text:
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
For the first Duke of Orléans named Philippe, see Philip of Valois, Duke of Orléans.
Duke of Orléans
Philippe I
Portrait by Pierre Mignard
10 May 1661 – 9 June 1701
Philippe II d'Orléans
(1640-09-21)21 September 1640
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
9 June 1701(1701-06-09) (aged 60)
Château de Saint-Cloud, France
Basilica of St Denis, France
Henrietta of England
(m. 1661; died 1670)
Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine
(m. 1671)
Marie Louise, Queen of Spain
Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois
Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia
Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine
Philippe de France[1]
Louis XIII of France
Anne of Austria
Philippe, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the younger son of Louis XIII of France and his wife, Anne of Austria. His older brother was the famous "Sun King", Louis XIV. Styled Duke of Anjou from birth, Philippe became Duke of Orléans upon the death of his uncle Gaston in 1660. In 1661, Philippe also received the dukedoms of Valois and Chartres.[2] Following Philippe's victory in battle in 1671, Louis XIV added the dukedom of Nemours, the marquisates of Coucy and Folembray, and the countships of Dourdan and Romorantin.[3] During the reign of his brother he was known simply as Monsieur, the traditional style at the court of France for the younger brother of the king.
Although he was open about his homosexual behaviour and freely acted effeminately, he married twice and fathered several children. He was the founder of the House of Orléans, a cadet branch of the ruling House of Bourbon, and thus the direct ancestor of Louis Philippe I, who ruled France from 1830 until 1848 in the July Monarchy. Through the children of his two marriages, Philippe became an ancestor of most modern-day Roman Catholic royalty, giving him the nickname of "the grandfather of Europe".[4] He was also military commander at the Battle of Cassel in 1677. Through careful personal administration, Philippe greatly augmented the fortunes of the House of Orléans.
1.1 Birth and ancestry
1.2 Le Petit Monsieur
2 Duke of Orléans
3 Marriages and love life
3.1 Sexuality
3.2 Marriage with Princess Henrietta of England
3.3 Search for a second bride
3.4 Marriage with Princess Palatine Elizabeth Charlotte
4 Battle of Cassel
5 Cultural expansion and property
6 Later years
7 Portrayals in media
8.1 First marriage
8.2 Second marriage
9 Ancestors
10 Titles, styles, honours and arms
10.1 Titles and Styles
10.2 Honours
10.3 Arms
Early years[edit]
Birth and ancestry[edit]
Philippe and his brother, the future Louis XIV of France by an unknown painter
Philippe was born on 21 September 1640 at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye in the town of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, the day before his mother Anne's 39th birthday. As the son of a ruling king, the infant Philippe held the rank of a Fils de France (son of France).[1] As such, he ranked immediately behind his older brother Louis, Dauphin of France, who inherited the French throne before Philippe reached the age of three. From birth, Philippe was second in line to the throne of France and was entitled to the style of Royal Highness.[1]
He was born in the presence of his father Louis XIII, the Princess of Condé,[5] and the Duchess of Vendôme, prominent members of the Bourbon dynasty. An hour after his birth, he was baptised in a private ceremony by Dominique Séguier, Bishop of Meaux,[6] and given the name Philippe. Louis XIII had wanted to give the infant the title Count of Artois in honour of a recent French victory in Arras within the county of Artois. However, Louis respected tradition and gave him the title of Duke of Anjou instead, a title commonly granted to the younger sons of French kings since the fourteenth century. After his baptism, Philippe was put in the care of Françoise de Souvré, marquise de Lansac, who also looked after his older brother, in 1643 succeeded by Marie-Catherine de Senecey.
Philippe dressed for his brother's coronation, c.1654 by an unknown artist
Le Petit Monsieur[edit]
At the death of their father Louis XIII in May 1643, Philippe's older brother ascended to the throne of France as Louis XIV. Their mother Queen Anne revoked the late king's will to arrange for a power-sharing agreement with Cardinal Mazarin, who had been serving as Louis XIII's chief minister. Anne was now in full control of her children, something she had been vying for since their birth. As the younger brother of the king, Philippe was addressed as le Petit Monsieur, since his uncle Gaston, who had also been the younger brother of a French king, was still alive. Gaston was then known as le Grand Monsieur. It was not until 1660 at the death of Gaston that Philippe would be known simply as Monsieur or as the Duke of Orléans.[7]
The child Philippe was acknowledged to be attractive and intelligent. The Duchess of Montpensier dubbed him the "prettiest child in the world",[8] while his mother's friend and confidant, Madame de Motteville, later said of Philippe that he displayed a "lively intelligence" early on. From 1646 on Philippe spend some of his childhood at the Hôtel de Villeroy / Cremerie de Paris, house of Nicolas V de Villeroy tutor of his brother Louis XIV. The children played there with Catherine de Villeroy and François de Villeroy [9]
In the autumn of 1647, at age seven, Philippe caught smallpox, but recovered and convalesced at the Palais-Royal. A year later, he was taken from the care of women and, on 11 May 1648 carried out his first official ceremony when he was baptised publicly at the Palais Royal.[10] His godparents were his uncle Gaston and aunt Queen Henrietta Maria of England. Later, he was placed in the care of François de La Mothe Le Vayer and the Abbé de Choisy.[11] He was also educated by the maréchal du Plessis-Praslin. His tutors were chosen by Mazarin, who was created the superintendent of the prince's education by his mother. His education emphasized languages, history, literature, mathematics and dancing.[12] Despite having a household of his own, his behaviour was closely watched by his mother and Mazarin, who made sure that Philippe had no meaningful financial freedom from the crown.[13]
Philippe while Duke of Anjou, after Jean Nocret.
When Philippe was eight, the civil war known as the Fronde began in France. It lasted until 1653 in its two main phases: the Fronde Parlementaire (1648–1649) and the Fronde des nobles (1650–1653). During the conflict, the royal family was obliged to flee Paris on the night of 9 February 1651[14] for the safety of Saint-Germain-en-Laye[15] in order to avoid a revolt by the nobility against Mazarin. When peace returned, the decision was made for Philippe to move his household to the Palais des Tuileries, previously the residence of the duchess of Montpensier opposite the Palais Royal.[16] At the coronation of Louis XIV on 7 June 1654, Philippe acted as dean, placing the crown of France on his brother's head. All his life, Philippe would be a noted lover of etiquette and panoply, ensuring that all ceremonial details were adhered to.[17]
In late June 1658, Louis became gravely ill. Presumed to have typhoid, Louis was almost pronounced dead when, in mid-July, he began to recover. The illness made Philippe, heir presumptive to the throne, the centre of attention. For fear of infection, Philippe could not see his brother. During the crisis, Queen Anne became closer to her younger son, showing him more affection.[18] After Louis's recovery, Philippe was once again left to his own devices. Later in 1658, Philippe made his most significant purchase, the Château de Saint-Cloud, a building about 10 kilometres west of Paris. On 8 October 1658, its proprietor Barthélemy Hervart organised a sumptuous feast at Saint Cloud in honour of the royal family. Some two weeks later, on 25 October, Philippe bought the estate for 240,000 livres.[13] He immediately began to organise improvements to what was then a small villa.[13]
Duke of Orléans[edit]
When Philippe's uncle Gaston died in February 1660, the Duchy of Orléans reverted to the crown, as he had no surviving male issue. The duchy was one of the most highly regarded appanages of the ancien régime, and it was traditionally Philippe's birthright as the brother of the king. Thus, at the death of Gaston, Philippe himself took on the new style of Duke of Orléans and Louis XIV granted Philippe the title officially on 10 May 1661[19] along with the subsidiary titles duke of Valois and duke of Chartres, all registered peerages with the Parlement de Paris.[19] He was also granted the lordship of Montargis.[20]
In order to discourage the type of tempestuous relationship that had developed between Louis XIII and his younger brother Gaston, Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin made it a private policy to prevent Philippe from pursuing ambitions which might prompt rivalry with or defiance of the king. Aside from his appanage, he was given no meaningful financial freedom from the Crown.[21] Later, to his already rich holdings Philippe wanted to add the countship of Blois, with its château de Chambord, and the governorship of Languedoc, but both would be refused him by his brother.[21]
Marriages and love life[edit]
Sexuality[edit]
During his childhood, Queen Anne was observed to address Philippe by such nicknames as "my little girl" and encouraged him to dress in feminine clothing even as a young man – a habit he would retain all his life.[22] A contemporary would later call him the "silliest woman who ever lived", a reference to his effeminacy.[23] As a young man, Philippe would dress up and attend balls and parties in female attire, for example, dressed as a shepherdess.[23] Mindful that Gaston's treasonous habits had not only been evoked by the Fronde, but by his secret elopement with a foreign princess which had left the royal brothers estranged for years, his homosexual activity was not unwelcome, because it was seen to reduce any potential threat he may have posed to his older brother. It appears that 1658 was the key year in which Philippe's sexuality became well defined. Court gossip said that Cardinal Mazarin's own nephew Philippe Jules Mancini, the Duke of Nevers,[24][25] had been the "first to [have] corrupted" Philippe in what was referred to as the "Italian vice" – contemporary slang for male homosexuality.[26][27] Phillippe certainly did make his first contacts that year with Philippe de Lorraine, known as the Chevalier de Lorraine, the male lover with whom he would establish the closest emotional attachment throughout his life.
"As greedy as a vulture, this cadet of the French branch of the House of Lorraine had, by the end of the 1650s, hooked Monsieur like a harpooned whale. The young prince loved him with a passion that worried Madame Henrietta and the court bishop, Cosnac [fr], but it was plain to the King that, thanks to the attractive face and sharp mind of the good-looking chevalier, he would have his way with his brother."
