WHATEVER HAPPENED TO PHYLLIS MANDELBAUM?
She was 22 years old. She was 5'6″ and weighed 124—when she took off her charm bracelet. And she looked like Ava Gardner. She had everything going for her. Tall men, short men, fat men, thin men…. But she wasn't married. And her grandmother, who was the nervous type, had been at her life's work—Finding a Husband for Phyllis—since Phyllis was 8. At 22, Phyllis had one goal; a career—far away from Grandmother.
But what happened to Phyllis Mandelbaum is too hilarious to give away. Do it the fun way. Buy the book and see for yourself!
The cover-art signature appears to be that of Barye Phillips.


text:
"I wanna go back" – Actor Yul Edochie's wife, May, makes earnest wish
May Yul Edochie, the first wife of Nigerian actor, Yul Edochie has expressed a wish on her Instagram page which has caused a stir online.
The fast-rising brand influencer, who recently arrived from a trip to the United Kingdom, shared a picture from her time in the country and expressed her wish to go back.
She wrote, "Happy new weeks guys, I wanna go back."
In response, Celebrities took to the comment section to praise her ageless beauty.
SEE POST BELOW
The beautiful mother of four appears to be living the best part of her life as she constantly continues to show no air of flinching or any signs of slowing down.
May, who earlier in the year nearly lost her marriage after her husband Yul Edochie welcomed a child with his colleague Judy Austin, has somehow moved on from the infidelity scandal that rocked her marriage and has instead seemed like the person who has come out of the scandal better and living her best life.
The post "I wanna go back" – Actor Yul Edochie's wife, May, makes earnest wish appeared first on ENTERTAINMENT — WITHIN NIGERIA.
Pathaan, starring Shah Rukh Khan, to be released on ICE and IMAX on January 25: all the details
PSG Can't Win UCL With Neymar, Messi, Mbappe If…–Larque

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Amazon.in flagged off its Great Indian Festival 2018 as the biggest day ever with record-breaking sales across categories. Smartphones led the opening day sales with three out of four phones sold in the country being on Amazon.in. Large appliances saw a massive 30X growth over an average business day driven by huge spike in all key categories such as TVs, refrigerators, washing machines, dishwashers among others. Amazon Fashion saw its biggest day ever while consumables saw huge jumps over the previous largest day sales.
In smartphones, the market leading brands in both mass and premium segment – Xiaomi and OnePlus – saw their biggest single day sales ever on Amazon.in. While Xiaomi sold more than a million devices in a single day, OnePlus saw a record pre-booking of their new launch OnePlus 6T. Large Appliances overall grew 2.5X buoyed by refrigerators. Brands such as BPL, LG and Bosch saw massive demand.
We are delighted and humbled how customers have responded to the Great Indian Festival to provide us with the biggest opening ever with more Prime members shopping than ever before.
Manish Tiwary, Vice President - Category Management, Amazon India.
"We are delighted and humbled how customers have responded to the Great Indian Festival to provide us with the biggest opening ever with more Prime members shopping than ever before. We are delighted also that our efforts to bring the next 100M customers online are clearly paying off as we saw more new customers acquired on this day than any day in the last three years. This was also helped by our various financing options that saw a great pick up to ensure no budget constraints got in the way of our customers to fulfill their aspirations this season." said Manish Tiwary, Vice President - Category Management, Amazon India.
· More new customers in newer towns and cities experienced Amazon shopping with 2.7X new Customer Acquisition in Tier II and III cities.
· Prime members shopped more during Prime Early Access than on any previous day, including Prime Day 2018.
· Prime Members shopped 3X more make-up and grooming devices with offers up-to 70% off on top brands like- Maybelline, Fitbit and Lakme.
· 57% of Prime members in metros and 49% of members across the country who ordered during Prime Early Access will start enjoying their purchases within 2 days.
· Samsung sold 12X over average business day volumes with Galaxy S9 and Galaxy Note8 being the best-sellers at their lowest ever pricing.
· The Shoes category saw a 150%+ growth in sales over last year. Specifically, women shoppers on Amazon Fashion loved their shoes shopping with a 350% growth in sales over last year.
· Luggage and travel gear saw a growth of 130% in sales over last year.
· Customers took to festive shopping with jewelry doing 3X of sales compared to last year.
We have been associated with Amazon India for the last 4 years and the Great Indian Festive is always the most sought after event for our business. We've had super successful Diwali sales in the last few years and this year's start has also been a blockbuster. Our business is already witnessing over 4X jump and we still have 4 more days to go! I'm sure this Diwali will break all our previous records.
· Kitchen Appliance grew 3X vs last Diwali, driven by subcategories like water purifiers, mixer grinders & air purifiers. We Sold one mixer grinder every 4 seconds in the last 24 hours. Gas stoves grew by 15x YoY, driven by brands like Elica & Prestige.
· Home category clocked highest ever single day sale, growing 2x YoY led by brands like Recron, Bombay Dyeing and Amazon's private label Solimo. Customers shopped for festive and gifting items like tea lights, bedsheet sets and string lights.
· Tyres saw a whopping jump in sales by growing 10X YoY.
· Fire TV Stick: Customers purchased 3X more Fire TV Stick during the Prime Early access compared to Day 1 of the last Great Indian Festival.
· Fire TV Stick was also the second highest selling product on Amazon.in.
· Alexa Built-in headphones did higher than their monthly sales volume in a single day and 40X of BAU.
· Alexa Built-in speakers sold 18X of BAU.


text:
Video Museum
The Raelettes
All Tunes (A – Z)
Personnel & Co-Performers
The Raelettes Timeline
The Raelettes' Line-up
The Raelettes Live
Album3 1963 Jimmy
Sunday, Monday Or Always (By Jimmy Scott, Ray Charles On Piano)
Album3: Jimmy Scott: Falling In Love Is Wonderful, Tangerine, TRC 1501, 1963. Taped at the United Recordings Studios in Hollywood, in 1962. Arranged by Gerald Wilson.
How Deep Is The Ocean (How High Is The Sky) (By Jimmy Scott, Ray Charles On Piano)
Album3: Jimmy Scott, Falling In Love Is Wonderful, Tangerine TRC 1501, 1963. Recorded at the United Recordings Studios in Hollywood, in 1962.Jimmy later remembered that Ray wanted him to record this song as it was Ray's all-time favorite. Arranged by Gerald Wilson.
I Didn't Know What Time It Was (By Jimmy Scott, Ray Charles On Piano)
Album3: Jimmy Scott, Falling In Love Is Wonderful, Tangerine TRC 1501, 1963. Recorded at the United Recordings Studios in Hollywood, in 1962. Arranged by Gerald Wilson.
I Wish I Didn't Love You So (By Jimmy Scott, Ray Charles On Piano)
If I Should Lose You (By Jimmy Scott, Ray Charles On Piano)
Album3: Jimmy Scott: Falling In Love Is Wonderful, Tangerine, TRC 1501, 1963. Recorded at the United Recordings Studios in Hollywood, in 1962. As arranger Gerald Wilson told it in the liner notes to the 2003 reissue of the album, "Ray supervised, but he did so from the piano. He played on every track. And he made […]
I'm Getting Sentimental Over You (By Jimmy Scott, Ray Charles On Piano)
Album3: Jimmy Scott, Falling In Love Is Wonderful, Tangerine TRC 1501, 1963. Recorded at United Recordings Studios in Hollywood, in 1962. Arranged by Gerald Wilson.
Someone To Watch Over Me (By Jimmy Scott, Ray Charles On Piano)
Album: Jimmy Scott, Falling In Love Is Wonderful, Tangerine, TRC 1501 (Monaural)/TRCS 1501 (Stereo), 22 June 1963. Recorded with uncredited musicians at the United Recordings Studios, Hollywood, California in 1962. Arranged by Gerald Wilson. David Ritz wrote (in The Guardian of 9 January 2003): "Charles thought Scott's problem was that he didn't have the right material. That was […]
There Is No Greater Love (By Jimmy Scott, Ray Charles On Piano)
Album3: Jimmy Scott: Falling In Love Is Wonderful, Tangerine, TRC 1501, 1963. Taped at the United Recordings Studios in Hollywood, in 1962. Arranged by Gerald Wilson. Jimmy Scott: "The record was completed in just a few sessions. I don't think we did more than two takes on any one tune. There wasn't any overdubbing either. It […]
They Say It's Wonderful (By Jimmy Scott, Ray Charles On Piano)
Album3: Jimmy Scott: Falling In Love Is Wonderful, Tangerine, TRC 1501, 1963. Taped at the United Recordings Studios in Hollywood, in 1962. Arranged by Marty Paich. Jimmy Scott: "The record was completed in just a few sessions. I don't think we did more than two takes on any one tune. There wasn't any overdubbing either. It […]
Why Try To Change Me Now (By Jimmy Scott, Ray Charles On Piano)
Album3: Jimmy Scott: Falling In Love Is Wonderful, Tangerine, TRC 1501, 1963. Taped at United Recordings Studios, Hollywood, California in 1962 Jimmy Scott: "The record was completed in just a few sessions. I don't think we did more than two takes on any one tune. There wasn't any overdubbing either. It was all-the-way live. The fiddlers […]
Design direction by Merijn Laan
Development by Cyd Stumpel


Satin aspect stretch, silicone top, reduced heel and reinforced toe, a byword for quality and a Made in France know-how. Those hold-ups are integrally and exclusively made in France and carefully hand wrapped in an insert envelope then in a protective plastic pocket. The CERVIN authenticity certificate is provided.


