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Cadernos de Saúde Pública
Articles • Cad. Saúde Pública 21 (1) • Feb 2005 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000100031 copy
Health care workers and AIDS: a differential study of beliefs and affects associated with accidental exposure to blood
Profissionais de saúde e AIDS: um estudo diferencial sobre crenças e afetos associados à experiência de exposição acidental a material biológico potencialmente contaminado
Maria Rosa Rodrigues Rissi
Alcyone Artioli Machado
Marco Antonio de Castro Figueiredo
This study aimed to analyze affective and cognitive determinants of the professional work of individuals caring for patients with HIV/AIDS, in view of the risk and/or experience of accidental exposure to blood. We drew on the theoretical-methodological references of Fishbein & Ajzen and Maslow's theory. Fifty health care workers were evaluated using an attitudes questionnaire and a needs and motivations instrument. The research verified differences between answers by health care workers who had never suffered accidents and those who had already experienced accidental exposure to blood. Health care workers did their work activities motivated by the need for self-fulfillment and valued their own performance when they were able to meet the patients' emotional needs. Among health professionals who had never experienced accidental exposure to blood, the predominant beliefs was that patients feel remorse over having expose themselves to HIV. Accidental exposure to blood raises difficulties in personal life. Technical aspects are also associated with the possibility of accidental exposure to blood.
Health Care; Occupational Accidents; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar determinantes afetivos e cognitivos que influenciam o trabalho de profissionais que cuidam de pessoas vivendo com o HIV/ AIDS, frente ao risco ou experiência de exposição acidental a material biológico potencialmente contaminado (MBPC). Utilizou-se o referencial teórico metodológico de Fishbein-Ajzen e a teoria de Maslow, que propõe a hierarquia das necessidades humanas. Cinqüenta profissionais de saúde foram avaliados por meio de escalas de atitudes, e de um instrumento de avaliação de necessidades e motivações. Verificou-se a diferença entre as respostas de profissionais que nunca sofreram acidente e aqueles que já passaram pela experiência de acidente ocupacional. Os resultados indicam que os profissionais exercem suas atividades motivados pela necessidade de auto-realização e valorizam sua performance quando podem atender as necessidades emocionais dos pacientes. Para os profissionais que não se acidentaram predominam crenças de que os pacientes se arrependem da exposição ao HIV. O episódio de acidente acarreta dificuldades à vida pessoal e profissional do trabalhador acidentado. Aspectos técnicos também aparecem associados à possibilidade de ocorrência de acidentes.
Assistência à Saúde; Acidentes de Trabalho; Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida
ARTICLE ARTIGO
Maria Rosa Rodrigues RissiI; Alcyone Artioli MachadoII; Marco Antonio de Castro FigueiredoI
IFaculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
IIFaculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brasil
During their professional experience, health care workers who care for individuals with HIV/AIDS need to be qualified to deal with the specific requirements of the syndrome, which demands technical and scientific knowledge and understanding of the ties established between the clinical team and patients with HIV/ AIDS. An implicit concern during daily practice by health care workers is the possibility of infection with pathogens through accidental exposure to blood.
Several studies 1,2,3,4,5 have attempted to shed light on the extent of the problem from a clinical and epidemiological point of view, besides defining prophylactic post-exposure measures, but questions related to the psychological implications of accidental exposure to blood have rarely been discussed in the literature 6,7,8,9.
Some published studies and relevant informal observations have indicated that accidental exposure is experienced with great anxiety by the health care workers, and work by professionals caring for patients with HIV/AIDS thus goes beyond intrinsic technical aspects, requiring another dimension of care which includes awareness of patients' psychosocial needs, indicating concern for the more human side of the issue 4,10,11,12.
It thus seems evident that in addition to training for AIDS care as a whole, it is crucial to understand the different psychosocial aspects inherent to health professionals' practical work 13,14, indicating the increasing need for support programs and psychological help in order to establish a less threatening and more genuine relationship with the patient.
In the present study, the Fishbein-Ajzen affective-cognitive model was used, which conceives attitude as the result of the conjunction of beliefs, values, and emotions 15 associated with any phenomenon 16, a model representing an advance in the study of social attitudes.
To investigate the direction of motivations and needs inherent to professional activity, Maslow's theory was also used 17,18. This model proposes a hierarchy of human needs, supporting the theory that individuals act in such a way as to satisfy or reduce their needs according to factors inherent to their personality.
The theory's general principle is that individuals have primary or physiological needs which, when satisfied, make way for secondary needs, which in turn acquire the power of motivation. In this respect, these models are believed to fulfill the objective of identifying affective and cognitive determinants that lead health care workers to work with AIDS.
The objectives of the present study were: (1) to analyze affective and cognitive determinants of professional work by individuals caring for patients with HIV/AIDS, using assessment instruments, and (2) to determine which representations and motivations are part of the experience of these professionals in view of accidental exposure to blood risk and/or experience.
Population and methods
Study site
The study was carried out at the Special Unit for Treatment of Infectious Diseases (SUTID), a regional reference center for this type of care. The unit is a department of the University Hospital, School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), a 600-bed facility with various medical specialties. The city of Ribeirão Preto has a population of approximately 500,000 and is located in northeastern São Paulo State, Brazil.
The research project was approved by the Institutional Review Board/Research Ethics Committee of HCFMRP-USP (HCRP case no. 1170/99). All health care workers participating in this study received detailed written information on the study procedures and objectives, and only those who provided their consent to participate were included, after signing the document.
Study phases
• Survey of prevalent modal beliefs
(a) Subjects: Fifteen subjects participated in the first phase of the study after written informed consent was obtained, including five nurses and ten nurse technicians who care for patients treated at the SUTID.
(b) Procedures:
1. Interviews: Subjects answered individual semi-structured interviews, following a procedure of evocation-enunciation-verification, in order to obtain data regarding three categories of representation: work itself, patients with HIV/AIDS, and accidental exposure to blood.
2. Content analysis and verification of the selected beliefs: During this phase, a list of statements was presented to three reviewers who grouped those that showed the closest content-related proximity. The statements that were found to be at the judgment intersection for each category were then verified graphically using the Venn diagram 19.
3. Construction of affective-cognitive scales: Content analysis of the selected beliefs permitted their association with "b" scales, which evaluate affective contents, and "e" scales, which evaluate cognitive contents, using a 7-point Likert type scale ranging from +3 to -3 with a median interval of zero 20.
• Application of a questionnaire for evaluation of needs and motivation:
(a) Subjects: Fifty health care workers participated in this phase of the study, including 13 physicians, 9 nurses, 22 nurse technicians, 5 general service technicians, and 1 dentist, who provide services in the SUTID. Inclusion criteria were the type of activity carried out, their link with the service, and their availability and willingness to participate in the study.
(b) Procedures: The questionnaire for evaluation of needs and motivation was administered at the subjects' workplace. The responses were then submitted to descriptive analysis according to the variable "health care workers with a history of accidental exposure to blood" and "health care workers without a history of accidental exposure to blood". On the basis of this analysis, cutoff points were established and subgroups defined for differential analysis.
After statistical analysis, distribution of responses within the levels of need satisfaction was determined using Maslow's theory 21. Data were analyzed for differences between satisfaction levels and for each differential group.
• Determination of health professionals' attitudes towards certain categories of AIDS-related contents
(a) Subjects: The same 50 subjects evaluated during the previous step were assessed during this phase.
(b) Procedures: This phase consisted of three steps as proposed by Figueiredo 20:
1. Application of the attitude instrument: Fifty observations were made by applying two probability scales using a 7-point Likert evaluation in order to determine affective "e" and cognitive "b" attitude components. The responses were processed on the basis of the Fishbein-Ajzen equation, calculating the relative attitudes for each item and each category studied.
2. Differential studies: Differential studies were carried out using the t-test and Mann-Whitney test for the determination of differences within each subgroup ("health care workers with a history of accidental exposure to blood" and "health care workers without a history of accidental exposure to blood"), with the level of significance set at p < 0.5 for rejection of the equality hypothesis. Descriptive statistics were also applied to the data for each sub-sample when differences were observed, or for the whole sample (n = 50) when differential analysis did not reveal any difference, considering all categories evaluated.
3. Quadrant analysis: To determine the conjugation of cognitions and emotions leading to the attitudes evaluated, quadrant analysis consisting of the trisection between the "b" scores on the abscissas and the "e" scores on the ordinates of the beliefs-versus-values relationship was carried out. Conjugations were determined based on the distribution of subjects among quadrants using the scores obtained by the two scales. The modal quadrant was compared to the sum of the remaining quadrants, with the level of significance set at p < 0.5 for rejection of the equality hypothesis. The results were interpreted and discussed on the basis of the meaning of the modal quadrant.
Survey of prevalent modal beliefs
Table 1 shows the final list of statements selected on the basis of content analysis, which form the attitude instrument. A predominance of contents related to the characteristics of the relationship established between healthy care workers and patient can be noted, as well as contents related to work contingencies and psychosocial aspects of the patients that render work with AIDS specific as compared to other diseases.
Determination of satisfaction rates using a needs instrument
Table 2 shows the distribution of different needs satisfaction rates for health care workers with and without a history of accidental exposure to blood. For those accidentally exposed to blood, the results indicate satisfaction in terms of the need for security (54%) and a tendency towards satisfaction with the need for self-fulfillment (40%), but lack of satisfaction of more basic needs such as survival, a need which most professionals found to be unmet (72%).
According to the distribution of needs satisfaction rates for health care workers who had never been accidentally exposed to blood, the needs of security and self-fulfillment were satisfied, with both needs showing a 64% satisfaction rate. A tendency towards satisfaction was also observed in the need for socialization (36%). In contrast, a high rate of lack of satisfaction was observed in relation to survival (54%) and self-esteem (41%).
Summary of results obtained by quadrant analysis
Table 3 shows an analysis of the conjugation of "b" and "e" values assigned to the statements presented to the subjects as shown in Table 1. Quadrant analysis based on the conjugation of beliefs and values for the work category demonstrated that contents related to emotional needs (need for understanding and care) are part of the repertoire of beliefs concerning the HIV/ AIDS patient and are positively valued, regardless of history of accidental exposure to blood.
