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Palliative Care: Supporting Adult Cancer Patients in Ibadan, Nigeria | OMICS International
Journal of Palliative Care & Medicine
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Palliative Care: Supporting Adult Cancer Patients in Ibadan, Nigeria
Soyannwo Olaitan*, Aikomo Oladayo and Maboreje Ololade
Hospice and Palliative Care Unit, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria
Olaitan S
Hospice and Palliative Care Unit
University College Hospital (UCH)
Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria
Tel: +234 8023238326
Received date: Mar 29, 2016; Accepted date: May 04, 2016; Published date: May 07, 2016
Citation: Olaitan S, Oladayo A, Ololade M (2016) Palliative Care: Supporting Adult Cancer Patients in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Palliat Care Med 6:258. doi:10.4172/2165-7386.1000258
Copyright: © 2016 Olaitan S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Visit for more related articles at Journal of Palliative Care & Medicine
Over 70% of adult cancer patients present late to hospital in Nigeria with devastating consequences. Yet, structured palliative care is only an emerging service in this country with population of over 160 million. Objective: To describe activities of the Ibadan palliative care group and review one year holistic care programme offered by the team to support patients and their families. Methodology: A retrospective study reviewed treatment notes of patients that were enrolled from January to December 2013. Information retrieved included bio-data, stage of cancer, presenting complaints, palliative care issues identified, services rendered, days on programme, outcome and challenges. Results: Structured Palliative care service consisting of hospital based care, day care and home based care commenced in 2008, being the first of such in Nigeria. The service was based at the University College Hospital, Ibadan and run in collaboration with Centre for Palliative care Nigeria, a non-governmental organization. 189 patients were seen within the year and 121 (64%) were adults with advanced cancer. There were 44 (36.4%) male and 77 (63.6%) female with age range 21 to 91 years. 89 (73.6%) had moderate to severe pain. Psychosocial issues were present in 73% and spiritual issues in 17.4%. Services that were offered despite major challenges of late referral and financial constraints provided pain and symptom control, counselling, education for patients and family, financial and spiritual support thus improving quality of life Conclusion: Patients and their families found that palliative care provided relief to pain and suffering. More can be achieved through training of more health professionals, increased public awareness of the services and government support.
Adult cancer; Cancer care; Palliative care
Cancer is one of the leading causes of adult deaths and it accounted for 7.6 million deaths worldwide in 2008. It features among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new cases and 8.2 million cancer related deaths in 2012 [1]. The recent new cases of cancer diagnosed in Nigeria, a country with estimated population of 166.6 million were 102,100 per year and 71,600 deaths per year [2]. The projected new cases of cancer for the world will stand at 27 million, while that of Africa will stand at 1.52 million by 2030 [3-5]. Currently, over 70% of cancer patients in Africa present with advanced cancer in hospital [6]. In Nigeria, reasons for late presentation include late recognition of initial symptoms due to lack of knowledge, search for alternate treatment and cure, inappropriate advice, poverty and fear of hospitals. Such patients at presentation have severe pain with several distressing symptoms requiring palliative care.
Palliative care as defined by WHO is "an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial, and spiritual [7]. It offers a support system to help patients live as actively as possible until death. Using a team approach, palliative care addresses the needs of patients and their families as they develop, including bereavement counselling if necessary. Palliative care is offered in conjunction with curative intent and can take place in any setting [8,9]. Palliative care is a new addition to Nigeria health care system as development commenced only in 1991[10]. The University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan is a foremost cancer referral centre in Nigeria. It is the first tertiary hospital to start structured palliative care services. The services commenced in 2008 as a collaborative effort between the hospital and the Centre for Palliative Care Nigeria (CPCN) which is a non-profit organization. The Hospice and palliative centre is a stand-alone day care facility situated within the hospital. It is opened for services between 8 am and 4 pm on weekdays with emergency cover by the palliative care team on call duty basis through telephone and the emergency department of the hospital. Patients are referred from within the hospital wards, out-patient clinics and other health facilities. Services provided by the trained palliative care team (including nurses, doctors and social workers) are through outpatient care, co-management of in-patients, home based care following discharge for those patients within the catchment area [11].
The purpose of this study is to present a review of adult cancer patients who received palliative care in the Hospice and Palliative Care Unit, UCH within the period of 12 months, review the outcome of the services rendered, identify the challenges and to proffer way forward. This is the first of such a report from Nigeria and West Africa.
This is a retrospective review of routine care of all adult cancer patients that had palliative care services in the day care hospice centre from January 2013 to December 2013. All case records of patients were retrieved to collect bio-data, stage of cancer, presenting complaints, palliative care issues identified, services rendered, days on programme, outcome and challenges. The results were analysed in a simple descriptive format and presented.
In the period under review, a total of 189 patients were enrolled for palliative care at the Unit out of which 121(64.0%) were adult cancer patients. The ratio of the Male to Female is 1:1.8. The age range was 21- 91 years; mean age was 59 ± 4. The days on programme range from 5 – 224 days. Age distribution is as shown in Figure 1.
Most patients (67%) were in the age group 54 to 71 years. Table 1 shows the spectrum of cancers the patients were being managed for with the topmost four being breast cancer (23.9%), gastrointestinal cancers (19.8%), prostate cancer (14%) and cervical cancer (11.6%). Most (96.4%) had advanced cancer (stage 4) while the remaining 3.6% were of cancer stage 3.
Figure 1: Age (years).
Breast cancer 29 23.97
Gastrointestinal cancer 24 19.83
Prostatic cancer 17 14.05
Cervical cancer 14 11.57
Other gynae-oncological cancer 12 9.92
Head/Neck cancer 11 9.09
Blood cancer 4 3.31
Lung cancer 4 3.31
Other urological cancer 3 2.48
Osteosarcoma 2 1.65
Peripheral nerve sheath tumor 1 0.83
Total 121 100.01
Table 1: Cancer diagnosis.
Sixty- seven patients (53%) were Muslims and 54 (45%) of Christian religious affiliation. Palliative care Services were rendered for all patients when on hospital admission, at the Day Hospice on outpatient basis and at home. Fourteen family conferences were organised when required and twelve bereavement visits carried out.
Eighty- nine (73.6%) patients presented with moderate to severe pain - score 4 to 10 out of 10 using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) as shown in Table 2. Nineteen (21%) patients had multiple pain sites (2 -3). The scoring was done by 79(89%) patients while 10(11%) were by relatives due to the unconscious state of the patients.
Pain Score(NRS)
4-7 62 51.2
8-10 27 22.4
Total 121 100.0
Table 2: Pain score.
Fifty-four (61%) of patients that had moderate to severe pain were treated with a combination of oral liquid morphine, diclofenac and amitriptyline. Nineteen (21%) had dihydrocodeine and amitriptyline. Ten (11%) were administered a combination of acetaminophen and ibuprofen while six (7%) patients were given dihydrocodeine and diclofenac for pain control.
Patients also complained of other multiple distressing symptoms including weight loss, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and cough as shown in Table 3. Patients self-reported responses as recorded in the case file showed that eighty patients (89%) reported satisfactory pain control.
Weight loss 82
Anorexia 43
Nausea 28
Drymouth 22
Vomiting 20
Table 3: Other distressing symptoms.
Psychosocial issues were identified by the palliative care team in 88 patients (73%) and included loss of job, severe financial constraint, loss of body parts, disfigurement and feeling of being a burden on family members or carers. Spiritual Issues encountered in 21 (17%) patients were feelings of guilt, loss of meaning of life and the question "why me? "while 12(10%) patients were unconscious so psychosocial and spiritual assessments could not be done (Table 4) Other modes of cancer treatment undertaken by the patients are as shown in Figure 2. At the end of the review period, eighty-two (68%) of the patients were dead while.
Palliative care issues
Psychosocial 88 73
Spiritual 21 17
Unconscious 12 10
Table 4: Other palliative care issues.
Figure 2: Other modes of cancer treatment.
In many developing countries, patients often present with far advanced malignant disease, of who up to 80% of people with cancer may be incurable at diagnosis [12]. In Nigeria, 60-70% of patients with cancer presents late [13] and is referred for palliative care as shown in this study. The common cancers in the country and low average life span are also reflected in this data. Advocacy for effective pain management and palliative care started in Nigeria in 1991 by a group of health care professionals drawn from different disciplines. Their first focus was to make opioid analgesics available for palliative care of cancer patients and collaboration with the University College Hospital Ibadan later led to establishment of the first palliative care Unit in a tertiary hospital [9].