On this page convert ILS to JPY using live currency rates as of 24/04/2019 01:32. Includes a live currency converter, handy conversion table, last 7 days exchange rate history and some live Israeli Sheqel to Yen charts. Invert these currencies?
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text:
Hyperconnectivity
The lifelong benefits of reading
Alice Sullivan Director, 1970 British Cohort Study at the Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Education, University of London
Reading for pleasure as a child has been powerfully linked in research to the development of vocabulary and maths skills up to the age of 16. But does reading still have a part to play in the breadth of our adult vocabulary? Does it matter what kind of books you read, or is it just the amount of reading that counts?
Our study of a representative sample of more than 9,400 British people born in 1970 looked at how vocabularies developed between the ages of 16 and 42. The test involved asking people to pair words from one list with words of a similar meaning from another list. For example, they were asked to find other words meaning "hirsute", "grotesque" or "cerebral".
The good news is that learning doesn't stop at the end of the school years – whether they read regularly or not. In fact, our study members demonstrated large gains in vocabulary between the ages of 16 and 42. At age 16, their average vocabulary test score was 55%. By age 42, study members scored an average of 63% on the same test.
Another piece of good news is that reports of the death of reading seem to have been exaggerated. More than a quarter, or 26%, of respondents said that they read books in their spare time on a daily basis, with a further 33% saying that they read for pleasure at least once a month. This left a minority of 41% who said that they read in their leisure time only every few months or less often.
University influences reading choices
People varied widely in the types of books they liked to read – and this was linked to their level of educational attainment. We were struck by the differences in literary tastes between graduates of the elite Russell Group of UK universities and other universities. When asked which kinds of books they usually liked to read, 43% of graduates of Russell Group universities included classic fiction such as Jane Eyre or Bleak House, compared to 29% of graduates of other universities and 11% of people with no qualifications.
Contemporary literary fiction by authors such as Angela Carter or Paul Auster was even more of a select preserve. Some 48% of Russell Group graduates, 30% of other graduates and 5% of people with no qualifications said they usually liked to read this kind of fiction. Crime fiction on the other hand was the most popular reading genre, enjoyed by 43% of all respondents. It was the most popular genre across our study – 36% of people with no qualification and 55% of people with Russell Group degrees said they read crime fiction.
How much and what you read
So who increased their vocabularies the most between the ages of 16 and 42? Our statistical analysis took account of differences in people's socio-economic backgrounds and in their vocabulary test scores at the ages of five, ten and 16. We found that reading for pleasure in both childhood and adulthood made a difference to rates of vocabulary growth between adolescence and middle-age.
Reading for pleasure as a child appeared to exert a long-term positive influence of vocabulary development up to the age of 42. In addition, those who continued to read for pleasure frequently at the age of 42 experienced larger vocabulary gains between adolescence and mid-life than those who did not read.
It seems that it isn't just how much you read, but also what you read that makes a difference. People in their 40s who now read high-brow fiction (such as classic fiction and contemporary literary fiction) made the greatest vocabulary gains.
Lifelong rewards
Our research suggests that encouraging a love of reading has an important role to play in promoting learning both in childhood and in adult life. The benefits of reading do not stop in childhood, but a love of reading gained in childhood can yield lifelong rewards.
Young people today have many competing demands on their time, but new technologies should make it easier than ever to share books and information about what to read. It is vital that schools promote reading for pleasure, so it is worrying that many schools today do not have school libraries. The threat to public libraries is also a potential threat to life-long learning.
Most importantly, we need to consider how to foster a love of reading in children who come from homes with few books, as we know that a lack of books in the home is one of the most powerful predictors of educational failure. A final message from our research is that not all reading is equally beneficial to learning, and the greatest gains come from more intellectually challenging fiction.
Published in collaboration with The Conversation
Author: Alice Sullivan is Director of the 1970 British Cohort Study at the Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Education, University of London
Image: Children, mimicking the actions of their paired adult, read newspapers at Martin Place in Central Sydney. REUTERS/Daniel Munoz
Alice Sullivan, Director, 1970 British Cohort Study at the Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Education, University of London
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We have a wonderful new program starting in our Albury gym on a Wednesday morning at 11.15am.
BabyGym focusses on the importance of tummy time, cross patterning and the vestibular system and our qualified instructors will help show you just how much fun you can have with your baby while enhancing their development! Our soft and colourful equipment means that there is lots for your little one to see and do.


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text:
\section{Introduction}

The thermodynamic properties of a non-interacting Bose gas in layered structures have been studied \cite{SalasJLTP2010,SalasPRA2010,Pathriax,Otros} to understand how the Bose condensate transition is modified by a periodic array of planes in one, two and three dimensions. Layered systems provide a simple model for high-temperature superconductivity (HTSC) materials where the conduction is believed to occur in the well-defined copper-oxide planes. Cooper pairs may be represented by the boson gas in underdoped cuprates where their coherence length is similar to particle separation. When Cooper pairs are allowed to tunnel through permeable layers, the delocalization process of the pairs gives rise to a substantial enhancement of pairing \cite{Chakravarty}. By allowing these systems to be finite in one or two dimensions, it is interesting to explore how the thermodynamic and conduction properties are modified, for example due to the presence of surface states \cite{surfacestates} or through lattice disorder. In the case of a fermion gas (electrons) in a large periodic array, lattice disorder enhances localized states as was shown by Anderson almost sixty year ago \cite{Anderson}. Also, localized states in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) have recently been observed in the context of bichromatic optical lattices obtained by superimposing two one-dimensional optical lattices with different wavelengths, or in waveguides in the presence of a controlled disorder created by laser speckle \cite{Roati,Modugno,Aspect,Aspect2}.

Disorder or random impurities have also been shown to produce BEC in low-dimensional systems in the thermodynamic limit \cite{Luttinger1,Luttinger2} which would otherwise be impossible in an ordered lattice due to the Hohenberg-Mermin-Wagner theorem \cite{H-M-W}. It is therefore interesting to study the properties of a Bose system within a disordered layer structure of finite extent and to understand how the possible formation of a BEC can be enhanced by manipulating the positions of the layers.

In this work, we analyze the wall-disorder effects on the specific heat of an ideal Bose gas
confined to a semi-infinite layered system described by $M$ permeable barriers within a box of thickness
$L$ and infinite lateral extent. Disorder is created
when the reference, periodic-layered system goes
to configurations with random barrier positions (\textit{structural} disorder), random barrier permeabilities (\textit{compositional} disorder), or by removing a fraction of the
walls
at arbitrary sites.
In the case of wall vacancies, \textit{i.e.}, when the periodicity is broken by the removal of a fraction of the walls,
the effects on the thermodynamic properties of the gas are remarkable.

Our starting scheme is the derivation of the dispersion relation for a system of $N$ Bose particles in a layered sample where the layers or walls are represented by Dirac-delta functions at fixed or at random distances.
In Section II we describe our system and derive the dispersion relation using the transfer-matrix method to obtain the energy levels of arbitrary configurations of delta-potential barriers. In Section III, we derive analytic expressions for the internal energy, the chemical potential and for the specific heat of the system. Section IV is devoted to the analysis of plane suppressions or vacancies. Our conclusions are summarized in Section V.

\section{Finite layered system}

We consider an ideal Bose gas confined to a semi-infinite box of thickness
$L$ and infinite lateral extent, divided
into $M+1$ smaller boxes of width $\Delta _{j}=z_{j}-z_{j-1}$ with
j=1,..., M+1$ such that the impenetrable border walls are at $z_{0}=0$ and
z_{M+1}=L$ where we assume that the wave function vanishes.
\begin{figure}[tbh]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=Planes-c.eps,height=3.20in,width=2.5in,angle=-90}}
\caption{(Color online) The ordered, layered-system with permeable planes at fixed
separation $a$. The length of the system in the $z$-direction is $L=(M+1)a$
and infinite in the other two directions.}
\label{fig:Planes4}
\end{figure}
Walls or barriers between adjacent boxes are modeled by Dirac-delta
potentials of variable strength in the $z$-direction such that particles are able to
tunnel through adjacent boxes while they are free
to move in the $x$- and $y$-directions (Fig. \ref{fig:Planes4}).
The (internal) wall permeability is inversely proportional to the strength of the delta potential .

