg/ml. NIH45-46 and 3BNC60 also inhibited viral spread when CD4+ T cells were co-cultured with MOLT cells chronically infected with BaL (not depicted). In contrast, most of the other antibodies tested were relatively ineffective, including the two anti-MPER antibodies and PG16. 10E8 was only partially active against NL43, with 75% inhibition at a concentration of 15 µg/ml, and PG16 showed only 60% inhibition at this concentration.
Some of the bNAbs were also tested for their ability to block cell to cell transmission of two transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 viruses (Salazar-Gonzalez et al., 2009; Ochsenbauer et al., 2012). The IC50s of the antibodies against these viruses were generally similar to those observed with NLAD8 (Table 2). The more active bNAbs against T/F viruses were PG16, 10-1074, and 3BNC60 (Table 2).
The first step in cell to cell spread is the formation of conjugates between infected cells and targets, a process which is dependent on Env (Massanella et al., 2009). To examine the mechanism of inhibition of cell to cell transmission by bNAbs, we initially assayed their effects on conjugate formation. Preincubation of NL4.3- or BaL-infected lymphocytes with NIH45-46, 3BNC60, or VRC01 decreased the formation of conjugates, and 10-1074 and PGT121 inhibited the formation of clusters with cells expressing HIV-BaL (Fig. 2, a and b). In contrast, the other bNAbs did not show measurable inhibitory effects (Fig. 2, a and b). Of note, 10E8 increased formation of conjugates with NL4.3 and was ineffective against BaL (Fig. 2, a and b). It is possible that 10E8, which blocks Env-mediated fusion without affecting Env-CD4 interaction, may stabilize cell conjugates in the absence of cell fusion.
Effect of bNAbs on formation of conjugates of infected and target cells. (a) CFSE-stained MOLT cells chronically infected with HIV-1 NL4.3 or BaL strains were preincubated for 1 h with 15 µg/ml NIH45-46 bNAb and then co-cultured with FarRed-stained primary CD4+ T cells. After 2 h, conjugates of donors and targets (CFSE+FarRed+) were quantified by flow cytometry. (left) Flow plots from one representative experiment are shown. (right) Frequency of conjugates with noninfected (NI) and NL4.3- or BaL-infected MOLT cells in the absence of bNAb. Each dot represents an experiment with primary target T cells from independent donors. The bars represent SD. *, P < 0.05. (b) Conjugate formation in the presence of the indicated bNAbs (15 µg/ml) as determined in panel a. Data are shown from six independent experiments. The percentage of cell-forming conjugates is shown. *, P < 0.05 (Wilcoxon matched pairs test). (c) HeLa cells stably expressing HIV-1 Env (NL4.3) and Tat were preincubated for 1 h with the indicated bNAbs (15 µg/ml) before overnight co-culture with HeLa P4C5 cells, which carry an HIV-1 LTR–β-gal reporter cassette. Upon syncytia formation, Tat will transactivate the HIV-1 LTR. Levels of syncytia were quantified by measuring β-gal activity. Data represent mean ± SD of triplicate samples from six independent experiments. *, P < 0.05.
Contact between Env+ cells and target cells can lead to formation of syncytia. Therefore, we assessed the effect of bNAbs on syncytia formation using a quantitative assay, in which HeLa cells expressing Env (from NL4.3) and Tat are mixed with HeLa cells expressing CD4 and HIV-1 LTR–β-gal reporter cassette (P4C5 cells; Schwartz et al., 1994). β-gal expression is induced upon fusion and transfer of Tat between the two cell types. NIH45-46, 3BNC60, and VRC01 blocked fusion as did the anti-gp41 MPER 10E8 (Fig. 2 c). In contrast, bNAbs that failed to inhibit cell to cell transmission of NL4.3 had little or no effect on fusion (Fig. 2 c).
After formation of cell conjugates, viral particles are transferred from infected cells to targets. To measure viral transfer, we examined Gag expression in target cells by flow cytometry. 4 h after initiation of the co-culture, 4–6% of target cells were Gag+ (Fig. 3 a). NIH45-46, 3BNC60, VRC01, and 10-1074 decreased transfer of NL4.3 and/or NLAD8, whereas the other antibodies were inactive (Fig. 3 a). Immunofluorescence and confocal imaging further demonstrated that preincubation of donor cells with NIH45-46 or 3BNC60 led to accumulation of the bNAb at the virological synapse and to colocalization with Gag (Fig. 3 b). Moreover, an examination of target cells that captured viral particles despite the presence of bNAbs demonstrated that these viruses were generally, if not always, coated with bNAbs (Fig. 3 c).
Effect of bNAbs on HIV-1 capture by target cells. (a) Primary HIV-1–infected CD4+ T cells (NL4.3 or NLAD8 strains) were preincubated for 1 h with the indicated bNAbs (15 µg/ml) before co-culture with autologous target cells stained with FarRed. After 4 h, the fraction of target cells having captured viral material (Gag+) was measured by flow cytometry. Data are mean ± SD of six independent experiments. *, P < 0.05. (b) FarRed+ HIV-1–infected CD4+ T cells or Jurkat cells were preincubated for 1 h with the indicated bNAbs before a 1.5-h co-culture with target cells stained with CFSE. Cells were stained with anti-Gag mAbs and with a secondary anti–human antibody (yellow) to visualize the bNAb. Examples of virological synapses in primary CD4+ T cells (top) and in Jurkat cells (bottom) are shown. D, donor cell; T, target cell. (c) The co-cultures of primary CD4+ T cells described in b were analyzed for target cells that were not or no longer in contact with donor cells. Images are representative of three independent experiments. Bars, 5 µm.
Plasmacytoid DC (pDCs) sense HIV-1–infected cells and react by producing type-I IFN (Lepelley et al., 2011). To determine whether bNAbs inhibit the recognition of infected lymphocytes by pDCs, infected donor cells were preincubated with bNAbs and co-cultured with target PBMCs. The levels of type-I IFN were measured in supernatants after 18 h of co-culture. NIH45-46, 3BNC60, VRC01, and 10-1074 inhibited IFN induction by lymphocytes infected with NL4.3 and/or NLAD8, whereas PG16 and 10E8 were inactive (Fig. 4 a). In addition, the role of antibodies in blocking transmission was examined using the pDC-like cell line Gen2.2 as target cells (Lepelley et al., 2011). NIH45-46, 3BNC60, VRC01, 10-1074, PG16, and 10E8 blocked HIV-1 infection of Gen2.2 cells (Fig. 4 b). Moreover, bNAbs that blocked Gen2.2 infection also inhibited induction of the IFN-induced protein MxA. Thus, in addition to inhibiting lymphocyte to lymphocyte viral spread, the most active bNAbs block transmission from lymphocytes to pDCs and impair innate immune sensing of the virus.
Effect of bNAbs on HIV-1 sensing by hematopoietic cells. (a) HIV-1–infected MT4C5 lymphoblastoid T cells were incubated for 1 h with the indicated bNAbs (15 µg/ml) and used as donors. Target cells were PBMCs, and levels of type-I IFN released in supernatants were measured 18 h later. NI, co-culture with noninfected cells. Data are mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments. *, P < 0.05. (b and c) HIV-infected MT4C5 cells were incubated with the indicated bNAbs for 1 h before mixing with Gen2.2 cells. After 48 h, the levels of cells productively infected (Gag+; b) or expressing the IFN-stimulated protein MxA (c) were measured by flow cytometry. Data are mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments. *, P < 0.05.
To date, only VRC01 among the second generation, more potent, bNAbs has been assayed for its ability to block HIV-1 cell to cell transmission, and in agreement with our own findings, it was reported to be poorly active (Chen et al., 2007; Massanella et al., 2009; Martin et al., 2010; Abela et al., 2012). Here, we show that many of the 15 bNAbs tested, including some of the most active antibodies to six different sites of vulnerability on the envelope, were ineffective in HIV-1 cell to cell transmission. However, five bNAbs, isolated from four different patients (NIH45-46, 3BNC60, PGT121, 10-1074, and PG16) blocked the intercellular spread of the tested viruses at IC50s of 0.05–2.5 µg/ml. NIH45-46 and 3BNC60 target the CD4-binding site, whereas 10-1074 and PGT121 bind to a complex epitope composed of glycans and the V3 loop epitope on HIV-1 gp120 (Scheid et al., 2009; Walker et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2011; Kwong and Mascola, 2012; Mouquet et al., 2012; Liao et al., 2013). Of note, 10-1074 and PGT121 efficiently inhibited cell-free and cell to cell transmission of all R5 viruses tested but were inactive against the X4 strain NL4.3. Further work will help determining whether V3-directed bNAbs inhibit other X4 isolates.
The bNAbs inhibiting cell to cell viral spread were those acting at a low concentration against free virus (IC50 < 0.2 µg/ml; Scheid et al., 2011; Walker et al., 2011). This suggests that very high levels of potency in cell-free virion assays are required for antibodies to block viral cell–cell spread. But potency alone may not be sufficient, as indicated by 10E8, which fails to reach 80% neutralizing activity in cell to cell transmission despite potencies that are nearly comparable with the effective antibodies in cell-free assays. It is noteworthy that the concentrations required to inhibit cell to cell transmission were at least 10–20-fold higher than for free virus. Similarly, the serum concentrations of bNAbs required to inhibit infection in mouse or monkey models of HIV-1 infection are also 1–2 logs higher than in cell-free assays (Balazs et al., 2012; Klein et al., 2012a; Moldt et al., 2012; Pietzsch et al., 2012). Cell to cell transmission may therefore provide a more reliable method for predicting the potency of bNAbs in vivo.
Our experiments show that the most active bNAbs interfere with cell to cell transmission by efficiently impairing formation of clusters between infected cells and targets, the appearance of syncytia, and transfer of viral material to recipient cells and by accumulating at the virological synapse. Moreover, they also decorate any free viral particles that may still have been captured by target cells. Additional experimentation will be required to determine whether the various bNAbs display differing abilities to accumulate at sites of cell–cell contacts and to impair the formation of virological synapses. It will also be of interest to further examine how these bNAbs interfere with viral cell to cell transmission between myeloid DCs and lymphocytes.
HIV-1 cell to cell transmission is likely playing a predominant role in infected individuals (Murooka et al., 2012). Our results confirm that this mode of viral spread may represent a means to escape the selection pressure exerted by most of the bNAbs (Ganesh et al., 2004; Abela et al., 2012). Our observations may also help explain why some bNAbs like 3BC176 are ineffective in vivo (Klein et al., 2012b), whereas others like 10-1074 and a derivative of NIH45-46 (45-46W) suppressed viral loads below detection (Klein et al., 2012b). Consistent with this idea, 10E8, which does not efficiently inhibit HIV-1 cell to cell transmission, failed to suppress viremia in vivo and failed to select antibody-resistant HIV-1 variants (Fig. S2). We speculate that bNAbs that effectively interfere with cell to cell transmission in vitro will also display efficient and long-lasting therapeutic or prophylactic properties in vivo.
MOLT cells chronically infected with NL4.3 or BaL isolates and MT4C5 cells were grown as described previously (Massanella et al., 2009; Rudnicka et al., 2009). Primary CD4+ T cells were purified from human peripheral blood by positive selection (Miltenyi Biotec). About 98% of cells were CD4+CD3+. For activation, primary T cells were treated with 1 µg/ml PHA for 24 h and then cultured with 50 IU/ml IL-2 for 3–5 d before use. NL4.3, NLAD8, and T/F HIV-1 strains WITO and SUMA (Ochsenbauer et al., 2012) were obtained through the National Institutes of Health AIDS reagents program and prepared by transfection of 293T cells (Rudnicka et al., 2009). Primary cells were infected with HIV-1 as described previously (Lepelley et al., 2011). HIV-1 strains used are R5, except NL4.3 (X4). The env genes correspond to viruses with high (tier 1 for NL4.3 and BaL) or moderate (tier 2 for WITO) sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization (Seaman et al., 2010).
bNAbs were prepared as described previously (Scheid et al., 2009; Mouquet et al., 2012).
Viral cell to cell transmission assay.
Donor cells were infected with the indicated HIV-1 strains and used a few days later, when ∼10–75% of the cells were Gag+. Target cells were labeled with FarRed or 2.5 µM CFSE (Molecular Probes). Donors were preincubated with the indicated doses of bNAbs. Donor and target cells were then mixed at a 1:2 ratio in 96-well plates at a final concentration of 1.5 × 106/ml in 200 µl. After 48 h, cells were stained for intracellular Gag (KC57 mAb; Beckman Coulter) and analyzed by flow cytometry. When stated, 12.5 nM NVP was added 1 h before co-culture.
Cell-free infection of P4C5 cells.
The neutralization activity of bNAbs was evaluated on P4C5 cells (HeLa CD4+CCR5+ cells carrying an HIV-1 LTR–β-gal reporter cassette). 1 d before infection, 7 × 103 cells were plated in 96-well plates. Cells were infected in triplicate with 1 or 5 ng Gag p24. Viruses were incubated with the indicated bNAbs for 1 h before infection. After 36 h, cells were lysed in PBS, 0.1% NP-40, and 5 mM MgCl2 and incubated with the β-gal substrate CPRG (Roche), before measurement of 570-nm OD.
Dose–response inhibition curves were drawn by fitting data from three to six independent experiments to sigmoid dose–response curves (variable slope) using Prism software (GraphPad Software). Percentage of inhibition was defined as (percent signal in nontreated target cells − percent signal in bNAb-treated cells)/(percent signal in nontreated target cells) × 100. The IC50 was calculated with Prism.
Analysis of conjugate formation between infected and target cells.
Chronically infected MOLT cells (2 × 105/well) were stained with CFSE and preincubated in 96-well plates with 15 µg/ml bNAbs for 1 h at 37°C, before adding 2 × 105 FarRed-labeled CD4 T cells for 2 h (Massanella et al., 2009). Cellular contacts were measured by flow cytometry. CFSE+FarRed+ cells were considered as cellular conjugates. The percentage of conjugates was calculated as follows: (conjugates/total conjugates + MOLT cells + CD4 T cells) × 100.
Analysis of HIV-1 capture by target cells.
Primary donor cells were infected with HIV-1 and used a few days later, when 10–75% of the cells were Gag+. The indicated target cells were labeled with FarRed or 2.5 µM CFSE (Molecular Probes). Donors were incubated with bNAbs for 1 h. Donor and target cells were then mixed at a 1:2 ratio in 96-well plates at a final concentration of 1.5 × 106/ml in 200 µl. After 4 h, target cells were stained for Gag and analyzed by flow cytometry.
HeLa 243 cells, which stably express the HIV-1 NL4.3 Env and Tat proteins (Schwartz et al., 1994), seeded at 8 × 103 cells in 96-well plates, were preincubated for 1 h with 15 µg/ml bNAbs, before addition of 8 × 103 P4C5 cells for 8 h. Upon cell fusion, Tat transactivates the HIV-1 LTR and drives expression of β-gal, at levels which correlate with the amount of syncytia (Schwartz et al., 1994).
HIV-infected primary donor CD4+ T cells were treated with the indicated bNAbs for 1 h before addition of autologous targets. After 1 h of co-culture, cells were fixed and double Gag/bNAb stainings were performed with a mouse mAb anti-p24 and a secondary anti–human antibody to visualize the bNAb. Confocal microscopy analysis was performed on an LSM700 (Carl Zeiss) using a 40 or 63 objective. Z-series of optical sections were performed at 0.2–0.5-µm increments.
Sensing of HIV-infected cells by hematopoietic cells.
The indicated infected donor cells were incubated for 1 h with the bNAb and mixed with target cells (PBMCs or Gen2.2) at a ratio of 1:2 in 96-well plates at a final concentration of 2–3 × 106/ml in 100 µl for PBMCs, or 106/ml in 200 µl for Gen2.2, as described previously (Lepelley et al., 2011). After a co-culture of 18 h (PBMCs) or 48 h (Gen2.2), type I IFN levels and expression of the protein MxA were measured as described previously (Lepelley et al., 2011; Puigdomènech et al., 2013).
HIV-1 infection of humanized mice, bNAb treatments, and analysis of viral loads and sequences were performed as described previously (Klein et al., 2012b). Animal experiments were performed with authorization from the Institutional Review Board and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Rockefeller University.
Wilcoxon-matched paired Student's t tests (and Mann–Whitney unpaired Student's t test in Fig. 3 b) were performed using Prism software.
Fig. S1 shows dose–response analysis of the antiviral effect of bNAb on cell-free and cell-associated infections. Fig. S2 shows that 10E8 treatment does not impose selective pressure on HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. Online supplemental material is available at http://www.jem.org/cgi/content/full/jem.20131244/DC1.
We thank members of the Virus and Immunity Unit for help and critical reading of the manuscript. We thank the National Institutes of Health AIDS reagents program for the gift of reagents.
O. Schwartz was supported by grants from the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida, Sidaction, AREVA Foundation, the Vaccine Research Institute, the Labex IBEID program, the FP7 program HIT Hidden HIV (Health-F3-2012-305762), and Institut Pasteur. M. Malbec was supported by fellowships from Sidaction, Fonds de dotation Pierre Bergé, and Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale. H. Mouquet was supported by the Milieu Intérieur program (ANR-10-LABX-69-01). M.C. Nussenzweig was supported by grants from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery grant 38619s) and the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery grant AI 100663-01. M.C. Nussenzweig is a Howard Hughes Medical Investigator.
Author contributions: M. Malbec, H. Mouquet, M.C. Nussenzweig, and O. Schwartz conceived of the study. M. Malbec, F. Porrot, C. Eden, J.F. Scheid, F. Klein, R. Rua, J. Horwitz, A. Halper-Stromberg, H. Mouquet, M.C. Nussenzweig, and O. Schwartz performed the experiments and/or participated in the experimental design. M. Malbec, H. Mouquet, M.C. Nussenzweig, and O. Schwartz wrote or edited the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.
. 1993. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection kinetics. J. Virol. 67:2182–2190.
© 2013 Malbec et al. This article is distributed under the terms of an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike–No Mirror Sites license for the first six months after the publication date (see http://www.rupress.org/terms). After six months it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/).


