text:
\subsection*{Abstract}
We perform analytical and experimental investigation of the vertical motion of {\it Dipterocarpus alatus} seed, locally called Yang-na in Thailand. In this work, we assume the drag forces exerting on the Yang-na seeds depend only on the velocity. We derive equations of motion (EoMs) to physically parametrize the vertical motion of the seed and analytically solve to obtain the exact solutions. Interestingly, we observe that our predicted solutions are in agreement with the experimental data. More precisely, the entire trajectory of the falling seed of Yang-na can be described by our predicted solutions. We also determine terminal velocity of the seeds. Remarkably, this work reasonably proves that seed dispersal characteristics of Yang-na is inherently straight downward. Finally, we believe that our achievement will be valuable to the large community of
STEM/STEAM education to promote an understanding in the topic integrating mathematics, physics,
biology, art and technology. Our framework constitutes learning model to improve the ability of creative thinking, analytical thinking and problem solving skills on the concept of forces and motion
applicable from high school to college levels. \\

Keywords: AutoTracker; Dipterocarpus alatus seed; Drag and Lift forces

\pacs{89.20.-a, 01.55.+b}

\end{abstract}

\maketitle

\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
{\it Dipterocarpus alatus}, or Yang-na in Thai language, is one of the tree species in Dipterocarpaceae family. Yang-na trees can be used in house construction, plywood production and chock wood for train. Its rasin, a minor forest product, is a coating material to conserve wooden houses and boats. Because of the multi-purposes of Yang-na trees, they were intensively used. Some species in Dipterocarpaceae family are nearly extinct \cite{VL} in the countries of tropical lowland and rainforest (e.g. North America, Africa and Southeast Asia). In Thailand, since 1980s, the population of Yang-na has been decreasing \cite{TS}. In order to save this species for the next generation, Thai public has expressed the protection of Yang-na through law approach and scientific research. In a viewpoint of physicists, a seed of Yang-na can present its interesting motion. Yang-na trees have evolved seeds with two unique curvature wings, enabling them to be carried away by the wind when falling \cite{KT}. If the dynamics of the falling seed is understood, the location of the germinating seed will be predicted.

The process of the seed falling starts at 20 upto 40 meter-height of the tree. After a few seconds, the whole seed flips upside down to let the wings position at the upper part of its seed, and from this moment, the wings fully undergo air resistance, where the seed begins to rotate towards the ground. Rotation is a natural mechanism enabling the falling seed to slow down its descent, and a sense of rotation is generally dictated by right-left handedness \cite{KT}. Due to the intrinsic natural design, Yang-na seeds possess a geometrical right-left asymmetric wing morphology, allowing the seeds to rotate and disperse over the area in their surrounding. However, the seeds of Yang-na are larger and heavier compared with other species in the same tree family \cite{SS}. As a result, the dispersal of Yang-na seeds is reported to be poor, mostly around the mother tree \cite{JR,SA}.

The complex motion analogous to the seeds of Yang-na is also observed in those of maple, mahogany and {\it Triplaris caracasana}. A number of research groups conducted the studies to explain the motion of falling wing seeds. In 2009, Celso and Pedro \cite{CL} discussed about the vertical and rotational motion of the tri-wing seed. The vertical motion starting with the non-linear transient and followed by the final uniform terminal speed. They theoretically predicted the angular speed of the rotating seed and found its good agreement with their experiment.

Here, we use Tracker video analysis software to explore the vertical motion of the Yang-na seed and to test an underlying theory. Tracker is a free and open source software and can be downloaded at www.opensourcephysics.org \cite{DB}. It is widely used for analysing the movement of objects in a recorded video, especially for Physics education. For example, Eadkhong {\it et.\,al.} (2012) used Tracker to analyse the rotational motion of a spinning cylindrical plate to determine the moment of inertia \cite{TE}. Wee {\it et.\,al.} (2012) reported the use of Tracker to analyse the projectile motion of a tossing ball \cite{LKW}. Kinchin (2016) applied Tracker to analyse the movement of a string pendulum to demonstrate the simple harmonic motion \cite{JK}. More recently, Suwarno (2017) used Tracker to analyse the rotating movement of the fidget spinners \cite{DUS}. In these experiments, the position as a function of time of the moving object is video captured and, by using functions from the Tracker's library, the phenomena can be simulated. Tracker allows to compare the graphs of the video-based experimental data with the simulations.

In this work, Yang-na seed samples were collected within the campus area of Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. We experimentally drop the seed sample from a fixed height and demonstrate that a vertical motion of a seed can be completely described by assuming that the drag forces exerting on the seed depend only on the velocity. In Sec.(\ref{sec2}), we start by considering a free-body diagram of the seed and derive equations of motion (EoMs) to physically parametrize the vertical motion of the seed, mathematically. We then analytically figure out exact solutions of the EoMs describing the its behavior. In Sec.(\ref{sec3}), we display our experimental setup in order to obtain real data. In Sec.(\ref{sec4}), we perform experimental analysis. In this section, we also confront our predicted solutions with the  experimental data obtained by the use of Tracker. Finally, we conclude our finding in the last section.

\section{Background Equation and the analytical solutions}
\label{sec2}
In this work, we consider the objects ({\it Dipterocarpus alatus} seeds) which are falling under the influence of not only gravity but also the drag forces. We assume the later are functions of the velocity. Schematic diagram illustrating the morphology of Yang-na seed during vertical motions is displayed in Fig.(\ref{sep}). From the free-body diagram, we can deduce the forces exerting on the object by two intervals, i.e. $t_{0}\leq t_{1} \leq t_{*}$ and $t_{*}\leq t_{2} \leq t$. The first interval represents the time of flight just after the falling ($t_{0}$) to just before the auto-rotation ($t_{*}$); whilst the second one is during its autorotation. We call the first interval \lq\lq falling and flipping\rq\rq and the second one \lq\lq auto-rotation\rq\rq.
\begin{figure}[H]
	\begin{center}
		\includegraphics[width=0.33\linewidth]{FLYING.png}
		\caption{Schematic diagram illustrating the morphology of Yang-na seed during vertical motions. A flight sequence of a seed showing its center of gravity situated along the vertical axis from A to C at time $t_{0}$ to $t$. At B, the seed starts to spinning. An angular frequency is given by $\Omega$.} \label{sep}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Falling and flipping}

Let us first consider the first interval, i.e., falling and flipping, and assume the forces ${\vec F}_{1}={\vec F}_{D}+{\vec F}_{g}$. Therefore its equation of motions takes the form:
\begin{eqnarray}
{\vec F}_{D}+{\vec F}_{g} = m{\vec a},\label{str0}
\end{eqnarray}
where $m$ represents the mass of the object, ${\vec a}$ is the gravitational acceleration, ${\vec F}_{D}$ and ${\vec F}_{g}$ are drag and gravitational forces, respectively. Notice that when neglecting the drag forces, the object is free falling. In this work, we assume that the center of gravity of the flight is always aligned along the vertical line illustrated in Fig.(\ref{sep}). In order to describe the motion, we consider that the drag force takes the form
\begin{eqnarray}
F_{D,y} = k'_{1}(v^{2}+u^{2}).\label{str00}
\end{eqnarray}
where a parameter $k'_{1}$ is the drag coefficient, $v$ and $u$ are the vertical and horizontal velocity components of the falling seed, which are time-dependent quantities. In a close experimental room without air flow, the parameter $u$ is equivalent to zero and the relative velocity of the seed relative to the air is then corresponded to the speed of the falling seed. Eq.(\ref{str00}) reduces to $F_{D,y} = k'_{1}v^{2}$. The Reynolds number in this experiment is estimated to be of the order of $10^{3}$ in which drag coefficient is relatively constant \cite{JDbook}. Therefore, we can write
\begin{eqnarray}
ma_{y_{1}} = -mg+k'_{1}v(t)^{2}, \label{str1}
\end{eqnarray}
where for convenience we have considered the modulus of the vector quantities that are functions of time, $t$, explicitly. In this work, we assume that an acceleration in $x$-direction can be approximately omitted. In terms of a displacement in $y$-direction, we can simply express the above equation to yield
\begin{eqnarray}
m\frac{d^{2}y_{1}(t)}{dt^{2}} = -mg+k'_{1}\left(\frac{dy_{1}(t)}{dt}\right)^{2}.\label{str12}
\end{eqnarray}
At the initial point, $t=t_{0}$, only gravitational force presents. It is possible to quantify the solution of Eq.(\ref{str12}) and it can be analytically solved to obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
y_{1}(t)= y_{*,1}-\frac{m}{k'_{1}} \eln \left(\cosh \left(\frac{\sqrt{g\, k'_{1}}\,t}{\sqrt{m}}\right)\right),\label{sol1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $t_{0}\leq t\leq t_{*}$. Note that the drag coefficient $k'_{1}$ will be determined by fitting the above predicted solution given in Eq.(\ref{sol1}) with the experimental data. Note that $t_{0}$ is a time at which the seed starts falling, while $t_{*}$ denotes time that the seeds just start to take an auto-rotation.