The $M$ Dirac-delta potentials
 in the $z$-direction are given by
\begin{equation*}
V(z)=\sum_{j=1}^{M}v_{j}\delta (z-z_{j}).
\end{equation*}
which in 3D become surfaces of strength $v_j$ located at $z_j$.
\begin{figure}[tbh]
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=10deltas_a1_p10_v_0_1_1-2_1-3_1-10.eps,height=1.8in,width=3.1in,angle=0}}
\caption{Energy levels of: (a) ordered system and (b-e) removal of \{1\}, \{1, 2\},
 \{1, 3\}, and \{1, 10\} planes.}
\label{fig:levels}
\end{figure}
For the ordered or periodic, reference system, $\Delta _{j}=a$ and $v_{j}=v$ for all $j.$ Then the dispersion relation in the $z-$direction is given by \cite{Griffiths}
\begin{equation}
\Lambda \frac{\sin (\kappa a)}{\kappa }+\cos \left( \kappa a\right) =\cos
\left( \frac{(i+n-1)\pi }{M+1}\right)  \label{eq:KPreldisp}
\end{equation
with $i = 1, 2, 3, \ldots, M+1$, $n=1,2, \ldots$ is the energy band, $\Lambda ={mv}/{\hbar ^{2}}$ and the $z-$direction energy levels are $\varepsilon_{\kappa_{i,n}}={\hbar ^{2}\kappa _{i,n}^{2}}/{2m}$, where
\kappa _{i,n}$ are the solutions to Eq. (\ref{eq:KPreldisp}). The band
structure defined by Eq. (\ref{eq:KPreldisp}) is already discernible when the number of planes is as small as $M\sim 10$, as shown in
Fig. \ref{fig:levels}-($a$). Disorder in the multi-layered system is introduced by allowing the separations $\Delta _{j}$ and/or the strengths $\Lambda _{j}$ to be
different by a random variation of its reference values within a ``noise" interval. In this case, it is more convenient to use the transfer-matrix method relating the wave-functions in the $z-$direction between adjacent regions separated by Dirac delta functions. In the interval $j$ we have
\psi _{j}(z)=A_{j}\exp (\mathrm{i}\kappa z)+B_{j}\exp (-{\mathrm{i}}\kappa
z) $ an
\begin{equation*}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
A_{j} \\
B_{j
\end{array
\right) =\mathbb{T}_{j}\left(
\begin{array}{c}
A_{j+1} \\
B_{j+1
\end{array
\right) ,
\end{equation*
wher
\begin{equation}
\mathbb{T}_{j}\mathbb{=}\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
1+\frac{\mathrm{i}\Lambda _{j}}{\kappa } & \frac{\mathrm{i}e^{-2\mathrm{i
z_{j}\kappa }}{\kappa } \\
&  \\
-\frac{\mathrm{i}e^{2\mathrm{i}z_{j}\kappa }}{\kappa } & 1-\frac{\mathrm{i
\Lambda _{j}}{\kappa
\end{array
\right) , \hspace{0.2cm} j=1,2,...,M \label{eq:transmat}
\end{equation
and we assume box boundary condition
\begin{equation}
\psi _{1}(0)=\psi _{M+1}(L)=0.  \label{eq:bc}
\end{equation
For a system of $M$ potentials we hav
\begin{equation*}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
A_{1} \\
B_{1
\end{array
\right) =\left( \prod\limits_{j=1}^{M}\mathbb{T}_{j}\right) \left(
\begin{array}{c}
A_{M+1} \\
B_{M+1
\end{array
\right) =\boldsymbol{\tau }\left(
\begin{array}{c}
A_{M+1} \\
B_{M+1
\end{array
\right)
\end{equation*
where $\boldsymbol{\tau }=\prod\limits_{j=1}^{M}\mathbb{T}_{j}$ is a
2\times 2$ matrix and the dispersion relation that defines the $z-$direction
energy levels is given in terms of the elements of the product matrix
\boldsymbol{\tau }$\ b
\begin{equation}
\mbox{Im}\left[ \left( \boldsymbol{\tau }_{11}+\boldsymbol{\tau
_{12}\right) e^{-\mathrm{i}\kappa L}\right] =0.  \label{eq:disprelT}
\end{equation
For a periodic system, Eqs. (\ref{eq:KPreldisp}) and (\ref{eq:disprelT}) are
equivalent.
In each band, there are $M$ discrete levels due to the barriers
and an additional level at the top of the $n$-band with $\kappa
_{M+1}a=n\pi .$
When a finite number of layers is suppressed an equal number of levels in each band is moved down to the forbidden region. For example, in Fig. \ref{fig:levels} we show the first two energy bands with $M+1=11$ levels when one layer ($b$) or different sets of two layers are removed ($c-e$). Level degeneracy is observed when the removed layers are at symmetrical positions as shown in the diagram of Fig. \ref{fig:levels}-($e$).

\section{Thermodynamic properties}

When there is no interaction between the particles, the partition function
for this system i
\begin{equation}
\mathbb{Z=}\prod\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\prod\limits_{i=1}^{M+1}\left( 1-ze^{-\beta \varepsilon
_{i,n}}\right) ^{-1},  \notag  \label{eq:partfcn}
\end{equation
where $z=e^{\beta\mu}$ is the fugacity and the single-particle energies ar
\begin{equation*}
\varepsilon _{i,n}=\frac{\hbar ^{2}(k_{x}^{2}+k_{y}^{2})}{2m}+\varepsilon
_{\kappa _{i,n}}
\end{equation*
The thermodynamic properties of the system are obtained from the grand
potential
\begin{equation*}
\Omega (T,V,\mu )=-k_{B}T\ln \mathbb{Z=}k_{B}T\sum_{n,i}\ln \left[ 1-e^{-\beta
(\varepsilon _{i,n}-\mu )}\right] .
\end{equation*}

When the system size in the $x$- and $y$-directions is infinite, sums become
integrals and the number equation $N={\partial \Omega }/{\partial \mu }$
becomes
\begin{equation}
N=\sum\limits_{n,i}\left( \frac{L}{2\pi }\right) ^{2}\int
dk_{x}dk_{y}\left\{ \alpha _{\kappa _{i,n}}^{-1}\exp \left[ \frac{\lambda ^{2
}{2\pi }(k_{x}^{2}+k_{y}^{2})\right] -1\right\} ^{-1}  \label{eq:numeq}
\end{equation}

wher
\begin{eqnarray*}
\alpha _{\kappa _{i,n}} &=&e^{\beta \left( \mu -\varepsilon _{\kappa
_{i,n}}\right) }, \\
\lambda ^{2} &=&\frac{h^{2}}{2\pi mk_{B}T}.
\end{eqnarray*
Integration over $k_{x},$ $k_{y}$ yields
\begin{equation*}
N=-\left( \frac{L}{\lambda }\right) ^{2}\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M+1}\ln
(1-\alpha _{\kappa _{i,n}}),
\end{equation*
which may be expressed in terms of the ideal boson gas (IBG) condensation
temperature $T_{0}$ and the corresponding thermal wavelength $\lambda _{0}=h/\sqrt{2\pi
mk_{B}T_{0}}$ as
\begin{equation}
1=-\frac{\lambda _{0}T}{\zeta (3/2)(M+1)aT_{0}}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\sum_{i=1}^{M+1}\ln \left[
1-e^{\beta (\mu -\varepsilon _{\kappa _{i,n}})}\right] .  \label{eq:numeq1}
\end{equation
The internal energy $U$ is obtained fro
\begin{equation*}
U=\sum\limits_{n,i}\left( \frac{L}{2\pi }\right) ^{2}\int dk_{x}dk_{y}\frac
\varepsilon _{k_{x}}+\varepsilon _{k_{y}}+\varepsilon _{\kappa _{i,n}}}
e^{\beta \left( \varepsilon _{k_{x}}+\varepsilon _{k_{y}}+\varepsilon
_{\kappa _{i,n}}-\mu \right) }-1}.
\end{equation*
Again, integration over $k_{x},$ $k_{y}$ and using the IBG condensation
temperature yields
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{U}{Nk_{B}T}&=&\frac{\lambda _{0}}{\zeta (3/2)(M+1)a}\sum_{n,i}\left[ \frac{T}{T_{0}}g_{2}(\alpha _{\kappa _{i,n}})+ \right.  \notag \\
&& \qquad \qquad \qquad \left. \frac{\varepsilon _{\kappa _{i,n}}}{k_{B}T_{0}
g_{1}(\alpha _{\kappa _{i,n}})\right] ,  \label{eq:U}
\end{eqnarray
where $g_{\sigma}(z)$ is the $\sigma$-th order Bose function \cite{Pathria}.

{The specific heat at constant volume is $C_{V}=\left({\partial U}/{\partial
T}\right) _{V}$ yielding
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{C_{V}}{Nk_{B}}=\frac{\sqrt{4\pi \gamma }}{\zeta (3/2)(M+1)
\sum_{\kappa _{i,n}}\left[ \frac{2T}{T_{0}}g_{2}(\alpha
_{\kappa_{i,n}})+ \right. &&  \notag \\
\left. 2\gamma \overline{\varepsilon }g_{1}(\alpha _{\kappa _{i,n}}) +(\gamma
\overline{\varepsilon }_{\kappa _{i,n}})^{2}\frac{T_{0}}{T}g_{0}(\alpha
_{\kappa _{i,n}})+f(\overline{\mu })\right] \quad && ,  \label{eq:Cv}
\end{eqnarray
where $\gamma =\lambda _{0}^{2}/4\pi a^{2}$,
 $\zeta $ is the Riemann
Zeta-function and
\begin{equation}
f(\overline{\mu })=\left( T\frac{\partial \overline{\mu }}{\partial T}
\overline{\mu }\right) \left[ \sqrt{\frac{\gamma }{4\pi }}\frac{T_{0}}{T
+\gamma ^{2}\overline{\varepsilon }_{\kappa _{i,n}}g_{0}(\alpha _{\kappa _{i,n}}
\right] .  \label{eq:fmu}
\end{equation
where we have used dimensionless units, namely $\overline{\mu }=\mu /(\hbar
^{2}/2ma^{2})$ and $\overline{\varepsilon }_{\kappa _{i,n}}=\varepsilon
_{\kappa _{i,n}}/(\hbar ^{2}/2ma^{2})$. }

