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Home Mechanics Gases and liquids Derivation of the Euler equation of motion (conservation of momentum)
Derivation of the Euler equation of motion (conservation of momentum)
The Euler equation of motion describes inviscid, unsteady flows of compressible or incompressible fluids. Learn more about it in this article.
This article provides answers to the following questions, among others:
How is the Euler equation of fluid motion derived?
For which kind of flows does the Euler equation only apply?
What is a substantial or material acceleration?
What is local and convective acceleration?
What is the relation between substantial, local and convective acceleration?
How can Bernoulli's equation be derived from the Euler's equation?
1 Pressure forces on a fluid element
2 Vector notation of the pressure force
3 Shear forces and field forces
4 Newton's second law (substantial acceleration)
5 Temporal and convective acceleration
6 Relationship between local, convective and substantial acceleration
7 Vector notation of the substantial acceleration
8 Using the Euler equation along a streamline (Bernoulli equation)
Pressure forces on a fluid element
The Euler equation is based on Newton's second law, which relates the change in velocity of a fluid particle to the presence of a force. Associated with this is the conservation of momentum, so that the Euler equation can also be regarded as a consequence of the conservation of momentum.
For the derivation of the Euler equation we consider an infinitesimal fluid volume \(\text{d}V\) with mass \(\text{d}m\). We describe the motion of the fluid element from a fixed coordinate system (so-called Eulerian approach). By definition, the considered fluid element moves along an arbitrarily oriented streamline.
Figure: Pressure force on a fluid element in x-direction
First we consider the motion of the fluid element only in \(x\)-direction. At a position \(x\) a pressure \(p\) is present. At this location the force \(F_\text{x}\) acts on the surface \(\text{d}A_\text{yz}\) of the fluid element:
\begin{align}
&\underline{F_\text{x} = p \cdot \text{d}A_\text{yz}} \\[5px]
\end{align}
The pressure is not constant in a flow, but changes locally. This is because pressure differences are ultimately the reason why a flow comes about at all. Therefore, the pressure in the \(x\)-direction will change. For a given pressure gradient \(\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}\) (which can be positive or negative!), the following pressure change \(\text{d}p_\text{x}\) results over the length \(\text{d}x\) of the fluid element:
&\underline{\text{d}p_\text{x} =\frac{\partial p}{\partial x} \cdot \text{d}x} ~~~~~\text{pressure change along }\text{d}x \\[5px]
This pressure change leads to the following force \(F_{\text{x+d}x}\) at the position \(x+\text{d}x\):
&F_{\text{x+d}x}= \left(p + \text{d}p_\text{x} \right) \cdot \text{d}A_\text{yz} \\[5px]
&\underline{F_{\text{x+d}x} = \left(p + \frac{\partial p}{\partial x} \cdot \text{d}x \right) \cdot \text{d}A_\text{yz}} \\[5px]
The forces \(F_\text{x}\) and \(F_{\text{x+d}x}\) acting on the surfaces \(\text{d}A_\text{yz}\) are in opposite directions, so that the following resultant pressure force \(F_\text{px}\) acts in \(x\)-direction, which causes/influences the motion of the fluid element in \(x\)-direction:
\require{cancel}
&F_\text{px} = F_\text{x} – F_{\text{x+d}x} \\[5px]
&F_\text{px} = p \cdot \text{d}A_\text{yz} – \left(p + \frac{\partial p}{\partial x} \cdot \text{d}x \right) \cdot \text{d}A_\text{yz} \\[5px]
&F_\text{px} = \cancel{p \cdot \text{d}A_\text{yz}} – \cancel{p \cdot \text{d}A_\text{yz}} – \frac{\partial p}{\partial x} \cdot \underbrace{\text{d}x \cdot \text{d}A_\text{yz}}_{\text{d}V} \\[5px]
&\boxed{F_\text{px} = – \frac{\partial p}{\partial x} \cdot \text{d}V} ~~~~~\text{pressure force in x direction} \\[5px]
The negative sign indicates that with a positive pressure gradient \(\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}>0\) the force on the fluid element is directed against the positive \(x\)-direction, since the pressure obviously increases along the fluid element. The fluid element would thus be slowed down in the \(x\) direction if it were to move in positive \(x\) direction. The same considerations we have made for the \(x\) direction can be made for the \(y\) and \(z\) directions. This leads to the following equations:
&\boxed{F_\text{py} = – \frac{\partial p}{\partial y} \cdot \text{d}V}~~~~~\text{pressure force in y direction} \\[5px]
&\boxed{F_\text{pz} = – \frac{\partial p}{\partial z} \cdot \text{d}V}~~~~~\text{pressure force in z direction} \\[5px]
In these equations, \(\frac{\partial p}{\partial y}\) and \(\frac{\partial p}{\partial z}\) indicate the pressure gradients in \(y\) and \(z\) direction, respectively.
Vector notation of the pressure force
The pressure forces \(F_\text{px}\), \(F_\text{py}\) and \(F_\text{pz}\) calculated on the basis of the respective gradients can be written line by line as a vector \(\vec F_\text{p}\) for the pressure force:
&\vec{F_\text{p}} = \begin{pmatrix}F_\text{px} \\\ F_\text{py} \\\ F_\text{pz} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}-\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}\cdot \text{d}V \\\ -\frac{\partial p}{\partial y}\cdot \text{d}V \\\ -\frac{\partial p}{\partial z} \cdot \text{d}V \end{pmatrix} = -\begin{pmatrix}\large\frac{\partial p}{\partial x} \\\ \large\frac{\partial p}{\partial y} \\\ \large\frac{\partial p}{\partial z} \end{pmatrix} \cdot \text{d}V\\[5px]
Figure: Pressure forces on a fluid element
The term in brackets corresponds to the pressure gradient and can be expressed by the del operator, denoted by the nabla symbol \(\vec \nabla\) (often the arrow above the symbol is not shown; formally, however, the del operator is a vector!)
&\boxed{\vec F_\text{p} =- \vec \nabla p \cdot \text{d}V } ~~~\text{mit:}~~~\boxed{\vec \nabla =\begin{pmatrix}\large\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\\\ \large\frac{\partial }{\partial y} \\\ \large\frac{\partial}{\partial z} \end{pmatrix}} ~~~\text{del operator}\\[5px]
& \vec \nabla p = \text{pressure gradient} \\[5px]
Note that applying the del operator to a scalar field (here: spatial pressure distribution) results in a vector field. The vectors point in the direction of the greatest increase of the scalar quantity (here: in the direction of the greatest pressure increase).
It should again be noted that the negative sign in the formula above indicates that the pressure force \(\vec F_\text{p}\) acting on a fluid volume \(\text{d}V\) is directed against the pressure gradient \(\vec \nabla p\). A fluid element is thus accelerated in the direction of decreasing pressure, provided that no further forces act on the fluid element.
Shear forces and field forces
In a flow, the velocity is generally neither constant in time nor in space. Thus, the fluid flows either slower or faster past the lateral surfaces of the considered fluid element. Therefore internal frictional forces occur, which are the greater the more viscous the fluid is. However, since we assume a friction-free flow and thus a inviscid fluid, such shear forces do not occur in the flow.
Other forces that act on the fluid element but cannot be neglected in general are field forces such as those caused by gravity. For example, air flow on earth or flows in pipes are significantly influenced by gravity. For example, in flows containing ferromagnetic fluid particles, an external magnetic field also influences the flow.
Also electrically charged particles in a fluid are possible, so that the flow is then influenced by an external electric field. Water is already influenced by the dipole interaction of the \(\text{H}_2\text{O}\) molecules in an electric field without the need to contain electrically charged particles. This can be demonstrated with an electrically charged plastic rod. If the charged plastic rod is brought into the vicinity of a thin water jet, it is observed that the jet is deflected.
Animation: Deflection of a water jet by an electric field
Figure: Deflection of a water jet by an electric field
Thus, a fluid element is affected not only by the pressure force \(\vec F_\text{p}\), but also by field forces \(\vec F_\text{g}\) (the weight force should only be representative of other possible field forces!) The sum of both forces then corresponds to the accelerating force \(\vec F_\text{a}\) (resultant force), which influences the motion of the fluid element:
& \vec{F}_\text{a} = \vec F_\text{g}+ \vec F_\text{p}\\[5px]
\label{besch}
&\boxed{\vec{F}_\text{a} = \vec F_\text{g}- \vec \nabla p \cdot \text{d}V } ~~~~~\text{accelerating force on a fluid element}\\[5px]
Newton's second law (substantial acceleration)
According to Newton's second law, the accelerating force \(\vec{F}\text{a}\) leads to a change in velocity (acceleration), which depends on the mass \(\text{d}m\) of the fluid element. This material acceleration is also called substantial acceleration \(a_\text{sub}\):
& \boxed{\vec a_\text{sub} = \frac{\vec F_\text{a}}{\text{d}m}} ~~~~~\text{Newton's second law}\\[5px]
& \vec a_\text{sub} = \frac{\vec F_\text{g}- \vec \nabla p \cdot \text{d}V}{\text{d}m} \\[5px]
& \vec a_\text{sub} = \frac{\vec F_\text{g}}{\text{d}m}- \frac{\vec \nabla p \cdot \text{d}V}{\text{d}m}
~~~\text{where} ~~~\text{d}m=\rho \cdot \text{d}V ~~~\text{:}\\[5px]
& \vec a_\text{sub} = \underbrace{\frac{\vec F_\text{g}}{\text{d}m}}_{\text{specific field force } g}- \frac{\vec \nabla p \cdot \text{d}V}{\rho \cdot \text{d}V} \\[5px]
\label{eu}
& \boxed{\vec a_\text{sub} = \vec g- \frac{1}{\rho} \vec \nabla p} ~~~~~\text{substantial acceleration}\\[5px]
The quotient of field force \(\vec F_\text{g}\) and mass \(\text{d}m\) can generally be interpreted as field force per unit mass. In the case of gravity this quotient corresponds to the gravitational acceleration \(\vec g\). If other field forces such as magnetic or electrical forces are also involved, these must also be taken into account in the equation as mass-specific field forces.
Temporal and convective acceleration
The substantial acceleration, i.e. the actually observable acceleration of a fluid element, can be traced back to two causes. On the one hand, a flow and thus the velocity of a fluid element changes not only in time but also in place. Substantial acceleration is thus attributed to a temporal component (temporal acceleration) and a local component (convective acceleration).
We can imagine an air flow on a windy day. The wind blows with a constantly changing direction (unsteady flow). We observe the situation how the wind blows around the corner of a house. A fluid element viewed at a certain location changes its velocity from one second to the next. This is a consequence of the permanently changing flow over time. The resulting acceleration is therefore also called temporal acceleration or local acceleration \(\vec a_\text{loc}\), because it is a consequence of the changing velocity at a fixed location.
