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Annette Joseph-Gabriel. Reimagining Liberation: How Black Women Transformed Citizenship in the French Empire
2019, University of Illinois Press
Categories: 20th Century, Africa, Atlantic, Caribbean, Colonialism, Decolonisation, Family, Gender, Global, Human Rights, Migration & Immigration, North America, Public History, Race, West Africa, Western Europe, Women
Keywords: citizenship
Publisher's Note: Black women living in the French empire played a key role in the decolonial movements of the mid-twentieth century. Thinkers and activists, these women lived lives of commitment and risk that landed them in war zones and concentration camps and saw them declared enemies of the state. Annette K. Joseph-Gabriel mines published writings and untapped archives to reveal the anticolonialist endeavors of seven women. Though often overlooked today, Suzanne Césaire, Paulette Nardal, Eugénie Éboué-Tell, Jane Vialle, Andrée Blouin, Aoua Kéita, and Eslanda Robeson took part in a forceful transnational movement. Their activism and thought challenged France's imperial system by shaping forms of citizenship that encouraged multiple cultural and racial identities. Expanding the possibilities of belonging beyond national and even Francophone borders, these women imagined new pan-African and pan-Caribbean identities informed by black feminist intellectual frameworks and practices. The visions they articulated also shifted the idea of citizenship itself, replacing a single form of collective identity and political participation with an expansive plurality of forms of belonging.
Comment: Useful for discussing concepts of citizenship and belonging in the decolonial movements of the mid-twentieth century. Prior knowledge of these themes is required for an in-depth discussion of the book. However individual chapters can constitute a good starting point for questions of gender, race, and postcolonialism without prior advanced knowledge.
Annette Joseph-Gabriel. Suzanne Césaire: Liberation beyond the Great Camouflage
Categories: 20th Century, Caribbean, Colonialism, Decolonisation, Family, France, Gender, Human Rights, Migration & Immigration, North America, Politics, Public History, Race
Keywords: Carribean, citizenship, education
Abstract: Suzanne Césaire's essays in Tropiques make an important intervention in imagining a new Martinican and ultimately Pan-Caribbean identity during World War II. This study examines Césaire's joint politics and poetics of liberation in the context of dissidence in Martinique. A close reading of her essays alongside previously uncited personal correspondence reveals Haiti to be central to her vision for a Caribbean cultural renaissance after the death and destruction of the war.
Comment: Useful for discussions on belonging, citizenship, and nation-building, and expanding knowledge of Suzanne Césaire. Prior knowledge of key concepts of political history is needed, as well as some knowledge of French decolonization. Can be used to expand knowledge of French education in the former colonies.
Difficulty: Advanced
Anyidoho, Nana Akua. Women, Gender and Development in Africa
2020, The Palgrave Handbook of African Women's Studies
Categories: 18th Century, 19th Century, 20th Century, 21st Century, Africa, Colonialism, Decolonisation, Gender, Politics, Pre Colonial, Race, West Africa, Western Europe, Women
Keywords: Conflict, african, culture, development, gender, politics, women
Abstract: Gender denotes the social prescriptions associated with biological sex in regard to roles, behaviour, appearance, cognition, emotions, and so on. Social relations of gender or gender relations encompass all relationships in which gender subjectivities play a role, including those among people, and between people and the institutions, systems, and processes of development. The chapter describes three features of gender relations that are generally consistent across societies – gender ideologies and myths; gendered division of labor; and unequal power relationships – and discusses their implications for development. The chapter further explains the centrality of gender to the development enterprise and discusses various approaches to integrating gender analysis in development processes.
Comment: Overview of three features of gender relations: ideologies and myths, gendered division of labor, unequal power relationships. Explains why subjectivity and social and historical context matter in gender development and interventions with Africa as Global South example.
Bajpai, Ravi Dutt. Civilizational Perspectives in International Relations and Contemporary China-India Relations
2018, Civilizational Perspectives in International Relations and Contemporary China-India Relations. in "The 'Clash of Civilizations' 25 Years On: A Multidisciplinary Appraisal" eds Orsi, D. E-International Relations Publishing
Categories: Asia, China, Decolonisation, India
Keywords: Postcolonial, china, civilization, india
, Contributed by: Alex Lopez Postma
Abstract: This paper explores the assumptions of civilizational identities purely based on cultural, religious or geographical distinctions and their limitations. It reviews the 'civilizations' discourse in IR and discusses the concept of 'civilization states' in the context of China and India. It analyzes the key components of civilizational overlaps and exchanges between these two countries and the invocation of their 'civilization-state' identity in their contemporary bilateral relations. Rejecting Huntington's 'clash of civilizations' hypothesis in understanding 'civilization-states' like China and India, I conclude that it is critical to understand how states perceive their civilizational heritage, which both facilitates and impedes bilateral exchanges and the conduct of international relations.
Comment: Offers a critique of the basic assumptions in IR. Argues that any purposeful analysis of the China-India bilateral relationship and their worldviews is not possible without studying their inter-civilizational links. This text could be used to discuss cultural generalizations and cross cultural links. Suitable for a course on postcolonial IR.
Boittin, Jennifer Anne. Reverse Exoticism and Masculinity: The Cultural Politics of Race Relations
2010, University of Nebraska Press
Categories: 20th Century, Caribbean, Decolonisation, France, Gender, Politics, Race, Sexuality, Women
Keywords: Interwar Paris, Masculinity, identity, reverse exoticism
Abstract: The black colony was sculpted from the elements of racial and political solidarity, but Paris was still dominated in the eyes of black people by white men. In consequence, strategies for sociocultural independence could not follow straightforward political lines, in particular with respect to the phenomenon of negrophilia. How did black men respond to their categorization as exotic others when faced with a vogue nègre that threatened to leave them voiceless? How did they reinforce their control not just over the political milieu they had forged in part through racial bonds, but also within the broader cultural sphere of the capital?
Comment: Can be used to discuss the intersection of race and gender in spaces where black men were in power, accompanied by white women. Useful for conversations on the impact of racism on masculinity.
Celeste Day Moore. Soundscapes of Liberation. African American Music in Postwar France
2021, Duke University Press
Categories: 20th Century, Africa, Atlantic, Caribbean, Colonialism, Decolonisation, France, Migration & Immigration, North America, Politics, Race, United States, Urban History, Western Europe, World War II
Keywords: Black Internationalism, France, Postwar
Publisher's Note: In Soundscapes of Liberation, Celeste Day Moore traces the popularization of African American music in postwar France, where it signaled new forms of power and protest. Moore surveys a wide range of musical genres, soundscapes, and media: the US military's wartime records and radio programs; the French record industry's catalogs of blues, jazz, and R&B recordings; the translations of jazz memoirs; a provincial choir specializing in spirituals; and US State Department-produced radio programs that broadcast jazz and gospel across the French empire. In each of these contexts, individual intermediaries such as educators, producers, writers, and radio deejays imbued African American music with new meaning, value, and political power. Their work resonated among diverse Francophone audiences and transformed the lives and labor of many African American musicians, who found financial and personal success as well as discrimination in France. By showing how the popularity of African American music was intertwined with contemporary structures of racism and imperialism, Moore demonstrates this music's centrality to postwar France and the convergence of decolonization, the expanding globalized economy, the Cold War, and worldwide liberation movements.
Comment: Useful for students of history interested in sound production and its relation to Black Internationalism. Can be used as an introduction into new methods and sources. Prior knowledge of Black Internationalism is recommended but not essential if the focus is on methods.
Faleye, Olukayode A.. Border Securitisation and Politics of State Policy in Nigeria, 2014–2017
2019, Insight on Africa, 11(1), pp. 78–93.
Categories: 21st Century, Africa, Decolonisation, Military, Security, West Africa
Keywords: Security, border security, neo-patrimonialism, nigeria, patronage
This article examines the politics of public policies characterised by increased securitisation of Nigeria's national boundary from 2014 to 2017. While the regulation appears on paper to discourage transborder crime, capital outflow and sustain a favourable balance of payment, the existing armoury of West African border literature argues otherwise. What is new in the transborder dynamics of West Africa? What informs government's border policies in Nigeria? In answering these questions, this study provides a template for a reassessment of the gap between borderlands theory and policy in West Africa. The approach is comparative based on the critical analysis of oral interviews, government trade records, newspaper reports and the extant literature. The article provides a platform for rethinking of the nexus between governance and development in West Africa from the securitisation and neo-patrimonial perspectives. It concludes that effective border management in Nigeria is set aback by misguided and dysfunctional elitist-centred regulations that are devoid of the realities on the ground.
Comment: The article shows that the Nigerian border security policy under the years of study, 2014-17, was vacuity of regulations driven by neo-patrimonial politics embedded in clientelism and patronage. The article proposes regionalism based on economic and political functional areas as an antidote to the crisis of the state in West Africa. It can be used in debates on securitisation and militarisation, particularly in the face of terrorism.
Grovogui, Siba. Postcolonial Criticism: International reality and modes of inquiry
2002, Power, Postcolonialism and International Relations: Reading Race, Gender. Eds Geeta, C. and Nair, S.
Categories: 20th Century, 21st Century, Decolonisation, International Relations
Keywords: Africa, Decolonization, International Relations
This work uses postcolonial theory to examine the implications of race, class and gender relations for the structuring or world politics. It addresses further themes central to postcolonial theory, such as the impact of representation on power relations, the relationship between global capital and power and the space for resistance and agency in the context of global power asymmetries.
Comment: Chapter found in the book Power, Postcolonialism and International Relations : Reading Race, Gender and Class. The book uses postcolonial theory to examine the implications of race, class, and gender relations for the structuring of world politics. The book includes chapters from several non-Western scholars. Whereas alternative narratives provided by non-Western could shed new light on specific issues in IR, Grovogui criticizes the study of IR itself. He focuses on the lack of Western IR scholars' openness to postcolonial ideas about IR. The chapter provides a reflection on IR theories and concepts as they are mostly constructed by Western scholars.
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo. Do 'Africans' exist? Geneaologies and paradoxes of African identities and the discourse of nativism and xenophobia
2010, "Do 'africans' Exist? Genealogies and Paradoxes of African Identities and the Discourses of Nativism and Xenophobia," African Identities, 8(3), pp. 281–295.
Categories: Africa, Decolonisation
Keywords: diaspora, globalisation, identity, nationalism, pan-Africanism
One of the paradoxes of the making of African nations and African identities is the recent metamorphoses and mutations of African nationalism from civic principles founded on the slogan of 'diverse people unite' to narrow, autochthonous, nativist and xenophobic forms that breed violence. This article seeks to examine key contours in the making of African identities, with a specific focus on historical, cartographic, and hegemonic processes that coalesced towards the creation of a particular kind of nationalism that failed to create a stable African common identity within postcolonial states. Beginning with the making of the African continent itself (as both an idea and reality), the article delves deeper into the pertinent issues in the making of Africans-as-people. At the centre of analysis are the key identity-forming processes such as the Atlantic slave trade, imperialism, colonialism, apartheid, as well as ideologies like Pan-Africanism, Garveyism, Negritude, African Personality, Black Consciousness Movement, and African Renaissance. The central challenge in the struggle of forging stable African identities remains that of how to negotiate and blend together diversities of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, class, region, language, culture, generation as well as how to deal with the phenomenon of degeneration of plural and civic forms of nationalism into nativism, xenophobia and even genocides in recent years. These issues need serious and unsententious consideration at this juncture when African leaders are busy toying with and implementing the mega-project of establishing the United States of Africa. This is taking place within a terrain dominated by bigotry and prejudices on the African continent.
Comment: This article contends with the development of African nationalism, arguing that the various historical processes that combined to produce Africa as an idea and cartographic reality and African identity as a contingent phenomenon are useful in understanding the postcolonial problems facing Africa, including territorialised autochthony, nativism and xenophobia. As such, the author argues that African identities and nationalism are products of complex histories of "domination, resistance, complicity, creolisation, and mimicry – mediated by various vectors of identity such as race, ethnicity, gender, class, region, region and generation". This article is useful for students of modern African politics and history, as a kind of long duree study of the effects of the various phenomena that have affected the development of African identities and African nationalism over the course of history.
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. The Entrapment of Africa within the Global Colonial Matrices of Power
2013, Journal of Developing Societies, 29(4), pp. 331–353.
Categories: 21st Century, Africa, Capitalism, Colonialism, Decolonisation, Economic History, International Relations
Keywords: African nationalism, Decolonization, Eurocentrism, deimperialization, development, neoliberalism, pan-Africanism, world-systems analysis
, Contributed by: Rens Collet
Abstract: This article deploys world-systems analysis and the concept of coloniality to examine the experience of the African people within the modern world-system since 1492, a date that figuratively marks the birth of the modern world-system and its shifting international orders. Africa's experience is contextualized within six international orders: the post-1492 order, the Westphalian order that emerged in 1648, the post-1884–1885 Berlin consensus, the post-1945 United Nations normative order, the Cold War epoch that ended in 1989, the current neoliberal dispensation as well as the post 9/11 anti-terrorism and securitization. While Africans have actively contested Euro–North American hegemony throughout these periods, they have not yet succeeded in breaking the strong global technologies of coloniality that continue to prevent the possibilities of African agency. This is why this article ends with a call for deepening the decolonization and deimperialization of the international order in the twenty-first century.
Comment: Useful for offering alternate perspective to Wallerstein's world system theory. Theorizes not about the detrimental effects of colonialism, put also offers a more constructivist approach to analyzing Africa's current position in the world system.
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo. J. Coloniality of Power in Postcolonial Africa: Myths of Decolonization
2013, Dakar: CODESRIA (Codesria book series).
Keywords: Africa, Postcolonial, interdisciplinary
This book interrogates the African postcolonial condition with a focus on the thematics of liberation predicament and the long standing crisis of dependence (epistemological, cultural, economic, and political) created by colonialism and coloniality. A deployment of historical, philosophical, and political knowledge in combination with the equiprimordial concepts of coloniality of power, coloniality of being, and coloniality of knowledge yields a comprehensive understanding of African realities of subalternity.
Comment: This book takes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the 'African postcolonial condition'. The author aims to understand the role of colonialism of power in shaping the complex history of the African postcolonial present. It is an indispensable source for understanding the broad and deeply-seated long-term impacts of colonialism in Africa, demonstrating the inability or stagnation of African development, regarding such things as nation-building, economic development and democratisation, as a result of the continued entrapment of Africa within colonial matrices of power.
Sackeyfio-Lenoch, Naaborko. The Ghana Trades Union Congress and the Politics of International Labor Alliances, 1957–1971*
2017, Sackeyfio-Lenoch, N. (2017) "The Ghana Trades Union Congress and the Politics of International Labor Alliances, 1957-1971*," International Review of Social History, 62(2), pp. 191–213. doi: 10.1017/S0020859017000189.
Categories: 20th Century, Africa, Colonialism, Decolonisation, West Africa
Keywords: Decolonisation, Ghana, trade union
This article explores the motives of Ghana's Trades Union Congress in
securing development assistance during the era of decolonization and early independence. African interests and agency in these complex processes of negotiation have not been sufficiently untangled to highlight the decisions that African trade unionists made as they aligned with, and fostered, international networks and alliances to meet particular development goals. By highlighting the perspectives and actions of Ghana's trade union officials, the article demonstrates what Africans sought to achieve through connections to international trade union organizations. The Ghana case illustrates the ways in which African trade unionists actively engaged in the variable and competing politics and policies of local, regional, and global trade unionism in order to strengthen their union apparatus and meet shifting needs.
Comment: This article shows how a trade union functioned in sub-Saharan Africa's first country to gain its independence from British colonial rule, and demonstrates how trade union diplomacy emerged as an important element of African national and international politics during the era of decolonisation. Through the lens of African labor interests and the actions of the Ghana Trade Union Congress, the article engages with the confluence of internationalism and decolonisation in post-independence African societies.
Tuhiwai Smith, Linda. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples
2012, Decolonizing methodologies : research and indigenous peoples. Second edn. London: Zed Books.
Categories: Decolonisation, Indigenous Peoples
Keywords: methods, research
To the colonized, the term 'research' is conflated with European colonialism; the ways in which academic research has been implicated in the throes of imperialism remains a painful memory.
This essential volume explores intersections of imperialism and research - specifically, the ways in which imperialism is embedded in disciplines of knowledge and tradition as 'regimes of truth.' Concepts such as 'discovery' and 'claiming' are discussed and an argument presented that the decolonization of research methods will help to reclaim control over indigenous ways of knowing and being.
Now in its eagerly awaited third edition, this bestselling book includes a co-written introduction and features contributions from indigenous scholars on the book's continued relevance to current research. It also features a chapter with twenty-five indigenous projects and a collection of poetry.
Comment: This book is essential for any student or scholar wishing to do research concerning indigenous peoples. The author demonstrates how we can best go about doing such research without inflicting further (epistemic) violence on indigenous peoples. The book forces researchers to question what they have done and what they are doing, often with unsettling implications for their work. At the same time, it offers a way forward by advocating for indigenous researchers.