The results for the patient category indicate the importance of the patient's role in the health care workers' work and the perception of difficulties at the biological, psychological, and social levels experienced by the HIV/AIDS patient. In this category, two items showed statistically significant differences between the accidentally exposed and non-exposed health care workers subgroups: the item related to the importance of patients' perceiving their improvement and the item related to patients' remorse over having been exposed to HIV. In the first case, although significant differences were detected, conjugation of the responses pointed in the same direction, i.e., patients perceive their improvement and this is viewed positively (item 2.7, Table 3). As for HIV/AIDS patients' remorse over having been exposed to the virus, the results indicate that only professionals who were never accidentally exposed to HIV believe in and positively value such an attitude. For professionals who have been accidentally exposed, the results do not indicate a prevalent quadrant.
Analysis of the accident category did not show any significant difference between the two sub-samples for the items evaluated.
Analysis of the "b"/"e" conjugation for the whole sample showed the presence of strong beliefs for two items, which were negatively valued by the subjects: the fact that accidental exposure to blood results in complications in the lives of health care workers and the possibility that occupational exposure to HIV may have been caused by haste.
The results indicate that health care workers' professional practice extrapolates intrinsic technical aspects, requiring consideration of the psychosocial needs of HIV/AIDS patients during daily work. A tendency of professional activity based on the search for self-fulfillment can be observed. Since the clinical and psychosocial aspects of AIDS are quite complex, health care workers involvement with the work and patients becomes a privileged and essential instrument for a favorable treatment prognosis.
With respect to the work itself, beliefs and values identified among health care workers demonstrate awareness of patients' emotional needs. Meanwhile, patient care represents a component of the professional role which in turn shifts the recognition of technical and scientific competence to another level of meaning that is necessary but not sufficient to treat AIDS.
Strawn 22 reports that people react individually to life-threatening diseases, especially AIDS. Therefore, reactions are related to the meaning each person ascribes to both the disease and its extent and physical and mental consequences. Stigmatized diseases entail the fear not only of death, but also of discrimination and possible interference with social and affective relationships.
The affective elements in the relationship between health care workers and HIV/AIDS patients require reflection on the possibility of maintaining a safe distance between technical knowledge and emotional involvement. Health care workers appear to distance themselves from the reality of daily difficulties and to act by idealizing their work, viewing patients as deserving of care and understanding, even though they need to distance themselves from judgments regarding HIV infection routes and lifestyles.
Such idealization also influences health care workers' perceived capacity to exercise their functions, even though they may not feel completely secure or exempt from infection by accidental exposure to blood. A distancing process from the concrete risk of accidental exposure to blood and HIV infection is observed here, which enables Health care workers to continue their search for self-fulfillment.
This idealization suggests a feeling of omnipotence which Figueiredo & Turato 6 see as a determinant in the choice of the profession itself, making health care workers feel consciously or unconsciously more empowered within the context of human vulnerability to disease and death.
We observed a predominance of beliefs concerning the affiliation process situating patients in first place in the lives of health care workers. Since patients represent the main motivation for the performance of health care workers' professional functions, treatment evolution and response also depend on the success of those providing patient care, thus ultimately leading to a "dilution" of the control over their performance itself. Professional self-esteem also depends on the patient's condition, mainly because health care workers assume the obligation to maintain patients under treatment and to provide them with care in order to guarantee their quality of life based on information and support.
A significant difference in health care workers' self-esteem was observed using accidental exposure to blood as a parameter. Health care workers without a history of accidental exposure to blood were unsatisfied with their desire to be properly recognized for their work. We can assume that health care workers who have been accidentally exposed to blood draw somewhat closer to the universe of the patient's representation of health care workers' professional role. The importance of this role for maintaining the connection with life thus becomes clearer, especially during contact between the health care workers and the patient.
Due to changes in AIDS treatment, health care workers have begun to act within a different reality. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has turned AIDS into a chronic disease, leading to better quality of life and thus longer survival for patients. This process poses an ongoing challenge for health care workers, who must constantly strive to review their motivations and difficulties in order to continue caring for patients 23.
Another level of representation refers to the impact of AIDS on patients and their resulting feeling of revolt, besides the diagnosis/prognosis of infection. Health care workers working with AIDS may not significantly express a certain direction, indicating the real or internally felt difficulties in judging the reactions of the patients who show a heavily negative emotional content such as a feeling of revolt.
Health care workers see patients with HIV/ AIDS as "difficult", based on their direct daily contact and the difficulties arising in this coping process, leading to obstacles that impact these daily relationships. Health care workers recognize that the "psychological component" represents a special dimension of care, and the term "difficult" thus appears to be associated with aggressiveness, demands, needs, revolt, anxiety, and depression 24.
Another belief among health care workers relates to the fact that some patients feel remorse over their HIV exposure; however, the present study showed a difference between health care workers with and without a history of accidental exposure to blood. Health care workers without a history of accidental exposure to blood positively value such feelings of remorse in patients, based on the belief that patients can redeem themselves, allowing a process of acceptance and affiliation. Meanwhile, responses from those with a history of accidental exposure to blood suggest a difficulty in rationally evaluating the possibility of patients' recognition of the options and choices they have made earlier in life.
This difference indicates that the responsibility for possible HIV infection through accidental exposure to blood appears to be related to the so-called passive forms of infection (by blood transfusion or mother-to-child transmission). According to Figueiredo & Turato 6, in such cases health care workers show sorrow and identify with patients, while almost never questioning the individual's shared responsibility. Therefore, health care workers succeed in distancing themselves from their own responsibility for avoiding accidental exposure to blood through the proper use of universal precautions and personal protective equipment.
However, typical reactions at the time of accidental exposure to blood, ranging from fear and emotional problems to despair, as reported in different studies, appear to trigger the need to examine health care workers' beliefs and myths about patients. Health care workers' capacity to distance themselves from real suffering is jeopardized, and they therefore identify with patients and consequently with the whole range of prejudices and taboos surrounding patients' lives. Health care workers become the target of AIDS-related stigmata, thus forcing them to face their fears in caring for these patients 8,25,26.
Souza 27 has observed not only a concern on the part of health care workers about accidental exposure to blood but also a return to their own concepts about patients and their lifestyles, with a predominant emergence of prejudices regarding risk behaviors. The mode of infection, views concerning risk behaviors, and personal judgment frequently permeate the relationships between health care workers and HIV/AIDS patients in their daily contact 28. health care workers are also subject to the same discrimination, even within their own social group.
Tribonnière et al. 26 observed feelings of anxiety, rage, anger, insomnia, and depression among health care workers following accidental exposure to blood. The ability to accept negative feelings towards work and patients appears to be facilitated by the accidental exposure to blood, accompanied by the subjective presence of prejudices and judgment during Health care workers' contact with HIV/AIDS patients 24,27,28.
AIDS-related fear is also akin to other fears such as abandonment by family and friends, rejection by society, and contact with life and death. Post-exposure prophylactic measures are also uncomfortable and expose health care workers to circumstances similar to those experienced by AIDS patients, e.g., the large pill burden, sometimes highly inconvenient side effects, the need to use condoms in all sexual relations, and the necessary care to avoid pregnancy during the observation period. Accidental exposure to blood renders health care workers as vulnerable as their patients.
According to all evidence, the possibility of HIV infection through accidental exposure to blood makes health care workers aware of more immediate issues which had previously been located at another level of representation. This is when health care workers realize that basic needs associated with reality such as safety at work and one's own health invariably lie on shaky ground. Fear of discrimination and social rejection also begins to influence the lives and work of these health care workers.
Therefore, the two poles of representation and conduct by health care workers caring for HIV/AIDS patients are defined between the loss of contact with real immediate risks and over-valuing of the possibility of reducing patients' suffering, on which is based a major portion of the expectations for personal and professional fulfillment.
A third level of revelation regarding technical aspects that impact work is the belief that haste may be a cause of accidental exposure to blood. However, this contingency appears to be associated with other difficulties in the work setting, such as insufficient staff, increasing neglect of personal protective equipment over time, inadequate procedures for disposing of sharps and other materials, haste during procedures, and teamwork difficulties.
Some studies 8,26 have emphasized that many health care workers with a history of accidental exposure to blood were able to modify habits, especially those associated with the use of universal precautions and personal protective equipment.
Professionals who succeed in consistently working out the situation following accidental exposure to blood and reconsidering their lives by viewing the past events in a normal light show important cognitive responses, leading to transformation of their work in terms of occupational safety. Souza 27 observed that responses are not always determined exclusively by the stressful situation, but also depend on prior experience and personal beliefs.
In conclusion, the complexity of HIV/AIDS patient care results in significant emotional stress, indicating the importance of actions that offer favorable working conditions including help and psychological support for health care workers in order to establish a less threatening and more genuine relationship with HIV/AIDS patients.
M. R. R. Rissi participated in the development of the research and drafting of the article. A. A. Machado and M. A. C. Figueiredo contributed with the choice and utilization of the research methodology and collaborated in the analysis of the results and drafting of the discussion.
We thank the health care staff from the Special Unit for Treatment of Infectious Diseases and all the individuals who participated directly or indirectly in the present study.
Submitted on 16/Jul/2003
Final version resubmitted on 17/Dec/2003
Approved on 05/Feb/2004
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Correspondece to
M. R. R. Rissi
Departamento de Psicologia e Educação, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo
Rua Terezina 380, apto. 24
Ribeirão Preto, SP 14055-380, Brasil
mariarosarr@yahoo.com
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480 , 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil, Tel.:+55 21 2598-2511, Fax: +55 21 2598-2737 / +55 21 2598-2514 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: cadernos@ensp.fiocruz.br


