text:
\section{Introduction}

Accurate and reproducible measurement of material properties at the nanoscale is the main goal of dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Extraction of material properties from the measurable quantities in dynamic AFM requires a deep understanding of both the tip-surface interaction and the dynamics of the AFM cantilever when it is close to the sample surface.
We propose a method that uses Fourier analysis to measure and compensate for background forces, which are long range and not local to the AFM tip.
These interactions produce artifacts in the measurement of tip-surface force, leading to overestimation of its attractive and dissipative components.

Background forces are observed when measuring the quality factor of a cantilever resonance which decreases when the tip-sample distance becomes comparable to the cantilever width, dropping as much as~$30\%$ at the scanning position (Fig.~\ref{fig:Qf0}).
This phenomenon has been attributed to an additional squeeze-film damping force\cite{Zhang2009,Honig2010,Sader2016}, arising when the fluid surrounding the cantilever is squeezed between the cantilever body and the sample surface.
We also observe a slight decrease in the resonance frequency $f_0$, due to increased hydrodynamic load.

Other long range forces appearing at tip-sample distances of a few micrometers have been attributed to electrostatic contributions\cite{Law2002}.
We have also observed in different commercial AFM systems, a dependence of the cantilever's acoustic excitation on the extension of the scanning z-piezo, resulting in a change of the drive force which can be mistaken as a long range interaction.
The coupling between the cantilever and the acoustic actuator could in principle also be affected by the increased hydrodynamic load, causing the effective drive power to change as a function of the tip-sample distance.

Whatever their origin, be it hydrodynamic, electrostatic, or AFM design, these effects influence force reconstruction in dynamic AFM.
Previous attempts at compensating for them have used an effective resonance frequency and quality factor for the cantilever\cite{Jesse2007,Killgore2011,Tung2014}, but a general and accurate description is still lacking.
Here we describe how to compensate for these effects by treating them as background forces, assuming that they have the following properties: they are linear as shown by a lack of intermodulation distortion\cite{Platz2008}; they act over a long range, comparable to the cantilever width; and they do not depend on the $xy$ tip position over the sample surface, as they originate from the cantilever body rather than being local to the tip.

We can easily compensate for any such background force to reveal the true tip-surface interaction, using linear response theory in the frequency domain.
Due to its generality and ease of implementation, we expect our method to be readily applied to a variety of force reconstruction methods essential for AFM researchers.

\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig_1.eps}
  \caption{Relative change in quality factor $Q$ and resonance frequency $f_0$ as a function of tip-sample distance over a homogeneous PDMS surface.
  The values are obtained by fitting the thermal noise power spectral density, and plotted as the shift relative to a tip-sample distance of $1~\mathrm{mm}$.
  The fitted $Q$ drops by as much as $30\%$, whereas the decrease in $f_0$ is three orders of magnitude smaller (plotted values of $f_0$ are multiplied by~$100$).
  The cantilever was a MikroMasch HQ:NSC15/AlBS.}
  \label{fig:Qf0}
\end{figure}

\section{\label{sec:chi_theory} Generic linear model}

\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig_2.eps}
  \caption{Discrete frequency spectra of cantilever motion measured near resonance using a 2-tone drive.
  Phase is also measured at each frequency but only amplitude is shown.
  (a) At the free position far away from the sample surface.
  (b) At the lift position closer to the surface.
  (c) At the engaged position on a polystyrene surface.
  In (a) and (b) linear forces act on the cantilever and only noise is measured at the undriven frequencies.
  In (c) the nonlinear tip-surface force gives rise to intermodulation with strong response at undriven frequencies.}
  \label{fig:spectra}
\end{figure}

When an AFM cantilever is far away from the sample surface, its fundamental flexural mode is well-modeled as a linear system.
The frequency dependent linear response function $\hat{\chi}(\omega)$ relates the frequency components of any force $\hat{F}(\omega)$ to the resulting frequency components of the cantilever deflection $\hat{d}(\omega)$:
\begin{equation}
  \hat{d}(\omega) = \hat{\chi}(\omega) \hat{F}(\omega)
  .
\end{equation}
In our notation $\hat{d}(\omega)$ denotes a complex valued function of the real variable $\omega$, the frequency.
In particular, $\hat{d}(\omega)$ is the Fourier transform of $d(t)$.
In the following, we will drop the explicit $\omega$ dependence for the sake of compact notation.

When the frequency components of $\hat{d}$ are concentrated around the cantilever resonance frequency, $\hat{\chi}$ can be well-modeled as a dampened simple harmonic oscillator:
\begin{equation}
  \hat{\chi}^{-1} = k \left( 1 - \frac{\omega^2}{\omega_0^2} + \mathrm{i}\frac{\omega}{Q\omega_0} \right)
  \label{eq:chi_cant}
  .
\end{equation}
The parameters $k$, $\omega_0$ and $Q$ are the mode stiffness, resonance frequency and quality factor, respectively.
These parameters, together with the optical lever responsivity, can be obtained by a non-invasive calibration procedure traceable to the measurement of the thermal fluctuations of the cantilever deflection when it is far from the surface\cite{Sader2012,Higgins2006}.

The drive force with multiple frequency components $\hat{F}_\mathrm{D}$ is applied to the cantilever by means of a shaker piezo in the case of acoustic actuation, or a pulsed laser beam in the case of photo-thermal excitation.
Regardless of the means of excitation, the drive force is determined by measuring the cantilever motion far away from the surface (larger than $100~\mathrm{\mu m}$) at what we call the ``free'' position (Fig.~\ref{fig:spectra}(a)).
Thus, we extract the driving force from a measurement of the cantilever free motion $\hat{d}_\mathrm{free}$ and the calibrated linear response function $\hat{\chi}$
\begin{equation}
  \hat{F}_\mathrm{D} = \hat{\chi}^{-1} \hat{d}_\mathrm{free}
  \label{eq:f_drive}
  .
\end{equation}

As the AFM probe approaches the sample surface, background forces begin to affect the cantilever body when its separation from the surface becomes comparable to its width, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:Qf0}.
Background forces change the cantilever motion (compare insets of Fig.~\ref{fig:spectra}(a) and Fig.~\ref{fig:spectra}(b)), but they are clearly linear, as seen from the lack of intermodulation\cite{Platz2008} in the spectrum of Fig.~\ref{fig:spectra}(b).

When the AFM tip starts interacting with the surface at what we call the ``engaged'' position (Fig.~\ref{fig:spectra}(c)), the measured motion is affected by all the forces at play
\begin{equation}
  \hat{d}_\mathrm{eng} = \hat{\chi} \left( \hat{F}_\mathrm{D}
                         + \hat{F}_\mathrm{BG}
                         + \hat{F}_\mathrm{TS} \right)
  ,
  \label{eq:all_forces}
\end{equation}
where $\hat{F}_\mathrm{TS}$ is the nonlinear tip-surface force, carrying all the information about the material properties, and $\hat{F}_\mathrm{BG}$ are the background forces.
We can use Eq.~(\ref{eq:f_drive}) to account for the drive force, but in oder to solve for the tip-surface force we must eliminate the background forces.

Note that, while the components of the drive force $\hat{F}_\mathrm{D}$ can be treated as constant, the components of the background forces $\hat{F}_\mathrm{BG}$ depend on the motion $\hat{d}$ which changes from pixel to pixel.
For example, a squeeze-film damping force will depend on the velocity of the cantilever.

Motivated by experimental observation (lack of intermodulation distortion), we treat the problem of a general linear background force without regard to its particular origin, by expressing it in terms of a linear response function $\hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}$
\begin{equation}
  \hat{F}_\mathrm{BG} = \hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}^{-1} \hat{d}
  \label{eq:def_chi_bg}
  .
\end{equation}
Equation~(\ref{eq:def_chi_bg}) allows for the calculation of $\hat{F}_\mathrm{BG}$ for any motion $\hat{d}$.
Our treatment assumes that there exists a linear differential equation of the cantilever deflection which describes the background forces.
This equation can in principle be very complicated, \textit{e.g.} involve fractional derivatives and have many parameters, but we assume that it does not change as the probe scans over the sample, consistent with the idea that the background forces act on the body of the cantilever.

Lifting the probe slightly away from the surface, we find that the short ranged $\hat{F}_\mathrm{TS}$ goes to zero with an abrupt drop in intermodulation, while the long ranged $\hat{F}_\mathrm{BG}$ is barely affected.
We define the ``lift'' position as the closest distance for which the forces acting on the cantilever are linear (see Sect.~\ref{sec:algorithm}).

At the lift position (Fig.~\ref{fig:spectra}(b)), the total force is given by the drive force $\hat{F}_\mathrm{D}$ and the linear background forces $\hat{F}_\mathrm{BG}$ only.
The lift motion is therefore
\begin{equation}
  \hat{d}_\mathrm{lift} = \hat{\chi} \hat{F}_\mathrm{D}
                          + \hat{\chi} \hat{F}_\mathrm{BG}
  .
\end{equation}
Solving for $\hat{F}_\mathrm{BG}$ gives
\begin{equation}
  \hat{F}_\mathrm{BG} = \hat{\chi}^{-1} \hat{d}_\mathrm{lift} - \hat{F}_\mathrm{D}
  \label{eq:f_bg_lift}
  .
\end{equation}

Combining Eq.~(\ref{eq:f_drive}), Eq.~(\ref{eq:def_chi_bg}), and Eq.~(\ref{eq:f_bg_lift}), we determine $\hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}$ from the measured $\hat{d}_\mathrm{free}$ and $\hat{d}_\mathrm{lift}$
\begin{equation}
  \hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}^{-1} = \hat{\chi}^{-1} \frac{\hat{d}_\mathrm{lift} - \hat{d}_\mathrm{free}}{\hat{d}_\mathrm{lift}}
  \label{eq:chi_bg}
  .
\end{equation}
Going back to the engaged position, we can now compensate for the background forces in Eq.~(\ref{eq:all_forces}) using $\hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}$ from Eq.~(\ref{eq:chi_bg}). Thus we obtain the tip-surface force:
\begin{equation}
  \hat{F}_\mathrm{TS} = \hat{\chi}^{-1} \hat{d}_\mathrm{eng} - \hat{F}_\mathrm{D} - \hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}^{-1} \hat{d}_\mathrm{eng}
  \label{eq:correction}
  .
\end{equation}
Equation~(\ref{eq:correction}) allows for the compensation of the background forces, and thus the calculation of the tip-surface force at every pixel of an AFM image, provided the knowledge of $\hat{F}_\mathrm{D}$ and of $\hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}$, both being constant during the AFM scan.