Animation: Local (temporal) and convective acceleration of a fluid element
One could now conclude that in a steady flow, where the speed does not change in time, there is no acceleration on the fluid particles. However, this is not the case. Although the speed of a stationary flow does not change in time at a fixed location, a fluid particle generally has to change its velocity permanently while flowing. For example, the speed of a pipe flow is greater at a constricted section compared to a point at a larger cross-section. Thus, a fluid particle is generally still accelerated when it changes location, despite the lack of temporal change in the flow.
Figure: Convective acceleration of a fluid particle
Even the steady flow of wind around a corner constantly requires the fluid particle to adapt to the new flow direction and thus to accelerate. The acceleration due to the change of location is therefore also called convective acceleration \(\vec a_\text{con}\).
In summary, it can be concluded that
The temporal or local acceleration is due to the time-varying flow velocity of an unsteady flow at a fixed location.
The convective acceleration is due to the flow velocity changing from place to place.
Both acceleration components together result in the observable acceleration, which is also called substantial or material acceleration.
Note that there is no local acceleration in a steady flow, because the flow velocity does not change in time!
Relationship between local, convective and substantial acceleration
For the sake of simplicity, we first look at a fluid particle on a streamline \(s\) and we describe the motion on this streamline (one-dimensional motion). The substantial change in velocity \(\text{d}v\), i.e. the actually observable change in velocity, is obtained in this case from the temporal change of velocity \(\frac{\partial v}{\partial t}\) within the time \(\text{d}t\) (temporal component) and from a spatial change of velocity \(\frac{\partial v}{\partial s}\) (gradient) within the distance \(\text{d}s\) (convective component):
&\underbrace{\text{d}v}_{\text{substantial change}} = \underbrace{\frac{\partial v}{\partial t} \text{d}t}_{\text{temporal change}} + \underbrace{\frac{\partial v}{\partial s} \text{d} s}_{\text{convective change}}\\[5px]
If this equation is divided by the time duration \(\text{d}t\), the following formula for the substantial acceleration \(a_\text{sub}\) in tangential direction of the streamline is obtained:
&\boxed{a_\text{sub} = \frac{\text{d}v}{\text{d}t}} = \frac{\partial v}{\partial t} \frac{\cancel{\text{d}t}}{\cancel{\text{d}t}}+ \frac{\partial c}{\partial s} \underbrace{\frac{\text{d}s}{\text{d}t}}_{v} \\[5px]
&a_\text{sub} = \underbrace{~~~~~\frac{\partial v}{\partial t}~~~~~}_{\text{local acceleration}} + \underbrace{~~~~~\frac{\partial v}{\partial s}v~~~~~}_{\text{convective acceleration}} \\[5px]
& \boxed{a_\text{sub} = \frac{\partial v}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial v}{\partial s}v} &&\text{substantial acceleration}\\[5px]
& \boxed{a_\text{loc}=\frac{\partial v}{\partial t}} &&\text{local acceleration} \\[5px]
& \boxed{a_\text{con}= \frac{\partial v}{\partial s}v} &&\text{convective acceleration} \\[5px]
The term of convective acceleration obviously depends on the flow velocity. This becomes clear, because if the fluid element flows very fast, it covers a relatively large distance within a certain time. For a given velocity gradient \(\frac{\partial c}{\partial s}\) this means a large change in velocity and thus a large acceleration.
Vector notation of the substantial acceleration
For the sake of simplicity, we have only considered the one-dimensional motion of a fluid particle on a streamline. In the three-dimensional case, i.e. when describing the motion from a fixed coordinate system, the local acceleration can also still be written relatively easily in vector notation:
& \boxed{\vec a_\text{loc}=\frac{\partial \vec v}{\partial t} = \begin{pmatrix}\Large\frac{\partial v_x}{\partial t} \\\ \Large\frac{\partial v_y}{\partial t} \\\ \Large\frac{\partial v_z}{\partial t} \end{pmatrix} } ~~~~~\text{local acceleration} \\[5px]
In contrast to the local acceleration, the vector notation of the convective acceleration is much more complicated, since it is a location-dependency in three dimensions. Each velocity component changes not only due to a local change in one dimension, but is the consequence of a change in all three dimensions!
The velocity component in \(x\) direction will generally not only change when a fluid particle moves in \(x\) direction. For example, the velocity in \(x\) direction will also change if the fluid particle moves in \(y\) direction, because the flow velocity in \(x\) direction is lower there. A change of location in \(z\) direction also generally results in a change of velocity in the \(x\) direction, because the flow velocity in the \(x\) direction is higher there, for example.
The component of the convective acceleration in \(x\) direction (\(a_\text{con,x}\)) is thus due to the change of location in all three dimensions:
& \underline{a_\text{loc,x}=\frac{\partial v_\text{x}}{\partial x}v_\text{x} + \frac{\partial v_\text{x}}{\partial y}v_\text{y} + \frac{\partial v_\text{x}}{\partial z}v_\text{z}} ~~~~~\text{convective acceleration in }x\text{ direction} \\[5px]
Just for clarification: The velocity of a fluid particle in \(x\) direction will generally not only change when the position of the particle changes in \(x\) direction (velocity gradient \(\frac{\partial v_x}{\partial x}\)), but also in case of a change of location in \(y\) direction (velocity gradient \(\frac{\partial v_x}{\partial y}\)) or \(z\) direction (velocity gradient \(\frac{\partial v_x}{\partial z}\)).
For the components of the convective acceleration in \(y\)- and \(z\)-direction the analogous considerations apply:
& \underline{a_\text{loc,y}=\frac{\partial v_\text{y}}{\partial x}v_\text{x} + \frac{\partial v_\text{y}}{\partial y}v_\text{y} + \frac{\partial v_\text{y}}{\partial z}v_\text{z}} ~~~~~\text{convective acceleration in }y\text{ direction} \\[5px]
& \underline{a_\text{loc,y}=\frac{\partial v_\text{z}}{\partial x}v_\text{x} + \frac{\partial v_\text{z}}{\partial y}v_\text{y} + \frac{\partial v_\text{z}}{\partial z}v_\text{z}} ~~~~~\text{convective acceleration in }z\text{ direction} \\[5px]
Thus, the vector of the convective acceleration \(\vec a_\text{con}\) is represented by 9 terms:
& \boxed{\vec a_\text{con}= \large \begin{pmatrix} a_\text{loc,x}\\\ a_\text{loc,y}\\\ a_\text{loc,z} \end{pmatrix}
= \Large \begin{pmatrix}
\frac{\partial v_\text{x}}{\partial x}v_\text{x} + \frac{\partial v_\text{x}}{\partial y}v_\text{y} + \frac{\partial v_\text{x}}{\partial z}v_\text{z}
\\\
\frac{\partial v_\text{y}}{\partial x}v_\text{x} + \frac{\partial v_\text{y}}{\partial y}v_\text{y} + \frac{\partial v_\text{y}}{\partial z}v_\text{z}
\frac{\partial v_\text{z}}{\partial x}v_\text{x} + \frac{\partial v_\text{z}}{\partial y}v_\text{y} + \frac{\partial v_\text{z}}{\partial z}v_\text{z}
\end{pmatrix}
} \\[0px]
The local acceleration can be represented much more clearly using the del operator \(\vec \nabla\):
& \boxed{\vec a_\text{con} = \left(\vec v \cdot \vec \nabla \right) \vec v}~~~\text{convective acceleration} \\[5px]
For the vector of the substantial acceleration \(\vec a_\text{sub}\), as the sum of local and convective acceleration, thus the following formula applies:
\label{en}
&\boxed{\vec a_\text{sub} = \frac{\partial \vec v}{\partial t} + \left(\vec v \cdot \vec \nabla \right) \vec v} ~\text{substantial acceleration} \\[5px]
& \boxed{\vec a_\text{sub}
\frac{\partial v_x}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial v_\text{x}}{\partial x}v_\text{x} + \frac{\partial v_\text{x}}{\partial y}v_\text{y} + \frac{\partial v_\text{x}}{\partial z}v_\text{z}
\frac{\partial v_y}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial v_\text{y}}{\partial x}v_\text{x} + \frac{\partial v_\text{y}}{\partial y}v_\text{y} + \frac{\partial v_\text{y}}{\partial z}v_\text{z}
\frac{\partial v_z}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial v_\text{z}}{\partial x}v_\text{x} + \frac{\partial v_\text{z}}{\partial y}v_\text{y} + \frac{\partial v_\text{z}}{\partial z}v_\text{z}
\end{pmatrix} \\[5px]
Using equation (\ref{en}) in equation (\ref{eu}), one finally obtains the equation of motion of a fluid particle in a frictionless, unsteady flow. This equation is also known as the Euler equation of motion and applies to both incompressible and compressible fluids (as long as they are inviscid):
& \vec a_\text{sub} = \vec g- \frac{1}{\rho} \vec \nabla p \\[5px]
&\frac{\partial \vec v}{\partial t} + \left(\vec v \cdot \vec \nabla \right) \vec v = \vec g- \frac{1}{\rho} \vec \nabla p \\[5px]
&\boxed{\frac{\partial \vec v}{\partial t} + \left(\vec v \cdot \vec \nabla \right) \vec v + \frac{1}{\rho} \vec \nabla p = \vec g}~~~\text{Euler equation of motion} \\[5px]
The Euler equation can also be given in components:
& \boxed{\frac{\partial v_\text{x}}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial v_\text{x}}{\partial x}v_\text{x} + \frac{\partial v_\text{x}}{\partial y}v_\text{y} + \frac{\partial v_\text{x}}{\partial z}v_\text{z} + \frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial p}{\partial x} = g_\text{x}}~~~\text{Euler eq. in x-direction} \\[5px]
& \boxed{\frac{\partial v_\text{y}}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial v_\text{y}}{\partial x}v_\text{x} + \frac{\partial v_\text{y}}{\partial y}v_\text{y} + \frac{\partial v_\text{y}}{\partial z}v_\text{z} + \frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial p}{\partial y} = g_\text{y}}~~~\text{Euler eq. in y-direction} \\[5px]
& \boxed{\frac{\partial v_\text{z}}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial v_\text{z}}{\partial x}v_\text{x} + \frac{\partial v_\text{z}}{\partial y}v_\text{y} + \frac{\partial v_\text{z}}{\partial z}v_\text{z} + \frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial p}{\partial z} = g_\text{z}}~~~\text{Euler eq. in z-direction} \\[5px]
Using the Euler equation along a streamline (Bernoulli equation)
We would like to apply the Euler equation to a streamline and describe the change of state of a flow along this streamline. In this case we are dealing with a flow in only one dimension: in direction of the streamline. The locally changing velocity and pressure are denoted by \(v\) and \(p\) respectively. With \(s\) as the coordinate along the streamline, the Euler equation is as follows:
&\frac{\partial v}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial v}{\partial s}v + \frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial p}{\partial s} = – g \cdot \cos(\alpha) \\[5px]
Figure: Using the Euler equation along a streamline (Bernoulli equation)
The angle \(\alpha\) is the angle between the vertical \(z\) direction and the tangent of the streamline \(s\). The term \(- g \cdot \cos(\alpha)\) thus describes the component of the gravitational acceleration acting against the streamline, which leads to a decelerating force of the fluid particle at a positive angle \(\alpha\) (hence the negative sign). An infinitesimal change on the streamline \(\text{d}s\) is related by the angle \(\alpha\) to the infinitesimal change \(\text{d}z\) in \(z\) direction as follows:
&\cos(\alpha) = \frac{\text{d}z}{\text{d}s}\\[5px]
Therefore the Euler equation of motion along the streamline is:
&\frac{\partial v}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial v}{\partial s}v + \frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial p}{\partial s} = – g \frac{\text{d}z}{\text{d}s}\\[5px]
For the sake of simplicity, we assume in the following that the flow is steady and incompressible. In this case the velocity is not a function of time and thus the partial derivative of the velocity with respect to time is zero \(\left(\frac{\partial v}{\partial t}=0\right)\). Due to the incompressibility, the density is not a function of the location either. Instead of the partial derivatives with respect to the location, we can now write the total derivatives. We then get the following relationship between the infinitesimal changes of pressure, velocity and height along the streamline:
&\cancel{\frac{\partial v}{\partial t}} + \frac{\text{d}v}{\text{d}s}v + \frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\text{d}p}{\text{d}s} = -g \frac{\text{d}z}{\text{d}s}\\[5px]
&\frac{\text{d} v}{\text{d}s}v + \frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\text{d}p}{\text{d}s} = -g \frac{\text{d}z}{\text{d}s}&&|\cdot \text{d}s\\[5px]
&v~\text{d}v + \frac{1}{\rho} \text{d}p = -g \text{d}z&&|\cdot \rho\\[5px]
&\underline{\text{d}p + \rho v ~\text{d}v ~ + \rho g ~\text{d}z = 0}\\[5px]
This equation describes the relationship between the infinitesimal changes in pressure, velocity and height along a streamline. We can now integrate this equation to obtain the relationships between the quantities themselves rather than the relationships between the changes in the quantities. The density and acceleration due to gravity, which are considered constant, can be written before the integral sign.