Excerpt from Dirk Van der Cruysse's Madame Palatine, princesse européenne[28]
Even once married, he reportedly carried on open romantic affairs with German nobles, with no regard to either of his two wives.[29] Philippe's favourites, invariably younger, handsome men, dominated contemporary and historical commentaries about his role at court, as had the mignons of Henry III. Philippe was infatuated with the famously arrogant Armand de Gramont, comte de Guiche. There were also rumours at court that Philippe in fact had a mistress[30] and had shown an interest in the Duchess of Mercœur, Mazarin's niece.[31] Another lover of Philippe at this time was Antoine Coiffier, the Marquis d'Effiat. The latter had entered Philippe's life as captain of the chase and stayed in his household until Philippe's death.[32]
Among the lovers, one man stands out, Philip of Lorraine-Armagnac, the never-married Chevalier de Lorraine, who was described as "insinuating, brutal and devoid of scruple".[28] As a member of the House of Guise, ranking as a prince étranger, Philippe could keep him near while at court and promote him within his own household without initially evoking scandal or offending sensibilities. In January 1670, Philippe's wife prevailed upon the King to imprison the chevalier, first near Lyon, then in the Mediterranean island-fortress of Château d'If. Finally, he was banished to Rome. However, by February, the Duke of Orléans' protests and pleas persuaded the King to restore him to his brother's entourage.[28]
Marriage with Princess Henrietta of England[edit]
Philippe's first wife Princess Henrietta of England in 1661 by an unknown artist. She was described as a "springtime beauty"[33]
After Louis XIV's marriage to Maria Theresa of Spain on 9 June 1660, Queen Anne turned her attention to the marriage of Philippe. He had previously been encouraged to court his older cousin the Duchess of Montpensier, eldest daughter of Gaston and his first wife Marie de Bourbon. Known as Mademoiselle at this time, she had an immense private fortune and had previously rejected suitors such as Charles II of England.[34] Born in 1627, she was the sole heiress of her mother who died in childbirth. Mademoiselle declined the union, complaining that Philippe always stayed near his mother as if he was "like a child".[35] Mademoiselle instead remained unmarried.[36] Philippe would marry instead another first cousin, Princess Henrietta of England, youngest child of King Charles I of England and his wife Queen Henrietta Maria, who was Philippe's aunt and had taken refuge at the court of France after the birth of Princess Henrietta in 1644. They lived at the Palais Royal and at the Palais du Louvre. In 1660, after the restoration of the House of Stuart to the throne of England under her brother Charles II, Princess Henrietta returned to England to visit her sister, the Princess of Orange,[37] who later caught smallpox and died. The French court officially asked for Henrietta's hand on behalf of Philippe on 22 November 1660 while she was in England.[38] The couple signed their marriage contract at the Palais Royal on 30 March 1661.[39] The ceremony took place the next day in the same building in front of select members of the court.[40] The dowry promised was a huge 840,000 livres.[41] Known as Henriette d'Angleterre in France, and Minette to her intimates, she was known officially as Madame and was ever popular with the court. Court gossip later said that the king was the father of Henrietta's first child. Henrietta's very open flirting is said to have caused a jealous Philippe to retaliate by beginning to flaunt his sexuality openly in a less than accepting era.[42]
Henrietta's flirting with the king started early in the summer of 1661 while the newlyweds were staying at the Palace of Fontainebleau for the summer. Philippe complained to his mother about the intimacy that Louis and Henrietta displayed, which led Queen Anne to reprimand both son and daughter-in-law.[43] Relations were further strained when Henrietta allegedly seduced Philippe's old lover, the comte de Guiche.[44]
The couple moved from the Tuileries in early 1662 to the Palais Royal. Later in March of the same year, Philippe became a father when Henrietta gave birth to their daughter Marie Louise, the future wife of Charles II of Spain.[45] Henrietta's disappointment at the birth of a daughter was great, and she even remarked that she should "throw her into the river!"[46] This greatly offended Queen Anne, who adored her first granddaughter.[47] For his part, Philippe would always consider Marie Louise his favourite child. The girl was baptised on 21 May 1662.[48] On the same day Philippe took part in the famous Carrousel du Louvre, where he dressed extravagantly as the King of Persia with the king as the King of the Romans and all ladies of the court in attendance.[48]
In 1664, Henrietta gave birth at Fontainebleau to a son who was given the title Duke of Valois.[49] Philippe wrote to his brother-in-law Charles II of England "that your sister was this morning safely delivered of a fine boy. The child seems to be in excellent health".[50] The child nonetheless died of convulsions in 1666, having been baptised Philippe Charles d'Orléans hours before death.[51] The loss of the little Duke of Valois affected Henrietta greatly. Philippe, however, was anxious to maintain the allowance which his son had received from the king.[52] This death only augmented the grief of a court still in mourning for the death of Queen Anne in January.[53]
Philippe holding a medallion of his favourite daughter Marie Louise, c.1670, Pierre Mignard.
In 1665, the comte de Guiche was exiled from the court with Philippe reporting to Queen Anne that Henrietta had had private interviews with the dashing nobleman.[54]
Philippe took part in the War of Devolution in 1667 while Henrietta remained at Saint Cloud in a state of pregnancy. On the field, Philippe took an active part in the trenches at Tournai and Douay and distinguished himself through his valour and coolness under fire.[55] But Philippe later became bored with battle and interested himself more in the decoration of his tent. Hearing that Henrietta was ill due to a miscarriage, he returned to Saint Cloud, where she was recovering from an ordeal which almost cost her her life.[56] Upon her recovery, Philippe returned to the battlefield and distinguished himself at the Siege of Lille (1667).[57]
In January 1670, Henrietta prevailed upon the king to imprison the Chevalier de Lorraine, first near Lyon, then in the Mediterranean island-fortress of the Château d'If. He was finally banished to Rome after offending the king and Henrietta by boasting that he could get Philippe to divorce her.[58] In retaliation for the Chevalier's treatment, Philippe withdrew to his estate at Villers-Cotterêts, dragging Henrietta with him.[59] By February, Philippe's protests and pleas persuaded the king to restore the Chevalier to his brother's entourage.
The couple had their last child in August 1669, a daughter who was baptised Anne Marie at the private chapel of the Palais Royal on 8 April 1670 by Philippe's first chaplain, the bishop of Vabres.
Henrietta is best known to political historians in France for her part in negotiating the Secret Treaty of Dover, an offensive and defensive treaty between England and France signed at Dover on 1 June 1670.[60] It required France to assist England in her aim to rejoin the Roman Catholic Church and England to assist France in her war of conquest against the Dutch Republic. The Third Anglo-Dutch War was a direct consequence of this treaty. Having returned to France at the end of June 1670, Henrietta had to endure Philippe's blatant spite[61] for her part in the Chevalier's exile and her secret mission to Dover. Despite tense relations, she travelled to Saint Cloud on 24 June, when she started to complain of pains in her side.[62] Relaxing at Saint Cloud on 30 June, she collapsed on the terrace at the palace. Taken inside, she was undressed and started to exclaim that she had been poisoned.[61] She subsequently died between the hours of two and three in the morning of 30 June 1670 at the age of 26.[63] The Chevalier de Lorraine and the Marquis d'Effiat were accused of poisoning her,[64] however an autopsy was performed which found that Henrietta died of peritonitis caused by a perforated ulcer.[65]
Painting commissioned by Philippe for Saint Cloud, Jean Nocret, 1670
A mural depicting the French royal family in classical garb, commissioned circa 1670 by Philippe: (L-R) Philippe's aunt and mother-in-law, Queen Henrietta Maria of England; Philippe; his daughter, Marie Louise; his wife, Maria Henrietta and his mother, Queen Anne (d. 1666); Philippe's cousins, daughters of his uncle Gaston d'Orléans; his brother, King Louis XIV; his nephew, le Grand Dauphin; his sister-in law, Queen Marie Therèse with her daughter Marie Thérèse, Madame Royale; his nephew, Philippe, Duke of Anjou; standing to the right is his cousin, Anne Marie, la Grande Mademoiselle. The picture frame with the two children are two deceased daughters of Louis and Marie Therèse.
Search for a second bride[edit]
Henrietta was mourned greatly at the court of France, but little by her husband, due to their strained relationship. Louis XIV himself looked for a second wife for Philippe, who was eager to have a male heir to continue the Orléans line.[66] Attention again turned to the duchess of Montpensier, by now known as "la Grande Mademoiselle". Louis himself asked her if she wanted to fill "the vacant place",[67] but she politely declined the offer.[68] Louis rejected many other candidates before settling on the Protestant Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate.[69] Known as Liselotte within her family, she was the only daughter of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, and his estranged wife Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel. She was recommended by Anna Gonzaga, a confidante of Philippe's and wife of the bride's uncle, the Prince Palatine Edward. Elizabeth Charlotte had grown up with her aunt Sophia of Hanover due to her parents' bad relationship. Throughout her life she would remain in contact with the Electress Sophia, writing some 50,000 letters that detailed life at the court of France.[70] The Princess Palatine was Henrietta's first cousin once removed, since the latter's father (Charles I of England and Scotland) was the brother of Elisabeth Charlotte's paternal grandmother, Elisabeth Stuart, Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia.
Marriage with Princess Palatine Elizabeth Charlotte[edit]
Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate with her two children by Philippe c.1679, Mignard.