"The Priceless Church (A) - God's Household and Heavenly Israel"
In this lesson we look at the fourth C in Ephesians chapter two, namely the Church. We focus on Paul's "snapshots" of the church which picture it from different viewpoints. These perspectives help us to understand the importance of the church, the blessings of membership in it, and why it is one of the five priceless things.
"[You are] ...in one body... and of God's household" (Ephesians 2:16,19).
The church of Christ is an important topic in Paul's letter to the Ephesians.
The church is the commonwealth of Israel, the one body, the household of God, and God's holy temple (Ephesians 2:12-22).
The church grows up in the truth and in the love of Christ (Ephesians 4:1-16).
Christ loved the church as his bride, and gave himself up for her (Ephesians 5:21-33).
Now let's focus on the church in Ephesians chapter two.
"...You formerly walked according to the course of this world... the sons of disobedience... children of wrath... But God... made us alive together with Christ... you are fellow citizens with the saints, and are of God's household" (Ephesians 2:2-6,19).
In the beginning of the chapter, Paul outlines the problem which all human beings have, whether they be Jews or Gentiles. (The Jews are the "we" in Ephesians 2, and the Gentiles are the "you").
The world is in the sway of the evil one, "the prince of the power of the air". People have become "the sons of disobedience... children of wrath" (Ephesians 2:1-3, 1John 5:19).
This is certainly not the will of God, and God did something about it —something marvelous— through Jesus Christ his Son who was put to death upon the cross. This makes it possible for everyone to come back to being children of obedience like God intended from the beginning (Ephesians 2:10,13).
Therefore, instead of being children of disobedience and wrath, alienated from God, we can become the sanctified children of God's household and family, the church (Ephesians 2:19, 1Timothy 3:15).
The marvelous about being in God's household, is that we are entitled to an inheritance which Paul describes as "the riches of the glory of his inheritance in the saints" (Ephesians 1:18-19).
"You were at that time separate from Christ, excluded from the commonwealth of Israel... yet you are no longer strangers and aliens, but you are fellow citizens..." (Ephesians 2:12,19).
Paul gives us another picture of the church. It is a nation, the new "commonwealth of Israel", and we have citizenship in it. As Australians we treasure our citizenship. So do citizens of other countries treasure theirs. Citizenship not only gives us the right to reside in our country, but it confers many privileges.
As members of the church we have an even greater citizenship by far. "For our citizenship is in heaven" (Philippians 3:20). We'll look into this aspect more deeply in our next lesson.
—In our next lesson we continue to look at the fourth C in Ephesians chapter two, namely the Church. We focus on more of Paul's "snapshots" of the church. These perspectives help us to understand the importance of the church, the blessings of membership in it, and why we should treasure the church, and ensure that not only do we gain membership in it, but that we hold on to it at all cost. Tap the title above, next to the arrow, to go to that lesson.