&\int \left(\text{d}p + \rho v ~\text{d}v ~ + \rho g ~ \text{d}z \right)= \text{konstant}\\[5px]
&\int \text{d}p + \rho \int v ~\text{d}v ~ + \rho g ~\int \text{d}z = \text{konstant}\\[5px]
&\boxed{p + \frac{\rho}{2} v^2 + \rho g ~z = \text{konstant}}~~~\text{Bernoulli's equation}\\[5px]
We finally obtain the Bernoulli equation for incompressible and frictionless fluids! This equation states that the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and positional energy along the streamline is constant (conservation of energy). Note that this equation is only valid for frictionless flows, i.e. especially for inviscid fluids. Two points on a streamline are thus linked in this friction-free case as follows:
&\boxed{p_1 + \frac{\rho}{2} v_1^2 + \rho g ~z_1 =p_2 + \frac{\rho}{2} v_2^2 + \rho g ~z_2}\\[5px]
Figure: Relationship between two states on a streamline (Bernoulli equation)
Exercises with solutions based on the Bernoulli equation can be found in the linked article.
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Derivation of the Bernoulli equation
tec-science - 04/05/2020 0
The Bernoulli equation describes the relationship between static, dynamic and hydrostatic pressure for inviscid and incompressible fluids. Learn more about it in this article. This...
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Opening Saturday 26 August industry-leading Barber, Ruffians, is launching its fifth barbershop and men's grooming store in Liberty London, the capital's most iconic emporium. The new 650 sq. ft. Ruffians space will offer bespoke haircuts, cut throat razor shaves, beard trims and men's facials 7 days a week.
Liberty London has relaunched and expanded the menswear department with its biggest ever investment in its men's floor. A corner stone of the menswear project has been the partnership with award-winning specialist Ruffians as its new resident barber.
Designed with both a nod to Ruffians' and Liberty London's heritage, the space features exposed brickwork, wood panelling and Scottish oak throughout, as well as the iconic Takara Belmont barber chairs in Ruffians' signature blue. A dedicated coffee bar has been created for the barber's customers, with a seasonally changing menu of drinks, including Ruffians' own 'Half Cut Ale' and a selection of Union drip-cup coffee. Ruffians and Liberty London will be working together to host a range of events, drinks evenings, music nights and art exhibitions.
Ruffians Liberty is located in menswear on LG, Liberty London, Great Marlborough Street, London W1B 5AH, and can be reached at liberty@ruffians.co.uk / +44 (0)207 573 9988.
Appointments can be made online by visiting the Ruffians website: www.ruffians.co.uk.
Ruffians Liberty is their fifth barber shop for the multi award winning team at Ruffians with stores in Covent Garden, Shoreditch, Marylebone and Shoreditch.
Synonymous with the city its shop stands in, Liberty London is a brand driven by discovery. Born in 1875 from the adventurous and disruptive spirit of Arthur Lasenby Liberty, the brand has remained true to its heritage and is famed for its print, fabrics and design. Liberty London continues to be associated with the worlds of arts and culture, building on its founder's legacy to seek out the new and beautiful. Today, Liberty London is recognised for its cultural collaborations, inspiring curation and directional design. The iconic Regent Street shop encompasses six floors of fashion, beauty, Little Liberty childrenswear, accessories and homewares- bringing together the world's leading premium and luxury brands and housing them alongside its own Liberty London range.


text:
Review: Dangerous Men
Liz Ferguson	Movies	 January 21, 2016 January 21, 2016 5 Minutes
Mina (Melody Wiggins) is the main character in the film Dangerous Men. After her boyfriend is murdered, she embarks on a killing spree to kill as many bad men as she can. (Drafthouse Films)
I've already written one blog post about the film Dangerous Men quoting some online articles and reviews. Now that I've seen a screener, I can give my own opinion.
While watching all by myself I burst out laughing on several occasions, but this is definitely a film to watch with a large group. I can imagine Dangerous Men going over really well in Fantasia's longtime venue, the Hall Theatre of Concordia. I hope it works just as well at Cinéma du Parc.
So, what makes Dangerous Men funny, ridiculous or strange? Where to start? The script makes no sense, there's bad dialogue, badly delivered, and several levels of bad acting on display. People talk to dead bodies; they also have long, rambling conversations with themselves. About eighty per cent of the male characters have moustaches, but the film was begun back in the day of detective show Magnum P.I. after all. (Google it if that doesn't ring a bell.) There's a living room bellydance performance when you'd least expect it. And just wait for the closeup view of a police badge, or the newscast set that looks like it was made from cardboard and duct tape.
The opening minutes of the film manage to be boring and puzzling at the same time. Scenes keep switching back and forth between two couples declaring their love for each other. Who are they and why should we care? It's not clear if these "events," such as they are, are happening at the same time, or if we are just switching between the two couples for the sake of variety.
In one night-time scene, a man in a black suit approaches a house. (Was it the filmmaker's home? Woudn't be surprised.) We just see this guy from the knees down, or from the back; the lighting is so strange that his shadow often looks like a second man. The way he's filmed we assume he's up to no good.
Later, when he is outside smoking (near his home, far from his home, who knows?) he interrupts the armed robbery of a liquour store. This is a way of letting us know that he's a cop. I guess.
Before he interrupts that robbery, we see a woman, safe behind some shelves, and invisible to the two robbers, watch them pull a gun on the cashier and collect money. I thought she was a customer, but no, she was the store owner. As the robbers are about to leave, she confronts one of them with a yell, grabs his bag of loot and tries some laughably ineffective martial-arts moves on him. What kind of idiot would do that? Seriously? There will be lots more illogical behaviour before we're through. The owner gets shot and falls down in a very unconvincing, theatrical way.
Turns out that the cop is named Dave. The other man is Daniel, his brother. Daniel and Mina tell Mina's father that they want to get engaged. Mina's father doesn't look old enough to be her father – a big brother, maybe. Mostly, we see dad in profile or from the back, as if the actor didn't really want to show his face.
The next day, Daniel and Mina hit the road. (Everything seems to be taking place in California, but Daniel and Mina have a car with New York state plates. I don't know why.) They have a run-in with some thuggish bikers on a beach and Daniel ends up dead. Mina vows to get revenge on all the bad men in this world. (That would be most of them.) She embarks upon a killing spree. Many of the murders are presented in a visual shorthand – we see Mina's shadow on a wrinkled sheet as she stabs the shadow of her anonymous victim. Saves money on actors and fake blood!
At one point Mina takes a train somewhere. . .I think. Well, we're shown a train, which made me think she rode it. Then again, maybe it was just passing by and I filled in the blanks, incorrectly? Mina travels without luggage or even a handbag, yet she magically has several changes of clothes. She even has an off-the-shoulder sweatshirt like the one Jennifer Beale wore in Flashdance (1983). Not to mention, where does she stash her eyeshadsow, lipstick, mascara, teasing comb, etc?
After Daniel's body is found, brother Dave tries to find the killer, even though his boss tells him he's too close to the case to do that. Of course, Dave ignores his boss, doesn't everybody? Dave seems mildly curious about the fact that Mina is missing, but not as worried as one might expect, since they had almost become in-laws and he had told his brother that he liked Mina very much. In that conversation, he mentions "wedding arrangements" and says arrangements in such a strange way, it sounds like English is not his first language. The director should have asked for another take!
Most of the things I describe above happened in the first few minutes, there are lots more ridiculous things to come. Fight scenes were clumsily absurd. During some of them I swear I heard someone saying "Whack, whack," every time a fist connected with a body.
The music was funny for a few minutes and then became very annoying, verging on excruciating. The same riffs would be repeated for several minutes even when the mood of a scene had changed radically.
Neutral observation: The handguns in Dangerous Men are relatively small. If the film were made today, I imagine that they would be much larger and look scarier.
Watching Dangerous Men has made me appreciate the scripts, actors, sound tracks, continuity, etc. of mainstream movies much more, even the ones that are far from perfect.
Dangerous Men is (unintentionally) funny, but I did feel a bit sad about it, too. It was the passion project of John S. Rad (real name: Jahangir Salehi Yeganehrad) an Iranian who fled Iran for the U.S. in 1979, five days after the Shah left Iran himself. Supposedly, Rad made between three and 11 films in Iran, and he was also personal cameraman to the Shah. After Watching Dangerous men I have very serious doubts about that, but maybe no one watched his Iranian films, either. Or maybe they were shorts. Maybe he shot very short scenes for the Shah, too, and someone else edited them.