\subsection{Auto-rotation}

As mentioned in Ref.\cite{KT}, an efficient physical mechanism that enables slowing down the descent is rotation reducing the translational kinetic energy. In this second stage of the motion, the lift and torque are generated by rotating wings. Therefore, the blade element model can be used to describe the autorotating seeds \cite{Norb,Aki,Lee}. Since the geometric curvature of the wing of Yang-na seed displays a skewed blade element, the leading edge vortex is stably developed during the descend of the seed. Additionally, it has been elucidated that the leading edge vortex is responsible for raising both lift and drag forces during the autorotating falling \cite{DL2009,JS2019,JJ2019,TM1979}.
\begin{figure}[H]
	\begin{center}
		\includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{FBD.png}
		\caption{We parameterize the shape of the fruit and its sepals using a dried fruit and wings from the {\it Dipterocarpus alatus}. We displayed the blade element in the plane perpendicular to the wingspan. Here $\theta$ the angle of the relative wind, $\alpha$ the angle of attack, $L$ and $D$ the lift and drag components, respectively. The $F_{N}$ represents the vertical forces resulting form $F_{L}$ and $F_{D}$. The camber profile is illustrated by the curvature of the blade element. An angular
frequency is given by $\Omega = 2\pi f$, where $f$ is the rotational frequency.} \label{autora}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}
Recent investigation can be found in Refs.\cite{RAF,JRR}. As is described in Refs.\cite{RAF,JRR}, the lift force is just the component of the aerodynamic force perpendicular to the direction of the relative wind, while the drag force is the force component parallel to the wind direction. A vertical motion of the element depends on the components of the lift ($F_{L}$) and drag force ($F_{D}$) and the gravitational force ($F_{g}$) illustrated in Fig.(\ref{autora}). As suggested in Refs.\cite{RAF,JRR}, the magnitude of the lift force and the drag force on an element are proportional to the lift and drag coefficients, $C_{L}$ and $C_{D}$, respectively. We therefore assume the total force exerting on the object takes the form
\begin{eqnarray}
|{\vec F_{g}}+{\vec F}_{L}+{\vec F}_{D}| = -mg + k'_{2} v^{2},\label{force2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $v$ is the relative wind at the blade and a constant $k'_{2}$ is given by \cite{RAF,JRR}
\begin{eqnarray}
k'_{2}\equiv \frac{1}{2}\rho A(C_{L}+C_{D}),\label{kp}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\rho$ is the air density and $A$ is the area of the blade element. Specifically, the lift and drag coefficients depend on the blade element's angle of attack $\alpha$, i.e. $C_{L}(\alpha)$ and $C_{D}(\alpha)$. More specifically, along the wing segment, the lift force $F_{L}=\rho v^{2} A C_{L}(\alpha)/2$ is perpendicular to the relative wind and the drag force $F_{D}=\rho v^{2} A C_{D}(\alpha)/2$ is tangential to the direction of the wind. Regarding the classical relation, we have $C_{L}(\alpha)=2\pi \sin(\alpha)$ \cite{LDL2013}, see also Refs.\cite{RAF,JRR}, while $C_{D}(\alpha)$ can be quantified by the experiment. Using numerical values of $C_{L}+C_{D}$ given in Table \ref{table}, we can estimate the values of $C_{L}$ and $C_{D}$ separately. For instance, let us consider a sample\#1 and measure an attack angle $\alpha$. We find for this sample\#1 $\alpha\sim 20^\circ$. Using this value, we obtain $C_{L}\sim 2.15$, and then $C_{D}\sim 3.70-2.15 = 1.55$ implying that a ratio $C_{L}/C_{D}$ is about $1.4$. In the same manner, this can be implemented for other two samples. Note that our present work is focused only on the macroscopic motion of the seeds that unifies microscopic parameters, e.g. an attack angle $\alpha$. We will leave this microscopic behavior for further investigation. It is worth mentioning here that excellent detailed examinations of $C_{L}$, $C_{D}$ and $C_{L}/C_{D}$ for double-winged autorotating seeds, fruits, and other diaspores can be found in Ref.\cite{JRR}. However, the added mass of the air cannot be in principle neglected and may be added to the system for consideration. As pointed out in Refs.\cite{Norb,JRR}, this mass can be implied from the mass flow $f_m$ in unit time through the swept disk which is given by \cite{Norb,JRR}
\begin{eqnarray}
f_{m}\equiv \rho A_{d}\Big(\frac{v+v_{f}}{2}\Big),\label{kp}
\end{eqnarray}
where $(v+v_{f})/2$ is called the through-flow velocity, $\rho$ is the air density, $A_{d}$ is the horizontally projected area swept by the wings, $v$ is the descent velocity, $v_{f}$ is the mean velocity of the air relative to the seed after passing through the area swept by the wings. In order to compare the weight of the added mass of air $(W_{m})$ with $mg$, we compute the weight via \cite{Norb,JRR}:
\begin{eqnarray}
W_{m}=f_{m}\Big(v-v_{f}\Big)=\frac{\rho A_{d}}{2}\Big(v^{2}-v^{2}_{f}\Big).\label{kp1}
\end{eqnarray}

During the auto-rotation, the speed of the autorotating seed can be estimated using Eq.(\ref{ed1}) to obtain   $v=[1.30-1.60]\,m\,s^{-1}$ in which the terminal speed is already included as shown in Table \ref{table}. In our present work, we can grossly estimate the weight of the added mass of air by using $\rho=1 \,kg\,m^{-3}$, $A_{d}\sim 6.0\times10^{-3} \,m^{2}$, $v\sim [1.30-1.60]\,m\,s^{-1}$, and $v\gg v_{f}$
to obtain $W_{m}\sim [5.0-8.0]\times10^{-3}\,N$.
Clearly, this mass value is significantly less than the weight of the fruit $mg\sim 3\times 10^{-2}\,N$. Hence $mg/W_{m}\sim [3.7-6.0]$. From now on, it is reasonable not to consider this added mass of air. Note that numerical values of $C_{L}+C_{D}$ can be obtained by our experiments. In principle, the \lq\lq virtual mass force\rq\rq $(f_{vir})$ which is another added mass force becomes evident when we take a look at the momentum equation for the particle, see Ref.\cite{CC1998}. This force is basically proportional to the volume given by \cite{CC1998}
\begin{eqnarray}
f_{vir}\propto V_{p}\Big(\frac{Du}{Dt}-\frac{dv}{dt}\Big),\label{kp11}
\end{eqnarray}
where $V_{p}$ is the volume of the seed, and by definition
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{D}{Dt}=\frac{\partial}{\partial t}+{\vec u}\cdot {\vec \nabla},\label{kp11}
\end{eqnarray}
and $u$ is the fluid flow velocity and $v$ is the seed velocity. However, in our case both the fluid flow velocity and the seed velocity do not change much in time and also are spatial-independent. Hence, the added-mass-force term usually proportional to a volume is approximately negligible. A straightforward application of the Newton's second law yields
\begin{eqnarray}
m\frac{d^{2}y_{2}(t)}{dt^{2}} = -mg+k'_{2}\left(\frac{dy_{2}(t)}{dt}\right)^{2},\label{str2}
\end{eqnarray}
whose general exact solutions take the form
\begin{eqnarray}
y_{2}(t) = y_{*}-\frac{m}{k'_{2}}\eln \left(\sinh \left(\frac{\sqrt{g\,k'_{2}}}{\sqrt{m}}t\right)\right),\label{ed}
\end{eqnarray}
where $y_{*}=y_{2}(t=t_{*})$. Here a coefficient $k'$ can be numerically obtained using the experimental analysis in Sec.(\ref{sec4}). Taking derivative of Eq.(\ref{ed}) with respect to time yields
\begin{eqnarray}
|v_{2}(t)| = \frac{\sqrt{g\,k'_{2}}}{\sqrt{m}}\frac{m}{k'_{2}}\coth({\cal T}),\label{ed1}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have defined ${\cal T}$ as ${\cal T}\equiv \frac{\sqrt{g\,k'_{2}}}{\sqrt{m}}t$. It is worth noting that Eq.(\ref{ed}) allows us to determine terminal velocity ($v_{\rm te}$) of the seed. The terminal velocity can be simply obtained by considering a limit where $t\rightarrow \infty$ and we find $|v_{\rm te}| = \sqrt{g\,m/k'_{2}}$ which is a constant.