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Articles of Hugo Chavez
Chavez Calls to Unmask Neoliberal Project of the Opposition
Sep 1st, 2012 +
Caracas, Sep 1 (Prensa Latina) Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez urged his followers to unmask the opposition project, which seeks to impose neo-liberal economic policies in this country. During a meeting with workers from different areas in the sports center José María Vargas, located in this state, the president said that this is one of the major responsibilities to be assumed by workers and youth, among other sectors.
Opinions »
Chavez' Economic Lesson for Europe
May 25th, 2012 1
By: Richard Gott
Some years ago, travelling on the presidential plane of Hugo Chávez of Venezuela with a French friend from Le Monde Diplomatique, we were asked what we thought was happening in Europe. Was there any chance of a move to the left? We replied in the depressed and pessimistic tones typical of the early years of the 21st century. Neither in Britain nor France, nor anywhere in the eurozone, did we see much chance of a political breakthrough.
Raul Castro Welcomed Hugo Chavez to Cuba on Saturday
Apr 2nd, 2012 +
Havana, April 1 (RHC)—Cuban President Raul Castro welcomed Venezuelan head of state Hugo Chavez at Havana´s Jose Marti International Airport Saturday Night. Chavez returned to Havana to continue with his radiotherapy treatment. Upon his arrival at the airport, Hugo Chavez held a brief dialog with Raul Castro. Chavez is being accompanied by foreign minister Nicolas Maduro.
Chavez Returns to Venezuela from Havana
Mar 30th, 2012 +
Caracas, Mar 29 (Prensa Latina) Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez arrived here on Thursday from Havana, where he traveled on March 24 to receive radiotherapy treatment.The statesman arrived at the Simon Bolivar International Airport of Maiquetia, in Vargas state, at midnight, he explained later at the Miraflores Palace during a video conference with Mario Silva, presenter of the TV program La Hojilla, which started at 01:00 hours, local time, on Friday.
Reflections by Fidel »
The Genius of Chavez
Jan 27th, 2012 2
By: Fidel Castro Ruz
President Chavez presented his annual report on activities carried out in 2011 and his program for 2012 to the Venezuelan Parliament. After thoroughly carrying out the formalities required by this important activity, he addressed the official state authorities, members of parliament from all parties, and supporters and opposition members who had come to the Assembly to participate in the country's most solemn act.
CELAC Historic Birth in Caracas
Dec 4th, 2011 1
The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) will be officially created on Saturday during the final session of the Summit of heads of State and Government of the region, gathered since December 2 in this capital with that purpose.
The Two Venezuelas
Oct 20th, 2011 +
Yesterday I spoke about the time when Venezuela was an ally of the US empire and the country where Posada Carriles and Orlando Bosch carried out their plans for the brutal in-flight bombing of a Cuban plane that caused the death and disappearance of all people aboard, including the youth fencing team that had just won all the gold medals at the Central-American and Caribbean Championships held in Venezuela.
Chávez, Evo and Obama (Part Two – Final)
Sep 27th, 2011 2
If our Nobel laureate is deluding himself, something that is still to be proven, perhaps that explains the incredible contradictions in his thinking and the confusion sown among his listeners. There is not one shred of ethics, and not even of politics, in his attempt to justify his announced decision to veto any resolution to recognize Palestine as an independent State and member of the United Nations. Even politicians, who in no way share socialist philosophy and lead parties that were closely allied with Augusto Pinochet, are proclaiming Palestine's right to be a member of the UN.
Chavez, Evo and Obama (Part One)
Sep 26th, 2011 +
I take a break from the tasks that are occupying all of my time these days to dedicate a few words to the unique opportunity presented by the political science of the sixtieth session of the United Nations General Assembly. The yearly event demands singular effort from those taking on the greatest of political responsibilities in many countries. For them, it constitutes a tough test; for the fans of that art, and there are many since it vitally affects everybody, it is difficult to remove oneself from the temptation of observing the interminable but educational show.
Chavez Ratifies Sovereign Use of International Reserves
President Hugo Chavez reaffirmed Thursday that Venezuela will use its international reserves according to the country's interests, without subordinating itself to foreign powers or institutions. In a second article for his column "Notes from the Rear Guard" in the Orinoco Mail newspaper, Chavez decried what he called a campaign to create confusion and destabilization by

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Part of the problem with the Indian economy is that no one knows what to believe
On the Indian economy, no one knows what to believe. This makes the uncertainty of our moment more endemic.
Written by Pratap Bhanu Mehta
But our credibility is not undermined by the crisis, as it is by the systemic denial this government has produced.
Despite the pantomime optimism that government functionaries and the media have to display, it is becoming impossible to disguise the sense of gloom surrounding the Indian economy. All agencies, from the Economist Intelligence Unit to the IMF are downwardly revising growth figures; the RBI's consumer confidence index is at a new low. There are learned debates about whether this slowdown is structural or cyclical. There are debates over demand side or supply side solutions. There is general global uncertainty: The global economy is slowing, the possibility of geopolitical and trade shocks is still high. But there is one obvious fact we are paying less attention to: The pervasive loss of credibility in the Indian system.
UPA 2 undoubtedly left a mess. This government has tried a few things, some even laudable. But at the end of the day, it has to take responsibility for the fact that it has sustained an economy whose numbers are more of a mystery, whose critical sectors (real estate, banking and telecom) are in crisis, where tax cuts are confused with tax reforms, where the pressures on the fiscal deficit are immense, where reform is a knee-jerk handout to one constituency or the other, where regulatory capture is still a possibility, where no one quite knows what the systemic effects of corporate malfeasance are, where income growth is near stagnant for most people, where there are uncertainties about what trade and RCEP might mean for India, and you don't have much of a mystery for why India is not growing.
But our credibility is not undermined by the crisis, as it is by the systemic denial this government has produced. It does not help when economic titans like Mukesh Ambani want us to take a bet on what they call "the leadership accelerator". It is the case that the more you need to trust a leader, the less likely you trust other institutions. But this metaphor is doubly odd. It does not contemplate the possibility that a leader can accelerate a car and crash it into a wall, or if the car is stuck in quicksand, can suck it in even further. Privately, almost no one believes our growth is more than two to three per cent. Any society with a gap between what people, and even professionals, say about the economy in private and what they are willing to say in public, will face a credibility crisis. Part of the problem with the Indian economy is that no one knows what to believe. This makes the uncertainty of our moment, more endemic and self-fulfilling.
The second credibility gap is baked in our political economy. Because the ideological mystification is so deep it has to be said over and over again. If Indian capitalism is stalling, it is not because the government gives in to populist pressures from below — you can always cite this or that relief for farmers or consumers as examples. But the impact of that pales into insignificance with the undue power exercised by the rich and the powerful to distort the system. As Adam Smith always pointed out, the biggest challenge is not saving the market from the state, it is saving the state's credibility from being decimated by the privileged.
The credibility-undermining influence of the privileged can be seen in many ways. The rich can disproportionately claim exemptions from the state. At the moment when everyone agrees that rural India bore the brunt of demonetisation, when the fiscal deficit and inequality are both high, corporate tax cuts and tax cuts for upper income brackets more generally are a crazy idea. If the structural diagnosis of our malaise made by Rathin Roy is correct, that this is a system largely geared to the consumption and investment needs of a hundred million, leaving the rest of the billion in the lurch, then all measures that reinforce the privilege at the top will be counter-productive. The other unintended consequence of undue tax cuts for the rich is that the political pressure for populist compensations increases rather than decreases as a result. The fiscal deficit will be harder to contain. In short, if you are a country whose political economy is going to oscillate between bowing to blackmail from the rich, and indiscriminate populist spending to compensate, you are not on a sustainable path. Your credibility will be low.
The second baleful influence of the privileged is over the regulatory system. India is now in a peculiar situation, where two opposed trends are creating a credibility crisis simultaneously. On the one hand, there have been attempts to "clean up the system" as it were and in some cases, create mechanisms for an orderly exit. Some of the uncertainty is the result of this process, whether it is in banking, real estate or the creation of the bankruptcy process. But the confidence is diminishing whether the government has the bandwidth to create a legal and regulatory culture that can bring this process to fruition. Or will we end up in half measures, where the poison is revealed but no mechanisms to absorb it? More than economists, what the government needs is to train a critical mass of people across all institutions of economic governance — legal drafting, taxation, regulatory bodies, banking — who can create a credible regulatory culture. On the other hand, there is a perception that the system as whole is moving in a direction where a couple of groups will exercise disproportionate influence on the political system. We are at the risk of moving from decentralised to centralised and concentrated cronyism (centralised both in terms of givers and recipients of benefits). The combination of half-done clean-up of the old, and new cronyism at the top is not a recipe for credibility.
The third credibility gap is the private sector itself. We can rail against the government all we want, but the fact is that episodes like Ranbaxy, IL&FS, DHFL, shake the credibility of the entire system. The issue is not the number of companies that might have engaged in creative accounting; maybe that number is still small. But can you now tell what is kosher and what is not? What these episodes exposed was the fragility of accountability systems in the private sector: Whether it is the reputation of the big accounting firms, who are still getting off lightly, or of corporate governance. Failures in many of these firms have systemic consequences. So, risk aversion will increase and no one will bet on the future. Economies, as Keynes knew, turn on structures of credibility. We are frittering that away at every level, even in economics.
This article first appeared in the print edition on October 31, 2019 under the title 'It's credibility, stupid'. The writer is contributing editor, The Indian Express.
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Pratap Bhanu MehtaPratap Bhanu Mehta is Contributing Editor at the Indian Express. He ha... read more
Pratap Bhanu Mehta writes: This Republic Day, fighting the dark
Pratap Bhanu Mehta writes | UGC guidelines on foreign universities: The University Gimmicks Commission
Two very different books try to arrive at an understanding of the phenomenon that was Swami Vivekananda