Philippe married Elizabeth Charlotte, who converted to Roman Catholicism[64] on 16 November 1671.[71] She was not attractive, as Henrietta had been. When Philippe first saw her, he is said to have remarked "how will I ever be able to sleep with her?"[72] Madame de Sévigné noted how popular the new Madame was with the court. She became renowned for her brusque candour, upright character, and lack of vanity. Her letters record how willingly she gave up sharing Philippe's bed at his request after their children's births and how unwillingly she quietly endured the presence of his male favourites in their household.
The couple were very happy in the first years of their marriage. The Chevalier de Lorraine was in Italy, but returned in spring 1672. Pregnant later that year, Elizabeth Charlotte gave birth to a son in June 1673 who was named Alexandre Louis and given the title Duke of Valois. Alexandre Louis died, however, in 1676.[73] A second son, Philippe, followed in 1674, and then a daughter, Élisabeth Charlotte, in 1676, after which the two mutually agreed to sleep in separate beds.[74] Elizabeth Charlotte was praised as being a natural mother.[75] Philippe's second son with Elizabeth Charlotte, known as the Duke of Chartres until he inherited the dukedom of Orléans in 1701, later served as Regent of France during the minority of Louis XV. Elizabeth Charlotte acted as a mother to Philippe's children by Henrietta and maintained correspondence with them until their last days.
Battle of Cassel[edit]
Having already established himself as a successful military commander during the War of Devolution in 1667, Philippe was eager to return to the field. In 1676 and 1677 he took part in sieges in Flanders, and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant general, which made him second-in-command to Louis XIV himself.
The most impressive victory won under Philippe's command took place on 11 April 1677: the Battle of Cassel against William III, Prince of Orange,[76] later the king of England and son of Philippe's own first cousin Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange. William decided to relieve some besieged towns; from Ypres he marched with 32,000 men through Poperinge and Oxelaëre in the Cassel Valley. Philippe, who learned of his plans, arranged to meet William's forces at Penebeek between Noordpeene and Zuytpeene. Louis XIV sent him some 25,000 footsoldiers and 9,000 cavalry from Cambrai under the command of Marshal Luxembourg. By nightfall there were 66,000 soldiers ready for battle.
"The people of Paris went wild with joy. They really love Monsieur. But at court they'd wished he'd lost the battle for the king's sake..."
Extract from the memoirs of Primi Visconti[77]
The Dutch attacked the French positions without scouting first. Marshal Luxembourg surprised the Dutch with a cavalry attack that practically destroyed three battalions and routed William's army. In all, casualties on both sides amounted to 4,200 dead and 7,000 wounded. Philippe was hailed for his skill as a military commander, much to the annoyance of his brother, the king.[78] He was presumably jealous of Philippe's growing popularity at court as well as on the battlefield. In honour of his victory at Cassel, Philippe set up a Barnabite College in Paris.[79] The campaign marked the end of his military career; he soon immersed himself once again in a life of pleasure.[76]
Cultural expansion and property[edit]
From the time of the victory at Cassel until the 1690s, Philippe mainly concentrated his energies on the expansion of his estates, personal fortune, and art collection, including the renovation of his residences, the Palais Royal and the Château de Saint-Cloud. The latter was his favourite residence,[80] the home of an ever-expanding and "stormy" court.[64] Philippe became an important patron of the artists Jean Nocret and Pierre Mignard, both of whom were employed to elaborate the décor at Saint Cloud and the Palais Royal. As early as 1660, Philippe also ordered Antoine Lepautre to begin extensions at Saint Cloud; later he became contrôleur général of Philippe's properties.[76]
The Château de Saint Cloud c.1677
Following Lepautre's death in 1679, work on Saint Cloud was continued by his executive assistant Jean Girard in collaboration with Thomas Gobert. Later on, Philippe sought Mansart to design a grand staircase in the left wing in the manner of the Ambassadors' Staircase at Versailles. The gardens were redesigned by André Le Nôtre, while the basin and lowermost canal were added by Mansart in 1698. At the time of Philippe's death in 1701, the estate of Saint Cloud covered some1,200 acres (4.9 km2). Saint Cloud remained with the Orléans family until 1785, when Philippe's great-grandson Louis Philippe d'Orléans sold it to Marie Antoinette, Philippe's great-granddaughter, for the sum of 6,000,000 livres.[81]
Minor improvements at the Palais Royal began in 1661 at the time of Philippe's marriage to Henrietta, but the property was part of the crown holdings, and had not been used officially for years.[82] Philippe was limited in what he could do to renovate the building until it was given to him in 1692.[83] Philippe again turned to Mansart for assistance in modernizing it. The interior décor was entrusted to Antoine Coypel, whose father Noël Coypel had previously worked at the palace.[84] In 1695, Philippe bought a small island in the Seine directly opposite the château, which he renamed the "Île de Monsieur".
Philippe not only enjoyed architecture and court society, but also music and dancing; he was in fact famed for his exceptional dancing abilities. Philippe was a patron of musicians such as Anglebert, Dumont, Arlaud, and Marie Aubry, many of whom would stay part of his son's household after his death in 1701. Lully was also a protégé of Philippe after he left Mademoiselle's household. Philippe's small art collection created the basis for the Orleans Collection, one of the most important art collections ever assembled.[85]
With the permission of the parlement of Paris, Philippe sponsored projects to help maintain his estates and enhance their profitability. From 1679, he was granted the right to build the Canal d'Orléans, a large canal that connected the Loire River at Orléans to a junction with the Canal du Loing and the Canal de Briare in the village of Buges near Montargis.[86] As the largest canal built in France since Philippe's grandfather Henri IV built the Canal de Briare in 1604, its construction was considered an engineering feat. The canal, used to transport goods from Orléans to Paris, was a great success in its time[86] and is still used widely today. Philippe's careful investment and management of his various estates made him a wealthy man in his own right, and his fortune was augmented considerably at the death of his cousin Mademoiselle in 1693. Philippe is acknowledged as being not only the biological founder of the House of Orléans, but as financial founder[87] of a family whose monetary value would rival that of the main line of the House of Bourbon.[88]
Later years[edit]
Upon the death of Mademoiselle in 1693, Philippe acquired the dukedoms of Montpensier, Châtellerault, Saint-Fargeau and Beaupréau. He also became prince of Joinville, count of Dourdan, Mortain and Bar-sur-Seine and viscount of Auge and Domfront. In later life, Philippe was thus able to maintain his lavish lifestyle easily, and he found much satisfaction in the activities of his children and grandchildren. Both of his daughters by his first wife Henrietta became queens, and his son the Duke of Chartres pursued an active and distinguished military career, having served at the Battle of Steenkerque in 1692 as well as the Siege of Namur, much to his father's pride.[89] As he had with Philippe, Louis XIV was careful to limit the power of Chartres.
In 1696, Philippe's granddaughter Maria Adelaide came to the French court from Italy for her marriage to Louis, Duke of Burgundy, who was third in line to the throne.[90] The two were married in 1697 and became the parents of Louis XV.[91]
"I won Monsieur over during the last three years of his life. We even used to laugh together about his weaknesses... He had confidence in me and always took my side, but before that I used to suffer dreadfully. I was just beginning to be happy when the Almighty took poor Monsieur from me"
Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate writing in 1716 to the Princess of Wales regarding their mutual affection in the later years of their marriage[92]
In 1701, Chartres was denied a position on the front in the War of the Spanish Succession, which began that year.[93] This slight was the source of great bitterness on the part of both father and son after. The pretext seems to have been the behaviour of Chartres in parading his mistress Mademoiselle de Séry in view of his wife.[94] On 8 June 1701, Louis XIV and Philippe met at the Château de Marly to dine together. At first meeting, Louis XIV attacked Philippe about Chartres' conduct with Mademoiselle de Séry.[95] Philippe responded by reprimanding Louis for similar conduct with his own mistresses during his marriage to Queen Marie Thérèse,[96] adding that Chartres had still not received the favours promised to him for having married the King's daughter, Françoise Marie. Nonetheless, the announcement of dinner halted the argument, and the brothers sat down to dine.[97]
Philippe angrily returned to Saint Cloud early the same evening to dine with his son. Philippe collapsed onto his son after suffering a fatal stroke[98] at noon 9 June 1701 at the age of sixty.[97] Louis XIV, upon hearing his only sibling had died, said "I cannot believe I will never see my brother again."[99] The Duchess of Burgundy, his granddaughter, was distraught, avowing that she "had loved Monsieur very much."[100] Philippe's heart was taken to the Val-de-Grâce convent on 14 June,[97] and his body was taken on 21 June to the Basilica of St Denis, where it remained until the French Revolution, at which time the basilica was desecrated and all graves destroyed.[101]
Elizabeth Charlotte, worried that she would be put in a convent (a stipulation of her wedding contract in the event of Philippe's death)[102] was assured by the king that she could remain at court as long as she wished.[99] She burnt all the letters[103] of Philippe's lovers through the years lest they fall into "the wrong hands",[104] noting that the scent of the perfumed letters nauseated her.[99] Louis XIV assured the new Duke of Orléans, formerly the Duke of Chartres, that the past was forgotten and that henceforth he was to look on him as his father.[100] The court was devastated and his old friend, Louis XIV's discarded mistress Madame de Montespan, was also greatly affected, the two having been very close.[105]
The widowed Elizabeth Charlotte continued to write frequently to her daughter, stepdaughter, and the Duchess of Modena.[106] She herself died at Saint Cloud in December 1722[107] and was also buried at Saint Denis. The Chevalier de Lorraine died impoverished in 1702.
Portrayals in media[edit]
Philippe has been portrayed in various modern media:
The Private Life of Louis XIV (1935 film), played by Hans Stüwe