\section{Experimental Setup}
\label{sec3}
The experimental setup, as shown in Fig.(\ref{Heff10}), consists of a light panel, a high speed shutter camera: Model(EX-FH100), and a  screen. The light panel consists of 4 LED spotlights at each corner and 10 arrays of LED. The LED light source is supplied by a 12V battery to generate stationary light at 400-800 Lux. The height of the camera and distance between camera and the screen are 1.5 and 2.5 m respectively. At the beginning of the experiment, a Yang-na seed is released vertically at 3.0 m height above the floor in a close room without air flow. The digital camera is set to record in the audio-video-interleave (.avi) format at 240 frames per second (fps). The physical resolution of our video is about $9.78\times 10^{-4}$ meters per pixel. The recorded videos are calibrated within Tracker for the displacement of the falling seed. The vertical falling of three Yang-na seeds were independently tested. The vertical positions and time of each falling seed were acquired using Tracker analysis. An example of Tracker analysis is shown in the Fig.(\ref{Heff14}). The vertical positions and time of falling were further analyzed in the next section.
\begin{figure}[H]
	\begin{center}
  		\includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{Experimentalsetup.png}
		\caption{The schematic diagram of experimental setup. The experimental setup consists of LED spotlights, LED arrays, a digital camera, and a screen. The digital camera is used to record the falling of the Yang-na seed. The position-time data is then extracted from the recorded video using Tracker.} \label{Heff10}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
	\begin{center}
  		\includegraphics[width=.6\linewidth]{Tracker.png}
		\caption{Tracker analysis. The analysis panel consists of 3 sections: (a) the falling of a Yang-na seed showing a cross-section reference point of origin ($x=0, y=0$) and a calibration stick of 0.315 m, (b) a plot of vertical positions of the Yang-na seed at different time points, and (c) a table of the vertical displacements at different time points.} \label{Heff14}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Experimental Analysis}
\label{sec4}
Before performing any further analysis, let's summarize what we have for the background solutions and this is required to contact with the experiment. We use the experimental data to determine all unknown parameters that we demonstrate below. We conclude the predicted solutions as follows:
\begin{equation}
    y(t) = \begin{cases}
        y_{1}(t_{1})=y(t)|_{A\rightarrow B}=y_{*,1}-\frac{m}{k'_{1}} \eln \left(\cosh \left(\frac{\sqrt{g\, k'_{1}}}{\sqrt{m}}t_{1}\right)\right) & \text{for } t_{0}\leq t_{1} \leq t_{*} , \\
       y_{2}(t_{2})=y(t)|_{B\rightarrow C}= y_{*,2}-\frac{m}{k'_{2}}\eln \left(\sinh \left(\frac{\sqrt{g\,k'_{2}}}{\sqrt{m}}t_{2}\right)\right) & \text{for } t_{*} \leq t_{2} \leq t\,,
        \end{cases}
        \label{sum}
  \end{equation}
where $t_{*}$ can be fixed from our experimental results. It is worth noting that the displacement is dependent on not only mass but also the geometry of the seed. We explicitly observed in Eq.(7) that the displacement is dependent on the parameter $k_{2}'$. This parameter unifies a macroscopic properties implying that the displacement is also dependent on the geometry of the seed. More concretely, values of such a parameter are proportional to the area of the blade element $(A)$, and the blade element's angle of attack $(\alpha)$. In the same manner, this is true for $k_{1}'$. Interestingly, we found that our predicted solutions are in agreement with the experiment. To be more precise, the whole trajectory of the falling seed of Yang-na can be completely parametrized by our solutions given in Eq.(\ref{sum}).
\begin{table*}[ht!]
 \begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{ccccccc}
  \hline
Sample & Mass & Wing length & Wing area & $(k'_{1},k'_{2})$ & $C_{L}+C_{D}$ & Terminal velocity (best-fitting value) \\
 & $g$ & $\cdot10^{-1}\,m$ & $\cdot10^{-3}\, m^{-2}$ & $\cdot 10^{-3}$ &  & $m\cdot s^{-1}$ \\
  \hline\hline
  1 & 2.70 & 0.95 & $6.24$ & $(0.93,14.14)$ & $3.70$ & 1.37\\
  \hline
  2 & 2.85 & 1.04 & $6.79$ & $(1.36,11.80)$ & $2.84$ & 1.54 \\
  \hline
 3 & 3.20 & 1.00 & $6.35$ & $(1.49,13.00)$ & $3.34$ & 1.55\\
  \hline
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{Parameters of the Yang-na seeds are used in the present analysis. Note that numerical values of $(k'_{1},k'_{2})$ in the last column are obtained from best fitting Eq.(\ref{sum}) with the experimental data. Note that wing areas of the {\it Dipterocarpus alatus} seed were calculated by summing the product of length and width of their two wings \cite{JR}. In order to obtain numerical values of $C_{L}+C_{D}$, we have used air density of approximately $1.225\, kg/m^{3}$ according to ISA (International Standard Atmosphere).}
  \label{table}
 \end{center}
 \end{table*}
The greater the drag force is, the faster Yang-na seed will reach its terminal velocity. Regarding the term of lift force $k'_{2}v^2$, the three Yang-na seeds display approximately similar values of $k'_{2}$. The seeds take about 0.5-0.7 second to achieve its terminal velocity in the auto-rotation flight of the second interval.
\begin{figure}[H]
	\begin{center}
        \includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{com.png}
		\caption{The plot of experimental data (red dot) fitted with predicted vertical displacement (line) of the three Yang-na seed Samples. Vertical dash line represent a transition of seed from a falling$\&$flipping interval to auto-rotation one corresponding to $t_{*}$. Remarkably, the analysis of the displacement was considered after the initial point. Therefore the plot does not start at $(0,0)$.} \label{Heff200}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

Moreover, we observe that $k'$ pretty much depends on $A(C_{L}+C_{D})$. From Table (\ref{table}), we find that the values of $k'$ are not significantly distinct among all three seeds.

\section{Concluding remarks}

We performed analytical and experimental investigation of the vertical motion of {\it Dipterocarpus alatus} seed, locally so-called Yang-na. In this work, we assumed the drag forces exerting on the Yang-na seeds depend on the velocity. We figured out the equation of motion and analytically solved to obtain the exact solutions. We determined the terminal velocity to obtain $|v_{\rm te}| = \sqrt{g\,m/k'_{2}}$. Interestingly, we found that our predicted solutions are in agreement with the experiment. As a result, the whole vertical trajectory of the falling seed of Yang-na can be completely parametrized by our predicted solutions. The perfect agreement between our predicted solutions and experimental data has been illuminatingly displayed in Fig.(\ref{Heff200}).

We observed that the lift force generated in the wing-seed system is proportional to the velocity squared. As a result, our framework constitutes the complete template for vertical motions of any seed with an arbitrary number of wings which can be effectively described by our predicted solutions given in Eq.(\ref{sum}). To be more precise, the vertical behavior of such wing seeds could be completely satisfied by our exact solutions. A straightforward verification can be directly done by following our scenario. In addition, regarding the Yang-na motion, one can examine rotational motion by following the framework done by Ref.\cite{JR} for different types of wing seeds to examine the angular speed. We strongly believe that our results can basically be generalized to vertical flight model of all wing seeds with external wind. However, this requires further experimental validation. In addition, the present work initiates the extension to broad circumstances, e.g. physics education. Noticeably, our model completely facilitates a high predictable nature of a Yang-na's vertical motion and can be translated to the rehabilitation and sustainable management of the Yang-na population to ameliorate the forest decline.

Our highlight is threefold: (1) The studies related to the vertical motion of flying seed have been investigated so
far. However our work is the first achievement which completely explain entire flight sequence. In addition, we demonstrate that theory and experiment can simply be reconciled. We employ
mathematical model based on a simple Newton's law to unravel the nature of { \it Dipterocarpus alatus}
seed. We mathematically and physically proves that the seed of { \it Dipterocarpus alatus} travels vertically
straight downward without deflection. Having assumed the center of gravity always situated along the
vertical axis, we derive equations of motion to obtain the exact solution which perfectly agree with the
experimental observation. This could be an explanation supporting the poor dispersion nature of
{ \it Dipterocarpus alatus } seed. The terminal velocity can be theoretically predicted. Moreover, our mathematical model can be generalized to describe any type
of wing seeds. (2) We believe that our achievement will be valuable to the large community of
STEM/STEAM education to promote an understanding in the topic integrating mathematics, physics,
biology, art and technology. Our framework constitutes learning model to improve the ability of creative thinking, analytical thinking and problem solving skills on the concept of forces and motion
applicable from high school to college levels and (3) Our model completely facilitates a high
predictable nature of a { \it Dipterocarpus alatus } seed's vertical motion and can be translated to the
rehabilitation and sustainable management of the seed population to ameliorate the forest decline.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
This work is financially supported by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) with grant number 61119. We thank Ms.Kanitha Kongoop for collaborating at an early stage of this work. This research was partially supported by the New Strategic Research (P2P) project with grant number CGS-P2P-2562-040, Walailak University, Thailand.