text:
Home / Topics / Curriculum Themes / Explorers / Peter Pan
Author: J.M. Barrie
Date Published: 1 Dec. 2005
Peter Pan quantity
Categories Action & Adventure, Classics, Explorers, Fairy Tales, Family Favourites, Fantasy, Key Stage 2, Key Stage 3, London & Cities, Magic, Witch & Wizard, Nature & Outdoors, Pirate, Princess & Fairy, Sea & Ocean, Strong Female Characters Tags Friendship, Imaginative Play, Magical
J.M. Barrie's timeless tale of the 'boy who would not grow up' Peter Pan is edited with an introduction by Jack Zipes in Penguin Classics.
When Peter Pan and his fairy companion Tinker Bell fly in through the window of Wendy's nursery one night, it is the beginning of an adventure that whisks Wendy and her brothers Michael and John off to Neverland. There they will find mermaids, fairies, pirates led by the sinister Captain Hook, and the crocodile who bit off his leg – and still pursues him in hope of the rest! Peter Pan originally appeared as a baby living a magical life among birds and fairies in J.M. Barrie's sequence of stories, Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens. His adventures capture the spirit of childhood – and of rebellion against the role of adulthood in conventional society.
This edition includes the novel and the stories, and reproduces the original illustrations by Francis Donkin Bedford and Arthur Rackham. In his introduction, Jack Zipes sifts through the psychological interpretations that have engaged critics, explores the cultural and literary contexts in which we can appreciate Barrie's enduring creation, and shows why Peter Pan is fundamentally a work that urges adults to reconnect with their own imagination.
James Matthew Barrie (1860-1937) was born in Scotland, the son of a weaver. In 1885, he moved to London to pursue a literary career. Peter Pan, with its flying and theatrical devices, was a huge success and continues to be performed today; in 1911 Barrie rewrote the play as a novel. On his death in 1937 Barrie gifted copyright of the play Peter Pan to Great Ormond Street hospital.
'Intensely moving as well as enchanting in its evocation of childhood, the heartlessness of youth and parental grief as children grow older'
"One of the classic children's stories of all time."
Dragons Don't Share
Diary of a Wimpy Kid (Book 1)
Beyond the Burrow
Be The Change: Poems to help you save the world


text:
Q: Iphone stuck on 'Connect to iTunes" screen, I don't have a computer with iTunes available I am stuck at work, and i tried to install ios 8.4 to my iPhone 5s, now it's stuck on the "Connect to iTunes" screen, well I don't have a computer with iTunes on it. My laptop is my work computer and it's and ASUS, and I can't install iTunes on any of the desktops here because it's not allowed. I desperately need my phone for work right now. I've tried resetting it, locking it, everything.

A: All you can really do is see if you can use one of your friend's computers to use iTunes on it. There's absolutely nothing you can do to the iPhone to get rid of that Connect To iTunes screen, short of connecting it to iTunes.

A: Same problem happened to iOS6, and iOS7 update, and try the steps in this article. https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201263
If you don't have iTunes, take your phone to a computer that does. You can get your settings entered and restore from iCloud backup (if you have one) once ios is restored.

A: What worked for me after crawling around the internet was to install the latest version of iTunes then running it in Administrator mode. Meaning right clicking the iTunes program and click on "Run as Administrator."
What gave me the idea was after running a diagnostic test, it mentioned "User is not an administrator." So I said, hmmm maybe this is what is causing this. That did it and it worked and now my phone is updating and out of recovery mode.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Furniture surprising master room decor ideas 2 bedroom decorating is just one of the many collections of pictures or photos that are on this website. Furniture surprising master room decor ideas 2 bedroom decorating is posted on the category Master Bedroom Ideas in the joswall.com website. This post of "furniture surprising master room decor ideas 2 bedroom decorating" was published on 01-08-2018 by admin and has been viewed 746,840 times.
Bedroom designer room decor bedroom suite decorating ideas master is posted in the category Master Bedroom Ideas and published on 01-08-2018 by admin. Image source: theblindrobin.com. Click on the title to see more..
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It was lovely to see so many families supporting their children's learning and development at our workshops over the last term. We have had some fantastically positive feedback and we are glad these have been of use to you all. If you have any more questions, please just ask one of us! We will be having even more in-class opportunities for you all soon, so keep an eye on the newsletters.
If you missed the workshops here are the slides that we discussed, please pop in if anything is unclear.


Clark knows this car and he knows that he can pass through.
Griswolds are escaping by the train.
Griswolds family just arrived to Rome.
The family is heading to the city of Rome.
Clark is destroying another italian café.
Clark has a sightseeing on his own.


SOMCAN 17 Years of Making a Ruckus!
SOMCAN is a multi-racial, community organization that educates, organize & mobilize the immigrant and low-income SoMa residents to fight for improvements to their quality of life by engaging in the decision making process that affects San Franciscans. This month they are celebrating SOMCAN's 17 Year anniversary of Ruckus-Making & Movement Building and help build the collective power of immigrant and working class families in the South of Market and beyond! Check out some of the highlights on how much ruckus they are making!
We've featured Pauline & Johnny back in July for their Paternity Photoshoot and since then we've all been on countdown for the arrival of Baby Joziah early last week and he's finally here! Check out our latest birth photo session with Baby Joziah and the lovely parents Pauline & Johnny. Congratulations to the new mommy & daddy and welcome Baby Joziah.
What is it like to see a plane land less than a mile away from where we stood?
Check out our recent collaboration with Air China & teaming up with Bay Tiger Video Productions, we got the opportunity to get in on some plane landing action and the water cannon inaugural ceremony for their San Jose to Shanghai airline launch.
Last month we got a chance to visit Singapore's very first cat cafe @ Cat Cafe Neko No Niwa and it was a fun experience chilling with these cool cats.
I was in Hong Kong this Spring and I got a chance to visit my good friend Meiling who recently gave birth to a baby boy Eason and is now a happy and proud mama. In the Chinese tradition, mothers who just gave birth are recommended to stay indoor to recover, eat ginger-vinegar braised egg and pork 豬腳薑醋 for nourishment, which in my case I was unable to meet the parents and baby outdoor for a portrait shoot. Eventually I got to visit the family in their lovely apartment home and when it was time to bust out my camera I find baby Eason sleeping soundly. Without waking him up, I took few snapshots while he dozes off and then mama comes in and snuck a few props for enjoyment, hence I named the dolls "Eason's 5 Plushy Guardians". He eventually woke up and immediately fell back to sleep...this occurred THREE TIMES! "Baby the day is young! Let Uncle Wooolis take some photos of you smiling, crying and laughing," I said. He did not comply. Eventually Eason was being fed by papa and mama, after a quick burping session, food coma kicks in and back to sleep he went. Needless to say what you see in the gallery is why it's all sleepy photos of him. The next time I visit Baby Eason, I hope he can schedule his nap ahead of time so we can take some selfies together instead.
Nicholas cannot wait to taste his first birthday cake. Celebrate victory Nic! You just turned ONE!
We stopped by Silicon Valley's first Comic Con convention last week and it was pretty neat. Check out some of the highlights below.
We had a fun lifestyle photoshoot with the amazing and beautiful Princess Ryan, she is a Filipina-Irish TV personality who you may have seen in some shows with ABS-CBN and Star Magic. She is currently a Zumba instructor in San Francisco Bay Area. If you would like to get your dance moves on then check out her Zumba classes.
I got a chance to help Patricia & Lawrence do a maternity photoshoot. Patricia was about a little under 2 months due so we wanted to take the opportunity to take some stills before the baby arrives. Shot around a small townhouse neighborhood in my hometown, Hayward.


text:
New Maldives govt to apply to rejoin Commonwealth
The new Maldives government would apply to rejoin the Commonwealth within seven days, its first 100 day pledges said.
Maldives left the Commonwealth in 2016 citing unfair and unjust treatment weeks after the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMAG) – the enforcement mechanism of the Commonwealth – threatened to suspend Maldives from the council if effective steps were not taken to resolve the ongoing political crisis in the archipelago.
Immediately after taking the oath of office on Saturday, president Ibrahim Mohamed Solih had signaled a change in the archipelago's foreign policy.
"We will endeavour to fortify the existing ties the Maldives has had with India and other regional countries. The Maldives will hereupon bolster its shared role to retain enduring peace and harmony of the Indian Ocean," Solih said.
Solih also said the foreign policy of the Maldives will be fundamentally hinged on advancing policies that have a stake in the progress and welfare of our home.
"My government's foreign policy will be formulated on the basis of human rights, democracy and climate diplomacy," he added.
He said Maldives was open and willing to establish diplomatic relations, and strengthen existing ties with all countries that wish to form mutually beneficial development partnerships.
According to the first hundred days pledges of the new government, Solih led by his newly appointed foreign minister - seasoned diplomat and lawmaker Abdulla Shahid would apply to rejoin the Commonwealth within seven days from Saturday.
India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi was among the more than 300 foreign dignitaries at the ceremony in Male.
The visit is Modi's first to the Maldives after years of tense relations between the two countries because of Solih's predecessor's embrace of China during his tenure.
Beijing reportedly loaned more than USD1.5bn to fund a massive infrastructure boom under the former president.
Modi's presence signals the end of years of frosty relations because of Yameen's embrace of China, a relationship that had deepened India's anxieties about being encircled by countries leaning towards Beijing.
Maldives was the only South Asian neighbour that Modi has not visited since taking office in 2014.
He dropped the Maldives from a 2015 tour of Indian Ocean countries because of the political situation there with massive anti-government protests and heightened tension that led to the arrest and prosecution of former president Mohamed Nasheed.
President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih Ministry of foreign affairs Abdulla Shahid + Commonwealth Maldives United Opposition Pres. Solih First 100 days
Parliament approves new ambassador nominations
New Maldives pres to visit India next month
Maldives' top diplomat to seek loan details during China visit
Maldives cabinet backs move to rejoin Commonwealth


text:
Alan Baker (* 19. August 1939 in London; † 4. Februar 2018) war ein britischer Mathematiker.