text:
The Tesla Semi Is A Bad Idea
Steve Banker Contributor
Logistics & Transportation
I cover logistics and supply chain management.
A man walks by a Brooklyn Tesla dealership on April 4, 2017 in New York City. As of Monday, the start-up car maker founded by Elon Musk had passed iconic car manufacture Ford in market value, riding a 7 percent share-value surge to a market capitalization of about $48.7 billion. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images)
Elon Musk generated a storm of publicity yesterday with one tweet: "Tesla Semi truck unveil set for September. Team has done an amazing job. Seriously next level."
What a bad idea.
Tesla has plenty to do without this new product introduction; the company faces significant operational challenges in introducing the Model 3, which it is touting to be its first mass production car. The company is aiming to dramatically increase production from 76,000 vehicles in 2016 to 500,000 in 2018, and it needs to start getting significant output from its battery factory. Tesla is now valued at more than Ford Motor Company; if Tesla does not deliver on its promises surrounding Model 3, its stock price will drop like a rock.
But even without the Model 3 deadline, it would still be a bad idea.
Trucking is a low-margin business. Tesla offers high priced cars -- there is no market for 'premium' priced trucks.
But even if Tesla could price close to what other truck makers are pricing, battery-powered trucks are likely to have a limited range. Long-haul truckers typically travel over 400 miles per day. Industry experts are estimating that the Tesla truck will have a range of about 200 to 300 miles. In a low-margin business, asset utilization is critical. Having trucks that are limited in the loads they can carry would be a constraint. Extra money can be saved in route scheduling if a dispatcher does not have to reserve certain routes for certain trucks. Further, there are already reports of long waits at battery recharging stations on the Interstates.
You might think that shippers would be willing to pay more for loads with low carbon emissions. Most large companies have sustainability programs. But that is not what I hear from logistics service providers. They tell me that large shippers usually ask about emissions, but when it gets down to making the decision of who to work with they are unwilling to pay any extra to go green. Small and medium-sized companies don't even ask.
For Tesla stockholders, a move into this market is not something they should welcome. Carriers are hardheaded business people. They must be to survive. There will be no trucking company buying premium-priced trucks to prove they are green or make a fashion statement; the green their survival depends on is the shade of green you find on a dollar bill.
Steve Banker
I am the Vice President of Supply Chain Services at ARC Advisory Group, a leading industry analyst and technology consulting company. I engage in quantitative and qualit...

