text:
In Art, Small Differences Can Have Large Effects
What can a new U2 album teach us about the purpose of Art?
In this, our first blog responding to Eliiot Eisner's "Lessons", playwright and acknowledged expert in educational drama – John McArdle; discusses how in art, small differences can have large effects!
Asked to create a blog in response to Eisner's "Lessons" I begin by focusing on the question of purpose and intention because, when Eisner says that "in complex forms of problem solving purposes are seldom fixed," I feel I need to tease this out more, because it has implications for teaching, education and what youth leaders do with their groups.
For the sake of the argument, I need to create a distinction between the creator's intention, which is a function of the ego and the purpose of the art-work which is inherent in the work itself. Let's take an example: In the beginning, Bono and U2's collective Ego, wanted to have a good band, be famous, make a lot of money. But as they engaged in creating songs, they realised that ambition can only be served by the work itself, which requires something beyond Ego. To look at what that something is let's stay with U2.
Four years ago they set out to create an album about the Dublin they grew up in. Ego was still the driver; they still wanted it to be the greatest album ever, one that will make them the most famous band ever. By this stage, however, they know that Ego can only achieve its ambition by yielding to the artist part of the personality. So, as memories come flooding back – Bono's mother who died when he was 14, Cedarwood Road, The Crystal ballroom, violence, kindness, much more – the purpose of the album becomes clearer: they want to find a new reality in music and song for those memories. Words, notes, music, silence and sound and the relationships between them mix with memory, image, emotion, feelings, sensations, thoughts. Music emerges, words, songs; they try things out, change words, notes. The purpose of the work becomes more refined: this feeling in this song, that feeling in that one; "how are these songs going to hang together?" "how do we want the listeners or audience to feel at the end?" "are we capturing the truth of life then or are we leaving something out or pretending emotion beyond the truth?" Sometimes during the album's making Bono "wished we were a better band; that's why it took four years to make." Had there been rules to follow, it would not have taken that long, but there are no rules in art, only judgements. The Edge says "You've got to know when it's not happening for you. The worst that could happen would be to get it almost right." In art small differences have large effects. Through time they come to know the exact emotions and feelings the work should traffic in; they know the texture and form of the work and how they want it to be experienced by the audience. The exact purpose is known; minor adjustments are made to sharpen the achievement of that purpose. The Band's Ego hasn't gone away; it has been driving the process for four years and now they can come out and enjoy the glory that goes with a successful work of art that has, in a sense, been given to them.
We'll look more closely at the relationship between the artist's intention and the art-work's purpose in the next blog.
John McArdle
John McArdle is a primary teacher, actor, former director of The Young Abbey, Hennessy award winner for short stories and winner of a European filmscript award. Among his works for young people are children's stories, children's radio, stage plays for Team Theatre in Education, The Ark, National Youth Theatre and The Peacock Theatre. Director of the performance module director on the Dramatherapy M.A in N.U.I. Maynooth, and Educational drama principal tutor of Queen's University outreach M.A for Monaghan Education Centre, John is an acknowledged expert in educational drama and was the consultant to the primary schools drama curriculum and has written the pamphlet "Flying On Both Wings" for Abbey Outreach. Between 2005 and 2010 he was Artistic Director of Iontas Theatre, Castleblayney which ran an outreach youth programme.
See More Articles by John McArdle


My clients, both buyers and sellers, have been using the services of Steve Vacha owner of Home Standards Inspection Services for some time. He is extremely thorough with every inspection and he has a wonderful way of talking to clients seriously, but, at the same time without being alarming. They all tell me they appreciate his knowledge and approach.


text:
Lost Flash Drive At Core Of Kaiser Permanente Data Breach
Kaiser Permanente had to notify nearly 50,000 patients that an employee reported a missing flash drive containing personal information, including medication on patients. Solution providers tell CRN to expect more breaches of this kind as hospitals and clinics struggle to keep up with regulatory mandates.
By Robert Westervelt December 11, 2013, 05:36 PM EST
In a data breach notification letter filed with the California Attorney General's office, Kaiser Permanente Senior Vice President and Executive Director Julie Miller-Phipps said the health-care firm was informed that a USB flash drive containing the personal data was missing.
The flash drive contained the name, medical record number, date of birth and medication of patients obtaining health care at the company's Anaheim facility. The incident was reported to the firm Sept. 25 and letters to affected patients were sent out one month later.
[Related: Top Health-Care Breaches And The Rising Costs To Organizations ]
"We're making every effort to recover it, have investigated the matter and are taking appropriate steps to remedy the situation," Miller-Phipps wrote in the letter to affected patients.
The breach is one in a line of health care-related data losses that solution providers say are becoming increasingly common because of the complexity of most provider systems. Many hospitals, clinics and medical offices struggle to maintain compliance with health-care regulations because of the myriad of partners involved in delivering patient care, said Ben Goodman, President, 4A Security, a New York-based information security risk and compliance consultancy and systems integrator. Goodman said it is difficult to control data with associated partners and other contractors while maintaining compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).
"There's exponentially more data out there in more places, and the compliance burden is the same for some little guy who is a consultant as it is for a hospital with employees located in different areas around the country," Goodman said. "Many firms don't have any kind of administrative policy enforcement tool in place."
Fines associated with failure to comply with HIPAA have increased significantly in 2013 following the movement of enforcement from the Medicare Operations Division to the Office of Civil Rights under the Department of Health and Human Services. An update to HIPAA under an Omnibus Rule that increased penalties and extended it to all business associates of health-care providers took effect in September. The Omnibus Rule uses a tier-based system to categorize rule violations with fines running from $1,000 to $1.5 million per violation.
Remediating risk and addressing security issues within a health-care environment takes time and constant vigilance, said Greg Williams, a security compliance consultant for MMIC, the largest policy holder-owned medical liability insurer in the Midwest. Most health-care organization security programs are still in their infancy, said Williams, who has been doing a mixture of data security and compliance consulting for about 15 years in the industry.
Williams said the health-care industry is facing complex issues as organizations are required to digitize medical records. "It's overwhelmed with how to address compliance and implement safeguards," Williams told CRN in a recent interview.
While stolen laptops and smartphones are typically associated with criminals out to resell the physical devices, cybercriminals are increasingly targeting health-care organizations to steal sensitive data.
A recent study by Dell SecureWorks uncovered an underground health insurance data market valued in the millions of dollars. Social Security numbers, health insurance credentials and other patient information are bought and sold via brokered online chat rooms and forums, according to the SecureWorks researchers. The data is apparently used to help illegal immigrants, criminals and foreigners obtain specialized medical care in the U.S., the researchers said.
PUBLISHED DEC. 11, 2013
Health care breach
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Threat Management
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text:
In this section: School of Media and Communication
Writing your personal statement
Your career and development
Researching with us
Digital Cultures
Global Communication
Media Industries and Cultural Production
Visual Media and Communication
Improving Deliberation, Improving Copyright
Start date: 1 November 2016
End date: 30 November 2016
Funder: Arts and Humanities Research Council
Primary investigator: Dr Lee Edwards
Co-investigators: Dr Giles Moss
£37477.64
CREATe Copyright Centre
Primary investigator: Dr Lee Edwards (School of Media and Communications, London School of Economics and Political Science)
This project investigates how members of the public engage with a deliberative process about copyright, where they are given the time and space and a range of information to reflect on this complex issue.
We conducted a deliberative exercise which brought 88 members of the Leeds public together over one weekend to discuss the nature of copyright law, its implementation, and ways it might change.
Participants were provided with information about copyright from advocates and experts in the field and then asked to discuss key questions related to copyright duration, copyright exceptions, and copyright enforcement and penalties.
The study is underpinned by the principle that copyright policy is a matter of public interest, and as such, should be a subject of public discussion and debate, so that the eventual implementation of copyright is one that attracts a general level of agreement among all affected parties.
Publications and outputs
Edwards L, Moss G, Karvelyte K. 2017. Living Within Copyright Law: What is it, how does it work, how could it change? Project Report. Available at: https://www.create.ac.uk/publications/living-within-copyright-law-what-is-it-how-does-it-work-how-could-it-change-project-report/
Edwards L, Moss G. 2018. Evaluating Justifications of Copyright: an Exercise in Public Engagement. Information Communication and Society. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1534984


The America's Best Contacts & Eyeglasses in Bishop Plaza in Chicago, Illinois is here to accommodate all of your eyewear and eyecare needs.
We offer hundreds of eyeglass frames for men, women and children at amazing prices. Come in today and get 2 pairs of glasses for $69.95 with a FREE eye exam* ($50 value). With this great offer you get two frames from our $59.95 selection and single vision uncoated plastic lenses.
If you wear contact lenses, we have you covered. We have a large selection of brands, a convenient online store and savings for your wallet too.
We are on 47th and Looms in Bishop Plaza near Marshall's, Super Mas Supermarket and Little Caesar's.


I told you in a recent post that I was devouring a new cookbook I received for Christmas, insert foodie joke here, and I am so excited to share this recipe with you. It is a total game changer! Not only that, but you will save a ton of time too! Look out kids, we are talking about vegetables! Now, insert your most haunting music here as well. A few claps of thunder and a gusty wind would be a nice touch as well. However, I digress.
The great part of this recipe is that is so simple and quick. Oh, maybe now is a good time to mention that you are using your microwave to cook these vegetables. As crazy as the idea sounds it is a perfect tool for the job. You are just using the high heat of the microwave to take the vegetables out of their state of rawness and into a state of cooked perfection. It is that simple. Ready? Here we go!!
Recipe is from "The Food Lab" by Kenji Lopez Alt and adapted by me.
Place the asparagus in an even layer on a large microwave-save plate and season with salt and pepper.
Lay a triple layer of damp paper towels on a top of the asparagus, completely covering them, or cover them with a clean damp kitchen towel.
Microwave on high power until the asparagus is a bright green and tender but still crisp, 2 1/2 to 6 minutes, depending on the power of your microwave.
Remove the asparagus and arrange.
For any other vegetable you just repeat the same process! You won't spend more than 6 minutes making veg again! Well, unless you are feeding a small army then it may take a little more time. To tell if they are done just pierce them with a fork. If you get little resistance then you are ready to go. If not, taste them to make sure you are happy with their doneness level.
I have done broccoli, asparagus, and green beans this way with much success!! On a couple of occasions I have had asparagus where the stalks are the width of those little decorative pipe cleaners, Those tend to cook in about 90 seconds or so in my experience where the slightly larger ones can take up to just over 2 minutes.
If you aren't serving them as soon as they come out of the microwave, then leave them covered until you are ready to serve. The paper towels will help hold heat and keep your veggies warm. Also, if you want to add a little more flavor you can add a little butter or olive oil before serving the veggies. Heck, a little red pepper flake or a dusting of garlic powder could be solid choices as well.
In order to save on dishes and work, I use the same plate that I just steamed the veg on as my dinner plate. It makes life so much nicer. Just try it! The dishwasher in your house will appreciate it.
Let me know what you think of this recipe by sending me an email or commenting on the post. Can't wait to read your experiences! Enjoy!