\section*{References}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
January's cold reminder of school
by David Budin
Kids (and adults) still sled down Cain Park's big hill. And I still avoid doing that. It was hard enough for me just to get out of my car and take this picture.
I write fairly often, in this column, about how much I disliked school. Some people may think I overdo it. Because how could anyone hate school that much? It might make you feel better to know that, well . . . I really did hate school that much—because, I mean, at least you know I'm being sincere. And some may think I'm setting a bad example for kids who read this column. Well, it might make you feel better to know that, well . . . kids don't read this column.
So, having gotten that out of the way, it's that time again. Because whenever it's January, which, for me, happens approximately once a year, I remember more than ever how much I hated school. That time frame spans the very first day of kindergarten to the day before the day I quit high school, on June 1 of my so-called "12th-grade" year (so-called because I didn't have enough credits to graduate that year, anyway).
Septembers were really bad, too, for, I think, obvious reasons: I had to return to this dreaded drudgery after three months of freedom. Plus, the weather was still nice. Octobers weren't so good, either, because I could only look ahead to all these many more months of this. November held slight promise, with an upcoming break (including a lot of food) toward the end of the month. December was one of the better months, relatively, because of vacation for half the month. Plus, there was always a winter concert—band at Roosevelt Junior High and choir at Heights High—to look forward to participating in. And those musical organizations were the reasons I went to school. Well, those and the law.
But January was the worst. There were no more holiday breaks for four months; and it was the coldest part of the year, which I knew would be the case for the next few months—making my way to and from school in freezing temperatures, strong winds and snow, sleet, slush and ice. The outlook was just bleak.
On weekends, my friends would want to go ice skating at the frozen-over Cumberland Pool parking lot. I hated that, too—I didn't skate, so I'd stand or sit there freezing. Or sledding at Cain Park, down the big hill at the Taylor Road end. At least I'd get to have a fast ride, for about six seconds, a few times. More like two times, actually, because by then I'd be covered with snow, making me even more uncomfortable.
So, from the first day of kindergarten, I was waiting for the day I could, finally, quit school. And everyone knew it. Which is why my old friends all thought it was hilarious when my kids started going to school and I began volunteering for everything in the schools. When they were in Roxboro Elementary School and Ruffing Montessori, I was often the "room mother" in my kids' classes. And I often worked on the schools' fundraisers. When they were in Roxboro and Ruffing's middle schools, I came in and lectured to classes on topics ranging from Colonial cooking to life in the late '60s, and worked on fundraisers, and put together one school's newsletter, and so on.
In their eight consecutive Heights High years, I volunteered for everything I could—lecturing to journalism and social studies classes, becoming co-president of the Band and Orchestra Parents Organization, helping to launch the Vocal Arts Parents Organization, running the concession stand at all the swim meets, and many more things. At the end of my son's first year at Heights, my mother, at his orchestra concert, said to me, "You've been in this building more this year than you were in your last year of school." It was literally true.
My friends thought it was funny, but I wasn't doing it because I was suddenly imbued with school spirit. I was also there to advocate for my own kids, which you need to do. And I was there to try to identify and possibly help kids who were like me; like the way I had been in school. That's why I got involved in the music groups. And it's why I also found many opportunities to mentor kids. And why I helped create a scholarship award for kids like me: talented musicians or artists whose priorities were not necessarily academic.
And if there were ever any problems with my own kids, I could go right in and talk to the principal and, more easily, straighten things out. Another time I was with my mother at Heights, Jim Cipolletti came up and said hello to me. I introduced them and my mother said, "Hm. Just like when you were in high school: I see the principal still knows your name."
David Budin
David Budin is a freelance writer for national and local publications, the former editor of Cleveland Magazine and Northern Ohio Live, an author, and a professional musician and comedian. His writing focuses on the arts and, especially, pop-music history.
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About Thalassemia
Emirates Thalassemia Society
"What is Thalassemia?" Competition
Competition Booklet
Participation Form
Voluntary Support
Emirates Thalassemia Society celebrates 'Haq Al Laila' (half night of Shaaban) with the patients
awarness
Emirates Thalassemia Society visited the Thalassemia Center in Dubai to cheerfully distribute and spread the sweetness of the half-night of Shaaban 'Haq Al Laila' to the Thalassemia patients to celebrate…
Vice Chairman honored for winning Sharjah Award for Volunteering
Abdul Baset Mohammed Merdas, Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors of Emirates Thalassemia Society was honored as the winner of the 16th Sharjah Volunteering Award for Excellence in the…
Emirates Thalassemia Society runs a mass awareness Campaign 'Protection… makes life beautiful " for all the government employees around UAE
Under the guidance and generous sponsorship of the campus of His Highness Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, advisor to His Highness the President of the State,…
Board Members of Emirates Thalassemia Society visit Thalassemia Center Dubai- 2019
A delegation of Board of Directors from the Emirates Thalassemia Society paid an official visit on Thursday, March 14, 2019 to the Thalassemia Center in Latifa Hospital in continuation of…
Blood donation campaign for Thalassemia patients
The University College invited Emirates Thalassemia Society to organized a blood donation campaign for the Thalassemia patients at the university's headquarters. Emirates Thalassemia Society arranged a 'Mobile Blood Donation Van'…
Memorandum of Understanding signed at the Dubai Police General Headquarters on January 30, 2019
Emirates Thalassemia Society officially signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Dubai Police in the context of the constant effort to join forces with the government and private entities in…
47th UAE National Day celebrated by a visit of Thalassemia patients to His Highness Sheikh Dr. Sultan Bin Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, advisor to the president of the UAE in 2018
H.H. Sheikh Dr. Sultan Bin Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, advisor to His Highness the President of the UAE, the supreme president of the Sultan Bin Khalifa Foundation for Human…
UAE Flag Day celebrated colorfully with Nad Al Hamar Kindergarten in 2018
With all the pride, the UAE flag was risen high at 11:00 am (as per the official Flag Raising ceremony country wide) on Thursday 1st November at the Emirates Thalassemia…
ETISALAT signs a memorandum of understanding with Emirates Thalassemia Society
During the grand IT exhibition called "Gitex " held famously every year in Dubai, a cooperation agreement was signed between Emirates Telecommunication Corporation (ETISALAT) and the Emirates Thalassemia Society in…
Eid Al Adha subsidies granted to Thalassemia patients
On the occasion of Eid Al-Adha, Emirates Thalassemia Society once again distributed moneytary subsidies as gifts to the Thalassemia patients to make them happy and allow them to celebrate the…
Emirates Thalassemia Society delegation visits His Highness Sheikh Saud Bin Saqr Al Qasimi, Member of the Supreme Council of the Union and Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah in 2018
A delegation of the Emirates Thalassemia Society cordially visited His Highness Sheikh Saud Bin Saqr Al Qasimi, Member of the Supreme Council of the Union and Ruler of Ras Al…
Thalassemia patients spend an entire day at the IMG World of Adventures
Emirates Thalassemia Society, in coordination with Thalassemia Centers from Dubai,Fujairah and Ras Al Khaimah organized yet another memorable and fun trip for the UAE Thalassemia patients to the IMG WORLD…
Abdul Jalil Al Fahim and Family Endowment donatesAED 50,000 for Thalassemia
Abdul Jalil Al Fahim and Family Endowment donated AED 50,000 to support the cause of Thalassemia. This generous donation is incorporated to support and better the wide range of support…
UAE Thalassemia Patients Attend Grand Iftar organized by Sultan Bin Khalifa Scientific & Humanitarian Foundation to mark the Zayed Humanitarian Day
In the auspicious presence of H H Sheikh Khalifa Bin Sultan Bin Khalifa Bin Zayed on the auspicious occasion of 'Zayed Humanitarian Day' which falls every year on 19 Ramadan…
Agreement sigtned between UAE Vision Network and Emirates Thalassemia Society
In the presence of the Board members of the Emirates Thalassemia Society, Mr Abdul Baset Mohd Merdas, Vice Chairman of Emirates Thalassemia Society and Eng. Azza Sulaiman, Member of the…
Thalassemia patients live the happy moment after receiving 'Eidiya' from Emirates Thalassemia Society
Emirates Thalassemia Society never leaves an opportunity to make their Thalassemia patients happy on any upcoming occasion. Since Eid is just around the corner, Emirates Thalassemia Society invited the registered…
Emirates Thalassemia Society celebrates Mother's Day by honoring mothers with Thalassemia
Emirates Thalassemia Society organized a beautiful ceremony to honor mothers who are Thalassemia patients on the occasion of Mother's Day, simultaneously continuing the initiatives of 'Year of Zayed'. The ceremony…
H.H. Sheikh Sultan Bin Khalifa Al Nahyan Scientefic & Humanitarian Foundation in collaboration with Emirates Thalassemia Society invites UAE Thalassemia patients to the Moon Island!
Under the patronage of HH Dr Sheikh Sultan Bin Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Humanitarian Foundation, a delegation for UAE Thalassemia patients from the Emirates Thalassemia Society was cordially invited…
Prestigious Sharjah Award for Voluntary Works awared to Khalida Khammas
Under the patronage of His Highness Dr Sheikh Sultan Bin Mohammed Al Qassimi, Member of the Supreme Council and Ruler of Sharjah, Sheikh Mohammed Bin Saud Al Qassimi, Member of…
14th International Congress of Thalassemia and Hemoglobin and 16th Patients and Parents Conference, held in Thessaloniki, Greece, 2017
Emirates Thalassemia Society officially participated in the 3 days 14th International Congress of Thalassemia and Hemoglobin and 16th Patients and Parents Conference, held in Thessaloniki, Greece, dated 17th-19th November 2017…
Thalassemia Patients' Memorable Trip to Dubai Parks And Resorts
Based on the vision of His Highness Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of UAE, to mark 2018 as the year of Zayed, Emirates Thalassemia Society took an initiative…
PIAGET donates to support the Society services for the patients and the community
PIAGET, in cooperation with Afaq Foundation, generously donated AED 20,000 to the Emirates Thalassemia Society in order to support the services provided to the Thalassemia patients and support the awareness…
Campaign 'Thank you for your support which leads to our happiness'
The Emirates Thalassemia Society cordially organized a unique campaign to thank the generous support of some vital associations for their unlimited support towards Thalassemia patients and their contribution to the…
"We Gather You Today .. To make You Happy Tomorrow"- Brainstorming Session 2016
With a view to develop and improve the services provided by the Society to Thalassemia patients in order to achieve the highest level of quality services and satisfaction for Thalassemia…
Annual Celebration of the United Arab Emirates National Day-2nd December- 2014
Under the kind patronage of the wife of His Highness Dr Sheikh Sultan Bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, Advisor of His Highness President of The State, Her Highness Sheikha Sheikha Bint…
The National & Al-Wasl Clubs compete in a football match to support the cause of Thalassemia 8/5/2010
Under the patronage of His Highness Sheikh Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai, President of the Executive Council, President of Dubai Sports Council, Emirates Thalassemia Society in cooperation…
Yearly Celebration of Thalassemia International Day 8 May
Supporting Thalassemia patients socially and psychologically by organizing different events to share the joy with them. It is the Thalassemia International Day which everyone waits for eagerly as it is…
Visit to Rashid Centre 2015
With the aim of consolidating and strengthening the community ties, Emirates Thalassemia Society formed a delegation of Board Members, staff members and a number of Thalassemia patients as volunteers to…
Celebrating the World Elderly Day by Thalassemia Patients 2015
Enhancing the social role of the Thalassemia patients Emirates Thalassemia Society in cooperation with Family Gathering Center Dubai organized an event to celebrate the World Elderly Day in Fairmont Hotel…
Complete Support for Thalassemia Pateints (social, financial, medical)
The Emirates Thalassemia Society never lacked behind to provide financial, medical and social support to the Thalassemia patients and their families in UAE. The Society organized many programs and events to gather financial support in…
The Awareness Campaigns in Many Governmental & Private Authorities In The State
They include distributing awareness brochures and magazines as well as awareness lectures on Thalassemia disease in cooperation with doctors and specialists in blood diseases from the different hospitals in the…
Awareness Marathon with 1300 Runners
Awareness Campaign Effectively proposed by Emirates Thalassemia Society, in cooperation with the Dubai Thalassemia Center and Officers Club of Dubai Police, an Awareness Sports Marathon was organized in 2006 aiming…
Launching of the awareness campaign "I Test My Blood for future" in Zayed Bin Mohamed Family Gathering in Al-Khawaneej from 13 January 2013 to 2017
Awareness Program Under the patronage of Her Highness Sheikha Sheikha Bint Saif Al-Nahyan, Chair Person of Emirates Thalassemia Society, the Society launched a new awareness campaign named 'I test my…
Outcome of 'What is Thalassemia?' Competition
Awareness Campaign As per the statistical studies of the number of participations each year, it is noted that each year an increasing number of the students interestingly participate in this…
What is Thalassemia?- Competition From 2007 to 2017
Awareness Campaign The wife of His Highness Dr Sheikh Sultan bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, Advisor to His Highness the President of the State, Sheikh Sheikha Bint Saif Al Nahyan Chair…
Entertainment Trip For Thalassemia patients to Miracle Garden of Flowers- Dubai 2016
Local Trip Emirates Thalassemia Society organized an entertainment trip to Miracle Garden in Dubai to bring them face to face to the happiness and joy the nature can bring into…
Brainstorming Trip 2015
43 UAE National Day Celebration with the UAE Thalassemia Patients event, 43 UAE National Day event, agreement, Ambassador & Competition, awarness, Uncategorized, WordPress
Local Trip With the immense support of Her Highness Sheikha Sheikha Bint Saif Al-Nahyan, Chair Person of the Emirates Thalassemia Society, Dr Sheikh Sultan Bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, Advisor of…
2nd Tour or Hope (2008)- 'Future free of Thalassemia… test to be safe'
43 UAE National Day Celebration with the UAE Thalassemia Patients event, 43 UAE National Day event, Ambassador & Competition, awarness, test
Local Trip Under the campaign title 'Future free of Thalassemia… test to be safe', the 2nd Tour of Hope kick started. The Emirates Thalassemia Society in collaboration with the Thalassemia…
1st Tour of Hope (2007)
Ambassador & Competition, awarness
Local Trip Under the kind patronage of the wife of His Highness Sheikh Mohamed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President, Prime Minister, Ruler of Dubai, Her Highness Princess Haya Bint…
UAE Thalassemia patients visit Musandam Hospital in Oman in collaboration with the H.H Sheikh Sultan Bin Khalifa Al Nahyan Humanitarian and Scientific Foundation 2015
Foreign Trip Under the auspicious patronage of the wife of His Highness Dr Sheikh Sultan Bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, Advisor of His Highness President of The State, Her Highness Sheikha…
Religious Trip to Umra'a- 2009
Foreign Trip Emirates Thalassemia Society organized a spiritual Umrah Trip for a number of UAE Thalassemia patients as one of the aspects of social, psychological and moral support for the…
Trip To Disney Land
awarness, Brain Stomig
Foreign Trip Emirates Thalassemia Society in cooperation with 'Make A Wish' Foundation and Dubai Thalassemia Center planned a tourist trip for 8 Thalassemia patients to United States of America for…
Emirates Hematological Diseases Conference organized by Emirates Hematology Society
Emirates Hematological Diseases Conference organized by Emirates Hematology Society Local Conference Emirates Thalassemia Society has been a part of this ongoing prestigious conference over the past four years (2013, 2014,…
First Emirates Thalassemia Social Forum For Arab & Gulf Region
First Emirates Thalassemia Social Forum For Arab & Gulf Region Local Conference Under the kind patronage of the wife of His Highness Dr Sheikh Sultan Bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, Advisor…
Second MEGMA Thalassemia and Hemoglobin Illness Conference in Amman, Jordan- 2016
Second MEGMA Thalassemia and Hemoglobin Illness Conference in Amman, Jordan- 2016 International Conference Emirates Thalassemia Society participated in Second MEGMA Thalassemia and Hemoglobin Illness Conference held in Amman, Jordan from…
Initiation of the 'Global Thalassemia Pavilion'
Initiation of the 'Global Thalassemia Pavilion' As part of the World Thalassemia Congress which was held in Abu Dhabi Exhibition Center from 20th to 23rd October 2013, an idea of…
13th Thalassemia & Hemoglobin Illness Conference and the 15th International Conference for Parents & Patients, World Thalassemia Congress- Abu Dhabi, UAE
13th Thalassemia & Hemoglobin Illness Conference and the 15th International Conference for Parents & Patients, World Thalassemia Congress- Abu Dhabi, UAE International Conference Under the patronage of His Highness Sheikh…
12th Thalassemia & Hemoglobin Diseases Conference and the 14th International Conference For Patients & Their Families in Antalya, Turkey- 2011
12th Thalassemia & Hemoglobin Diseases Conference and the 14th International Conference For Patients & Their Families in Antalya, Turkey- 2011 International Conference Emirates Thalassemia Society participated in the 12th Thalassemia…
11th Thalassemia & Hemoglobin Diseases Conference and the 13th International Conference For Patients & Parents in Singapore- 2008
11th Thalassemia & Hemoglobin Diseases Conference and the 13th International Conference For Patients & Parents in Singapore- 2008 International Conference Participation A delegation was formed from UAE which included the…
Most important achievement of Emirates Thalassemia Society
Emirates Thalassemia Society successfully coordinated with Ministry of Education in cooperation with biology faculty to develop a scientific topic by inserting a brief information about Thalassemia disorder and Emirates Thalassemia…
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Downtown Cleveland businesses use grant for repairs and revenue loss; some businesses choosing to stay closed through until after election
Downtown Cleveland businesses use grant for repairs and revenue loss
By Hannah Catlett | October 8, 2020 at 8:57 PM EDT - Updated October 8 at 8:57 PM
CLEVELAND, Ohio (WOIO) - 19 Investigates talked to businesses that received grants to help keep afloat in this troubling time.
However, some concerns are lingering amid both the pandemic and the tense election season.
George Anastasakis says his grandfather started in the hat business downtown nearly 80 years ago.
"We're in it for the long run, always have been, always will be," he said.
Anastasakis facetimed us from his Broadview Heights location Thursday, because the downtown store remains closed.
"It's been difficult, there's no question about it," he said.
In March, Anastasakis says the downtown store moved into space at the Arcade. He was open there for just a few days before the pandemic shut down.
Then right after he reopened in May, came the damaging riots.
"That was definitely a one, two punch that was very hard to recover from," he said.
Mike the Hatter is one of 52 businesses approved to receive relief money from the Downtown Cleveland Alliance.
The shop's windows are all fixed. Anastasakis says he's just waiting on some water damage to be resolved at the Arcade location now.
However, Anastasakis says he and other area business owners are not really looking to reopen until after the election anyways.
"Other people have heard the same sentiment with us," he said.
The tense political climate, he says, is possibly fueling the concern there could be more unrest between now and then.
"I think it's just prudent to wait through any kind of potentials that might arise and come back stronger, ready for the holidays," he said.
Wonder Bar on East 4th is open after receiving grant money from the Cleveland Alliance too.
Rich Cicerchi, the bar's owner, is still grateful for the help.
"It was a big deal, he said. "It showed that the Downtown Cleveland Alliance felt our pain."
Cicerchi is not personally worried about another round of violence.
"I think we are past that," he said.
He worries the thought may be affecting customers, though, in addition to their COVID concerns.
Both business owners however, are holding out hope for the future.
"We are in it for the long haul, and we are excited for what it's going to be," Anastasakis said.
If you're interested to see what is and isn't repaired and back open, our investigative team surveyed the streets of Cleveland and made this interactive map.
Ohio reports 4,989 new COVID-19 cases, 55 additional deaths
Residents 80-years of age and older are able to get the COVID-19 vaccination this week.
70-year-old North Olmsted man struck by car trying to help crash victim
If you are the driver, this is your chance to contact us and take responsibility for your actions.
Ohio officials, police departments remember slain Toledo police officer Brandon Stalker
Disruptive Weather: Lake enhanced snows develop overnight, heavy snow will occur
Samantha Roberts
Published 2h at 11:53 AM
How to get the Covid-19 vaccine in every Northeast Ohio county and Cleveland
Dan DeRoos
$1M bond set for man charged with shooting 2 Kent police officers during home invasion