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text:
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Four Southland Residents Indicted in Alleged Target Gift Card Fraud Scheme
A federal grand jury in Los Angeles has indicted four Southland residents in connection with an alleged fraud scheme that induced people into purchasing thousands of Target gift cards, which were...
By Letters Opinion September 30, 2021
Dear Editor, Your city council majority wants to allow 4 full-sized housing units on every single-family home lot. This is called upzoning where they will rezone single-family neighborhoods from R1...
By Bill Seals Sports September 30, 2021
Chargers prepare for the Raiders after upset win over the Chiefs
Los Angeles Chargers quarterback Justin Herbert has been called a "Gangster Quarterback" by his head coach, Brandon Staley. Herbert is not your typical gangster. He graduated from Oregon with a bachel...
By Fred Altieri Sports September 30, 2021
Rams looks to stay unbeaten against Cardinals
Fresh off one of their most satisfying home victories since returning to Los Angeles in 2016, the 3-0 undefeated Rams now prepare for a second consecutive Sunday Shootout in Inglewood this weekend...
Young is playing like an old veteran for the Rams
Rams linebacker Kenny Young is making the best of his opportunities. The former UCLA star is now one of the best defensive players on the Rams. Playing for new Rams defensive coordinator Raheem Morris...
Centaurs host Mustangs in huge Bay league game Friday
Unexpectedly, the Centaurs took one on the chin last Friday night at home as they committed four turnovers to lose to a well-prepared La Serna High football team, 35-15. Culver City High finished the...
Local Gal to Present at Duluth Film Fest
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Meow, Not Now
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Don't Bring Your Pet to a Shelter - Rehome with New County Website "Home to Home"
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SM Business Executive Pleads Guilty in Conduit Campaign Contribution Case
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Joseph Lawrence Appointed City Attorney
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2.7 Earthquake in Carson A magnitude 2.7 earthquake was reported Thursday at 7:58 p.m. in Carson, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Carson was the center of a 3.7 earthquake last week, so this is an after shock. The earthquake occurred less...
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By Corva Corvax A Logical Opinion 9/21/21 - In an email to constituents, Los Angeles City Councilmember Mike Bonin suggested the city buy up motels and even office buildings to turn them into "housing with services." Bonin went on to claim it would...
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10 drones to Ukraine


text:
Your Worst Nightmare About Bass Pro Shop Port St Lucie Come To Life
I know I'm not the only one that constantly thinks about how I feel when I'm home and when I'm in the bathroom. It's a good feeling to be on autopilot when I'm in the bathroom.
I know you're probably thinking the same thing. Bass Pro Shop is another one of those franchises that I have a lot of friends and coworkers who I love dearly. I love the games, the characters, and of course the music. Bass Pro Shop is a game that lets you play as a bassist. A bassist is someone who plays, but not "perform." I'm talking about a person who plays on bass and not a singer.
Bass Pro Shop is a great genre! One of the greatest games we have played has been the Halo series, which was a game we loved a lot. I was excited to see where Bass Pro Shop could be made into a game. It's the first game we have played that we really love.
Bass Pro Shop is a game that lets you play as a bassist. A bassist is someone who plays, but not perform. Im talking about a person who plays on bass but doesn't perform. Bass Pro Shop is a great game.
Bass Pro Shop is the game that put bass players on the map. Bass players are those who are good at playing an instrument. Bass Pro Shop lets you play a bassist, but not perform. Bass Pro Shop is great.
Bass Pro Shop is a game, and it's about a young guy who can play as a bassist. A bassist is someone who plays, but not perform. Bass Pro Shop is a great game.
Yeah, it's true, I am a bass player/not a performer. But I do use my instruments to create music, so I can't really do that as well. And I'm not a great musician, either.
As for the bass player part, you can play as a bass player, but the bass player part is only available to those who have at least 1,000 hours of game time under their belt. The reason for this is that the bass player and bass player levels in Bass Pro Shop are separate but connected.
As an avid bass player myself, I can say that I have been playing for at least 10 years, and I still can't get my bass to play as well as I would like. But Bass Pro Shop's bass player levels are based on the same Bass Pro Shop features as its other levels and are based on a "normal" bass player who can play all instruments.
Bass Pro Shop bass player levels will be a little different, and this is based not on the bass player skills, but the bass player skills. This is because the levels that appear in the bass Pro Shop Bass Player and Bass Player levels are set in a way that requires a lot of practice, and the bass player levels are based on the bass player's ability to get their bass to play to the best of their ability.


text:
Limerick's William O'Connor begins World Darts Championship bid on December 16
Colm Kinsella
ckinsella@limerickleader.ie
Limerick's William O'Connor who competes at this month's William Hill World Darts Championship in London
LIMERICK man William O'Connor will begin his glory bid at the PDC World Darts Championship in London in two weeks' time.
Cappamore man O'Connor is due to face Finland's Marko Kantele in the opening round of the 2019/2020 William Hill World Darts Championship at the Alexandra Palace on Monday, December 16.
O'Connor's match is the second one up in that day's evening session which begins at 7pm.
Should be come through that match successfully, O'Connor will be back in action on Thursday, December 19 against back-to-back Grand Slam of Darts champion Gerwyn Price, of Wales, in the second round of the championships.
Thirty three-year-old former carpenter O'Connor moved up to 37 in the world rankings on the back of him reaching the quarter-finals of the Ladbrokes Players Championship recently.
Some 96 of the world's best players will compete from December 13 to January 1, 2020 at the 'Ally Pally' for the Sid Waddell Trophy and a total of stg£2.5 million in prize money.
The William Hill World Darts Championship is televised live on Sky Sports.