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ELC News
STATE DISINVESTMENT AFTER GREAT RECESSION COST SCHOOLS NEARLY $600 BILLION, LED TO "LOST DECADE" FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION ___________________________________
EDUCATION AND CIVIL RIGHTS GROUPS URGE ILLINOIS SUPREME COURT TO HEAR SCHOOL FUNDING CASE ___________________________________
SCHENECTADY SCHOOLCHILDREN GO TO COURT TO BLOCK 20% STATE AID CUT ___________________________________
ELC collects educational indicator data at the school, district and state level, and it is a crucial component of our work. This longitudinal data allows us to provide thorough and timely analysis of education policy issues. It is also a key element in state-level school funding litigation, where a detailed research record of state funding cuts, deficits in essential education resources, and unacceptable student outcomes is essential. ELC is also committed to making information publicly accessible using web-based interactive data analysis software.
New Jersey Data
ELC maintains an extensive database of education indicators for the state of New Jersey. Spanning twenty years, the database incorporates statistics on an extensive list of education topics, including school funding, student demographics, student performance, the teaching workforce, and community context. Click on the links below for access to interactive longitudinal data.
Demographics: racial/ethnic composition, free/reduced lunch eligibility, limited English proficiency rates, and special education classification rates.
School Funding Data: state and district summaries of funding relative to the NJ's school finance formula; need-adjusted, per pupil funding comparisons by district.
Secondary Data: graduation rates and pathway data.
Preschool Data: enrollment data for former Abbott and non-Abbott districts.
ELC has used the database to produce numerous reports and policy briefs which are available on the Publications page.
Making the Grade provides compelling evidence that K-12 public school funding continues to be deeply unfair in many states and a major factor contributing to disparities in education resources, opportunities and outcomes for the 50 million public school children across the United States. The annual report, which grades the states on three measures of fair school funding, was designed to assist policymakers, advocates and others as they answer a key question: How fair is public school funding in your state? Supplementary reports provide additional context to respond to current issues affecting school funding.
ELC's previously published reports, Is School Funding Fair?: A National Report Card (Eds. 1-7), can be found on the Publications page.
Resource Equity in the States
ELC seeks to elevate the urgent need for school funding fairness as a state and national imperative for improving student outcomes and school performance. Crucial to achieving that goal is reframing the school funding debate from a focus on dollars to essential education resources and improved outcomes, while illuminating the capacity and need for states to increase investment in public schools and improve their finance systems.
To achieve our goal, ELC is developing more in-depth, state specific data and analyses often missing in debates over education finance and school funding reform. These reports will investigate the fairness of current school funding systems and the allocation of resources, especially as it relates to students in poverty.
This project is funded by the W.K.Kellogg Foundation.
Focus States:
Evidence for Advocates:
Investing Additional Resources in Schools Serving Low-Income Students
Tracking State Aid Cuts in the Pandemic


Blue Bird Portrait by Debra Vatalaro - 7.250" x 10.000"
Blue Bird Portrait canvas print by Debra Vatalaro. Bring your artwork to life with the texture and depth of a stretched canvas print. Your image gets printed onto one of our premium canvases and then stretched on a wooden frame of 1.5" x 1.5" stretcher bars (gallery wrap) or 5/8" x 5/8" stretcher bars (museum wrap). Your canvas print will be delivered to you "ready to hang" with pre-attached hanging wire, mounting hooks, and nails.
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As is usually the case, it can be difficult to link the charm and luxury of the couture fashion models show on the fashion show stage with everyday fashion. "But the mainstream trend seed is always there, ready to filter our wish list and get into our wardrobe".
This year you will probably be more familiarr with the transparent fabric.
From smooth and semi-transparent fabrics from Dries Van Noten and dresses with lightweight chiffon material from Emilia Wickstead to transparent plastic gowns from Fendi and Chanell. It's all there for you. All you have to do is get out, and if you're brave enough, use a see-through outfit as your style.
You can use a see-through dress with a pattern of leaves from Burberry,but do not forget to wear t-shirts and shorts behind the dress. Or a thin layer solely to create a glossy multi-dimensional impressionn.Look, it's not so bad right?
Denim trends always reappear from time to time, but by 2018,California's style with older denim colors will prevail. Tom Ford's jacket (worn with matching bra and pants) was sewn with a wide collar pattern,inspired by the designer's heyday in the 1980s.
While the denim overalls from Max Mara look very cool.On the other side Versace presents a western-style shirt combined with gold lace and skirt with a foliage pattern.However,Mugler's denim corsets take extreme games. Key style tips? Wear denim on denim with all buttons covered up to the collar.


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Q: Why to use Foreign Key Constraints? I am working on a PHP application which Db design was created by another guy who added FK constraints(On Cascade delete etc) between tables. So far what I am used to do is to put a FK in another table. For instance we have two tables:
Users

*

*ID

*Name

*CountryID

Countries

*

*ID

*Name

At application Level I will create two Separate INSERTs calls. If FK is present, then what change do I need to make at my application level?

A: You need to make sure that the row you reference with the FK exists before you create the row in the other table.
… but you are probably doing this already as that is the logical order to create the rows.

A: Foreign keys enforce referential integrity.
These constraints guarantee that a row in a table order_details with a field order_id referencing an orders table will never have an order_id value that doesn't exist in the orders table.
Foreign keys aren't required to have a working relational database (in fact MySQL's default storage engine doesn't support FKs), but they are definitely essential to avoid broken relationships and orphan rows (ie. referential integrity). The ability to enforce referential integrity at the database level is required for the C in ACID to stand.

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Richard Health Systems strives to provide our clients with the highest quality of service and to assist them in their time of need.
We also know it is necessary to enable the physically challenged, the elderly in need, the patient recovering from an illness or accident, and others confined to their home to maintain their independence.
RHS is dedicated to enhancing the quality of life for both the client and their family by providing a comprehensive nursing care plan and a related health care service. We at Richard Health Systems firmly believe that our greatest resource is our individual and collective commitment to the physical, mental and emotional well-being of our clients.
By combing experience, knowledge, and continuous training programs to our staff, we will provide our clients with the best home healthcare services.
Our goal is to help you with the challenge of caring for your loved ones at home. These include our grandparents, parents, children, and friends. Our agency offers quality 24 hour home healthcare that will allow you and your loved ones to continue to live safely at home.
Feel guilty about leaving your loved ones home because they will be in excellent hands.


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\section{Introduction}
The phenomenon of spontaneous breaking of rotational symmetry (SBRS) in rotating systems
relates to occurrences in which physical systems which rotate fast enough
deform in a manner which breaks their rotational symmetry,
a symmetry which is present when these systems are static
or rotating slowly.
The recognition that rotating physical systems
can yield solutions with less symmetry than the governing equations
is not new. One famous example which dates back to $1834$ is that of
the equilibrium configurations of a rotating fluid mass.  It was
Jacobi who was first to discover that,
if rotated fast enough, a self-gravitating fluid mass can have equilibrium
configurations lacking rotational symmetry.
In modern terminology, Jacobi's asymmetric equilibria appear through a symmetry breaking
bifurcation from a family of symmetric equilibria as the angular momentum
of the system increases above a critical value (a ``bifurcation point'') \cite{Lyttle,Chandra}.
Above this critical value, rotationally-symmetric configurations
are no longer stable, and configurations with a broken rotational symmetry become
energetically favorable.
\par
By now it is widely recognized that symmetry-breaking bifurcations
in rotating systems are of frequent occurrence and that this is in fact a very general phenomenon,
appearing in a variety of physical settings among which are
fluid dynamics, star formation, heavy nuclei, chemical reactions, plasmas,
and biological systems, to mention some diverse examples.
\par
Recently, SBRS has also been observed in self-gravitating
$N$-body systems \cite{Votyakov1,Votyakov2}, where
the equilibrium configurations of an $N$-body self-gravitating system enclosed in a finite 3 dimensional spherical volume
have been investigated using a mean-field approach.
It was shown that when the ratio of the angular momentum of the system to its energy is high,
spontaneous breaking of rotational symmetry occurs, manifesting itself in the formation of double-cluster
structures. These results have also been confirmed with direct numerical simulations \cite{LMS}.
\par
It is well-known that a large number of phenomena exhibited by many-body systems have
their counterparts and parallels in field theory, which in some sense is
a limiting case of $N$-body systems in the limit $N \to \infty$.
Since the closest analogies to a lump of matter in field theories are solitons,
the presence of SBRS in self-gravitating $N$-body systems has led us to expect that it
may also be present in solitonic field theories.
\par
Our main motivation towards studying SBRS in solitons
is that in hadronic physics Skyrme-type solitons \cite{Zahed:1986qz}
often provide a fairly
good qualitative description of nucleon properties.
In particular, it is interesting to ask what
happens when such solitons rotate quickly,
because this might shed some light on the non-spherical deformation of
excited nucleons with high orbital angular momentum, a subject which is now
of considerable interest. We address this issue in more detail in the concluding section
of this manuscript.

In what follows, we study SBRS in one
of the simplest and well-known field theoretic models
admitting stable rotating solitonic solutions,
namely the baby Skyrme model \cite{Old1,Old2}.
First, we give a brief account for
the occurrence of SBRS in physical systems in general,
and then use the insights
gained from this discussion to infer the conditions under which SBRS might appear
in solitonic models and in that context study its appearance in baby Skyrme models.
Specifically, we shall show that SBRS emerges if the domain manifold of the model is
a two-sphere or a disk, while if the domain is $\mathbb{R}^2$,
SBRS does not occur.