In many developing countries like Nigeria, the prevalence of pain at time of cancer diagnosis is between 50% and 75% [6]. Adenipekun et al. [6] had earlier reported pain as major symptom in 70% of patients presenting with advanced cancers in the same hospital. Unresolved pain leads to poor quality of life in patients and distress for both patients and carers. Hence most patients were referred for effective pain management and continuum of care. Moderate to severe pain featured in all patients referred to the Unit as seventy per cent of the patients had pain scores of 4-7 while 27 (30%) had pain scores 8-10. Oral morphine, the only available strong opioid analgesic was used in conjunction with non-opioid analgesics and adjuvants to achieve pain control in most patients. WHO recommends opioid analgesics for the treatment of moderate to severe pain [14]. Morphine has no standard dose as the ideal dose is the one that relieves the pain. In Nigeria, Morphine powder is imported and reconstituted into liquid morphine at affordable cost for patients [15,16]. Morphine, given in increasing amounts, was found to be safe. It was administered until the pain is relieved without producing an "overdose," as long as the side effects are tolerated. The use of other modalities as shown in Figure 2 also enhanced pain control and 80 (89.9%) of the patients that presented with pain had their pain satisfactorily controlled as per their verbal response.
Other symptoms the patients presented with apart from pain were weight loss, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and dry mouth. These are recognised problems in palliative care patients [17]. Continuum of care allows patients to benefit from supportive care including counselling even when other interventions like chemotherapy and radiotherapy are still applicable for disease control. However, financial constraint was a major handicap since health care payment is born out of pocket by patients. Services were rendered in the unit by a team of trained palliative care staff that include medical doctors, nurses, social workers, occupational therapists, administrative staff and volunteers. Most of them are also volunteer members of the Non- governmental organization, Centre for Palliative Care, Nigeria (CPCN) that supported the Unit.
Funds and other donations from CPCN and other support groups were used to provide subsidised care for indigent patients. Such areas include essential investigations like full blood count, purchase of medications, while also supporting the transportation cost for the home based care service. Comfort packs containing essential daily needs like toiletries, materials for wound dressing and raw food items are given to identified indigent patients as needed. Furthermore, day care forum is organized for patients and their relatives for social interaction, opportunity to be attended to by the different health care personnel including occupational therapists, physiotherapist and a psycho-oncologist. A conducive environment is provided for the patients and carers to rest/sleep before or after their lunch. The contributions from volunteer and support groups are valuable in supporting such activities which are not catered for under government budgetary allocations. A hospital chaplaincy committee has also been set up to help with burning spiritual issues that are elicited by the palliative care members during conversations with the patient or their carers. Such support facilities and the strong religious beliefs of patients might have contributed to few serious spiritual issues identified in the patients under review.
The need for family conferences was found particularly necessary when patients and their family members have little or no insight into the gravity of the disease condition and management options. It is also important in polygamous setting where information sharing within members of the family is often restricted. Such meetings educate family members (spouses, children, next of kin as per patient's records, main carers), harness support for patients and sometimes resolve family conflicts. Culturally, some children such as first child or first son are considered major decision makers for the family. They are invited to attend such family conferences even when they live in other countries. This may assist the patient in making advanced care directives and to put his or her home in order. Bereavement support in form of condolence telephone calls were routinely offered to all dead patients' relations that could be reached. Some relations of patients who died at home required bereavement support in terms of death certification, mortuary and funeral arrangements.
At the end of the study period, only 24 (20%) patients were still alive and those lost to contact (12%) could also be dead. A patient is said to be lost to contact after continuous calling of their mobile contacts or that of their carers for three months without any response. Despite several sensitization and awareness programmes for health professionals in the hospital, many still view palliative care as 'end of life care 'and hence patients are referred to the Unit only when primary consultants feel 'there is nothing else' to offer in terms of curative intent rather than early referral for co-management. Also as reported in another study [18] many doctors still exhibit fear about morphine prescription and addiction. Hence, most patients are referred more specifically for pain management.
The several challenges facing effective pain relief in our practice are similar to those of other developing nations and include drug availability, lack of referrals, fears of misuse of potent narcotics/underprescribing, lack of public awareness (healthcare workers, policymakers/administrators, the public), cultural and religious beliefs [19], shortage of financial resources, limitations of healthcaredelivery systems and personnel, absence of national policies on cancer pain relief and palliative care, and legal restrictions on the use and availability of opioid analgesics. Many of these will be overcome as pain and palliative care education and service expands in the country with appropriate and adequate government policy and support.
The data from this review buttresses previous findings that cancer patients present late in hospital with a lot of pain. Palliative care services are essential for both patients and their families in order to reduce pain, suffering, provide useful information and support till end of life and beyond. This model of palliative care with affordable oral morphine catered for patients from tertiary to community level of health care. It can provide a simple way for future integration of palliative care into national cancer care and health plan care.
We acknowledge the pioneering role of the University College Hospital, Ibadan for establishing the first specialist palliative care service in Nigeria and the contributions of the staff and volunteer team.
Cancer Statistics (2016) National cancer institute.
Cancer Index (2015) Nigerian cancer organizations and resources.
Globacan Cancer Fact Sheet (2008) Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide. International Agency for Cancer Research.
Jemal A, Bray F, Forman D, O'Brien M, Ferlay J, et al. (2012) Cancer burden in Africa and opportunities for prevention. Cancer 118: 4372-4384.
Omolara KA (2011) Feasible cancer control strategies for Nigeria: Mini-Review. Am J Trop Med Pub Health 1: 1-10.
Adenipekun A, Onibokun A, Elumelu TN, Soyannwo OA (2005) Knowledge and attitudes of terminally ill patients and their family to palliative care and hospice services in Nigeria. Niger J ClinPract 8: 19-22.
http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en/
Cecilia S, Marlin A, Yoshida T, Ullrich A (2002) Palliative care: The World Health Organization's global perspective. J Pain Symptom Manage 24: 91-96.
Soyannwo O (2013) Hospice and palliative care development in West Africa sub region: A review. African J. Anaesthesia and Int. care 13:10-13.
OMoyeni NE, Soyannwo OA, Aikomo OO, Iken OF (2014) Home based palliative care for adult cancer patients in Ibadan-a three year review. Ecancermedicalscience 8: 490.
Van Gurp J, Soyannwo O, Odebunmi K, Dania S, van Selm M, et al. (2015) Telemedicine's Potential to Support Good Dying in Nigeria: A Qualitative Study. PLoS One 10: e0126820.
Spence D, Merriman A, BinagwahoA (2004) Palliative care in Africa and the Caribbean. PLoS Med 1: e5.
Soyannwo OA (2009) Cancer pain – progress and ongoing issues in Africa. Pain Res Manag 14: 349.
World Health Organization. Cancer pain relief: A guide to opioid availability.
O'Brien M, Mwangi-Powell F, Adewole IF, Soyannwo O, Amandua J et al. (2013)Improving access to analgesic drugs for patients with cancer in sub Saharan Africa. Cancer control in Africa Series 5, Lancet Oncol14: e176-182
Eyelade OR, Ajayi IO, Elumelu TN, Soyannwo OA, Akinyemi OA (2012) Oral morphine effectiveness in Nigerian patients with advanced cancer. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 26: 24-29.
Von Gutten CF (2005)Iterventions to manage symptoms at end of life. J Palliat Med 1:588-594.
Onyeka TC (2011) Palliative Care in Enugu, Nigeria(2011): Challenges to a New Practice. Indian J Palliat Care 17:131-136.
Soyannwo OA (2010) Pain management in Nigeria-challenges, gains and future prospects.
Ethics in Palliative
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The article describes palliative care program for the treatment of adult cancer patients in Ibadan, Nigeria. Further analysis regarding the possible correlations between gender, diagnosis, stage or age and pain or symptoms is recommended.