Based on immunoelectrophoresis and/or ELISA, the antibody reacts with the heavy chain of human IgA but not with human IgG or IgM. No antibody was detected against non-immunoglobulin serum proteins. The antibody may cross-react with IgA from other species.


Ambien (zolpidem tartrate) is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic of the imidazopyridine class and is available in 5 mg and 10 mg strength tablets for oral administration.
Each Ambien (zolpidem tartrate) tablet includes the following inactive ingredients: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, lactose, magnesium stearate, micro-crystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, sodium starch glycolate, and titanium dioxide. The 5 mg tablet also contains FD&C Red No. 40, iron oxide colorant, and polysorbate 80.
What are the possible side effects of zolpidem (Ambien, Ambien CR, Edluar)?
What are the precautions when taking zolpidem tartrate (Ambien)?
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Ambien is a controlled susabtnce that is regulated by the federal government. Not as strict as opiates, but you can get in trouble for possessing a controlled susabtnce that isn't prescribed to you.Standard drug tests check for:1) pcp2) opiates3) marijuana4) amphetamines5) cocaineUnless they ran a specific test for it (and I don't even know if they have the ability to test for it), then it won't show up in a standard drug test.
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In this article we're going to show you how to create a PDF form that will submit the users responses to a SQL Server database. To do this we're going to take a standard PDF Form and place some form controls on it as well as a submit button.
For this tutorial you will need to have installed Microsoft IIS and SQL Server Express or Higher on a computer on your network or web site and be familiar with creating databases, tables and setting permissions for IIS and the database.
A Classic Active Server Page will be used for the tutorial, but you can easily translate it to the language of your choice.
The first thing you should do, if you haven't already done so is to turn on the "Form" Menu Option.
To do this, right-click on the menu area near the top of PagePlus and ensure the "Form" menu option is checked.
You should delete the submit button (since it points to our Collect.asp script) and then add a new Submit button as shown in Step 7 below to cause the form to be submitted to your server's collect.asp page.