\section{\label{sec:algorithm} Defining the lift position}

\begin{figure}
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig_3.eps}
    \caption{Intermodulation distortion ($\mathit{IMD}$) for different number of drive tones $N_\mathrm{D}$ is measured as function of the AFM feedback amplitude setpoint.
    As the AFM probe moves away from the surface (increasing setpoint), $\mathit{IMD}$ gradually decreases until the probe suddenly breaks free from the tip-surface interaction $F_\mathrm{TS}$ and a sharp drop in $\mathit{IMD}$ is observed.
    The lift motion is measured at this drop.
    For all data shown, the total free amplitude was $50~\mathrm{nm}$.
    }
    \label{fig:imd}
\end{figure}

To accurately determine the linear response function of the background forces $\hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}$, we need to measure the cantilever motion $\hat{d}_\mathrm{lift}$ as close to the surface as possible without tip-surface interaction.
We use the notion that the tip-surface force is strongly nonlinear, while the background forces are linear, as evidenced by the measurements of Fig.~\ref{fig:spectra} and Fig.~\ref{fig:imd}.

We apply a multifrequency drive with a number of discrete components $N_\mathrm{D}$ at the set of frequencies $\{\omega_{\mathrm{D}k}\}$ with $N_\mathrm{D} \ge 2$, \textit{i.e.} $\hat{F}_\mathrm{D}(\omega)$ is non-zero for $\omega \in \{\omega_{\mathrm{D}k}\}$.
When the linear forces $\hat{F}_\mathrm{D}$ and $\hat{F}_\mathrm{BG}$ act on the cantilever, the response $\hat{d}(\omega)$ will be non-zero only at $\omega \in \{\omega_{\mathrm{D}k}\}$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig:spectra}(a,b)).
On the other hand, when the cantilever is experiencing the nonlinear $\hat{F}_\mathrm{TS}$, response will arise at intermodulation product frequencies $\omega_\mathrm{IMP}$ given by integer linear combinations of the drive frequencies:

\begin{equation}
  \omega_\mathrm{IMP} = \sum_{k=1}^{N_\mathrm{D}} n_k \omega_{\mathrm{D}k},~~~~~n_k \in \mathbb{Z}
  ,
\end{equation}
where $n_k$ is an integer (see Fig.~\ref{fig:spectra}(c)).

We introduce the intermodulation distortion $\mathit{IMD}$, as the ratio of the power at undriven frequencies to the power at driven frequencies:

\begin{equation}
  \mathit{IMD} = \frac{\sum_{\omega_\mathrm{IMP} \notin \{\omega_{\mathrm{D}k}\}} \left|\hat{d}(\omega_\mathrm{IMP})\right|^2}{\sum_{\omega_\mathrm{IMP} \in \{\omega_{\mathrm{D}k}\}} \left|\hat{d}(\omega_\mathrm{IMP})\right|^2}
  .
\end{equation}

In principle, we want to measure $\hat{d}_\mathrm{lift}$ at the minimum distance from the surface such that $\mathit{IMD}=0$.
In practice, however, we will always measure some non-zero noise power.
We therefore choose a threshold (typically $3~\mathrm{dB}$) and measure $\hat{d}_\mathrm{lift}$ at the minimum distance from the surface such that $\mathit{IMD}_\mathrm{lift}<\mathit{IMD}_\mathrm{free} + \mathit{threshold}$.

Figure~\ref{fig:imd} shows the intermodulation distortion as a function of amplitude setpoint measured for drive schemes with different number of drive tones $N_\mathrm{D}$.
As the AFM feedback setpoint increases, a characteristic behavior is visible showing a gradual decrease of $\mathit{IMD}$ with increasing setpoint, due to the decrease of the non-linear tip-surface interaction $\hat{F}_\mathrm{TS}$.
When the setpoint reaches a value of about $90\%$, a sharp drop in $\mathit{IMD}$ is observed, indicating a transition from an overall nonlinear force to an overall linear force.
This sharp transition allows for unambiguous measurement of $\hat{d}_\mathrm{lift}$, from which we calculate the linear response function of the background forces $\hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}$.

\section{Extrapolation to undriven frequencies}

As discussed in Sect.~\ref{sec:algorithm}, $\hat{d}_\mathrm{lift}$ and $\hat{d}_\mathrm{free}$ will be non-zero only at the drive frequencies.
Calculating the linear response function of the background forces from Eq.~(\ref{eq:chi_bg}) will therefore yield $\hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}(\omega)$ only at the drive frequencies $\omega \in \{\omega_{\mathrm{D}k}\}$.
On the other hand, to apply the compensation to the measured data with Eq.~(\ref{eq:correction}) we require the knowledge of $\hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}(\omega)$ at all the frequencies in the spectrum of engaged motion $\hat{d}_\mathrm{eng}$.

To overcome this issue we use the notion of narrow band measurement on a resonant system.
Due to the high Q resonance in the cantilever linear response function, the motion will be concentrated at frequencies close to the resonance frequency $\omega_0$, within a narrow band~$\Omega$
\begin{equation}
  \Omega \approx N_\mathrm{IMP}\frac{\omega_0}{Q} \ll \omega_0
  ,
\end{equation}
where $N_\mathrm{IMP}$ is the number of measured frequencies (typically 32) and $\omega_0/Q$ is typically chosen as the measurement bandwidth.
We perform a polynomial expansion of the complex function $\hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}(\omega)$ in this narrow band:
\begin{equation}
  \hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}^{-1}(\omega) \approx \sum_{k = 0}^{M} (a_k + \mathrm{i}b_k) (\omega - \omega_0)^k
  \label{eq:polyfit}
  ,
\end{equation}
where $\mathrm{i}$ is the imaginary constant and $\{a_k\}$ and $\{b_k\}$ are sets of real coefficients to be determined.
A drive force with $N_\mathrm{D}$ frequency components allows for the determination of up to $2N_\mathrm{D}$ coefficients, corresponding to two polynomial fits of degree $M = N_\mathrm{D}-1$ of the real and imaginary parts of $\hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}$.
It is possible to perform a low degree fit with a high number of drives, $M < N_\mathrm{D}-1$, in which case the coefficients are obtained with a least square optimization method.

While a higher order fit could in principle describe a more complex $\hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}$, we find that a linear approximation of each of the two quadratures (4 coefficients, requiring 2 or more drive frequencies) is sufficient to describe the background forces.
A higher order fit is not always numerically stable, and it can introduce artifacts in the compensated data.

Equation~(\ref{eq:polyfit}) is quite general, allowing for a good approximation to any type of linear background force.
A special case of Eq.~(\ref{eq:polyfit}) is a polynomial with only two coefficients of the form
\begin{equation}
  \hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}^{-1}(\omega) \approx k (a \omega^2 + \mathrm{i} b \omega)
  \label{eq:polyfit_ho}
  ,
\end{equation}
where $k$ is the mode stiffness and $a$ and $b$ are fit parameters.
In this case it can be shown that the background forces result in an effective cantilever with a renormalized linear response function $\hat{\chi}^\prime$ of the form of Eq.~(\ref{eq:chi_cant}), where the resonance frequency and quality factor are given by

\begin{align}
  \omega_0^\prime &= \omega_0 \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-a\omega_0^2}}
  \label{eq:w0_eff}
  ,\\
  Q^\prime &= Q \frac{\sqrt{1-a\omega_0^2}}{1+bQ\omega_0}
  \label{eq:Q_eff}
  .
\end{align}

This special case is often assumed when analyzing forces in dynamic AFM\cite{Jesse2007,Killgore2011,Tung2014}.

\section{Experimental results}

\begin{figure*}
    \includegraphics[width=2\columnwidth]{fig_4.eps}
    \caption{(a) Phase image at the first drive frequency on a blend of polystyrene (PS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The blue triangle and the red square mark the pixels for which the engaged spectrum is analyzed. The black circle marks the location where the lift motion was measured using the method described in Sect.~\ref{sec:algorithm}. The scale bar is $200~\mathrm{nm}.$ (b, c) Dynamic force quadratures on PS (red) and on LDPE (blue) at the pixels marked in the corresponding color. Dashed lines show uncompensated measurements and solid lines show compensation for background forces.}
    \label{fig:PS_LDPE}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
    \includegraphics[width=2\columnwidth]{fig_5.eps}
    \caption{(a) Phase image at the first drive frequency on a silicone hydrogel (Young's modulus $0.35~\mathrm{MPa}$) in high humidity environment. The blue triangle and the red square mark the pixels for which the engaged spectrum is analyzed. The black circle marks the pixel where the lift motion was measured while scanning. At the top of the image the AFM was left scanning at the lift position, demonstrating the background forces are independent on the $xy$ position of the tip. The scale bar is $200~\mathrm{nm}$. (b, c) Dynamic force quadratures on a solid-like area (red) and on a liquid-like area (blue) at the pixels marked in the corresponding color. Dashed lines show uncompensated measurements and solid lines show compensation for background forces.}
    \label{fig:hydrogel}
\end{figure*}

We have shown how to mathematically treat the problem of compensating for arbitrary linear background forces, and we proposed a simple method to obtain their response function.
We now show an application of this method on soft material surfaces where background forces are typically rather large.

Figure~\ref{fig:PS_LDPE} shows dynamic force quadratures\cite{Platz2013B} on two areas of a polystyrene low-density polyethylene polymer blend (Bruker).
$F_\mathrm{I}$ is the force in phase with the cantilever motion integrated over one oscillation cycle, representing the conservative forces experienced by the cantilever at different oscillation amplitudes.
$F_\mathrm{Q}$ is the force quadrature to the cantilever motion integrated over one oscillation cycle, showing the dissipative interaction of the cantilever with its environment and with the surface.
The force quadratures represent a direct transformation of the measured data without any model assumptions, providing a physically intuitive way of analyzing the measured cantilever dynamics in terms of conservative and dissipative interactions.

At low amplitudes the uncompensated force quadratures (dashed lines in Fig.~\ref{fig:PS_LDPE}(b,c)) show a positive slope in $F_\mathrm{I}$, the signature of a long range attractive force.
The negative slope in $F_\mathrm{Q}$ is a signature of a linear damping, in addition to the damping contained in $\hat{\chi}$ which is calibrated far away from the surface.
Some hysteresis is also present in both sets of curves, indicating that the background forces are not purely of the type described by the special case of Eq.~(\ref{eq:polyfit_ho}).
Notably, the low amplitude background forces are the same for the two sets of curves, despite being measured over different areas of the sample with very different material properties, confirming that the background forces are not local to the AFM tip.

We used a drive scheme with $N_\mathrm{D} = 2$, measured $\hat{d}_\mathrm{lift}$ over a polystyrene area of the sample (black circle in Fig.~\ref{fig:PS_LDPE}(a)), then calculated $\hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}$ with $M = 1$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:polyfit}) and applied its compensation to the measured data.
The solid lines in Fig.~\ref{fig:PS_LDPE}(b,c) show the force quadratures compensated for background forces.
The slope at low amplitudes is now missing, as well as most of the hysteretic effects (see inset of Fig.~\ref{fig:PS_LDPE}(b)).
We note that the compensation calculated over a polystyrene area of the sample has this effect not only for the force quadratures on the polystyrene, but also for those on polyethylene.
Taken together, these observations confirm the validity of the assumption that while the background forces change for every pixel of the image, their linear response function does not change during the whole scan.