One review I read says that Dangerous Men looks like a film made by someone who had never seen one before, and I have to agree! Yet, Rad spent more than 20 years writing, shooting editing, etc. What did he learn in that time? I also wonder if he neglected his family and friends while devoting so much time to this project? He was a bit cavalier with the posssessions of others, too. A car that gets pushed down a steep hillside had belonged to his daughter; she only found out what happened to it when she watched the film.
I'm one of those people who feels obliged to read the credits. What's in them? Mina (Melody Wiggins) and her boyfriend Daniel (Kelay Miller) are identified as Mina and Daniel. But Dave, Daniel's brother, is just "Police Detective." The actor is named Michael Gradilone but Michael is mispelled as Micheal. A character named Black Pepper in the film is simply "Head of Drug Dealers" in the credits. One "biker" was played by Gorge Derby. Is that a real name, or George mispelled?? I know Jorge is a name. Another actor is just "Terry," and a camera operator is just "Felix." I wouldn't have wanted to give my full name, either.
Dangerous Men, written, directed, edited, produced (etc.) by John S. Rad
In English, 80 minutes long.
Thursday, Jan. 21, 2016, at 9:15 p.m. at Cinéma du Parc, 3575 Ave du Parc
Cinema du Parc
Dangerous Men
Drafthouse Films
Seen in Montreal
Published January 21, 2016 January 21, 2016
Previous Post Fantasia presents the bizarre, mesmerizing mayhem of Dangerous Men, Thursday, January 21 at Cinéma du Parc
Next Post RIDM+ Documentary night takes us Around the World in 50 Concerts

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A Barry Ferguson strike on 52 minutes followed by a dream goal for debutant Daniel Cousin gave Walter Smith's side a precious win with Old Firm rivals Celtic also taking three points with a 4-1 victory over Falkirk earlier in the day.
After the club's European exertions during the week this match was always going to be a tricky obstacle to overcome and this proved to be the case with St. Mirren making life difficult for the Light Blues, particularly in the first-half.
Smith made two changes to the starting line-up that won 1-0 in Montenegro.


text:
Ilex mucronulata är en järneksväxtart som beskrevs av José Cuatrecasas. Ilex mucronulata ingår i släktet järnekar, och familjen järneksväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Järnekar
mucronulata

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Convert int[] binary array to image in java. I have this java class:
import java.util.HashMap;

public class Code39 implements LinearBarcode {
private String code;
private int[] bars;

public Code39(String code) {
    this.code = code.toUpperCase().trim();

    bars = new int[(code.length() + 2) * 12];

    this.buildSequence();
}

@Override
public void buildSequence() {
    String encoded = "*" + code + "*";

    int p = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < encoded.length(); i++) {
        int[] sequence = mapSequence(encoded.charAt(i), i);
        System.arraycopy(sequence, 0, bars, p, sequence.length);
        p += sequence.length;
    }
}

@Override
public int[] mapSequence(char c, int pos) {
    HashMap<Character, int[]> sequence = new HashMap<Character, int[]>();

    sequence.put('0', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('1', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('2', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('3', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('4', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('5', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('6', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('7', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('8', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('9', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('A', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('B', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('C', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('D', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('E', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('F', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('G', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('H', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('I', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('J', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('K', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('L', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('M', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('N', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('O', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('P', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('Q', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('R', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('S', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('T', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('U', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('V', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('W', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('X', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('Y', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('Z', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('-', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1});
    sequence.put('.', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put(' ', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('$', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('/', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('+', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('%', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1});
    sequence.put('*', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});

    return sequence.get(c);
}

@Override
public int[] barcode() {
    return bars;
}

@Override
public String code() {
    return code;
}

@Override
public int calculateCheckDigit() {
    return 0;
}
}

It generates a Code38 Linear Barcode. It returns the int[] bars array. How do I convert that array into a barcode image. I don't want to use any external jars/libs.
If anyone has any better ideas for generating barcode images that would also be welcomed.

A: You can try the following code (take look at main method):
P.S. to make lines slimmer just change BARCODE_LINE_WIDTH variable.
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.awt.image.RenderedImage;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.HashMap;

public class Code39 {
    private static final int BARCODE_LINE_WIDTH = 5;
    private static final int BARCODE_HEIGHT = 100;

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Code39 code39 = new Code39("123456789");
        int[] barcode = code39.barcode();
        int width = BARCODE_LINE_WIDTH * barcode.length;
        int height = BARCODE_HEIGHT;

        BufferedImage bufferedImage = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);

        Graphics2D g2d = bufferedImage.createGraphics();
        for (int i = 0; i < barcode.length; i++) {
            if (barcode[i] == 0) {
                g2d.setColor(Color.WHITE);
            } else {
                g2d.setColor(Color.BLACK);
            }
            g2d.fillRect(i * BARCODE_LINE_WIDTH, 0, BARCODE_LINE_WIDTH, height);
        }

        g2d.dispose();
        RenderedImage rendImage = bufferedImage;

        File file = new File("newimage.png");
        ImageIO.write(rendImage, "png", file);
    }

    private String code;
    private int[] bars;

    public Code39(String code) {
        this.code = code.toUpperCase().trim();

        bars = new int[(code.length() + 2) * 12];

        this.buildSequence();
    }

    public void buildSequence() {
        String encoded = "*" + code + "*";

        int p = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < encoded.length(); i++) {
            int[] sequence = mapSequence(encoded.charAt(i), i);
            System.arraycopy(sequence, 0, bars, p, sequence.length);
            p += sequence.length;
        }
    }

    public int[] mapSequence(char c, int pos) {
        HashMap<Character, int[]> sequence = new HashMap<Character, int[]>();

        sequence.put('0', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('1', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('2', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('3', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('4', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('5', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('6', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('7', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('8', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('9', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('A', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('B', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('C', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('D', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('E', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('F', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('G', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('H', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('I', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('J', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('K', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('L', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('M', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('N', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('O', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('P', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('Q', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('R', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('S', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('T', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('U', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('V', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('W', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('X', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('Y', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('Z', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('-', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1});
        sequence.put('.', new int[]{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put(' ', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('$', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('/', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('+', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('%', new int[]{1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1});
        sequence.put('*', new int[]{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1});

        return sequence.get(c);
    }

    public int[] barcode() {
        return bars;
    }

    public String code() {
        return code;
    }

    public int calculateCheckDigit() {
        return 0;
    }
}

And the result image("newimage.png"):

A: All you have to do is use BufferedImage and setRGB method to set your linear bar pixels.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This webpage contains crime figures for San Diego County, California. You can examine the breakdown of crime by type, changes to crime numbers over time, and see how San Diego County compares to similar locations. If you are interested in seeing public records resources for San Diego County, California, you can click the Public Records tab at the top.
Between 1999 and 2008 there were 981,448 total crimes reported in San Diego County, California (131,132 of them violent). Of the 98,145 crimes that occur a year in San Diego County, almost half happen less than a mile from home. On average, someone is a victim of a crime in San Diego County, California every 5 minutes. This includes 993 murders, 7,504 rapes, and nearly six hundred and eighty-seven thousand thefts (including 205,548 motor vehicle thefts).
During the previous 10 years, crime data were available in San Diego County, California for all 10 years. Over that interval, reported crime in San Diego County increased by 7 percent. Over the same time frame, violent crime fell by 1 percent. Overall, the crime numbers reveal a gradual increase in crime over the last 10 years in San Diego County. If the current trend continues, predicted crime numbers could hit more than one hundred and eight thousand for San Diego County, California in 2009.
San Diego County, California law enforcement agencies report their statistics to the FBI UCR program. The data reported for San Diego County conform to the FBI data quality guidelines. For more information, and a description of the statistical methods and data algorithms used by RecordsPedia, please visit our methodology section.


Peter Stolvoort taps his spirit's core to lend his works deep emotion and the memories of his time on the sea. The transatlantic crossing of his childhood immigration began the inspiration for his Flow series. He continues to capture the changing light and currents of water in his travels, and close to home.
These powerful works begin with a concept layout established in a hidden under-painting. All of his colors are planned and premixed to establish a cohesive palette. Then copious amounts of fluid acrylics are directly poured or applied with a custom-cut brush to create currents of color. The layers are later accented with brush-flung strands, added materials, pallet knife grooves and simple manipulation of the canvas. The energy and dramatic movement of this process remains embodied in these strong compositions that flow endlessly over the edges of the canvas.


Hello, today is the day for Papertrey's November blog hop. Our inspiration was book covers. I chose the ice skates from the cover of this book.
I used the stamp sets and dies from Mistletoe and Holly and the On Ice. The snowflakes along the bottom of the card is from Winter Hills.
Nancy your cards are always fabulous! I love how you tucked the holly leaves behind your bow and used those fabby skates!
So pretty! The lace and ribbon and button really give this card a retro vintage feel!
Beautiful card. Love ice-skating at Christmas.
GASP! GASP! GASP! LOVE! LOVE! LOVE!
BEAUTIFUL! I love your coloring on the skates! How beautiful that they are hanging from your homemade garland...this looks like a little vintage photo!
What a work of art.
Ice skates and mistletoe, doesn't get any better!
Beautiful card! On Ice is one of my favorite PTI holiday sets. I love the pairing with the Mistletoe and Holly set.
So beautiful, your skates are just amazing and really make your card.
How fun, Nancy, and how fantastic your work is!!
Darling skates, and I love that big pink bow.
Perfect card with that wonderful bow in the center.
So many elements come together perfectly - love the scattering of pink snowflakes along the bottom!
Beautiful combination of colours and design details. That big fluffy bow makes your card so soft and feminine - reminds me of watching figure skating competitions.
Oh was a beautiful card you created from that book cover! The pretty pink bow, holly leaves and ties on the skates are great details, Nancy!
Another fabulous card. Love the layout, colors and that ribbon is just stunning. The littler detail of the skates hanging from the twine is what makes this card perfect.
Great job with those beautiful skates, Nancy~lovely!
Egads, Nancy, I LOVE your card!!! The pink bow on the light blue background, with the light green holly leaves and white skates is just such a stunning combination! You really knocked it out of the park with this one.
What a sweet card! Love your bow - I can't get enough of that sweet binding!!
Oh nancy .... I am so sorry how could I have missed your gorgeous card. Seems like I saw it though. It's stunning , inlove the skates with the gorgeous bow and holly.
Wanted to fix that, not press send...... Oh well . You rocked this one. Gorgeous, but everything you mKe is beautiful!