{The effects of disorder in the specific heat of the system may be analyzed by
introducing random variations in the positions of the barriers (structural
disorder) through $z_{j}\rightarrow (j+\delta_{j})a$ with $\left\vert \delta_{j}\right\vert <1,$ a random
number. Alternately, a random variation on the strengths of the barriers can
mimic compositional disorder by setting $\Lambda
_{j}\rightarrow (1+\delta_{j})\Lambda $. In the former case, we probe a sample of $M=10$ barriers at varying positions. The specific heat for
several trials in the choice of $\delta_{j}$ for the positions of the layers is shown in
Fig. \ref{fig:Cvstructural} where a 10 percent random variation is adopted. The case of compositional disorder is shown in Fig
\ref{fig:Cvcompositional} for a 90 percent random variation of $\delta_{j}$ in the strengths of the delta potentials. In
both cases, the maximum of the specific heat increases and its temperature is always higher than the corresponding values of the reference, ordered system, as well as the \textit{average} curve from several random trials labeled 1,2,3,4 in the figures. However, when
vacancies are introduced a dramatic effect in the specific heat is observed
as shown in the next Section. }
\vspace{1.0cm}
\begin{figure}[tbh]
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=10deltas_a1_ai0-1_p10_20151110.eps,height=2.5in,width=3.2in,angle=0}}
\caption{(Color online) Specific heat for random 10 percent variations in the position of the barriers for a system of $M=10$ planes of equal strength, $\Lambda=10$. Each curve denotes a different set of random trials}
\label{fig:Cvstructural}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[tbh]
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=10deltas_a1_p10_pi9_20151110.eps,height=2.5in,width=3.200in,angle=0}}
\caption{(Color online) Specific heat for random 90 percent variations in the strength of the barriers for a system of $M=10$ ordered planes. Each curve denotes a different set of random trials}
\label{fig:Cvcompositional}
\end{figure}
\section{Effect of vacancies}

{\ Using a small sample of $M=10$ planes, we calculate $C_{V}$ when a number
of vacancies is produced by setting $\Lambda _{j}=0$ for some $j^{\prime}$s.
We start by removing walls in progressive positions.
 When one wall is removed, a level in each energy package of the ordered case jumps down thereby modifying the energy gap between the lowest level and the following one. This phenomenon produces an effective energy gap in the first set of energy levels whose magnitude depends on the position of the removed wall.

\begin{table}[tbh]
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
$T_{max}$ \quad & $C_V(T_{max})$ \quad & gap [$\hbar^2/2ma^2$] & site \\
\hline
1.39100100 & 2.590968641 & 4.617840120 & 1 \\ \hline
1.40013969 & 2.610722976 & 4.741202730 & 2 \\ \hline
1.40019796 & 2.610862299 & 4.762015852 & 3 \\ \hline
1.40019848 & 2.610863260 & 4.791629539 & 4 \\ \hline
1.40019849 & 2.610863267 & 4.835378530 & 5 \\ \hline
\end{tabular
\caption{Specific heat height $C_V(T_{max})$ at $T_{max}$ for systems with one site vacancy indicated in column 4.}
\end{table}
The largest gap appears when one layer near the center of the sample is removed. In Table 1 we show the specific heat maxima $C_V(T_{max})$ as well as the temperature $T_{max}$ where the specific heat attains its maximum, and the magnitude of the energy gap when the layer in a specific site is removed. The gap, $C_V(T_{max})$ and $T_{max}$ increases as the position of the removed layer varies from site 1 (near the edge) to site 5.
We claim that the increase in $C_V(T_{max})$ and $T_{max}$ is caused by the appearance of this  gap since for a 3D infinite ideal Bose gas with a quadratic dispersion relation plus a gap, both the BEC critical temperature and specific heat height at its critical temperature increase as a function of the gap magnitude \cite{MA}. Since our system is semi-infinite
the specific heat is unable to develop a sharp peak which is a signature of a phase transition. Instead a pronounced maximum is observed which suggests a precursor of a BEC transition since it becomes sharper as the size of the system grows as shown in Figs. \ref{fig:n10several} to \ref{fig:n100des}.
The removal of additional walls has a comparable effect in the energy levels. Each suppression moves down one level and if the removed walls were in symmetrical sites, the lowest levels are degenerate.
\begin{figure}[tbh]
\centerline
\epsfig{file=Cv10deltas_p10_v20_1vsT-c.eps,height=3.30in,width=3.0in,angle=-90}}
\caption{(Color online) Specific heat for a
system of 10 delta-function planes (ordered system) and with the indicated
vacancies with $\Lambda=10$, $a/\protect\lambda_0=1$. The curve labeled $FBG$ is the specific heat of a free boson gas
confined in the finite box.}
\label{fig:n10pairs}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[tbh]
\epsfig{file=Cv10deltas_p10_vacgradual_151001-c.eps,height=3.30in,width=3.0in,angle=-90}
\caption{(Color online) Specific heat for a
system with 10 delta-function planes with indicated vacancies with $\Lambda=10$, $a/\protect\lambda_0=1$.}
\label{fig:n10several}
\end{figure}

A similar behavior is observed in a larger sample with $M=100$ planes as
shown in Figs. \ref{fig:n100sim} and \ref{fig:n100des}.
In Fig. \ref{fig:n10pairs} we show the effects when there are two
vacancies compared to the ordered case and the free boson gas. The removal
at the edge of one or two planes shows a dramatic increase in the first
maximum of the specific heat at somewhat larger temperatures. This maximum is even more pronounced when there are two consecutive vacancies in the middle of the sample.
Figure \ref{fig:n10several} shows the effects of additional vacancies in the system.
}
The specific heat in the ordered system has
two maxima as a function of temperature. The maximum at the lower temperature is a signature of a BEC transition for a Bose gas confined in an infinite layered structure that would be present in the infinite system which appears at a critical temperature lower than $T_0$ as discussed in Ref. \cit
{SalasPRA2010}. The second
maximum signals the onset of the BEC of an ideal Bose gas between two consecutive walls.
When vacancies are introduced, either at symmetric or at random sites as shown in Figs. \ref{fig:n100sim} and \ref{fig:n100des}, respectively, the second maximum is suppressed and the first peak has a sharp increase both, in its magnitude and in the temperature.

\begin{figure}[tbh]
\centerline
\epsfig{file=Cv100d_p10_sim_151001-c.eps,height=3.30in,width=3.0in,angle=-90}}
\caption{(Color online) $M=100$, $P_0=10$, $a/\protect\lambda_0=1$. Specific heat for a
system with 100 delta-function planes (ordered system) and with a proportion
of removed planes from symmetric sites.}
\label{fig:n100sim}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[bth]
\vspace{0.50cm}
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=Cv100d_p10_random_151001-c.eps,height=3.30in,width=3.in,angle=-90}}
\caption{(Color online) $M=100$, $P_0=10$, $a/\protect\lambda_0=1$. Same as the preceding
figure but with a random proportion of removed planes.}
\label{fig:n100des}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}

Lattice disorder is known to produce localization in Fermi and, more recently, in Bose  systems in the thermodynamic limit. In this work, we have studied the effects of lattice disorder in the specific heat of finite, Bose systems by introducing random variations in
the positions and/or strengths of the planes. The overall effect of these
variations is to
modify the position, as a function of the temperature, of the maximum of the specific heat to higher temperatures. Its magnitude also increases when a large number of random samples is considered. However, when disorder is caused by the suppression of a random number of planes in the $z-$direction a dramatic effect is observed. In the case of a small sample with $M=10$ walls, the lower temperature maximum of the specific heat
increases by a large amount and it occurs at larger temperatures compared to the ordered and the free Bose gas cases. In addition, the maximum at
higher temperatures disappears. As more walls are removed,
the magnitude of the first maximum decreases.

The case of a larger sample ($M=100$) reveals a similar behavior albeit in a
more dramatic way. Vacancies were introduced in symmetric
or random
configurations. In both
cases, the removal of about 20 walls increased the magnitude of the maximum
of $C_{V}$ by twice the value in the ordered system and it appeared at
higher temperatures. This behavior indicates that the large increase in the magnitude of
the specific heat maximum is caused by the appearance of a gap in the
energy spectrum. It also suggests
that a critical number of plane vacancies promotes the emergence of a
condensate phase at a temperature above the IBG critical temperature.

This work was partially supported by grants UNAM-DGAPA IN-111613 and CONACyT 221030.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Previous / From Paddock Club to Monza points: Inside de Vries' F1 debut dream Next / Shwartzman set for Ferrari FP1 debut at US Grand Prix
Formula 1 / Italian GP News
Giovinazzi set to join Alpine F1 test in Budapest
Antonio Giovinazzi is set to join the list of drivers invited to participate in an Alpine Formula 1 test at Budapest later this month.
The Italian, who is already closely linked with a drive at Haas, has emerged as a possible candidate for the seat left vacant by Fernando Alonso.
Alpine is running the 2021 A521 used for its driver development programme at the Hungarian GP venue.
The team's protégé Jack Doohan, who would have participated in the test anyway, will have a chance to strengthen his claim to the F1 race seat.
As previously reported, also scheduled to run are Italian GP star Nyck de Vries, and IndyCar driver Colton Herta, who is still trying to get a superlicence that will allow him to race for AlphaTauri next year.
It's assumed that Alpine is giving the American some mileage as part of an effort to help Herta establish his F1 credentials and ultimately secure the AlphaTauri seat, thus allowing Pierre Gasly to move to Alpine.
If that doesn't happen Giovinazzi, de Vries and Doohan are all obvious candidates, with the Italian in a good position if as Alpine CEO Laurent Rossi has indicated the team ultimately opts for someone with more experience.
Antonio Giovinazzi, Haas F1 Team
However, by finishing ninth in his first race last weekend de Vries has put himself high on the lists of all teams that currently have vacant seats.
"We need to find a driver that's capable of scoring big points right away," Rossi told Autosport in Monza of the team's driver selection process.
"This basically leads us towards a more senior driver if you will, but at the same that is capable to grow with us. So those are the criteria we use at the moment.
"Otmar [Szafnauer] is leading the process, seeing all of the drivers, discussing with them, assessing options, assessing them here, potentially assessing them in tests. So I guess it's going to be a process that is going to last a little bit.
"We want to make the right decision and there's no hurry."
From Paddock Club to Monza points: Inside de Vries' F1 debut dream
Alpine prefers experienced driver in 2023, but Doohan an F1 option
Giovinazzi, who was spotted in the Alpine hospitality unit in Monza, remains a Ferrari-contracted driver, which has helped his cause with Haas. However, he would be released if he was guaranteed a race seat elsewhere.
A solid showing in FP1 for Haas in Italy gave the former Sauber and Alfa Romeo a timely boost, and he is due a second outing in Austin.
"I want to be here next year for sure, it's not a secret, but it's not on my hands," he said at Monza. "So let's see what we can do, and for now I focus on doing a great job in these two sessions. One is over, now we have another one."
Shwartzman set for Ferrari FP1 debut at US Grand Prix
Daytona 24: Porsche leads Acura in night practice
Matt Campbell put the #7 Penske Porsche on top in third practice for the Daytona 24 Hours, just 0.172s ahead of Filipe Albuquerque in the Wayne Taylor Racing Acura.