Figure~\ref{fig:hydrogel} shows the same measurement and compensation procedure on a silicone hydrogel sample in a high humidity environment.
The sample presents alternating solid and liquid-like domains (Fig.~\ref{fig:hydrogel}(a)) with very different mechanical response as shown by the peculiar shapes of the force quadratures (Fig.~\ref{fig:hydrogel}(b,c)).
Also in this sample it is clear how the background force compensation corrects for the long-range attractive forces and increased dissipation, while at the same time preserving the interesting features of the tip-surface force and the peculiar hysteresis.
These will be discussed further in a forthcoming publication.

\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig_6.eps}
  \caption{
  Comparison of dynamic force quadratures on polystyrene: uncompensated curves (black), compensated according to Eq.~(\ref{eq:polyfit}) (red), and according to Eq.~(\ref{eq:polyfit_ho}) (blue).
  The simplified case of Eq.~(\ref{eq:polyfit_ho}) fails to describe the hysteresis in the low amplitude region of the curves.
  }
  \label{fig:poly_vs_ho}
\end{figure}
For the dynamic force quadratures shown, the generic compensation according to Eq.~(\ref{eq:polyfit}) was used.
Figure~\ref{fig:poly_vs_ho} shows a comparison of these curves with the ones obtained from the special, simplified case of Eq.~(\ref{eq:polyfit_ho}).
While the simplified case can capture the general slope in the conservative and in the dissipative long range interactions, it fails to describe the hysteresis in the low amplitude part of the curves.
Thus, the background forces cannot be described by simply redefining the parameters of the cantilever resonance, indicating that a more thorough modeling of the interactions is required.

\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig_7.eps}
  \caption{Tip-surface force on polystyrene (a) and a solid domain of hydrogel (b) reconstructed with amplitude-dependent force spectroscopy\cite{Platz2013A} (ADFS).
  The dashed lines show the uncompensated force, and the solid lines the force compensated for background interactions.}
  \label{fig:adfs}
\end{figure}
We have shown the effect of applying the background force compensation on the dynamic force quadratures $F_\mathrm{I}$ and $F_\mathrm{Q}$.
The compensation procedure is however general and can be applied to any force reconstruction method.
Once the frequency components of the compensated tip-surface force $\hat{F}_\mathrm{TS}$ are obtained from Eq.~(\ref{eq:correction}), $\hat{F}_\mathrm{TS}$ can be fed to any force reconstruction algorithm without further modifications.
As an example, in Fig.~\ref{fig:adfs} we calculate the tip-surface force on the polystyrene and on the solid domain of the hydrogel sample with amplitude-dependent force spectroscopy\cite{Platz2013A} (ADFS), with and without compensation for the background forces.
Not compensating for background forces would lead to overestimating the adhesion force by $47\%$ for polystyrene, and by $240\%$ for the solid domain of the hydrogel.
The observed peak-force would be instead underestimated by about $10\%$ in both cases (not shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:adfs}).

\section{Simulation of background forces}

Due to the nonlinear nature of the tip-surface interaction in dynamic AFM, the dynamics is typically simulated by numerically integrating the differential equation for the cantilever deflection $d(t)$
\begin{equation}
  \ddot{d} + \frac{\omega_0}{Q} \dot{d} + \omega_0^2 d = \frac{\omega_0^2}{k} \left( F_\mathrm{D} + F_\mathrm{TS} + F_\mathrm{BG} \right)
  \label{eq:simulation}
  .
\end{equation}
$F_\mathrm{D}(t)$ is a known function of time, whereas $F_\mathrm{TS}$ and $F_\mathrm{BG}$ are unknown.
A variety of models for $F_\mathrm{TS}$ are available\cite{VEDA} to simulate different types of both conservative and dissipative tip-surface interaction as function of the cantilever motion $d(t)$ and its velocity $\dot{d}(t)$, and even on the effective position of a moving surface model\cite{Haviland2016}.
On the other hand, no general model for simulating background forces is available, due to the different types of interaction that can give rise to this effect.

In the frequency domain, the background forces can be treated as an effective cantilever linear response function $\hat{\chi}^\prime$:
\begin{equation}
  \hat{F}_\mathrm{TS} = \hat{\chi}^{\prime-1} \hat{d}_\mathrm{eng} - \hat{F}_\mathrm{D}
  \label{eq:correction_chi}
  ,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
  \hat{\chi}^{\prime-1} = \hat{\chi}^{-1} - \hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}^{-1}
  \label{eq:chi_eff}
  .
\end{equation}
Transforming $\hat{\chi}^\prime$ into a differential equation is in general very difficult, however in the special case of Eq.~(\ref{eq:polyfit_ho}) it is possible to simply replace $\omega_0$ and $Q$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:simulation}) with $\omega_0^\prime$ and $Q^\prime$ as defined by Eq.~(\ref{eq:w0_eff}) and Eq.~(\ref{eq:Q_eff}):
\begin{equation}
  \ddot{d} + \frac{\omega_0^\prime}{Q^\prime} \dot{d} + \omega_0^{\prime2} d = \frac{\omega_0^{\prime2}}{k} \left( F_\mathrm{D} + F_\mathrm{TS} \right)
  \label{eq:sim_chi_eff}
  .
\end{equation}

Alternatively, it is possible to more generally treat the effect of the background forces on the nonlinear response by introducing an effective drive force $\hat{F}^\prime_\mathrm{D}$:
\begin{equation}
  \hat{F}_\mathrm{TS} = \hat{\chi}^{-1} \hat{d}_\mathrm{eng} - \hat{F}^\prime_\mathrm{D}
  \label{eq:correction_F}
  ,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
  \hat{F}^\prime_\mathrm{D} = \hat{F}_\mathrm{D} + \hat{\chi}_\mathrm{BG}^{-1} \hat{d}_\mathrm{eng}
  \label{eq:F_eff}
  .
\end{equation}
Once the free, lift, and engaged motions are measured experimentally, Eq.~(\ref{eq:F_eff}) is used to determine the effective drive force $\hat{F}^\prime_\mathrm{D}(\omega)$ which is readily transformed to the time domain $F^\prime_\mathrm{D}(t)$ via the inverse Fourier transform.
The new differential equation
\begin{equation}
  \ddot{d} + \frac{\omega_0}{Q} \dot{d} + \omega_0^2 d = \frac{\omega_0^2}{k} \left( F^\prime_\mathrm{D} + F_\mathrm{TS} \right)
  \label{eq:sim_F_eff}
\end{equation}
can now be integrated numerically.

A comparison of the simulated motion $d_\mathrm{sim}$ using Eq.~(\ref{eq:sim_chi_eff}) or Eq.~(\ref{eq:sim_F_eff}), with the measured motion $d_\mathrm{eng}$, allows for numerical optimization to find the best-fit parameters of a nonlinear tip-surface force model.

\section{Conclusions}

We derived a mathematical procedure to account for long-range background forces in dynamic AFM, under the assumption of linear interaction and in the limit of a narrow band measurement.
Using intermodulation distortion to detect the onset of tip-surface forces, we accurately measure the background forces at the driven frequencies and extrapolate their linear response function to undriven frequencies.
Applying our procedure to experimental data we demonstrated compensation for background forces on dynamic force quadratures and ADFS force curves, measured on two different soft materials.
Given the generality of the compensation procedure and its ease of application to any type of dynamic force reconstruction, our method will be very useful for the determination of material properties with quantitative dynamic AFM.

\begin{acknowledgments}
The authors acknowledge financial support from the Swedish Research Council (VR), the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, and the Olle Engkvist Byggm\"astare Foundation.
Gunilla H\"agg (Star-Lens AB, \r{A}m\r{a}l, Sweden) is acknowledged for providing the silicone hydrogel sample.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Asoka U.S.A. Corp. sells wall-mount adapters that hook to your PC via a USB or Ethernet cable. Simply plug the adapter into a wall socket and the cable into the proper port, run the installation software, and your PCs are networked. Configuring the devices was quick and easy.
The more intriguing product, however, is the Asoka PlugLink PL Wireless Access Point. This device plugs into any router or residential gateway, adding power-line networking and 801.11b wireless networking simultaneously. All you need is a Wi-Fi or power-line adapter on each client PC. This setup is ideal for dead zones in a wireless network, or for extending an existing network to that room over the garage without pulling cable.


text:
Editorial: An underpass at Kennedy Plaza
Plans for Kennedy Plaza seem to come and go with greater rapidity than national security advisers to President Trump.
The latest is a proposal by the Rhode Island Department of Transportation — unveiled last week before the Providence Foundation's board of directors — that would create an underpass beneath Washington Street and connect Burnside Park with Kennedy Plaza to form one large public space.
The administration of Gov. Gina Raimondo has been working on the plan for months with the Rhode Island Public Transit Authority and the City of Providence.
We like the idea of removing the chaos from Kennedy Plaza.
But the notion of a tunnel under the plaza surely fills many taxpayers with trepidation.
The DOT says this can all be achieved through a $35-million bond approved by voters in 2014 to create a new transit hub in Providence.
Nagging questions come to mind:
Is this even legal under the language of the bond authorization? No one envisioned this project in 2014, and voters were not asked about this scheme.
Tunnel projects notoriously run into problems and go over budget. Will $35 million get the job done? Remember, this is the DOT that brought in a pedestrian bridge, initially estimated to cost $2 million, for $22 million. (Meanwhile, state officials developed the vapors over investing $23 million toward a stadium that would have saved Triple-A baseball in Rhode Island, instead of letting Worcester grab this prized amenity and economic engine.)
Is the spongy land under the downtown suitable for such an underpass?
It takes buses a significant length of roadway to get underground and return to the surface. How will that work in the confines of Kennedy Plaza?
Does an underpass increase the potential for unwanted activity, such as crime?
Are there other, less expensive ways to get the buses out of Kennedy Plaza?
Is this really the best way to stretch public dollars to provide public transportation, or is this another make-work project for the Laborers' Union, which has significant clout in the Raimondo administration?
One of the cheerleaders for the plan is former Mayor Joseph Paolino, a real-estate developer whose company owns the 100 Westminster St. tower right on the plaza. He has long complained about the seedy activity around the buses, arguing they mar the center of the city and drive away investment.
Mr. Paolino argued that "maybe" by getting the new Kennedy Plaza project done "we could get somebody to buy the Superman building and save the building." The big problem seems to be, though, that the owner has been unwilling to sell or renovate the building without a large infusion of state money.
The grassroots group Rhode Island Transit Riders has raised concerns, arguing that they see the project as a way to appease business interests and real-estate developers rather than serve commuters.
The project seems to be on a fast track. DOT Director Peter Alviti said a request for proposals will probably go out this fall, with a finished project possible next year. Since the voters already approved the bond, their representatives in the legislature will evidently have no say.
Officials say they will reach out to the public for its views about the plan. It seems like a good idea to hear from those who are not part of the inner circle on this project.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