text:
Allianz Trade is an international insurance company that offers a range of services, including trade credit insurance, debt collection, surety bonds and guarantees, business fraud insurance and political risk protection.

A subsidiary of Allianz SE, Euler Hermes is rated AA by Standard & Poor's. It monitors the financial health of over 80 million companies.

Headquartered in Paris, the company is present in more than 50 countries with more than 5,500 employees, and has a global market share of 34%. They posted a consolidated turnover of €2.9billion in 2021, and insured global business transactions representing €931billion in exposure.

History

Creation of credit insurers around the world

 1883: ACI in the United States
 1917: Hermes Kreditversicherungsbank in Germany
 1918: Trade Indemnity in United Kingdom
 1927: SFAC in France and SIAC in Italy
 1929: COBAC in Belgium

Birth of Euler Hermes

In 1993, SFAC started to acquire the different local market leaders in trade credit insurance starting with COBAC. SFAC went onto acquire Trade Indemnity in 1996, followed by ACI and SIAC in 1998. The same year, Allianz acquired AGF, a shareholder of SFAC. THe holding "Compagnie Fincière SFAC" was renamed Euler.

From 2000, Euler got listed on the Paris Stock Exchange. Two years later in 2002, Euler acquired Hermes, the German market leader in trade credit insurance. Then in 2003, the Group and all its subsidiaries became Euler Hermes.

Euler Hermes begins its international expansion in 2004, opening offices in Latin America, Asia Pacific, and the Middle East (UAE, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar) between 2004 and 2009. In 2007, Euler Hermes increases its shareholding to 50% in COSEC, the market leader in Portugal. In 2013, Solunion, a joint venture between Euler Hermes & MAPFRE, was created covering Spain and Latin America. In the same year, Euler Hermes increased its shareholding in ICIC, a credit insurer in Israel, to 50%.

Joining the Allianz Group
In 2018, Allianz completed the acquisition of Euler Hermes's outstanding shares and Euler Hermes Group became fully owned by the Allianz Group. In March 2022, Euler Hermes changed its brand name to Allianz Trade.

Activities

Trade credit insurance
This is an insurance policy and a risk management product offered to companies to protect their accounts receivables from loss due to credit risk. In the case their customers become insolvent or fall into protracted default, it includes indemnification for the values of goods or services delivered. The policy could include a component of political risk insurance, which insures the risk of non-payment by foreign clients due to issues such as currency problems, political unrest and expropriation. Some policies also include debt collection - the process of pursuing payment of debts owed by businesses.

Surety bonds and guarantees
A bond, or financial guarantee, protects the contractual obligations businesses have entered into with a customer, supplier or partner. It is a contractual triangle relationship between the business, the surety bond company or guarantor, and the third-party requiring the bond. The surety bond company or guarantor financially guarantees the third party that the business will abide by the terms established by the bond or guarantee. In the event of non-performance of the specified obligations, the surety bond company or guarantor is there to provide compensation for loss and damage.

Economic research
Ludovic Subran is the Chief Economist of Allianz, and Ana Boata is Director of Economic Research of Allianz Trade. The department's economic research team analyzes and anticipates international economic trends and covers international commerce, macroeconomics, payment risks. Every quarter, the Economic Research Department updates its country risk and sector risk ratings.

Board of management
 Aylin Somersan Coqui, CEO and Chairperson of the Board of Management
 Loeiz Limon-Duparcmeur, Group Chief Financial Officer - Group CFO - Member of Board of Management in charge of Finance and Tax.
 Anil Berry, Member of Board of Management in charge of Market Management, Commercial and Distribution
 Fabrice Desnos, Member of Board of Management in charge of Credit Intelligence, Reinsurance and Surety
 Michael Eitelwein, Group Chief Operating Officer - Member of Board of Management in charge of Operations and IT
 Florence Lecoutre, Member of Board of Management in charge of Transformation, Human Resources, Communication & ESG.

References

External links

Allianz
Financial services companies established in 2002
Banks established in 2002
Insurance companies of France
German brands
Reinsurance companies


Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev (L), Russian President Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister Narendra Modi gather for a family photo at the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit in Ufa on July 10.
UFA, RUSSIA- India was today accepted as a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), a six-member regional grouping including China and Russia.
India, which has had an observer status for the past 10 years, will become a member by next year after completion of procedures.
The Beijing-based SCO currently has China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan as members.
"I convey our deep sense of gratitude to the members of SCO for accepting India as a full member," Mr Modi said after the announcement was made at the Summit. "Our membership of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is a natural extension" of the relationships that India has with member countries "and mirrors the region's place in India's future," he added.
We will work with SCO to combat terrorism and extremism that is a rising threat to the entire region. A stable and peaceful Afghanistan is a future that the Afghan people richly deserve, but it will also advance peace, stability and prosperity in the region," the Prime Minister said which was attended by leaders like Russian President Vladimir Putin, Chinese President Xi Jinping and Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
Along with India, the process to include Pakistan as a member was also initiated today.
Mr Modi, who attended the SCO Summit soon after his bilateral meeting with Sharif, congratulated Pakistan for joining the SCO.


In the additive RGB color model, color #caf8b7 (hexadecimal – hex triplet) has values of 202 (79% red), 248 (97% green) and 183 (72% blue). In the CMYK (subtractive color model), color #caf8b7 has values 19% cyan, 0% magenta, 26% yellow and 3% black. In the HSL model, it is represented by 102° hue, 82% saturation and 85% lightness. Win32 representation: DWORD COLORREF C=0x007b8fac. Decimal value is 13301943.
#caf8b7 is not web-safe (Netscape). Nearest web-safe color is #ccffcc. #caf8b7 isn't X11 color, closest X11 color is PaleGoldenrod (#eee8aa).
Related colors (alternatives): Pale Green, Very Pale Green, RAL 120 90 30, Light Light Green, Very Light Green, RAL 110 90 20, RAL 110 90 30, RAL 110 90 35, Pale Yellow Green, Gray-Tea Green.
This table contains information about #caf8b7 color values in the most popular color spaces: RGB (additive color model), CMY, CMYK (subtractive color model), HSL, HSI, CIE XYZ. This data can be downloaded in JSON (caf8b7.json) and CSV (caf8b7.csv) formats.
Share your experience with #caf8b7!


text:
if [ ! -f tmp/mysql-installed ]; then
    # Note that we've been here
    mkdir -p tmp
    touch tmp/mysql-installed

    # Install mysql
    debconf-set-selections <<< 'mysql-server mysql-server/root_password password root'
    debconf-set-selections <<< 'mysql-server mysql-server/root_password_again password root'

    apt-get install -y mysql-server
fi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
namespace Urho3D
{

extern const char* URHO2D_CATEGORY;

ConstraintGear2D::ConstraintGear2D(Context* context) :
    Constraint2D(context)
{
}

ConstraintGear2D::~ConstraintGear2D()
{
}

void ConstraintGear2D::RegisterObject(Context* context)
{
    context->RegisterFactory<ConstraintGear2D>(URHO2D_CATEGORY);

    URHO3D_ACCESSOR_ATTRIBUTE("Is Enabled", IsEnabled, SetEnabled, bool, true, AM_DEFAULT);
    URHO3D_ACCESSOR_ATTRIBUTE("Ratio", GetRatio, SetRatio, float, 0.0f, AM_DEFAULT);
    URHO3D_COPY_BASE_ATTRIBUTES(Constraint2D);
}

void ConstraintGear2D::SetOwnerConstraint(Constraint2D* constraint)
{
    if (constraint == ownerConstraint_)
        return;

    if (ownerConstraint_)
        ownerConstraint_->SetAttachedConstraint(0);

    ownerConstraint_ = constraint;

    if (ownerConstraint_)
        ownerConstraint_->SetAttachedConstraint(this);

    RecreateJoint();
    MarkNetworkUpdate();
}

void ConstraintGear2D::SetOtherConstraint(Constraint2D* constraint)
{
    WeakPtr<Constraint2D> constraintPtr(constraint);
    if (constraintPtr == otherConstraint_)
        return;

    if (otherConstraint_)
        otherConstraint_->SetAttachedConstraint(0);

    otherConstraint_ = constraintPtr;

    if (otherConstraint_)
        otherConstraint_->SetAttachedConstraint(this);

    RecreateJoint();
    MarkNetworkUpdate();
}

void ConstraintGear2D::SetRatio(float ratio)
{
    if (ratio == jointDef_.ratio)
        return;

    jointDef_.ratio = ratio;

    RecreateJoint();
    MarkNetworkUpdate();
}

b2JointDef* ConstraintGear2D::GetJointDef()
{
    if (!ownerBody_ || !otherBody_)
        return 0;

    b2Body* bodyA = ownerBody_->GetBody();
    b2Body* bodyB = otherBody_->GetBody();
    if (!bodyA || !bodyB)
        return 0;

    if (!ownerConstraint_ || !otherConstraint_)
        return 0;

    b2Joint* jointA = ownerConstraint_->GetJoint();
    b2Joint* jointB = otherConstraint_->GetJoint();
    if (!jointA || !jointB)
        return 0;

    InitializeJointDef(&jointDef_);
    jointDef_.joint1 = jointA;
    jointDef_.joint2 = jointB;

    return &jointDef_;
}

}


It's the first 'Who Shot Ya?' of the year! And even though this episode was recorded in 2018, it's still fresh as can be. The gang is graced by the presence of the wonderful Cristela Alonzo to talk about Alfonso Cuarón's Roma. So we have an Alonzo, with Alonso, talking about Alfonso. Cristela discusses her childhood and how she deeply related to the film. Drea may or may not have found a giant bag of money in the new year. The crew casts their own biopics. And as always, staff picks.
With Cristela Alonzo, Drea Clark, Alonso Duralde, and Ricky Carmona.
It's well known in the Rocketeer community that our host this week, Wynter Mitchell-Ragnarok, is a huge horror buff. She watches two to three a week, and she is running out of horror flicks to watch on all the streaming services. Send her your recommendations! In the meantime, Wynter forced Karen, Margaret and Who Shot Ya?'s Ricky Carmona to subject themselves to some of her favorite movies from the holiday genre, such as Black Christmas, Silent Night, Deadly Night, and their sequels.
Our special guest this week is the hilarious Ricky Carmona, the host of the Maximum Fun movie podcast Who Shot Ya? and he's also a staff writer on the Comedy Central TV series Tosh.0.
Margaret is all about ROMA, a new film by acclaimed director Alfonso Cuarón. The movie is heavily based on his childhood in Mexico City in the 1970s and his family's live-in housekeeper.