\section{SBRS from a dynamical point of view}
The onset of SBRS may be qualitatively understood as resulting from
a competition between the static energy of a system and its moment of inertia.
To see this,
let us consider a system described by a set of degrees of freedom $\phi$,
and assume that the dynamics of the system is governed by a Lagrangian which is invariant under spatial rotations.
When the system is static, its equilibrium configuration
is obtained by minimizing its static energy $E_{\textrm{static}}$ with respect to its degrees of freedom $\phi$
\begin{equation} \label{eq:Estat1}
\frac{\delta E}{\delta \phi}=0 \quad \textrm{where} \quad E=E_{\textrm{static}}(\phi) \,.
\end{equation}
Usually, if $E_{\textrm{static}}(\phi)$ does not include terms which manifestly break rotational
symmetry, the solution to (\ref{eq:Estat1}) is rotationally symmetric
(with the exception of degenerate spontaneously-broken vacua, which are not of our concern
here).
If the system rotates with a given angular momentum $\bm{J}=J \hat{z}$, its configuration is
naturally deformed. Assuming that
the Lagrangian of the system is quadratic in the time derivatives,
stable rotating configurations (if such exist) are obtained by minimizing its total
energy  $E_{J}$
\begin{equation} \label{eq:Erot1}
\frac{\delta E_{J}}{\delta \phi}=0 \quad \textrm{where} \quad E_{J}=
E_{\textrm{static}}(\phi)+\frac{J^2}{2 I(\phi)} \,,
\end{equation}
where $I(\phi)$ is the ratio between the angular momentum of the system and its angular velocity  $\bm{\omega}=\omega \hat{z}$
(which for simplicity we assume is oriented in the direction of the angular momentum).
$I(\phi)$ is the (scalar) moment of inertia of the system.
\par
The energy functional (\ref{eq:Erot1})  consists of two terms.
The first, $E_{\textrm{static}}$,
increases with the asymmetry. This is simply a manifestation of the
minimal-energy configuration in the static case
being rotationally symmetric. The second term
$J^2/2I$, having the moment of inertia in the denominator,
decreases with the asymmetry.
At low values of angular momentum, the $E_{\textrm{static}}$ term
dominates, and thus asymmetry is not energetically favorable, but as the value of angular momentum
increases, it is the second term which becomes dominant,
thus giving rise to a possible breaking of rotational symmetry.

\subsection{The self gravitating ellipsoid}
As an illustration of the above reasoning let us consider the
simple problem of a self-gravitating ellipsoid of liquid
mass $M$ \cite{diffApp}.
The density of the ellipsoid  $\rho$ is assumed to be constant but its shape is allowed
to deform. The boundary of the ellipsoid may be parametrized by
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:Ellipsurface}
&&r(\theta,\varphi)= \\
&&\left( \eta^2 \cos^2 \theta + \frac{4 \pi \rho}{3 M}\frac{\sin^2 \theta}{\eta (1-\epsilon^2)}
\big( 1 +\epsilon^2 -2 \epsilon \cos 2 \varphi \big)
\right)^{-1/2} \,,\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
with $\theta \in [0,\pi]$ being the polar angle, and $\varphi  \in [0,2\pi)$ the azimuthal angle.
Here, the ellipsoid has two
degrees of freedom $\phi=(\eta,\epsilon)$, with a third degree of freedom
eliminated by the constraint of constant volume,
and a non-zero value of $\epsilon$ indicates breaking of rotational symmetry.
The static energy of the ellipsoid is due to self-gravitation and is given by
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:EllipStatic}
&&E_{\textrm{static}}(\eta,\epsilon) = \\
&&- \frac{3}{10} G M^2 \int_0^{\infty} \left((a_1+u)(a_2+u)(a_3+u) \right)^{-1/2} ud \,,\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $\displaystyle{a_1=\frac{3 M \eta}{4 \pi \rho} \frac{1+\epsilon}{1-\epsilon}}$,
$\displaystyle{a_2=\frac{3 M \eta}{4 \pi \rho} \frac{1-\epsilon}{1+\epsilon}}$ and $a_3=1/\eta^2$ \cite{Lyttle}.
The minimal-energy configuration of the static self-gravitating ellipsoid
is obtained by minimizing (\ref{eq:EllipStatic}) with respect to the parameters $\eta$ and $\epsilon$,
giving
\begin{equation} \label{eq:SolStatic}
\eta=(\frac{4 \rho}{3 \pi M})^{1/3}, \quad \epsilon=0 \quad \to \quad r(\theta,\varphi)=1/\eta.
\end{equation}
This means that the configuration that minimizes $E_{\textrm{static}}$
is a sphere.
When the ellipsoid is rotated with angular momentum $\bm{J}=J \hat{z}$, the expression
for its energy becomes
\begin{equation} \label{eq:EllipsErot}
E_{J}=E_{\textrm{static}}(\eta,\epsilon)+\frac{J^2}{2 I(\eta,\epsilon)} \,,
\end{equation}
where $I(\eta,\epsilon)$ is the moment of inertia of the ellipsoid
\begin{equation} \label{eq:EllipsMoi}
I(\eta,\epsilon)=\frac{3 M^2 \eta}{10 \pi \rho}  \frac{1+\epsilon^2}{1-\epsilon^2}  \, .
\end{equation}
Note that both $E_{\textrm{static}}(\eta,\epsilon)$ and $I(\eta,\epsilon)$ are monotonically increasing functions
of the symmetry-breaking parameter $\epsilon$, as discussed earlier.
It is the `competition' between these
two expressions in the minimization of (\ref{eq:EllipsErot}), that determines whether and when SBRS
occurs.
\par
A (numerical) minimization
of the energy functional (\ref{eq:EllipsErot}) for different values of $J$ with respect to
the parameters $\eta$ and $\epsilon$ (the constants
of the problem are taken to be $M=\frac{4}{3} \pi$, $\rho=1$ and $ G M^2=5/3$) indeed reveals
the presence of SBRS. Below a critical value of angular momentum $J_{\textrm{crit}}$
(which here is $J_{\textrm{crit}} \approx 0.8$),
rotationally-symmetric
configurations are energetically more favorable, and $\epsilon=0$ minimizes the energy.
The ellipsoid boundary is an oblate spheroid.
Above $J_{\textrm{crit}}$ however, the energy functional is
no longer minimized by $\epsilon=0$ and
bifurcation occurs; the minimal-energy configurations become ellipsoids
with three unequal axes. These results are summarized in Fig. \ref{gravEllips}.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{figure1.eps}
\caption{\label{gravEllips}The self-gravitating ellipsoid ($M=\frac{4}{3} \pi$, $\rho=1$ and $ G M^2=5/3$):
The `symmetry-breaking' parameter $\epsilon$ for the minimal energy configuration as a function of the angular momentum $J$, showing the existence of
a critical angular momentum $J_{\textrm{crit}} \approx 0.8$ above which the ellipsoid
is no longer rotationally symmetric. The line is to guide the eye.$\hfill$}
\end{figure}

\section{\label{sec:origBaby} SBRS in baby Skyrme models}
In what follows, we show
that the above mechanism of SBRS
is present in solitonic field theories as well,
specifically in certain types of baby Skyrme models.
\par
The baby Skyrme model is a non-linear theory in $(2+1)$ dimensions
which has several applications in condensed-matter physics \cite{Condensed}.
The target manifold is a three-dimensional vector
$\bm{\phi}$  with the constraint $\bm{\phi} \cdot \bm{\phi}=1$.
The Lagrangian density is given by
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:BabyLag}
\mathcal{L} &= &\frac1{2} \partial_{\mu} \bm{\phi} \cdot \partial^{\mu} \bm{\phi}
- \frac{\kappa^2}{2}\big[(\partial_{\mu} \bm{\phi} \cdot \partial^{\mu} \bm{\phi})^2 \\\nonumber
&-& (\partial_{\mu} \bm{\phi} \cdot \partial_{\nu} \bm{\phi})
\cdot (\partial^{\mu} \bm{\phi} \cdot \partial^{\nu} \bm{\phi})
\big]
-\mu^2(1-\phi_3) \,,
\end{eqnarray}
equipped with a Minkowski metric.
The first term  in the Lagrangian is the usual kinetic term known from $\sigma$ models.
The second term is fourth order
in derivatives and is the analogue of the Skyrme term in the $(3+1)D$ Skyrme model \cite{Sk1,Sk2}.
The last term is a potential term, which
is introduced to ensure the stability of the solutions \cite{pot}.
Henceforth, we shall refer to this model as the `usual' or `original' baby Skyrme model.
\par
The existence of stable solutions in this model is a consequence of the nontrivial
topology of the mapping $\mathcal{M}$ of the physical space
into the field space  at a given time,
$\quad \mathcal{M}:  \mathbb{R}^2 \mapsto S^2,\quad$ where
the physical space $\mathbb{R}^2$  is compactified to $S^2$
by requiring the spatial infinity to be equivalent in
each direction.
The topology which stems from this one-point
compactification allows the classification of maps into equivalence classes,
each of which has a unique conserved quantity called the topological charge.
\par
The static solutions of the baby Skyrme model (\ref{eq:BabyLag}) have
rotationally-symmetric energy and charge distributions in the charge-one and charge-two sectors \cite{Old1}.
The charge-one Skyrmion has an energy peak at its center which drops down exponentially.
The energy distribution of the charge-two Skyrmion has a ring-like peak around its center at some
characteristic distance.
The rotating solutions of the model have also been previously studied \cite{Old2,rotBaby2}.
It has been found that rotation at low angular velocities slightly deforms
the Skyrmion but it remains rotationally-symmetric.
For larger values of angular velocity, the rotationally-symmetric configuration becomes
unstable but in this case the Skyrmion does not undergo symmetry breaking.
Its stability is restored through a different mechanism, namely that of radiation.
The Skyrmion radiates out the excessive energy and angular momentum,
and as a result begins slowing down until it reaches equilibrium at some constant angular velocity,
its core remaining rotationally-symmetric.
Moreover, if the Skyrme fields are
restricted to a rotationally symmetric (hedgehog) form,
the critical angular velocity above which the Skyrmion radiates can be obtained analytically.
It is simply the coefficient of the potential term $\omega_{\textrm{crit}}=\mu$
\cite{Old2}.
Numerical full-field simulations we have conducted show that the Skyrmion
actually begins radiating well below $\omega_{\textrm{crit}}$,
as radiation itself may be non-rotationally-symmetric.
The Skyrmion's core, however, remains rotationally symmetric for every angular velocity.
\par
The stabilizing effect of the radiation on the solutions of the model
has lead us to believe that models in which radiation
is somehow inhibited may turn out to be good candidates for the occurrence of SBRS.
In the present paper we study two such baby Skyrme models. In these models
energy and angular momentum are not allowed to escape
to infinity through radiation,
and for high enough angular momentum the mechanism responsible for SBRS discussed in the previous section
takes over, revealing solutions with spontaneously broken rotational symmetry.
\par
The first model we discuss is a baby Skyrme model in which the physical space $\mathbb{R}^2$
is replaced by a unit two-sphere, and in the second model Skyrmions are confined to the inside of a unit circle in
$\mathbb{R}^2$. We compute the  minimal-energy configurations
of the rotating solutions of both models by applying
a full-field relaxation method with which exact numerical solutions are  obtained.
For the baby Skyrme model on the two-sphere we also
take a more analytical approach using rational maps.
We discuss these models and the minimization method in more detail in the next section.