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Essentials of Comparative Politics
Comparative Government and Politics Exam 1 Chapter 1
the study and comparison of domestic politics across countries; a subfield that compares the struggle for power across countries
three basic concept categories for political science and comparative politics
analytical concepts, methods, and ideals
analytical concepts
assumptions and theories that guide our research; help ask questions about cause and effect
ways to study and test theories; provide tools to seek out explanations
values and beliefs about preferred outcomes; provide a way to compare what we find in political life to what we would prefer
organizations or activities that are self-perpetuating and valued for their own sake; play an important role by laying out the rules, norms, and structures through which we operate; give meaning to human activity; democracy, ethnic group, religion; World Trade Center
the struggle in any group for power that will give one or more persons the ability to make decisions for the larger group; it is hard to separate the idea of politics from the idea of power
the ability to influence or impose one's will on others
comparative method
a way to make comparisons across cases and draw conclusions; researchers seek out puzzles as a way to guide their research, and from there, rely on the comparative method
inductive reasoning
single-case approach; the means by which we go from studying a case to generating a hypothesis; a "building block" to greater theories in comparative politics; starts with the evidence as a way to undercover a hypothesis; the study of one country alone can generate interesting hypotheses, but alone is not enough to test them; start in the field
starting with a puzzle and from there generating some hypothesis about cause and effect which will then be tested against a number of cases; starts with the hypothesis and then seeks out the evidence
apparent association; we may find a correlation between certain factors or variables by carrying out deductive reasoning studies
comparative politics problem #1
political scientists are unable to control the variables in the cases they study; in our search for cause-and-effect relationships, we are unable to make true comparisons because each of our cases is quite different; countries are amazingly diverse in terms of economics, culture, geography, resources, and political structures, and it is difficult to control for these differences
political scientists are often hampered by a limited number of cases; we are limited by the number of countries in the world, fewer than 200 at present; if we attempt to control for differences by trying to find a number of cases that are similar, our total body of cases will be relatively small
comparative politics problem # 3
how do we access the cases we do have? few comparativists have the language skills, time, or resources to conduct field research in a number of countries; research is further hindered by the barriers that make countries unique; the information that political scientists seek if often not easy to acquire; international travel requires time and money; interviewees may be unwilling to speak or may distort information; libraries may be incomplete or restricted
specialization of comparativists
comparativists often master knowledge of a single country or language and rely on deductive reasoning; this limits the kinds of comparisons they can make; specialization tends to congregate around those regions that can be easily studied at home and abroad; this means that comparative politics is slow to shift its focus when new challenges and questions arise
issues of bias; question of how we select our cases; single-case studies are already influenced by the fact that comparatiists study a country because they know its language or would prefer to travel there; even if we rely instead on deductive reasoning, we can easily fall into the trap of selection bias
selection bias
a focus on effects rather than causes, which can lead to inaccurate conclusions about correlation or causation; better that we concentrate on what we think is our cause rather than what we think is our effect
endogeneity
problem of cause and effect; major obstacle in any comparative research; we can't easily ascertain which is cause and which is affect; "the motor of history" (causes and effects tend to evolve together, each trandforming the other over time)
philosopher; in the West, his work departed from the traditional emphasis on political ideals to conduct comparative research on existing political systems; used comparative method to study the constitutions of 158 Greek city-states; objective to understand the different forms of politics that actually existed and their relative strengths and weaknesses; conceived of an empirical science of politics with a practical purpose: statecraft, or how to govern; first Westerner to separate the study of politics from that of philosophy; wrote "The Politics"
Post-Aristotle
for the next 1,800 years, discussions of politics remained embedded in the realm of philosophy, with the emphasis placed on how politics should be rather than how politics was actually conducted; ideals, rather than conclusions drawn from evidence, were the norm
first modern political scientist; with his works, a comparative approach to politics truly emerged; sought to analyze the political systems that existed and those that preceded him; tried to make generalizations about success and failure, which he believed could be applied by statesman to avoid their predecessors' mistakes
late 16th/ early 17th century
authors such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke followed in Machiavelli's footsteps, advocating particular political systems but on the basis of empirical observation and analysis
scholars such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Baron de Montesquieu's studies of the separation of power and civil liberties directly influenced the writing of the American Constitution and others to follow
19th century/ early 20th century
work of Karl Marx and Max Weber further added to political science with analyses of the nature of political and economic organization and power
turn of the twentieth century
political science formally existed as a field of study; the study of comparative politics resembled a kind of political journalism: largely descriptive, atheoretical, and concentrated on Europe, which still dominated world politics; little resembled a comparative method
turning point in political science and comparative politics
the two world wars and the rise of the Cold War
turning point reason #1
among universities there was a growing move toward applying more rigorous methods to studying human behavior
the world wars raised serious questions about the ability of scholars to meaningfully contribute to an understanding of world affairs; the creation of new countries, the rise of fascism, and the failure of democracy throughout much of interwar Europe were vital concerns
the Cold War with a rival Soviet Union, armed with nuclear weapons and revolutionary ideology, made understanding comparative politics a matter of survival
the postwar period saw a wave of technological innovation that generated a widespread belief that through technological innovation many social problems could be recast as technical concerns, finally to be resolved through science
modernization theory
a theory asserting that as societies developed, they would become capitalist democracies, converging around a shared set of values and characteristics; theory assumed all countries would eventually catch up with the West unless "diverted" by alternative systems such as communism; a set of hypotheses about how countries develop
behavioral revolution
during the 50s and 60s, comparativists influenced by modernization theory expanded their research to include more cases; field research became the normal means by which political scientists gather data; new computer technology combined with statistical methods; the subject of investigation shifted away from political institutions and toward individual political behavior; hoped to generate theories and generalizations that could help explain and predict political activity; would ideally lead to a "grand theory" of political behavior and modernization that would be valid across countries; quantitative; emphasizes causality, explanation, and prediction; shift from descriptive study; political ideals are unscientific
domestic specific to one country
linkage between one or more countries
"modern" vs. "traditional"
modern - developed
traditional - developing
cultural immersion; soak and poke; get a feel for the area
statistics; large number of variables; often supported by numbers
informal institutions
values not in law, but if challenged, there are sanctions; patriarchial societies
between the private realm and the state
ability of states to carry out civil society/ actions or policies within a territory independently from external actors or internal rivals
behavioral revolution - scientific;Modernization - focusing on developing world; stats; causality issue; quantitative; aid is romanticized; research is value free; all on same trail, ignores history (colonialism); area studies grows
development is not occurring quickly because West taking advantage of developing nations; greedy elites; national growth of colony comes when hegemony (metropole) link broken; events shake things up in CP; later - significant obstacles; theories that had been developed, such as modernization, increasingly failed to match politics on the ground; rather than becoming more capitalist and democratic, many newly independent countries collapsed in the face of violent conflict and revolution, to be replaced by authoritarianism
differing ideologies; developing nations rising above poverty; collapse of communism not predicted; modes of resistance, informal institutions, rat choice theory, questioning colonialism and role of states; later - question civil societies, examine evolution of democracy; 3rd wave of democracy; ethnicity
post Cold War ideologies; relationship between states and societies; state collapse; case studies come to forefront; why doesn't democracy naturally occur?; international role, backlash to rat choice (culture matters!); later - comparative case studies on protests, development and economy become bigger
rational choice
approach that assumes that individuals weigh the costs and benefits and make choices to maximize their benefits
developed the notion of a "social contract", whereby people surrender certain liberties in favor of order; advocated a powerful state in "Leviathan"
argued that private property is essential to individual freedom and prosperity; advocated a weak state in his "Two Treatises of Government"
studied government systems; advocated the separation of powers within government in "The Spirit of Laws"
argued that citizens' rights are inalienable and cannot be taken away by the state; influenced the development of civil rights; "The Social Contract"
elaborated a theory of economic development and inequality in "Das Kapital"; predicted the eventual collapse of capitalism and democracy
wrote widely on such topics as bureaucracy, forms of authority, and the impact of culture on economic and political development; "Economy and Society"
rational choice (self interest) - factors driven by the economy; culturalist (Weber) - qualitative, anthropology, emersion may overlook comparison, more narrow; structuralist (Marx) - formal institutions, how society is working, overlooks informal institutions; emphasis on reconnecting political science to central policy questions and reengaging political ideals
behavioralism
a set of methods with which to approach politics; promoted deductive, large-scale research over single-case study common in inductive reasoning
traditional approach
emphasis on describing political systems and their various institutions;
postbehavioralism
rejection of a grand theory of politics; criticism of modernization theory as biased and inaccurate; diversity of methods and political approaches, emphasizing such issues as gender, culture, environment, and globalization
methodological debates
how best to gather and analyze data; traditional "area studies" scholars continue to emphasize the importance of deep, long-term investigations of particular countries or regions, relying on qualitative evidence; advocates of a quantitative approach favor a greater use of statistical analysis as well as mathematical models often drawn from economics
quantitative method
gathering of statistical data across a large number of countries in order to look for correlations and test hypotheses about cause and effect; breadth over depth; biased over past 50 years
qualitative method
mastery of a limited number of cases through the detailed study of their history, language, and culture; depth over breadth
rationality debate
are human beings rational? does their behavior conform to some generally understandable behavior? advocates that say yes rely on rational choice or game theory to study the rules and games by which politics is played and how we seek to realize our preferences; qualitative political scientists are skeptical of this view; believe that humans are essentially unpredictable and the emphasis on individual rationality discounts the importance of historical complexity
an approach that emphasizes how actors or organizations behave in their goal to influence others; built upon assumptions of rational choice
How can we organize our ideas and information?
institutions - something so embedded in people's lives as a norm or value that it is not easily dislodged or changed; commands and generates legitimacy
why are institutions difficult to change or eliminate? what problem can this cause?
they are embedded in each of us, in how we see the world and what we thing is valuable and important; people may resist even necessary change because they have difficulty accepting the idea that certain institutions have outlived their value
why do we obey institutions?
we see them as legitimate ways to conduct politics; example: taxes are considered a legitimate way to fun the programs that society needs; exemplified by the army,police, legislature, courts taxation, elections, and the state
how do institutions set the stage for political behavior?
because institutions generate norms and values, they favor and allow certain kinds of political activity and not others; not only are institutions the result of politics, they can also be the cause
what is the core debate at the heart of all politics?
the struggle between freedom and equality
the ability of an individual to act independently, without the fear of restriction or punishment by the state or other individuals or groups in society; free speech, free assembly, freedom of religion
a shared material standard of individuals within a community, society, or country
freedom vs. equality
the US has one of the highest degrees of both personal freedom and economic inequality in the world; for some, managing freedom and equality necessitates centralized political power; others view such power as the very impediment to freedom and equality
what is the goal of political activity?
to reconcile the competing values of individual freedom and collective equality
what are the three major theories that have emerged within the field of comparative politics?
cultural, structural, and rational-choice
a conjecture or hypothesis about people's behavior that (a) makes sense in terms of what we already know, (b) is "fertile", or logically implies predictions about behavior that we are not immediately studying, and (c) is testable
culturalists
emphasize area studies - close knowledge of a country or region
rationalists
stress the "science" in "social science", seeking general laws of political behavior and institutions that would apply in all areas of the world
structuralists
a divide between culturalists and rationalists
good comparative theory must be what?
fertile, testable, and tentative, and must seek to simplify complexity
why did area studies decline?
too many area-studies experts had significantly failed to understand what was going on in the areas they knew best (ex: decline of the Soviet Union); also, as previous dictatorships and planned economies shifted to more democratic and market-oriented politics, general expertise in voting, public opinion, and comparative institutions came to be more widely applied and more important than area specialization
what challenges of the current era stand at the center of today's research?
domestic conflict, state-building, the political bases of economic growth, and democratization
begin with assumptions about actors who act deliberately to maximize their advantage; use the power of mathematical reasoning to elaborate explanations with impressive scope; analysis begins at the level of the individual and culminates in questions about collective actions, choices, and institutions; seek to maximize the ability to provide universal laws that may be used in nomothetic explanations
Weber; provide nuanced and detailed readings of particular cases, frequently drawn from fieldwork, as they seek to understand the phenomena being studied; maximize the importance of reliability as they describe the constellations of particular cases and minimize the value of generalist research expectations; interpret particular events, decisions, and patterns, eschewing any need to tie explanations to general principles
structuralist
Marx; draw together long-standing interests in political and social institutions; emphasize the formal organizations of government; retain concern with class relations; political parties and interest groups; analyses of how states and societies interact; emphasize themes of political economy; follow Marx and Weber's contention that theory and data guide social analysis; offer universal theories that include causal accounts; struggle to tie reliable descriptions into powerful generalizations
Ontological differences (nature of existence)
rationalists - study how actors employ reason to satisfy their interests
culturalists - study rules that constitute individual and group identities
structuralists - explore relations among actors in an institutional context
explanatory strategy
rationalists - perform comparative static experiments
culturalists - produce interpretive understandings
structuralists - study the historical dynamics of real social types
differences of rationalists
debate the utility of relaxing the core assumption that defines individuals as maximizers of their self-interest; debate over the proper form of explanation, some seeking covering laws and others proposing causal accounts, as they debate the necessity of transforming formal models into accounts of events
differences of structuralists
differ over the ontological status of their concepts; differ over the utility of nomothetic and causal explanations
differences in culturalists
disagree over the theoretical importance of generalizations drawn from their fieldwork; differ over the nature of explanation in comparative politics; some reject any form of covering law or causal accounts, offering only interpretations of political life in particular places; others move toward the mainstream of comparative politics, incorporating values and systems of meaning into theories that adhere to the standard forms of explanation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Keolis reinforces its parking activity with the acquisition of Mypark in Belgium by its subsidiary EFFIA
Keolis, a global mobility integrator, consolidates its ambitions in parking, a lever for developing the mobility chain, with the acquisition of Mypark, a historic actor in parking in Belgium. With this operation, EFFIA reaches a major milestone in its international development strategy, becoming the 4th largest operator on the parking market in Belgium with more than 32,000 parking spaces managed. Julien Verdin is appointed Managing Director of Mypark.
Keolis creates an autonomous mobility test site in France
On 11 December 2019, Keolis, Châteauroux Metropole and the French Shooting Federation concluded a partnership agreement to authorise the autonomous vehicle tests carried out by the Group at the National Centre for Shooting Sports (CNTS), located near Châteauroux, in the centre of France. This partnership will enable Keolis to pursue its development in autonomous vehicle fleet management, by conducting operational tests aimed at improving vehicle operation and the vehicles' capacity to adapt to different traffic environments in order to guarantee optimal safety and quality of service for passengers.
Keolis awarded a new bus contract in Sweden
Keolis has been awarded a new contract to operate a commuter bus service between Gothenburg and Borås, covering 65km. The fossil-free, biodiesel double-deck buses will provide a service to 1.3 million passengers every year. With this new contract, the Group reinforces its presence in Sweden, where it operates 1,700 fossil-free buses throughout the country