It's unfair to claim that George W. Bush is the worst president of all time. He's merely the fifth worst. In the White House Hall of Shame, Bush comes behind four other Oval Officers whose policies were even more disastrous: James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, Richard M. Nixon and James Madison.
What makes a president horribly, immortally bad? Poor luck is not enough. Some of the greatest presidents, such as Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt, have inherited crises and risen to the occasion. The damage must be largely self-inflicted. And there's another test: The damage to the nation must be substantial. Minor blunders and petty crimes do not land a president in the rogues' gallery.
The Civil War era also gave us the second-worst president: Johnson, Lincoln's vice president and successor, a Tennessean who vetoed civil rights acts and blocked the 14th Amendment because he didn't like blacks, of whom he declared, "It is vain to deny that they are an inferior race -- very far inferior to the European variety." Johnson's policies led to his impeachment and forced the Republicans in Congress to create a quasi-parliamentary system marginalizing the president. While Lincoln had his own racial prejudices, he was a model of enlightenment next to Johnson and Buchanan.
The damage Nixon inflicted might have endured had he established the principle that the president is above the law. As he told David Frost in a famous 1977 television interview, "Well, when the president does it, that means that it is not illegal." Because of the exposure of Nixon's criminality during Watergate, we still live in a constitutional republic rather than a banana republic with an elective dictatorship.
Refusing to enforce the law while the country disintegrates, trying to re-enslave emancipated blacks, and doubling as chief magistrate and gangster -- what could rival these presidential misdeeds? Well, how about unnecessary and catastrophic wars?
To qualify a president for the Worst of All Time list, a war must be catastrophic as well as unnecessary. Ronald Reagan's invasion of Grenada, George H.W. Bush's invasion of Panama and Bill Clinton's invasion of Haiti don't cut it -- they were unnecessary, but minor. And presidents can be forgiven costly wars that were necessary or hard to avoid, such as Harry S. Truman's stalemated war in Korea and Lyndon B. Johnson's failed war in Vietnam, each of which was a Cold War battle more than a separate conflict. After 1950, U.S. strategy required Washington to go to war to prevent Soviet bloc proxies from taking over South Korea, Indochina and Taiwan -- the amazing thing is that the Cold War ended without a battle for Taiwan, too. Future historians are likely to be as kind to LBJ as they have been to Truman.
The two big, unjustified wars on my list are the War of 1812 and the current conflict in Iraq, and the first was far worse than the second. Madison, the "Father of the Constitution," was a great patriot, a brilliant intellectual -- and an absolutely abysmal president. In his defense, the world situation during the Napoleonic Wars was grim. The United States was a minor neutral nation that was frequently harassed by both of the warring empires, Britain and France. But cold geopolitics should have led Washington to prefer a British victory, which would have preserved a balance of power in Europe, to a French victory that would have left France an unchecked superpower. Instead, eager to conquer Spanish Florida and seize British Canada, Madison sided with the more dangerous power against the less dangerous. It is as though, after Pearl Harbor, FDR had joined the Axis and declared war on Britain, France and the Soviet Union.
It might have been worse. In 1812, Madison wrote Thomas Jefferson to ask what the former president thought of waging war simultaneously against Britain and France. Alarmed, Jefferson replied that this was "a solecism worthy of Don Quixote." Instead, the United States fought only the British, who torched Washington, D.C., while Madison and first lady Dolley fled to Virginia. Gen. Andrew Jackson's victory in the Battle of New Orleans (waged two weeks after the United States and Britain, unknown to Jackson, had signed a peace treaty) helped Americans pretend that the War of 1812 was something other than a total wipe-out.
By contrast, George W. Bush has inadvertently destroyed only Baghdad, not Washington, and the costs of the Iraq war in blood and treasure are far less than those of Korea and Vietnam. Yet he will be remembered for the Iraq conflict for generations, long after tax-cut-driven deficits, No Child Left Behind and comprehensive immigration reform are forgotten. The fact that Bush followed the invasion of Afghanistan, which had sheltered al-Qaeda, with the toppling of Saddam Hussein, will puzzle historians for centuries. It is as though, after Japan had bombed Pearl Harbor, FDR had asked Congress to declare war on Argentina.
Why did Bush do it? Did he really believe that Hussein had weapons of mass destruction? Was it about oil? Israel? Revenge for Hussein's alleged attempt on Bush's father's life? The war will join the sinking of the USS Maine and the grassy knoll among the topics to exercise conspiracy theorists for generations, and the photos of torture at Abu Ghraib will join images of the napalmed Vietnamese girl and executed Filipino rebels in the gallery of U.S. atrocities.
Like all presidents, George W. Bush wants to be remembered. He will get his wish -- as the fifth-worst president in U.S. history.
Michael Lind is the Whitehead senior fellow at the New America Foundation.


text:
Humana signs on as MobileStorm beta user
MobileStorm has launched a new version of its messaging platform called mobileStorm for Healthcare, which is a secure mobile messaging platform that allows HIPAA-compliant transmission of PHI (protected health information), according to the company. This week at the Wireless Life-Sciences Alliance Convergence Summit in San Diego, California the company announced the platform, which it says can "mobile-enable" any system.
In health care MobileStorm is perhaps best known as the solutions provider of Kaiser Permanente's text message reminders, which were piloted in 2008 and launched nationwide in late 2009. KP was MobileStorm's first customer in the health care. With the announcement this week the company disclosed that it counts another big health plan as a customer: Humana.
"Humana is excited about the messaging capabilities that the secure mobile messaging center will bring us. This partnership will allow us to deliver on multi-channel goals where we have not had a solution in the past. The ability to reach members 'where they are' with relevant, personalized and proactive communications is critically important. mobileStorm is a wonderful mHealth vendor who truly wants to help us succeed." Christopher Nicholson, Humana's director of strategic communications stated in the release. Humana is a "beta customer" of MobileStorm's new platform.
More details from the press release announcing MobileStorm's new health care platform below:
mobileStorm for Healthcare is a straightforward solution, allowing any developer or IT department to integrate with the mobileStorm for Healthcare API (Application Programming Interface) which can power secure communication between systems such as EHR, EMR, and disease/appointment management tools. The API automates the delivery of AppMail™ messages which utilize AES-256 encryption. AppMail™ can deliver individual health notifications (presentable HTML or plain text) in a one-to-one or one-to-many fashion. In addition, the API delivers real-time analytics on important metrics such as who has read a message and for how long. AppMail™ is delivered to a secure inbox that can quickly be created using mobileStorm for Healthcare's SDK (Software Development Kit).
The API also enables transmission of Push Notifications and SMS messages in order to utilize cross-channel communication strategies that drive higher response rates. mobileStorm for Healthcare takes a member-centric approach by allowing people to log into any web-connected device containing the organization's mobile app or mobile site and securely access their inboxes and PHI messages. For organizations without a mobile app or site, mobileStorm offers custom solutions.
Humana mobile health, Kaiser Permanente, mobile health HIPAA, mobile health privacy, mobile health security, Mobilestorm