Liselotte of the Palatinate (1966 film), played by Harald Leipnitz
The Taking of Power by Louis XIV (1966 film), played by Pierre Pernet
Marquise (1997 film), played by Franck de La Personne
Vatel (2000 film), played by Murray Lachlan Young
Charles II: The Power and the Passion (2003 mini-series), played by Cyrille Thouvenin
Le Roi Soleil (2005 musical), played by Christophe Maé
A Little Chaos (2015 film), played by Stanley Tucci
Versailles (2015 TV series), played by Alexander Vlahos
Issue[edit]
First marriage[edit]
Married his first cousin, Princess Henrietta of England, daughter of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, on 31 March 1661, at the Palais Royal. The couple had four children, in addition to two miscarriages:
Marie Louise d'Orléans (26 March 1662 – 12 February 1689) married King Charles II of Spain, no issue;
Miscarriage (1663);
Philippe Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (16 July 1664 – 8 December 1666) died in infancy;
Stillborn daughter (9 July 1665);
Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 – 26 August 1728) married King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia and had issue.
Second marriage[edit]
Married Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, daughter of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine and Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel,[69] on 16 November 1671 at Châlons. The couple had three children:
Alexandre Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (2 June 1673 – 16 March 1676) died in childhood;
Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723) married Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Légitimée de France, and had issue;
Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (13 September 1676 – 24 December 1744) married Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, and had issue.
Ancestors[edit]
Ancestors of Philippe of France
16. Charles, Duke of Vendôme
8. Antoine of Navarre[110]
17. Françoise of Alençon
4. Henry IV of France[108]
18. Henry II of Navarre
9. Jeanne III of Navarre[110]
19. Marguerite of Angoulême
2. Louis XIII of France
20. Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
10. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany[111]
21. Eleanor of Toledo
5. Marie de' Medici[108]
22. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
11. Joanna of Austria[111]
23. Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
1. Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans
24. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
12. Philip II of Spain[112]
25. Isabella of Portugal
6. Philip III of Spain[109]
26. Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
13. Anna of Austria[112]
27. Maria of Austria
3. Anne of Austria
14. Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria[113]
7. Margaret of Austria[109]
30. Albert V, Duke of Bavaria
15. Maria Anna of Bavaria[113]
31. Anna of Austria
Titles, styles, honours and arms[edit]
Titles and Styles[edit]
21 September 1640 – 2 February 1660: His Royal Highness The Duke of Anjou
2 February 1660 – 9 June 1701: Monsieur
Honours[edit]
8 June 1654: Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit
1701: Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece
Arms[edit]
Azure, three fleur-de-lis or, differenced by a label argent
[In heraldic blazon, Azure is blue, Or is gold, and Argent is silver]
^ a b c François Velde (July 4, 2005). "The French Royal Family: Titles and Customs". heraldica.org. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
^ Anthony, Louisa. Footsteps to history, being an epitome of the histories of England and France, from the fifth to the nineteenth century, p.195. Published 1852.
^ Lane, William Coolidge. "A.L.A. Portrait Index: Index to Portraits Contained in Printed Books", P1099. Published 1906, B. Franklin.
^ Mitford, p 55
^ Barker, p 3
^ Barker, p 15
^ Louis XIV and Philippe d'Orléans at the Cremerie de Paris / Hotel de Villeroy
^ a b c Barker, p 54
^ Vatout, p 51
^ Barker, p44
^ a b François Velde (July 4, 2005). "Armory of Old Regime (pre-1789) French Peerage". heraldica.org. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
^ Anthony, p 195
^ a b Barker, Nancy Nichols, Brother to the Sun king: Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.
^ Crompton, p 342
^ a b Crompton, p 341
^ Erlanger, Philippe, Louis XIV, translated from the French by Stephen Cox, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1970, p. 75 (footnote)
^ Dufresne, Claude, Les Orléans, CRITERION, Paris, 1991, p. 33 (French)
^ Erlanger, p 75 (footnote)
^ a b c Van der Cruysse, Dirk (1988). Madame Palatine, princesse européenne (in French). Fayard. p. 165. ISBN 978-2-213-02200-0.
^ P. Salazar in Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History, London, 1990 (Ed Wotherspoon and Aldrich).
^ Gerard, p 116
^ Fraser, p 76
^ Sackville-West, p 106
^ Cartwright, p 70
^ Barker, p 125
^ Fraser, p 201
^ Cartwright, p 115
^ a b Cartwright, p 118
^ a b Barker, p 114
^ a b c Mitford, p 56
^ Robinson, James, The History of Gastric Surgery, chapter 20, p 239
^ a b Chisholm 1911, p. 286.
^ a b c Pevitt, p 17
^ Buckley, p 180
^ Williams, p 17
^ Pevitt, p 11
^ Saint-Albin, pp 7, 9
^ Vatout, pp 58-59
^ Watson, Peter; Wisdom and Strength, the Biography of a Renaissance Masterpiece, Hutchinson, 1990. p 202
^ Pevitt, p 111
^ Lynn, p 16
^ a b c Barker, p 231
^ a b c Fraser, p 320
^ a b Mitford, p 204
^ Cooke Taylor, p 161
^ Mitford, p 206
^ a b Anselme 1726, pp. 145–146.
^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Frankreich)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). 6. p. 152 – via Wikisource.
^ a b Marie de Médicis at the Encyclopædia Britannica
^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Philipp III." . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). 7. p. 120 – via Wikisource.
^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). 7. p. 13 – via Wikisource.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philippe de France.
Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726). Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France [Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France] (in French). 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires.
Anthony, Louisa: Footsteps to history, being an epitome of the histories of England and France, from the fifth to the nineteenth century, 1852
Barker, Nancy Nichols: Brother to the Sun King; Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London, 1989, ISBN 0-8018-6164-0
Buckley, Veronica: Madame de Maintenon; The Secret wife of Louis XIV, Bloomsbury, London, 2008 ISBN 978-0-7475-8098-0
Carretier, Christian: Les cinq cent douze quartiers de Louis XIV", Angers-Paris, 1980
Cartwright, Julia: Madame: A life of Henrietta, daughter of Charles I and Duchess of Orléans, Seeley and Co.Ltd, London, 1900
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Orleans, Philip I., Duke of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 286.
Cooke Taylor, William: Memoirs of the house of Orléans: Volume 1, R. Bentley, 1849
Crompton, Louis:Homosexuality & Civilization, Harvard University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-674-02233-5
Dufresne, Claud: Les Orléans, Criterion, Paris, 1991
Erlanger, Philippe: Louis XIV, translated from the French by Stephen Cox, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1970
Fraser, Antonia: Love and Louis XIV; The Women in the Life of the Sun King, Anchor Books, London, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7538-2293-7
Gerard, Kent & Hekman, Gert: The Pursuit of sodomy: male homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe, Routledge, 1989, ISBN 978-0-86656-491-5
Hilton, Lisa. : Athénaïs The Real Queen of France, Little Brown, London, 2002 ISBN 0-316-85878-1
Lurgo, Elisabetta : Une histoire oubliée. Philippe d'Orléans et la Maison de Savoie, Chambéry, Société Savoisienne d'Histoire et d'Archéologie, 2018 ISBN 978-2-85092-037-0
Lurgo, Elisabetta : Philippe d'Orléans, frère de Louis XIV, Paris, Perrin, 2018 ISBN 978-2-26207-516-3
Lynn, John: The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714, New York, Longman, 1999 ISBN 0-582-05629-2
Mitford, Nancy: The Sun King, Penguin Publishing, London, 1966, ISBN 0-14-023967-7
Pevitt, Christine: The Man Who Would Be King: The Life of Philippe d'Orléans, Regent of France, Phoenix, London, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7538-0459-9
Sackville-West, Vita: Daughter of France: The life of Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, duchesse de Montpensier 1627–1693, Michael Joseph, London, 1959,
Saint-Albin, Philippe de:Palais de Saint-Cloud, résidence impériale, Paris, 1864
Vatout, Jean: Histoire du Palais-royal, Paris, 1830
Williams, H. Noel: A Rose of Savoy, Marie Adelaide of Savoy, duchesse de Bourgogne, Mother of Louis XV, Charles Scribners Sons, New York, 1909
Dukes of Anjou
Hereditary Dukes
Louis I
Louis II
Louis III
Charles IV
Appanage of Anjou
Philippe Charles
Alfonso Carlos
Current claimants
Charles Philippe
Dukes of Orléans
Charles Maximilian
Alexandre Édouard
Nicolas Henri
Louis Philippe Joseph
Ferdinand Philippe
Princes of France
The first generation are the children of Henri IV; these males held the rank of Son of France or Grand son of France;
Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans*
Gaston, Duke of Orléans*
Philippe, Duke of Orléans
Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois*
Louis, Dauphin of France
Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou*
Louis François, Duke of Anjou*
Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois*
Alexandre Louis, Duke of Valois*
Louis, Duke of Burgundy
King Felipe of Spain
Charles, Duke of Berry*
Louis, Duke of Brittany*
Philippe, Duke of Anjou*
Louis, Duke of Burgundy*
Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine*
Louis XVI*
Louis XVIII*
Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France*
Louis XVII*
Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême (Louis XIX)*
Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry
Henri, Count of Chambord (Henry V)*
* died without surviving issue
SNAC: w6vd7p7s
WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 2478821
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orléans&oldid=921863428"
People from Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Princes of France (Bourbon)
House of Bourbon (France)
House of Bourbon
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
17th-century LGBT people
17th-century Roman Catholics
Princes of Joinville
Dukes of Valois
Dukes of Chartres
Dukes of Nemours
Dukes of Montpensier
Dukes of Châtellerault
Bisexual royalty
LGBT royalty
French Roman Catholics
Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit
17th-century French people
Smallpox survivors
French military personnel
French generals
French military leaders
French military personnel of the Franco-Dutch War
Heirs presumptive to the French throne
17th-century peers of France
Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers


The Chinese flavor and flavor market has huge development potential and market space. International famous flavor and flavor companies have invested in China to build factories, with the help of their original international popularity and technological advantages. At the same time, after years of development, a number of industry leading enterprises have emerged. With their understanding of local flavor, With stable product quality, reasonable product price and considerate technical service, these private enterprises gradually win the recognition of middle and high grade customers, and their market share and brand popularity are increasing day by day.
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When seeking a new hire, a nonprofit has concerns that may differ from a potential hire in the corporate world. Nonprofit professionals can be faced with non-traditional work hours, budget constraints and a diverse group of individuals to serve, such as donors, potential donors, corporate partners, other staffers and the individuals served by the the nonprofit.
When looking for new personnel a nonprofit should seek to find staff that are invested in the mission of the organization. A hire that is invested in the mission will invest their time and energy to ensure success. A nonprofit professional will be more likely to succeed if they are determined to make a difference based on the goals of the organization. Talking to the potential hire about career aspirations, what they know about your mission and how they can help make an impact are a few insights into the potentials hire's ability to be part of the team.
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A nonprofit should be thoughtful about their hiring decisions. Hiring the right person is the goal, so being patient and making sure that organization is gaining a long-term hire can help ensure success. Staff turnover is an expense that can be costly to an already constrained budget. A nonprofit should check all references, have as many current staff as possible interview the candidate, and consider all input about the applicant. Nonprofits are always shorthanded, when the opportunity to the grow the staff arises it can be easy to want to take on help quickly, however, hiring a professional that is not a good fit can be counterproductive and delay accomplishments.
Once all the options have been weighed and all the skills have reviewed, it is essential that you like the person your hiring. Working with a nonprofit has many wonderful benefits, but also presents significant challenges, so facing these with someone you like is important.
If you want to learn more about who to hire and the timing of that hire, download our free e-book Adding Resources, which includes step-by-step exercises to help you right-size your hire.
If you feel you're ready to go, you may be interested in a free copy of Lean Recruitment, our system for finding top talent that is already used by hundreds of nonprofits on three continents.
If you have any questions, let's find a time to talk by phone.