The floor plan of this spacious unit places both en-suite bedrooms – along with the laundry room – on the second floor. This provides an expansive living space on the main floor that's open and comfortable. Add a full, unfinished basement to the mix and you've got a home perfect for any stage in life.


text:
Technical Sargent Maribelle Hernandez
The Bronx Times Reporter will publish your announcements. Send announcements along with photo, to: Bronx Times Reporter, 3604 E. Tremont Avenue, Bronx, N.Y. 10465 or e-mail Bronxtimes@aol.com. Please include a phone number or a way to contact you in case of questions.
Rotary Club News
The Rotary Club of the Bronx ended the month of March, which celebrates the contribution of women, with the creation of a new award to be given to a deserving recipient named in honor of Beatrice Castiglia-Catullo.
Beatrice founded Regional Aid For Interim Needs, a senior services organization, in 1964. She has been a member of this Rotary chapter since 1987.
According to the the club president, Toba LaCrown, he was full of appreciation to the entire membership of the club for a job well done by approving the resolution in time for Castiglia-Catullo's 100th birthday.
As of press time, Borough President Ruben Diaz Jr. was scheduled to be the club's speaker at their regular meeting on Tuesday, April 5.
Local Sailor Aboard
The U.S.S. Ronald Reagan
Aviation Boatswain's Mate, Airman Travis Mills, who comes from the borough, is serving aboard the U.S.S. Ronald Reagan. Mills is the ships 'Blue Jacket of the Quarter,' an honor among the personnel assigned there. According to the U.S. Navy, Ronald Reagan provides a force that protects and defends the collective maritime interests of the U.S. and its allies and partners in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region.
Airwoman Honored For Women's History Month
Technical Sargent Maribelle Hernandez of the borough is a manpower analyst and ten-year member of the U.S. Air Force. She was recently featured in a profile article on the web site of the Aviano Air Base. She is stationed in Aviano, Italy.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In an open access paper published in the journal Biotechnology for Biofuels, the team reported achieving a titer of more than 630 mg/L isobutanol with a yield of nearly 15 mg/g glucose. The highest values reported before for recombinant S. cerevisiae were about 150 mg/L isobutanol and a yield of 6.6 mg/g glucose, they noted. Additional engineering should lead to even higher isobutanol production, they suggested.
Yeast naturally produces low amounts of isobutanol as a by-product of fermentation. Yeast can synthesize isobutanol via a three-step catalytic breakdown of valine (the Ehrlich pathway) through which valine undergoes transamination to 2-ketoisovalerate (KIV) catalyzed by branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (Bat2). The subsequent decarboxylation and reduction of KIV to isobutanol is catalyzed by ketoacid decarboxylase (KDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) with isobutyraldehyde as an intermediate.
The coupling of valine biosynthetic enzymes with valine degrading enzymes via the common intermediate KIV would result in a direct isobutanol synthesis pathway. Such a strategy could be successfully transferred into different bacterial microorganisms. In various recent publications, the metabolic flux towards isobutanol production was improved by overexpressing endogenous or heterologous genes of valine synthesis and degradation. E.g., engineered recombinant E. coli strains were able to produce more than 20 g/L isobutanol, whereby isobutanol amounts could be further enhanced up to 50 g/L by using a 1 L bioreactor connected to a gas-stripping system. Production of isobutanol with Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium glutamicum could be achieved up to 2.62 g/L and 4.9 g/L, respectively.
One of the major problems of most bacterial host organisms in large production processes is their low tolerance towards fermentation inhibitors and to isobutanol. The yeast S. cerevisiae seems to be more promising as a host for isobutanol production.
Unlike in bacteria, the researchers noted, in S. cerevisiae the anabolic reactions providing KIV are separated from the catabolic reactions producing isobutanol. The anabolic reactions—part of valine biosynthesis—are located in the mitochondrial matrix; the Ehrlich pathway reactions take place in the cytosol—the fluid component of cytoplasm, excluding organelles and the insoluble, usually suspended, cytoplasmic components.
Brat et al. hypothesized that putting all the enzymes in the same compartment would increase the production of isobutanol—using the cytosol as the location of the new isobutanol synthesis pathway seemed promising. This would also avoid any transport of intermediates across intracellular membranes.
Accordingly, they relocated the enzymes of valine biosynthesis from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytosol.
They found that overexpression of cytosolically located enzymes did not significantly increase isobutanol production. However, eliminating the competing mitochondrial valine pathway together with omitting valine from the fermentation medium resulted in strongly increased isobutanol production.
In this work, we expressed a valine biosynthetic pathway from pyruvate to KIV in the cytosol of yeast cells. Simultaneous blocking of the mitochondrial pathway and omission of valine from the fermentation medium pushed and pulled pyruvate into and through the new pathway. Changing the 'anabolic' codon usage of valine synthesis genes into a 'catabolic' codon usage further improved flux through the new pathway. Overexpression of KDC and ADH activities increased the conversion of KIV to isobutanol. The highest measured isobutanol titer of 0.6 g/L represents the highest titer ever reported for recombinant S. cerevisiae.
Im interrested to buy synthetic gasoline of 87 octans if they put this for sale near where i live at an inferior price then the actual 87 octans gasoline made from crude petroleum actually sold near where i live.
This is a great advance.. previously all it would take was 1% butanol to kill the yeast.. ethanol production is up to 10% in the brew and that is even better.