\section{\label{sec:2sphere} The baby Skyrme model on the two-sphere}
The first baby Skyrme model we investigate which exhibits SBRS is
the one for which both the domain and target manifolds are unit two-spheres.
This model may be thought of as Skyrme's original $3$D model
once the radial coordinate is integrated out \cite{2Sphere3}.
As in the usual baby Skyrme model, the Lagrangian density is simply
\begin{eqnarray} \label{O3lagrangian}
\mathcal{L}&=&\frac1{2} \partial_{\mu} \bm{\phi} \cdot \partial^{\mu} \bm{\phi} \\\nonumber
&-& \frac{\kappa^2}{2}\big[
(\partial_{\mu} \bm{\phi} \cdot \partial^{\mu} \bm{\phi})^2
-(\partial_{\mu} \bm{\phi} \cdot \partial_{\nu} \bm{\phi})
(\partial^{\mu} \bm{\phi} \cdot \partial^{\nu} \bm{\phi})
\big]\,,
\end{eqnarray}
with the metric $\textrm{d} s^2=\textrm{d} t^2 - \textrm{d} \theta^2 -\sin^2 \theta \,\textrm{d} \varphi^2$,
where $\theta$ is the polar angle $\in [0,\pi]$ and $\varphi$
is the azimuthal angle $\in [0,2 \pi)$.
In this model a potential term is not necessary for the stability of the solutions \cite{2Sphere3}
and thus is omitted.
The Lagrangian of this model
is invariant under rotations in both the domain and the target spaces,
possessing an $O(3)_{\textrm{domain}} \times O(3)_{\textrm{target}}$ symmetry.
\par
As in the original baby Skyrme model, the relevant homotopy group here
is $\pi_2(S^2)=\mathbb{Z}$, implying that each field configuration is
characterized by an integer topological charge $B$, the topological degree of
the map $\bm{\phi}$, which in spherical coordinates is given  by
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:O3Bdens}
B= \frac1{4 \pi } \int \text{d} \, \Omega
	\frac{ \bm{\phi} \cdot (\partial_{\theta} \bm{\phi} \times \partial_{\varphi} \bm{\phi} )}{
	\sin \theta} \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\text{d} \Omega= \sin \theta \, \text{d} \theta \, \text{d} \varphi$.
Static solutions within each topological sector are obtained by minimizing the energy
functional
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:Estat}
E_{\textrm{static}}&=&\frac1{4 \pi B} \int \text{d} \Omega \Big(\frac1{2}(\partial_{\theta} \bm{\phi})^2
+ \frac1{2} \frac{1}{\sin^2 \theta}( \partial_{\varphi} \bm{\phi})^2 \nonumber \\*
&+& \frac{\kappa^2}{2} \frac{(\partial_{\theta} \bm{\phi} \times \partial_{\varphi} \bm{\phi})^2}{\sin^2 \theta}
\Big) \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where the $(4 \pi B)^{-1}$ factor has been inserted for convenience.
The static solutions of the model were studied in detail in \cite{2Sphere3} up to charge $B=14$.
These which are rotationally-symmetric are
the charge-one Skyrmion has an analytic ``hedgehog'' solution  with
spherically-symmetric energy and charge distributions, and
the charge-two solution has an axially-symmetric ring-like solution.
\par
In order to find the stable rotating solutions of the model,
we assume for simplicity that
any stable solution would rotate
around the axis of angular momentum (which is taken to be the $z$ direction) with some angular velocity $\omega$.
The rotating solutions thus take the form \hbox{$\bm{\phi}(\theta,\varphi,t)=\bm{\phi}(\theta,\varphi- \omega t)$}.
The energy functional to be minimized is
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:Eomega}
E=  E_{\textrm{static}}+ \frac{J^2}{2 I} \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $I$ is the ratio of the angular momentum of the Skyrmion to its angular velocity, or its
``moment of inertia'', given by
\begin{eqnarray}
I = \frac1{4 \pi B}  \int \text{d} \Omega \left((\partial_{\varphi} \bm{\phi})^2
+\kappa^2 (\partial_{\theta} \bm{\phi} \times \partial_{\varphi} \bm{\phi})^2
\right) \,.
\end{eqnarray}
\subsection{The numerical procedure}
Since the Euler-Lagrange equations
derived from the energy functional (\ref{eq:Eomega})
are non-linear \textit{PDE}'s, in general the
minimal energy configurations can only be obtained
with the aid of numerical techniques.
In what follows, we obtain the minimal energy configurations
which correspond to rotating Skyrmion solutions,
using a full-field relaxation method, in which the domain $S^2$ is discretized
to a spherical grid -- $100$ grid points for $\theta$
and $100$ points for $\varphi$.
The relaxation process begins by initializing the field triplet $\bm{\phi}$
to a rotationally-symmetric configuration
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:initConfig}
\bm{\phi}_{\textrm{initial}}=(\sin \theta \cos B \varphi,\sin \theta \sin B \varphi,\cos \theta) \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $B$ is the topological charge of the Skyrmion in question.
The energy of the baby Skyrmion is then minimized by repeating the following steps:
a point $(\theta_m,\varphi_n)$ on the grid is chosen at random, along
with one of the three components of the field $\bm{\phi}(\theta_m,\varphi_n)$.
The chosen component is then shifted by a value $\delta_{\phi}$ chosen uniformly
from the segment $[-\Delta_{\phi},\Delta_{\phi}]$
where $\Delta_{\phi}=0.1$ initially. The field triplet is then normalized
and the change in energy is calculated.
If the energy decreases, the modification of the field is accepted
and otherwise it is discarded.
The procedure is repeated while the value of
$\Delta_{\phi}$ is gradually decreased throughout
the procedure. This is done until no further decrease in energy is observed.\par
One undesired feature of this minimization scheme
is that it can get stuck at a local minimum.
This problem can be resolved by using the ``simulated annealing'' algorithm \cite{SA1,SA2},
which in fact has been successfully implemented before,
in obtaining the minimal energy configurations of
static two and three dimensional Skyrmions \cite{SkyrmeSA}.
The algorithm comprises of repeated applications of a Metropolis algorithm
with a gradually decreasing temperature,
based on the fact that when a physical system is slowly cooled down,
reaching thermal equilibrium at each temperature, it will end up in its ground state.
This algorithm, however, is much more expensive in terms of computer time.
We therefore employ it only on a representative sample of the parameter space,
just as a check on our results, which correspond to a Metropolis algorithm of zero temperature.
\par
\subsection{Results}
In what follows we present the results obtained by the minimization scheme
described in the previous section to the rotating solutions of the model
in the charge-one and charge-two sectors, which as mentioned above are rotationally-symmetric.
For simplicity, we fix the parameter $\kappa$ at $\kappa^2= 0.01$
although other $\kappa$ values were tested as well,
yielding qualitatively similar solutions.

\subsubsection{Rotating charge-one solutions}
In perfect analogy with the self-gravitating ellipsoid discussed in
the Introduction, the rotating charge-one Skyrmion, which has spherically-symmetric
energy and charge distributions
in the static limit (Fig. \ref{O3b1}a), was found to exhibit SBRS.
When rotated slowly, its symmetry is reduced to $O(2)$,
with the axis of symmetry coinciding with the axis of rotation (Fig. \ref{O3b1}b).
At some critical value of angular momentum (which in the current settings is
$J_{\textrm{crit}} \approx 0.2$), the axial symmetry
is further broken, yielding an ellipsoidal
energy distribution with three unequal axes (Fig. \ref{O3b1}c). Any further increase in angular momentum
results in the elongation of the Skyrmion in one horizontal direction and its shortening
in the perpendicular one.  The results are very similar to those
of the rotating self-gravitating ellipsoid.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
\includegraphics[angle=0,scale=1,width=0.48\textwidth]{figure2.eps}
\caption{\label{O3b1}Baby Skyrmions on the two-sphere ($\kappa^2=0.01$):
The charge distribution $\mathcal{B}(\theta, \varphi)$ of the charge-one Skyrmion for different angular momenta.
In the figure, the vector
$\mathcal{B}(\theta, \varphi)\bm{\hat{r}}$
is plotted for the various $\theta$ and $\varphi$ values.$\hfill$}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Rotating charge-two solutions}
SBRS is also observed in rotating charge-two Skyrmions.
The static charge-two Skyrmion has only axial symmetry (Fig. \ref{O3b2}a),
with its symmetry axis having no preferred direction.
Nonzero angular momentum aligns the axis of symmetry with the axis of rotation.
For small values of angular momentum, the Skyrmion is slightly deformed but remains axially symmetric (Fig. \ref{O3b2}b).
Above $J_{\textrm{crit}} \approx 0.55$ however, its rotational
symmetry is broken, and it starts splitting to its `constituent'
charge-one Skyrmions (Fig.  \ref{O3b2}c and \ref{O3b2}d).
As the angular momentum is further increased, the splitting becomes more evident,
and the Skyrmion assumes a string-like shape.  This is somewhat reminiscent of the
well-known elongation, familiar from high-spin hadrons which are also known to assume
a string-like shape with the constituent quarks taking position at the ends of the string \cite{Nambu, Kang}.
\begin{figure}[ht!]
\includegraphics[angle=0,scale=1,width=0.48\textwidth]{figure3.eps}
\caption{\label{O3b2}Baby Skyrmions on the two-sphere ($\kappa^2=0.01$):
The charge distribution $\mathcal{B}(\theta, \varphi)$ of the charge-two Skyrmion for different angular momenta.
In the figure, the vector
$\mathcal{B}(\theta, \varphi) \bm{\hat{r}}$
is plotted for the various $\theta$ and $\varphi$ values.$\hfill$}
\end{figure}

A quantitative measure for the deviation from rotational symmetry of the rotating solutions
may be obtained by evaluating the expression
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta^2= \int\left( \frac1{2 B} \int \mathcal{B}(\theta,\varphi) \sin \theta \text{d} \theta \right)^2 \frac{\text{d} \varphi}{2 \pi}   -1 \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mathcal{B}(\theta,\varphi)$ is the charge density of the Skyrmion.
For rotationally-symmetric configurations $\Delta=0$. In Fig. \ref{O3D2},
$\Delta$ is plotted against the angular momentum $J$,
for both the charge-one and the charge-two solutions.
The qualitative similarity to the bifurcation occurring
in the rotating liquid mass system shown in Fig. \ref{gravEllips} is clear.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
\includegraphics[angle=0,scale=1,width=0.5\textwidth]{figure4.eps}
\caption{\label{O3D2}The deviation from rotational symmetry $\Delta$ of the rotating charge-one (denoted by $\times$)
and charge-two (denoted by $\circ$) Skyrmions
for different values of angular momentum. The lines are to guide the eye.$\hfill$}
\end{figure}