text: MEAN Stack playground

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Plein Air oil on canvas. 40x20cm.
2 sessions, hidden in a bush on a cliff-edge.
Might try and scale this one up in the studio on a larger canvas.
The tough stare of a Nihilist pushing on towards some sort of noble stoicism.
Tough going. Disappointed in the result. May return to it at some stage.
Bit of a steal there from Boldini with that leaf.
Tried to loose the cup within the background to focus on the toothbrushes.
'The Last Croissant'. After Conor Walton.
2 sessions. I blocked in using turpsy washes to establish basic values starting with the shadows(above).
Then went straight in with paint but not impasto, but getting thicker towards the end of day one. Day 2 was a bit thicker again starting with strengthening the shadows first. It didnt feel right to get as thick and layered as Andrew Gifford seems to. He seems to start impasto from the start I think.
Quick sketch while the kids played hide and seek.
Plein Air oil on canvas.
3 or 4 sessions up at the leadmines, Co. Dublin.
Plein air oil on board.
Another still life. Im finding painting from life much more satisfying than using photo references.
My mate Hugh again. I painted this in a different style, quite loosely by eye without a grid. As a result it has a life of its own, more of a character or carricature. Lots of layers.
My first finished painting since the still life workshop with Conor Walton. This composition and some of the techniques are lifted straight from his toolbox. I hope to integrate what I have learned into my own style in the coming months.
I attempted to paint Hugh and Donna Marie. Alas, I gave her a mauling that was irredeemable so it's Hugh by himself. Very hard to paint accureately this small…if an eye is off by a millimetre the whole face is thrown.
Moderately successful attempt at bread from a weekend still life painting course hosted by Conor Walton.
Cropped to 40x25cm. Oil on canvas.
A new commission. Lulu the Dachshund.
20x20cm. Oil sketch on board. Part of a star wars triptych.


text:
which pteridophyte is called as mangrove fern
Identify the image. The water fern, Marsilea, looks like a four-leaf clover, but circinate vernation gives it away as a fern. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.-alternation of generations -sporophytes are larger than the gametophytes -mature sporophytes make spores Add your answer and earn points. Much of the time ferns reproduce vegetatively. All the species of the genus harbour in their fronds a filamentous N 2 -fixing cyanobacterium until now referred as Anabaena azollae (Nostocaceae) ( Papaefthimiou et … 8 Pteridophyte Acrostichum aureum: Shrubby fern, common in coastal brackish, stagnant or slow moving waters (Figure 2.25). In brief there can be seen the typical alternation of generations in the pteridophyte. The lifecycle of a pteridophyte begins with a sporophyte that bears sporangia, which are subtended by leaf-like appendages called sporophylls. Most ferns belong to the Class Leptosporangiata (or Pteridopsida). If it is generally true that ferns have big leaves, fern allies have small leaves or none at all. Pteridophyte definition, any plant of the division Pteridophyta, characterized by vascular tissue and differentiation into root, stem, and leaves, comprising the ferns, horsetails, and club mosses. Fern, (class Polypodiopsida), class of nonflowering vascular plants that possess true roots, stems, and complex leaves and that reproduce by spores.The number of known extant fern species is about 10,500, but estimates have ranged as high as 15,000, the number varying because certain groups are as yet poorly studied and because new species are still being found in unexplored tropical areas. Fronds, or fern … Adiantum is commonly called 'Maiden hair fern'. Fern leaves, often called fronds, usually arise from underground stems (rhizomes). Pteridophyte Life Cycle: Ferns have vascular tissus in there stems but not in their hyphae or fronds. Mr. Patel said that it is possible that the small size of the fern had hindered its discovery all along. Learn about Pteridophytes topic of Biology in details explained by subject In some fern books the word "indument" is used to describe all hairs and scales collectively. Instead, they reproduce and disperse only via spores. Pteridophytes include horsetails, ferns, club prothallus: [noun] the gametophyte of a pteridophyte (such as a fern) that is typically a small flat green thallus attached to the soil by rhizoids. The Pteridophyte group has a fossil record dating back to the Devonian period, a period of time during the Paleozoic Era, lasting from about 416 to 359 million years ago. This includes most of those you see in gardens and woods. It is often loosely grouped as Ferns. Ferns and fern allies are collectively known as pteridophytes. The Pteridophytes (Ferns and fern allies) Pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves (known as fronds), roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks. Pteridophytes are the first terrestrial vascular plants. Considering that each fiddlehead develops into a large compound leaf, numerous people foraging for fern fiddleheads on Palomar Mountain could decimate the population of this lovely fern. A fern differs from moss in having a) An independent gametophyte b) An independent sporophyte c) Presence of archegonia d) Swimming antherozoids 5. Examples include ferns, horsetails and club-mosses. Pteridophyte (Pteridophytes) Fern plants are pteridophytes and are seedless vascular plants, which contain vascular tissues but do not produce seeds. Fern propagation from spores is a rather uncertain process, although some ferns seem to be able to spread all over a greenhouse without too much trouble. The sporophyte of the pteridophyte produces spores inside the sporangia after meiosis. 1 people chose this as the best definition of pteridophyte: Any of various vascular p... See the dictionary meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples. When mature, the undersides of fern leaves produce clusters of capsular structures called sporangia, within which meiosis forms the haploid (n) spores. Pteridophytes occupy a transitional position between bryophytes and spermatophytes. They are harvested, dried, dyed green, and then sold as a plant that can live on air. Ferns are a group of about 20,000 species of plants (of which about 10,000 are living) in the division Pteridophyta. While it may look like a fern… Azolla is a small floating fern and is the only known pteridophyte that lives in symbiosis with a diazotrophic cyanobacterium. Today, there are about 13,000 species in … Remediation at the forest's edge was recommended in 1997 and a study to monitor A. danaeifolium at 4-month intervals was begun in January 1998 to determine how the ferns would respond to hydrologic change. Ruhmora adiantiformis is called the florist's fern; since their leaf resists wilting they are used in the cut flower arrangements. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds , they are sometimes referred to as " cryptogams ", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. prisci1 prisci1 The pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies) are vascular plants. When mature, the undersides of fern leaves produce clusters of capsular structures called sporangia, within which meiosis forms the haploid (n) spores. Despite their ecological and horticultural uses, they have been used for many … The members are woody plants, Air fern—A group of animals called hydrozoan that are distantly related to jellyfish and corals. The Mangrove Fern (Acrostichum speciosum) grows in Tropical Australia and Southeast Asia. It is rhizomatous from which leaves emerge at … The word pteridophyte is derived from two words Pteron, meaning feather and phyton, meaning plant - … Some of the ferns are used in handicrafts; petioles of certain ferns are used for making basketry and bracelets. Smallest pteridophyte is Azolla whereas the largest is Cyathea/Alsophila (Tree ferns). They require water for fertilization. Start studying Pteridophytes. [2] Unlike bryophytes, ferns have xylem and phloem, which makes them vascular plants. individuals called respectively the gametophyte and the sporophyte which succeed each other in the regular order. A pteridophyte is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that disperses spores. Only an aquatic fern species, the Azolla caroliniana with an average size of 0.5 to 1.5 cm, gives tough competition to this fern. The Polypodiopsida class of plants include Fern, horsetails, whisk fern, marattioid ferns and ophioglossoid ferns. Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group Last updated November 23, 2019The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group, or PPG, is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the classification of pteridophytes (lycophytes and ferns) that reflects knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies. The primary divisions of compound leaves are referred to as pinnae (singular: pinna), and further divisions of pinnae are known as pinnules. Pteridophyte are called what plants ? Ecologically, bryophytes are important as indicators of environmental conditions due to their extreme sensitivity to air, water, and soil pollution. Elaters: Elongated structures which help in spore dispersal. The fern (mature sporophyte) releases spores from the sori. Pteridophyte | pteridophytes vascular plants that produce neither flowers nor seeds, and are hence called vascular cryptogams. rachis . Mortality of the common understory mangrove fern Acrostichum danaeifolium occurred at a much slower rate than tree mortality. Diploid (2n) fern sporophytes are familiar to most people and are often found as quiet accompaniments in floral arrangements. You might want to remind yourself of some ferns and fern allies by taking a virtual tour of the pteridophyte greenhouse at the University of Georgia . 1 See answer s7uziKchellyfacebre is waiting for your help. Most ferns have what are called fiddleheads that expand into fronds, which are See more. They have spiral bands ofhorsetail Australian tree fern ( Alsophila australis ) showing the uncurling frond called a fiddlehead or crosier. The sporangia produce spores in spore mother cells by meiosis that germinates into answer choices True False Tags: Question 31 SURVEY 30 seconds Q. Still have questions? 9 Rhizophoraceae: This is the most important family of mangroves. Before our landscapes were dominated by flowering plants (Angiosperms), ferns covered terrestrial areas. The sporophyte generation becomes dominant. It can be a metre or more tall and lives towards the high section of the intertidal zone being protected and shaded by mangrove trees. Diploid (2n) fern sporophytes are familiar to most people and are often found as quiet accompaniments in floral arrangements. Furthermore, some bryophytes such as Sphagnum have importance as soil conditioners due to their high water holding capacity and the permeability to the air.. The sporangia develop either on the ventral surface of leaves (as in case of ferns) or in the axil of stem and leaves ( Lycopodium, Selaginella ). The central axis of the frond; it might be called a mid-rib.
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Dan Carter has scored his first Top League for the Kobelco Steelers in Japan. DC was up against old foe Matt Giteau for the Suntory Sun Goliath.
The try owed more to a good support line and workrate than skill but they all count.
He did a lovely chip to Adam Ashley Cooper just minutes later.