1.1. The licence agreement (hereinafter referred to as "Licence Agreement") concluded in accordance with the present general service and licence terms (hereinafter referred to as "General Service and Licence Terms") will be set down, will be concluded electronically and will become available subsequently. The Licence Agreement concluded in accordance with the General Service and Licence Terms shall be considered to be a contract drafted in writing. The General Service and Licence Terms do not refer to any code of conduct.
Name of host: Bere-Net Kft.
2.1 The present website (hereinafter referred to as "Website") is operated and run by SCOLOPENDRA Üzletviteli Tanácsadó Korlátolt Felelősségű Társaság, as service provider (hereinafter referred to as "Service Provider"). The Service Provider gives a licence for the photographic works (hereinafter in the singular referred to as "Photographic Work" and in the plural as "Photographic Works") displayed on the Website through the web store (hereinafter referred to as "Web Store") by means of a Licence Agreement. Any natural person or legal entity concluding a Licence Agreement (hereinafter referred to as "User") may acquire a licence for the Photographic Works in a manner as set forth in the General Service and Licence Terms. The General Service and Licence Terms, the Data Management and Data Protection Regulations (hereinafter referred to as "Data Management and Data Protection Regulations"), and the data (hereinafter referred to as "Data") provided by the User in the course of the registration, the order (hereinafter referred to as "Order") and the data modification shall constitute integral and inseparable parts of the Licence Agreement.
2.2. Where individually not referred to, the General Service and Licence Terms, the Licence Agreement and the Data Management and Data Protection Regulations hereinafter collectively referred to as "Terms".
2.3. The Terms, the other information available through the references indicated therein and all the other Orders submitted based on the Terms shall collectively represent the entire agreement between the User and the Service Provider in relation to the use of the Website and acquiring the licence granted for the Photographic Works, with particular regard to the rights and obligations of the Service Provider and the User.
2.3. The General Service and Licence Terms and the Data Management and Data Protection Regulations extend to the use of the Website and the Web Store, are prevailing in case of any Order relating to any Photographic Work displayed on the Website and determine the rights and obligations of any person registering on the Website (hereinafter referred to as "Registered Visitor") and those of the User. The rules relating to the rights and obligations of the Registered Visitor are, even in the absence of any special provision, applicable to the User, as well.
2.4. When providing their data in the course of the registration or placing the Order, the Registered Visitor/User shall declare that they have become familiar with and expressly accept the versions of the General Service and Licence Terms and the Data Management and Data Protection Regulations effective at the time of using the Website.
The actually effective wording of the General Service and Licence Terms and the dates of the latest modifications can be viewed here: http://scolopendra.hu/page/terms-and-conditions.html.
2.6. In case the General Service and Licence Terms, the Licence Agreement or the document called Data Management and Data Protection Regulations do not appear for the Registered Visitor/User through the internet, a copy of the actually effective General Service and Licence Terms, the concluded Licence Agreement or the document called Data Management and Data Protection Regulations will be sent via e-mail upon request of the User.
2.7. In respect of interpreting the General Service and Licence Terms, the Licence Agreement and the Data Management and Data Protection Regulations and any matters not regulated therein the Hungarian law shall prevail, with particular regard to the provisions of the [Hungarian] Act V of 2013 on the Civil Code ("CC"), Act LXXVI of 1999 on copyright, Act CVIII of 2001 on certain issues of electronic commerce services and information society services and Act CXII of 2011 on informational self-determination and freedom of information. The mandatory provisions of the relevant legal regulations shall prevail in respect of the parties even without any specification.
2.8. The Service Provider shall take efforts to ensure the uninterrupted availability of the Website but reserves the right to terminate, restrict or change partly or completely the Website, its contents, the availability of the Photographic Works or their accessibility for third parties without any preliminary notice. In this respect the Service Provider shall not have any indemnification or compensation liability.
3.1. The Website, as a copyright work, is protected by copyright and its any unauthorised use entails civil law action.
3.2. Using the Website is conditioned upon the Registered Visitor/User accepting and fully observing the General Service and Licence Terms and the Data Management and Data Protection Regulations.
3.3. The Photographic Works to be found on the Website are protected by copyright and using them is subject to authorisation. The Registered Visitor or the User shall not be entitled to download and save the images and contents placed on the Website and to use them publicly or for commercial-economic purposes or in any other manner.
3.4. The Service Provider particularly reserves the right to restrict or terminate the access to the Website, especially to the Photographic Works, for persons proceeding unlawfully and improperly.
violation of the business interests or reputation of the Service Provider.
4.1. Licences for the Photographic Works can only be obtained online, i.e. by placing an order on the Website.
4.2. The Service Provider indicates the Photographic Works contained in the database and arranged thematically together with identification numbers for placing orders. Also the title and description of the Photographic Works may occasionally appear on their data sheets. The data sheet shows, in accordance with as set forth under Article 9, the original image size and two additional sizes resulting from other resolutions in respect of which a non-exclusive licence, and, if selecting the original image size, also an exclusive licence, can be acquired for the given Photographic Work.
4.3. The data sheet contains the fee payable as a counter value of the licence (hereinafter referred to as "Fee") in Euros (EUR). Fees shall be different subject to the size of the image and the scope of the licence. Prices indicated as fees are inclusive of VAT.
5.1 Exclusively registered persons can initiate on the Website orders aimed at acquiring licences for Photographic Works. Filling the data entry fields marked with * is mandatory, failing which the Service offered on the Website cannot be used. The system does not store the data of fields left off or filled completely after having left the Website anywhere.
5.2. The Service Provider does not control the Data provided to it. Exclusively the person providing such Data shall be responsible for their appropriateness and trueness. When providing their e-mail addresses, Registered Visitors shall, at the same time, assume liability for being the exclusive person using the Service from the e-mail address provided.
5.3. Following the registration, the Service Provider shall send an activating e-mail to the address provided and the registration can be activated using the link included in such e-mail.
5.4. With reference to Section 6:7 (3) of Act V of 2013 on the Civil Code and Section 1 (2) of Act XXXV of 2001 on electronic signatures, the Service Provider shall assign and link the declarations and messages coming from the electronic e-mail address provided by the User in the course of the registration and launched from his/her personal profile to the person of the User together with the data provided by the User during the registration process and shall consider such declarations and messages to have been sent by the User.
5.5 Should there be any change in the Data of the Registered Visitor, he/she shall indicate such changes by making modifications in his/her personal profile and any damage arising out of the failure of the above shall be the responsibility of the Registered Visitor/User. Following the modification, the Service Provider shall assign and link the modified Data to the person of the Registered Visitor/User.
5.6. Registered Visitors shall be entitled to modify or delete their data in their own personal profiles.
5.7. The Service Provider shall be entitled to refuse or suspend the use of the Website if the Registered Visitor provides false or incomplete Data, if the Service Provider may conclude from the Data or the circumstances that the purpose of logging in to the Website is not its proper use or if during the use of the Website the Service Provider detects any misuse, unlawful conduct or act by the Registered Visitor/User.
5.8. The Service Provider can be contacted via e-mail or by a message that can be submitted from the Website.
6.1. Any Photographic Works and the related Fees are information subject to the actual stock in the database and, therefore, such information cannot be considered as an offer and can be withdrawn or modified by the Service Provider anytime.
6.2. Registered Visitor wishing to acquire licences for any Photographic Works may submit their Order electronically to the Service Provider in a manner defined in the present Terms. The Order submitted shall be considered to be an offer the Registered Visitor, i.e. the User.
6.3. In the course of placing the Order, by clicking the "PayPal" (payment) button the User declares that his/her legal capacity is not limited or excluded in respect of the transaction related to acquiring licence for the Photographic Works. In case the User is considered to be "legally incapable" or to have "limited legal capacity" in connection with acquiring licence for the Photographic Works and in this respect he/she is not entitled to make any declaration independently, the User shall obtain the agreement of the legal representative (e.g. parents or guardian) affected. In relation to this the User shall consider whether it is necessary to have the consent of any third party in connection with the given transaction. With a view to the fact that the Service Provider does not come into personal contact with the User, the User shall ensure compliance with the present article and in this respect the Service Provider shall not be bound by any liability.
6.4. The Photographic Works shall be put in a virtual cart by clicking the "Add to Cart" button. Other Photographic Works can also be put in the Cart similarly. In the Cart module the User can permanently see the Photographic Works selected and the total amount of the items selected so far. If the User agrees with the contents of the Order, following reading and accepting the Data Management and Data Protection Regulations and the General Service and Licence Terms he/she shall click the "PayPal" button for submitting the Order and initiating the payment. Upon clicking the "PayPal" button the Website will automatically ask if the Data are correct. After this it is not possible to correct any data entry error any more.
6.5. By clicking the PayPal button the Website will automatically redirect the User to the website of PayPal, where the amount of the Order and the amount of the Fee payable can be checked once again.
6.6. Putting the Photographic Works in the Cart shall, in itself, not be considered to be an Order yet. In case a User acquires an exclusive licence for a specific Photographic Work in the meantime, the Service Provider shall remove it from the database, so no other User can acquire any licence for the given Photographic Work.
7.1. The Fee payable as the counter value of acquiring licence for the Photographic Works shall be the actual gross amount defined by the Service Provider in Euros (EUR) and corresponding to the Fee applicable at the time of placing the order. The counter value of acquiring the licence shall be different subject to the scope of the licence and the size of the image. The User shall bear no other cost other than the Fee payable.
7.2. The Service Provider shall make the amount of the Fee payable as the counter value of acquiring the licence for the Photographic Works permanently available and shall display them next to the Photographic Works. The Service Provider reserves the right to change the Fees with the proviso that the modification shall take effect simultaneously with its appearance on the Website. The modification shall not affect the Fee payable for Photographic Works already ordered.
7.3. The Fees appear on the Website also during the process of placing the Order; in case of any difference in such Fees, the one fixed in the course of placing the Order shall prevail.
7.4. Fees shall always be paid in advance by PayPal on and in accordance with the conditions of an external service provider system (Terms of Payment) for the participation of which the Service Provider shall not be bound by any liability.
7.5. The Service Provider shall issue the invoice to the User electronically, in the form of an e-invoice sent to the e-mail address provided by the User.
8.1. The Order shall be considered to have been received by the Service Provider when it becomes available for it. The Service Provider shall confirm the Order electronically without any delay. The confirmation of the Order shall be considered to have been received by the User when it becomes available for it. The confirmation shall be considered to be a declaration of acceptance of the Service Provider, by which a Licence Agreement is concluded between the User and the Service Provider.
8.2. Simultaneously with the confirmation, the Service Provider shall make the Photographic Works and the electronically submitted Licence Agreement available for the User, which the User can download from his/her personal profile following the path provided. The Service Provider shall send these in an informative e-mail, as well.
8.3. Simultaneously with the confirmation, the Service Provider shall submit to the User the invoice issued for the payment of the fee through the payment-system called szamlazz.hu. The Service Provider assumes no liability for the invoicing service provided by szamlazz.hu. The invoice will arrive at the electronic e-mail address of the User but he/she may also download it also from his/her personal profile.
8.4. The Service Provider shall record the confirmation messages (automatic reply messages) in the system. If the confirmation message has been submitted but is has not arrived at the User, the Service Provider shall, upon request of the User, submit the confirmation message repeatedly.
8.5. If the Service Provider fails to confirm the Order and the Photographic Work, the Licence Agreement and the issued invoice do not become available for the User, the User shall contact the Service Provider via its electronic mailing address. If the Service Provider fails to confirm the Order within five working days, the latest, the User shall be exempted from the binding offer and the contractual obligation. In this case the Service Provider shall redeem to the User the amount paid by the User immediately but not later than within three working days.
8.6. The Service Provider shall preserve the electronic correspondence related to the conclusion of the service in a retrievable manner and shall make it available upon request of the User.
9.1. Simultaneously with making the Photographic Works electronically available for the User, the Service Provider also permits, through the Licence Agreement concluded based on the General Service and Licence Terms, to exercise the right related to the licence.
9.2. The User acquiring licence for a given Photographic Work acquires licence for the purpose and to the extent as set forth in the Licence Agreement. The Service Provider reserves all the licences not granted to the User in the Licence Agreements.
9.3. The Service Provider declares and warrants that it has acquired exclusive and full-scope copyright/licence from the Author in connection with the Photographic Works and, consequently, is in the possession of all the necessary entitlements and authorisations for concluding the present Contract with the User.
9.4. The Service Provider warrants the authenticity of the Photographic Works to be prepared by the Author and that it does not violate others' copyrights or licences and the confidentiality rules applicable to its content in any manner.
9.5. The User shall pay the Service Provider a Fee in accordance with as set forth under Article 7 for acquiring the licence and the licence shall be due to the User against the Fee.
9.6. In respect of the Photographic Works the User can acquire a non-exclusive licence under Article 9.8. or an exclusive licence under Article 9.9., in accordance with as set forth under Article 9.7.
9.7. The owner of the non-exclusive licence shall tolerate that the Service Provider grants arbitrary number of licences for the same Photographic Work to other third parties. An exclusive licence can only be acquired in respect of images for which no other party acquired a non-exclusive licence earlier. If the Service Provider has granted an exclusive licence for a given Photographic Work, subsequently it shall not be entitled to grant any licence to any other third party for the given Photographic Work.
9.8. In case of non-exclusive licences the User acquires a non-commercial licence without any territorial or time limit for copying and distributing the Photographic Works, communicating them to the public and reworking them. The User shall not be entitled to assign his/her licence for the Photographic Works to any third party or to grant a licence to others for the Photographic Works (i.e. to share the licence with others or permit sub-licence for others).
9.9. In case of an exclusive licence the User acquires a commercial licence without any territorial or time limit for copying and distributing the Photographic Works, communicating them to the public and reworking them. The User shall be entitled to grant a licence to others for the Photographic Works (i.e. to share the licence with others or permit sub-licence for others).
9.10. Using the licence in a manner violating the General Service and Licence Terms and the prevailing legal regulations is considered to be unlawful conduct. If the User uses his/her licence unlawfully, the Service Provider shall claim compensation or enforce any other civil-law claim against the breaching party, as the case may be.
9.11. The Service Provider shall immediately be entitled to exercise the right of termination if the User unlawfully uses his/her licences acquired by the contract.
The User is granted access to the Photographic Work as a digital content. If the User is a Consumer (a natural person acting outside the scope of his/her profession, independent occupation or business activity), he/she shall not exercise the right of termination without cause if the Service Provider begins the performance with the express preliminary consent of the Consumer and, simultaneously with his/her aforesaid consent, the Consumer also declares to acknowledge that following the commencement of the performance he/she will lose his/her right of termination without cause exercisable within 14 days.
11.1. The Data Manager shall protect in any expectable way the Registered Visitors' data managed in the Web Store. In order to avoid any unauthorised utilisation of the managed personal data and any misuse related thereto, the Data Manager shall apply technical and operational safety measures. The Data Manager shall control its safety procedures on a regular basis and shall improve them in accordance with the technological development. At the same time, the Data Manager declares that it does not assume any liability for any damage of the database, phishing or any other damage resulting from any attack against or any unauthorised intrusion into the system.
11.2. The Registered Visitor/User knows and accepts the technical possibilities, risks and limits of using the internet in connection with the Orders. The Registered Visitor/User shall assess any risks related to browsing through the Website, placing the Order and performing the obligations pertaining to the aforesaid, ensure the safe use of his/her computer and the protection of data stored in it and shall also provide for taking the necessary precautions (e.g. using antivirus and antispyware software and installing other security updates). In connection with the above the Service Provider shall not be bound by any liability, including in particular any damage arising out of (i) the use of the Website and the interruption or breakdown of its operation; (ii) any damage or loss of data and any error occurring while uploading data, (iii) any delay in forwarding information, (iv) the appearance of viruses and other harmful components; and (v) the error of any software, hardware, any other technical devices or the network.
11.3. The Registered Visitor/User shall ensure the safe use of his/her data (e.g. personal data, passwords, identification symbols) used in the course of placing the Order and within the framework of this he/she shall prevent that they are accessed by any unauthorised person. In case any unauthorised third party takes possession of the data of the Registered Visitor/User, the Service Provider does not assume any liability for any damage or disadvantage resulting therefrom. The Registered Visitor/User shall inform the Service Provider forthwith if he/she observes any misuse in connection with such data. The Registered Visitor/User shall be liable for any damage resulting from the delay of such information.
The Service Provider shall only be liable for damages caused by it wilfully and in connection with its activity and excludes liability for any other damage.
13.1. Complaints can be laid using the electronic e-mail address of the Service Provider.
13.2. The Service Provider shall answer in the merits any written complaint within thirty days after receipt in writing and take action to communicate such answer. The Service Provider shall justify its standpoint based on which the complaint was rejected.
13.3. If a Consumer (a natural person acting outside the scope of his/her profession, independent occupation or business activity) has tried to settle directly any dispute related to the conclusion and performance of a contract entered into based on the present Terms unsuccessfully, he/she may resort to a dispute resolution board for settling such dispute amicably.
13.4. The dispute resolution board of the place of the permanent or temporary residence of the Consumer shall have jurisdiction to conduct the procedure. In the absence of any domestic permanent or temporary place of residence of the Consumer the jurisdiction of the dispute resolution board shall be based on the seat of the business affected by the dispute with the Consumer or that of the organisation authorised to represent said business. Based on the relevant request of the Consumer, the dispute resolution board indicated in the application of the Consumer shall have jurisdiction to conduct the procedure instead of the board having jurisdiction according to the aforesaid.
14.1. The contract concluded in accordance with the present Terms is for an indefinite period of time. Pursuant to Act LXXVI of 1999 on copyright, the contract shall become terminated after the lapse of the protection time, i.e. seventy years from the death of the author. The protection time of seventy years shall be calculated from the first day of the year following the death of the author.
14.2. In respect of any legal dispute arising in connection with the contracts concluded in accordance with the present Terms the Hungarian courts shall proceed with exclusive jurisdiction based on the Hungarian law.