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The Daily Courier publishes information about engagements of local people or people formerly of Josephine County at no charge. Announcement should be submitted at least a month before the wedding. They run as space allows. For more information, call Valerie Smith, 541-474-3823, or e-mail news@thedailycourier.com.


The Kielius-airport-bus brings you up to 19 times daily from Kiel ZOB via Neumünster directly to Hamburg airport-terminal.
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On these pages you get information about the timetable.


When people talk about dictatorship they – at least usually – expect some resistance to it. People assume that there should be some conspiracy to overthrow dictators or some dissidents printing leaflets criticizing the government. However, the sad truth is that the more oppressive the government is the less opposition it usually faces, as people are either ignorant about alternatives, too intimidated to act or both. Ask yourself: If any meaningful opposition to the authorities would probably mean the death penalty for you and your family, which was normal in Kim Il Sung's North Korea, would you have guts to become an activist?
That's why stories of really oppressive regime being overthrown from within are extremely rare. However, in case of North Korea, there were some unsuccessful attempts to do so.
Here I am going to tell about two such attempts, but the readers would probably be curious what my sources are. First, both stories are documented in a Korean book entitled An Inconvenient Truth about the North Korean Army (북한군의 불편한 진실) by former KPA senior sergeant Pak Song-kil, whose father was a member of the DPRK's military elite. Apart from that, Kang Myong-do, the son-in-law of the former North Korean premier Kang Song San, who defected from the DPRK in 1994, tells an imaginary story in his book – and this story is identical to the first of the two stories told below, should it be successful. Moreover, one of my North Korean contacts (inside the country) confirms it.
As for the second story, word of it has spread through a number of sources and publications, so there can be little doubt about its credibility. Strangely, it attracted surprisingly little attention in the Western world.
The military parade held on April 25, 1992 was a zenith of the North Korean regime. It was just about two weeks ago when Kim Il Sung was promoted to generalissimo and less than a week ago when Kim Jong Il got his first military rank – that of Marshal of the DPRK. The parade itself officially commemorated the 60th anniversary of the Korean People's Army (KPA) and was commanded by another marshal – O Chin U, undoubtedly the third man in the country after both Kims. The date itself was based on a lie – the KPA had in reality been created on February 8, 1948. From the late 1970s, however, North Korean authorities started to assert that in 1948 the KPA had been merely reorganized and that its real birthday was April 25, 1932 when the Great Leader had created the Korean People's Revolutionary Army to fight the Japanese imperialists. This was, of course, a fabrication.
But let us return to the parade. Its structure was largely copied from the Soviet Union. After everything was prepared for the parade, two cars without a top, each carrying one of the highest-ranking officers, met in the center of Kim Il Sung Square. Both rose and the junior officer greeted the senior: "Comrade Marshal of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea! All the participants in this parade are ready as one to commemorate the creation of the glorious Korean People's Army. Second-in-command of the parade, Vice Marshal Kim Kwang Jin." The national anthem, followed by many other marches, was played. Representatives of infantry, navy and air force marched across the square, followed by military cars, APC and tanks. And neither Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il nor any of their foreign guests understood how close they were to oblivion.
Let us go now to another time and place: the late 1980s Soviet Union. Gorbachev's perestroika is in full motion, as the USSR is rapidly becoming more and more a free country. Nevertheless, it's still a socialist country and therefore there are many exchange students from the socialist bloc studying in the Soviet Union. That includes North Korea. You can only image what kind of impression Gorbachev's reforms had on them, because even before perestroika the USSR was a far freer country than the DPRK.
One of the groups of North Korean students were studying military affairs in Frunze academy. Ironically, the academy's building is now standing right next to the South Korean embassy in Moscow. These students, witnessing a change going on in the USSR, wanted something similar to happen in their country, but they understood that while the Kim family was in power all dreams of liberalization would be empty. So they thought of when the Kims would be in the most vulnerable position – and someone suggested the parade. Truly, there would be lot of armed men just a few dozen meters to Kim Il Sung – and no one would expect an attack. Their plan was to load one of the tanks with a real shell and then, when a group of tanks would be passing next to the tribune with the supreme leadership – to fire, killing Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il and a few dozens members of the DPRK Party and military leadership, ending the rule of the Kim dynasty literally in a single shot.
However, as it often happens, the whole plot was brought to a crash by a stroke of fate. One of the department chiefs in the Ministry of the People's Armed Forces decided that the tanks participating in the parade should not be the tanks of the capital defense division, but rather those under the command of the ministry itself. He knew nothing about the conspiracy but, as the revolutionaries were planning to use the capital defense division's tanks, he unintentionally saved the regime.
The parade went as scheduled. It took to the North Korean authorities some time to learn about the conspiracy. Rumors were that it was one of the Soviet ex-KGB officers who reported it to Pyongyang. However, this may only be rumor, since it is very unlikely that the conspirators informed any foreigners about their plan. Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, shocked to find the truth, ordered an investigation and purges. Most, if not all, the conspirators were arrested, tortured and executed. As it all happened under Kim Il Sung, we may assume that a similar fate awaited their families as well. Since the revolutionaries were mostly well-trained officers, the purge did have negative consequences for the North Korean military, which severely lacked trained pilots for a few years.
Four years passed after the unsuccessful coup of 1992. The socialist bloc was gone forever, Kim Il Sung died in 1994 and the North Korean economy was in the state of collapse. Famine started to spread in the countryside and small towns and tens of thousands people were already dead. It was at this time that another conspiracy against the Kim regime was formed.
The conspirators were the high-ranking officers of the Sixth Corps – a military unit stationed in the city of Chongjin. Here I should make a remark about the North Korean military command structure. Each corps has a commanding officer, a political officer (second-in-command) and the representative of the secret police (third-in-command). The conspirators were the political officer and the secret police representative. Their plan was, first, to try to convince the commanding officer to join the plan and, second, to start a rebellion. Immediately after first success, they plan to address the South Korean National Army for assistance. Ultimately, by joining forces with the South, the Kim regime was to be overthrown and Korea was to be unified.
The plan immediately did not proceed as scheduled as the commanding officer refused to participate in the rebellion. The loyal general was, of course, killed – revolution is a very bloody job. After the incident Kim Jong Il suspected that something very wrong is happening in Chongjin – and so he dispatched Vice Marshal Kim Yong Chun to deal with the situation.
Kim Yong Chun acted clever and unorthodox. Immediately after his arrival he ordered all potential conspirators to be arrested – before an investigation, thus leaving them no time to react. After the conspiracy was found, the potential revolutionaries paid the ultimate price, while the Sixth Corps itself was dissolved and a huge amount of soldiers and officer from all across the country were dispatched to Chongjin to guard this unstable city.
Even now, North Korean Army does not have a corps number 6.
The last paragraph of stories about the failed opposition to an autocracy, usually begins with a same phrase: "but their sacrifice was not in vain," after which the author proceed to tell how the revolutionaries' martyrdom inspired others or how the regime was forced to liberalize its policies. In case of these two attempts, however, it was not so. It saddens me to write, but the sacrifice of these noble and daring people, who wanted a better life for millions of their compatriots, was in vain. The regime crushed them – and did not even suffer a scratch.
Time will tell if these heroes will have any successors and if they would be more successful than they were.
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text:
The third gendered in Sri Lanka are not as openly discussed as in other parts of South Asia. Though a strong tradition of transgender people exists in Sri Lanka, and even though these people have been allowed to convert for a long period of time, third gendered people have mostly avoided mainstream discussion on the island. A number of reports state that the concept of third gender is not found on island, but binary concepts are found that are similar to third gender.

History

Hinduism
The concept of gender changing is very common within historic and ancient Indian culture, and distinction between biological sex and cultural gender was not made. Sri Lanka's third gendered "hold an ancient association with a Hindu goddess of fertility to which they are said to sacrifice their own fertility for the sake of others. By becoming eunuchs, Hijras become semi-sacred, and can bless the health and fertility of newlyweds and newborns."

The Tamils of the Northern Province have a culture of cross-dressing, "so [a male] being feminine isn't an entirely alien concept".

Buddhism
The term 'pandaka' can be used to trace the history of third gender back to the awakening of the Buddha and the arrival of Buddhism to Sri Lanka over two millennia ago. Buddhaghosa, a monk in Anurādhapura, Sri Lanka, wrote about pandaka; they "are full of defiling passions (ussanakilesa); their lusts are unquenchable (avupasantaparilaha); and they are dominated by their libido (parilahavegabhibhuta) and the desire for lovers just like prostitutes (vesiya) and coarse young girls (thulakumarika)". He also stated that they are "whose sexual burning is assuaged by taking another man's member in his mouth and being sprayed by semen" and usuya ("jealous") pandakas as those "whose sexual burning is assuaged by watching other people having sex".