Isabella2013/12/15 14:53No qutoeisn this is the place to get this info, thanks y'all.
Alessia2013/12/16 21:40I apacreipte you taking to time to contribute That's very helpful.
Katayama2012/11/01 09:18We definitely need more smart people like you anruod.
Ayesha2013/12/27 11:48It's like you're on a misoisn to save me time and money!
Ferid2013/12/29 02:46I feel saieiftsd after reading that one.
Nassim2013/12/15 23:38Always a good job right here. Keep rolling on thohgur.
Moe2013/12/16 22:35Okay I'm coinevcnd. Let's put it to action.
Nal2013/12/20 01:10You're a real deep thnkrei. Thanks for sharing.


A little greenery goes a long way. Start with an interesting plant or greenery arrangement to make your coffee table feel more organic and less staged. Larger sculptural succulents like pencil cactuses or branches like eucalyptus or cherry blossoms are great to anchor larger coffee tables.
Round coffee tables can be a little tricky. Generally, they look their best when items are arranged in a triangular shape: a stack of books, a tray, and a bowl, for example. Too many square or rectangular items can also make a round surface feel a little off. Playing with a variety of geometric shapes, from circles to hexagons, will help the surface feel more dynamic.
On square coffee tables, try dividing the surface into quadrants and displaying an arrangement of four main items: a stack of books, a tall plant, a tray, or a collection of bowls, for example. This grid will help your coffee table feel organized and dynamic at the same time. Move items around the four quadrants until you reach the best display.
Add decorative objects on top of your stack of books—vases, candleholders, or other interesting finds will give your surface a more dynamic and interesting feel. It will also create height where things might otherwise feel a little flat.
Use trays and boxes to keep all your essentials organized. This could include remotes, matchboxes for your candles, coasters, or any other small items you like to keep handy on your coffee table but that might otherwise feel out of place or not hold enough weight on their own.
Go the minimalistic route and display only a collection of your favorite coffee table books—no fuss needed. This can feel especially impactful if you have a bold or colorful coffee table or if your books are color-coded or carry a specific theme. Typically, stacks of two to four books work best.
Do you have family memories or souvenirs you want to display? While we tend to save those types of objects for bookcases or console tables, the interesting objects can actually have more impact on a coffee table, where people congregate, so don't be afraid of throwing in a few unexpected items—especially ones with interesting backstories.
Embrace the Scandinavian hygge philosophy and layer the space around your coffee table with floor cushions to encourage people to gather around and make your space feel extra cozy. This is an especially good trick if you have small children or pets or if you love hosting friends for game night. Your living room will instantly look more inviting.
Do you collect antique silver boxes, busts, bowls, or other interesting objects? Let your coffee table be a display for your most prized collections. Repetition is a known trick of the trade, so use it to your advantage and display similar items in large numbers.
One mistake that people often make with their coffee table is displaying too many objects of similar sizes. Breaking up the surface with a comparatively large object can do wonders for the overall feel of your room—try displaying an oversize vase with tall branches or a large bowl to give your space a more dynamic look.
Above all else, consider how you use your coffee table before you choose how to style it. Do you typically put down your drink when watching TV? Do you love to play board games? Do you lounge around reading books and magazines on weekends? The best coffee tables may be expertly styled, but they aren't functional if they don't serve the purpose that their owners need them for.
How do you envision your own coffee table display?