Tropical plants need tropical temperatures, so visiting Lamberton Conservatory in winter is a welcome escape from the cold! Constructed in 1911, the Conservatory was a cherished addition to Highland Park, which was designed as an arboretum in 1888 by Frederick Law Olmsted.
When you first walk inside, you enter a small visitor center with an admissions desk and pay a nominal admission fee. Sign up for an individual or family membership if you are able to visit a few times a year.
Exhibits is this section are changed five times throughout the year.
The Spring Show opens around the 1st weekend of spring (March 23) through the Lilac Festival in May. They feature hyacinth, daffodils, and tulips; the color and aroma make for a welcome retreat from winter!
Each December, the Holiday Show welcomes you with holiday lights, greens and poinsettias.
Continuing on, you feel the change in temperature as you move into the warmer, wetter biome, draped with spanish moss. Peek around the trees at the details tucked away under lush greens. You'll find turtles lounging by koi ponds, tiny quail wandering about, and other random creatures like chipmunks who have come in from the cold.
Next is the "dessert", filled with cacti and a large range of plants that typically occupy an arid climate. It's nice to sit for a while in this area, with plenty of benches to quietly look around and observe.
Complete with orange trees and an elevated turtle pond.
This outdoor space is accessible in the warmer months through the Tropical area.
You'll find the Conservatory in the northern section of Highland Park, near the Tulip Bed, Poets Garden and the Reservoir.
You'll often see photographers taking family portraits, folks practicing yoga, and musicians playing strolling music while people relax on the benches.
Cost: Youth (0-5) Free, Adult (19-61) $3.00, Youth (6-18) / Seniors (62 and up) $2.00.
When is your favorite time to visit Lamberton Conservatory?


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Arsenal Set To Sign Next Saido Mane – Reports
By Admin On April 3, 2016 In 2015-2016 Season, Arsenal News & Comment, Arsenal Transfer News No Comments
Arsenal are interested in signing Red Bull Salzburg midfielder Naby Keita, according to reports in Austria.
The Gunners are watching the midfielder and are pondering over making a summer move for the Guinea-born midfielder.
The midfielder has been impressive this season and his performances have not gone unnoticed as the Gunner's scout has alerted the club about Keita's Potential.
According to Sportnet via the Metro, Arsenal have been watching the midfielder for sometime with the latest being Salzburg 2-1 win over Mattersburg last month. Keita didn't disappoint has he got a goal for himself with a well taken finish.
It is believed that Salzburg will hold out for a fee as high as possible because the player still has a long term contract with the Austrian club. Keita recently signed a new deal at the club and there is no release clause inserted in the deal, hence Wenger will have to negotiate well with Salzburg before having any chance of signing the Guinea international.
The midfielder is highly rated at Salzburg and he is dubbed the new "Saido Mane" by fans of the club. Mane was a former player at Salzburg where he impressed before moving to Southampton and Keita is beginning to follow in the footsteps of the Southampton forward.
Keita has scored 10 goals already this season while also assisting his teammates on 8 occasions. An impressive stats for a midfielder.