Karen has a backhanded All About on Netflix's bro-y, new food competition show The Final Table.
Ricky is all about Adam Sandler's latest stand-up comedy special also on Netflix called 100% Fresh.
Wynter is all about season 1 of the USA Network crime drama The Sinner starring Jessica Biel and Bill Pullman.
Margaret - Phosphorescent - New Birth in New England.
With Wynter Mitchell-Rohrbaugh, Karen Tongson, Margaret Wappler , and Ricky Carmona/a>.


in particular Specialist Theater operating equipment, through dedicated market research efforts in sourcing an expert Australian manufacturer, Metlink was approached regarding the design and manufacture of a theatre ready endoscopy medical cart.
Working to accommodate five different materials composites, sourcing and machining specialist poly-carbonate materials and obtaining individual security locking structures from the USA for medical grade product were just a few of the challenges on the project.
Compact and detailed, the cart needed to feature electrical transformers concealed in the base, hidden IV pole attachments in rounded corner post sections, adjustable shelf heights and special gas bottle compartments at the rear. One of the most challenging elements to the design was the customization of lockable front glass doors and hinges that could pivot 270o during an operation and for them to be held in place with magnetic catches. This concluded in becoming Metlinks most significant achievement in the project.
In working to overcome import costs on such specialist product from either Germany or America, our client felt there was huge advantage in having an Australian made product for the Australian medical industry. Metlink applied its significant experience, creativity and technological service capabilities to successfully design the cart in a rapid time frame of just three weeks, this included sourcing all materials, marrying all design criteria, material requirements and completing a 3D virtual model.
During that three-week period, Metlink worked side by side with the client through a series of design briefs; as each problem was solved a 3D model was presented for approval until full and final assembly was achieved. The conceptual images that Metlink was able to provide their client allowed them to go to market with a ready produced concept for approval eliminating the need for expensive prototype manufacturing.
Metlink offered their client further competitive advantage and flexibility providing bespoke solutions such as adjustable shelving inside the medical carts that not only accommodated their specialist operating equipment but offered practical and interchangeable solutions to a number of theater set-ups.
With a single hospital contract considered successful at a 10-cart sale, this Australian industry first, resulted in the manufacture of over 100 units that were distributed nationally.


Happy Friday! Since I don't have any witty thoughts regarding bookish things today, let's talk music. Lately, this song has been played about five times a day for me for the past week. I am not quite sure I understand the video, but I do love the song. What song do you have playing a lot of this week?


My friend is a big fan of Ruskin Bond. He isn't fond of writing, but he definitely loves nature and books. Tall pine trees, a waft of tea in mud cups, the noise of orangutans, fight of monkeys and white sheet of snow on mountains transports him to some other world.
Being photographer in a big ad agency, he loves to capture splendid photographs in his camera. Not to mention, whenever he is on his professional tour, he leaves no opportunity to arrest beautiful views in his newly purchased camera.
Sometime back when I visited his home, he showed me his personal collection. Trail of photographs clicked by him was no less than an exotic tale. Beautiful animals with majestic mountains in the backdrop; an effervescent smile of localities made these pictures real eye feast.
I didn't know when the blazing sun wore an orange hue. After refreshing mint tea, he told me about his next trip. This time it wasn't a professional tour rather his personal calling. He wanted to take off to soak in Ladakh's tranquility. And for that, he had decided to join self drive convoy based adventure road trip. This trip would be going to be really enchanting.
From 1st of July to 13th July, the trail of cars would pass through extremely diverse terrain. Places like Manali, Lespa, Sarchu and Nubra would be sufficient to energize his tiring soul. This best part is, not only breath taking views but scary adventures viz. White water rafting, Camping, Zorbing and Paragliding would be making it some inexplicable experience.
I wanted to know more about this tour but instead of revealing information he typed www.bookmyevent.com on the note pad. It was a great interaction. I am looking forward to some awesome photographs of Ladakh, and I am confident, he will not disappoint me.


text:
24TH DUCKS ALUMNUS PROMOTED TO MAJOR LEAGUES
(Central Islip, N.Y., June 1, 2022) – Former Long Island Ducks right-handed pitcher Jose Cuas was called up to the Major Leagues by the Kansas City Royals on Monday and appeared in their game against the Cleveland Guardians on Tuesday. He becomes the 24th player in Ducks history to reach the Major League level after playing with Long Island. He is also just the fourth player in franchise history to reach MLB for the first time ever after playing for the Ducks (Mel Stocker, Scott Rice, Mickey Jannis).
"We are incredibly proud of Jose," said Ducks President/GM Michael Pfaff. "He came up in professional baseball as an infielder, we gave him a shot as a pitcher, and now he's pitching in the big leagues just a few seasons later. His ascent in the game has been admirable to watch, and we wish him the best of luck with Kansas City."
Cuas first joined the Ducks in 2018 and went on to play in parts of three seasons with the Flock (2018-19, 2021). He combined to pitch in 37 games, accruing a 4-1 record with a 1.36 ERA, one save, 46 strikeouts and 20 walks over 46.1 innings of work. The Queens native had his contract purchased twice by Major League clubs during his time with the Flock, first with the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2019 and then by the Royals in 2021.
The 27-year-old compiled a 6-3 record with a 1.60 ERA, 10 saves and 35 strikeouts over 45 innings at three levels in the Diamondbacks organization in 2019. He then went 5-1 with a 1.51 ERA, three saves and 44 strikeouts to just eight walks over 41.2 innings across three levels in the Royals system in 2021. The righty began 2022 at Triple-A Omaha and pitched in 20 games, posting a 1.74 ERA, three saves and 18 strikeouts in 20.2 innings before his promotion to The Show.
Following is the complete list of Ducks players to reach MLB after playing on Long Island:
PLAYER YEAR(S) WITH DUCKS PROMOTED BY PROMOTION YEAR
Jose Cuas 2018-19, 2021 Kansas City Royals 2022
Sean Nolin 2019 Washington Nationals 2021
Mickey Jannis 2015 Baltimore Orioles 2021
Emilio Bonifacio 2018 Washington Nationals 2020
Fernando Abad 2018 Baltimore Orioles
San Francisco Giants 2021
Wilkin Castillo 2018 Miami Marlins 2019
Henderson Alvarez 2017 Philadelphia Phillies 2017
Quintin Berry 2017 Milwaukee Brewers 2017
Tim Melville 2017, 2019 Colorado Rockies
Minnesota Twins 2019
Rich Hill 2015 Tampa Bay Rays
Boston Red Sox 2021
Scott Rice 2008 New York Mets 2013-14
Lew Ford 2009, 2011-Present Baltimore Orioles 2012
Kip Wells 2010 San Diego Padres 2012
Justin Hampson 2010 New York Mets 2012
Joey Gathright 2010 Boston Red Sox 2011
Robinson Cancel 2010 Houston Astros 2011
Erick Almonte 2006 Milwaukee Brewers 2011
Jay Gibbons 2008 Los Angeles Dodgers 2010
Mel Stocker 2006 Milwaukee Brewers 2007
Nelson Figueroa 2006 Houston Astros
New York Mets 2010-11
Ken Ray 2002 Atlanta Braves 2006
Bill Pulsipher 2004 St. Louis Cardinals 2005
Pedro Borbon Jr. 2003 St. Louis Cardinals 2003
Carlos Baerga 2001 Washington Nationals


text:
Katheryn Winnick Movies
Speed Kills
Speed Kills HD
Speedboat racing champion and multimillionaire, Ben Aronoff (Don Aronow), leads a double life that lands him in trouble with the law and drug lords.
Director: John Luessenhop, Jodi Scurfield
Actor: John Travolta, Katheryn Winnick, Jennifer Esposito, Matthew Modine, James Remar, Kellan Lutz, Moran Atias, Jordi Mollà, Michael Weston, Amaury Nolasco
The Dark Tower BluRay
The last Gunslinger, Roland Deschain, has been locked in an eternal battle with Walter O'Dim, also known as the Man in Black, determined to prevent him from..
Genre: Action, Adventure, Fantasy, science-fiction
Director: Nikolaj Arcel
Actor: Idris Elba, Matthew McConaughey, Tom Taylor, Claudia Kim, Fran Kranz, Abbey Lee, Jackie Earle Haley, Katheryn Winnick, Dennis Haysbert, Michael Barbieri
Vikings - Season 5
Vikings - Season 5 HD
Vikings follows the adventures of Ragnar Lothbrok the greatest hero of his age. The series tells the sagas of Ragnar's band of Viking brothers and his family,..
Country: IE, CA
Genre: Action, Drama, History
Director: Michael Hirst
Actor: Alex Høgh Andersen, Katheryn Winnick, Alexander Ludwig, Jordan Patrick Smith, Josefin Asplund, Peter Franzén, Jasper Pääkkönen, Gustaf Skarsgård, Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Ferdia Walsh-Peelo


text:
Trump formally launches 2020 re-election campaign
Region:World News
US President Donald Trump has formally launched his re-election campaign for the 2020 voting, urging supporters to "keep this team in place" for four more years, BBC News reported.
The Republican president made his case before thousands of supporters at a rally in Florida, calling the state "my second home."
Trump used the announcement to lash out at Democrats, accusing them of trying to "rip your country apart."
Early polls place Trump behind some potential Democratic Party challengers.
He entered the stage with his wife Melania, who said she was "excited" to be first lady for six more years.
Senior figures from the White House, including Vice President Mike Pence and outgoing press secretary Sarah Sanders, also spoke at the rally.
"Tonight I stand before you to officially launch my campaign for a second term as president of the United States," Trump told supporters in Orlando. "I promise you I will never ever let you down.
"We are going to keep America great again."
During his roughly 80-minute speech, Donald Trump reiterated key themes of his winning 2016 campaign.


text:
В этом списке представлены все новеллы, новеллизации, сборники по мотивам Звёздного пути, опубликованные начиная с 1967 года. С тех пор в США выпуском книг по мотивам Звёздного пути занимались три издательства: Bantam Books (1967—1981), Ballantine Books (1974—1978), и с 1981 Pocket Books.

Звёздный путь

Whitman Books (1968)
 Миссия на Гораций (Мак Рейнольдс, иллюстрации Спарки Мура, ISBN отсутствует)
 Книга была переиздана в 1999 издательством Pocket Books, с введением от Джона Ордовера

Адаптации эпизодов от Bantam (1967—1978)
 Звёздный путь, 1967 (a.k.a. Звёздный путь 1)
 Звёздный путь 2, 1968
 Звёздный путь 3, 1969
 Звёздный путь 4, 1971
 Звёздный путь 5, 1972
 Звёздный путь 6, 1972
 Звёздный путь 7, 1972
 Звёздный путь 8, 1972
 Звёздный путь 9, 1973
 Звёздный путь 10, 1974
 Звёздный путь 11, 1975 (a.к.a. День голубя)
 Star Trek 12 (от Дж.A. Лауренса), 1977 — Джеймс Блиш умер при написании этой книги.