AUTHOR: Some of Karissa's favorite things are coffee, chocolate, and superheroes, and she can quote Princess Bride verbatim. She loves to read and has a sweet tooth for speculative fiction. Sometimes her family convinces her to put down the books and take the motorcycles out for a spin, or they'll haunt flea markets, searching for rusty scraps to reuse and re-purpose. Karissa lives in North Carolina with her kid, her husband, the occasional in-law, and a very hairy husky named Bonnie. Karissa is the author of the adult Urban Fantasy series, The Norse Chronicles, as well as the Stormbourne Chronicles, a Young Adult Fantasy series with Evolved Publishing.
Evie Stormbourne is the last in a long line of rulers who can control the weather, especially thunder and lightning, to a devastating effect. Throughout the generations the power has weakened, though, and when the story begins Evie's powers are only a pale shadow of her ancestor's abilities.
When her father is killed Evie manages to escape with the help of her father's master of the horse, a young man named Gideon. Although Evie travels incognito, she is in constant danger of discovery because she is being hunted. There are multiple forces at play, and there are those who want to steal her birthright.
Complications arise and Evie is separated from her protector. She is forced to face certain truths about her situation. Why was her father overthrown? Will she avoid the fate others have plotted for her? Does she want to conquer the land her family ruled for centuries? Will she take control of her own destiny?
The world contains a mixture of historically accurate devices and steampunk inventions. The amount of technology available seems to depend upon a character's station in life. For instance, most of the characters travel by horse or sailing ships, but more fortunate others travel in dirigibles. It is a distinctive way to divide the classes.
One of my father's war manuals showed illustrations of that vicious machine, but I had never seen one in reality. Someone with a brain for engineering had rigged this one with a system of levers, pulleys, and gears. A steam engine automated its processes, and every few seconds a conveyer belt fed another iron missile into a waiting bucket attached to a long wooden arm. From this distance, the trebuchet looked like an assemblage of toothpicks and hungry metal teeth, yet its ammunition tore holes through Fallstaff's stone and mortar like a moth devours a wool sweater. A group of men stood around its base, guarding the machine with rifles and crossbows.
This genre mixture can be seen throughout the novel and adds just the right touch of reality. Infantry soldiers protect the high-tech steam mechanism that is needed to tear down the fortress. The machine is costly; the men are more easily armed and replaceable.
Another divide occurs with magic. Very few have access to the forces and knowledge to work spells and only the Stormbourne line can control lightning and thunder. That level of magical ability is priceless and guarantees Evie will have a price on her head unless she overcomes her enemies.
This is a wonderful steampunk/fantasy series. It creates a very in-depth story world and a cast of compelling characters. I highly recommend the novel.
17-year-old Evie Stormbourne was born to a long line of rulers with power over the thunder and lightning. But over the generations, that power has faded, and her own abilities are relatively weak. After her father, the king, is killed and a sudden revolution leaves her a fugitive in her own land, her only hope for survival is her father's horsemaster, a gruff young man named Gideon. The two travel incognito with the goal of smuggling Evie out of the kingdom, but complications soon arise, and Evie soon finds herself struggling for survival on her own. What's more, things are not as they seem, and her journeys eventually lead her to learn the shocking truth behind her father's death... and her own fate.
Disclosure time: Karissa and I are both published by Red Adept Publishing (which published her Norse Chronicles and my Jane Colt novels). I bought this book on my own because I really enjoyed her other stories and this review represents my honest opinion.
Anyway, Karissa Laurel's HEIR OF THUNDER is the first in a planned YA fantasy trilogy, and it was catnip to a longtime fantasy fan like me. Heroine journeying across a fictional version of old-timey, steampunkish Europe? Magic and mayhem and twists and turns? Yes, please! Evie travels across various European-esque countries in her journeys, and it was a real delight getting to see the different kinds of lands that make up her world.
As for the world... well, let's just say it's got swords and horses and dirigibles and pirates and magic and caravans. A fun mix of Lord of the Rings-type high fantasy and steampunkish tech (did I mention there are dirigibles??), blended into a delightful Europe-inspired universe that feels at once new and familiar.
All in all, this was a delightful read and just the kind of heroine-centric fantasy adventure I've always loved. Can't wait for Book 2!


text:
Q: How to set the page numbers in HiQPdf? so.. The only code I can find that you can use in HiQPdf to number the pages is this:
// add page numbering
Font pageNumberingFont = new Font(new FontFamily("Times New Roman"), 8, GraphicsUnit.Point);
PdfText pageNumberingText = new PdfText(5, footerHeight - 12,
                                        "Page {CrtPage} of {PageCount}",
                                        pageNumberingFont);

Any Google search I try pretty much pulls up the same thing.
I'm creating and merging a number of PDF pages together.
The code above makes me think that {CrtPage} and {PageCount} is filled in by some internal variable, but it doesn't.
Contacting their customer service just gets us a photocopy of their demo project that has this same code somewhere in it.
Update:
I forgot to mention that the HiQPdf "merge" example has each page being created separately as a file, then opened back up and put together as one document, but I'm looking at generating the page numbers on the fly.
http://www.hiqpdf.com/demo/MergePdf.aspx

A: After spending a couple of hours deciphering their demo project, this is what I've been able to come up with (that works).  This is the barest work needed to get page numbers to appear (and since the question was posted a year ago, and likely is about an earlier version, this is how to do it on version 8.1)
var htmlToPdf = new HtmlToPdf();
htmlToPdf.Document.Foot.Enabled = true;

var pageNumberFont = new Font(new FontFamily("Arial"), 5, GraphicsUnit.Point); // 1
var pageNumberText = new PdfText(1, 25, "Page {CrtPage} of {PageCount}", pageNumberFont); // 2
htmlToPdf.Document.Footer.Layout(pageNumberText); // 3

To break down the steps...
1:  Font - this is, in my opinion a useful option, but it's a requirement for step 2 as far as I can find, and that sucks.  You have to pass a Font object to the PdfText object during instantiation in step 2.  I pulled the GraphicsUnit.Point property from their demo and it works, but I can't speak on the other options available for this property and how they perform (if they perform at all).
2: Text - The first two numbers are used for location, the string that follows is what you want displayed.  {CrtPage} and {PageCount} will change to the appropriate values on their own.  As the last parameter, you pass in the font that you created in step 1.
3: This is where you add the text to the footer to make it appear.
I'm still slogging my way through HiQPdf and learning as I go, so there may very well be better ways of doing this that I have not found yet - but at this point, this looks to be the way to add page count dynamically.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Written by David Blake. Published on November 29th 2013.
THIEVES have targeted a popular pop-up city centre drinks retail and bar project by Manchester drink consultants The Liquorists, making off with thousands of pounds worth of rare spirits, iPads and laptops.
"We're livid that something we, CityCo and Diageo have put our hearts and souls into has been turned over like this. But the bastards won't beat us out of business that easy.
Reserve on King Street, opened with the backing of CityCo and drinks brand Diageo in early October in order to breathe a spot of life into the ailing street, was targeted on Friday 29 October in the early hours of the morning. A police officer found the back door to Reserve hanging from its hinges (see photo).
All unopened stock, including rare and valuable spirits such as Talliskers Port Rughe whisky and Ron Zaccapa XO rum had been taken from the stock room along with iPads used to take payments at the bar, three laptops and cash from the bar float.
Back doorHowever, all is not lost.
Those hardy Liquorists say they're pulling out all the stops to ensure that the party continues on King Street. Founder Tom Sneesby said: "We're livid that something we, CityCo and Diageo have put our hearts and souls into has been turned over like this. But the bastards won't beat us out of business that easy.
The Liquorists it seemed are as good as their word and have already re-opened. All masterclasses and tasting session bookings will go ahead.
Good to see the lads come back from this and reopen straight away.
Really gutted for the guys to hear this. Glad they aren't letting the thieving scum keep them down however. I will be showing my support on the 20th at one of their masterclasses and hope to be along in the next week or so for a cheeky drink too!
Wow. I didn't know whiskey or rum were that popular these days!
The value isn't the point you ****. Still blatant robbery.
Sound - let's all go on the rob then shall we? As long as the items are worth less tan £100.


text:
Press Release -- October 15th, 2019
Source: Huawei
Fifth-Generation Fixed Network Boosting the Gigabit Industry
Amsterdam, Netherlands, October 15, 2019] Today, at the 2019 Broadband World Forum Gigaband Industry Summit, European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), China Academy of Information and Communications Technology (CAICT), Wi-Fi Alliance®, well-known analyst firm Ovum, and multiple mainstream operators around the world held intense discussions on how to leverage the fifth-generation fixed network to promote the global gigabit ecosystem.
Gigaband Industry Summit 2019
In the keynote speech at the summit, David Boswarthick, Director New Technologies of ETSI, said, "Looking back on the development history of fixed networks, we have experienced the 64 kbps narrowband era represented by PSTN/ISDN, 2 Mbps era represented by ADSL, 20 Mbps era represented by VDSL, and 100 Mbps era represented by GPON/EPON. Currently, we are entering the fifth-generation Gigabit era (1–5 Gbps) represented by 10G PON. With effective collaboration with wireless technologies such as 5G, Gigabit fiber networks are providing a flexible and high-performance connectivity network for the Telecom Industry as well as opening up exciting new opportunities in numerous vertical industries."
Compared with previous generations, the Fifth-Generation Fixed Network features full-fiber connection, ultra-high bandwidth, and ultimate experience. Fibers will connect not only homes, but also more vertical industries such as enterprises, transportation, security, and campuses. Symmetric Gigabit and Wi-Fi 6 will further upgrade network capabilities. End-to-end network latency will become lower and more stable, and operators will shift from traffic-centric operation to experience-centric operation.
Meimei Dang, Vice Chief Engineer in the ITSR(Institute of Technology and Standards Research), CAICT, said in her speech, "As cloud VR, smart home, gaming, social networking, cloud desktop, safe city, enterprise cloud private line, online education, telemedicine, and smart manufacturing become more popular, the full-fiber gigabit network will directly generate trillions of revenues for related industries, and Gigabit broadband has become the focus of global broadband development."
At the summit, Kevin Robinson, Vice President of Marketing at Wi-Fi Alliance, said, "Wi-Fi 6 brings a new era of Wi-Fi connectivity, delivering better capacity, coverage, and performance even in the most demanding environments. As bandwidth demands increase, Wi-Fi 6 delivers new capabilities that bring more power and performance in environments including home, enterprise, and industrial IoT. New features enable a variety of advanced applications including those that require support for a large number of clients at once in large venues and campuses and those applications that facilitate vast amounts of traffic including AR/VR and Ultra HD streaming."
Julie Kunstler, Principal Analyst of OVUM, said, "More than two hundred operators in the world have released gigabit services, and twenty operators have released 10G services. 10G PON has become a basic technology for gigabit networks. In the next five years, it is estimated that the compound growth rate of 10G PON OLT ports in the central office will reach 41%, and that of 10G PON ONTs will reach 124%."
Besides, mainstream European and Latin-American operators from Switzerland, France, Paraguay and Turkey, shared their successful experience in building gigabit FTTH networks.
Jeffery Zhou, President of Huawei Access Network, said, "We cannot agree more with industry organizations, analysts, and operators on their ideas about the fifth-generation fixed network and Gigabit era. They have drawn a blueprint for the global fixed broadband development. Huawei is dedicated to working with industry partners to promote the Fifth-Generation Fixed Network; to extend full-fiber coverage to each room, desktop, and machine; and to share the trillion-dollar blue ocean across the industry chain."
As the leader of fixed network industry, Huawei provides the SingleFAN Pro solution to efficiently provide multiple services under various scenarios, bringing the three values of "new blue ocean, new capabilities, and new experience" to operators. To date, Huawei has delivered 1.5 million 10G PON ports, and helped more than 80 operators around the world to achieve large-scale FTTH deployment.
Previous: Zain KSA Launches 5G Network in Partnership with Huawei
Next: 5G is much more than just ultrafast Internet – about new requirements for the industry of the future
Nucleus Connect and Huawei to Conduct Joint Study on World's First 10G GPON Open Access Network for Singapore's Next Generation Nationwide Broadband Network
Telkom South Africa Selects Huawei SingleFAN for Next-Generation Ultra-Broadband Access Network
ITU Telecom World 2019: 5G+Gigabit, Connecting an Intelligent Future
Calix Announces Next Generation PON Solutions that Redefine the Gigabit Experience
Frontier Communications selects Nokia next-generation fiber technology to deliver 10-Gigabit business and residential services