Previous entry: Today's "What If"
with their turbans on or off?
It's sorta like the bowl cut of yore.
You guys are crackin' me up here.
Now who didn't see this comin'?
Beards and turbans in hot climates signify lice, not virility. If beards truly indicated wisdom, goats would be judges.
Here ya go, Colonel. Shoulda dropped this one on 'em.
Until Hassan gets a candy bar or a nightclub named after him, he's a wannabe!


text:
Morning Funnies Cereal
By Sean Kleefeld | Friday, January 13, 2023 1 comment
Back in 1988, there was a cereal called Morning Funnies from Ralston. The hook was that they had licensed a number of characters from King Features, and the back of the box had several comic strips printed on it featuring those characters. Furthermore, you could open a back panel and reveal another two pages of comics.
Most everything you need to know about the cereal can be found in this three-minute contemporary review...
The cereal only lasted about a year, but they managed to put out ten different sets of comics. (All of the box art can be viewed here, although they don't include the interior flap.) They apparently did realize that they would need to update the comics featured pretty often, but they still missed a fundamental problem which I haven't seen written up in any of the articles I found online while researching this. The problem Ralston missed is that you can read the eight comic strips on any given box in one sitting. The entertainment value they tried to instill in the box itself would last for all of five minutes. The next day, you're still stuck with those same eight comics. And the day after that, you've still got the same eight comics. And the day after that... until you finish the entire box of cereal. Which, if you followed the recommended serving size, would be about two weeks. One week if you had a sibling.
This was 1988, you'll recall, so people were still getting newspapers. If you were so inclined to read your funnies in the morning over breakfast, you'd not only get more frequent updates via the paper, but there were a lot more of them too. Even the dullest kid on the block could have figured out this issue after the second day with the box.
So even if you liked all the strips (and let's be honest, they weren't the cream of the crop back then, even if you're limiting yourself to King's properties) and even if you liked the cereal itself (and, by all accounts, that's highly unlikely) you've still got this fundamental flaw in the very concept. To get this to work... I honestly can't think of a way to get this to work. You'd almost need to make the box out of a digital display that updated itself daily. Which is technically do-able now, 30-some years later, but our disposable culture hasn't gone so far yet that we can afford to put LCD screens tied to small microprocessors with a wireless connection into a shipping container that's designed to be thrown away after a week or two. It's technically possible, but insanely impractical.
I suspect the licensing of so many characters didn't help either. The problem most of those licensed type cereals had was that so much money was spent on the licensing that they had to cut costs on the food itself. So the cereal simply didn't taste very good. Batman cereal? Crap. Mr. T cereal? Crap. Smurf cereal? Crap. G.I.Joe cereal? Crap. (Flintstones is probably about the only one to buck that trend.) I've heard complaints that Morning Funnies was WAAAAY too sweet, but I just recall being generally unimpressed.
Morning Funnies is one of those weird, little footnotes in the history of comic strip lore, seemingly remembered more by cereal enthusiasts than comic strip fans.
Related Items business history newspaper strips
Billy Hogan said...
This reminds me of my childhood in the 1960's, when Quisp and Quake cereals, produced by Quaker Oats, had a series of comic strip booklets that were the prize inside the cereal box of both cereal characters in both separate and team-up adventures. I wish I still had them.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sir Edmund Burke made the much quoted opinion in the 18th century that: "the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing." That sounds commendable except that knowing exactly what to do is seldom all that simple. It is more often a murky choice between shades of grey. We like clear good guy or bad guy, black or white, acceptable or unacceptable choices, … and they almost never are.
Then we can attempt to escape any responsibility at all, and attempt to be passive. That also has often dire consequences. There is still all too fresh in our historical memories the story of Nazi Germany, which in a time following its defeat in World War I, and in a time of economic difficulties, and national malaise there arose out of nowhere a charismatic figure who became a trauma to the whole world with his mantra that he would make Germany again an international power. Thus emerged out of a Bavarian beer hall Adolph Hitler with his huge ego and a manic agenda that destroyed millions of lives. Among others whom Adolph Hitler mesmerized were all of the passive church members who succumbed to his challenge that to be a true Christian was to be a German Christian and support his Third Reich. To that end he seduced a vast majority of the Christian church to passively support, or offer no resistance, to what he was doing Those in the church who opposed him were dealt with severely.
One of those was Pastor Martin Niemoeller, who late in the game was imprisoned and became a voice of repentance for the church in the aftermath of that horrible period in which Hitler sought to exterminate his opposition. His lament was that the Nazi's first came after the socialists, but since he wasn't a socialist remained quiet. Then they came after the trade unionist, but since he wasn't a trade unionist he remained silent as they were imprisoned in concentration camps. Then they came after the Jews, but since he wasn't a Jew he didn't lift his voice in protest. … But finally, he related, "they came for me," and there was no one left to protest. He became a voice for justice only after it was too late. That may be an extreme example, but it didn't seem so at the time. It was allowing a destructive and horribly unjust political unreality to go un-protested.
And so it has ever been down through the centuries. The political dominions are always in the hands of imperfect people, those with massive egos, or agendas and platforms that do not seek the welfare of all citizens with justice. God people are citizens of two kingdoms, and this is never an easy relationship. They have often endured "fire and sword" and yet it is these who are God's incarnation who quietly inhabit this political ethos as light and leaven, this humanly impossible calling, knowing that Jesus is the one who ultimately will prevail and destroy all that is of the darkness. We are no exceptions to this calling to be light in the darkness, and in the confusing political ethos and mixed motives of the politicians. Take heart. To do and say nothing is not an acceptable stance. "What does the Lord require of thee, O man, but to do justice, to love kindness, and to walk humbly with thy God" (Micah 6:8).