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Bose Fellows
Reimagining Research
Dr. Bose
EQExistential Questions
ISInformation Systems
Sara Seager
Awarded in 2014
Personal Website MIT Staff Page
Is Anyone There?
Looking for extraterrestrial life in all the right places
A new way to search for life on other planets
The search for extraterrestrial life has long fascinated scientists—and Dr. Sara Seager is no exception. As a planetary scientist with a focus on exoplanets (planets outside our solar system), she dreams of the landmark moment we find it. But when scientists search for signs of life on planets beyond our solar system, they don't have a ton of information to go on. Here at home, the signs are everywhere—from vast forests to sprawling cities. In exoplanets, the signs are likely to be much subtler: perhaps a greater atmospheric concentration of the gases that organisms breathe out, for example. Discovering exactly what those signs could be is the focus of Dr. Seager's research project.
Currently, when scientists are assessing an exoplanet's potential to support life, they limit their consideration to the amount of oxygen (or a handful of other gases) in the atmosphere. Dr. Seager proposes to develop an extensive database of the molecules that life creates and how commonly they are made, enabling scientists to employ a new set of rules for detecting the existence of extraterrestrial life. Her research team determined that about one quarter of the small molecules on earth composed of certain elements are produced by life, but that other molecules made from these same building blocks are in fact rarely or never produced or utilized by living things. The database will enable Dr. Seager and her team to analyze the interactions between chemistry and life, and to map out "motifs" of biochemical spaces—certain combinations of molecules that make it easier or harder, more or less likely, for life to exist.
Establishing a new research area combining biology, chemistry, computer science, and physics
Funding for multidisciplinary research is difficult to secure, and traditional funding sources are hesitant to take a risk on an entirely new line of speculative research. Dr. Seager's project defies disciplinary siloes, and the data organization, research techniques, and infrastructure required to complete it have yet to be created. Furthermore, there's a chance that the motifs and chemical patterns her team uncovers will be too complex or abstract to be used in practical exoplanet research. But Dr. Seager remains undaunted. She says, "My intuition from all my years of experience is that this is going to be big. You can feel when you're onto something momentous—but you can't write that in a proposal to the NSF."
This work is completely outside my mainstream research but I am so convinced of its value I am willing to invest substantial time pursuing it. This effort is an example of a high-risk high-reward kind of research—the kind of reward that could revolutionize our understanding of the universe and our place in it."
Proof that we're not alone
The motifs that Dr. Seager's research will reveal have the potential to redefine the way we search for life on other planets—and may serve as our best strategy for finding it. Such a discovery would fundamentally transform our understanding of the universe and our place within it. Closer to home, she imagines her team using these motifs as a framework for exploring life on earth, leveraging this knowledge to understand the chemical structures at play in biological processes such as metabolism, toxicity, and drug absorption. Dr. Seager envisions the database as a novel tool for examining chemical biology wherever it is found. "Our plans remain open ended," she says, "because we have the opportunity to examine life everywhere through the lens of this new telescope, the occurrence database."
Writ Small
Silicon wafer etching using high-mass molecules
Rare Earth Electronics
Searching for new building blocks of technology
Project Plato
Join us at the nexus of
brilliance and wonder.
© Bose Fellows 2019


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Lexcel Accreditation
Information on legal fees
Development and Land
Wills, Powers & Trusts
Preferences Manager
Home / News / Coronavirus Job retention scheme
Employment law specialist, David Dixey discusses the updated Government Guidance relating to the coronavirus job retention scheme.
The Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS) has been extended until the 31st of March 2021 and the Government will review the Scheme sometime in January 2021, to decide how it will operate in February and March of next year. Government guidance is issued from time to time, most recently at the start of December 2020.
The guidance has been updated regarding the use of the CJRS (Furlough) within the context of annual leave and holiday pay.
Furloughed employees continue to accrue leave as per their employment contract.
Employers can only place employees on furlough if Coronavirus (Covid 19) is affecting their operations.
Employees should not be placed on furlough just because:
They are going to be on paid leave.
The employer usually does less business over the festive period.
The employer and employee can agree to vary holiday entitlement as part of the furlough agreement, however almost all workers are entitled to 5.6 weeks of statutory paid leave each year which they cannot go below.
Employees can take holiday whilst on furlough. If they are flexibly furloughed, then any hours taken as holiday during the claim period should be counted as furloughed hours rather than working hours.
If a furloughed employee takes holiday, the employer should pay their usual holiday pay in accordance with the Working Time Regulations.
Employers will be obliged to pay employees who are on holiday additional amounts over the grant, though an employer will have the flexibility to restrict when leave can be taken if there is a business need and the correct notice is given. This applies for both the furlough period and the recovery period.
If you are an employer and require any employment law advice and assistance contact David Dixey on 01206 593 925.
Get expert Employment Law advice
Call 01206 593933 to speak to David Dixey, Employment Law specialist.
David Dixey
Employment Law Specialist
dd@holmes-hills.co.uk
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Get important legal updates, news and opinion sent to you straight from our solicitors.
© Holmes & Hills LLP is a limited liability partnership registered in England & Wales under Registration Number OC352397. Registered Office Dale Chambers, Bocking End, Braintree, Essex CM7 9AJ. A list of partners' names is available at this address.
We use "partner" to mean a member of Holmes & Hills LLP or a senior member of staff. Authorised and regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority – SRA Number: 534489


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Giles Corey - Now Shipping!
We are happy to announce that the GILES COREY boxset is NOW SHIPPING! Giles Corey, the solo project from gloom mastermind Dan Barrett (Have A Nice Life, Black Wing), is a double LP delux boxset that includes the book that accompanied the original CD version housed in a foam block. There were four vinyl color variants: milky clear with green, mint green, red, and black. Both clear green and mint green sold out immediately, but there are still copies of the red version available in our webstore www.nowflensing.com. Act fast, we expect them to sell out soon. Wholesale orders for the black version can be placed through our distributor at www.midheaven.com. Please note, we still have a few Giles Corey pre-orders left to fulfill, but these are now about 98% shipped. If you have one of the few remaining pre-orders that haven't shipped yet, then we thank you greatly for your patience! We assure you that your order will arrive very soon. We anticipate that all of the holiday sale orders will be shipped out within the next week as well. To celebrate the end of the year, we made a Spotify playlist featuring tracks from every release we put out last year. Please enjoy "2015 According To Flenser." Thank you all for making 2015 a great year for The Flenser. We are looking forward to all of the exciting releases we have planned for 2016.
Agriculture Signs to the Flenser, Announces Oblivion Access Appearance
Oblivion Access Festival 2023
Chat Pile "Tenkiller" vinyl and CD edition.


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SYNONYM

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
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#### Original name
Septoria apii-graveolentes Dorogin

### Remarks
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Recepção > Vídeos > Celine - Women's Spring/Summer 2020 collection in Paris
Celine - Women's Spring/Summer 2020 collection in Paris
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Creative director: hedi slimaneinspiration: under the immense black tent set up at the invalides, with a sculpture that lights up the catwalk, hedi slimane delivers his third collection, with new silhouettes for the summer of 2020, leaning towards bohemian-chic…collection: the designer begins with the basics, jeans that become central to the collection, worn with a blazer, a romantic blouse, a fitted leather or safari-type skin jacket, a lavallière collared shirt or a long cardigan.flowy dresses with frills and a belt are decorated with silver and gold threads for the evening. the denim patchwork skirt will become a must-have, unless it's floral embroidered bermuda shorts, accompanied by a brocade jacket.the three-piece suit or the tuxedo also appear as attractive proposals.to note: the numerous accessories, from hats to wicker bags or baskets, from boots to clogs, from scarves and sunglasses. music from the show (for use only in context of the show, under cover of the right to information).
Copyright : Paris Modes Productions
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PwC Canada has announced a raft of new C-suite leadership appointments, including a new COO, CFO, and CIO. Effective July 1, the appointments arrive as Nicolas Marcoux takes the reins of the Big Four firm's Canadian operations as Chief Executive Officer.
Announced earlier in the year, Nicolas Marcoux will be the new CEO of PwC Canada, taking over from Bill McFarland – who was CEO since 2011. Marcoux is a 29-year veteran of the firm, having served as the National Managing Partner of Consulting and Deals. He has three decades of experience in corporate finance and mergers and acquisitions (M&A).
Five other people will be joining Marcoux in PwC's Canadian Leadership Team on July 1, as a raft of changes are made to the firm's executive make-up.
Chris Dulny has been with PwC for almost two decades. He became a Partner in the firm's Audit and Assurance practice in 2001, where he supported companies across a range of industries – with a particular focus on technology, media, and entertainment firms. Since 2011, Dulny has served as PwC Canada's National Technology Sector Leader, wherein he oversaw the services delivered to tech clients. Now, as Chief Innovation Officer, Dulny will leverage his experience with Canadian tech firms and startups to drive innovative new solutions for PwC.
Kristian Knibutat is a 31-year veteran of PwC Canada. From 2004 to 2010, he led the firm's Valuations, Forensics, and Disputes practice, while also being a member of the Consulting and Deals national leadership team. From 2010 to 2012, Knibutat was the leader of PwC Canada's Deals practice. As COO, Knibutat will bring his extensive business experience and stakeholder relationships to his role of overseeing PwC Canada's national operations – including IT, risk, and strategic M&A.
Lana Paton has been with PwC Canada since 1994, joining as a Senior Manager and becoming a Partner in 2006. Prior to being named National Managing Partner, Business Units, Paton served as National Tax Leader at the firm. Before that, Paton led PwC Canada's Energy, Utilities, Mining, and Industrial Products (EUMI) practice. In her new role, Paton will oversee the firm's Assurance, Tax, Consulting, and Deals business units. Paton brings almost three decades of tax, consulting, and leadership experience to the executive position.
Alaina Tennison is a more than two-decade veteran of PwC Canada, joining the firm in 1996. Before being named CFO, Tennison was the firm's Toronto Assurance practice leader, overseeing a team of 1000 audit professionals. She also served as the firm's regulatory and policy leader. Tennison will bring almost two decades of audit experience to the position of CFO, where she will provide strategic oversight of PwC Canada's financial matters and business planning activities.
Matthew Wetmore has also been with PwC Canada for more than two decades, joining the firm in 1997. Prior to ascending to the position of National Managing Partner, Industries and Regions, Wetmore served as the leader of PwC Canada's Strategy& practice – the firm's strategy consulting arm. Like Lana Paton, Wetmore also led the firm's EUMI practice. He brings more than 20 years of management consulting expertise to his new role, wherein he will oversee PwC Canada's industries, market segments, and regional offices.
"Each leader has a successful track record of building strong, collaborative teams and leveraging their market expertise and relationships to deliver value for our clients and communities. As a new leadership team, we are focused on, and committed to, working together to bring the best of PwC to our clients to help solve their most important problems."