The Pali Tipitaka, the form of Buddhism followed in Thailand and Sri Lanka, and the most complete transmission being held custodian in Sri Lanka, "mentions several different types of transgendered states and individuals – the man-like woman (vepurisikā), sexual indistinctness (sambhinna), one having the characteristics of both genders (ubhatovyañjanaka), etc.".

Peter Jackson of the Australian National University felt that the Pali Canon had significant influence on the third gender cultures of Sri Lanka and similar countries such as Thailand; ", what makes accounts of sex and gender in these ancient Indian texts especially fascinating is their contemporary relevance in Thailand, which together with Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos and Cambodia forms part of the Asian cultural sphere in which Therava da Buddhism remains a vital cultural institution.".

Culture
They are employed in variety of job sectors, especially in "commercial  sex  work,  beauty culture,  Hospitality  field,  NGO  sector  and  limited  numbers in the government sector".

Etymology
The term 'nachchi' is widely used to refer to transgender people, while napunseka can be used to imply a third gendered centric view of transexuals. The term 'Hijra' can also be used to refer to the third gendered community on the island.

Pandaka
The term 'pandaka' has two meaning in Indian languages. The first refers to 'eunuchs' and is of Tamil origin. The second refers to homosexual men and is academically considered to be a form of slang.

Nachchi
Nachchis are described as being a variety of people that do not conform to hetereosexual male stereotypes. It was historically used to describe cross-dressers but now is mostly used to describe transgender people.

A few organizations such as the National Aids Council describe the community as being "effeminate men who have sex with other men. They also operate as MSWs, and pick up clients from various cruising points. In addition to having clients, they often have regular male sex partners, with whom sexual activity takes place without financial transactions." It is debatable what this refers to however as there is no clean definition provided

Other organizations describe them as being a subculture of the transgender community, often as a substitute for the terms such as third gender or hijra.

Pons

Napunseka
A term found in Sinhalese that was historically used in a similar manner to nachchi, but now either refers to eunuchs or hermaphrodites.

Hijra

Politics
The situation in the Constitution of Sri Lanka is the same as the one found in the Constitution of India concerning gender equality, though the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka lacks the powers to repel and create law in the same manner that the Supreme Court of India has.

Human Rights Watch stated that third gendered people were not protected by the legal system of Sri Lanka. It called on the parliament to decriminalize being third gender by repelling three laws; Sections 365 and 365A of the Sri Lankan Penal Code, and the Vagrants' Ordinance. It also recommended that the government passes comprehensive laws to fight discrimination.

LGBT rights activists have focused on improving conditions for transgender people who wish to convert to another binary gender, as opposed to the progression in Continental India, where the movement has focused on the third gendered community. There is apathy among sexual minorities on the island over third gendered rights because they feel it would slow down progression for other minority communities on the island who conform to binary gender.

Identification
The Commissioner of the Department of Registrations of Persons, under the UPFA, stated that they will be providing new ID with a new number for transgender persons.

Social issues

Financial Issues
A significant section of the third gendered community are forced to do sex work or beg for money as a result of being rejected by their biological parents. A disproportionate number of the community lack formal education and are unable to find jobs.

A third gendered person explained, ""It's very hard, in reality. It's quite alright for the posher Colombo 07 people; they can be doctors and lawyers and such. The poorer people have it harder and are often mistreated, which is why they leave their families or live a life of secrecy. It's also really hard to find work thanks to societal perceptions, which again is why you get many trans people who are engaged in sex work or who are dancers,".

A number of transgender people complain about the high cost of undertaking conversion to their desired gender, in-part because government funded facilities are generally of poorer quality and that a lack of trained staff exist on the island.It has been thought that a number of transgender people are forced to work as sex worked in order to earn money for themselves, though they face the risk of being arrested as prostitution is illegal on the island

Health
The third gendered community often face discrimination from health workers on the island, and can find it hard to change their gender even if legally entitled to.

Feminism
A complaint about the treatment of third gender in Sri Lanka states that the gender disparity between men and women in employment shows how hard it is for third gendered to gain employment.

See also
Sexual Minorities in Sri Lanka
Tamil Sexual Minorities

References

LGBT in Sri Lanka
Gender in Sri Lanka
Third gender

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Timber is a truly renewable window framing material that offers sustainability benefits. Gary Smith reports.
The first and most basic step in designing and building a house is to place it strategically on the site.
Site placement relates closely to aesthetics and marketability. More importantly, it allows the designer to use passive solar energy – frequently beaming through windows – as efficiently as possible.
This article is the second in a series on the materials used in manufacturing windows and doors, and the focus is on timber.
Easy to fabricate into virtually any shape and size, timber is nature's insulator and a truly renewable building material.
Internationally, forests are being managed to ensure that there's always a supply of timber. Trees are renewable but forests are not. So it is important for timber to be sourced responsibly.
The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) management Standards allow businesses and individuals to support responsible management of forests by choosing FSC certified timber.
It takes less energy to create timber windows and doors than it takes for aluminium, steel or uPVC versions.
Trees are either softwoods (gymnosperms, or conifers with needles) or hardwoods (angiosperms, or flowering plants with leaves).
Softwoods are not always softer than hardwoods. The Australian cypress pine is a softwood of greater density and hardness than many hardwoods, and balsa is classified as a hardwood.
Timber's most visible asset lies in its beauty, warmth and style, providing a dramatic and exciting touch throughout a dwelling. Architects and designers often choose timber for floors, walls, doors and windows. The reasons for this go beyond 'the look'.
In addition to the general appeal of timber's look and feel, the structure of wood is not thermally conductive, providing greater dimensional stability. The microscopic structure resembles a bundle of straws glued together – each 'straw' representing a cell with a cellulose wall and hollow centre (lumen), and lots of fine perforations through the walls.
The cell walls are impregnated with lignin, a natural polymer that glues the cells together and gives wood its strength.
Whether timber windows and doors are stained to bring out the warm tones or painted to suit a particular decor, they will match or complement most architectural styles.
Timber provides natural insulation, whereas metals are natural heat conductors.
A well-constructed timber window or door coupled with good weather stripping provides the best possible barrier to heat or cold. Today's modern timber windows, with high-performance glazing, contribute substantially to energy efficiency in dwellings.
Timber windows and doors don't rust or corrode, no matter how harsh the environment. They can be cleaned easily by simply washing and, if need be, can be completely refinished. Furthermore, modern preservative treatments ensure longer life than ever before.
There have been important performance improvements in timber windows over the past 15 years. Most manufacturers now take advantage of the new high-technology seals that compensate for timber's natural expansion and contraction.
Because of timber's ability to reduce noise, increase energy efficiency and eliminate water penetration (previously the Achilles heel), it has performance characteristics equal to any other window material.
This development, coinciding with designers' preference for thicker and bulkier looking windows, has helped timber to maintain a 25% market share nationally. The share is particularly strong on the east coast off Australia.
Western red cedar is a popular species used by the larger window manufacturers. However, this varies between states. Queensland uses substantial quantities of New Guinea Rosewood, and Victoria still favours the hardwoods meranti and Victorian ash.
Tighter OH&S regulations and the gradual loss of skilled tradespeople have brought many manufacturers to a crucial turning point. The innovative companies have invested in automation that allows them to maintain high quality and stay competitive.
Sustainability is of increasing importance to everyone. However, its definition is still the subject of wide debate, particularly in the building industry.
Timber is one of the most environmental friendly building materials, and this attribute contributes much to building sustainability.
Wood has been recognised globally as one response to climate change, as it stores carbon and reduces emissions into the atmosphere.
Once installed, timber windows and exterior doors should be coated to retain their appearance and ensure durability.
Interior and exterior surfaces are easily coated with a wide range of protective products such as acrylic or solvent-based paints, stains and oils.
For interior surfaces, protection is generally a straightforward process, particularly as the timber is usually seasoned and free of surface impurities that may hamper the coating process.
Exterior surfaces are exposed to heat, cold, ultra-violet radiation, water and airborne contaminants before and during coating. The coating protects against the elements and provides an appealing finish.
Selecting the correct coating product is crucial. Each timber species has characteristics that could affect the application of certain products. It is important to know a bit about the timber being coated, and the literature from coating product manufacturers will contain recommendations.


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text:
Two women robbed within 2 miles of each other in Fort Myers
4:09 PM EST, Sat February 16, 2019
FORT MYERS, Fla. – Two women had their purses stolen in back-to-back robberies in Fort Myers on Saturday afternoon.
The first robbery happened on Matthew Drive around 12:48 p.m. when a woman was approached by a man who demanded her purse, police said.
The man then took off in a white car, which police said was stolen and driven by an accomplice.
A short time later, police found the stolen car abandoned nearby before a second robbery was reported.
In that case, a woman was walking along DeLeon Street when a man stole her purse, police said.
Both women described a similar suspect to officers. Police are now looking for a black man wearing a t-shirt and tan pants with shoulder-length hair.
Neither victim was injured during the robberies police said.
The search for the suspects remains ongoing.
Florida bill would require baby-changing tables in men's restrooms
81st Edison Festival of Light Grand Parade kicks off downtown


The two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, from the sixth and seventh centuries, were an extraordinary find, with one of the highlights being an undisturbed ship burial. But who was buried there?
Discovered in the weeks preceding the outbreak of World War II, the Saxon ship-burial at Sutton Hoo in Suffolk, represents one of the richest excavated Dark Age sites in western Europe, replete with a helmet, weapons, plate and dress fittings that are now displayed in the British Museum.
Sadly, because of the acidic nature of the soils at Sutton Hoo, no trace of the body at the centre of the grave survived and, in the absence of an inscription or other historical reference, the identity of the person interred will probably never be known for sure.
However, the nature of the finds, which predominantly date from the early 7th century, have led some archaeologists and historians to suggest that this may have been the final resting place of a king, most probably Raedwald, ruler of the East Angles, who died sometime around AD 624.


text:
Q: python 3 making terminal interactive scripts i am programming in python 3 and i want to know how to make a tool that

*

*changes what the terminal refers to user as, like routersploit.