 Безумные ангелы (новелла) (Лауренс), май 1978 (a.k.a. Безумный Энтерпрайз)

«Оригинальные» новеллы Bantam (1970—1981)
 Звёздный путь:Новые путешествия (новелла) (редакция Сандры Маршак и Мирны Кулбрит), март 1976 — (Изначально фан-фикшн)
 Звёздный путь:Новые путешествия 2 (редакция Сандры Маршак и Мирны Кулбрит), Январь 1978 — (Изначально фан-фикшн)

† Переиздано Titan UK в 1990-х.

Новеллизация «Анимационных» серий Ballantine (1974—1978)
Все книги были адаптированы, и изданы под редакцией Алана Дин Фостера.

 Log One, 1974
 Марк Даниэльс. «Отсутствующая планета».
 Дороти К. Фонтана. «Прошлый год»
 Сэмюэль А. Пипльз. «Вне самых дальних звёзд»
 Log Two, 1974
 Джеймс Шермер. «Оставшийся в живых»
 Уолтер Коениг. «Бог Вулкана»
 Маргарет Армен. «Сигнал Сирены»
 Log Three, 1975
 Лэрри Бродай. Magicks of Megas-Tu
 Стивен Кандэль. Mudd's Passion
 Лен Джансон,Чак Менвилл. «Однажды на планете…»
 Log Four, 1975
 Джойс Перри. «Западня времени»
 Дэвид Герролд. «Больше Триблов, больше неприятностей»
 Пол Шнеидер. «Тератинский инцидент».
 Log Five, 1975
 Маргарет Армен. «Элемент Амбры»
 Говард Вейнстайн. «Пираты Ориона»
 Стивен Кандэль. «Джихад»
 Log Six, 1976
 Дарио Финели. «Альбатрос»
 Расселл Бэйтс,Дэвид Виз."Острее змеиного зуба"
 Чак Менвилл. The Practical Joker
 Log Seven, 1976
 Джон Калвер, The Counter-Clock Incident
 Log Eight, 1976
 Дэвид П. Хармон, «Глаз Наблюдателя»
 Log Nine, 1977
 Дэвид Герролд, «BEM»
 Log Ten, 1978
 Ларри Нивен. «Slaver Weapon»

Wanderer Books (1982—1984)
 «Звёздный путь, рассказы, часть II» (Уильям Ротслер), 1982
 «Звёздный путь, рассказы, часть III» (Уильям Ротслер), 1984

Новеллы Pocket Books
Книга Звёздный путь: Фильм была опубликована более чем за год до того как завершилась серия Bantam books, после чего серия Pocket Books продолжилась с книги № 2. Многие новеллы были переизданы под изменёнными названиями, отражающими их включение в серии, такие как «Прошлогодняя сага», «Обособленные миры» и «Рихансу», которые стали включать новеллы ранее опубликованные отдельно.

Эти книги были переизданы Titan Books в Великобритании, с изменённой нумерацией, с 1987 по 1993.

† novelization of film
‡ hardcover

«Версия Шатнера»
Начиная с 1996 г. Уильям Шатнер (актёр сыгравший капитана Кирка в «оригинальных сериях» и фильме) начал выпуск своей сообственной книжной серии под названием «Версия Шатнера» — сюжет которой основан на предположении что после событий фильма «Поколения» Кирк всё таки вернулся к жизни и продолжил свои приключения.

 Oдиссея
 The Ashes of Eden, 1996
 The Return, 1997
 Avenger, 1998
 Трилогия Зеркальной вселенной
 Spectre, 1999
 Dark Victory, 2000
 Preserver, 2001
 Итог
 Captain's Peril, 2002
 Captain's Blood, 2003
 Captain's Glory, August 2006

электронные книги
In 2006, Pocket expanded its e-book program beyond the Corps of Engineers series to include other parts of the Trek universe, beginning with a 40th anniversary miniseries, Mere Anarchy:

 Mere Anarchy
 Book 1: Things Fall Apart by Dayton Ward & Kevin Dilmore, August 2006
 Book 2: The Centre Cannot Hold by Mike W. Barr, September 2006
 Book 3: Shadows of the Indignant by Dave Galanter, October 2006
 Book 4: The Darkness Drops Again by Christopher L. Bennett, February 2007
 Book 5: The Blood-Dimmed Tide by Howard Weinstein, March 2007
 Book 6: Its Hour Come Round by Margaret Wander Bonanno, April 2007

Vanguard
Star Trek: Vanguard is a «spinoff» of the original series, set aboard a starbase and featuring a new mix of characters, e.g. instead of focusing on a first officer, engineer, and science officer, the main characters include an intelligence officer, a reporter, and a JAG officer.

Следующее поколение

† novelization of episode or film
‡ initially published in hardback
1. the initial hardcover release had a different ending to the film as released. the subsequent paperback revised this.

Электронные книги
In 2006, Pocket expanded its e-book program beyond the Corps of Engineers series to include other parts of the Trek universe.

 Slings and Arrows
 Book 1: A Sea of Troubles by J. Steven York & Christina F. York, October 2007
 Book 2: The Oppressor's Wrong by Phaedra M. Weldon, November 2007
 Book 3: The Insolence of Office by William Leisner, December 2007
 Book 4: That Sleep of Death by Terri Osborne, 2008
 Book 5: A Weary Life by Robert Greenberger, 2008
 Book 6: Enterprises of Great Pitch and Moment by Keith R.A. DeCandido, 2008

Титан
Титан это книжное дополнение к общей книжной серии Следующих поколений, рассказывающая о приключениях капитана Райкера и его жены Трой Райкер после назначения Вильяма на крейсер Луна-класса USS Титан (действие разворачиваетсся после фильма: Звездный путь: Возмездие).

Глубокий космос 9

† novelization of episodes
‡ not part of DS9 relaunch

Вояджер

† novelisation
‡ not part of Voyager relaunch

Энтерпрайз

† новеллизация по серии.

Новелизации

Фото новеллы
FotoNovels are adapatations in book form of actual television episodes. Other television series such as Battlestar Galatica also did this.

Listed below are books from Star Trek: The Original Series:

 FotoNovel 5: Metamorphosis
 FotoNovel 6: All Our Yesterdays
 FotoNovel 7: The Galileo Seven
 FotoNovel 9: The Devil in the Dark
 FotoNovel 11: The Deadly Years

«Базовые» фильмы
 «Звёздный путь», (Pocket Books #1) (Джин Родденберри)
 «Звёздный путь 2: Гнев Хана» (Pocket Books #7; Duty, Honor, Redemption — Book 1) (Вонда Макинтайр)
 «Звёздный путь 3: В поисках Спока» (Pocket Books #17; Duty, Honor, Redemption — Book 2) (Вонда Макинтайр)
 «Звёздный путь 4: Дорога домой» (Duty, Honor, Redemption — Book 3) Вонда Макинтайр), 1986
 «Звёздный путь 5: Последний рубеж» (Джей Эм Диллард), 1989
 «Звёздный путь 6: Неоткрытая страна» (Джей Эм Диллард), 1991
 «Звёздный путь: Поколения» (Джей Эм Диллард), 1994
 «Звёздный путь: Первый контакт» (Джей Эм Диллард), 1996
 «Звёздный путь: Восстание» (Джей Эм Диллард), 1998
 «Звёздный путь: Возмездие» (Джей Эм Диллард), 2002

«Базовые» телесериалы

Оригинальные серии
 Star Trek series by James Blish and J.A. Lawrence (1967-78; see above)

Анимационные серии
 Star Trek Logs series by Alan Dean Foster (1974-78; see above)

Следующее поколение
 Encounter at Farpoint (Дэвид Герролд), 1987
 Unification (Jeri Taylor)
 Relics (Michael Jan Friedman)
 Descent (Diane Carey)
 All Good Things… (Michael Jan Friedman), 1994

Глубокий космос 9
 Emissary DS9 #1 (Diane Carey), 1993
 The Way of the Warrior (Diane Carey)
 The Search (Diane Carey)
 Trials and Tribble-ations (Diane Carey)
 Far Beyond the Stars (Steven Barnes)
 The Dominion War, Book Two of Four: Call to Arms… (Diane Carey)
 The Dominion War, Book Four of Four: …Sacrifice of Angels (Diane Carey)
 What You Leave Behind (Diane Carey)

Вояджер
 Caretaker, (VOY #1) (L. A. Graf), 1995
 Flashback (Diane Carey)
 Day of Honor (Michael Jan Friedman)
 Equinox (Diane Carey)
 Endgame (Diane Carey)

Энтерпрайз
 Broken Bow (Diane Carey), 2001
 Shockwave (Paul Ruditis), 2002
 Surak's Soul, J.M. Dillard, март 2003
 The Expanse (J. M. Dillard), October 2003

«Базовые» игры
 Klingon (Dean Wesley Smith and Кристин Кэтрин Раш), 1996
 Starfleet Academy (Diane Carey), 1997

Звёздный путь: Новая граница (с 1997)

Primarily written by Питер Дэвид, the New Frontier series marked the first time that an original Star Trek series had been created for the literary franchise.

«Старгейзер»

All books in this series were written by Michael Jan Friedman.

 1: Gauntlet
 2: Progenitor
 3: Three
 4: Oblivion
 5: Enigma
 6: Maker

I.K.S. Горкон (с 2003)
All books in this series were written by Keith R.A. DeCandido.

 A Good Day to Die, November 2003
 Honor Bound, December 2003
 Enemy Territory, March 2005

Мини-серии

Вторжение (1996)
This series spanned the entire Star Trek series (at the time, so not including Star Trek: Enterprise) and was part of the numbered Pocket Books series.