text:
Carlo Montano (ur. 25 września 1952 w Livorno) – włoski szermierz, florecista. Srebrny medalista olimpijski z Montrealu.

Pochodzi z rodziny, z której wywodzi się kilku medalistów olimpijskich w szermierce. Jest bratankiem Aldo, bratem Mario Tullio i Tommaso, kuzynem Mario Aldo oraz wujem Aldo. Brał udział w dwóch igrzyskach (IO 72, IO 76). Medal olimpijski wywalczył w drużynie. Dwa razy stawał na podium mistrzostw świata w rywalizacji indywidualnej (srebro w 1974, brąz w 1977). W drużynie trzykrotnie był drugi (1977, 1979, 1981), dwa razy stawał na najniższym stopniu podium mistrzostw świata (1975, 1982).

Przypisy

Włoscy szermierze
Medaliści Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1976
Urodzeni w 1952
Ludzie urodzeni w Livorno
Włoscy medaliści olimpijscy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
<?php

namespace Rebuy\Amqp\Consumer\Serializer;

use JMS\Serializer\SerializerInterface;

class JMSSerializerAdapter implements Serializer
{
    /**
     * @var SerializerInterface
     */
    private $serializer;

    public function __construct(SerializerInterface $serializer)
    {
        $this->serializer = $serializer;
    }

    public function deserialize($data, $type, $format)
    {
        return $this->serializer->deserialize($data, $type, $format);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The talented, NYC-pianist, Jeremy Schonfeld, explores the music of the Holocaust—inspired by his father—with soulful vocals, cinematic strings, rock and pop arrangements, and folksy rhythms. The opening track, "The Mourner's Kaddish," opens with a chorus of voices singing in the Hebrew language. Jeremy's voice joins in to make the track sound rich with a theatrical presence and all the joys of a cinematic piano and slightly folk-centered atmosphere. The bluesy-rock anthem, "Dead Beat Heart," is a roots-rock masterpiece. The mix of rock, avant-garde folk, pop, theatrical, filmic, and grunge music styles make Iron & Coal sound like an interesting listening journey nonetheless. In fact, Iron & Coal contains a variety of styles and vocal differences that are more pertinent for the urban, folk/rock hipster with a knack for slower, soulful music in the vein of Josh Groban or David Foster. The thirteen tracks are unique enough to warrant replay, because many of the songs contain varying song structures that often sound like two different songs on each track. In a similar manner, some of the songs seem to lack direction and instrumental cohesiveness. Generally, Jeremy's songwriting and musicianship are quite genuine, but the result is relatively average.


text:
package com.jim.novel.controller.admin;

import com.jim.novel.controller.BaseController;
import com.jim.novel.entity.ArticleVo;
import com.jim.novel.entity.FolderVo;
import com.jim.novel.entity.UserFolderVo;
import com.jim.novel.exception.ArticleNotFoundException;
import com.jim.novel.exception.FolderNotFoundException;
import com.jim.novel.model.Article;
import com.jim.novel.model.Base;
import com.jim.novel.model.Chapter;
import com.jim.novel.service.TemplateService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.ModelMap;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * 1.管理后台不采用freemarker渲染的方式
 * 2.将用户中心和网站管理后台合并处理:
 *   a.普通用户登录将展示基本菜单(小说管理/我的上传记录/评论管理)
 *   b.站点管理员登录将展示a.中的菜单之外,增加(分类管理/权限管理/用户管理)
 *
 * @author run
 * @create 2017-04-09
 **/
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/admin")
public class AdminController extends BaseController{

    @Autowired
    private TemplateService templateService;

    @RequestMapping("/main.htm")
    public String mains(){
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("main");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/index.htm")
    public String index(){
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("index");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/article.htm")
    public String article(){
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("article");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/admin_article.htm")
    public String adminArticle(){
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("admin_article");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/admin_folder.htm")
    public String adminFolder( ModelMap modelMap){
        List<FolderVo> folderAll = folderService.getAllFolderList();
        modelMap.put("folderAll", folderAll);
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("admin_folder");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/blog.htm")
    public String blog(Integer chapterId,ModelMap modelMap){
        ArticleVo articleVo = null;
        Chapter chapter = chapterService.getChapterDetail(chapterId);
        try {
            articleVo = articleService.getArticleById(chapter.getArticleId());
        } catch (ArticleNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (FolderNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        modelMap.put("chapter",chapter);
        modelMap.put("article",articleVo);
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("blog");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/chapter.htm")
    public String chapter(ModelMap modelMap,String articleId,String title){
        modelMap.put("articleId",articleId);
        String articleTitle = "《"+title+"》";
        modelMap.put("articleTitle",articleTitle);
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("chapter");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/chapter_detail.htm")
    public String chapterDetail(ModelMap modelMap,String articleId,String title){
        modelMap.put("articleId",articleId);
        String articleTitle = "《"+title+"》";
        modelMap.put("articleTitle",articleTitle);
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("chapter_detail");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/editChapter.htm")
    public String editChapter(ModelMap modelMap,String chapterId){

        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("edit");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/login.htm")
    public String login(){
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("login");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/edit.htm")
    public String exit(Integer chapterId,ModelMap modelMap){
        ArticleVo articleVo = null;
        Chapter chapter = chapterService.getChapterDetail(chapterId);
        try {
            articleVo = articleService.getArticleById(chapter.getArticleId());
        } catch (ArticleNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (FolderNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        modelMap.put("chapter",chapter);
        modelMap.put("article",articleVo);
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("edit");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/add.htm")
    public String add(String articleId,ModelMap modelMap)
    {
        if(articleId!=null){
            ArticleVo articleVo = null;
            try {
                articleVo = articleService.getArticleById(Integer.parseInt(articleId));
                logger.info(articleVo);
            } catch (ArticleNotFoundException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            } catch (FolderNotFoundException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            modelMap.put("article",articleVo);
        }
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("add");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/comment.htm")
    public String comment(){
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("comment");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/profile.htm")
    public String profile(){
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("profile");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/history.htm")
    public String history(){
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("history");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/form_avatar.htm")
    public String avater(){
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("form_avatar");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/change_info.htm")
    public String change_info(){
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("change_info");
    }

    @RequestMapping("/change_pwd.htm")
    public String change_pwd(){
        return templateService.getAdminTemplate("change_pwd");
    }

    //***static/template/admin/index.html这个页面中的iframe需要通过这个控制器路由,注意后缀是.htm,freemarker会自动找到static/template/admin下的xxx.html进行渲染
}


text:
Name | Type | Description | Notes
------------ | ------------- | ------------- | -------------
**languageCode** | **String** | The language code. E.g. en | [optional]
**countryCode** | **String** | The country code. E.g. US | [optional]


text:
Chinese fortune
As a young man living in China, culinary arts meant more to Kang Zhang, MD, PhD, than a hobby. For young Zhang, cooking was a possible survival skill as he embarked on a new culture and adventure in the United States.
Dr. Zhang has fond memories of the meals his mother prepared for his family. He was always intrigued with the beautiful colors, aromas, and taste. As an adolescent, his mother began teaching him some basic cooking techniques.
Early childhood memoriesDr. Zhang remembers what it was like to live in China as a child.
The Cultural Revolution eliminated any opportunity for college education, he said. However, in 1977, the Chinese government began to restore undergraduate and graduate education. The new chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, Deng Xiaoping, was determined to modernize China.
"Deng had been to France in the 1920s and had seen the benefits of modern science and technology," Dr. Zhang said. "He wanted the same for China."
"I was honored and excited to embark on a new exciting adventure," Dr. Zhang said. "For many years, I believed my life would probably be spent working in the rice fields."
A gift of loveAlthough extremely proud of their son, Dr. Zhang's parents had some reservations. Several months before he was to embark on his new life, they sat down to address some concerns.
" 'We're really worried about you, Kang. You know little English. Harvard is a very challenging school and you don't have anything to fall back on,' " Dr. Zhang remembered them saying. "Instead of discouraging me, my parents offered me a remarkable opportunity. They provided a way for me to attend a culinary arts school in China so I had a skill to use in the United States, 'just in case.' "
A new landDr. Zhang's experience at Harvard University proved to be quite successful. Since the communist party took over China in 1949, Dr. Zhang became the first person from China to earn an MD (magna cum laude) and a PhD in genetics from the university.
News | Pediatrics


Car Insurance Deductibles: Are They Right For You?
When choosing car insurance, it is likely that you?ll come across the term ?deductible?. You may have also heard that high deductibles are likely to lower your car insurance premiums. What exactly are ?deductibles?, and are they right for you? I?ll show you how deductibles can help you lower your insurance premiums and explain them in detail so that you can see if it suits your particular situation.
A car insurance deductible is the amount that you pay towards vehicle repair, or any other type of damage or accident before your insurance kicks in. Your insurance company won?t pay anything until you?ve paid off the deductible. Therefore, the higher a deductible is, the lower your insurance rates will be because you assume more risk on your own.
For example, if you have a $1,000 deductible and your vehicle has suffered $2,500 in damages, you would have to pay $1,000 first and after you pay, your insurance will pay the remaining $1,500. There are 3 standard car deductible prices: $250, $500, $1,000. Some companies also have a higher deductible of $1,500.
Choosing a deductible is essentially deciding how much risk you?re willing to assume if you were involved in an accident (or if your car was robbed, damaged, etc). Typically, you can choose to have auto insurance deductibles for comprehensive and collision coverage and personal injury protection.