As far as possible in time sequence but dates are not certain.
Joan Sims, Barbara Jefford, Robert Glennister.
FOR UNTO US*, THE TROPHY CLUB* THE SECOND SHADOW, THE BURNING QUESTION.
THE DARK SHADOW, SERVANT OF THE CROWN.
A PIECE OF CAKE, THE SEA CHANGE, SINS OF THE FATHERS, THE DEVIL'S DISGUISE.
A BOLT FROM THE BLUE, THE END OF THE LINE, JACK OF DIAMONDS, QUEEN OF SPADES.
A DANGEROUS REMEDY, NO LOOKING BACK, A PEARL IN THE OYSTER, THE CROSS-ROADS.
THREE GARRIDEBS, BLACK PETER, THE NAVAL TREATY.


Genetic difference between and within species drive how we evolve, but also what causes malfunctioning of genes and phenotypic differences. Genetic differences include SNPs as well as larger structural variations. But how to detect variants reliably? And, what if a genome is polyploid, can you detect variants for each of the alleles? Furthermore, not all genetic variants do have a functional impact. Some even might be beneficial. Simple effects, like introducing a stop codon, are easy to detect. But how to predict the more complex effect? DBL develops tools to predict and annotate genetic variations in these different contexts.


text:
Q: Automatically flashing eMMC after booting from SD I created NEW.img,  a custom Debian image (Mender converted) for our Beaglebone Green Wireless fleet. I am successfully able to flash the Beaglebone eMMC by copying that NEW.img to an SD card which has the standard bootable console image, booting from that SD card, logging in, and manually executing:
sudo dd if=NEW.img of=/dev/mmcblk1 bs=1M status=progress && sudo sync

This correctly flashes a bootable eMMC with all 4 partitions.
How can automate this? I'd like to create an SD card which automatically executes this dd flashing after boot. I have created  flasher SD cards for the Beaglebone before by uncommenting the last line in /boot/uEnv.txt where it calls the init-eMMC-flasher-v3.sh script which uses functions.sh and I don't understand this script. It doesn't seem to pull from an *.img image file. Is there a way to execute that dd command above, or update the script so that it flashes the eMMC from NEW.img?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Media & Communication Studies
Tales from Facebook
Daniel Miller
Facebook is now used by nearly 500 million people throughout the world, many of whom spend several hours a day on this site. Once the preserve of youth, the largest increase in usage today is amongst the older sections of the population. Yet until now there has been no major study of the impact of these social networking sites upon the lives of their users. This book demonstrates that it can be profound. The tales in this book reveal how Facebook can become the means by which people find and cultivate relationships, but can also be instrumental in breaking up marriage. They reveal how Facebook can bring back the lives of people isolated in their homes by illness or age, by shyness or failure, but equally Facebook can devastate privacy and create scandal. We discover why some people believe that the truth of another person lies more in what you see online than face-to-face. We also see how Facebook has become a vehicle for business, the church, sex and memorialisation.
After a century in which we have assumed social networking and community to be in decline, Facebook has suddenly hugely expanded our social relationships, challenging the central assumptions of social science. It demonstrates one of the main tenets of anthropology - that individuals have always been social networking sites. This book examines in detail how Facebook transforms the lives of particular individuals, but it also presents a general theory of Facebook as culture and considers the likely consequences of social networking in the future.
PART ONE - PORTRAITS
1) Marriage Dun Mash Up
2) Avatar
3) For Whom the Bell Doesn't Toll
4) The Book of Truth
5) It's Who You Know
7) Time Suck
8) Cultivating FarmVille
9) It Was Just Sex
10) Getting the Word Out
11) Picking BlackBerrys
12) The History Woman
The Philosophy of Doubles
PART TWO - The Anthropology of Facebook
A) The Invention of Fasbook.
B) The Fame of Facebook.
C) 15 theses on what Facebook might just be.
Glossary and Acknowledgements
Daniel Miller is Professor of Anthropology at University College London.
"It is Miller's focus on Trinidad and his beguilingly intimate style of writing that makes this work special. Prepare to have your expectations confounded."
"A very welcome and distinctive contribution to what is currently a small body of work on emerging online social networks."
LSE Politics Blog
"With social media playing an increasingly dominant role in our lives, it was about time somebody undertook a serious academic study of the way the Facebook phenomenon is changing and shaping behaviour...Whatever your feelings about the ever-present Facebook, Twitter etc, they are here to stay, so this book is an intriguing guide to as-yet uncharted territory."
The Style King
"Miller has written an insightful and engaging look at what Facebook has done to Trinidad and, more intriguingly, what Trinidad is doing to Facebook. For anyone keen to understand what human culture is becoming as the internet becomes its nearly universal vehicle, Tales from Facebook is obligatory reading."
Julian Dibbell, contributing editor for Wired magazine and author of My Tiny Life and Play Money
"Tales from Facebook is a genre-busting tour de force. Miller moves between fascinating stories of the often unexpected ways Trinidadians (for whom the verb 'to friend' is over a century old) use Facebook to thought-provoking discussions of the broad implications of social networking sites. Readers from a wide range of backgrounds will find this book an insightful treasure."
Tom Boellstorff, Professor of Anthropology, University of California, Irvine, and author of Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human