Leben

Baker begann sein Studium der Mathematik bei dem Zahlentheoretiker Harold Davenport am University College London. Nach dem Bachelor-Abschluss wechselte er ans Trinity College nach Cambridge, wo er 1964 bei Davenport mit Some Aspects of Diophantine Approximation promoviert und im selben Jahr "Fellow" des Trinity College wurde. Von 1964 bis 1968 forschte er an der Cambridge University als "Research Fellow". 1968 bis 1974 war er "Director of Studies in Mathematics" und wurde danach zum "Professor of Pure Mathematics" ernannt. 1970 war er "Fellow" am Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton und 1974 Gastprofessor an der Stanford University.

Baker ist durch seine "effektiven Methoden" in der Zahlentheorie bekannt geworden. Im Jahr 1970 wurde ihm mit 31 Jahren die Fields-Medaille auf dem Internationalen Mathematikerkongress in Nizza verliehen, wo er einen Plenarvortrag über Effective Methods in the Theory of Numbers hielt. Die Auszeichnung erhielt er für seine Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der diophantischen Gleichungen. Des Weiteren gelang ihm der Beweis einer Verschärfung des Satzes von Gelfond-Schneider, indem er zeigte, dass eine Menge natürlicher Logarithmen über den algebraischen Zahlen linear unabhängig ist, wenn sie über den rationalen Zahlen linear unabhängig ist.

Baker löste auch etwa gleichzeitig mit Harold Stark, aber mit einer anderen Methode (seiner Methode linearer Formen von Logarithmen algebraischer Zahlen), dass Klassenzahlproblem von Carl Friedrich Gauß (Aufzählung der imaginär-quadratischen Zahlkörper mit Klassenzahl 1). Dabei baute er auf einer Idee von Gelfond und Linnik (1948) auf und zeigte, dass das Problem sich auf den Beweis der linearen Unabhängigkeit von drei Logarithmen reduzieren ließ (von Stark 1968 auf zwei Logarithmen reduziert). 1971 löste er auch das Problem der Anzahl imaginär quadratischer Zahlkörper mit Klassenzahl 2 (es gibt genau 18, ebenfalls von Gauß vermutet). Ebenfalls fast gleichzeitig wurde dies von Stark bewiesen.

Er war "Fellow" der Royal Society, der American Mathematical Society, der Indian National Science Academy und seit 1998 Mitglied der Academia Europaea. 1998 wurde er Ehrendoktor der Universität Straßburg.

Zu seinen Doktoranden zählen John Coates, Roger Heath-Brown, David Masser und Cameron L. Stewart.

Schriften
Bücher:
 Transcendental number theory. Cambridge University Press, 1975, erw. 1979, (Cambridge Mathematical Library), aktualisiert 1990, Reprint 1999.
 Mit Gisbert Wüstholz: Logarithmic forms and diophantine geometry. (New Mathematical Monographs) Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0521882682.
A concise introduction to the theory of numbers, Cambridge UP 1984

Einige Aufsätze:
Linear forms in logarithms, Teil 1 bis 4, Mathematika, Band 13, 1966, S. 204–216, Band 14, 1967, S. 102–107, 220–228, Band 15, 1968, S. 204–216
On the class number of imaginary quadratic fields, Bull. AMS, Band 77, 1971, S.  678–684, Online

Literatur

 David Masser: Alan Baker, 1939–2018. Notices AMS, Januar 2019, S. 32 (PDF; 230 kB; ams.org).
 Jean-Pierre Serre: Travaux de Baker. Seminaire Bourbaki, Nr. 368, 1971, S. 73–86 (PDF; 803 kB; numdam.org).

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Zahlentheoretiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Absolvent der University of Cambridge
Hochschullehrer (University of Cambridge)
Mitglied der Royal Society
Mitglied der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Academia Europaea
Fellow der American Mathematical Society
Träger der Fields-Medaille
Ehrendoktor der Universität Straßburg
Person (London)
Brite
Geboren 1939
Gestorben 2018
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Universal Transverse Mercator Military Grid - 14071_189
FIGURE 9-15. 100,000-METER-SQUARE IDENTIFICATIONS FOR THE MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM
Engineering Aid 2 - Intermediate Structural engineering guide book
Starting at the 180th meridian and progressing eastward by the compass, the earth's surface is divided into a succession of north-south zones, each extending for 6 degrees of longitude. These zones are numbered from 1 through 60. Between latitude 80°S and 84°N, each zone is divided into a succession of east-west rows, each containing 8 degrees of latitude, with the exception of the northernmost row, which contains 12 degrees of latitude. Rows are designated by the letters C through X, with the letters I and O omitted. The lettering system begins at the southernmost row and proceeds north. For a particular zone-row area, the designation consists of first, the zone number and next, the row letter, such as 16S, which means row S in zone 16. The polar regions (that is, the areas above 84°N and below 80°S) have only two zones in each area. These lie on either side of the 0-degrees and 180- degrees meridian. In the North Polar region, the half of the region that contains the west longitudes is zone Y; that containing the east longitudes is zone Z. No numbers are used with these designations. Similarly, in the South Polar region, the half containing the west longitudes is zone A; that containing the east longitudes, zone B. In the UTM Military Grid System, a particular point on the earth is further identified by the 100,000- meter square in which it happens to lie. Each of the 6-degree longitude by 8-degree latitude zone-row areas in the system is subdivided into squares measuring 100,000 meters on each side. Each north- south column of 100,000-meter squares is identified by letter as follows. Beginning at the 180th meridian and proceeding eastward, you will find six columns of full squares in each 6-degree zone. Besides the full columns, usually partial columns also run along the zone meridians. The partial columns and full columns in the first three zones are lettered from A through Z, again with the letters I and O omitted. In the next time zones, the lettering systems begins over again. Observe, for example, figure 9-14, view B. This figure shows the zone-row areas in 1N, 2N, and 3N, and 1P, 2P, and 3P. The zone meridians shown are 180°W, 174°W, 168°W, and 162°W; the zone-row parallels shown are the equator (0° latitude), 8°N, and 16°N. The first 100,000-meter-square column to the east of 180 degrees is the partial column A. Next comes six full columns: B, C, D, E, F, and G. Then comes partial column H, to the west of the zone meridian 174°W. The first column to the east of zone meridian 174°W is partial column J; then comes the full-size columns K, L, M, N, P, and Q, followed by partial column R. To the east of zone meridian 168°W, the first column is partial column S; then comes the six full columns T, U, V, W, X, and Y, and the partial column Z to the west of zone meridian 162°W. The east-west rows of 100,000-meter squares are designated by the letters A through V, again with I and O omitted. For columns in the odd-numbered zones, the first row of squares north of the equator has the letter designation A; for columns in the even- numbered zones, the first row of squares north of the equator has the letter designation F. Rows above and below this row are designated alphabetically. The first row south of the equator in the odd-numbered zones, for example, has the letter designation V, while the first row south of the equator in the even-numbered zones has the letter designation E. The complete designation for a particular 100,000-meter square consists of the number-letter, zone-row designation plus the two-letter, 100,000- meter-square designation. For example, the designation 1NBA means the first full square east of the 180th meridian and north of the equator (square BA) in zone-row 1N, as shown in figure 9-14, view B. If you know the latitude and longitude of a certain point on the earth, you can determine the designation of the 100,000-meter square in which the point lies. Take Fort Knox, Kentucky, for example, which lies approximately at latitude longitude You will find this latitude and longitude in figure 9-15. The point lies in column 16, row S, and 100,000-meter square ES; therefore, the 100,000- meter-square designation for Fort Knox, Kentucky, is 16SES. The location of a particular point within a 100,000-meter square is given by naming the grid coordinates of the 100-meter square (or, for more precise location, of the 10-meter square) in which the point lies. Within each zone the point of origin for measuring these coordinates is the point of intersection between the zone central meridian and the equator. A false easting of 500,000 meters, instead of a value of O meters, is assigned to the central meridian to avoid the use of west or negative east-west coordinates. For points in the earth's Southern Hemisphere, the equator is assigned a false northing of 10,000,000 meters to avoid the use of south or negative north-south coordinates, and northing values decrease from the equator toward the South Pole. For points in the Northern Hemisphere, the equator has a coordinate value of 0 meters, and northing values increase toward the North Pole. This procedure results in very large coordinate values when the coordinates are referenced to the 9-14


text:
Q: C pointers: what's the difference between struc* A, struct *A and struct * A? I'm doing some researches to better understand pointers in C, but I'm having a hard time understanding these:
Is 'struct* A' a pointer on a structure?
Then what is 'struct *A'?
And I've seen someone writing 'int const * a', what does this mean?

A:
what's the difference between struc* A, struct *A and struct * A?

They're equivalent(ly wrong). C is a free-form language, whitespace doesn't matter.

Is struct* A a pointer on a structure?

No, it's (still) a syntax error (struct is a reserved keyword). If you substitute a valid structure name in there, then it will be one, yes.

int const * a, what does this mean?

This declares a to be a pointer to const int.

A: struct *A, struct* A and struct    *          A are all the same thing and all eqaully wrong since you're missing the struct's name.
int const *a is a the same as const int *a and it means pointer to a const integer.
Aside: int * const a is different and it means const pointer and a non const integer.