Let it be known that these dreams are 100% real, as in yes, I really did have these dreams.
Oh, hello there. I didn't see you all come in — mainly because we are outside. Well, since we're all here I'll just reach into my refreshment log and we can drink to our hearts content. And, matter-of-factly, I shall regale you with many a story as we engulf our delicious beverages! These stories will be of the manliest dreams I've had, so pop a squat on my listening stumps and take heed — the adventure begins!
Let me just grab one of my story beavers. Let's see what I carved on the back of this one — ah, yes! This is how I blew up a moose.
I began my trek in a forest. The lush green grass and leaves welcomed me into their domain; they surrounded and embraced me into their home. The branches swayed in the wind as it whipped through them. The wind, then, began to whip into me. I whipped back. The wind died. I continued my journey and walked as deftly and boldly as I could through the forest and, within a few minutes, I came to a clearing. There, standing before me, was the most majestic moose I'd ever seen. We stood in awe of each other. I was taken back by the size of its antlers — it of my statuesque, muscular form. It began walking and came close to me — too close. And I did what any normal human being would do in my position.
I punched it in the face. It exploded into a cataclysmic fireball that engulfed the forest and the plains. I remained untouched, as fire knew at that point not to mess with me.
Oh, what a wonderful dream. I have no further use for this beaver. Guess I'll whittle it into a slipper. Let's see what other dreams I have. Oh! This is how I blew up an elk!
I began my trek in a forest — actually this is just the same dream. Seems I elbowed the elk and it exploded into a poetic spray of blood.
Well then, let's just move on, shall we? Let me just grab another story beaver — ah, here we go. What do we have here? Mmmmm! This is how I killed a bear.
I walked into my house after finishing another long day of high school. I closed the door, sat my backpack down, and set my gaze toward the kitchen — where a giant grizzly bear was waiting for me. I reached back toward the door and grabbed the doorknob . . . and broke it. There would be no escape for either of us.
The bear roared a challenge at me and I responded by running as quickly as I could to the living room. It gave chase. I entered the room, leapt over the coffee table and turned mid-flight only to be met by the bear lunging toward me. I landed on the couch and the bear on me. Holding it by the neck with my left hand, I began bludgeoning it with my right, with doorknob in hand. The blows proved quite effective until it raised an arm and clawed me in the face. It hurt. But I had a plan — kill it.
I landed blow after blow into its face with the doorknob and it retaliated with thunderous punches that tore into my rippling man meat. Its final attack knocked me toward the ground and there I found the tool to its demise: A fork! I sat back up and stabbed its right paw as it came down toward my face. I grabbed the scruff under its jaw, pulled its head down, and impaled the fork through the top of its head! I was victorious!
Phew! I hope you are enjoying these dream-stories as much as I am. Grab yourselves another drink if need be, good friends. They are always in ample supply. I'm going to go hand-crush this maple tree over here as I am in dire need of syrup. I decided to eat these beavers instead of whittling them into clothing and accessories. I think syrup will go well with them.
Anyway, here is my final tale — my favorite, actually! This is how I fought a pack of wolves in an office building.
I was working in a cubicle; the lights dim as I decided to work late. I stood up to stretch and turned around. There before me stood a pack of five wolves. They were hungry, ravenous. So were my biceps. The first wolf lunged at me and I punched it in the nose and it flew backward crashing into an adjacent cubicle. A second jumped at me and I caught it just before it snapped its jaws into my handsome and rugged face. Holding it with one hand I slammed my fist into the left side of its face. My fist exited on the right side. I slid my trophy off my arm as a third caught me off-guard. I boldly assumed a defensive stance and its jaws clinched tightly around the upper-part of my left forearm. I howled in rage and delight, as I found a foe truly worthy of my muscles!
I knew a simple punch would not best this creature. In fact, there was only one way I could kill this wolf! I pushed it against the wall of my cubicle and used it as leverage — because I grabbed my wrist and broke my forearm in half. The bone protruded from my skin, toward the wolf. I yelled, 'Chew on this!' and rammed the bone into the wolf's skull and killed it.
Then I threw the remaining wolves out a window. Gravity!
Well, my friends. That concludes my dream-stories for the time being. I'm sure I have more lying in seclusion, waiting to be read. If you happen to make your way back into my neck of the woods stay away from the otters. They are landmines filled with P90x Recovery Drink. I need it after my workouts, but I can't just go make it. No. I need a challenge.
I also put spinning lawnmower blades in my underwear drawer! My house is really unsafe.
Share with me, my friends, your greatest and wildest dreams! I look forwards to hearing them.


text:
Caitlyn Jenner Cuddles 7th Grandchild After Son Burt Welcomes Boy With Girlfriend: Photo
By Kathy Campbell
Caitlyn Jenner attends The Recording Academy And Clive Davis' 2019 Pre-GRAMMY Gala at The Beverly Hilton Hotel on February 9, 2019 Jeff Kravitz/FilmMagic
Caitlyn Jenner posted a sweet pic showing her cradling her seventh grandchild after her eldest son, Burt Jenner, welcomed the baby boy with his girlfriend, Valerie Pitalo.
The Kardashian Family: Get to Know the Next Generation
"Welcome to the world William Behr Jenner," the Olympic champion, 69, captioned two sweet pics with the newborn. "Congratulations @burtonjenner and @valeriepitalo !! Love you guys."
Welcome to the world William Behr Jenner. Congratulations @burtonjenner and @valeriepitalo !! Love you guys
A post shared by Caitlyn Jenner (@caitlynjenner) on Feb 17, 2019 at 6:03am PST
Burt, 40, who Caitlyn shares with first wife Chrystie Crownover, confirmed his son's arrival with an Instagram video on February 10. The race car driver already has a 2-year-old son, Bodhi, with Pitalo.
The baby's name could be a tribute to Caitlyn, who changed her name when she came out as transgender in 2015. Her birth name was William Bruce Jenner.
Caitlyn Jenner Through the Years
In addition to Burt and Pitalo's two sons, Caitlyn — who shares six kids with three ex-wives including Kris Jenner — is also a grandparent to daughter Cassandra Marino's three children. Burt's younger sister and her husband, Michael Marino, are the parents of Francesca, 10, Isabella, 7, and Luke, 2.
The I Am Cait alum also has a 3-year-old granddaughter named Eva James with son Brandon Jenner (whose mom is Caitlyn's second wife, Linda Thompson) and his estranged wife, Leah. Caitlyn's next-youngest grandchild is Kylie Jenner and Travis Scott's 12-month-old daughter, Stormi.
Famous Family Feuds
While Caitlyn's relationship with her stepchildren with Kris — Kourtney, Kim, Khloé and Rob Kardashian — may be fractured, her biological children have remained close to their parent since her transition. She shared a photo on Instagram over Thanksgiving that showed her with the Jenner clan and girlfriend Sophia Hutchins at Cassandra's new home.
Congratulations to my daughter Casey, and her husband Michael, for getting their beautiful home finished one day before thanksgiving! It's gorgeous! Happy Thanksgiving to all!
A post shared by Caitlyn Jenner (@caitlynjenner) on Nov 23, 2018 at 3:43pm PST
"My life revolves around my kids. And they'll be in my life until the day I die," she told Diane Sawyer in 2017.
The former reality star revealed that granddaughter Eva calls her "boom-boom."
"She loves that name," Caitlyn admitted with a laugh. "Actually it's kind of fun because the grandkids will never know my former life. They only know me."


Parabellum International is a West Australian owned and directed company providing best practice Emergency Response and Management services to the local and international oil, gas, resources and construction industries. We provide clients with complete Fire Fighting, Medical, Marine Environmental Spill, Safety, Security, Training and Emergency Management services.
Occupational Health & Safety Management System – OHSAS 18001:2007.


text:
Q: Positioning a word at a specified position in word document VBA I am trying to create a word document from excel. the document has specific text that doesnt vary with some data being entered from excel sheet which is being entered by means of an array. so  whenever this variable data from sheet is entered, the word document adjust the lines as per the length of this variable.  I want to keep the non variable part of my text to be sticking to its specific position regardeless of length of varying data being imported from sheets. Iam also struggling with adjusting the sentence length to match with the paper width. can you  pls help
Sub ReminderWordDoc(strValue As String)

Dim wdApp As Word.Application
Set wdApp = CreateObject("Word.Application")

    With wdApp
    .Visible = True
    .Activate
    .Documents.Add

Dim objVar As Variant
objVar = Split(strValue, "~")

        With .Selection
            .ParagraphFormat.Alignment = wdAlignParagraphRight
            .BoldRun 'Switch Bold on
            .Font.Size = 12
            .Font.Name = Arial
            .Font.Underline = wdUnderlineSingle
            .TypeText "IN LIEU OF MSG FORM"
            .TypeParagraph 'Enter a new line
            .ParagraphFormat.Alignment = wdAlignParagraphLeft
            .TypeText "PRIORITY"
            .BoldRun 'Switch Bold off
            .TypeParagraph
            .TypeText "FROM: HQ FORT                                                                                DTG : 02" & vbCrLf
            .TypeText "TO: " + UCase(objVar(1)) + "                                                                                UNCLAS" & vbCrLf
            .TypeText "INFO: " + UCase(objVar(2)) + "                                                                                " + UCase(objVar(1)) & vbCrLf
            .TypeText "--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------" & vbCrLf
.TypeText " REMINDER NO 1 (.) COMPLAINT IN R/O  " + UCase(objVar(3)) + "  " + UCase(objVar(4)) + "  " + UCase(objVar(2)) + _
            "(.)  REF OUR LETTER NO " + UCase(objVar(0)) + _
            " DT ___________(___) COMMA _______(____) COMMA _______(____)(.) 'R' OF AS ASKED VIDE OUR LETTER UNDER REF IS STILL AWAITED (.) REQUEST FWD THE SAME BY _______ (___) (.) " & vbCrLf
 .TypeText "--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------" & vbCrLf
            .TypeText "XYZ                              TELE:27676455                                                  SR MGR" & vbCrLf & vbCrLf & vbCrLf & vbCrLf & vbCrLf

            .TypeText "CASE NO: " + UCase(objVar(0)) + "                                                                                EXEC " & vbCrLf
            .TypeText "DATED: " + UCase(Date) + "                                                                                TOR____H" & vbCrLf

        End With

    End With
End Sub

A: Using tables is one way.
Sub ReminderWordDoc(strValue As String)

    Dim wdApp As Word.Application
    Set wdApp = CreateObject("Word.Application")

    Dim wdDoc As Word.Document

        With wdApp
            .Visible = True
            .Activate
        End With
    Set wdDoc = wdApp.Documents.Add

    Dim objVar As Variant
    objVar = Split(strValue, "~")