text:
Cuttin' Onions: Ten Musically Themed Onion Stories
This week's edition of The Onion featured a fantastic article ridiculing the esoteric nature of Steely Dan enthusiasts and the doubters who find their music to be overwrought cheese. Me, I'm kinda caught halfway. They're pretty good songcrafters but I've never really felt the urge to add a record to my collection. Notwithstanding, the article is fantastic satire. So here are ten of my favorite musically themed Onion stories, in no particular order.
1. Nation Planning Surprise Party to Cheer Up Conor Oberst
Why It's Funny: A doe-eyed, perennially dejected white kid who's gained fame for being such is always a target rife for parody.
Best line: "The country feels really bad that he's going through such a rough spell, so next Friday, everyone who can should meet in Omaha with balloons, funny cards, and silly little gag gifts." - Quote attributed to one of the party's 4000 planners
2. 37 Record-Store Clerks Feared Dead In Yo La Tengo Concert Disaster
Why It's Funny: This was published in the wake of the Great White pyrotechnic folly, in which a rock club caught fire and nearly 100 fans (and I believe one of the band) perished. A tragedy for sure, but a brilliant parallel to use such a snob-friendly act in a satirical piece. I enjoy this one so much I actually have the headline and main photo as a fridge magnet.
Best Line: "All I can do is wait and pray they'll find them," said Bert's Discount Records owner Bert Halyard, who lost clerks Todd Fischer and Dan Harris in the collapse. "They were going to start an experimental/math-rock band together. Dan had a really nice Moog synthesizer and an original pressing of the first Squirrel Bait EP."
3. Yngwie Malmsteen to Change Midde Name to "Fucking"
Why It's Funny: 'Cause Yngwie Fucking Malmsteen, that's why.
Best Line: This one is just a bumper photo and the headline. But the picture is perfect:
4. Ask Sir Mix-a-lot
Why It's Funny: The "Ask" advice column is an ongoing feature the Onion has been doing for as long as I can remember; not with Mix specifically, but with any person, creature, or object serving as the columnist. Others include "Ask a Bee," "Ask Raymond Carver," etc. They all feature responses that have absolutely nothing to do with the question, but are just apropos-of-nothing ramblings by whomever the columnist happens to be.
Best Line: (in response to a question from Peeved in Peekskill) "Dear Peeved, Who's afraid of my big bad weenie / Rub it and see if it's got a genie / Gonna make disappear this 10-inch zucchini / Just like Houdini / M-I-X to the A-L-O-T rappin' / Wanna see yo' butt cheeks flappin' / Mix want the honeys with the big back doors / So drop them drawers, whores. Unh."
5. Teen Who Just Discovered Led Zeppelin Starting to Piss Friends Off
Why It's Funny: Because this was me. Tons of adolescent males go through the "Zeppelin Is The Greatest Thing to Ever Happen to Music" phase; this article is a perfect rag on dudes just like me who, from age 16-19, got more of the Led out than most do in a lifetime.
Best Line: "It's getting to the point where you're almost afraid to go to a movie with Mark because John Paul Jones' second cousin might be an extra in it." - Quote attributed to friend of the subject of the story
6. Donald Fagan Defends Steely Dan to Friends
Why It's Funny: Because Steely Dan is one of those bands that has a feverish fanbase and an almost equally feverish army of detractors. A brilliant scenario to have one of the cofounders find themselves defending the band the way a superfan might have to.
Best Line: "You can't just write it all off as 'shitty jazz fusion' because there are a few horns in the band. And what about 'Bodhisattva' and 'Show Biz Kids' on Countdown To Ecstasy? Don't sit there and tell me that those tunes don't rock." - Quote attributed to Donald Fagan
7. Bill Gates Finally Getting Into Radiohead's Kid A
Why It's Funny: Kid A is the classic 'grower'. I feel like most people needed some time to digest it; why shouldn't a mega-billionaire be allotted the same kind of grace period?
Best Line: "I liked 'Morning Bell' and 'Optimistic,' but the rest just seemed like this intentionally weird mess. Then I took it out again maybe a month ago, and it finally started to sink in. Now I think I even like it better than OK Computer." - Quote attributed to Bill Gates
8. Bob Marley Rises From Grave to Free Fratboys from Bonds of Oppression
Why It's Funny: What's not to love about this? Fratboys are so, so, soooo easy to ridicule and the pros at the Onion know how to do it right. The college/frat-boy obsession with Bob Marley doesn't go much further than an appreciation for weed culture. I'm sure Bob would feel indebted to them for their undying support...
Best Line: "Frata mon's life is hard," said Marley during a press conference Monday at Iowa State University's Acacia fraternity. "Professor, he flunk you all the time. Policeman, he ticket you for the noise. Board of Regents, they make so many rule, try to keep the fraternity music down."
9. Bassist Unaware Rock Band Christian
Why It's Funny: 'Christian Rock' is such a joke of a genre in the first place, it was a ripe and juicy fruit for the Onion to pluck. It's just so funny how Christian 'rockers' try to mimic actual rockers so carefully, essentially downplaying their faith in some sort of bait-and-switch attempt at amassing a fanbase. Hilarity ensues when that scenario is taken to the point of actually recruiting an unaware band member.
Best Line: "Actually, Jack writes a lot of songs about chicks," (bassplayer Brad) Rolen continued. "'Your Love,' 'When You Return,' 'I Confess'... I don't know if they're all about the same girl or lots of different ones, but one thing's for sure: Jack loves the pussy."
10. Dave Matthews Not That Into Himself Anymore
Why It's Funny: As phases go, the "Dave phase" is one of the more common among us children of the 90s and oughts. The quirkiness and warmth of the Dave Matthews Band captured our collective attention for a while before it kinda became clear that the band was past its prime. I wonder what happened? Still, there are those who won't give up the fight. The Onion made it clear that Dave is not among them, which equally mocks Dave's fall-off in quality and the obsequious fanbase.
Best Line: "Rock music with a violin? I don't know," Matthews added. "Seemed cool once."
Any I missed? Search through the Onion Archives and you'll probably find dozens more.
Labels: conor oberst, Dave Matthews, linking to better websites, radiohead, The Onion
Brilliant, George.
This is one blog entry that didn't make me cry! womp womp
HSW Newsflash: New Isbell record due out in Feb. 09
Overheard at the Music Store
Never Is Too Soon
Toadies - No Deliverance
November 12, 2008: M83 w/ School of Seven Bells
George's summer in live music #2: Tom Waits; Fleet...


Feeling the lure of an unlimited web hosting plan?
Many are blinded by the dazzle of a great deal; even if it looks to good to be true. Here's what you can expect once you sign up with an unlimited hosting plan!
Drop outs and time outs are a frequent occurrence with unlimited web hosting. It's usually because server resources are oversold with many websites on the server competing for limited server resources.
The result is an unstable website that is down when you or your customers really need it.
Unlimited web hosting normally attracts high bandwidth websites. As is the nature of hosting; the overall network connection to the server becomes saturated as websites compete for network resources.
A slow loading website will have an immediate effect on your users and how they use your service.
Look for any limits, usually hidden deep within the hosting acceptable usage policy.
Offering unlimited web hosting is a major sign of an unsustainable web hosting business model. It leaves very little resources available to provide decent staff, contact channels and overall customer service.
Many web hosts offering unlimited plans cannot provide the level of customer service required.
There are always limiting factors when it comes to servers and networks.
Physical elements are hardware based so are absolute. Virtual cloud type implementations can somewhat alleviate this, however the same limiting factors still apply to the hardware running the virtual infrastructure.
Resist the urge to choose an unlimited web host when you need web hosting. Give your website the best foundation it can by choosing a web host that offers sustainable, reliable web hosting plans.


You may be requiring dumpster for your cleaning. But you are confused as to how you can choose the best Dumpster Rental In Chicago so that you have the best service. You must look into certain facts like time saving, specified dumping area, and ensuring proper disposal to choose the best.
Let us see how to choose the best that we want to hire.
Does it help us to save time?
Can you imagine the time taken if you have to go times and again to the dumping area to clear the trash that you have. You need to ascertain if the service that you are intending to have help you to save time by means of trash collection into a container in your own place and they carrying it to the disposal area on your behalf.
Does it provide you a single bin to collect all?
There may be disposals of various natures that you want to clear your property of. You need to ascertain whether the company that you are trying to hire offers you a single bin where you can throw all that which you want to clear. It must not be so that you have to run between different bins and get rid of the stuff that you want to clear off.
Do they follow the law regarding disposal?
There are certain laws that need to be followed while cleaning your house. You need to enquire whether the company follows all the laws that need to be followed.


What are some causes of hip pain after a car accident? | The Law Offices of Michael R. Herron, P.A.
Hip dislocation is one of the most common causes of hip pain after car accident. A person's hip can be dislocated when they bump into the dashboard with great force. This forces will dislocate the hip of the person sitting in the car. Major symptoms of hip dislocation involve reduction of mobility, extreme pain and an abnormal position of the hip. However, there is a need to treat this dislocated hip on urgent basis otherwise, it could affect the blood circulation through the legs. Moreover, it is also important to avoid any kind of permanent injury.
A car accident involves a lot of pressure and a trauma that can directly affect the health of your muscles. If can tear your muscle fibres especially the fibres of your hips and this will then cause strain in your muscles. Muscle strain can be detected from a severe pain, swelling and weakness of different body parts.
Car accidents happen with great forces. These forces in result into the stress in various parts of the body and they can especially damage the health of your hips. However, fractures tend to be extremely painful to the extent that it would be difficult to ignore or not take notice of the discomfort.
As you know, most of the weight of your body depends on your hips. However, the hip injuries resulting from car accidents vary a lot depending on the severity of the accident and the placement of the person inside the car. The common signs of hip pain include difficulty in movements, pain in legs, hips and back. Most people also feel pain in the knees. If the severity of the accident is greater, it can cause extreme stress and could result in a hip dislocation. If after a car accident, you feel any of these sign, you should immediately contact your doctor.
If you think that you have experienced a car accident due to the negligence and mistake of another person, it's possible that you can receive financial compensation through some legal procedures.
It is best to hire a Tampa attorney for your assistance. A Tampa lawyer will explain the legal procedure related to this issues and they will also help you in filling your complaint. Contact our office for a free consultation today!
You are welcome to call us for a free consultation regarding your case.
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text:
Q: Passing objects and variables using `require` in `Node.js` I am working on moving routing methods from app.js to separate files.
I managed to do it using (in app.js):
var userRoutes = require('./serverRoutes/userRoutes');
app.use('/userRoutes', userRoutes);
app.post('/user/login', userRoutes);

I can see that routing is being done.
I have some variables in my app.js like:
- tokens array
- jwtSecretKeystring
- jwt encryption module
- User which is mongoose schema
I would like to pass them and make them usable by routing methods inside userRoutes.js file.
I do not know how to do it.
Another question.
I also have some 'helper' type methods I would like to use in different 'routing' files.
I do not know how to pass them either.
This is how I deal with 'routing' files:
var express = require('express');
var router = express.Router();

router.post('/user/login', function (request, response) {
    var email = request.body.email;
    var password = request.body.password;

    User.findOne({ email: email, password: password },
        function (err, user) {
            if (err)
                response.send(err);

            if (user) {
                var expires = new Date();

                expires.setDate((new Date()).getDate() + 5);

                var token = jwt.encode({
                    email: email,
                    expires: expires
                }, jwtTokenSecret);

                tokens.push(token);
                response.send(200, { access_token: token });
            } else {
                response.send(401, { message: "User not found" });

            }
        });
});

module.exports = router;

Thank you :-)

A: I am unsure what the "resolve" part of your title has to do with your question, but I can answer the rest of what you discuss in your question.