 TOS: #1: First Strike (Diane Carey)
 TNG: #2: The Soldiers of Fear (Dean Wesley Smith and Кристин Кэтрин Раш)
 DS9: #3: Time's Enemy (L.A. Graf)
 VOY: #4: The Final Fury (Dafydd Ab Hugh)

День Чести (1997)
 1: TNG: Ancient Blood (Diane Carey), 1997
 2: DS9: Armageddon Sky (L.A. Graf)
 3: VOY: Her Klingon Soul (Michael Jan Friedman)
 4: TOS: Treaty's Law (Dean Wesley Smith and Кристин Кэтрин Раш), 1997
 Unnumbered: Star Trek Voyager: Day of Honor: The Television Episode (Michael Jan Friedman) — episode novelization

The Captain's Table (1998)
 1: TOS: War Dragons (L.A. Graf), 1998
 2: TNG: Dujonians Hoard (Michael Jan Friedman)
 3: DS9: The Mist (Dean Wesley Smith and Кристин Кэтрин Раш)
 4: VOY: Fire Ship (Diane Carey)
 5: NF: Once Burned (Peter David)
 6: TOS (Pike): Where Sea Meets Sky (Jerry Oltion)
 Tales from the Captains Table edited by Keith R.A. DeCandido (anthology)
 «Introduction» by Dean Wesley Smith
 «William T. Riker, U.S.S. Titan: Improvisations on the Opal Sea: A Tale of Dubious Credibility» by Michael A. Martin & Andy Mangels
 «Jean-Luc Picard, U.S.S. Stargazer: Darkness» by Michael Jan Friedman
 «Elizabeth Shelby, U.S.S. Trident: Pain Management» by Peter David
 «Klag, son of M'Raq, I.K.S. Gorkon: loDnI'pu' vavpu' je» by Keith R.A. DeCandido
 «Kira Nerys, Deep Space 9: The Officers' Club» by Heather Jarman
 «Jonathan Archer, Enterprise: Have Beagle, Will Travel: The Legend of Porthos» by Louisa M. Swann
 «Demora Sulu, U.S.S. Enterprise-B: Iron and Sacrifice» by David R. George III
 «Chakotay, U.S.S. Voyager: Seduced» by Christie Golden
 «David Gold, U.S.S. da Vinci: An Easy Fast» by John J. Ordover

Война с Доминионом (1998)
 1: TNG: Behind Enemy Lines (John Vornholt), 1998
 2: DS9: Call to Arms (Diane Carey) — novelization of several Deep Space Nine episodes
 3: TNG: Tunnel Through the Stars (John Vornholt)
 4: DS9: Sacrifice of Angels (Diane Carey) — novelization of several Deep Space Nine episodes

Пустошь (2000)
 1: TOS/TNG: Book 1 (Susan Wright)
 2: DS9/VOY: Book 2 (Susan Wright)

Секция 31 (2001)
 TNG: Rogue (Andy Mangels and Michael A. Martin), 2001
 VOY: Shadow (Dean Wesley Smith and Кристин Кэтрин Раш), 2001
 TOS: Cloak (S.D. Perry), 2001
 DS9: Abyss (David Weddle and Jeffrey Lang), July 2001

Темные Страсти (2001)
This two-part saga takes place within the Mirror Universe during the DS9-Voyager era.

 1: Book 1 (Susan Wright)
 2: Book 2 (Susan Wright)

Ворота (2001)
 1: TOS: One Small Step (Susan Wright), 2001
 2: Challenger: Chainmail (Diane Carey)
 3: TNG: Doors into Chaos (Robert Greenberger)
 4: DS9: Demons of Air and Darkness (Keith R.A. DeCandido)
 5: VOY: No Man's Land (Christine Golden)
 6: NF: Cold Wars (Peter David)
 7: What Lay Beyond (all above authors)
 8: epilogue story; see Starfleet Corps of Engineers Vol. 10, below

The Brave and the Bold (2002)
These two books featured a prologue and four tales, covering all five TV series.

 1: ENT/TOS/DS9: Book 1 (Keith R.A. DeCandido)
 2: VOY/TNG: Book 2 (Keith R.A. DeCandido)

The Lost Era (с 2003)

Звёздный флот: Инженерный корпус (с 2000)
Also known as SCE, this series of original novella-length stories are initially published in e-book format online; many of these stories are later reissued in printed collections. Through to summer 2007, the first 43 e-books have been collected into print form.

Printed books in the series include:
 Have Tech, Will Travel (2002)
 Miracle Workers (2002)
 Some Assembly Required (2003)
 No Surrender (2004)
 Foundations (2005)
 Wildfire (2005)
 Breakdowns (2006)
 Aftermath (2006)

In December 2006, the e-book series was relaunched under the title Corps of Engineers. See Starfleet Corps of Engineers#Books for a full list of books and e-books.

Разные работы
 Starfleet: Year One (Michael Jan Friedman), 2002 — originally published in serialized form in different Pocket Books releases; further volumes cancelled due to Star Trek: Enterprise rendering this historical account of Starfleet's creation moot.
 Tales of the Dominion War (edited by Keith R.A. DeCandido), August 2004
 Engines of Destiny (Gene DeWeese), 2005
 Articles of the Federation (Keith R.A. DeCandido), 2005
 Glass Empires, 2007
 Age of the Empress, Mike Sussman with Dayton Ward and Kevin Dilmore
 The Sorrows of Empire, David Mack
 The Worst of Both Worlds, Greg Cox
 Obsidian Alliances, 2007
 Saturn's Children, Sarah Shaw
 The Mirror-Scaled Serpent, Keith R.A. DeCandido
 TBA, Peter David
 Strange New Worlds, an annual short story writing competition
 Strange New Worlds I (1998)
 Strange New Worlds II (1999)
 Strange New Worlds III (2000)
 Strange New Worlds IV (2001)
 Strange New Worlds V (2002)
 Strange New Worlds VI (2003)
 Strange New Worlds VII (2004)
 Strange New Worlds 8 (2005)
 Strange New Worlds 9 (2006)
 Strange New Worlds 10 (2007)

 Star Trek: The Amazing Stories (edited by John J. Ordover), 2002 — a collection of licensed short stories that were first published between 1998 and 2000 in the magazine Amazing Stories.

 Star Trek: The Manga (Shinsei Shinsei), 2006 — Published by Tokyopop to commemorate Star Trek's 40th anniversary.

Книги для подростков

Аудиокниги
Many Star Trek novels have been adapted for audio, but these are the only original stories produced exclusively for audio.

 Transformations — A Captain Sulu adventure, by Dave Stern
 Cacophony — A Captain Sulu adventure, by JJ Malloy
 Envoy — A Captain Sulu adventure, by LA Graf
 Klingon — by Hilary Bader, based upon the videogame, but more than just an adaptation of the game's novelization
 Borg — by Hilary Bader, based upon the videogame
 Spock vs. Q — Scripted by Cecelia Fannon; a battle of wits between Spock and Q with the fate of the Earth hanging in the balance, more of a radio play than an audio book
 Spock vs. Q: The Sequel — Scripted by Cecelia Fannon; Spock and Q meet again with surprising results.

Ссылки
 Star Trek: The Original Series Book Reviews
 Guide to the Bantam novels
 Psi Phi's Star Trek Books Database
 Simon and Schuster
 Guide to the Early Star Trek Novels
 The Complete Starfleet Library

Примечания

Звёздный путь: Новелизация


text:
Living The HipLife
African Hip Hop: Music and Style
Film & Reviews
LivingTheHiplife trailer
In 1994 rap musician Reggie Rockstone Ossei returned to his native Ghana sparking a musical revolution. Rockstone left a successful English-language rap career in London to record and perform Akan-language Hip Hop in the clubs and studios of Accra. This film follows Rockstone, known as the "Godfather of Hiplife," as he tries to build hip hop culture in Ghana. Hiplife consists of African American rap lyricism and beat-making creatively mixed through electronic technology with older proverbial speech and urban highlife rhythms and vocals. With humor and personality the film follows Rockstone through the corners of urban living as he navigates the tenuous life of a hip hop superstar in a postcolonial metropolis. His story is intercut with the trials of the Mobile Boys, a young group of aspiring rappers, as they work to make it in the music industry.
In the context of national change this film traces the artists and innovators who mixed hip hop and highlife music, creating hiplife musical culture over the course of a decade. While critics decry rap music as "foreign," youth see it as part of the Pan-African legacy of Ghana. Historical footage is remixed with studio and concert material painting a portrait of urban culture in Accra's streets. The film ties political history together with vibrant musical life to look at the economic hopes and musical dreams of young Ghanaians as they confront the realities of corporate sponsorship, political change, and international hopes. This film was shot in Standard DV between 2003-6 with a small Ghanaian and American film and audio crew. The crew worked in conjunction with a number of Ghanaian rappers and music engineers in studios, concert venues, taxi stations, music shops, churches, houses, kiosks in and around Accra. Several hundred hours of footage has been painstakingly edited into this hour long documentary. It was produced by Rab Bakari along with the director's direction.
"Living the Hiplife is absolutely engaging. The film is thoughtful and visually exciting at the same time. It is a musical documentary that gives a powerful sense of life in contemporary Africa. I loved it."
Filmmaker, Smoking Dogs Films
Founder of Black Audio Collective
Member Board of Governors BFI (British Film Institute)
"Living the Hiplife is ethnographically sophisticated and rigorous without sacrificing the narrative power of its compelling storyline. Shipley shows the transnational links that grease the wheels for "Black Atlantic" exchanges which are simplified and uncritically assumed in many other offerings. This is a strong film with much to say to anthropology, to African Studies, and to serious fans/scholars of hip-hop culture."
John L. Jackson, Jr.
Author of Real Black: Adventures in Racial Sincerity
"Living the Hiplife offers a fascinating tour of the world of Hiplife culture, where Ghanaian Highlife and American Hip-Hop blend to create an entirely new sound of the African Diaspora. Told through the voices of the central artists and producers themselves, we hear the engaging tale of how the musical genre was born, and how the supposedly provincial culture of inner city Accra engaged in an international dialogue that would rock West Africa. Director Jesse Shipley has created an informed, intellectual inspiring documentary of individual innovation and cultural redefinition."
Mat Johnson
Author of Hunting in Harlem
"Living the Hiplife truly captures the textures of West African music in a visually compelling bricolage. Its vivid characters have ambitions of fame and fortune that are contrasted with archival footage and the geographies of afro-cosmopolitanism."
Jyoti Mistry
Filmmaker, I Mike What I Like
Screening for Miss Africa pageant- 30 April 2010 NYC
RWUL Presents: "I Luv Africa" Film Series and Community Discussion NYC April 30-May 1, 2010. The "I Luv Africa" film series and discussion is an unique showcase independent films depicting stories about African culture and people while helping start dialogue around awareness of current topics in Africa. Come Celebrate Two Days of Independent African Film, Music, and Discussion April 30, 2010 6-9pm: "The Africa Channel Presents: The Soul of Ashanti"-Ghana "Living the Hiplife"-Ghana The Caribbean Cultural Center African Diaspora Institute 408 W. 58th Street New York, NY
SMITHSONIAN National Museum of African Art Screens Living The Hiplife
Living The HipLife Screening/Lecture-Washington D.C. The Smithsonian National Museum of African Art Saturday, Oct 18, at 2:00 p.m. Moderated by filmmaker Jesse Shipley mrc 708 p o box 37012 washington dc 20013-7012
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