     With wdApp.Selection
        .ParagraphFormat.Alignment = wdAlignParagraphRight
        .BoldRun 'Switch Bold on
        .Font.Size = 12
        .Font.Name = Arial
        .Font.Underline = wdUnderlineSingle
        .TypeText "IN LIEU OF MSG FORM"
        .TypeParagraph 'Enter a new line
        .ParagraphFormat.Alignment = wdAlignParagraphLeft
        .TypeText "PRIORITY"
        .BoldRun 'Switch Bold off
        .TypeParagraph
     End With
     Dim t1 As Word.Table
     Set t1 = wdDoc.Tables.Add(Range:=wdApp.Selection.Range, NumRows:=9, NumColumns:=2, _
                       DefaultTableBehavior:=wdWord9TableBehavior, _
                       AutoFitBehavior:=wdAutoFitFixed)

     t1.Borders.Enable = False
     w = t1.Rows(1).Cells(1).Width * 2
     w1 = w * 0.75
     w2 = w * 0.25

     For x = 1 To 9
         With t1.Rows(x)
             .Cells(1).Width = w1
             .Cells(2).Width = w2
         End With
    Next x

    t1.Rows(1).Cells(1).Range.Text = "FROM: HQ FORT"
    t1.Rows(1).Cells(2).Range.Text = "DTG : 02"

    t1.Rows(2).Cells(1).Range.Text = "TO: " + UCase(objVar(1))
    t1.Rows(2).Cells(2).Range.Text = "UNCLAS"

    t1.Rows(3).Cells(1).Range.Text = "INFO: " + UCase(objVar(2))
    t1.Rows(3).Cells(2).Range.Text = UCase(objVar(1))

    t1.Rows(4).Cells.Merge
    t1.Rows(4).Cells(1).Range.Text = String(116, "-")

    t1.Rows(5).Cells.Merge
    t1.Rows(5).Cells(1).Range.Text = " REMINDER NO 1 (.) COMPLAINT IN R/O  " + UCase(objVar(3)) + "  " + UCase(objVar(4)) + "  " + UCase(objVar(2)) + _
         "(.)  REF OUR LETTER NO " + UCase(objVar(0)) + _
         " DT ___________(___) COMMA _______(____) COMMA _______(____)(.) 'R' OF AS ASKED VIDE OUR LETTER UNDER REF IS STILL AWAITED (.) REQUEST FWD THE SAME BY _______ (___) (.) "

    t1.Rows(6).Cells.Merge
    t1.Rows(6).Cells(1).Range.Text = String(116, "-")

    t1.Rows(7).Cells(1).Split NumRows:=1, NumColumns:=2
    t1.Rows(7).Cells(1).Range.Text = "XYZ"
    t1.Rows(7).Cells(2).Range.Text = "TELE:27676455"
    t1.Rows(7).Cells(3).Range.Text = "SR MGR"

    t1.Rows(8).Cells(1).Range.Text = "CASE NO: " + UCase(objVar(0))
    t1.Rows(8).Cells(2).Range.Text = "EXEC"

    t1.Rows(9).Cells(1).Range.Text = "DATED: " + UCase(Date)
    t1.Rows(9).Cells(2).Range.Text = "TOR____H"

End Sub


text:
Decadent is the 15th studio album by German heavy metal band U.D.O. It was released on 23 January 2015 in Europe and 3 February 2015 in the United States through AFM Records. On 12 December 2014, "Decadent" was released as the first single. It is the last album to feature drummer Francesco Jovino as well as guitarist Kasperi Heikkinen.

Reception

Jimmy Martin of Terrorizer gave the album a moderate rating, and wrote, "True to form, 'Decadent' [...] is chock full of the man's trademark bluster, which has essentially remained stylistically frozen in 'Metal Heart'/'Screaming For Vengeance' formation. [...] Gloriously oblivious to all or any developments elsewhere in metal, 'Decadent' [...] is possessed of a vim, vigour and strident joie-de-vivre that proves very hard to resist."

Track listing

Personnel
 Udo Dirkschneider: vocals
 Andrey Smirnov: guitars
 Kasperi Heikkinen: guitars
 Fitty Wienhold: bass
 Francesco Jovino: drums

Guest musicians
 Ingmar Viertel: backing vocals
 Claus Rettkowski: backing vocals

Production
 Jacob Hansen: mastering
 Martin Häusler: photography
 Dirk Hüttner: cover art
 Hiko: Design, layout
 Holger Thielbörger: editing
 Fitty Wienhold: producer
 Udo Dirkschneider: producer
 Mattes: producer, mixing

References

U.D.O. albums
2015 albums


Experienced Bryant dealers are known for doing Whatever It Takes to help you out – and financing is no exception. There are several flexible options for financing your new Bryant product or system. That way, you can invest in your home's comfort or respond to an unexpected heating and cooling need without breaking your monthly budget. Click the banner above to apply.
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To find out which financing options are available to you, or to learn about special financing promotions, contact your participating dealer, contact BNG today!


text:
Ambrose, Kimberly, Paul Among Jews: Rehabilitating Paul (Wipf and Stock), 2015, presents a more consistent and credible Paul as a first-century Diaspora Jew organizing a mission to Gentiles.
Eisenbaum, Pamela, Paul Was Not a Christian: The Original Message of a Misunderstood Apostle (Harper One), 2009, demonstrates the full Jewishness of Paul.
Elliott, Neil, Liberating Paul: The Justice of God and the Politics of the Apostle (Fortress Press), 2005, argues for a liberationist reading of Paul.
Fredriksen, Paula, Paul: The Pagans' Apostle (Yale University Press), 2017, develops a solid and sustained argument for the historical reconstruction of Paul within Judaism.
Gager, John G., Reinventing Paul (Oxford University Press), 2000, rejects an anti-Jewish reading of Paul.
Gaston, Lloyd, Paul and the Torah (Vancouver: Univ. of British Columbia Press), reprint 1991, argues that Paul's criticism of the Law was limited to its relationship to Gentiles.
Given, Mark D., ed., Paul Unbound: Other Perspectives on the Apostle (Baker Academic), 2010, includes a wide variety of essays.
Nanos, Mark D., Reading Corinthians and Philippians within Judaism: Collected Essays of Mark D. Nanos, vol. 4 (Cascade Books), 2017, provides new light on key Pauline texts.
Nanos, Mark D., The Irony of Galatians: Paul's Letter in First-Century Context (Augsburg Fortress), 2001, is a follow-up to his book, The Mystery of Romans.
Nanos, Mark D., The Mystery of Romans: The Jewish Context of Paul's Letter (Fortress Press), 1996, was awarded the 1996 National Jewish Book Award in the category of Jewish-Christian relations.
Nanos, Mark D., and Zetterholm, Magnus, eds., Paul Within Judaism: Restoring the First-Century Context to the Apostle (Fortress Press), 2015, is the latest anthology exploring this latest trend in Pauline studies.
Stowers, Stanley K., A Rereading of Romans: Justice, Jews, and Gentiles (Yale University Press), 1997, interprets Romans in light of rhetorical conventions available in Paul's time.
Tucker, J. Brian, Reading 1 Corinthians (Cascade Books), 2017, reads Paul's letter through the lens of social identity theory, a leading social scientific method for understanding the New Testament.
Young, Brad H., Paul the Jewish Theologian: A Pharisee Among Christians, Jews, and Gentiles (Peabody, Massachussetts: Hendrickson Publisers, Inc.), 1998, explores Paul's thought in his Jewish context.
Zetterholm, Magnus, Approaches to Paul: A Student's Guide to Recent Scholarship (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press), 2009, focuses on Paul's relationship to Judaism but describes postcolonial and feminist approaches to Paul as well.


text:
Is Lifetime Networks ahead of their time… or just doing the right thing?
October 6, 2009 March 17, 2013 / John Ayers
If new technology, a connected community, being authentic, with a pay-it-forward mindset and messaging integration is our future… than Lifetime Networks is ahead of their time.
All the buzz phrases of the new era seems to be pushing some out of the doldrums of the recession. As if to simply empower one another into "good-will" and helping your fellow man (or woman) is all we need – and maybe it is. From individual, to corporation, from governments to NGO's, from content developers to advertisers, it does seem people may get that we are all in "this" together. Whatever "this" is.
Not really a new idea is it? Remember the Christmas movie, "Miracle on 34th Street" where the real Santa sends customers to Macy's competitor department store? And ultimately, Macy's realizes the spirit of doing good, being good and helping others can really pay off financially and morally. What is different this time around is the amazing reach and frequency of the message in today's media driven market.
Either way… Lifetime has a very integrated campaign on Breast Cancer and (no matter how cynical we have all become), that is good.
Lifetime Integrates Breast Cancer Themes in Shows
'Stop Breast Cancer For Life' Campaign Branches Out in 15th Year
by MCN Staff — Multichannel News, 10/5/2009 11:36:39 AM
Lifetime Networks is using breast cancer-themed storyline integration as well as public service announcements, partnerships with non-profit agencies and wide-ranging digital efforts in its "Stop Breast Cancer For Life" campaign this year.
For the 15th year of Lifetime's multiplatform public service campaign, Lifetime is integrating breast cancer themed storylines and important information into Lifetime's original series, including comedic drama Drop Dead Diva, comedy Rita Rocks, sitcom Sherri and the unscripted health/fitness program DietTribe.
Hallie (Natalie Dreyfuss) of Rita Rocks wins a pink Vespa from Avon Walk.
There will be PSAs featuring Lifetime talent, extensive content from Lifetime Digital and ongoing support ofLifetime's Stop Breast Cancer for Life online petition to end "drive-through mastectomies." Four new Lifetime's Remarkable Women vignettes will feature breast-cancer heroes and advocates. And there will be premieres of films from the Love/Avon Army of Women student filmmaker competition.
"The Power of 15" campaign will promote 15 important tips for breast cancer risk reduction with 15 major breast cancer non-profit organizations and alliances.
Lifetime's distribution partners will extend the campaign and its messages in communities across the country. Lifetime is working with local distribution partners in more than 120 markets to help build breast cancer awareness through a specialized Stop Breast Cancer for Life affiliate outreach campaign. The campaign is designed to be used by each MSO's local ad sales, marketing and public affairs groups to educate their subscribers on breast cancer wellness and prevention.
Through this partnership, Lifetime has distributed customizable PSAs along with more than 1,000 point-of-purchase displays, 130,000 Power of 15 magnets outlining the 15 risk reduction and screening tips and 130,000 Lifetime branded pink ribbons to wear in support of the cause.
Viewers will see breast cancer-themed storylines on Sherri (Oct. 6 at 7 p.m. ET/PT), in which a co-worker of Sherri's (Sherri Shepherd) engages the office to support her efforts in a breast cancer walk; and Drop Dead Diva (Oct. 11 at 9 p.m. ET/PT), when Jane (Brooke Elliott) manages a case that involves a breast cancer survivor who is dropped from a modeling contract because of her "fake" breasts.
In Rita Rocks (Oct. 27 at 10:30 p.m. ET/PT), Hallie (Natalie Dreyfuss) participates in the Avon Walk for Breast Cancer and wins a pink Vespa (pictured.)
On DietTribe on Oct. 2 , fitness/health expert Jessie Pavelka discussed the importance of staying healthy to prevent breast cancer.
Magnet With 15 Tips
Seven new and exclusive PSAs featuring Heidi Klum (Project Runway), Sherri Shepherd andRita Rocks star Nicole Sullivan, offer ways to support the fight against the disease.
Four finalist PSAs from the Love/Avon Army of Women student filmmaking competition at the USC School of Cinematic Arts and New York University's Maurice Kanbar Institute of Film and Television will air on Lifetime.
Sponsored by Bayer, the four newLifetime's Remarkable Womenvignettes profile U.S. Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D.-Fla.), a cancer survivor who introduced legislation to develop a national breast cancer education campaign; Dr. Funmi Opolade, professor of medicine and Human Genetics Director, Cancer Risk Clinic, University of Chicago Medical Center, who has dedicated her research to addressing the needs of African-American breast cancer patients; Alice Crisci, Founder of My Vision Foundation and a cancer survivor whose organization educates breast cancer patients about their fertility options; and Molly Elizabeth and Geri Ximenez, sisters and survivors who are dedicated to spreading prevention tips throughout the Latina community.
Vespa USA is donating a special-edition pink LX 50 scooter to each 15 national partner organizations to use in their fundraising efforts. They are: the American Cancer Society, Breast Cancer Action, Breastcancer.org, Breast Cancer Network of Strength, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, Bright Pink, Cup With Love, Love/Avon Army of Women (part of the Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation), Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure, My Vision Foundation, Nueva Vida, Prevent Cancer Foundation, SHARE, Sisters Network Inc. and Young Survival Coalition.
The campaign includes extensive content on Lifetime Digital, which has played a major role in the rapid collection of more than 24 million signatures on Lifetime's Stop Breast Cancer for Life online petition urging Congress to pass the bipartisan Breast Cancer Patient Protection Act. If passed, the legislation will end "drive-through mastectomies," the practice of when women are sometimes forced to leave the hospital just hours after invasive breast surgery.
A wide-range of breast cancer resource materials available on myLifetime.com, including streamed Lifetime original movies Matters of Life & Dating and the Emmy-nominated Why I Wore Lipstick to My Mastectomy, which is based on the real-life experience of Lifetime public affairs executive Geralyn Lucas.
The movies will also be available through Lifetime on Demand.
Lifetime Digital's online parenting community MothersClick.com will provide an outlet for women to voice their opinions and concerns surrounding breast cancer and a safe environment for those afflicted with cancer to share their feelings with others who have had similar experiences.
LifetimeMoms.com will also be highlighting the topic of breast cancer awareness throughout the month.
Lifetime Networks includes Lifetime Television, Lifetime Movie Network and Lifetime Real Women. It's part of A&E Television Networks, a joint venture of the Disney-ABC Television Group, Hearst and NBC Universal.
← REUTERS: New media upends TV ratings. JA: Will consumers decide what advertising they want to view & how they want to view it?
Is Lifetime Networks ahead of their time… or just doing the right thing? →