A: They are all identical.
struct *A = struct* A = struct*A = struct * A.

A: As others have already mentioned, struct * A et cetera are incorrect but identical.
However, a structure and a pointer can be created in the following manner:
/* Structure definition. */
struct Date
{
    int month;
    int day;
    int year;
};

/* Declaring the structure of type Date named today. */
struct Date today;

/* Declaring a pointer to a Date structure (named procrastinate). */
struct Date * procrastinate;

/* The pointer 'procrastinate' now points to the structure 'today' */
procrastinate = &today;

Also, for your secondary question about the different ways in which pointers are declared, "What is int const * a?", here is an example that I adapted from Programming in C, by Stephen G. Kochan:
char my_char = 'X';

/* This pointer will always point to my_char. */
char * const constant_pointer_to_char = &my_char;
/* This pointer will never change the value of my_char.   */
const char * pointer_to_a_constant_char = &my_char;
/* This pointer will always point to my_char and never change its value. */
const char * const constant_ptr_to_constant_char = &my_char;

When I first got started, I would find it helpful to read the definition from right to left, substituting the word 'read-only' for 'const'.  For example, in the last pointer I would simply say, "constant_ptr_to_constant_char is a read-only pointer to a char that is read-only".  In your question above for int const * a you can say, "'a' is a pointer to a read-only int".  Seems dumb, but it works.
There are some variations but when you run into them, you can find more examples by searching around this site.  Hope that helps!


Rescue me from those who are deceitful and wicked.
I will praise you with the lyre, O God, my God.
I want to be proven right. Over and over again I find myself pleading to be heard—pleading to be proven right. That's what it means to be vindicated. As I look about my country—as I look about the world—and read or watch the news of the day, I see so much injustice. Senseless death and destruction are everywhere.
In some cases courts that are intended to protect the innocent and vulnerable do the complete opposite. Evil is on a rampage. Islamic militants taunt and behead the innocent. Russian tanks have invade Ukraine as long range artillery flattens villages. Vicious rapists glory in their shame. In our cities gangster thugs roam freely.
David journeys to the altar. He is altered at the altar. The world is altered at the altar of God. Vindication comes at the altar. Victories over sin are won at the altar. Jesus is the sacrifice on the altar of God and when we gaze on him we are changed. Jesus said, "Just as Moses lifted up the snake in the wilderness, so the Son of Man must be lifted up, that everyone who believes may have eternal life in him" (John 3:14-15). Because of the cross—the altar of God—we have hope for the future.
Response: LORD God, alter me at the foot of the cross. I need you to change my heart, my life, my attitude. I put my hope in you, Lord. You are my Savior and my God. Amen.
Your Turn: Has your life been altered by the cross?


The Rare Essence Collection is an exclusive series of incenses produced to exacting quality standards using only the finest aromatic materials, including both natural woods and resins as well as precious essential oils and perfumes. They represent the height of the incense maker's art.
The incredible fragrance of rare white Frankincense, with select quality perfumes in a fine natural base. Exquisitely clear and refreshing. 20 grams. Made in India.


Forget Bake Off – it's all about the great British brunch. Whether you're throwing the party or being cooked for, the best hosts (and guests) should always make an effort.
From 'just brunch' to parties, the best shorts (and attendees) always fix up and look sharp.
Summer sun, something's begun... and it's all about the dresses you're wearing, formal or fun, in fifty shades of white and just as many styles.
A selection of key looks for you to style out this season.
Click through all three to build up your summer wardrobe.
Summer brings with it every kind of social do – from house parties and birthdays to formal events – and you need to be prepared.
Top picks: a capsule collection of our newest summer lines.


Home » Question » What is Art Therapy?
There is a reason for the saying: "A picture paints a thousand words." Especially with trauma and loss, words often fall short. Images are the language of our body, spirit, and emotions. In our development as a species and as infants to adults, we have communicated in images before language. Images and sensory experiences come to us before we form words for experiences, only most of us aren't aware of these and look to words to make sense of things. Art therapy is the practice of using image making to access, express, and transform one's experience on a deeper level. It isn't about being an "artist", but rather, learning to use image-making and other creative, symbolic expressions for inner-exploration, understanding, and guidance. Once images are accessed, reflection, sharing, and words help integrate and apply the new knowledge.


The success of the 1st and 2nd This-German Congress In 2012 and 2014 has obviously indicated the good response to the updated treatment and academic malters in the implantology. In addition I appreclate the kind contribution from the organizing committee. Speakers and dental companles for this success.
The 3rd Thai-German Congress in association with The Faculty of dentistry of Chiang Mai University and German Society of Implantology (DGOI) is planned and scheduled on January 13 – 15, 2016 in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The Theme of the Congress is Multi-Disciplinary Treatment in Modern World of Implantology .
This 2016 Congress will provide the participants the knowledge on advanced Implantology technique. A section will be prepared for poster presentation. The Thai and International renowned speakers will present both theory and corresponding practices for modern Implantology of interest.
I would like to take this opportunity to invite you to participate in the 3rd Thai-German Congress in Chiang Mai and enjoy visiting the largest city in the northern Thailand with the warn hospitality and ancient unique culture.


text:
Nancy Lou Marchand (June 19, 1928 – June 18, 2000) was an American actress. She began her career in theatre in 1951. She was most famous for her television portrayals of Margaret Pynchon on Lou Grant and Livia Soprano on The Sopranos.

Early life
Marchand was born in Buffalo, New York, to Raymond L. Marchand, a dentist, and his wife, Marjorie Freeman Marchand, a pianist. She was raised Methodist. She graduated from the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in 1949. She studied theatre at the Herbert Berghof Studio in New York City.

Career
An accomplished member of the Actors Studio, Marchand made her Broadway debut in The Taming of the Shrew in 1951. Additional theatre credits include The Merchant of Venice, Love's Labour's Lost, Much Ado About Nothing, Forty Carats, And Miss Reardon Drinks A Little, The Plough and the Stars, The Glass Menagerie, Morning's at Seven, Awake and Sing!, The Octette Bridge Club, Love Letters, Man and Superman, The Importance of Being Earnest, The School for Scandal, The Balcony, for which she won a Distinguished Performance Obie Award, and Black Comedy/White Liars, for which she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play. She was nominated four times for the Drama Desk Award, winning handily for Mornings at Seven. She won a second Obie for her performance in A. R. Gurney's The Cocktail Hour.

On daytime television, Marchand originated the roles of Vinnie Phillips on the CBS soap opera, Love of Life and Theresa Lamonte on the NBC soap, Another World. She also memorably starred as matriarch Edith Cushing on Lovers and Friends, a short-lived soap opera.

On primetime television, Marchand was renowned for her roles as patrician newspaper publisher Margaret Pynchon on Lou Grant—winning four Emmy Awards as Best Supporting Actress in a Dramatic Series for her performance—and matriarch Livia Soprano, mother of Tony Soprano, on the HBO series The Sopranos, which earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series, as well as an Emmy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress in a Dramatic Series.

She appeared in many anthology series in the early days of television, including The Philco Television Playhouse (on which she starred in Marty opposite Rod Steiger), Kraft Television Theatre, Studio One, and Playhouse 90. Additional television credits include The Law and Mr. Jones, Spenser: For Hire, Law & Order, Homicide: Life on the Street, Coach, and Night Court. She played Hester Crane, mother of Frasier Crane, on an episode of Cheers.

Marchand's feature film credits include The Bachelor Party (1957), Ladybug Ladybug, Me, Natalie, Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon, The Hospital, The Bostonians, Jefferson in Paris, Brain Donors, Reckless, The Naked Gun, Sabrina, Dear God, and From the Hip (1987).

Personal life and death
Marchand was married to actor Paul Sparer. He died in 1999 from cancer at age 75. The couple had three children: Katie, David, and Rachel.

Marchand suffered from lung cancer, emphysema, and COPD.  She died on June 18, 2000, a day before her 72nd birthday, in Stratford, Connecticut.

She was posthumously inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1928 births
2000 deaths
Actresses from Buffalo, New York
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American television actresses
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Deaths from emphysema
Deaths from lung cancer in Connecticut
Obie Award recipients
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni
20th-century American women singers


Our Computer Lab houses 36 state-of-the-art touchscreen desktop computers which our EBS students use all day every day. Each class is assigned to one 45 minute class per week taught by Ms. Martin and their classrom teacher. The students learn the basics of how to use computers starting in TK. Our students learn everything from PowerPoint to computer coding. Our goal is for our students to have not only the technological know-how needed for the 21st century, but also the problem-solving skills needed for high-level problem solving.
My name is Jan Martin and I am the Director of the Technology Academy. Welcome to the EB Scripps Technology Academy web page. This is where we begin our adventure into 21st century technology. Click around to find new things to learn and different places to go.


6 pcs California Roll, 6 pcs Cucumber. Served with miso soup.
Tuna, Salmon, Yellowtail. Served with miso soup.
18 pcs of Cucumber, Avocado and Sweet Potato Maki. Served with miso soup.
4 pcs Futo Maki, 6 pcs Cucumber Maki. Served with miso soup.
Eel over bowl of Rice.
Tuna over bowl of Rice.
Salmon over bowl of Rice.