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'You're A Little Whitey, Aren't You?': Antifa Directs Traffic With Profane Threats
Big League Wellness
Patrick Howley
Antifa in Portland was clearly in control of some traffic routes in the Oregon city on October 6, the day of the Brett Kavanaugh confirmation.
Antifa traffic cops threatened drivers, including a man from North Carolina who was told to go home because the "KKK" was not needed in Portland. The man was called "whitey" and a "white supremacist" because he was from North Carolina, but he maintained an amused composure.
"You're a little whitey, aren't you?" said one of the Antifa persons.
Another woman shouted at Antifa, "You don't pay my bills, so shut up."
One of the Antifa agitators slapped a person's car as it drove by. A source identified representatives from the George Soros-funded National Lawyers Guild present in the crowd to legally protect the Antifa agitators.
This is the type of street anarchy that routinely happens where I live. Here is video from 6 Oct showing Antifa directing traffic in downtown & threatening people who don't obey with violence. Mayor @tedwheeler, who really runs this town? https://t.co/OgjZNByxat
— Andy Ngo (@MrAndyNgo) October 8, 2018
Big League Politics has been reporting on the Antifa violence surrounding a group of radical extremists in North Carolina and Virginia:


Founded by Keith Kanaga & Charles Dugan in 1993. Presided over by the likes of Fluffy, Wet Connection, The Body, FMIG, The Saint, and Headlights ever since. The Better Beer Hash.
Runs every Monday starting at 7:00 pm with the exception of Memorial Day Weekend, The Polar Bear Hash, and The AGM which are run on Sunday.
Other big events include Brooklyn Summer Camp, The AGM and Brooklyn Half Pub Crawls, and the Marathon Recovery Run.
We'll even go to Queens once in a while just because we can.
10/30/00 210 Start: Bergen St.
1/24/00 188 Start: Bergen St. on the 2/3.
1/10/00 187 Start: Borough Hall.
12/27/99 tbd Start: Bedford Ave. on the L.
11/29/99 184 Place: The streets of Court and Joralemon in the land of Brooklyn.
10/4/99 180 Start: Lorimer St. on the L.
9/18/99 179 Start: Bedford Ave. on the L.
9/6/99 178 Start: New Utrecht / 62nd Street.
8/23/99 177 Start: Grand Army Plaza.
7/26/99 175 Start: Flatbush Ave/Brooklyn College.
7/12/99 174 Start: Bergen St. on the 2/3.
6/28/99 173 Start: 15th Street and Prospect Park West.
6/14/99 172 Start: Grand Army Plaza.
5/31/99 171 Start: Grand Army Plaza.
4/5/99 168 Start: 9th Ave. on the B train (?).
3/22/99 167 Start: Atlantic Avenue station.
2/22/99 165 Start: 9th Avenue stop on the M.
1/25/99 163 Start: York Street stop on the F train.
12/28/98 161 Start: Bedford Avenue and North 7th Street.
12/14/198 160 Start: Grand Street stop on the L.
11/30/98 159 Start: Clark Street Station (the subway stop).
11/16/98 158 Start: 7th Avenue and 8th? Street.
11/2/98 157 Start: Plaza Hotel, 59th Street and Fifth Avenue.
10/5/98 155 Start: Prospect Park Station on the D/Q line.
8/24/98 152 Start: 36th Street and 4th Avenue.
8/10/98 151 Start: High Street/Brooklyn Bridge on the A and C.
7/25/98 No. 150 Start: Nathan's, Surf Avenue, Coney Island.
1/26/98 137 Start: Union St.
1/12/98 136 Start: Clark Street.
12/29/97 135 Start: Court and Joralemon Streets.
12/1/97 133 Start: Bedford Ave stop on the L Train.
11/3/97 131 Start: Plaza Hotel, 59th Street and Fifth Ave.
10/20/97 130 Start: Court and Joralemon Streets.
9/22/97 128 Start: Grand Army Plaza.
Brookyn-Queens Interhash, Saturday, August 23, 1997 with JM's Nelson and O'Connor at the helm, Joyce Saltalamachia at the log.
Reader's Digest condensed version of Runs 122 (June 30, 1997 – Eva Novak and Roy Gilbert), 123 (July 14, 1997 – Guillermo Metz and Lesley Brough), 124 (July 28, 1997 – David Byron-Brown), and 125 (August 11, 1997 – Ross Holden). Buttcrack down-downs?
May 19, June 2, and June 16, 1997, all in one writeup by DB2. A classic.
AGM, May 5, 1997, J.M. Jerry Nelson haring, Guillermo Metz scribing.
Run 103, October 7, 1996 – Cheese!
September 23, 1996, Run 102, Soul Brudda and Breaststroke demonstrate financial acumen.
Finally, the AGM Writeup, aka Run 95, by Guillermo Metz, On Sec.
Pierre the Wheel is written up by Jenny Volentine. Yellow card, Pierre.
Dave Hardy fills in at the last minute.
Run 92. Peter Trunfio. Solid.
Karaoke night with Ross Holden. Just kidding.
Jerry Nelson again for Run 90, and the title "Ironman".
Jerry Nelson's Run 89 as commemorated by JM Croft.
Run 84, January 29, 1996, Keith Kanaga's excessive hash cash run.


Rosie Rushton began her career as a feature writer for a local paper. Staying Cool, Surviving School was her first book, published by Piccadilly Press in 1993. After writing another non-fiction title, Youre My Best Friend, I Hate You! (available from Puffin), Rosie turned to fiction.


How much does a Senior Bookkeeper make in US?
The average salary for a Senior Bookkeeper is $21.62 per hour in US. Salary estimates are based on 112 salaries submitted anonymously to Indeed by Senior Bookkeeper employees, users, and collected from past and present job advertisements on Indeed in the past 36 months. The typical tenure for a Senior Bookkeeper is 3-5 years.