I have some variables in my app.js... I would like to pass them and
  make them usable by routing methods inside userRoutes.js file.

The usual way to share some settings with another module is to pass them to that module in a module constructor or a module method:
var userRoutes = require('./serverRoutes/userRoutes')({
    tokens: tokens,
    jwtSecretKey: jwtSecretKey,
    jwt: jwt,
    User: User
});

Then, inside that userRoutes module:
var express = require('express');
var router = express.Router();
var jwtSecretKey, jwt, User, tokens;

router.post('/user/login', function (request, response) {
    var email = request.body.email;
    var password = request.body.password;

    User.findOne({ email: email, password: password },
        function (err, user) {
            if (err)
                response.send(err);

            if (user) {
                var expires = new Date();

                expires.setDate((new Date()).getDate() + 5);

                var token = jwt.encode({
                    email: email,
                    expires: expires
                }, jwtSecretKey);

                tokens.push(token);
                response.send(200, { access_token: token });
            } else {
                response.send(401, { message: "User not found" });

            }
        });
});

// define module constructor
module.exports = function(options) {
    // save data shared from parent module
    jwtSecretKey = options.jwtSecretKey;
    jwt = options.jwt;
    User = options.User;
    tokens = options.tokens;
    return router;
};

I also have some 'helper' type methods I would like to use in
  different 'routing' files.  I do not know how to pass them either.

The usual way to share some common help functions is to put them in their own module and then you just require() in that module in any other module that you need to use them.


text:
Todd Barry: Todd Barry Rock City
The veteran stand-up comic isn't a rock star, but he played one on TV
By Steve Birmingham, Fri., March 20, 2009
Like a librarian's hushed incantations, veteran comedian Todd Barry's bubble-level steady and bone-dry delivery quietly rages. Cataloging observational absurdities with a writerly precision and curmudgeon's charm, the New York native is reliably one of stand-up's funniest and most engaging performers. The Chronicle recently checked in with Barry prior to disembarking for our River City.
Austin Chronicle:Be it genuine appreciation or pure pandering, some touring comics and bands compliment an aspect of the town where they're performing. Instead, what constructive criticism can you give Austin and/or South by Southwest?
TB: I really don't have anything bad to say about Austin, but I've never found much to do in Cincinnati. Any tips?
AC: You've opened for Yo La Tengo, the Shins, Aimee Mann; toured with Jens Lekman; and played bongos with Flight of the Conchords. I'm not suggesting you're hopping on any, uh, bandwagon, but what do you think about this notion that many comics are closet would-be rock stars?
TB: I've heard that comics want to be rock stars and rock stars want to be comics. I've been in bands, and I miss looking out into a crowd of people and watching them watching you, which is harder to do when you're talking nonstop. And I guess if I was in a band, traveling five hours a day in a van with four sweaty assholes who used to be my friends, then I might want to travel alone and tell some jokes. I guess "Weird Al" Yankovic has the best of both worlds.
AC: How much public recognition do you think you receive from your role in "The Third Conchord" episode of HBO's Flight of the Conchords compared to, say, everything else you've done in the last two decades?
TB: A disproportionate amount of my insane fan encounters are the result of that show. Before I did it, I would have the occasional person come up to me and say, "You're funny" or "Hey, you're a comedian, right?" But then I became this guy from a TV show, and not everyone knew I did stand-up. So people come up to me and say things like, "Where are your bongos?" Then I have to tell them that that was an acting role, and if it wasn't, I probably wouldn't bring them to the laundromat.
AC: You played a great Lucky No. 7 on Sesame Street. Though your scene didn't involve direct collaboration, the Chronicle – okay, just me – loves juicy Muppet gossip. Can you hook a brother up?
TB: As you said, I wasn't in a scene with the Muppets, but the Cookie Monster popped his head in my dressing room and said hello. I still get the occasional e-mail from him, actually. The Cookie Monster was a Muppet, right?
AC: Besides performing, what are you looking forward to at this year's South by Southwest?
TB: There's a really good hot-dog stand. I think it's near Emo's. It has a name that's sort of funny, or punny. Anyway, I'm looking forward to going there.
Todd Barry performs Friday, March 20, 12:30am, and Saturday, March 21, 10:40pm, at Esther's Follies, 525 E. Sixth; and Saturday, March 21, 1:15am, at the Velveeta Room, 521 E. Sixth, as part of SXSW's cavalcade of prem-ium stand-up comedy, including Margaret Cho, Janeane Garofalo, Martha Kelly, Marc Maron, Brendon Walsh, Howard Kremer, Chip Pope, and many, many more. For information, visit www.sxsw.com.
MORE SXSW
Ten Key Moments in Austin's Year With the Coronavirus
The Plague Year
Beth Sullivan, Dec. 18, 2020
Top 10 Arty Ways 2020 Was the Best Year Ever
Barbara Purcell shares art highlights from a year that tested our sanity and humanity
Barbara Purcell, Dec. 18, 2020
More by Steve Birmingham
Jeff Garlin
The comedian enthuses about easing the pain, Larry David, and ex-roomie Conan O'Brien
Dang Aloud
Dana Gould likes hiding the pill in the banana
KEYWORDS FOR THIS STORY
Todd Barry, SXSW, Flight of the Conchords, Sesame Street, Cookie Monster
MORE ARTS EVENTS >>


text:
1964 – The Who play the White Hart Hotel in Southall
1965 – The Who play the Floral Hall in Morecambe
1965 – Roger is interviewed in New Musical Express under the headline "The Who Use Force to Get Sound They Want." He declares "I never want to grow old. I want to stay young forever," but then declares if he were no longer in a group, "I think I'd do myself in."
1966 – The Who play in Carlisle at The Market Hall.
1966 – ord Mirror reports on a double bill of The Who and The Merseys at Shea Stadium for July 9th. The Who won't actually make it to Shea for another 16 years.
1967 – The Who perform at The Monterey International Pop Festival in Monterey, California. Pete confronts Jimi Hendrix before the show and demands The Who hit the stage before he does since Hendrix will also smash his guitar. If they follow him the crowd will think The Who are stealing Hendrix's act even though they were the ones who originated it. Hendrix plays his guitar and coolly ignores Pete. John Phillips of The Mamas and The Papas finally decides it with a coin toss.
The Who will play first but despite this, The Who face another disadvantage Hendrix does not. Their penny-pinching managers have sent them to the festival with rented equipment and amplifiers incapable of conveying the power of their act. Their performance is spotty but no one forgets the ending of "My Generation" with Pete and Keith engaging in a riotous instrument bust-up captured by D.A. Pennebaker's cameras and later featured in the movies Monterey Popand The Kids Are Alright
After the show The Who hang out with Mama Cass who ply them with the best of the Bay Area's hallucinogens. Hendrix sets his guitar on fire and smashes it leading Cass to tell Pete, "He's stealing your act!" Pete replies, "No, he's not stealing my act, he's doing my act."
1969 – The Who play the Fillmore West in San Francisco
1970 – The Who reportedly play the Austin Memorial Auditorium in Houston, Texas. This show is listed on many sites, including thewhothismonth.com and http://www.thewholive.net, although the latter does indicate it's "An unsure date". It is not listed in AAA. A thorough search of the internet fails to turn up a venue in Houston, Texas called "Austin Memorial Auditorium" or "Houston Memorial Auditorium", nor any record of The Who playing in Houston on this date. A search of Austin Memorial Auditorium does indicate that "Hogg Auditorium" on the University of Texas, Austin campus, was a venue that could have been called "Austin Memorial Auditorium" around this time, but there does not appear to be ANY record of a show by The Who on this date. If anyone has any information about this date or venue – please let us know!
1971 – The Who record "Song Is Over" and another take of "Bargain" at Olympic Studios in Barnes
1979 – Pete, John and Kenney are interviewed by Robert Klein at RCA Studios in New York for his syndicated radio show The Robert Klein Hour. They are later interviewed for the Drake/Chenault syndicated radio show
1980 – The Who play in San Diego at the Sports Arena. Pete punches a wall and breaks several bones in his right hand. He has to wear a cast for the rest of the tour.
1991 – Keith Moon receives a plaque on the Rock Walk in Hollywood.
1995 – Ringo's All-Star Band featuring John and Zak play in Osaka, Japan at the Osaka Castle Hall
1996 – Those Darn Accordions! release their album No Strings Attached with a cover of "Baba O'Riley" and Fastbacks releases its album New Mansions In Sound with a cover of Keith Moon's "Girl's Eyes." Eddie Vedder sings backup on the latter and can be heard offering the engineer 100 dollars if he'll please erase his vocal and let him try again.
1998 – John plays in Hartford, CT at the Webster Theater
2001 – "A Walk Down Abbey Road: A Tribute To The Beatles." featuring John play in Saratoga, CA, at the Villa Montalvo Garden Theatre
2006 – The Who play in Brighton at The Brighton Centre
2007 – The Who play the Stadtpark in Hamburg
2013 – The Who play the Motorpoint Arena in Sheffield, South Yorkshire
2016 – The Who play the Azkena Rock Festival in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain at Mendizabala.