This letter is for you. You that every time you let it sink in that you are never going to see him or her again, it feels like you are going to die. You that's blaming yourself for putting them first in your life. You that from the first day you met them, they have become your addiction. You that's looking for a shoulder to cry on. You that's so broken and depressed you feel like killing yourself. You that held their hands through it all, but they don't want to be held by you.
You that they left because they felt there was nothing left in you. You that fell in love on a secret path that didn't lead to their heart but to a place of misery and silent hell. You that's crying there to feel happy but you are not. You that their friendship with you has almost ruined your life. You that have become your own blanket and your blanket has become you. You that can't tell your story without it making you cry. You that feels life is no longer beautiful but living is pain. This letter is for you!
You that think that may be his or her heart doesn't have any space for you again. You that have come to realize that getting no message from the one you love is also a message. You that's almost choking to death on the thought of them with someone else. You that's thinking that age is not on your side. You that's struggling to raise your child or children alone. This letter is for you!
You that may never have thought that you would ever amount to anything. This letter is for you!
You that may never have felt like you belonged somewhere even when you are in your house surrounded by family. You that may never have thought you had anything special in you that everyone else didn't have. You that may never have thought that you would ever amount to anything. This letter is for you! Please love yourself like you are not waiting for someone else to do it. Forgive yourself and love yourself unconditionally. Respect yourself enough to walk away from anything and anyone that no longer serves you, grows you, or makes you happy.
God has a blessing with your name on it. Rest and tell your heart to beat again. If you survived 2017, He will surely see you through a glorious 2018. God is beautiful for that situation (Psalms 48:2). He has never left us, and He has never failed us. He is mindful of you and you are about to be compensated for all your loses! Today, what was prayed for shall come to pass in Jesus Name!


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Ninfe e satiro (Nymphes et Satires, 260x180) è un dipinto a olio realizzato nel 1873 dal pittore francese William-Adolphe Bouguereau, uno dei maggiori esponenti del "realismo borghese" e della corrente dell'"accademismo" o art pompier.

Esposto in quello stesso 1873 a Parigi nel Salon (mostra), un anno prima che si realizzasse la prima esposizione dell'impressionismo.

Storia
Acquistato dal collezionista d'arte americana e speculatore John Wolfe (1821-1894) assieme a "Primavera" di Pierre Auguste Cot, è stato mostrato nella sua villa per molti anni accanto ad altre dipinti di autori francesi accademici.

È stato in seguito venduto all'asta nel 1888, dopo di che Sterling Clark ha riscoperto la tela poco prima del 1900, posta nel bar all'interno dell'Hotel Hoffman House di New York, rintracciandola nuovamente solo nel 1930 quand'era già abbandonata in un magazzino e fuori dalla visione del pubblico; infine riuscendo ad acquistarla nel 1943. Attualmente viene conservata al Clark Art Institute di Williamstown (Massachusetts).

Descrizione
Nei pressi di un laghetto ombroso ed appartato, un gruppo di ninfe ha appena catturato un satiro che, presumibilmente, le stava osservando di nascosto. Tre di esse stanno cercando di spingerlo verso l'acqua, mentre la quarta lancia un cenno alle compagne che stanno al di fuori della scena invitandole ad unirsi a loro. Nel frattempo, schizzato e con uno degli zoccoli già immerso, il satiro tenta di resistere.

Critica
Considerato esser come l'artista archetipo della lussuria della pittura ottocentesca, anche se dal punto di vista dell'erotismo non è uno dei pittori più interessati di quegli anni: ciò che vediamo pare difatti essere una continuazione del barocco, senza l'apertura nei confronti del desiderio di un Pieter Paul Rubens. "Ninfe e satiro" è pertanto un esempio di stile in cui la maestria tecnica riesce a far visualizzare la scena energica che è raffigurata. In Bouguereau, così come in Jean-Baptiste Greuze, vi è una combinazione inquietante di innocenza e di malizia.

L'autore, che ha fatto tutta una serie di disegni preparatori, pone le figure umane in pose interconnesse complicate, che le collegano insieme in una composizione meravigliosamente ritmica.

Il suo lavoro è divenuto sempre più popolare negli Stati Uniti, fino ad essere riprodotto più e più volte in tutto il paese, con grande scandalo dei moralisti.

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Dipinti di William-Adolphe Bouguereau
Dipinti nel Clark Art Institute
Dipinti a soggetto mitologico
Nudi artistici
Satiri nelle arti


text:
Five College News
Amherst College Republicans event sparks controversy, tense discussion
By Will Soltero
(Collegian File Photo)
Boston Herald columnist and self-proclaimed "not crazy" conservative Michael Graham spoke alongside former U.S. Army officer and political commentator Robert Roughsedge on Wednesday evening at Amherst College.
The event, sponsored by the Amherst College Republicans, addressed the topic of military action after 9/11 and how decisive action saved American lives in the aftermath of terrorist attacks on the United States.
"I'm the bad guy," Graham posed to the audience in anticipation of skepticism that later came, "because I acknowledge that as bad as war sucks, sometimes war is the only tool to stop other things."
Graham opened the night by discussing a recent banner seen at Amherst College decrying the killing of civilians in "America's so-called 'war on terror.'"
He contended that the world would not exist as it does today if not for the use of force by justified actors, citing the United States' involvement in World War II to stop Nazism, or the abolition of slavery following the North's victory the Civil War.
"If every use of force is illegitimate [in the eyes of counter-war protestors], then by definition, the people who don't agree with your position will win by force," said Graham on the subject of the ineffectiveness of pacifism.
Described as a forum on the event's Facebook page, the event saw both Graham and Roughsedge touch on their views on connections between Islam and terrorism, the need for the use of force in international relations and how force has the ability to stop institutions such as slavery and concentration camps.
Taking the stage after Graham, Roughsedge took the opportunity to address the audience on the topic of war as an Army veteran.
"Anyone who has been in a combat area knows that it's just terrible," Roughsedge said.
With that in mind, Roughsedge said that military action has historically been needed to quell extremist action.
"You let the extremists pop their heads up too much, and you don't let us play whack-a-mole in the military and get rid of them before they become a huge problem, it gets worse," he said.
"9/11—that was just a culmination of a number of different plots. Some thwarted, some that we didn't," Roughsedge continued.
Debate and controversy were not absent, however, as both speakers addressed the crowd of about fifty in Amherst College's Stirn Auditorium. Dozens in the audience vocally objected to points made by Graham and Roughsedge throughout the night, both as they spoke and in the time allotted for questions.
The first significant response from audience members came after Graham said, "Islam is the only major world religion in the year 2017 that has a problem with terror [being] committed in its name."
One audience member responded strongly to Graham's assertion.
"You're telling me, as a Muslim who comes from Tunisia…me, my family and I, my friends, all the people that I know that are Muslim, who are amazing people, we partake in this sort of violence because we're Muslim?"
She continued, "Do the actions of other people represent our actions? What is it my fault if someone else who is Muslim commits those crimes?"
After many in the room applauded the audience-member, Graham responded that he never criticized her or any individual for being Muslim, but that he stood by his original statement, saying that "every rational person acknowledges" it.
On the topic of religion being a driver for inhumane actions throughout history, one audience member provided the example of Christians enslaving Black people.
In response, Graham cited a number of religious groups have historically enslaved people, and that the "Irish were the number one slave import in the year 900."
"So what?" he concluded, sparking about a dozen attendees to leave the auditorium and several others to burst into seemingly-incredulous laughter.
The tension in the air briefly eased as Eric Segundo, Massachusetts Veterans of Foreign Wars state commander, took to the stage to speak on his experience as a soldier in Iraq.
Segundo offered a different perspective from Roughsedge and Graham, speaking on the bonds he made with other soldiers, regardless of their religion or nationality.
"I see terrorists, and that's what I see. I don't see religion," he said. Segundo explained that he held a close bond with a fellow soldier who was Muslim. "We didn't see him as a Muslim. We saw him as a friend."
Though Roughsedge and Graham spoke strongly of the need for military force in the war on terror, Segundo felt that it was difficult for him to get a sense of progress in Iraq based on his time spent there.
"The day we got to Iraq, and the day we left—in my opinion, nothing changed."
Jason Ross, chairman of the Massachusetts Alliance of College Republicans, said that as one of the event's coordinators, he was happy with how the evening went.
"I'm glad we got the people we did. They were incredible," Ross said.
With a small but noticeable police presence in and around the auditorium, Ross said that the college requested that there be police on-site, citing potential concern for safety based on reactions to similar events on college campuses around the country.
Alexander Deatrick, president of the Amherst College Democrats, said he was surprised by the commentary from the speakers.
"Expectations were as low as they could be," said Deatrick. "But I was still surprised."
In a statement posted on the Amherst College Democrats' Facebook page immediately following the event, Deatrick wrote, "The bigotry on display at the event, especially by Michael Graham, was offensive and disturbing.
Though unable to speak at the event, an Amherst College Republicans spokesperson wrote in a statement later Wednesday evening, "We were happy to welcome a group of speakers with a wide array of opinions to campus. We hope the dialogue they brought was fruitful, and look forward to hosting more events in the future."
Will Soltero can be reached at [email protected] and followed on Twitter @willsoltero.
Alexander Deatrick
Amherst College Democrats
Amherst College Republicans
Eric Segundo
Robert Roughsedge
Stirn Auditorium
Ed Cutting	• Sep 30, 2017 at 1:50 pm
All slaves were captured by other Black Africans.frica has no natural harbors, its all over 1000 feet so you couldnt stop in a river, either.
So they stayed with the ship, the slaves were brought out to them.
https://dailycollegian.com/2017/09/amherst-college-republicans-event-sparks-controversy-tense-discussion/#comment-1842636
Nitzakhon	• Sep 28, 2017 at 8:42 pm
Let's not forget that Muslims enslaved blacks – and others – in far, far greater numbers than the White Europeans did Africans.
The White Slaves of Barbary
http://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-africa/white-slaves-barbary-002171?nopaging=1
Arabs also enslaved blacks:
A non-PC History of the Arab Muslim [Slave] Trade Of Africans
http://blackconservative360.blogspot.com/2014/09/a-non-pc-history-of-arab-muslim-slave.html
Arab Muslims were equal-opportunity slavers:
The Arab slave trade: 200 million non-Muslim slaves from all colors and nationalities
https://themuslimissue.wordpress.com/2012/08/27/the-arab-slave-trade-and-200-million-non-muslim-slaves-of-all-skin-colors/
And while, absolutely, slavery is an evil, it was primarily blacks who sold their fellow blacks to Europeans:
Racially Incorrect Facts on Slavery: African Slave Traders
http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/263659/racially-incorrect-facts-slavery-african-slave-jack-kerwick
The Republicans were founded to end slavery:
Civil Rights and Slavery – Republican and Democrat Parties – Prager University
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=da9PjvJ5kVk