Characterful bedroom with lots of period features, and adjoining private bathroom, as well as the use of a private lounge, in an historic country house in Surrey. Guests access the house, but have the privacy of their own bedroom, bathroom, and large sitting room. These adjacent rooms form a suite which means guests have the top / east side of the house to themselves. Guests can also access our large well tended garden with seating area, summer house and pond. Croquet by arrangement!
The bedroom is newly decorated in the Arts and Crafts style, including a working victorian stone fireplace, window seat, original floorboards, exposed beams, custom built washstand, antiques and harris tweed soft furnishings. It has dual aspect windows with private views into treetops and mature gardens. The bathroom next door is newly fitted in victorian style with original floorboards, exposed beams, twin hand basins, raised cistern w/c, and a large two person slipper bath with over shower. The adjacent modern decorated guest lounge has a dual aspect over the gardens and also has an original working fireplace. There is another bedroom available for £70 per night to accommodate another couple or possibly children. It has views to the north Downs and is decorated in French empire style, with original fireplace, exposed floorboards and French and Chinese antiques. The rooms are on the upper floor of our share of a victorian gothic mansion. Built as a country residence by a successful London Lawyer in the mid nineteenth century. The accommodation suits anyone interested in history, or those looking for a peaceful or romantic country break in grand surroundings.
Our location in the Surrey Hills, in between the North and South Downs, adjoins an area of outstanding natural beauty, and the house itself sits in old estate surrounds. Private, elevated, leafy and secluded, it is a great place for an escape to the country. We have extensive walking rights of way, bridleways and trail bike routes around the land surrounding the house, which includes a large area of Woodland Trust reserve, leading onto a National Trust forest. The local village of Leigh is picturesque and historic with two good pubs. Nearby Reigate has a castle ruin, caves, a large park with lake, tennis and basketball courts, and all the high street amenities, as well as gift shops, boutiques, cafes, and good restaurants. We are also well located for flights arriving or departing from Gatwick Airport (approximately 10 minutes away so can pick up or drop off). Luckily we aren't disturbed by excessive plane noise! Nearest train stations are at Reigate or Redhill, a 12 minute drive away. From there London is a 45 minute journey. From nearby Gatwick it is a half hour train journey to Brighton.
Things to note: A car (or taxi) is needed getting here and around as we are well off the grid when it comes to public transport. The house has three flights of stairs to get to the upper bedroom floor. There are some sloping eves in the rooms, but in each case they do not get in the way as the rooms are a good size. Breakfast is downstairs in the kitchen or dining room. Included in the room rate is a meal of cereals & muesli, tea & coffee, juice, fruit salad, yoghurt, toast & condiments and croissants, bagels or muffins (let me know if you have a preference!).
In terms of house rules, we hope you will relax, enjoy and explore our part of the building if you want! We take good care of our home and contents so expect guests to do the same as they share it with us. For the sake of our polished floors, antique rugs and hides, we appreciate it if you leave shoes off while you're in the house. We are a non smoking home (anywhere outdoors is ok). Pets allowed by prior arrangement. Check in time is flexible, we can usually accommodate arrivals from 3pm up to 10pm.
To relax and enjoy. We take good care of our home and contents & ask guests to do the same as they share it with us. Shoes ok indoors if clean. Smoking outdoors is ok. Pets allowed by arrangement.
The Millennium Seed Bank, RHS Wisley, several vineyards, a range of National Trust properties. Chessington World of Adventures, Legoland & Windsor, Royal Tunbridge Wells, The South Downs National Park, scenic Box Hill, Guildford and the antiques town of Dorking.


text:
package net.imagej.ops.filter.convolve;

import net.imagej.ops.Ops;
import net.imagej.ops.filter.AbstractFFTFilterC;
import net.imagej.ops.filter.FFTMethodsLinearFFTFilterC;
import net.imagej.ops.math.IIToIIOutputII;
import net.imagej.ops.special.computer.BinaryComputerOp;
import net.imagej.ops.special.computer.Computers;
import net.imagej.ops.special.hybrid.BinaryHybridCF;
import net.imagej.ops.special.hybrid.Hybrids;
import net.imglib2.RandomAccessibleInterval;
import net.imglib2.type.numeric.ComplexType;
import net.imglib2.type.numeric.RealType;

import org.scijava.Priority;
import org.scijava.plugin.Plugin;

/**
 * Convolve op for (@link RandomAccessibleInterval)
 *
 * @author Brian Northan
 * @param <I>
 * @param <O>
 * @param <K>
 * @param <C>
 */
@Plugin(type = Ops.Filter.Convolve.class, priority = Priority.LOW_PRIORITY)
public class ConvolveFFTC<I extends RealType<I>, O extends RealType<O>, K extends RealType<K>, C extends ComplexType<C>>
	extends
	AbstractFFTFilterC<RandomAccessibleInterval<I>, RandomAccessibleInterval<O>, RandomAccessibleInterval<K>, RandomAccessibleInterval<C>>
	implements Ops.Filter.Convolve
{

	private BinaryHybridCF<RandomAccessibleInterval<C>, RandomAccessibleInterval<C>, RandomAccessibleInterval<C>> mul;

	private BinaryComputerOp<RandomAccessibleInterval<I>, RandomAccessibleInterval<K>, RandomAccessibleInterval<O>> linearFilter;

	@Override
	@SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
	public void initialize() {
		super.initialize();

		mul = Hybrids.binaryCF(ops(), IIToIIOutputII.Multiply.class, getFFTInput(),
			getFFTKernel(), getFFTInput());

		// create a convolver by creating a linear filter and passing the multiplier as
		// the frequency operation
		linearFilter = (BinaryComputerOp) Computers.binary(ops(),
			FFTMethodsLinearFFTFilterC.class, RandomAccessibleInterval.class,
			RandomAccessibleInterval.class, RandomAccessibleInterval.class,
			getFFTInput(), getFFTKernel(), getPerformInputFFT(),
			getPerformKernelFFT(), mul);

	}

	/**
	 * Call the linear filter that is set up to perform convolution
	 */
	@Override
	public void compute2(RandomAccessibleInterval<I> in,
		RandomAccessibleInterval<K> kernel, RandomAccessibleInterval<O> out)
	{
		linearFilter.compute2(in, kernel, out);
	}
}


Published 04/22/2019 06:00:42 pm at 04/22/2019 06:00:42 pm in Wall Mount Radio Bathroom.
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Converse "Chuck Taylor" All-Stars have been a hit ever since they were first introduced in the 1920s, as one of the first purpose-built basketball shoes.Today, companies like Nike, Under Armour, and Adidas dominate the world of basketball shoes – but Chuck Taylors, with their distinctive high-top profile and toe cap – are one of the most popular casual shoes in the world.
If you have a pair of "Chucks", and you're wondering how to wear them, or you're interested in picking up your own pair, and joining the millions of others wearing this casual shoe, you're in the right place. We'll give you some of our top tips for wearing Chucks, for both women and men.
While they began as a men's shoe, Chuck Taylors are now available for men, women, children, and even infants – and they've become a very popular casual shoe for women of all ages. Here are some tips on how women can wear and style All-Stars.
– A white pair of Chuck Taylors is a great addition to any summer outfit. Their style and high-top design can provide you with a way to create many different looks.
Going out? Put on a sundress and a pair of high tops! Going out for a summer walk? Consider a pair of "Daisy Dukes", and your favorite tank top, along with your pair of Chucks.
– Who doesn't love pulling on a sweater and a pair of tights when the weather starts to turn chilly? Pair this outfit with a pair of Chucks for the ultimate casual-chic style.
– Wearing a dark outfit? Choose a pair of brightly-colored Chucks! Already got a lot of colors or patterns going on? A darker pair is a perfect choice, to help with the cohesiveness of your outfit.
If you're a guy, we've got some great tips on how you can take your sneaker game to the next level with Chuck Taylors.
– Chuck Taylors are informal, making them a perfect pair for cropped chinos or "jogger" pants, as well as shorts. This provides a fun, youthful look – pair with a t-shirt and a ballcap to complete this style!
Wear with tailored or skinny jeans – Chuck Taylors look best when your pants taper towards them. Large, baggy jeans or pants can overwhelm the high-top look. So try to wear Chucks with your more tailored and "skinny" pants, to accentuate their unique design.
Avoid suits and more formal pants – They're versatile – but you should avoid wearing Converse All-Stars with suits and formal dress pants. The contrast between casual shoes and formal pants or a blazer is just too much.
Follow These Tips – And Rock Your Chucks!
Converse All-Star Chuck Taylors are popular for a reason. They're comfortable, affordable, and versatile – and with this guide, you'll know exactly how to wear them!