\subsection{The rational map ansatz}
A somewhat more analytical analysis of this system may be achieved by the use
of the rational maps approximation scheme \cite{Rmaps3DSk1}, which is known to provide
quite accurate results for the static solutions of the model \cite{2Sphere3}.
In this approximation, points on the base sphere are expressed by the Riemann coordinate
$z=\tan \frac{\theta}{2} e^{i \varphi}$, and
the ansatz for the field triplet is
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:Rmap}
\bm{\phi}=( \frac{R+ \bar{R}}{1+|R|^2}, i \frac{R- \bar{R}}{1+|R|^2}, \frac{1-|R|^2}{1+|R|^2}) \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where the complex-valued  function $R(z)$ is a rational map of
degree $B$ between Riemann spheres
\begin{eqnarray}
R(z)=\frac{p(z)}{q(z)} \,.
\end{eqnarray}
Here, $p(z)$ and $q(z)$ are polynomials in $z$, such that
$\max[\mbox{deg}(p),\mbox{deg}(q)]=B$,  and $p$ and $q$ have no common factors.
Rational maps of degree $B$ correspond to field configurations with charge $B$.
\par
In its implementation here, we have simplified matters even more and reduced the degrees of freedom
of the maps by a restriction only to
those maps which exhibit the symmetries observed in the rotating full-field solutions.
This allowed the isolation of those parameters which are the most critical for
the minimization of the energy functional.
\par
In the charge-one rotating solution, the charge and energy densities exhibit two spatial symmetries.
One is a reflection through the $xy$ plane
(the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation) and the other is a reflection through
one horizontal axis.
Enforcing these symmetries on rational maps of degree one
results in the one-parametric family of rational maps
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:RmapB1}
R(z)=\frac{\cos \alpha}{z+ \sin \alpha} \,,
\end{eqnarray}
which produces the charge density
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{B}(\theta, \varphi)=\left( \frac{\cos \alpha}{1 +\sin \alpha \sin \theta \sin \varphi} \right)^2 \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\alpha \in [-\pi, \pi]$ is the parameter of the map, and $\alpha=0$ corresponds to a
rotationally-symmetric solution.
Results of a numerical minimization of the energy functional (\ref{eq:Eomega}) for fields constructed
from (\ref{eq:RmapB1})
for different values of angular momentum $J$ are shown in
Fig. \ref{O3RmapB1}.
While for angular momentum less than $J_{\textrm{crit}} \approx 0.1$,
$\alpha=0$ minimizes the energy functional (a rotationally symmetric solution),
above this critical value bifurcation occurs and $\alpha=0$ is no longer a minimum;
the charge-one Skyrmion becomes ellipsoidal.
\par
A similar analysis of the charge-two rotating solution yields the one-parametric map
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:RmapB2}
R(z)=\frac{\sin \alpha +z^2 \cos \alpha}{\cos \alpha +z^2 \sin \alpha} \,,
\end{eqnarray}
with corresponding charge density
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{B}(\theta, \varphi)= \left( \frac{2 \cos 2 \alpha \sin \theta}
{2 + \sin^2 \theta  (\sin 2 \alpha \cos 2 \varphi-1)} \right)^2 \,.
\end{eqnarray}
The results in this case are summarized in Fig. \ref{O3RmapB2},
indicating that above $J_{\textrm{crit}} \approx 0.57$ the minimal energy configuration
is no longer rotationally symmetric.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
\subfloat[]{
\label{O3RmapB1}
\includegraphics[angle=0,scale=1,width=0.5\textwidth]{figure5a.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfloat[]{
\label{O3RmapB2}
\includegraphics[angle=0,scale=1,width=0.5\textwidth]{figure5b.eps}}
\caption{\label{O3Rmap}Spontaneous breaking of rotational symmetry
in the restricted rational maps approximation for the baby Skyrmions on the two-sphere:
the parameter $\alpha$ as a function of the angular momentum $J$,
for the charge-one (top) and the charge-two (bottom) solutions.
The lines are to guide the eye.$\hfill$}
\end{figure}
\par
The discrepancies in the critical angular momenta $J_{\textrm{crit}}$
between the full-field method ($0.2$ for charge-one and $0.55$ for charge-two)
and the rational maps scheme ($0.1$ for charge-one and $0.57$ for charge-two)
are of course expected,
as in the latter method, the solutions have only one degree of freedom.
Nonetheless, the qualitative similarity in the behavior of the solutions
in both cases is strong.

\section{\label{sec:disk} The baby Skyrme model on a disk}
\begin{figure}[ht!]
\includegraphics[angle=0,scale=1,width=0.5\textwidth]{figure6.eps}
\caption{\label{Prof12}The baby Skyrme model on a disk ($\mu^2=1$ and $\kappa^2=0.01$):
Profile functions of the static charge-one (solid line) and charge-two (dotted line) Skyrmions.$\hfill$}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[ht!]
\includegraphics[angle=0,scale=1,width=0.48\textwidth]{figure7.eps}
\caption{\label{circleB1}Top: The charge density of the charge-one Skyrmion
for different values of the angular momentum. Bottom: Corresponding contour plots  ranging from
violet (low density) to red (high density).
Above $J \approx 0.03$, the minimal energy configurations are no longer
rotationally-symmetric; the center of mass of the Skyrmion is
slightly shifted towards the bounding circle.$\hfill$}
\end{figure}
A second model in which SBRS is observed
is a baby Skyrme model for which radiation is inhibited by confining
the Skyrmion to the inside of a unit circle.
The domain $\mathbb{R}^2$ of the usual baby Skyrme model is  replaced by the unit disk
\begin{eqnarray}
D^2=\{\bm{x} \in \mathbb{R}^2 : |\bm{x}|^2 \leq 1 \} \,.
\end{eqnarray}
To recover the topology necessary for the existence of non-trivial solutions,
we require that the fields are the same in each direction on the bounding unit circle.
This results in the domain $D^2$ becoming topologically equivalent to a two-sphere,
and the topological charge is now given by the expression
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{degree}
B = \frac1{ 4 \pi}\int_{D^2} \text{d} r \text{d} \varphi \, \bm{\phi} \cdot \left(\partial_r \bm{\phi} \times
\partial_{\varphi} \bm{\phi} \right) \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $r$ and $\varphi$ are the usual polar coordinates.
As in the usual baby Skyrme model, the static solutions are found by minimizing the static energy
functional
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:EstatD2}
E_{\textrm{static}}
&=&\frac1{4 \pi B}  \int_{D^2} r \text{d} r \text{d} \varphi \Big(
\frac1{2} (\partial_r \bm{\phi} \cdot \partial_r \bm{\phi}
+ \frac1{r^2}\partial_{\varphi} \bm{\phi} \cdot \partial_{\varphi} \bm{\phi}) \nonumber\\
&+&\frac{\kappa^2}{2} \frac{(\partial_r \bm{\phi} \times \partial_{\varphi} \bm{\phi})^2}{r^2}
+\mu^2 (1-\phi_3)
\Big) \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where the integration is over the unit disk, and the rotating solutions
are equivalently obtained by minimizing the functional
\begin{eqnarray} \label{Pot}
E_{\textrm{J}} &= &E_{\textrm{static}}+\frac{J^2}{2 I} \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where as before $I$ is the moment of inertia:
\begin{eqnarray} \label{Moi}
I=\frac1{4 \pi B} \int_{D^2} r \text{d} r \text{d} \theta \left(
\partial_{\varphi} \bm{\phi} \cdot \partial_{\varphi} \bm{\phi}
+\kappa^2 (\partial_r \bm{\phi} \times \partial_{\varphi} \bm{\phi})^2
\right) \,.
\end{eqnarray}
The numerical minimization of the energy functional has been
carried out using the relaxation method discussed earlier in the case
of the baby Skyrme model on the two-sphere,
and the parameters of the model were fixed at $\mu^2=1$ and $\kappa^2=0.01$ for simplicity.
\par
Here we focused our attention on the charge-one and charge-two Skyrmions,
as in the static limit these are found to be rotationally-symmetric with the form
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{hedge}
\bm{\phi}(r,\theta) = \left(\sin f(r) \cos B\varphi,\sin f(r) \sin B\varphi , \cos f (r) \right),
\end{eqnarray}
where the profile function $f(r)$ satisfies the boundary conditions
$f(0)= \pi$ and $f(1)=0$. Figure \ref{Prof12} shows the profile function
obtained for each of the charges.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[angle=0,scale=1,width=0.48\textwidth]{figure8.eps}
\caption{\label{circleB2}Top: The charge density of the charge-two Skyrmion
for different values of the angular momentum. Bottom: Corresponding contour plots  ranging from
violet (low density) to red (high density).
Above $J \approx 0.11$, the minimal energy configurations are no longer
rotationally-symmetric.$\hfill$}
\end{figure}

As in the baby Skyrme model on the
two-sphere, spontaneous breaking of rotational symmetry
is observed in this model as well.
In the charge-one sector, below $J \approx 0.03$ the stable solutions are rotationally-symmetric with only slight
deformations from the static shape. Above this value SBRS appears;
the Skyrmion's center of mass shifts towards the bounding circle.
This is summarized in Fig. \ref{circleB1}.
\begin{figure}[ht!]
\includegraphics[angle=0,scale=1,width=0.5\textwidth]{figure9.eps}
\caption{\label{DiskD2}The baby Skyrme model on a disk: The symmetry-breaking measure $\Delta$ as a function of
the angular momentum
for the charge-one (denoted by $\times$) and the charge-two (denoted by $\circ$) Skyrmions.$\hfill$}
\end{figure}
A similar situation occurs for the charge-two Skyrmions.
The critical value there is  $J \approx 0.14$ as illustrated in Fig. \ref{circleB2}.
The behavior of the rotating solutions may be understood as follows;
by moving away from the center of the circle, the moment of inertia of the Skyrmion increases as dictated
by Steiner's theorem.
Since its shape remains more or less the same,
its `self-energy' stays relatively unaffected (this is more evident in the charge-one case).