*changes text color in terminal

*correctly runs in terminal window.

as of right now i have an sh file that echos the startup, and cds into the directory of the .py file, and runs the file. The file runs and goes through a yes/no confirm boot using:
def bootloader():
  boot = input("boot yes/no: ")
  if boot == "yes":
     print("booting")
  elif boot == no:
     print("boot cancelled")

but every time i run the file in the shell, it says yes or no not defined.

A: no, in boot == no, needs to be a string so you need to change it to this "no" instead.
def bootloader():
  boot = input("boot yes/no: ")
  if boot == "yes":
     print("booting")
  elif boot == "no":
     print("boot cancelled")

Also as explained here, input uses raw_input function implicitly to load the user input as a string and tries to evalute it before the assignement to the boot variable. So you are better off using raw_input. Thus change your code as follows:
def bootloader():
  boot = raw_input("boot yes/no: ")
  if boot == "yes":
     print("booting")
  elif boot == "no":
     print("boot cancelled")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
from falcon import HTTPInternalServerError, HTTP_201
from .models import *
from .tools import TODOException

class MuseumResource():

    def on_get(self, req, resp, museum=None):
        #for m in Museum.objects:
        #    m.save()
        if museum:
            resp.json = Museum.objects.get(id=museum).to_mongo()
            return
        museums = []

        q = req.get_param("q")
        start = req.get_param_as_int("start")
        end = req.get_param_as_int("end")

        try:
            lat = float(req.get_param("lat"))
        except TypeError:
            lat = None
        try:
            lon = float(req.get_param("lon"))
        except TypeError:
            lon = None
        try:
            ran = float(req.get_param("ran"))
        except TypeError:
            ran = None

        f = {}
        if q:
            print("search for q:", q)
            f = {"$or":[{"name":{"$regex":q, "$options":"ix"}},
                         {"description":{"$regex":q, "$options":"ix"}},
                         {"address":{"$regex":q, "$options":"ix"}},
                         {"categories":{"$regex":q, "$options":"ix"}}]}
            results = Museum.objects(__raw__=f)

        if lat and lon and ran:
            print("location query, lat", lat, " lon:", lon, " ran:", ran)

            locf = { "location": { "$geoWithin": { "$centerSphere": [[ lat, lon ], ran/6378.1 ] } } }
            if f:
                f = {"$and": [locf, f]}
            else:
                f = locf
            #f = { "location": { "$geoWithin": { "$centerSphere": [[ 59.4368751, 24.7452184 ], 0.1/6378.1 ] } } }
            #results = Museum.objects(location__near=[58.4374942, 24.7913723], location__max_distance=1)
            #results = Museum.objects(location__geo_within_sphere=[(59.4368751, 24.7452184), 0.1/6378.1])

        if f:
            results = Museum.objects(__raw__=f)
        else:
            results = Museum.objects

        results_len = len(results)
        if start:
            results = results[start:]
        if end:
            results = results[:end]
        elif start:
            end = start + 10
            results = results[:end]

        selection_len = len(results)
        print("selection_len", selection_len)
        for museum in results:
            museums.append(museum.to_mongo())

        resp.json = museums

    def on_post(self, req, resp, museum=None):
        json = req.stream.read().decode()
        museum = Museum.from_json(json)
        museum.save()
        resp.status = HTTP_201

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Bring flowers to Thanksgiving dinner. Forever Yours Flower Shop has traditional Thanksgiving centerpieces or modern arrangements for a fun surprise. Forever Yours Flower Shop can deliver locally to Beaumont, TX or nationwide!!


text:
Game On: Resident Evil: Extinction
Commentary, Game On
April 13, 2021 April 21, 2021 Andrew Kimmel
"Based on a video game." Are there five words more reviled in the realm of cinema? Only two such films have topped 60% among Rotten Tomatoes critics while 11 of them have hit the 10% mark or lower. Not one has cracked the half-billion hallmark at the global box office. So few unlocked achievements, so many respawns. Oftentimes, the only thing less fun than watching someone else play video games is watching someone else make a video game movie. This month, we'll find out if the latest Mortal Kombat film is boss level or a misfire along the lines of Leeroy Jenkins. In the meantime, Game On looks at some of the more interesting, inspiring or, yes, insufferable video-game movies. Good, bad, average. It's all about the experience points.
She rolls a gurney down an immaculate white corridor, picking up speed and panting as she gets closer to the door before a large blade falls from the ceiling and splits the gurney in half.
Alice leaps back in shock, shrinking down with trembling hands moving to cover her face. And that will always surprise me.
I don't know if people hate video-game movies for what they are or enjoy them for the titles on which they're based. Or vice versa. Or neither. Or both. Given that the "Best of Video-Game Movies" lists and "Worst of Video-Game Movies" lists often overlap, it's fair to say we might all be confused about what makes a movie adaptation of a video game "good."
Adaptations are difficult. Most often, the war wages between readers and viewers. Bookworms always quip that the movie version is inferior. Ultimately, books, movies and video games all let us experience stories in different ways.
The Resident Evil franchise suffers when it asks its audience to suspend disbelief as if they were playing a video game instead of watching a movie. But it succeeds so brilliantly in giving us Alice, who never appears in the games.
To be fair, I don't think much actually happens in Extinction (the original franchise's third installment) when it comes to plot, so I understand that it may not be toward the top of lists even for fans of this series. It's a great avenue to showcase more jaw-dropping outfits and settings, and Mad Max aficionados will certainly love it for the visual aesthetics, but Extinction is a good argument that Resident Evil is more action than horror, more bang than suspense. Its primary plot drive is to get the group to Alaska, where a supposed colony is free of infection after the events of Apocalypse (the second film) lead to a global pandemic, but most of the momentum feels disjointed from that aim. Charming characters fall too soon. Potentially sticky situations are too quickly resolved.
The more interesting plotline is the attempt of Dr. Isaacs to clone Alice and deciding it's of paramount importance to recapture her (even though at the end of Apocalypse it was all part of the plan to let her escape, but … I digress). The two lines intersect in Las Vegas as the convoy attempts to refuel for the trip to Alaska and Isaacs arrives with a plan to ensnare Alice. But it feels like all the characters are pushed to this point instead of letting tension naturally build and move them. Extinction is an in-between sort of movie, designed more to get us to the next one than to be something on its own.
Regardless, something substantial is here, and it goes back to who Alice is and where I think Extinction is Alice's best movie.
Alice is a superhuman machine. And she's not.
As with all good corporations, the film's Umbrella Corporation sees Alice as the former. She is a tool to be used and exploited to advance the corporation's goals just as much as the masses of faceless foot soldiers the company is willing to sacrifice. Umbrella is, at its best, an amoral entity that makes purely utilitarian choices to protect itself. It will seal a building and kill everyone inside or nuke an entire city to prevent the spread of a virus. But it has no qualms about capitalizing on scientific, altruistic research for profit-driven military aims, employing its own paramilitary forces or choosing to clone someone over and over again while unceremoniously disposing of the failures.
For anyone who has felt more like a number at work than like a person, the treatment of Alice will have echoes. Umbrella's only objection to hunting her down is that the mission doesn't pass a sort of cost-benefit analysis unless they are absolutely certain the person they are hunting is actually her.
Certain that it is a benefit, Isaacs leverages all the technology at his disposal to take explicit control over Alice's body, putting Extinction firmly into the women-as-incubators theme alongside its worker exploitation. When Alice is revealed to be more useful than anticipated, it isn't Alice that Umbrella necessarily wants. It's her blood. Alice is simply a different type of machine now, a vessel that protects something more valuable to them.
Despite these superhuman abilities, Alice is one of the most human characters in a franchise dominated by two-dimensional cutouts and characters dominated by fear. Action and horror films seem to exclusively demand from their heroes a sort of stoicism or badassery, with compassion being rare and fear even more so.
But Alice is scared. Her clone reacts to a falling blade as she would because Alice's very essence is aware of the far-reaching capabilities and nonexistent moral compass of Umbrella, her former employer. Even with this fear, Alice is the one pushing survivors to be compassionate to one another, to reach out to some hope, to look for ways to survive despite everything. It is she who is first to forgive and to assume the best in others. It is she who is willing to put herself in harm's way with a very real grasp that it could mean her death. It is she who trusts in the humanity of her peers despite experiences that would have her act otherwise.
So when she sees that she's being cloned, she does not fall into existential rage, wondering who is the real Alice or if her identity is meaningful — because she knows the nucleus of who she is does not change despite whatever Umbrella does to her. Instead, she seizes the means of clone production and uses the tools to damage Umbrella's house — building her own clone army to take into the interlude between the third and fourth films.
The Resident Evil franchise is one made for consumption. Extinction's visuals call to mind those post-apocalyptic films where there is nothing for miles and miles and humanity seems to be in a wide spot of physical and emotional emptiness. The lead, however, isn't some genetically perfect being hellbent on avenging herself. She is an imperfect human with power thrust upon her, choosing to embody the definition of bravery — to act in the face of fear.
Happy Valley 2pack: Paul Blart 2 & Joe Dirt 2
Transference: A Love Story