text:
О́стрів Циво́льки () — невеликий острів в затоці Петра Великого Японського моря. Знаходиться за 3,3 км на південний захід від острова Кротова та за 3 км на захід від острова Желтухіна. Адміністративно належить до Первомайського району Владивостока Приморського краю Росії.

Географія
Острів скелястий, видовженої форми з півночі на південь. За 300 м від північно-східного краю острова простягається риф мінімальної глибини 0,6 м. На південному узбережжі міститься мальовнича печера.

Історія
Острів нанесений на карту експедицією підполковника корпусу флотських штурманів Василя Бабкіна в 1862–1863 роках. Тоді ж і був названий на честь прапорщика корпусу флотських штурманів Августа Цивольки, який брав участь в експедиції Петра Пахтусова по дослідженню Нової Землі.

Примітки

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
require 'test/unit'

class CucumberGrowlerTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
  # Replace this with your real tests.
  def test_this_plugin
    flunk
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A scientist tries to save his son from cancer but his experiments turn him into a shark-man instead. A group of people from a pharmaceutical corporation are sent to the mad doctor's island to investigate his activities.
Syfy Channel Movies I want to see.
A pharmaceutical team visits a remote island to meet with the enigmatic scientist who lives there, but when they arrive they discover his experiments have created a monster.
Michael Rutzen has learned to communicate with sharks and has discovered a secret: they can be hypnotized.
When he began fusing human and shark DNA, his colleagues laughed at him. Now his creation is taking his revenge, and they aren't laughing anymore.
Whitney Feder: You're okay. You're fine. You still have your sunglasses.
Julie: And you still got your stupid phone.
Did Combs lose a bet?
This movie makes me think the others I've seen with Combs were an accident. The plot had more holes than I think I've ever seen in a movie purporting to be something more than a "b" movie. The acting was so laughable that not even the memories of Combs' past campy triumphs were enough to save it. Considering the script I have to imagine that there was not enough money in the budget for things like continuity and original ideas. I am thoroughly upset that I paid Blockbuster prices for this trash. The fact that it was made for television was something that would have helped me avoid this atrocity and frankly something that movies this poor should be required to warn you of. Avoid this movie no matter what.


See the tables below for Soup, mushroom with beef stock, canned, condensed nutrition facts and calories in Soup, mushroom with beef stock, canned, condensed. For a new serving size, enter the value in the box below and press 'rescale' for a different amount of Soup, mushroom with beef stock, canned, condensed.
There are no significant positive factors associated with this serving of Soup, mushroom with beef stock, canned, condensed.
This serving of Soup, mushroom with beef stock, canned, condensed has high Sodium.


text:
Q: Getting a list of servers listening on a specific port in android I'm developing an android app which is used to remote control PC from an android phone. I managed to develop a fully functional app (client and server(java) app) except i have to specify for the client on which IP to connect. Both client and server are opening a socket and listening on port 8998. Is there a way of getting a list of servers (on client side) listening on that specific port?
Thank you in advance,
Kristian
    try {

        InetAddress serverAddress = InetAddress.getByName(Constants.SERVER_IP); // getting the inet adress of the server
        NetworkInterface netInterface = NetworkInterface.getByInetAddress(serverAddress); // getting the interface name where all other servers should be
        Enumeration<InetAddress> addresses = netInterface.getInetAddresses();

        for (InetAddress inetAddress : Collections.list(addresses)) {

            out.println("InetAddress: " +  inetAddress);
            Log.d("adresses", String.valueOf(inetAddress));
        }

    }catch(IOException e){
        Log.e("err", "Unknown hostname!");
    }

A:
Is there a way of getting a list of servers (on client side) listening on that specific port?

Iterate over all relevant IP addresses and see if you can connect on that port for each of them. It is up to you to decide your algorithm for "all relevant IP addresses", though a common one is to check all on the /24 subnet (e.g., if the device's IP address is 192.168.1.57, check all 192.168.1.* addresses except 57).

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text:
Lingle Files Papers to Run for Senate
By News Release @ 7:26 PM :: 4525 Views :: Energy, Environment
GOVERNOR LINDA LINGLE OFFICIALLY FILES FOR HAWAII'S OPEN U.S. SENATE SEAT
News Release from www.Lingle2012.com
HONOLULU - Former Governor Linda Lingle, who announced her candidacy for Hawaii's open U.S. Senate seat last October, officially filed federal election papers today at the State Office Towers in downtown Honolulu. Surrounded by supporters, Gov. Lingle announced the next step in her campaign for Hawaii's open U.S. Senate seat.
"I am running for the United States Senate because I want to help secure a good and prosperous future for all the people of Hawaii. This election is about us, the people of Hawaii," Gov. Lingle told a crowd of supporters. "This election is about which candidate has the experience of working with others in a bipartisan fashion to make good things happen for the people of Hawaii, like I did as Governor when working with legislators on both sides of the aisle to save the Kukui Gardens affordable housing project when people faced eviction; it's about which candidate can stand for people over party as I do on the Akaka Bill when some members of my party criticize me; it's about moving from talk to action on energy independence for our state as we did with the HCEI; and it's about making sure the young people of Hawaii are prepared to succeed here at home or anywhere in the world."
"I'm asking the people of Hawaii for their support in this election because I'm the only candidate who knows what this election is really about. It's about us," added Gov. Lingle.
Gov. Lingle has served the people of Hawaii for over 30 years, including ten years on the Maui County Council, eight years as Mayor of Maui and eight years as Governor of Hawaii.
For more information, visit: www.Lingle2012.com.
Governor Linda Lingle's Official Remarks: Filing Day
"I'm running for the United States Senate because I want to help secure a good and prosperous future for all the people of Hawaii—a future with a growing economy that produces good jobs for today's graduates as well as those who have become frustrated looking for work.
"A future that prepares its students with a relevant education that includes an emphasis on STEM-based skills that will be useful here at home and essential in the global economy.
"A future that keeps its promises to our veterans and our kupuna.
"A future that realizes our goal of energy independence started with the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative.
"A future that includes long-delayed recognition for the native Hawaiian people and enables them to chart their own future.
"A future that makes it easier for people from other countries to visit Hawaii and for foreign students and entrepreneurs to build a life and start a company in Hawaii.
"And a future that funds Pacific Command at a level that recognizes the importance of the military installations in Hawaii that protect the people of America in the part of the world most important economically and security wise in the 21st Century.
"One of the other candidates believes this election is about who will vote with President Obama on every issue, while another believes it is about "fixing Washington."
"They're both wrong!
"This election is about us, the people of Hawaii.
"If they succeed in convincing people the election is about Washington, D.C. issues, then they would have a chance, because they are more experienced than me when it comes to Washington, D.C. They have both been politicians in Washington. They have lived in Washington, and they have cast votes in Congress.
"But if this election is about the people of Hawaii and which candidate has the proven record of getting things done here at home, as I believe it is, then I have a great chance to win.
"I want to be candid with the people of Hawaii: I don't like very much the thought of having to live in Washington, but I love the idea of using my bipartisan, problem-solving experience to make sure that whatever happens in Washington, D.C. benefits the people here at home.
"This election is about which candidate has the experience of working with others in a bipartisan fashion to make good things happen for the people of Hawaii, like I did as your Governor when working with legislators on both sides of the aisle to save the Kukui Gardens affordable housing project when people faced eviction, it's about which candidate can stand for people over party as I do on the Akaka Bill when some members of my party criticize me, it's about moving from talk to action on energy independence for our state as we did with HCEI, and it's about making sure the young people of Hawaii are prepared to succeed here at home or anywhere in the world.
"I am asking the people of Hawaii for their support in this election because I'm the only candidate who knows what this election is really about—it's about us! Mahalo."