As with the baby Skyrmions on the two-sphere,
the deviation from rotational symmetry is measured by
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta^2= \int\left( \frac1{2 B} \int \mathcal{B}(r,\varphi) r \text{d} r \right)^2 \frac{\text{d} \varphi}{2 \pi}   -1 \,,
\end{eqnarray}
with $\mathcal{B}(r,\varphi)$ being the charge density of the Skyrmion.
In Fig. \ref{DiskD2}, $\Delta$ is plotted as a function of the angular momentum,
showing the emergence of SBRS as bifurcation points at the critical values of angular momentum.
\section{Summary and further remarks}
In this work we have studied spontaneous breaking of rotational symmetry (SBRS)
in two solitonic models whose solutions exhibit SBRS when the angular momentum is sufficiently high.
We have shown that the emergence of SBRS in these models
can be directly linked to its appearance in classical mechanical systems,
such as the rotating liquid mass,
and that this linkage originates from general principles, and hence points out
to the universality of this phenomenon.
\par
We believe that the results obtained in the present work may, at least
to some extent, also be linked to recent advances in the understanding
the non-sphericity of
excited nucleons with of large orbital momentum.
Non-spherical deformation of the
nucleon shape
is now a focus of considerable interest, both
experimental \cite{exp1,exp2} and theoretical \cite{Miller1,Miller2,
Miller3}.
As Skyrmions are
known to provide a good qualitative description of many nucleon properties,
we
hope that the results presented here will provide some corroboration to
recent results on this subject, {\it e.g.} ~\cite{Miller3}, although a more detailed
analysis of this analogy is in order.  We hope to be able to report on
these matters in forthcoming publications.
\hfill\break
\begin{acknowledgments}
This work was supported in part by a grant from the Israel Science
Foundation administered by the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Strategies for the new normal
Investment company creates funds built to cope with market crises
By: Joel Schlesinger
Posted: 10/13/2012 1:00 AM	| Last Modified: 10/13/2012 9:44 AM	| Updates
This article was published 12/10/2012 (3018 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
Most of us have come to grips with the so-called new normal by now.
And no, this has nothing to do with the new TV sitcom.
The real new normal was coined by PIMCO bond gurus Bill Gross and Mohamed A. El-Erian and refers to a long period of poor economic growth, high inflation, high unemployment and debt crises.
As a result, stock markets will be volatile -- up one year and down the next -- and bonds or GICs offer little safety, earning less than inflation.
Naturally, the mutual fund industry is adapting to this new investment ecosystem, too.
Case in point is NEI Investments, known for its socially responsible funds, among others. It recently launched two new funds -- the Northwest Macro Canadian Asset Allocation and the Northwest Macro Canadian Equity -- and it revamped another, its Ethical Balanced Fund.
All three have investment mandates aimed to roll with the punches in the years to come.
To promote its new, improved product line, NEI's chief investment officer, Daniel Solomon, along with a newly hired top-gun fund manager, Christine Hughes, were in Winnipeg earlier this month meeting with advisers.
NEI's pitch is this: Traditional funds are obsolete. They can't cope with the new investment landscape.
The theory on which most fund strategies are based, Modern Portfolio Theory, is a 1950s relic. The theory underpins the strategy of buying and holding a diversified portfolio of investments, and it's based on a 50-year market history that's no longer applicable, Solomon says.
In its place, a new theory has come to the fore: Conditional Value-at-risk Theory.
"With this theory, risk is defined as losing money, so you want to minimize the risk of things going really bad," Solomon says.
"It accounts for the fact black-swan events will continue to happen often -- not once every 1,000 years."
Indeed, NEI's Ethical Balanced Fund is testament to this change in strategy. It's been around since 1989 and has a subpar track record over the last decade.
Both newcomers to NEI, Solomon and Hughes aim to reinvigorate the Ethical Fund with the same strategies used in its two new offerings -- the aforementioned Canadian equity and Canadian asset allocation funds.
These funds are built to be flexible. They can hold large positions in cash, short sell, buy and sell options, futures and precious metals -- all hedges against market downturns.
They require managers who can make the right call on the market. That's why NEI pursued Hughes, Solomon says.
Hughes has a 10-year-plus track record of making the right calls.
In 2006, she managed AGF's Canadian Asset Allocation fund, ranked fifth among hundreds of funds. That was during the good times. During bad times (2008), the fund's performance was even more impressive. It was second-best of all funds in its class. Still, it posted a seven per cent loss, but that was better than 16 per cent-plus losses by many of its peers.
After 2008, Hughes took time off to have another baby, her third. Earlier this year, she started her own investment firm, OtterWood Capital Management, around the same time NEI hired her to run the three funds.
Hughes says she has a unique skill set for the new normal because of her early experience 20 years ago as a private portfolio manager for high-net-worth clients.
"What I learned from them is: 'Don't lose my money.' "
Her early work also gave her a solid foundation in fixed-income investing.
"So my understanding of equities is within the overall context of the bond market."
This is important because every major stock market shakeup is foreshadowed by stresses in the bond market, knowledge that helped Hughes avoid the 2008 crash.
"I was waiting for confirmation of the housing crash in the bond market and got it in 2007," she says.
"By the time the crash happened, we were very defensive."
But Hughes says she had wanted to be even more defensive at the time. She had wanted to short-sell the S&P 500, a broad index of the top U.S. stocks. But the AGF fund she managed couldn't short-sell markets. She also wanted to buy gold. That, too, wasn't allowed, so she bought gold stocks instead, which didn't produce the same results.
"The fund would have gone up eight or nine per cent if I had been able to own physical gold," she says.
Today with NEI, she says she can make those calls.
It's the flexibility required to deal with unpredictable market conditions, which will certainly ensue now that the U.S. and European central banks have "hired a person to push a button on the wall to print money without an end in sight," she says.
Like many other market analysts, Hughes predicts loose monetary policy will be good news for the stock market in the short term.
"What happens is, the price of stuff goes up because the value of currency is going down," she says. "This is good for investors, but it's bad for consumers and those living on fixed income."
Flooding the markets with money punishes savers, forcing them to move money out of safe assets such as government bonds into riskier assets to keep pace with inflation, which inevitably will come to the fore as a result of loose-money policy.
This creates what Hughes calls "a reluctant bull" opportunity. Stocks will rise, but a bad hangover will follow.
"We're bullish for now, but it is not a panacea," she says. "This will not end well."
Her best educated guess is the party won't flame out in Europe. It will end in Japan, the most indebted major economy on Earth. It owes twice as much as it produces annually and has only managed to maintain its debt load by selling low-interest government bonds to its own citizens. The Japanese population, like ours, is aging and shifting from saving to spending. In turn, Japan will be forced to fund its deficits in the global bond market, which will drive it up its cost of borrowing.
"So its central bank will press the button and buy the bonds itself, and its currency will collapse," she says. "This will be massively destabilizing."
Japan is the second-largest bond market in the world.
Just as in the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis, when the tide finally rolls out, we will find out who didn't have a life-jacket.
"There will be hedge funds that are positioned for small movements in the interest rates that will be offside and leveraged 50 to one, and they'll take down Goldman Sachs," she says.
On the upside, this collapse is likely a year or two away.
But watch out, because when it starts, it will unfold fast.
Yet amid all this expected volatility -- the bulls and bears -- will be buy-low-and-sell-high opportunities, just as long as you can anticipate the hazards.
And that is exactly what Hughes intends to do.
"We can have some degree of predictive value of what is going to happen, but we don't know when, so we watch for clues," she says. "We're trying to retain and preserve the purchasing power, all the while avoiding the pitfalls of these intermittent crises."
giganticsmile@gmail.com
A glance at NEI's funds: All three funds from NEI Investments are extremely flexible in their asset allocation. In fact, they stretch the boundaries of their respective categories. Each fund can invest in futures, forward contracts, options and even short selling as defensive strategies.
Northwest Macro Canadian Equity Fund: Judging by its name, it should invest mainly in the Canadian stock market, the TSX, but this fund can invest in more than its name suggests. At any given time, half of its investments can be foreign equities. Ten per cent of its assets can be invested in precious metals -- the commodities, not the companies that produce them. And as much as half of its capital can sit in cash. It charges an annual 2.63 per cent management expense ratio (MER).
Northwest Macro Canadian Asset Allocation: This fund belongs to a category of mutual funds that a Wall Street Journal article from earlier this year called "actively managed funds on steroids." The official name of the category is tactical balanced, and fund managers have almost total discretion to move capital to whatever asset class necessary. NEI's fund can invest between 10 and 90 per cent in Canadian equities or fixed income (bonds). Its assets can also consist of as much as 50 per cent foreign equities. Its portfolio can contain up to 10 per cent precious metals (gold and silver) and it can have a maximum of 30 per cent of its assets in cash. It charges a 1.95 per cent MER.
NEI Ethical Balanced: This fund has been around since 1989 and has a two-star rating from Morningstar Canada. But now it's been revamped with more flexibility and new management (Hughes). Its asset allocation can range from 30 to 60 per cent Canadian equities, as much as 30 per cent foreign equities and 20 to 60 per cent fixed income. It can also hold as much as 10 per cent of its value in precious metals and up to 20 per cent of its holdings in cash. Its MER is 2.35 per cent.
Updated on Saturday, October 13, 2012 at 9:44 AM CDT: adds fact box


Des Moines has been called "the Hartford of the West" due to the number of insurance companies headquartered there. The Principal Financial Group, EMC Insurance Group, Fidelity & Guaranty Life, and Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield are just a few of the companies that call this Iowa city home. Other major corporations such as ACE Limited, DuPont Pioneer, and Wells Fargo also have large operations in or near the metropolitan area. In addition to insurance and finance, other big employers include the government, manufacturing, trade, and healthcare services sectors.
The cost of living in Des Moines is 85.9 which is under the national average of 100. Housing is the main factor in the lower cost of living, scoring 71 out of 100. The median cost of a home is $132,500 compared to $216,200 for the US average. Moreover, the median household income of $60,011 is slightly above the US average as well. With all these promising statistics related to flourishing business and lower costs, it might be inferred that residents of Des Moines are all flourishing too. However, that's not always the case. There are always those who do not fare so well financially.
Often when folks start to depend on credit cards to make up the shortfall between the money coming in each month and the bills to be paid, debt can start to grow. Or sometimes it's an unexpected expense like a broken water heater or medical crisis that upsets the financial equilibrium. If you're experiencing difficulties, you're certainly not alone. But the good news is, there are ways to change this worrying situation.
If your debt is substantial and you've decided it's time to do something about it, there are a number of ways to go about it. You could research getting a loan to consolidate your debt. Debt consolidation could help you save on interest and simplify your payment schedule. Instead of paying multiple bills to multiple creditors, you make one payment a month to a debt consolidation company or other lender.
If you can secure a debt consolidation loan at a reasonable interest rate, you could make debt resolution less stressful. To get a decent interest rate, you'll need to put up high-value collateral, such as your house or your car. If you don't have assets or don't want to use them, you may be able to get an unsecured loan. It's less risky, but it could lead to more debt in the long run due to higher interest rates.
This last point is important. If you keep using your credit cards, but don't pay the entire balance each month, you'll end up with one additional creditor on your list and be even deeper in debt than before.
If consolidating your debt makes sense for your financial situation, and you can check all the boxes mentioned above, the best time to apply for a loan is right away. If you're currently paying compound interest and late fees, the longer you wait to find a reputable debt consolidation company, the more debt you'll have.
Freedom Debt Relief has Certified Debt Consultants available to advise you on the various types of debt-clearing strategies. Call 800-910-0065 for a free debt evaluation and find out if debt consolidation would work for you.
Around 80% of US residents are in debt today from mortgages, medical bills, student debt, car loans, and credit cards. However, Des Moines and other Iowa cities have the lowest average credit card debt at 26%. This is less than the national average of $6,354.
Freedom Debt Relief has been helping consumers get out of debt since 2002 and has one of the best reputations in the business. If you're tired of worrying over mounting debt, call 800-910-0065 and speak with one of our Certified Debt Consultants to find out about available debt-relief methods. It's never too late to become debt free. Take the first step today.