The AHB specification requires that bursts must not continue across a 1KB boundary. Linefetches and cache line write backs cannot cross a 1KB boundary because the start address is aligned to either a four or eight-word boundary, and the burst length is fixed.
Uncached data bursts can cross a 1 KB boundary. An example of this is shown in Figure 6.5. The burst is restarted by inserting a nonsequential transfer as the boundary is crossed.


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Something I did 30 years ago rewarded me in a fun way this week.
A couple of weeks ago I got a very interesting direct message on Instagram. It came from the great Bleav in Badger Football Podcast account. Here's what it said:
Hey Adam! My name is Matt Perkins and I'm the producer of the Bleav in Badgers podcast (and a fellow Hanover high school alum) and I wanted to reach out to you to first connect in general and then see if you'd be willing to come sit down on the show with us and talk about your story. Former badgers FB and captain Matt Bernstein and I sit down with former badgers (mostly football players but not exclusively) to talk to them about their journeys on and off the field. We've had a couple former track guys before (Scott Brinen most notably) and I was hoping you'd be interested in spending a little time with us sometime. We had AJ Taylor on a couple months ago and I know he's affiliated with your company so I figured I would reach out. Thanks so much and hope all is well, and On Wisconsin (and go Marauders!)
-Matt Perkins
I was thrilled at the prospect of being a guest on the podcast. And just as importantly, I was thrilled about talking to Matt about our shared-but-unshared experiences of going to the same high school in New Hampshire and the Univerity of Wisconsin, Madison. So I responded:
Wow! I love Badger Marauders!!! I would love to be a guest. And I have a lot of angles that I could talk about. I have many connections to the football program that will likely surprise you. Let's do this!
-Adam Albrecht
Then the story got even better when Matt responded:
Awesome! Also, quick Marauder story — I was also a thrower and finished HS 2nd behind you in all the school records. I walked on freshman year to the track team at UW too but got cut end of first semester. Would love to connect! Shoot me your email and we'll get something on the books
I was blown away to make this connection. Matt's DM combined 4 of my favorite things:
Hanover High School Marauders
Connecting with new people.
Instagram (Next to my Grammy, and Teddy, Insta is my favorite type of gram.)
I reach out to people I don't know a lot. Like a lot a lot. I love connecting dots and developing new relationships with people. Especially when we have something fun or interesting in common. But I do it so frequently that it is a real surprise when someone beats me to it.
Matt told me that my high school shot put and discus records served as a source of inspiration for him beginning his freshman year in high school. My discus record was also the New Hampshire state record for 12 years, including the years when Matt was in high school.
Matt Perkins became a great thrower too. He hit 52′ 8 in the shot put and 156′ in the discus. He was the state champion in both events. But he also crushed in the hammer, throwing 194′, and winning the New England championship. Which is wicked frick'n awesome!
Offer A Model
It is extremely rewarding to know that someone saw what I accomplished, and it served as a model to follow. Because when you see that someone who lives where you live achieved something that you would like to achieve, it is a reminder that you have the same potential to do great things.
Set Good Examples
Every time you do a good deed, or accomplish something worthwhile, whether it is large or small, you are setting a good example for others to follow. This creates a lasting impact of positivity and success that amplifies the good you do on a daily basis. Thanks for reminding me of that Matt!
The Podcast:
Matt Perkins, Badger football legend Matt Bernstein and I just recorded the podcast. You can hear the podcast here. (Hear! Hear! to that!)
I am excited to say that Matt Perkins and I have developed a quick and strong friendship based on our shared history. If there is someone you've always wanted to have a relationship with, especially if they have had a positive impact on your life, reach out to them. You're likely to have a lot in common, which is the recipe for a meaningful relationship. And at the end of our days, the only thing that matters is the impact we have on each other. Go Marauders! And On Wisconsin!
Originally published at http://adamalbrecht.blog on November 18, 2022.