Question 1: Rewrite the following sentences so that the verbs will be in the active voice.
We are taught grammar by Ms Sullivan.
He was praised by the teacher.
The injured were taken to the hospital by the firemen.
The town was destroyed by an earthquake.
The teacher was pleased with the boy's work.
The building was damaged by the fire.
By whom were you taught French?
You will be given a ticket by the manager.
The streets were thronged with spectators.
We will be blamed by everyone.
The thieves were caught by the police.
The letter was posted by Alice.
We were received by the hostess.
The snake was killed with a stick.
The minister was welcomed by the people.
This house was built by John Mathews in 1991.
Most of the patient visits —- to physician assistants in the recent years all around the world.
These differences between two photographs —- with the help of Photoshop.
No clinical studies —- in this child disease research so far.
The government —- that the tasks —- with great success.
With this comprehensive international report, the country's position in the regional and global arena —- with measurable criteria.
The critics —- that the review —- as a book in English and in many other languages.
New legislation —- in congress but it —- by many.
If you would like to know what —- in the project so far, you —- the full report at our website.
These clothes —- for daily use so you —- them wherever you want.
A more developed model of this car —- in the showroom soon.


Sorry, 'Coral Calcium, Buy 2 get 1 Free' has been discontinued and is no longer available. Please check our related products, categories, or store search.
Most Americans are Calcium deficient, a health concern linked to over 200 degenerative diseases. Many people are discovering the amazing health effects of Coral Calcium. Coral Calcium may help to promote wieght loss, help support a healthy digestive system, help increase joint mobility, help build and maintain healthy teeth and bones, help maintain healthy blood pressure, support healthy blood sugar levels and support healthy kidney and liver functions.
Our Coral Calcium Plus contains an alkaline form of Calcium that can help to support a healthy serum pH. In addition, Coral Calcium contains a number of trace minerals that are important for bone health, as well as for optimal enzymatic activity. Our Coral Calcium is not harvested from living coral reefs or even from the ocean environment but from above ground sources in Okinawa in an ecologically friendly manner.
In this Coral Calcium Plus formula, Magnesium and Vitamin D have been added because of their essential role in bone metabolism. Why pay for someone's TV commercials?
If you wish to test your pH level (acid / alkaline balance) be sure to purchase the pH test paper listed below in the Related Products section.
Suggested Use: As a dietary supplement, take 2 Vcaps 1 to 2 times daily, preferably before meals with water.
Other Ingredients: Cellulose (capsule), Maltodextrin and Mixed Tocopherols.


Fort Lauderdale, USA, will host the second largest mega yacht in the world for the first time ever. The Venezia of Forida is the world's largest superyacht hub. Eclipse is 535′ long and was for years the longest yacht in the world, before being topped by Azzam. Yet it is believed she remained the largest one by gross tonnage until the arrival of the massive Dilbar. While the yacht is owned by Roman Abramovitch, also the owner of Chelsea, she is not the only superyacht, the russian oligarch owns an armada of yacht! For a time his fleet gathered up to 5 superyachts. This superyacht costed $500 million to build at Blohm + Voss in Germany. She was refitted in 2015 by the same yard. She features a large helipad, a 15m pool that can be transformed in a dance floor and a wide array of toys and tenders!


No need to make peace in the Middle East, resolve one of science's great mysteries or pen a masterpiece: the easiest way to get yourself a Nobel prize may be to buy one.
In the 114 years since the Nobel prizes were first handed out, they have been awarded 889 times for pioneering work in the fields of peace, literature, medicine, physics, chemistry and, since 1969, economics.
But over the years, following reversals of fortune and splitting of inheritances, at least a dozen Nobel gold medals and diplomas have ended up on the auction block.
Yes, it's the easy way out, as buyers don't have to have "conferred the greatest benefit on mankind", as stipulated by Swedish scientist and philanthropist Alfred Nobel in his 1895 testament when he created the prizes.
But as any mediator will tell you, peace comes at a price. And surprisingly, it is not always as high as one would think for a Nobel Peace Prize.
The cheapest Nobel ever sold at auction is that of France's Aristide Briand, honoured in 1926 for his role in France and Germany's shortlived post-war reconciliation. His prize went for a steal in 2008 at just 12,200 euros ($13,650 at today's rate). That of Britain's William Randal Cremer, who won in 1903, did only slightly better, going under the hammer for $17,000 in 1985.
Auction prices have skyrocketed since, prompting a growing number of laureates or their families to sell their prestigious possessions.
Since early 2014, at least eight Nobel medals have gone up for auction.
"There is a heightened interest in the discoveries and developments of the 20th century and the Nobel prize really symbolises the biggest achievements of the century whether they are in science, economics or whether they're in peace," explains Francis Wahlgren, the head of Christie's international book and manuscripts department.
"We now have to consider them among higher value things that we handle," he adds.
Recently several Nobel prizes for physics, chemistry and economics have sold for between $300,000 and $400,000.
Even more lucrative was the 1909 Peace Prize awarded to Belgium's Auguste Beernaert, which sold for $661,000, and the 1936 Peace Prize to Carlos Saavedra Lamas of Argentina -- found in a pawn shop years earlier -- which went for a staggering $1.16 million.
But it is the field of medicine that holds the top spot for the highest price ever paid for a Nobel medal.
US scientist James Watson, who won the 1962 award for his co-discovery of the structure of DNA, is one of the rare laureates to have sold his prize while still alive.
He cashed in a record $4.76 million for his medal in December 2014 -- more than double the amount the heirs of his co-recipient, Francis Crick of Britain, obtained when they sold his medal just 20 months earlier.
"Watson might have a greater name recognition with people, just because of some of the things he said. He is kind of a controversial nature. He is the Donald Trump of the scientific world," says Wahlgren.
Watson made waves in 2007 when he implied in an interview that Africans were of lower intelligence. His medal was returned to him by the Russian billionaire who bought it, Alisher Usmanov, out of gratitude for his groundbreaking research.
And it seems clear that it pays to be alive: 93-year-old Leon Lederman of the US sold his 1988 physics medal for $765,000 in May.
But sometimes sellers are disappointed.
The family of US author William Faulkner, who won the Nobel Literature Prize in 1949, withdrew his medal from sale in 2013 after it failed to reach the $500,000 the family was hoping to get.
The peace medals are made of 150 grams (5.3 ounces) of 18 carat gold -- up until 1979 it was 23 carats -- and feature the profile of Alfred Nobel on one side and three naked men forming a circle on the other.
The gold itself is worth, at today's rates, around $5,500.
"It's a medal whose value you can not put a price on because of its rarity," says Kjell Wessel, the head of the Mint of Norway which makes the peace medal.
"There are always people willing to pay for rare objects. Some have bought Elvis' jacket or things like that for phenomenal sums."


text:
Q: How to load site-wide static files in Django only once? I have multiple web pages which extend a base template, base.html.
Within base.html I load multiple JavaScript files (some are retrieved from the static directory, some are retrieved from a CDN):
<script src="/path/to/file.js"></script>
<script src="cdn-website.com/path/to/file.js"></script>
It appears that every time I click a link to a page that extends base.html the JavaScript files have to be requested again, which takes 1-2 seconds, so each page loads very slowly.
Are there any workarounds for this?