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Insurance Strategies
Zachary Hobby
zhobby@unifiedwm.com
Zachary Hobby, co-founder of Unified Wealth Management, is a fully licensed and regulated Financial Advisor. Zach operates off of the belief that helping others achieve what they want is the most fulfilling work, and he is grateful for the opportunity to help his clients achieve their dreams through effective wealth management. Zach's main focus is developing comprehensive plans for families and business owners to help them build portfolios that best match their investment and tax profile. Born and raised in the Tampa Bay area, Zach is a graduate of Florida State University, where he played football. Zach and his wife, Claire, enjoy traveling, cooking, and most importantly, spending time with their precious children Evie and Theo.
Robert DiMarco
Robert DiMarco, co-founder of Unified Wealth Management, received his Bachelor's in accounting from Bryant University, a Master's of Science in Taxation from Western Connecticut St. University, and is a licensed CPA in the State of Florida. He is a member of the AICPA, FICPA, and a member of the AICPA's Tax Section.
Rob brings a "wealth" of business and tax knowledge to UWM. Starting his CPA practice over 25 years ago, he has prepared over 40,000 tax returns. During that time, way he has defended numerous clients in IRS audits, from correspondence audits to representing them in Tax Court; helped thousands of clients transform their entrepreneurial dreams into successful businesses, and retirement dreams into reality.
In his free time, Rob enjoys traveling, "beaching", golfing and skiing with his wife Jacqui, a good laugh, and spending quality time with his family.
Claire Hobby
claire.hobby@unifiedwm.com
Claire was born and raised in West Chester, Pennsylvania, before relocating to the Tampa Bay area over a decade ago. After a fulfilling career in digital media and advertising, Claire pivoted in order to stay home with her young children. Claire currently oversees business operations for UWM, and enjoys yoga, piano, cooking, and traveling with her family.
Meredith Penney
Meredith joined our firm as an Administrative Specialist. Originally from Pennsylvania, she relocated to the Tampa Bay area over 20 years ago. Meredith obtained her undergraduate degree from Elizabethtown College and her Master of Business Administration from the University of Florida. She brings experience in Equity Research, Customer Relationship Management, Knowledge Management and Project Management. In her spare time, Meredith enjoys reading, gardening, and traveling
Dave Meglay CFP®
dmeglay@unifiedwm.com
Dave is a Certified Financial Planner™ with more than 19 years of experience, which allows him, as a fiduciary of his clients, to offer advice on the development and implementation of investment strategies to help them meet their immediate and future goals. A native of suburban Chicago, he earned a Bachelor's Degree in Business at Northeastern Illinois University, and his Certified Public Accountant designation from the University of Illinois. In his spare time, Dave enjoys gourmet cooking and golfing. Dave and his wife, Marcy, have two children and ten grandchildren.
Nermine Bolos
Investment Adviser Representative
Nermine Bolos is an Investment Adviser Representative with Unified Wealth Management. She has lived in the Tampa Bay area for over 15 years and has experience in banking, accounting, and franchising. Recipient of the 2021 Women -n- Charge Grant, and graduate of the 2020 Southern Diocese Lead Program, Nermine is passionate about educating women and small business owners on how to achieve their financial independence. In her spare time, she loves cuddling with her three young daughters, volunteering at her church ministries and watching The Tampa Bay Lightning bring home the Stanley Cup!
220 Pine Avenue North
Oldsmar FL 34677
E: zhobby@unifiedwm.com
© 2023 Unified Wealth Management All rights reserved.


Ho Ho Ho we have snow.
Wintery fairies have been spotted at Sweet Waters Café!
actually late on the 2nd Time is ticking for Holiday shopping. If you'd like a signed (or unsigned) copy of "Who's Behind the Fairy Doors?"... you'd better hurry. It takes 2-3 days to ship (within the USA).
While my hand holds out.. each signed copy will have a unique fairy illustration...and a dedication, if you wish. If you DO want a signed copy you must send an e-mail along with your Pay Pal order including any dedication information.
Posters, postcards and greeting cards are also available.
Urban Fairy Gear is for sale at my Cafe Press "store".
12.04.08> Apparently it is that time of year again.
I have been given the duty of disposing of the fairy money. That is to say Human money that has been left for the fairies over the past year. The fairies, except the tooth fairy(ies), don't have any use for it. Sure they tend to hord stuff, but I guess it gets too cluttered. So I now have this box filled with coins (and some bills). I washed the coins, as the often are stuck with jelly beans or gummi bears that have been out in the rain or snow.
This year's event will take place December 3rd-7th, 2008!
Every year during the busy holiday food drive season, ann arbor's 107one FM and Busch's team up to hold the largest annual food drive benefiting Food Gatherers. This event has evolved over the years, but the goal is still the same: collect as much food and funds as possible to help our neighbors in need. Our goal this year is 170 tons of nutritious food.
"fairy booty" (heeheee) to someone who could actually use human money. I chose Food Gatherers' Rockin' For The Hungry. Chris Ammel of 107.1FM was kind (foolish) enough to allow me to speak on the radio and smart enough to pull me off!
sittin' and waiting... getting new tires on the mini van.
Luckily I am getting a bit of work done on the laptop. Prepping some pages for posting some more fairy door sightings outside of Ann Arbor.