Question: How does one find out about local Royal Navy events, when the nearest Naval Base is many miles away?
Answer: Contact your nearest Naval Regional Commander (NRC) at the Royal Navy Headquarters, who is the official RN representative in your area of the UK.
Naval Regional Commanders (NRCs) play an important part in today's Navy, as they provide the local link to all 'matters Royal Navy ' in their Regions. There are four NRCs in the UK, each holding the rank of Commodore, and each heading a small but enthusiastic naval and civilian staff.
The overall purpose of the NRC is to promote the Royal Navy, often in areas where there is little exposure to the Navy and its core business. They will do this by coordinating Naval representation and fostering good relations with civic dignitaries, industry and the general public.
NRCs deal with any matter of Naval import in their Regions, and their work varies widely from one area of responsibility to another, according to Naval interest. Much of their day-to-day effort involves representing the Navy at civic functions, regional events, and commemorative occasions; and many of these events will be supported by the Royal Navy and Royal Marines Reserves, University Royal Naval Units, local Sea Cadet units and the RN recruiting field force.
Similarly any Royal Navy or foreign warship visit to a local port will invariably be co-ordinated through the NRC. If the ship is open to the general public during her visit, then the NRC will help promote this through local media outlets.
After dinner speaking can be another side to the NRCs role, and presentations with the full RN Presentation Team can be arranged for a range of civic and industrial organisations. If you want the Navy to visit you for a presentation or speaking engagement the initial point of contact is the Royal Navy Presentation Team .
To contact your nearest Naval Regional Commander please click on the links above.


Many people may not beware of the benefits associated with horse riding trips. Besides, cardiovascular often horse riders acquire physical advantages. Considering that horse riding does not involve a lot of physical performance, and it helps you burn extra calories with longer and often trips. By trying this you enjoy the benefits linked to systematic cardiovascular exercises.
When you are on a horse ride for the first time, you are possibly going to witness muscle strains that you have never had in the past. That is so due to the mobility of the horse and its impact on your as the rider. Usually, the rider has to respond to the horse movements to keep equilibrium. It is by this that your pelvis, trunk, and adductor muscles are exercised.
Several gains are attached to horse riding trips. It is such undertaking that you will have your legs strengthened. Further it gives the rider an opportunity to experience mind calmness and boost confidence.
Horse riding will aid you in developing balance as well as enhance your coordination. You may choose to believe or assume but sitting straight whenever on the horse and steering it is not a joke. When the horse starts moving faster, it tends to be difficult in maintaining the right equilibrium. Thus, your stability management is essential. That is why you ought to develop your equilibrium management abilities so that it is easier for you to move in harmony with your horse. Additionally, you as well assist your horse in maintaining balance.
Remember, a horse can be unpredictable at times. Therefore, you should strive and retain the right equilibrium level with your upper body. It is attainable if you fully utilize your top body organs. Poor pose will deter your ability to control the horse. It is recommendable always to maintain the right pose while on the horse. As a horse moves forward, its body too sways on the sides, thus making you utilize more of your core muscles that you would have if you were to walk or remain sited.
It is through the proper use of your core muscles that you too exercise your pelvis and thighs. Specialists discovered more about horse riding benefits meant for muscle strengthening. Besides the fun it offers, it can be a successful adventure. Flexibility of the hips and pelvic muscles is an essential requirement for every horse rider. Note, the rhythmic drive will enhance your suppleness by the horse.
The horse riding experience will allow you to shed off some calories and also stimulate your internal organs. It is during the ride that your inner organs get stimulated. It supports the functionality of your liver as well as digestion. The fraction of calories shed off during every tour is reliant to the mobility speed of the specific ride. Besides the physical gains, horse ride trips can result to mental benefits.


'The Castles of Burgundy' is set in the Burgundy region of High Medieval France. Each player takes on the role of an aristocrat, originally controlling a small princedom. While playing they aim to build settlements and powerful castles, practice trade along the river, exploit silver mines, and use the knowledge of travellers.
The game is about placing settlement tiles into the princedom. Every tile has a function that starts when the tile is placed. The princedom itself consists of several regions, each of which demands its own settlement tile.
The core game mechanism involves two dice. The pips show the kind of action the players are allowed to do (example: roll a 2 and a 5: using the 2 the player buys a watch tower and places it on a 5 city tile which triggers the function of the tower with additional advantages). It is possible to influence the dice, so the player is not completely subject to luck.


text:
What's in a Dungeon?
April 15, 2014 | Posted in Below | No comments
Below's second dungeon, the Sea-King's Grave, is going to be the first major purchasable chunk of content for the game. I discussed the issue of fair (and reasonable!) price with the closed beta testers and got the sort of diverse, insightful responses that the community spoils me with. Lots of people wanted to know what exactly they get with a new dungeon – what does it equate to in terms of cards and content? I'll break it down after the break
The Below Deck
When you enter a new dungeon, the core of the Below Deck remains the same: every dungeon has Winding Stairs, Dust-Choked Chambers and Inscribed Doors. But what's on some cards changes to reflect the dungeon. The Old Statues you discover – their rewards, faces and dangers – tell a different story in each dungeon. The creatures stalking you on the Watched card might be wolves, Scarrow or wisps in the Bellringer's Tomb, or the Backwards Dead, the Barrow-Dweller or the Crimson in the Sea-King's Grave.
Regions and Quests
Each dungeon contains unique regions (usually three) that put new pinned cards onto the table. Places like the Lindworm's Lair, the Saint's Grave, or the Giant's Road. These sit at the bottom of the screen, and may change to represent the region's state or your progress through it. So the Scarrow's Pantry has one card that shows when the Scarrow don't know you're there, and another one for when they're hunting you.
The Sea-King's Grave also randomises elements of the regions. The first time you enter perhaps you'll face the Lindworm. Next time, maybe it'll be a Troll-Wife. You'll always have to pass through the Labyrinth, but the challenge at its heart might be a Winding Horn or a Bitter Wind.
Quests work the same way but tend to be even more involved, with more stages, extra bridging cards to pace the narrative, and epilogue cards when you complete them (complete with their own choices). In addition, some quests add new cards to the Above Deck. As you try to save Old Wist you'll remember how you met, and what you meant to each other. Succeed in your quest, and you can add a new card to the Above deck for future adventures.
Sometimes, a quest or region will include a new area or mini-game like the Giant's Hall. This could be another 4 to 12 cards of content, usually linked together. An example: if you succumb to the spells of the Labyrinth in the Sea-King's Grave you'll enter a mini-menace state as your shattered mind tries to claw back its sanity.
Regions and quests also add new cards to the Below Deck. While returning a barrow-blade to its maker you'll be plagued by the Sword-Dreams card, forcing you to relive the sword's legacy of ruin. When facing the Lindworm you'll need to beware poisonous airs in the Below Deck – if your Poisoned quality rises too high, you'll start losing Spirit until you return to the surface to clear your lungs.
Sometimes a quest or region will add new options to existing cards. When returning the Saint's Bell to the surface, the Pit card suddenly becomes a short-cut, if you've the courage to risk it. In the Labyrinth, once-familiar cards acquire new tricks and twists.
Treasure Cards
Each dungeon has a unique Treasure Card. You'll only find a Hallowed Handbell in the Bellringer's Tomb, and a Wind-Knot or coins from ancient Vuhl in the Sea-King's Grave. As well as being the source of potent new items, the Treasure Cards are packed with lore about Gallowmoor, its people, and its history.
Dungeons are by far the most time-consuming content in Below to write. They represent huge chunks of new lore, six or more new mini-mechanics to handle the quests and regions, new treasures, new content scattered across existing cards and multiple rounds of testing and revision. But that's all behind-the-scenes stuff, and my main concern is that it won't be obvious to players.
That's why whatever they're eventually priced at, it'll be a level that drastically undervalues the effort that went into them. But I think it's important people have reasonable access to a variety of content to keep their interest up. The game needs a certain bulk, I think. Hopefully, people who enjoy the dungeons will feel happy buying some action refreshes or smaller content unlocks, too.
Check back on Thursday for a special guest post by Below's artist, Yasmeen Khan!
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