A: this is up to the server - when you use python manage.py runserver the behavior is intended, as you actually want all files to update properly. when you use a http server in front like nginx see here: Django Nginx static file caching on browser
nginx will tell the connected browser using HTTP Headers how long a particular file should be valid.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Rev. Francis E. Munsch, CSV, 83, retired librarian of St. Philip High School in Chicago died Saturday, June 1, 1968 at Addolorata Village in Wheeling, IL after a long illness.
Fr. Munsch, a native of Chicago, was born in 1885. After entering the Clerics of St. Viator in 1904, he studied at St. Viator College in Bourbonnais and was ordained by Archbishop Quigley at Holy Name Cathedral in 1911.
For the next three years he studied at Oxford University in England. Back in the United States at the beginning of World War I, he taught at St. Viator College until it closed in 1938. In 1924, he established the first college level seminary, commonly called the scholasticate, in Bourbonnais and served as its director for a decade.
In 1941, Fr. Munsch joined the staff of St. Philip High School, where he taught Latin and history and served as librarian until his retirement in 1960, due to a stroke.
Funeral services were held June 4 at St. Viator Church in Chicago. The principal concelebrant at the Mass was the Very Rev. John W. Stafford, CSV, Viatorian provincial. Other concelebrants included two former provincials, the Revs. Richard J. French, CSV, and John F. Brown, CSV, as well as the Revs. Edward V. Cardinal, CSV, Thomas E. Fitzpatrick, CSV, Emmett M. Walsh, CSV, and Frederick J. Wenthe, CSV.
Rev. Bernard G. Mulvaney, CSV, a professor at Loyola University and former Viatorian assistant general, offered the sermon. Br. Joseph M. Lofy, CSV, was the commentator. Auxiliary Bishop Thomas J. Grady led the service after Mass, while Viatorian scholasticates served as pall bearers.
Fr. Munsch was laid to rest in the Viatorian plot at Queen of Heaven Cemetery in Hillside, IL.


text:
Q: Multiple Filter in the same column I have a sql table with some values and a lot of filters
ID | Name  | Filter1 | Filter2 | Filter3 | Filter4 ... and so on...

As now the filters have been set as int and I am running a query as follows to get the data required
select Name
from tblABC
where Filter1=1 and Filter2 = 7 and Filter3 = 33 ... and so on...'

My issue is that I want a filter column to hold multiple numbers. eg:- row no 3 will have numbers 8 and 13 in Filter1 cell, so that when I run a query for 8 or 13 I get the same result.
ie I want both the below queries to return the same result.
select... where  Filter1=8
select... where  Filter1=13

How can this be done? I tried converting the Filter columns to nvarchar and entering data as .8.13. where '.' where was used as separators. After this, running a query 'select... where Filter1 LIKE '%.8.%' is working for me.. But there are like 12 Filter columns and when such a string search is run in large volumes, wouldn't it make the query slow. What would be a more efficient way of doing this?
I am using Microsoft SQL 2014

A: A more efficient way, hmm. Separating tblABC from the filters would be my suggested way to go, even if it's not the most efficient way it will make up for it in maintenance (and it sure is more efficient than using like with wildcards for it).
tblABC            ID    Name
                  1     Somename
                  2     Othername

tblABCFilter      ID    AbcID     Filter
                  1     1         8
                  2     1         13
                  3     1         33
                  4     2         5

How you query this data depends on your required output of course. One way is to just use the following:
SELECT tblABC.Name FROM tblABC
INNER JOIN tblABCFilter ON tblABC.ID = tblABCFilter.AbcID
WHERE tblABCFilter.Filter = 33

This will return all Name with a Filter of 33.
If you want to query for several Filters:
SELECT tblABC.Name FROM tblABC
INNER JOIN tblABCFilter ON tblABC.ID = tblABCFilter.AbcID
WHERE tblABCFilter.Filter IN (33,7)

This will return all Name with Filter in either 33 or 7.
I have created a small example fiddle.

A: I'm going to post a solution I use. I use a split function ( there are a lot of SQL Server split functions all over the internet)
You can take as example
CREATE FUNCTION [dbo].[SplitString]
    (
        @List NVARCHAR(MAX),
        @Delim VARCHAR(255)
    )
    RETURNS TABLE
    AS
        RETURN ( SELECT [Value] FROM
          (
            SELECT
              [Value] = LTRIM(RTRIM(SUBSTRING(@List, [Number],
              CHARINDEX(@Delim, @List + @Delim, [Number]) - [Number])))
            FROM (SELECT Number = ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY name)
              FROM sys.all_objects) AS x
              WHERE Number <= LEN(@List)
              AND SUBSTRING(@Delim + @List, [Number], LEN(@Delim)) = @Delim
          ) AS y
        );

and run your query like this
select Name
from tblABC
where Filter1 IN (
         SELECT * FROM SplitString(@DatatoFilter,',') and
      Filter2 (IN (
         SELECT * FROM SplitString(@DatatoFilter,',') and
..so on.

If you have hunderds of thousands of records it may not perform very well. But it should work.
My personal aproch would be a stored procedure and temp tables. Create a temp table with all the values you want to use as filter
SELECT *
INTO #Filter1
FROM SplitString(@DatatoFilter,',')

SELECT *
INTO #Filter2
FROM SplitString(@DatatoFilter,',')

then the final select
SELECT * FROM yourtable
WHERE Filter1 IN (SELECT DISTINCT Part FROM #Filter1) and
      Filter2 IN (SELECT DISTINCT Part FROM #Filter2)

I don't think it makes any big difference from the first query, but it is easier to read.

A: Another solution which you can try is to convert the columns to XML. Its better than converting the columns to VARCHAR. You can use .exist to get only the records matching your criteria. Something like this.
DECLARE @table1 TABLE
(
   [ID] int, [Name] varchar(9),Filter1 XML
)

INSERT INTO @table1
    ([ID], [Name],Filter1)
VALUES
    (1, 'Somename','<Filter>8</Filter>'),
    (2, 'Othername','<Filter>8</Filter><Filter>13</Filter>'),
    (3, 'Thirdname','<Filter>25</Filter>')

DECLARE @FilterValue INT = 8
SELECT Filter1.query('/Filter'),*
FROM @table1
WHERE Filter1.exist('/Filter[. = sql:variable("@FilterValue")]') = 1

EDIT
You can even use the XML column to store all 12 of your filters. So this filter xml column which store all your filters and their multiple values.
DECLARE @table1 TABLE
(
   [ID] int, [Name] varchar(9),Filter XML
)

INSERT INTO @table1
    ([ID], [Name],Filter)
VALUES
    (1, 'Somename','<Filter ID = "1"><FilterVal>8</FilterVal></Filter><Filter ID = "2"><FilterVal>3</FilterVal><FilterVal>12</FilterVal></Filter>'),
    (2, 'Othername','<Filter ID = "1"><FilterVal>8</FilterVal><FilterVal>13</FilterVal></Filter><Filter ID = "2"><FilterVal>8</FilterVal><FilterVal>13</FilterVal></Filter>'),
    (3, 'Thirdname','<Filter ID = "2"><FilterVal>12</FilterVal><FilterVal>25</FilterVal></Filter><Filter ID = "3"><FilterVal>33</FilterVal></Filter>')

DECLARE @Filter1Value INT = 8
DECLARE @Filter2Value INT = 12

SELECT *
FROM @table1
WHERE Filter.exist('/Filter[@ID = 1]/FilterVal[. = sql:variable("@Filter1Value")]') = 1
AND   Filter.exist('/Filter[@ID = 2]/FilterVal[. = sql:variable("@Filter2Value")]') = 1


text:
Q: Binding listbox from another project class How can i bind a property ObservableCollection, to xaml listbox.
Collection is in another project. I already have datacontext = this for second property.
I have some project Data, there is a class with property ObservableCollection Values. I need to bind it to mainwindow's xaml listbox Values.

A: If you have a view model that implements INotifyPropertyChanged
you can add an additional property that wraps the property in your other class, you would then need to bind to this property e.g.
        const string MY_COLLECTION = "MyObservableCollection";

        ObservableCollection<someType> _myObservableCollection;

        public ObservableCollection<someType> MyObservableCollection
        {
            get
            {
                return _myObservableCollection;
            }
            set
            {
                if (value == _myObservableCollection) return;
                _myObservableCollection = value;
                RaisePropertyChanged(MY_COLLECTION);
            }
        }

In your xaml set your binding to yourDataContext.MyObservableCollection, in your (e.g) constructor for your view model set the property to your other observable collection i.e.
MyObservableCollection = OtherClass.OtherObservableCollection

Obviously their types will need to match