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Garden & Pool Area
Knysna Info
About Knysna
Wildlife Viewing and Safari
Romantic Holidays and Marriages
Parks and Nature Reserves
Images Littlewood Garden
Littlewood Garden Resort
Images Knysna Area
Knysna and Lagoon
Littlewood Wildlife Photography
Knysna is situated in a natural paradise in the heart of the Garden Route National Park and surrounded by numerous small nature reserves. It offers steep cliffs and wide beaches, secluded bays and valleys, canyons and mountain ranges, extensive forests, lakes, rivers and estuaries. Discover this stunning and diverse landscape with its rich flora and explore the wide variety of the cape floral kingdom.
Garden Route National Park
Distance from Littlewood Garden: 800 m
Along the Southern Coast of South Africa lies one of the most beautiful coastlines in the world with magnificent coastal and mountain landscapes. The Garden Route Nationalpark rankes under one of the most popular tourist destinations in South Africa.
The Nationalpark was founded in march 2009 by the merger of well-known Nationalparks, such as the Tsitsikamma Nationalpark, Wilderness Nationalpark, Knysna National lake Area and a number of smaller Nature Reserves and State Owned Lands. The park covers an area of 157.000 ha and is now managed by SANParks South African Nationalparks.
More Information under: Garden Route Nationalpark
Distance from Littlewood Garden: 4 km
The Featherbed Nature Reserve is situated on the Western Head in Knysna and offers a premier eco-experience on the Garden Rout. It's a privately owned, registered Nature Reserve and South African Heritage Site (No. 59) and is accessible only by ferry. In order to protect the natural beauty, access to the Reserve is controlled and numbers of visitors are limited.There are daily 2 tours offered and reservations are required.
Information and Bookings under: Featherbed Nature Reserve
Goukamma Nature Reserve
Distance from Littlewood Garden: 20 km
The Goukamma Nature Reserve and Marine Protected Area is situated between Knysna and Sedgefield alsong the coastline on the Garden Route. The nature reserve covers an area of about 2.500 ha with a coastline of 14 km. The Marine protected area extends seawards for 1.8 km. The reserve includes extensive dune fields with some of the highest vegetated dunes in South Africa, wide long beaches, the Goukamma River and estuary and the Groenvlei lake.
Further Information under: Goukamma Nature Reserve
Keurbooms River Nature Reserve
Keurbooms River Nature Reserve ist small Nature Reserve of about 740 ha outside of Plettenberg Bay. The Keurbooms River runs through the reserve and brings the water from the Tsitsikamma Mountains, before it flows into the sea in a beautiful river mouth.
Indigenous Forest and the Keurboom River can be explored by canoe or on foot.
Further Information under: Keurbooms River Nature Reserve
Steenbok Nature Reserve
Steenbok Nature Park is located on the northern shore of Leisure Ilse in the Knysna Lagoon. You can stroll on the Interpretive Board Walk along the Knysna lagoon and view the fascinating salt marsh plants or make a Nature Walk through indigenous trees and onto the upper salt marsh or relay on a bench in the shade of the indigenous garden.
Further information under: Steenbok Nature Reserve
Pledge Nature Reserve
Pledge Nature Reserve was declared on 11.10.1991 as a local nature park, which covers an area of about 10 ha. It's hard to believe, but less than a century ago, this green lung in teh center of Knysna served as dumping ground and brickyard.
The reserve fals within the "Cape Floral Kingdom" with its 8.600 plant species, that is the world's richest temperate flora. At Pledge Nature Reserve they constanly endeavour to increas the selection of locally indigenous species and is an ideal place for people of all ages to view the indigenous flora.
Further Information under: Pledge Nature Reserve
Outeniqua Nature Reserve
Distance from Littlewood Garden 65 km
The Outeniqua Nature Reserve lies next to the town of George and has a size of about 38.000 ha over a series of rugged mountain ranges of the Outeniqua Mountains. The reserve also supplies the region with fresh water from its catchments.
Further Information under: Quteniqua Nature Reserve
The Robberg Penisula is a nature reserve and national monument situated about 8 km south of Plettenberg Bay on the Garden Route. It's also a Marine Protected Area. Rocks from this region date back 120 million years to the time and break-up of Gondwanaland. In the few caves alson the peninsula there have been found evidennce of middle and later Stone Age inhabitation.
To find our more there is a Visitor Centre at the Parking of Robberg Nature Resverve.
House for Sale in Knysna
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A business leader asked, "What, Kevin, are you going to write about Steve Jobs?"
Originally, I chose to write nothing. Then, a few thoughts crystallized.
Go back to the late 1990s. Back then, Apple was in ruins. Catalog Marketing, however, was on top of the world.
In late 2011 ... Apple is on top of the world. The status of Catalog Marketing is frequently debated.
Think about the biggest difference in strategy between Apple, and between Catalog Marketers.
Apple bet everything on merchandise/design. Macs, iPods, iTunes, iPhones, iPads, apps. Could have been a disaster, could have been spectacular.
Catalog Marketers frequently bet everything on "marketing channels".
I continually observe a fundamental difference in approach.
Approach #1 = Create/Design innovative merchandise. You can't guarantee that the strategy will work, but if it does work, productivity improves, allowing you to expand into other marketing channels. This is a risky strategy, requiring gut instinct, intuition, courage, conviction, confidence. We admire the winners, we beat the living daylights out of the losers. We're like the chorus in a Greek Tragedy, commenting from the sidelines while others take risks.
Approach #2 = Expand into other marketing channels. This strategy is the polar opposite of Approach #1. Here, you believe that by expanding into channels, your existing merchandise offering is exposed to more customers, causing your business to grow and thrive. This is a safe strategy, low risk, data driven. This strategy is adored by marketers, analytics experts, consultants, and trade journalists, heck, just about everything you read is rooted in a tactical, safe approach to success.
Approach #2 will provide consistent, albeit tepid results. You don't go from $75,000,000 to $150,000,000 in a few years by making your email marketing program more relevant, or by capitalizing on the long tail of search, do you? But you are certainly able to protect your $75,000,000 by focusing on tactics.
Meanwhile, Apple went from being mocked to having more cash on hand than our Federal Government.
What we lost last week, of course, is somebody we can point to, somebody who didn't listen to best practices. I mean, who would deem development of the iPad to be a best practice, given how other organizations failed in their attempt to create such a device? And you can theorize that apps sprung the device into the stratosphere, but who determined that apps were the way to go prior to Apple?
The screams of the average plead for us to connect the dots and color within the lines, using primary colored Crayons. They beg for us to focus on average issues, like privacy, paper prices, USPS viability, merge/purge rules, targeting strategies, the "long-tail" of paid search, free shipping, discounts on Twitter, Facebook Commerce, daily deals on Groupon, Foresquare promotions, email marketing relevance, you get the picture. Every one of those things are important, of course, but none even remotely close to as important as having merchandise that customers crave. Every minute we give disproportionate focus on executing tactics, we lose a minute where we could create and sell merchandise.
Gold = 30% profit rate (profit dollars / net sales) or better.
Green = 20% to 29% profit rate.
Blue = 10% to 19% profit rate.
Red = Less than a 10% profit rate.
If an item didn't achieve at least 10% profit, then serious discussions were held about the product. Is the return rate too high? Is the gross margin too low? Is the product "tired", has it been featured too often? Is the item paired with other items that don't sell well? Do we need new products? Did profitability suffer because the fulfillment rate was terrible? Did returns suffer because of quality issues? Did marketing contact the right customers with the right strategy, or did marketing activities cannibalize each other?
Ultimately, we succeeded or failed because of the merchandise we offered, the service we provided, and how we communicated to the customer the reasons why s/he should buy it. We knew that new products were essential to success. We knew that "winners", certain product that performs well, had to be featured in a certain way, especially to newer customers, in order to maximize success.
When I worked at Eddie Bauer in the late 1990s, this discipline did not exist. In fact, the difference in culture was amazing to me. Folks cared about whether the 20% off promotion outperformed a Gift with Purchase promotion, or they cared about whether 10% off plus free shipping outperformed lower prices on items offered to new customers. Or people cared about what impact credit promotions could provide in increasing sales. I'm not saying merchandise wasn't important, but merchandise productivity was not embedded in the culture, outside of the merchandising department.
And on a comparable basis, Eddie Bauer sold about 75% as much as Lands' End sold.
It's this DNA, this hard-wiring of love for merchandise/design/creative, that I hope our industry doesn't lose. Until last week, there was always a marketer that we could point to, an example for how to do things different.
Who, do you think, picks up the torch and carries it into the future?
Can't say who will pick up the torch. But two comments: Harold Schwartz of Hanover House (in the 70s/80s) was famously unable to predict the winning products in his catalog, and proud of it! His point: hindsight is better than ignorance or indifference. And, it seems to me that in some ways both LLB and EB are both right. Successful catalogs had a "core" customer group of repeat buyers who responded to items that attracted them. You had to identify those items in hindsight, use subjective criteria to find more like them, and be as objective as hell and analytic to find more buyers like them in pockets of profit in segments of rental lists. And test/test/test. Compared to today's technology it was slow and clumsy, but not a "black box." Those were "the good old days," but I think in a few short years we'll see the emergence of something old, something borrowed, and something new that will rock the socks off everyone. I'm an eternal optimist!