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View entire Chapter as PDF
MULTIFAMILY TAX EXEMPTION
3.27.010 Purpose
3.27.020 Definitions
3.27.030 Designation of Residential Targeted Area
3.27.040 Designated Residential Target Areas
3.27.050 Project Eligibility Standards and Guidelines
3.27.060 Application Procedures
3.27.070 Application Review and Issuance of Conditional Certificate
3.27.080 Application Procedures for Final Certificate
3.27.090 Application Review and Issuance of Final Certificate
3.27.100 Annual Compliance Review
3.27.110 Cancellation of Tax Exemption
3.27.120 Appeals to Hearing Examiner
3.27.010 Purpose.
It is the purpose of this chapter to encourage increased residential housing, including affordable housing opportunities, keeping with the goals and mandates of the Growth Management Act (Chapter 36.70A RCW) to stimulate the construction of new multifamily housing and the rehabilitation of existing vacant and underutilized buildings for multifamily housing in urban centers having insufficient housing opportunities. (Ord. 1103, Sec. 2 (Exh. B), 2020)
"Affordable housing" means residential housing that is rented by a person or household whose monthly housing costs, including utilities other than telephone, do not exceed 30 percent of the household's monthly income. For the purposes of housing intended for owner occupancy, "affordable housing" means residential housing that is within the means of low- or moderate-income households.
"Department" means the City of Lake Stevens Department of Planning and Community Development.
"Household" means a single person, family, or unrelated persons living together.
"Household annual income" means the aggregate annual income of all persons over 18 years of age residing in the same household.
"Low-income household" means a single person, family, or unrelated persons living together whose adjusted income is at or below 80 percent of the median household income adjusted for household size for the county where the project is located, as reported by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. If Snohomish County is designated a high-cost area under RCW 84.14.010, "low-income household" means a household that has an income at or below 100 percent of the median household income adjusted for household size for Snohomish County.
"Moderate-income household" means a single person, family, or unrelated persons living together whose adjusted income is more than 80 percent but is at or below 115 percent of the median household income adjusted for household size for the county where the project is located, as reported by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. If Snohomish County is designated a high-cost area under RCW 84.14.010, "moderate-income household" means a household that is more than 100 percent, but at or below 150 percent, of the median household income adjusted for household size for Snohomish County.
"Multifamily housing" means a building or project having four or more dwelling units that are not designed or used as transient accommodations, not including hotels and motels, and designed for permanent residential occupancy resulting from new construction, rehabilitation or conversion of a vacant, underutilized or substandard building to multifamily housing.
"Owner" or "property owner" means the property owner of record.
"Permanent residential occupancy" means multifamily housing that provides either owner-occupant housing or rental accommodations that are leased for a period of at least one month on a nontransient basis. This excludes accommodations that offer occupancy on a transient basis such as hotels and motels that predominately offer rental accommodations on a daily or weekly basis.
"Target area" means the areas within or coterminous with the City's urban center as defined in this chapter that have been designated by the City Council as the residential targeted area in accordance with this chapter and Chapter 84.14 RCW as found by the City Council to be lacking sufficient available, convenient, attractive, livable, and desirable residential housing to meet the needs of the public.
"Urban center" means a compact identifiable district where urban residents may obtain a variety of products and services including, but not limited to, shops, offices, banks, restaurants, governmental agencies, transit service, and a mixture of uses and activities that may include housing, recreation, cultural activities, commercial or office uses. (Ord. 1103, Sec. 2 (Exh. B), 2020)
3.27.030 Designation of Residential Targeted Area.
Following notice and public hearing as prescribed in RCW 84.14.040, the City Council may designate all of or a portion of the residential targeted area described in the notice of hearing as the residential targeted area. The designated targeted area must meet the following criteria:
(a) The targeted area is located within the urban center as determined by the City Council;
(b) The targeted area lacks sufficient available, attractive, convenient, desirable, and livable residential housing to meet the needs of the public who would be likely to live in the urban center, if such places to live were available;
(c) Providing additional housing opportunity in the targeted area will assist in achieving the stated purposes of RCW 84.14.007, namely:
(1) Encourage increased residential opportunities within the targeted area of the City of Lake Stevens; or
(2) Stimulate the construction of new multifamily housing and the rehabilitation of existing vacant and underutilized buildings for multifamily housing that will increase and improve residential opportunities within the City's urban centers;
(d) In designating the residential targeted area, the City Council may consider other factors, including, but not limited to, which additional housing in the targeted area will attract and maintain a significant increase in the number of permanent residents, whether additional housing in the targeted area will help revitalize the City's urban center, whether an increased residential population will help improve the targeted area and whether an increased residential population in the targeted area will help to achieve the planning goals mandated by the Growth Management Act under RCW 36.70A.020; and
(e) The notice for the hearing has met the requirements of RCW 84.14.040. (Ord. 1103, Sec. 2 (Exh. B), 2020)
3.27.040 Designated Residential Target Areas.
The boundaries of the designated residential target areas are located within the urban centers listed below, and as indicated on the maps in Exhibit 1 of this chapter.
(a) Downtown.
(b) Lake Stevens Center.
(c) 20th Street.
(d) Lundeen.
(e) Soper Hill.
(Ord. 1103, Sec. 2 (Exh. B), 2020)
3.27.050 Project Eligibility Standards and Guidelines.
A proposed project must meet the following requirements to be considered for a property tax exemption:
(a) Location. The project must be located within one of the residential targeted areas designated in Section 3.27.040. If a part of any legal lot is within a designated residential targeted area, then the entire lot shall be deemed to lie within such residential targeted area. Property located outside of, but adjacent to, the described areas is not designated as a residential targeted area.
(b) Size. The project must include at least four dwelling units of multifamily housing within a residential structure or as part of a mixed-use development. For the rehabilitation of existing occupied multifamily projects, at least four additional residential units must be added except when the project has been vacant for 12 consecutive months or more, in which case the existing residential units must be brought up to current code standards to be eligible.
(c) Permanent Residential Housing. At least 50 percent of the space must provide permanent residential occupancy, as defined in Section 3.27.020.
(d) Proposed Completion Date. The project must be scheduled for completion within three years from the date of issuance of the conditional certificate.
(e) Compliance with Guidelines and Standards. The project shall be designed to comply with the City's Comprehensive Plan, applicable development regulations, design standards and applicable building and housing code requirements.
(f) Affordable Housing. Projects intended for rental occupancy seeking a 12-year tax exemption shall provide 20 percent of the multifamily housing as affordable housing units.
(1) Affordable housing units shall be available to households whose adjusted income is at or below 80 percent of the current median family income adjusted for family size for Snohomish County.
(2) The mix and configuration of housing units used to meet the requirement for affordable units under this chapter shall be substantially proportional to the mix and configuration of all other housing units in the project.
(g) Tenant Displacement. Property proposed to be rehabilitated must fail to comply with one or more standards of the applicable adopted State or local building or housing codes. If the property proposed to be rehabilitated is not vacant, an applicant must provide each existing tenant housing for comparable size, quality and price and a reasonable opportunity to relocate.
(h) Owner Occupancy. In the case of projects intended exclusively for owner occupancy, the affordable housing requirement means residential housing that is within the means of low- or moderate-income households.
(i) Contract. The applicant must enter into a contract with the City under which the applicant has agreed to the implementation of the project on terms and conditions satisfactory to the City outlined in this chapter. (Ord. 1103, Sec. 2 (Exh. B), 2020)
3.27.060 Application Procedures.
A property owner who wishes to propose a project for a multifamily property tax exemption shall comply with the following procedures:
(a) Prior to the application of any building permit, the applicant shall apply with the Department of Planning and Community Development, on a form provided by the Department along with required application fees.
(b) The Director of Planning and Community Development (Director) or designee is responsible for the administration of the multifamily property tax exemption program.
(c) A complete application shall contain such information as the Director or designee may deem necessary or useful, and shall include:
(1) A brief written description of the project and preliminary schematic site and floor plans of the multifamily units and the structure(s) in which they are proposed to be located setting forth the grounds for the exemption;
(2) A brief statement setting forth the grounds for qualification for exemption;
(3) A statement from the owner acknowledging the potential tax liability when the project ceases to be eligible under this chapter;
(4) Information describing how the applicant shall comply with the affordability requirements of this chapter;
(5) Verification by oath or affirmation of the information submitted by the applicant.
For rehabilitation of vacant properties as defined in subsection (b) of this section, the applicant shall submit an affidavit that existing dwelling units have been unoccupied for a period of 12 months prior to filing the application and shall secure from the City verification of property noncompliance with applicable codes. (Ord. 1103, Sec. 2 (Exh. B), 2020)
3.27.070 Application Review and Issuance of Conditional Certificate.
The Director or designee may certify as eligible an application which is determined to comply with the requirements of this chapter. A decision to approve or deny an application shall be made within 90 days of receipt of a complete application. An application may be approved subject to such terms and conditions as deemed appropriate by the Director to ensure the project meets the land use regulations of the City.
(a) Approval. If an application is approved by the Director or designee, the approval, together with a contract between the applicant and the City regarding the terms and conditions of the project, signed by the applicant, shall be signed by the Director or designee. Once the contract is fully executed, the Director shall issue a conditional certificate of acceptance of tax exemption. The conditional certificate expires three years from the date of approval unless an extension is granted as provided in this chapter.
(1) The applicant shall record, at the applicant's expense, the contract with the Snohomish County Assessor within 10 days of contract execution and provide the City with a conforming copy.
(b) Extension of Conditional Certificate. The conditional certificate may be extended by the Director for a period not to exceed 24 consecutive months. The applicant must submit a written request stating the grounds for the extension, accompanied by a nonrefundable processing fee. An extension may be granted if the Director determines that:
(1) The anticipated failure to complete construction or rehabilitation within the required time period is due to circumstances beyond the control of the owner;
(2) The owner has been acting and could reasonably be expected to continue to act in good faith and with due diligence; and
(3) All conditions of the original contract between the applicant and the City will be satisfied upon completion of the project.
(c) Denial of Application. If the application is denied, the Director or designee shall state in writing the reasons for denial and shall send notice to the applicant at the applicant's last known address within 10 days of the denial. An applicant may appeal a denial to the Hearing Examiner by filing a written appeal within 30 days of notification by the City to the applicant the application is denied. The appeal will be based upon the record made before the Director with the burden of proof on the applicant to show that there is no substantial evidence on the record to support the Director's decision. The decision of the Hearing Examiner in denying or approving the application is final. (Ord. 1103, Sec. 2 (Exh. B), 2020)
3.27.080 Application Procedures for Final Certificate.
Upon completion of the improvements provided in the contact between the applicant and the City and upon issuance of a temporary or permanent certificate of occupancy, the applicant may request a final certificate of tax exemption. The applicant must file with the Director or designee such information as the Director or designee deems necessary to evaluate eligibility for the final certificate and shall include:
(a) A statement of expenditures made with respect of each multifamily housing unit and the total expenditures made with respect to the entire property;
(b) A description of the completed work and a statement that the improvements qualify for the exemption;
(c) Within 30 days of receipt of all materials required for a final certificate, the Director shall determine whether the improvements satisfy the requirements of this chapter;
(d) If applicable, a statement that the project meets affordable housing requirements of this chapter. (Ord. 1103, Sec. 2 (Exh. B), 2020)
3.27.090 Application Review and Issuance of Final Certificate.
Within 30 days of receipt of all materials required for an application for final certificate, the Director or designee shall determine whether a final certificate should be issued. The Director's determination shall be based on whether the improvements and the affordability of units satisfy the requirements of this chapter, the requirements and findings of RCW 84.14.060, and are consistent with the approved contract.
(a) Approval. If the Director or designee determines that the project qualifies for the exemption, the Director or designee shall issue a final certificate of tax exemption. The property owner or agent must record the final certificate with the Snohomish County Assessor within 10 days of the expiration of the 30-day period provided in this section.
(b) Denial. The Director or designee shall notify the applicant in writing within 10 days of the expiration of the 30-day period provided in this section that the final certificate will not be issued if it is determined that:
(1) The improvements were not completed within three years of issuance of the conditional certificate, or any authorized extension of the time limit;
(2) The improvements were not completed in accordance with the contract between the applicant and the City;
(3) The owner's property is otherwise not qualified under this chapter;
(4) If applicable, the affordable housing requirements of this chapter have not been met; or
(5) The owner cannot verify the value of improvements allocated to the exempt portion of the rehabilitation improvements, new construction and multiuse new construction.
(c) Within 30 days of notification to the owner of the Director's denial of a final certificate of tax exemption, the applicant may file a written appeal with the Hearing Examiner specifying the factual and legal basis for the appeal. (Ord. 1103, Sec. 2 (Exh. B), 2020)
3.27.100 Annual Compliance Review.
(a) Within 30 days after the first anniversary of the date of filing the final certificate of tax exemption and each year thereafter, for the tax exemption period, the property owner shall file a notarized declaration with the Director indicating the following:
(1) A statement of occupancy and vacancy of the rehabilitated or newly constructed property during the previous year;
(2) Certification that the property continues to comply with the contract with the City;
(3) A description of any subsequent improvements or changes to the property; and
(4) If applicable, that the property complies with the affordable housing requirements of this chapter.
(b) City staff shall conduct on-site verification of the declaration. Failure to submit the annual declaration may result in the tax exemption being canceled.
(c) The City shall report by December 31st of each year to the Washington State Department of Commerce information as set forth in RCW 84.14.100(2). (Ord. 1103, Sec. 2 (Exh. B), 2020)
3.27.110 Cancellation of Tax Exemption.
If at any time the Director determines the owner has not complied with the terms of the contract or with the requirements of this chapter, or that the property no longer complies with the terms of the contract or with the requirements of this chapter, or for any reason no longer qualifies for the tax exemption, the tax exemption shall be canceled and additional taxes, interest and penalties imposed pursuant to State law. This cancellation may occur in conjunction with the annual review or at any other time when noncompliance has been determined. If the owner intends to convert the multifamily housing to another use, or, if applicable, the owner intends to discontinue compliance with the affordable housing requirements as required in this chapter, or any other condition to exemption, the owner must notify the Director and the Snohomish County Assessor within 60 days of the change in use or intended discontinuance. Upon such change in use or discontinuance, the tax exemption shall be canceled, and additional taxes, interest and penalties imposed pursuant to State law.
(a) Effect of Cancellation. If a tax exemption is canceled due to a change in use or other noncompliance, the Snohomish County Assessor shall comply with applicable State law to impose additional taxes, interest and penalties on the property, and a priority lien may be placed on the land, pursuant to State law.
(b) Notice and Appeal. Upon determining that a tax exemption is to be canceled, the Director or designee shall notify the property owner by certified mail, return receipt requested. The property owner may appeal the determination by filing a notice of appeal with the Hearing Examiner within 30 days, specifying the factual and legal basis for the appeal. The Hearing Examiner will conduct a hearing at which the applicant and the City will be heard and all competent evidence received. The Hearing Examiner will affirm, modify, or repeal the decision to cancel the exemption based on the evidence received. (Ord. 1103, Sec. 2 (Exh. B), 2020)
3.27.120 Appeals to Hearing Examiner.
(a) The City's Hearing Examiner is hereby provided jurisdiction to hear appeals of the decisions of the Director or designee under this chapter. Said appeals shall be as follows:
(1) Appeal of a decision of the Director or designee that the owner is not entitled to a final certificate of tax exemption, filed within 30 days of notification by the City to the owner of denial of a final certificate of tax exemption.
(2) Appeal of a cancellation of tax exemption, filed within 30 days of the notification by the City to the owner of cancellation.
(b) The Hearing Examiner's procedures shall apply to hearings under this chapter to the extent they are consistent with the requirements of this chapter and Chapter 84.14 RCW. The Hearing Examiner shall give substantial weight to the Director's or designee's decision and the burden of proof shall be on the appellant. The decision of the Hearing Examiner constitutes the final decision of the City. An aggrieved party may appeal the decision to Superior Court under RCW 34.05.510 through 34.05.598 if the appeal is properly filed within 30 days of notification to the appellant of that decision. (Ord. 1103, Sec. 2 (Exh. B), 2020)