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The Chinese Sun by Arkadii Dragomoshchenko
Jane Hammond by David Lehman
Walid Ra'ad by Alan Gilbert
Martina Kudláček by Robert Gardner
Mahmoud Darwish by Raja Shehadeh
Jeffrey Eugenides by Jonathan Safran Foer
Steve Reich and Beryl Korot by Julia Wolfe
Christopher Shinn by David Greenspan
Caio Fonseca by Peter Elley
Emily Eveleth by Betsy Sussler
The Orchard Group by Janet Olmsted Cross
Lenore Malen by Jonathan Ames
A Man Ugly, Strong and Proper, or Narciso Reyes, You Are My Destiny by Sandra Cisneros
Three Poems by Gershom Scholem
L'eau étrangère by Silvia Baron Supervielle
A Lake Sequence by Scott Graham
Four Poems by Luis Eduardo López
Midday by Matilde Daviu
The Book of John by Jenifer Berman
Four Poems by Patricia Spears Jones
Josh Müller by Lucy Raven
Chie Fueki by Laura Newman
Rebecca Miller's Personal Velocity by Susan Shacter
Múm's Finally We Are No One by Eric David Johnson
Art Cuba: The New Generation by Holly Block by Rachel Kushner
Jenny Lynn Penberthy's Lorine Niedecker: Collected Works by Matthea Harvey
John Coplans's A Body by Martin Heiferman
Frederic Tuten's The Green Hour by Eric Kraft
Lynne Tillman's This Is Not It by Nell McClister
Francine Prose's The Lives of the Muses: Nine Women and the Artists They Inspired by Victoria Ludwin
So Long I Can't Remember, no. 6 by Emily Eveleth
Poets of the Levant by Lee Smith
Polina Barskova by Michael Juliani
Enough already, read this instead. Really, look, this is interesting: "The Sheriff and the Management offer an immediate reward of $20,000 to anyone who will provide information leading to the arrest of any person or persons using violence against the employees of this filling station …" All the dramas of recent times unfold in settings as immutable as Athens. This one's no exception. Only a Russian can think of such a thing. From the outside the plot seems pure and logically impeccable, but then you see it in all its staggering stupidity. The most unfortunate and vulnerable fragment. A man and a woman attempt to rob a gas station (it has to be one displaying the above notice), then disappear from the scene in a hurry, after which, according to the plan, a third participant—the name is withheld—is to turn the man in to the authorities (but in fact, it's the woman who does it—she thinks it's better that way), get the money and run. Meanwhile, the woman is to confess on local TV that she turned him in simply out of jealousy—they were both elsewhere at the time of the robbery, some 300 miles away, in boundless gardens—and that now she can't sleep at night, consumed by remorse—she regrets her actions and apologizes for her innocent plotting—yet the scheme breaks down, she doesn't appear either on TV or anyplace else—that is, she's last seen with a stranger (one would imagine, the principal bearer of the intrigue) at the airport, but even that may be taken only as a hypothesis because she doesn't seem to exist—and never did—in the reality of rumors and gossip; the person seen at the airport is someone else—a dwarf running to the horizon through the immigration gates—what's important here is the trail of undisguised references, even if the dullness of the referent may not allow us to develop the theme any further. A story of this sort, if plotted far more precisely, could become a good pretext for conversations about coincidence and about how the seamy side of the law is the law's doubtless affirmation. Who visited there drank mead and wine, and who didn't visit bought cigarettes, beer, and a burrito, gracias, señora, put guacamole on top, sat down on the warm concrete of the porch, and listened to the harness jingles of the San Diego-bound train and to the night walking on, arm-in-arm with demons blinded by the ocean star, generously paying seaside bushes in the small change of glassy cicadas.
My diaries and travel notes (not all in them is clear to me now) count 5,783 pages. Four of these pages are irretrievably lost. Even when lying at times with some woman, stupid like me, I entertain myself by going over the imaginary pages (thereby doubling their existence), asking from time to time, what could possibly be written on, say, page 178? Sometimes those who stay tell me that the said page probably talks about love. I don't argue. I've forgotten what it means to argue. I live without letting go of the pen even in my sleep—or rather in my never going to sleep, which affects me like alcohol—last thing my stomach doesn't expel still—oh yes, we melt in each other so gently, clouds further out, images of birds, streaks of soaked honeysuckle and of rustling, bent tree branches, but occasionally a few photographs are there, too—they refuse to form the pattern of what they promise in the future, and at times sleep reminds me of boiling, gray ice someone puts on the eyelids—it's impossible to wake up, leave the cobweb garden of insomnia that became the only dimension of space, save for the movements of the hand leading the blunt, indifferent, sputtering tool on the porous, crumbly paper, clay, or acid-eaten metal of my diaries, spraying ink or some other kind of emptiness that differs in color from the page, stone, or skin on which in the even light of dawn one can read a tattooed request never to deny what was said, or when this request doesn't differ from anything at all—it's there that the roots of existence originate (but I didn't have the time to jot down—what a shame—that this is true only of the limits of indefinite tenses where well-off processes actually unfold) because above all, I want to make sure my vision keeps up with my hand, destined, in a carefully calculated way, to run ahead of the future event and the event's reduction to what happens in it. I must confess, I've pulled off this simple trick for over a quarter of a century. Nothing special. Easy as pie, just an old lounge number. I certainly have no reason for thinking this, but in my work on diaries (few, though, would consider it work strictly speaking; should anyone wish to get acquainted with a particular description of alpine passes, sinister cries of predawn birds on bleak riverbanks in the fog, doomed revolts in countries no one ever heard of, burning fluxes, or studies of the human prime mover, they wouldn't find a single page about these and many other things), I must have wanted—how shall I put it more precisely?—to "get ahead" of the Other or others in their conquering and appropriating words at the origin, even though the very concept of "origin" is clearly dubious and exists as the transparency of an allegorical figure. I'm not sure I managed to present an articulate tale of digression and its strategies. At one time they used to be magnificent. Anticipating any possible intention and following the logic of the established order, I had to strive to become all people at once, in order to retain everyone who became "me" (a human trap) "within me," and thus eliminate myself (sometimes I thought about simple physical self-elimination—who in his youth didn't dream of conquering every woman in the world, of winning in the absolute weight, of attending one's own funeral?) or eliminate the limits of my self-representation, and therefore of that which endlessly grew as a discernment making up some "me." The thought that neither time (in any of its senses), nor space have any crucial significance on the scales of their mutual disclosure sometimes brought a note of peace. Which for those times (as well as later) was of no little importance. No money. War. Cold. Nothing to be done. Time to end this. There are letters (I mention them in the diary without, however, reproducing them in full) I still haven't managed to read. Much in them is dictated by the sense of justice. The important thing is that abandonment in such cases becomes the necessary condition for studying the physiological particulars of decomposition. The breakup of the reflection in your eye forced me to peer in your face even more intently—peer in the growing void of the face I'm full of today because I don't see it anymore, and the knowledge of it binds me to nothing. The simplicity of inversion also charmed. One can imagine, for example, a reverse process—not an expansion, but a compression—theoretically just as absolute—a shrinking in which is is located in nowhere. Expansion and compression.
Diary writing was in essence both these things at once.
I also looked for your trace in what hasn't yet happened and probably never will. That's the first thing. The second isn't too far away. The third is always non-conceptual. The idea of the third can't be articulated. Its presence is described in relatively uncomplicated terms—it's simply there when one needs it. Guess, wrote Dikikh at the top of the page. His fingers melted on the keyboard as he walked away down Kirpichny Lane.
So long ago. Under a totally different constellation, under a different twilight of the eyelids. But of course, there it is—the incomprehensible town in a very different south, magically calmed in the cavity of vision … here the evenings of the same front gardens and dreamily rustling acacias are stopped in imprints, the nights are soaked in the ethereal resin of petunias and nocturnal tobacco, and the days see dust flying over Piatnichany into the stupefying nowhere, the same nowhere where the ruins of some estates are still standing—three, four times transformed into foul ashes, remembering neither relations, nor beginnings, nor decay, and equally unsuitable for the description of those parts. I remember it well. I'm from the South too, as it happens. As is Father Lob, who in those days was an insane programmer with an iron guitar and probably saw computers only in drunken dreams; or Karl, who later went surfing the limits of the Matrix for the very last time, with a handful of coral beads in the mouth still smoking with the hoarfrost of liquid nitrogen; as did Yury Dyshlenko, who became dead at the moment someone uttered under the low, smoke-filled vaults, "He died in Quincy, and the grammar of predestination immediately turned him into the Only Color of the Universe (it colors everything while touching nothing; it forever precedes the outline, the line, the number entering the wrangle of differentiation with the illusions of substance, like light and the impregnations of quartz discovering sparks of the surface—quite so, wise Rishi!—therefore, does an enlightened one contemplate the chi while looking at them … ?)"—how many of them are there? For how long? Why? Must one think? One must always think because "always" is unavoidably necessary, as is "think," "a second," or "the paradox of the liar"—we promptly ascended the prescribed arch, each in his hour, like wooden birds on whose backs a piece of paper with illegible instructions is pinned, and, stirring the squeaking plumage of the flippers, started moving in our blind, greedy rambling toward the blinding-white corners where, as was written in the seventh clause of the instruction, there was neither zenith nor nadir, yet, upon eating the book, one could expect a resurrection from the ashes into which our bodily mechanisms were transformed by the friction of their opinions with the jags of light, night, the wind of solar storms, and the teeth of angels—unlike ours they weren't missing, crooked, or tobacco stained—without, at the same time losing the outlines, necessary for any further recognition, in which we moved in the same exact way as in our blind, avid rambling, so slowly that the physical laws that govern the life of metals, acids, ghosts, and tides were losing legitimacy, and philosophers gliding on soapy axes of gravity and counteraction had ended their disputes 12 minutes early and were gloomily packing their trapezes and patched rugs, greasy from the countless touches of bare feet, back in the trunks—need I mention that the sun and moon were losing their meaning in the ceaseless combinations and separations? I remember how beautiful steel, burning hot from its own perfection, bloodlessly entered that in which the first timid images showed (they were spots, lines, planes, and later the dimensions of time, color, and smell among which prepositions established the power of vectors, and indivisible particles of language opened the fans of intricate suppositions regarding patterns flowing in the hot wax of imagination)—this is how I acquired a pair of eyes given to me on loan, and I knew I'd have to return them in due time, but I didn't feel any pain, as if nobody had yet created it in me—as though the ability to feel pain was something like the last stroke, the finest detail of fulfillment—and this is why the skin separated so easily from the sticky, milky air in which streams of blood boiled and babbled greedily, like asthmatic gills—tens of thousands of worlds twinkling in hungry salt swarmed in the fog, each of them ready to bear the name brought to it by others. Someone claimed he had seen all the Buddhas—they supposedly cracked nuts, singing molecular songs of subterranean birds. We, on the other hand, knew neither exclamations, nor surprise—only speed and movement rigorously gathering the dust from which we consisted into the weight and space of suppositions. What's necessary for continuation? Embraces, fusion, sex, the reduction of particulars to a whole, a few throat-breaking spasms? One body or many different ones? Sister has no third option. A bit further, there were running herds of buffalo; they flowed like lava in the voids of the world to which presentations were still unknown. Fish found shelter in the backwater relic of our being, but we knew neither surprise nor possibility of a simple cry of joy when meeting an ordinary acquaintance by a corner bakery. What does this road remind me of? It reminds him of a frosty dawn leading to the train station. Then … oh yes, the school is behind us, right? Could it be that the old temporal rupture was a journey here, to this page, sentence, this line? And am I yet to open my eyes, as though those 20 minutes had been excluded from my life in order to teach me how to return? Will I once, transmitting the tremor of the fingers from letter to letter, find myself in the street on a winter morning, two steps away from railway tracks, in the black bustle of a useless day? I'm convinced: only chains of similar moments of disappearance, of disobedience to the known and the visible, constitute that into which their traces merge as the holes of perforation merge into the monosyllabic is.
Translated from the Russian by Evgeny Pavlov.
Evgeny Pavlov holds a Ph.D. in comparative literature from Princeton University and is currently assistant professor of Russian at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand. His monograph on Walter Benjamin and Osip Mandelstam is forthcoming from Novoeliteratumoe obozrenie in Moscow. He has recently completed the English translation of Dragomoshchenko's forthcoming novel The Chinese Sun.
Arkadii Dragomoshchenko was born in Potsdam in 1946 where his father was a colonel in the occupying forces. Dragomoshchenko grew up in Vinnitsa, Ukraine, and has lived in Leningrad/St. Petersburg for more than 30 years. As a writer whose work did not conform to official Soviet canons, he made a living as a caretaker, night watchman and boiler room attendant, publishing until the mid-'80s almost exclusively in samizdat. In 1983 Dragomoshchenko met the American poet Lyn Hejinian, who introduced him to the English-speaking world with two translated poetry volumes, Description and Xenia (both Sun & Moon Press). Dragomoshchenko's latest writings include a collection of essays, Fosfor (Phosphor), and the novel Kitaiskoe solntse (The Chinese Sun). Dragomoshchenko is the winner of Russia's prestigious Andrei Bely Prize. At present he combines writing with teaching and journalism.
Three Poems by Viktor Krivulin
from Poems on Maps
cash wrangles round a kiosk
Two Poems by Elena Shvarts
Animal-Flower
Presentiment of life abides till death.
Three Poems by Arkadii Dragomoshchenko
But not an Elegy
Parallel snow,
Featuring interviews with Jane Hammond, Walid Ra'ad, Martina Kudlacek, Mahmoud Darwish, Jeffrey Eugenides, Steve Reich, Beryl Korot, and Christopher Shinn
If the soul and the ego were objects we could look at, the soul would be a translucent heart beating.


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Q: Difference between `git fetch` and `git push` for local fast-forwarding I've been trying to solve the problem of how to "fast forward" local branches without checking them out. (Or to be more clear: I want all my local branches to be on the same commits as their tracked remote branches, but without having to checkout each one into the working copy.)
I've come across two options which both seem to produce the desired outcome, but unintuitively using opposite commands:
git fetch . origin/mybranch:mybranch
and
git push . origin/mybranch:mybranch
(For those coming here from search engine, note the dot! Which means, "the 'remote' is the local repository.")
The explanations I've seen are opaque: The first "fetches" the local origin/mybranch content into mybranch. But what are the consequences of that?
The second "pushes" the local origin/mybranch content into mybranch. What are the consequences of that?
Reading the documentation on these two commands does indeed make it seem like they'd both do the job, but I'm curious about subtleties or differences in failure cases.
Why would a person choose one over the other, or is there a third way that solves the problem more directly than either?
Thanks.

A: Interesting hack :)
The default setup seems to update the reflog in both cases, fetch updates it with a more explicit message :
# After using 'git push ...' and 'git fetch ...' once :
$ git reflog branch
0dc3ff2 branch@{0}: fetch . origin/branch:branch: fast-forward  # when using 'git fetch'
5d0749b branch@{1}: push                                        # when using 'git push'

The weirder parts I can see are :

*

*git will call git upload-pack using . (but I'm pretty sure there is an optimization which turns this into a noop when git detects it actually is the same object repository on the same filesystem),

*git push will trigger pre-push hooks, while git fetch, to my knowledge, doesn't trigger any hook,

*fetch and pull may trigger a repack and a garbage collection

but I don't see any of these steps failing (well : the pre-push hook could prevent updating your ref).
(set GIT_TRACE=xx to have more insights into what happens)
Other than that : in both cases, git just checks wether branch is an ancestor of origin/branch, and updates branch if ok, and prints an error message if not.

If you want to have a script that updates a branch if and only if it is a fast forward to its remote, you can combine git merge-base --is-ancestor and git update-ref :
if git merge-base --is-ancestor branch origin/branch; then
    # git update-ref :
    #   you need to provide a '-m' to have a message in the reflog,
    #   you need to provide the fully qualified branch ref : refs/heads/...
    git update-ref -m "merge refs/remotes/origin/branch: Fast-forward" \
           refs/heads/branch origin/branch
else
    echo "*** non fast-forward" >&2
    exit 1    # you can set a non zero exit code on failure
fi

but this is a bit convoluted,
so all in all your git fetch / git pull hack seems like a pretty efficient way to go through all the regular checks already handled by git.