text:
Empire Pass, Park City
UT, USA
The fastest descent in the U.S.
Page Contributor(s): Ron Hawks, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
Routes along Empire Pass, from Park City and from Midway.
Note: Empire Pass from Midway is the last climb of the 2019 Tour of Utah. This climb is just before the descent into Park City for the finish of Stage 6 and the Tour of Utah on August, 18, 2019.
Empire Pass Tour of Utah History: As best we can tell from our research, Empire Pass has been included in the TofU 7 of the last 10 years (2012-2016, 2018-2019).
Epilogue: Joe Dombrowski (USA; winner 2015 Tour of Utah) won the stage in 3:11:09 (24 seconds in front of João Almeida (Por)). Ben Hermans (Bel) won the Tour of Utah at 18:46:09 by 50 seconds over James Piccoli (Can).
FROM MIDWAY
Empire Pass from Midway.
Empire Pass from Midway shares its first seven miles (and by far most difficult stretch) with Top 100 #14 cycling climb, Guardsman Pass. Guardsman/Empire Pass begins just north of Midway, Utah and can be reached by either the Midway (more difficult), or Park City (least difficult) sides. We can also connect with Empire Pass from Big Cottonwood Canyon, U.S. most difficult bicycle cimb #39. The Midway ascent to Empire Pass has been recently paved as of 2018 and is in excellent condition.
Start of climb: Intersection of Warm Springs and Pine Canyon Roads,
about two miles north of Midway.
Enter the state park soon after the start.
Pass through cottonwood groves in the upper half of climb.
Nice views south to Midway and Deer Creek Reservoir.
The climb is steep cycling throughout its first seven miles (8.6%, 3,098') and levels off significantly after turning right at the junction of Guardsman and Empire Passes (at the seven mile mark). The last 0.9 miles of the "climb" are very mild with a 2.7% average grade and only 105' of elevation gained.
Turn right at mile seven after 7.1 miles/3,115'/8.5%.
Travel the remaining nine-tenths mile at 2.5%.
Traffic and Roadway Report: The roadway surface since 2018 is exceptional as the road has been repaved. Traffic is very light.
Steepest ¼ mile begins at mile 1.8 (15%); steepest mile beings at mile 1.2 (12.4%)
FROM PARK CITY
Route travels the border of Deer Valley Ski Resort and under Ruby Express Chair lift.
Photo: Wikimedia.commons.org.
The Empire Pass climb from Park City is much less difficult than starting from Midway (which is effectively Guardsman minus 1.7 miles). This climb begins at the south side of Park City and essentially splits two ski resorts (Park City and Deer Valley). The roadway surface is excellent along this climb and the descent is the fastest we have ever experienced, there is no doubt this is one of the fastest descents in the U.S. One stretch, referred to as "The Drop" on Strava has a KOM averaging 75 mph for 0.8 miles (Strava Link) and our friend Bruce Hamilton went 58 mph on an MTB over that stretch!
This climb can be done as an out and back from Midway (capturing both sides of Midway), or the "Big Kahuna" (Big Cottonwood/Guardsman + Guardsman/Empire from Midway + Empire from Park City, go here for a Map of The Big Kahuna). Our map begins and ends at the base of the Big Cottonwood Canyon climb, but you could also drive to the top of Guardsman, park there, then drive down to the bottom of any of the three climbs and begin your ascents, finishing at the top of Guardsman (since you will pass your vehicle at least once during the climbing, this is a good option as it gives you easy access to provisions along the way.
Finish.
Steepest ¼ mile begins at mile 4.1 (13.2%) and steepest mile at 3.7 (10.9%).
Traffic and Roadway: Traffic is mild for the route, the roadway wide and in very good condition. Both routes ascending to Empire pass feel safe.
Here's what Tour of Utah (2016) says about Empire Pass:
"Just say "Empire Pass" to a veteran of the Tour of Utah—then watch their face twist to an expression of excruciating anguish. Few climbs in the world have a reputation similar to Empire Pass. Topping out at over 9000 ft, with rough pavement, average grades of 10% and pitches reaching over 20%, Empire Pass is quite simply the toughest climb raced in the United States. But this stage isn't won on the summit. The winner needs a phenomenal ascent up Empire that's followed by an equally brave descent down through the technically challenging Deer Valley Resort and into Park City. New this year will be a quick tour through downtown Park City, where our stage winner will need to save a little something special for the stage's finish line; now positioned—after one last grinding climb—at the top of Main Street."
Cycling Empire Pass from Park City - this is the fastest descent by bike that we know of in the US. Other climbs within a 25 mile straight-line radius of the start of this climb are %RIA25MI. Access these other climbs by clicking the "Routes in Area" button below or the climb card above right.


Fast trains from Copenhagen to Aarhus take around 2 hours and 48 minutes, covering a distance of approximately 157 kilometres. There are frequent services on the rail route between Copenhagen and Aarhus.
1. Are there direct trains from Copenhagen to Aarhus?
Direct trains from Copenhagen to Aarhus have been found.
We usually find around 82 direct trains on the route from Copenhagen to Aarhus every weekday.
2. How long is the train journey from Copenhagen to Aarhus?
The Copenhagen to Aarhus train travel time is normally about 2 hours and 48 minutes, whatever time you make the journey.
3. What are the Copenhagen to Aarhus train times and schedule?
On weekdays the earliest direct train to Aarhus is usually scheduled to depart Copenhagen around 05:00 and the last train is around 00:36. At weekends the first train of the day leaves Copenhagen around 06:00, and the last at 00:21.
When to book Copenhagen to Aarhus train tickets?
Trains in Denmark usually open for booking around 0 days in advance. If booking is not yet open for your dates then you can set a booking alert to receive an email on the day that the cheapest tickets are released for your journey from Copenhagen to Aarhus by train.
Which train companies operate between Copenhagen and Aarhus?


Slate roofing is a beautiful addition to almost any home.
If you're looking for the most stylish roofing material on the market, slate is a great choice. But, the benefits of a slate roof go beyond incredible curb appeal. Slate roofs are durable and designed to last for decades. One of the biggest reasons why slate is so popular is because it's a material that's naturally resistant to fire. Slate also requires very little maintenance — you'll just need to have it inspected every year or two, and promptly repair or replace broken or damaged tiles. The one downside to slate is that it is one of the more expensive roofing types available, but when you consider the fact that you might never need to replace your roof again if you go with slate, it's well worth the cost.
We offer stunning slate roofing options from Georgetown Slate.
At Rebuild Texas, we are proud to say that, when you rely on our roofing contractors to install your slate roof, you can rest assured that it will get done right the first time using only the best materials. We work hand-in-hand with Georgetown Slate, America's largest slate roofing supplier.
Slate from Georgetown Slate comes directly from quarries in the United States, China, Canada, Spain and Brazil. When you choose to Georgetown Slate, you're buying slate directly from its source. Every square is personally inspected to ensure quality, and every purchase is backed by a 100-percent guarantee.
Let us help you find the right slate roofing option for your home!
Whether you're interested in a slate roof because of their beauty, durability or long lifespan, get the most out of your slate roof by choosing the right roofing company to install it. Installed correctly, slate is one of best and longest-lasting roofing options, and there's no company better equipped to install your new roof than the team at Rebuild Texas. Our team is dedicated to excellence in everything we do, and we can help you find the right slate roofing color to complement your home's architectural style and enhance your curb appeal. Contact us today to learn more about slate roofing and to get your free roofing estimate.


text:
Q: Yet another scala type mismatch error I am a scala newbie and have been scratching my head around trying to develop a DAO layer for my application. The following code snippet outlines both the model object structure and their associated data access objects.
// Model object base class
abstract class Model[M <: Model[M]] {

  val dao: Dao[M]
}

// DAO for each model object, with find, delete, update
abstract class Dao[M <: Model[M]] {

  // meta data describing the model object
  case class Column(val name:String, val get: M => _)

  val columns : Map[String,Column]
}

Here is a concrete use of both the model and it's associated DAO.
// example simple model object with it's DAO
case class ItemModel (val name:String) extends Model[ItemModel] {
  val dao = ItemDao
}

object ItemDao extends Dao[ItemModel] {

  val columns = Map("name" -> Column("name", { v:ItemModel => v.name}))
}

Now when I use the model objects and it's associated DAO directly, life is good.
object Works {

  // normal access pattern
  def good1(value: ItemModel) = value.name

  // even through the DAO
  def good2(value: ItemModel) = value.dao.columns("name").get(value)
}

The trouble is when I am trying to access an object generically.  I can't get the method signature for passing the Model values around without the compiler complaining.
// Trouble trying to manipulate base model objects
object Trouble {

  // type mismatch;  found   : value.type (with underlying type test.Model[_])  required: _$2 where type _$2 Test.scala
  def bad1(value: Model[_]) = value.dao.columns("name").get(value)

  // type mismatch;  found   : value.type (with underlying type test.Model[_ <: test.Model[_]])  required: _$3 where type _$3 <: test.Model[_]
  def bad2(value: Model[_ <: Model[_]]) = value.dao.columns("name").get(value)

  // type mismatch;  found   : value.type (with underlying type X forSome { type X <: models.Model[X] })  required: X where type X <: models.Model[X]
  def bad3(value: X forSome {type X <: Model[X]}) = value.dao.columns("name").get(value)
}

Any help or pointers would be greatly appreciated.

A: In all your bad routines, the value is of type Model, but the get of Column expects an M.
You could do :
def good[M <: Model[M]](value: M) = value.dao.columns("name").get(value)

Avoid existential types when you do not need them, they make things more complicated. Also, your Column.get could just as well be M => Any; with covariance it will not put any restriction on which functions are allowed.