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Rise Up Announces New Nigeria Grantees
Rise Up Leaders in Nigeria
Through our partnership with Cummins Powers Women, Rise Up conducted a second successful Leadership and Advocacy Accelerator workshop in Nigeria for 20 more visionary leaders, who learned to use advocacy and innovation to create large-scale social change.
Leaders participated in hands-on training based on Rise Up's award-winning curriculum and shared their expertise with each other to develop strategies to improve the lives of girls and women throughout the Kaduna and Lagos states in Nigeria. After a competitive proposal process, we are excited to announce the selection of our grantees!
Rise Up has funded the following nine advocacy projects, which aim to improve girls' education, end violence against women and girls, advance women's economic empowerment, and improve sexual and reproductive health and rights for women and girls throughout the Kaduna and Lagos states in Nigeria:
Africa Media Development Foundation (AMDF): Closing the gender gap in education in Kaduna State, a state with very poor education outcomes, by advocating for free and compulsory education for girls in public secondary school.
Bella Foundation for Child and Maternal Care (BEFCAM): Working to end child marriage in Lagos State through the creation and implementation of a by-law to ban child marriage.
The Cece Yara Foundation: Decreasing incidences of child abuse, rape, and maltreatment of girls in Nigeria by advocating for the creation and enforcement of a management system that provides a safe environment for children, especially in child-centered institutions.
Centre for Women's Health and Information (CEWHIN): Reducing the growing number of child and forced marriages in northern Lagos communities by advocating with community leaders to implement Lagos State's Child's Rights Law.
Foundation for Moral Value Reorientation (FMVR): Improving the economic and social outcomes of female inmates entering the modern workforce after being released by establishing digital literacy and value reorientation centers across 240 prisons in Nigeria.
Health Matters Incorporated (HMI): Improving health outcomes for girls by advocating for the Lagos State Primary Health Care Board to mainstream girl-friendly and comprehensive sexual reproductive health services for girls and young women, without discrimination and judgment.
Hope for the Village Child Foundation (HVCF): Improving the sexual and reproductive health of adolescent girls and preventing unplanned pregnancy by increasing access to services, safe spaces, and tools so they can lead safer and healthier lives.
Population and Reproductive Health Initiative (PRHI): Improving adolescent girls' health and development across Kudan State by advocating for the adaptation and implementation of the National Policy on the Health and Development of Adolescent and Young People.
Women Connect Initiative (WCI) and Gender Policy Unit (GPU): Improving education and employment opportunities for rural girls and women in Kudan through government funding for rural vocational and technical education.


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Гурзаул или Гурзули (,  [Гурзули]) — село . Расположено к востоку от села Мерхеул.

Население
В 1959 году в селе Гурзули жило 697 человек, в основном грузины (в Мерхеульском сельсовете в целом — 3076 человек, в основном грузины, армяне и русские). В 1989 году в селе жило 624 человека, в основном грузины.

В 1867 году из села Гурзаул в Турцию было выселено коренное абхазское население.

Примечания

Литература

 Бежан Хорава. Мухаджирство абхазов 1867 года.
 Работы АБНИИ.

Населённые пункты Абхазии
Населённые пункты Гульрипшского муниципалитета


The Journal is published quarterly by NZIPIM and is supplied free of charge to Members. It is also available on subscription to individuals and organisations with an interest in technical, management and international matters within the primary industry.
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If you are interested in submitting an article for The Journal please contact admin@nzipim.co.nz. In terms of writing guidelines for contributors, articles should be professional rather than opinion pieces and we ask they be robust and informative in nature, and present a clear and cogent argument. Articles should not promote the products of the author's company or organisation.


The Netherlands ranks number one in the world in terms of overall connectedness, according to DHL's new Global Connectedness Index, which ranks 125 countries according to the depth and breadth of their integration into the world economy and also examines the relationship between global connectedness and welfare.
Hong Kong scores the highest regarding the depth of its international connections, and the United Kingdom tops the list for the breadth of its connections.
"This research provides evidence that a connected world is a better world, in terms of global welfare and individual development. The free trade of products and services contributes significantly to global prosperity," said Roger Crook, chief executive officer, DHL Global Forwarding, Freight.
The 2011 index found that the ten most connected countries are the Netherlands, Singapore, Ireland, Switzerland, Luxembourg, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Belgium, Hong Kong (China) and Malta.
Despite increasing its trade interaction in recent years, the United States came in 25th overall. The study found that the US was a leader in term of breadth (3rd), but lagged on depth (84th).
The study was conducted by Pankaj Ghemawat, professor of global strategy at the IESE Business School, Barcelona. It examined data on ten different types of international flows, covering trade, capital, information and people, over the years 2005 to 2010.


Dodge, duck, dip, dive and dodge! That's what 48 clubs from across the Athletic Union did on Saturday 8th November- playing dodgeball in order to raise money for charity!
Over 240 students participated in the event that took place in Canolfan Brailsford throughout the afternoon. All teams played four matches during the group stages, accumulating points for winning and an extra point for eliminating the opposition. The team with the most points then proceeded to the next round, but not before some heated play-offs between the teams that were tied for points! The eliminated teams showed great support and continued to stay and rally on the remaining teams.
By 3:30 the final four began battling it out in the semi-finals with The Dodgefathers (Men's cricket), narrowly missing out on a place in the final to Rugby Union's team 5 D's. The Badgers (Men's Basketball) also narrowly missing out on a place in the final to the Muddogs.
At 3:45 the hotly anticipated final commenced! There was a huge crowd showing support for arguably the most competitive match of the day! In the end, Rugby Union dominated the field with a ball deflection from Henry being caught by one of his fellow teammates meaning the last remaining Muddog was eliminated!
Once the 5 D's had finally stopped celebrating the prizes were given- 3rd and 4th place receiving a box of celebrations. A magnum of prosecco and a non-alcoholic alternative were given to the runners up, the Muddogs, and £50 was given to the Rugby Union fundraising account. A special mention for the rugby union second team who won the 'best dressed' award for their rendition of YMCA!
Overall, everyone had a great day and £100 was raised for the mental health charity MIND. MIND also kindly organised a cake sale throughout the event to raise even more money! MIND is a great charity that focuses on providing support for those suffering with mental health problems; an issue the AU takes very seriously and would like to continue to support.