By Daily Republic News on Dec 18, 2018 at 4:27 p.m.
HURON — The South Dakota State Fair announced Tuesday that Little Big Town will be coming to the State Fair grandstand on Saturday, Aug. 31, 2019.
Little Big Town entered the music scene more than 18 years ago with hits like "Boondocks" and "Bring it on Home." Success continued with albums "Tornado" and "Pain Killer" delivering No. 1 singles "Pontoon," "Tornado," "Day Drinking," and the history-making, best-selling country single of 2015, "Girl Crush."
"We are thrilled to bring Little Big Town to the State Fair," said State Fairgrounds Manager Peggy Besch. "They are a huge name in country music and have a long list of hits! We are excited to make this announcement before the New Year to get people excited for fair time."
The band recently received their third career Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance for their multi-week #1 platinum-selling hit, "Better Man," off their chart-topping album, "The Breaker." Their latest album debuted #1 on the Billboard Country Albums chart and Top 5 on the Billboard 200 All Genre chart. In the past seven years they have won over 20 awards, including Grammys, CMAs, ACMs, People's Choice awards, and an Emmy.


The Community Grants Officer works with community groups to help them plan their projects, find funding sources and prepare grant applications.
If you would like to know more, or be added to the mailing list for the Community Grants Bulletin, contact Council on 02 6540 1172 or council@upperhunter.nsw.gov.au.
To date the Community Grants Officer has supported more than 80 community groups and assisted in bringing almost $2 million to the Upper Hunter Shire. From 2008 to 2016 the Program was supported by Coal & Allied's Community Development fund.
The Australia Sports Foundation and the Australian Cultural Fund were established in 1986 by the Commonwealth Government to support the development of sport and culture in Australia. The ASF and ACF offer an avenue of tax deductibility to incorporated not for profit organisations that are keen to register and undertake a fundraising campaign for sports or cultural projects.
Non-profit community organisations in the Upper Hunter Shire who run cultural or art projects are invited to apply for funding from Upper Hunter Shire Council in August each year.
Writing grant proposals to get money to make your project happen is becoming more and more common. Take advantage of these tips.


text:
Partly cloudy with afternoon showers or thunderstorms. High 79F. Winds SW at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 50%..
Variably cloudy with scattered thunderstorms. Low near 70F. Winds SSW at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 50%.
Dr. Christopher James Snyder, a 2002 graduate of Holly High School, is today a scientist in New Mexico.
Christopher Snyder is pictured here with his wife, Ashley (Middleton), a 2004 graduate of Holly High School.
Christopher Snyder with the couple's two rescue dogs, Loki and Quinn.
HHS grad once 'sick of classes' goes on to earn PhD
Blowing up homemade bottle of hydrogen as a teen led to interest in chemistry
Tri-County Times | Fenton, MI Vera Hogan Associate Editor
Vera Hogan
When educators today talk about the importance of STEM (Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics), they are not kidding and students should really pay attention.
When Christopher James Snyder was a student at Holly High School, those studies were part of the curriculum, but not promoted using a handy acronym like STEM. Yet, Snyder, who graduated in 2002, is today a scientist.
While in high school, Snyder was active in the Math/Science Club, Odyssey of the Mind and the National Honor Society.
"I graduated in May 2007 from U of M-Flint with my bachelor of science degree in chemistry and a minor in math," Snyder said.
He received his PhD from Wayne State University in May 2013 in chemistry. His major was "inorganic" chemistry and his minor, "organic chemistry."
Snyder said, "As a teenager, I would play around with chemicals, such as lighting bon fires with thermite, making hydrogen gas from pennies and pool cleaner, and once I accidentally caused my bottle of homemade hydrogen to blow up, which muffled my hearing for the rest of the day.
"I developed an interest in how things work and learned that most things involve chemistry on some level," he said. "In college, I realized that chemistry has a lot in common with art: once you learn the basics, what you can do is limited only by your creativity and imagination.
"I was never the best student, and I thought that going to graduate school was out of the question," Snyder said. "In addition, I was sick of classes and I knew there was no way that I could foot the bill for a graduate degree."
Snyder said that all changed during his senior year of college. Three professors from U of M-Flint (Anselm Omoike, Bob Stach, and Brian Buffin) strongly encouraged him to apply to a PhD program.
"They thought I had what it took to be a good graduate student," he said. "After telling me that a PhD in chemistry only required a year of coursework and a few years of working in a lab in an apprentice-like position, I decided to apply. Also, when you study to get a PhD in chemistry, the school actually pays you."
Where he works today
Today, Snyder works as a synthetic chemist at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Los Alamos, New Mexico was chosen as the top-secret location for a joint civilian/military operation during World War II known as the Manhattan Project, he said.
"In short, LANL was at the heart of the development of nuclear weapons that helped end WWII. Today, LANL is a federal contractor (owned by the Department of Energy) that focuses on many areas of research, including chemistry, biology, physics, engineering, supercomputing, climatology, and environmental sciences," Snyder said.
"The primary goal of my job is to design and develop new propellants, pyrotechnics, and explosives that burn cleaner, are safer to handle, and made by greener methods of production," he said. "In addition, I help teach a Homemade Explosives (HMEs) course to Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technicians to help them learn how to identify and safely handle HMEs."
Snyder married Ashley Middleton, a 2004 Holly High School grad. "We actually didn't know each other in high school, but we met through some mutual friends in 2009 and started dating in 2010," he said.
Snyder and his wife love to hike in their spare time and on vacations.
"When I first thought of New Mexico, I thought of flat, hot desert," he said. "It turns out that I was mostly wrong. Los Alamos is located 7,300 feet above sea level in the foothills of the Jemez mountains, which makes for some awesome hiking. Our vacations are usually planned around hiking, and this year we plan to hike to Havasu Falls in Arizona as our vacation."
Although the Snyders do not have any children at this time, they adopted two dogs since moving to New Mexico. "We found Loki on a hike that we went on Valentine's Day 2015 shortly after we moved to New Mexico," he said. "We adopted Quinn two years ago, who was abandoned on the side of a highway in Texas."
Advice to Holly's 2019 graduates
"I was able to graduate from high school as No. 34 in my class by barely cracking a book. In college, my lackadaisical attitude got me put on academic probation," Snyder said. "I dropped out and started working at Home Depot. A year later, I had developed a relentless work ethic and went back to college. I realized that 'passion' isn't something that you find, it is something that you develop by rising to challenging situations, working hard, and continuously learning. My passion for chemistry has led to opportunities that I never thought were possible, such as a two-year postdoc (post doctoral research) in metropolitan D.C., working three months in Germany, and traveling to places like Prague to present at conferences."
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