text:
3 in 5 GOP Voters Believe There's Social Media Bias Against Conservatives
But 43% say it's the platforms' job to implement policies that address the issue
U.S. President Donald Trump walks out of the White House before departing July 19, 2019 in Washington, DC. Trump has accused social media companies of "terrible bias" against conservatives. (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)
By Sam Sabin
July 24, 2019 at 12:01 am ET
42% of all voters say the Trump administration should make tackling political bias on platforms a priority, but 9% of Republicans think it is the administration's responsibility to implement content moderation policies.
Democrats are more likely to believe there's no political bias in social media at all (32%) than to believe in bias against liberals (9%).
Roughly a week after President Donald Trump's "Social Media Summit" featuring high-profile right-wing social media personalities and Republican lawmakers, new polling shows that GOP voters are nearly four times as likely than Democratic and independent voters combined to say they believe social media companies are biased against those with conservative beliefs.
But despite Trump's allegations of social media platforms' "terrible bias" and his vow to instruct federal agencies to look into "all regulatory and legislative solutions to protect free speech," Republicans are more likely to say that such companies — not the president or lawmakers — are responsible for crafting policies about how political content is moderated.
Sixty percent of Republican voters agreed with the idea that social media companies practice conservative bias and prevent the spread of conservative content, compared to 16 percent of self-identified Democrats and independents, according to a new Morning Consult/Politico survey conducted July 19-21 among 1,992 registered voters. Overall, 30 percent of voters said social media companies are biased against conservative ideas on their platforms, compared to 21 percent who said there was no partisan bias at all and 6 percent who said there is bias against liberals.
Twenty-six percent of independents said there is bias against conservatives on social media, while 22 percent said there's no political bias at all. Democrats were more likely to say there's no political bias (32 percent) than that there's bias against liberals (9 percent) on social media platforms.
The survey has a margin of error of 2 percentage points.
The White House social media summit is just one part in an ongoing public feud between Trump and social media companies. On July 1, for instance, Trump said in a Fox News interview with Tucker Carlson that Twitter Inc. doesn't "treat me right" and that the company makes it "hard to follow" the president's accounts, but stopped short of saying how exactly and in what ways this happens. And in May, the White House rolled out a survey where people could report instances when they felt social media companies unfairly banned, suspended or censored them on their platforms. The survey page, which has since stopped collecting reports, says the White House received "thousands of responses."
Although social media companies have long denied these accusations, Trump's focus on the issue arguably has appeal with the GOP: Sixty-one percent of Republican voters, and 42 percent of all registered voters, said they want the president's administration to make tackling alleged political biases in social media companies' content moderation policies an important or top priority.
But despite the president's several claims of such bias on platforms, Republican voters are still more likely to push for self-regulation of the issue, with 43 percent saying that the companies that host the content are responsible for crafting and implementing policies on how political content is shared, compared to 9 percent who put the onus on the president and his administration and 15 percent who said it was the responsibility of congressional lawmakers. Among all voters, 39 percent also said it's the responsibility of the companies hosting the content to regulate how they handle political content.
Facebook Inc., Twitter and Google did not respond to requests for comment.
Related: Buttigieg Tops Warren in Drawing the Most Donations From Big Tech's Employees in Q2
Sam Sabin
Sam Sabin previously worked at Morning Consult as a reporter covering tech.
Social Media Voting


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Influential marine scientist Brian Rothschild has charged NOAA with adopting an "unnecessarily hard-line," wrong, wasteful and job-destroying interpretation of Congress' intent for managing America's fisheries.
Finding no accountability, "no master plan" or will to align policy more closely with what was intended and no hope for redress from the judiciary, Rothschild — who is based at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth and is one of New England's most respected fishing advocates — proposed that Congress create an ad hoc commission to restructure fisheries management in the Northeast.
Rothschild issued his blunt judgments about the performance of the government and the courts in the aftermath of a June ruling by a federal judge in Boston that upheld the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's catch share policy management system, which data shows is bringing about a consolidation of the industry and forcing out small, independent boats and businesses.
Rothschild's full commentary is reprinted in full on Page 8 of today's Times; it was also published in the Wednesday Standard-Times of New Bedford, which is adjacent to Rothschild's Dartmouth base.
A venerable waterman, scientist and linchpin between the Massachusetts fishing industry, academia and the political system, Rothschild's words are read carefully across the country.
Rothschild, who turns 77 Sunday, was NOAA's senior scientist during the 1970s, when the Magnuson-Stevens Act was rolled out. He was also the much-preferred choice of the industry and many members of Congress to head the National Marine Fisheries Service, but Jane Lubchenco, President Obama's choice to lead NOAA in 2009, instead went for Maryland state wildlife official Eric Schwaab, never explaining her strange choice.
NOAA did not respond to a request for comment.
"NOAA continues to send a clear message that it is unwilling to make the system fair for our fishermen," Tierney said in a prepared statement to the Times. "I agree with Mr. Rothschild, that 'protecting fishing jobs is a priority' and that Congress must take every available action to ensure that our fishing communities are not driven out of business by NOAA's inflexible interpretation of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
"I am committed to working with my colleagues in Congress to protect our local fishing economy and push for a change in leadership at NOAA," added Tierney, whose district includes Gloucester, all of Cape Ann and much of the North Shore.
In a telephone interview, Frank, who represents New Bedford and seeks Rothschild's counsel on fisheries issues, said he believes Congress was moving closer to a bipartisan consensus to rein in NOAA by the limiting statutory changes to the Atlantic and Gulf regions, where grievances are greatest.


text:
Sweden Drops Bombs In Attempt To Extinguish Forest Fires
By Jakub Lewandowski On 7/26/18 at 5:45 PM EDT
World International Affairs
As blazes rage across some European countries, Sweden has employed the use of bombs to put out forest fires on Wednesday.
The bombs were dropped in an area that would be too hard and dangerous for firefighters to reach. The fire that has been burning a forest in central Sweden for two weeks has reached an old military firing range that is littered with undetonated explosives, according to The Local Sweden.
The pressure from a bomb being dropped into the forest is meant to literally blow the fire away from trees. The fire reaching the bomb-laden firing range proved to be the perfect time to test the theory, fire and rescue team leader Johan Szymanski said in a statement.
"The oxygen from the fire can be removed with the help of a bomb, and in this case, it was possible to try it because the fire is at a firing range," Szymanski added.
The Swedish Air Force sent two fighter jets to bomb the flames and initial reports claim that once the bomb exploded, it was able to extinguish fires within 100 meters of where it was dropped.
Szymanski was satisfied with the result. "Our preliminary assessment right now is that this had a good effect," he said.
Over the past weeks, the fires have burned around 62,000 acres. Local authorities said that temperatures have even reached above 80 degrees Fahrenheit inside the Arctic Circle in Sweden. "This is a serious situation and the risk for forest fires is extremely high in the whole country," an official told the Associated Press.
A helicopter fights a wildfire at Alvdalen field on July 26. The Swedish Air Force sent two fighter jets to bomb the flames. TT News Agency/Reuters
Sweden has already received help from other European countries in fighting the blaze, and the European Commission has said that it will send more help to the Nordic country.
Christos Stylianides, the European Union's commissioner for humanitarian aid and crisis management said that "The EU stands by the Swedish government and the Swedish people in their time of need." He then added, "this is solidarity in action. This is what our citizens expect in a Europe that protects."
According to a press release from the EU, equipment such as planes, helicopter and vehicles, as well as firefighters, have been sent to Sweden from Italy, France, Germany, Lithuania, Poland and Denmark.
Warsaw sent 139 firefighters and 44 vehicles to help fight the growing blaze. This is the largest group to come from all of the volunteering countries, local press reported.
So far, many Swedes have had to evacuate due to the flames across the country. However, no deaths or injuries have been reported.
Meanwhile, wildfires in Greece have risen a death toll to 85 and injured over 180 people thus far. Authorities pointed out that "there are serious indications of arson" in one of the blazes.
Sweden Drops Bombs In Attempt To Extinguish Forest Fires | World
Pictures of Deadly Wildfires Near Athens
Sweden Battling Wildfires in the Arctic Circle
Greece Wildfires Kill Dozens Near Athens


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We're hiring Control Panel Craftsmen in our Arvada, CO panel shop. To apply for the open positions, please send a cover letter and resume to Evan Coulter (ecoulter AT ucec DOT com). UCEC offers a generous paid time off (PTO) policy and 100% employee health coverage. We are willing to train the right candidates in our apprentice-style program.
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