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HomeCOMMENTARYU.S. Peace Corps Icon Gary Schulze presents original Bai Bureh photo to Sierra Leone's diplomat and international journalist
U.S. Peace Corps Icon Gary Schulze presents original Bai Bureh photo to Sierra Leone's diplomat and international journalist
December 30, 2016 Publisher and Chief Executive Officer KABS KANU COMMENTARY, Uncategorized 0
The picture is worth a million dollars because of its historic value , and so was Wednesday's gesture itself.
Iconic Peace Corps volunteer, Mr. Gary Schulze, who loves our nation so much that he is helping to put the history of our country in its right perspective , on his birthday on Wednesday December 28, 2016 traveled all the way to New Jersey from New York to present to Sierra Leone's Minister Plenipotentiary to the UN and international journalist, Leeroy Wilfred Kabs-Kanu , the original photo of legendary Lokko warrior and Chief , Bai Bureh , who waged war on the British in 1898 for imposing hut tax in Sierra Leone.
Bai Bureh, who rightly should be regarded as one of the architects of resistance to British colonial rule, being one of the first nationalists who delivered the British colonial masters a strong warning that Sierra Leoneans were not going to be sitting ducks under their rule, remains one of Africa's most noted historical figures. But there was no original and real photo of him anywhere.
The only image of him was a painting , showing him sitting in dejected mood on a bench , wearing a traditional Ronko dress with a long beard. According to Gary Schulze himself : "While Bai Bureh was under house arrest in Ascension Town, a British Lieutenant in the West Indian Regiment, Henry Edward Green, made a pencil drawing of the great warrior depicting him sitting sideways on a wooden box looking like an angry, despondent, shoeless old man, with a ronko draped over his slumped shoulders.
THE AUTHENTIC PHOTO OF BAI BUREH
The drawing was published in the London Gazette in 1898 alongside a dispatch from Freetown describing how "the petty chief" Bai Bureh and his followers had been roundly defeated by British troops, thus successfully ending the rebellion in the Protectorate of Sierra Leone."Gary Schulze, in his classic published in many Sierra Leone newspapers , titled THREE FACES OF BAI BUREH , THE NATIONAL HERO OF SIERRA LEONE, pointed out : "For more than 100 years after Bai Bureh's death, Lieutenant Green's drawing was still the only known contemporary image anyone had ever seen. This image was reproduced throughout the country. It appeared on postcards and in school history textbooks.
This changed in 2012 and the industrious Gary Schulze himself dramatically co-procured the real and authentic photo of Bai Bureh. He explains : "As the years went by I began to search for an actual photograph, convinced that one had to exist somewhere. When the internet appeared in the 1980's, my search area grew vastly larger. Then, on 12 August 2012, 108 years after Bai Bureh's death and 50 years after Mr. Marsh made the statue based on Green's pencil drawing, an incredible thing happened. A photograph of the great warrior appeared on Ebay, the internet auction site.
The name of the photographer who took the picture of Bai Bureh was Lieutenant Arthur Greer of the West Indian Regimen
I was contacted by an old friend, William (Bill) Hart, who has done extensive field work in Sierra Leone and is an authority on the history and cultures of the counry. Bill had also seen the picture and was excited about the prospect of us acquiring it for the people of Sierra Leone. "
A professional document dealer in London placed the bid that won the photograph, but Gary, after much hassle, convinced the dealer to sell the photo to him at a higher price than the man had bought it and words could not describe Mr. Schulze's excitement when he at last laid hold on the authentic photo of Bai Bureh. He has already presented meticulously framed photo copies of the photo to President Ernest Bai Koroma, government officials, institutions of learning and the Sierra Leone Museum.
On Wednesday , Gary Schulze came to New Jersey to present the photo to Rev. Kabs-Kanu in a special program at the studios of the SIERRACAST/COCORIOKO TV, at Highland Park. Present at the ceremony were the President of the New Jersey Chapter of the ruling All People's Congress ( APC ) , Mr. Alimamy Turay , the Chairman of the West African Community in New Jersey , Mr. Foday Mansaray, a member of the board of the Cocorioko Newspaper and SIERRACAST Producer , Mr. Hamjat Jolomy-Bah .
THE PAINTED IMAGE OF BAI BUREH
Rev. Kabs-Kanu thanked Mr. Schulze glowingly for his immeasurable gesture to travel to New Jersey on his birthday to present him the photo. He told the iconic peace corps volunteer that he felt honored and was very grateful. He thanked him also for the photo, whose historic importance cannot be measured by words . He said he will adorn his living room with such a very historic picture which will attract interest from his family and visitors . He underscored Mr.Shulze's love for Sierra Leone, which he stated was indescribable and that God will bless him for his sacrifices for the nation.
Gary Schulze first went to Sierra Leone as a young peace corps volunteer in 1962 and was assigned to teach history and civics at the Albert Academy in Freetown. The Peace Corps transferred him to the National Museum, at the old Cotton Tree Station, where he worked As Acting Curator under the direction of Dr. M.C.F. Easmon and served as Secretary to the Monuments & Relics Commission and the Museum Committee.
WE WILL BRING YOU THE VIDEO RECORDING OF THE PRESENTATION PROGRAM AND THE TV CHAT REV. KABS-KANU HAD WITH MR. SCHULZE IN HIS PROGRAM : "ISSUES OF OUR TIME. "
The Government Buses are a Blessing!!
February 4, 2016 Publisher and Chief Executive Officer KABS KANU 0
By Jacob Conteh The new government buses are a blessing to Sierra Leoneans from all walks of life and all over the country. Since I arrived here a few weeks […]
PERSONAL GLIMPSES : 58TH INDEPENDENCE ANNIVERSARY – REFLECTIONS OF A FORMER MAYOR
May 22, 2019 Publisher and Chief Executive Officer KABS KANU 0
By: Winstanley.R. Bankole. Johnson Independence Anniversaries have of recent been heralded by a few nostalgic video clips and pictures in the social media depicting days of yore, which most of […]
China to Construct Disease Control Center & Office for MOHS
June 23, 2016 Publisher and Chief Executive Officer KABS KANU 0
By State House Communication Unit A delegation from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in China (China CDC) on June 21, 2016 disclosed plans by the Government of the […]
PICTORIAL HIGHLIGHTS : Christmas Day at Covenant Child World Ministries in New Jersey
Happy New Year to our readers from Sierra Leone's biggest and most widely read newspaper
Sierra Leone's 56th Independence Anniversary : Let us look up to the future with hope
By KABS KANU : There would have been plenty to celebrate as Sierra Leone marks 56 years of Independence and nationhood tomorrow if calamity had not befallen our nation two […]
WHATEVER THEY MAY SAY, PRESIDENT KOROMA REMAINS THE BEST HEAD OF STATE SIERRA LEONE HAS HAD SINCE INDEPENDENCE
BY KABS KANU : One thing about our people. In fact, two things. One, we forget easily. Two, there is that despicable spirit of unthankfulness in many of us. We […]
Intergenerational approach offers better pathway for Sierra Leoneans crisis recovery
Once again, Sierra Leoneans mourn mass deaths of what is estimated to be 1000 deaths due to mudslides that happened slightly about two weeks ago. Coming shortly after the Ebola Virus […]
Sierra Leone's Dr. Samura Kamara will be the jewel in the AfDB's crown
February 27, 2015. BY WILFRED KABS-KANU : Dr. Samura Kamara, one of the most celebrated Sierra Leoneans and a truly distinguished son of the land, will be blazing the trail to […]
Life is very unpredictable : Only one month ago, he was delivering condolence to a colleague
The Managing Editor of the New Storm newspaper of Sierra Leone, Mr. Ahmed Bob Kanneh, died this morning after suffering a cardiac attack. Life is so cruel and unpredictable. […]


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How to tell rock star hagiography fluff from real music bios
by Allan Tong
Photo: From Trouble Man: The Last Years of Marvin Gaye
Any band can press a vinyl LP, tour across the country in a van, or shoot a music video, but how many star in a movie?
A documentary is so expensive to make that a band needs to command a large enough audience to justify someone (read: record company) to foot the bill. Naturally, the funder wants the finished product to portray their artists as heroes while the artists don't want to expose any lawsuits, addictions, domestic abuse, illegitimate kids and/or underage groupies.
That's why most music documentaries are hagiographies, such as Justin Bieber: Never Say Never, U2's Rattle and Hum, and Led Zeppelin's The Song Remains The Same. Sure, they're entertaining and jammed with amazing footage, but they reveal only one side of these complex artists. Only occasionally does a rock doc that truly says something profound about an artist comes along. These six films do just that.
Artifact (2012): Sure, 30 Seconds To Mars made this movie themselves. Sure, they portray themselves as David screwed by their record company Goliaths. It's definitely self-serving. But director and frontman Jared Leto has the gall to question the exploitive music business where record labels shackle artists to Draconian contracts and perpetual debt.
Beware of Mr. Baker (2012): In the opening scene, legendary rock drummer Ginger Baker (Cream, Blind Faith) smashes the nose of documentarian Jay Bulger. That sets the tone for this rollercoaster ride which chronicles the innovative career and irresponsible personal life of the fiery Baker. Baker gave Bulger 100 per cent cooperation, but didn't censor anything. Lucky for us.
Dig! (2004): One band found riches and fame. The other self-destructed, but inspired others. Ondi Timoner followed the Brian Jonestown Massacre and Dandy Warhols for a decade and came up with this brilliant portrait of sibling rivalry and the destructive nature of (some) artists. Harrowing and hilarious.
End of the Century (2003): End of the Century is both a love letter to and a scathing exposé of the godfathers of punk, The Ramones. Guitarist Johnny Ramone was a callous control freak; Joey was a doomed mensch; bassist Dee Dee was a talented songwriter but destructive junkie; and nobody appreciated drummer-and-record producer Tommy, because he was too well-adjusted. Directors Jim Fields and Michael Gramaglia got the Ramones to speak freely on camera and, man, they don't pull punches. This movie is as raw as its music.
The Gospel According To Al Green (1984): In the early '70s, Al Green was the king of bedroom soul, but by the time Robert Mugge filmed him, Green was a preacher. This film explains why in Green's own words, and luckily Green opens up. The good reverend reveals his bad ole days, particularly in 1974 when a girlfriend tried to kill him. Truly confessional.
Trouble Man: The Last Years of Marvin Gaye (1994): Before James Marsh won an Oscar for Man on Wire, he made this chilling BBC documentary about the gifted soul singer and his scornful father who eventually killed him. The film also captures the warm relationship Gaye enjoyed with the family of Belgian concert promoter Freddy Cousaert. This is one of the few music docs that's really a tragedy.
This article originally appeared in the September 2013 Issue of AUX Magazine.
Download and subscribe for free in the app store.
Tags: Film + TV, News, 30 Seconds to Mars, Al Green, AUX Magazine, AUX Magazine September 2013, Brian Jonestown Massacre, Dandy Warhols, Marvin Gaye
Jared Leto says his Joker portrayal was inspired by David Bowie
Exploring Jared Leto, Zooey Deschanel, and other musician-actor hyphenates
30 Seconds To Mars asked fans to film themselves getting lyric tattoos for new video


So you were an AZ staff member? Cool! I'm kind of in the same boat, at least where I live. I'm helping to run a local Anime festival here. Sorry about your troubles with NekoCon, by the way!
Hello! I saw that you were a fellow Animazement Attendee, so I thought I'd stop by and say hi!
Ah sure yea ill add ya :).


NFC on phones is being pushed hard – the Next Big Thing for affluent spenders.
Why not – we've this gadget-laden generation. Out to impress. They'll love NFC.
Well, maybe they won't even think about it.
How can I say this. It flies in the face of everything the marketers are saying to us.
We live in a multi-layered society. The haves, the have-nots. But there's more to it.
There are sub-layers or slices to every layer. But there is one layer in particular. This layer at first glance, should fall over themselves for NFC.
These guys always spend that bit more. Seen places. Eating at the River Cafe. The best clothes. The In-clubs. Nice cars. With oh-so-stunning-looking girlfriends.
Let's call them the Guest List Layer.
These guys are different. Society was once dominated by the Old Money layer, Society's It-girls. Daddy-the-banker paid for it all. But this layer crashed hard. Another layer rose up to dominate. the New Money Layer.
Okay – this new layer's still throwing round lots of money. Whats the difference?
The difference is how they throw their money around.
The greatest mistake we made was to believe we'd ever have a cashless society. That the system would provide us with easy ways to pay and control our finances, yada, yada.
Big, big mistake, guys. The New Money, Guest List Society aren't in the system. They play the system. And they play it very differently.
Not for them that so-exclusive black credit card. Nor that private bank account. That attracts the tax-man. And that's not part of The Guest List Layer's plans.
The Guest List Society loves to spend cash. Not tokens, not electronic funds. That's the thing. The fat wallet. The smell of leather and big bank notes.
Its all about how fat your wallet is, not the size of your credit limit. That's the key. That's why NFC couldn't be further off the Guest List radar.
NFC is a joke. Look at that pleb, waving his phone at the waitress!
Forget it. These guys aren't on the same page.