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Ask G. L. Pease April 2012 (Volume 12)
Ask G. L. Pease
Kevin Godbee
G. L. Pease
Welcome back. This edition of Ask G.L. Pease marks the one year anniversary of this column. It's hard to believe how quickly time has flown by, and even harder to believe that after all this time, the questions still come in. Years ago, in response to the beginnings of a new on-line forum, someone asked, "How much can anyone say about pipes and tobacco? It's just pipes and tobacco, right? What's so interesting about that?" Well, that forum is still going strong, and people continue to be interested in this lively pastime of ours in a way that goes beyond just puffing on a pipe. And, this magazine continues to grow, with new readers finding their way here daily.
Clearly, there are still things to say about pipes and tobacco, and clearly, the culture of the pipe is alive and well, something special that transcends the tools and fuels that keep our tobacco embers smoldering, and our fires burning. It's more than just burning leaves in blocks of wood with a couple holes and a straw.
I wouldn't be writing this if I wasn't passionate about this stuff, and you wouldn't be reading it if you weren't. I'm deeply grateful to be able to do what I do, and have an audience for both my blends and my words. Without you, I would have had to find another way to earn my keep years ago. So, with my sincerest thanks blown in fragrant smoke rings to the four winds, let's go to the callers.
From Scott: With apologies for making this a G.L. Pease specific inquiry, as a long time Pease tobacco aficionado and groupie, I must ask Greg a question about the soon-to-be-released Sextant blend. I get downright misty in my recollections of the discontinued blend Mehpisto; my all time favorite tobacco. The description of Sextant is intriguing, most particularly in its use of rum, a flavor component of Mephisto. Is it possible that the Sextant blend will in any way harken back to Mephisto? I have an aging, unopened package of Mephisto from 2003 that I would love to tear into if I knew I was able to find a satisfactory replacement. Thank you!
A: No apologies necessary. As Sextant was only recently released, I suppose it's still newsworthy, and a question or two about it certainly can be squeezed into this space. (I'll leave it to our illustrious editor-in-chief to decide whether or not that's really the case. If you don't see this, it's not my fault.)
Mephisto was the original inspiration for Sextant, yes, and in some ways, it's fair to consider Sextant to be an homage to its predecessor, but we (that would be the editorial "we," since Sextant really can't speak for itself) took a left turn somewhere around Hoboken.
As I was working on this, it became increasingly clear that it's really impossible to recreate that same flavor profile without the inclusion of the Syrian leaf that, even in the small quantities used, offered unique characteristics. Its smokiness is quite different from that of the Cyprian leaf, and there's an added piney note that cannot be replicated with any other leaf, though I thought I might get close by playing with the Kentucky dark-fired and a different balance of Orientals, Cyprian Latakia and Virginias.
In exploring different compositions, the new blend seemed set on taking on a life of its own, demanding to be recognized for what it was becoming, not wanting to be relegated to the position of some sort of third cousin to a long dead predecessor. So, though still informed by my own memories of Mephisto, and reminiscent of it in some ways, Sextant grew up to be quite different. They do share some of the same smoky, savory quality, and the constituent tobaccos are similar, but they have two very distinct personalities. That said, I think that if you liked Mephisto, you'll enjoy Sextant as well, providing you accept it on its own merits.
It's quite strange to be in the position of creating an homage to one of my own old blends, and I found the process fascinating, frustrating, and rewarding, all at once. I'm really pleased with the results, and if the early reviews are any indication, others are too.
Tony queries: Mr. Pease, most people see English blends as containing Latakia to some degree. May I be so bold, almost blasphemous, (forgive me but the thought came up), as to ask if JackKnife is considered an English style blend since it has no added flavoring?
A: It depends on which side of the puddle you're on when you ask the question. Of course, the internet has done much to bridge the linguistic gap (George Bernard Shaw referred to England and America as, "Two countries, separated by a common language"), it might be helpful to consider something of the history of the term "English blend."
The old English purity laws forbade blenders from using artificial flavorings and adulterants in tobaccos in large measure. There was a list of approved additives, which had to be dissolved in alcohol or water, and could only be applied at small percentages. This left the blenders, who relied primarily on Virginia-type tobaccos, Orientals and condiment leaf, like Latakia and Perique, with the exciting task of using the tobaccos themselves, along with different processing techniques, such as stoving, toasting, panning, steaming, pressing and so on, to create mixtures that would stand out from their peers. Some of what we now characterize as the classic "English flavorings" that derive from flower essences, in fact, likely came about because very tiny amounts of these highly perfumed extracts could be used to good effect in creating unique scents in the final product. These essences are still in use by the few remaining traditional blending houses in the UK.
MORE READING Ask G. L. Pease (Volume 43)
In the UK, there's nearly always been a distinction between Virginia tobaccos, and mixtures, to which Orientals and other condiment tobaccos are added. Interestingly, Latakia itself was often grouped by some manufacturers as just another type of oriental, so in much of the old literature, it's often not listed in the ingredients of blends that contain even very high percentages of the stuff. Dunhill's London Mixture, for instance, was listed in their 1928 catalogue as, "A delightfully harmonious blend of matured Virginia and Oriental tobaccos, soft and mellow, cool and fragrant." With over 50% Latakia, at least n later (pre-Murray) presentations, you'd think they might have mentioned it.
On this side of the pond, on the other hand, there were fewer restrictions, so blenders here, who relied more on burley tobaccos as a base, were free to add liqueurs, extracts of things like vanilla, cherry, and so on, creating a very aromatic, "American" style of pipe tobacco blend. In old American catalogues, "English" style was the general term used to describe blends made with Virginias and Oriental tobaccos, sometimes, but not always including Latakia. It was just a convenient way of differentiating, I suspect. Naturally, since "American style" tobaccos could not be produced in the UK under the purity laws, there was no such term used in marketing literature, or if it was, it would more likely have referred to a burley based tobacco than a sauced one.
So, back to your question, which I have cunningly ignored up to now. JackKnife is a pure tobacco, yes, and is based on Virginia tobaccos, with the addition of some dark-fired. It probably, in the olden days, would have been considered an "English" style blend, but only in the US, where the term had at least a connotation with some proximate meaning. In the UK, it would have then, and would be today, simply be considered a plug.
From Spencer: Do you have any knowledge on why you and C&D are unable to get Syrian Latakia? To the best of my knowledge, the fire happened in 2004, and even though there's some major social upheavals in Syria at the time of writing, does it take this long to come across a new source, or is it just that it takes a long time to replenish the stock? Or is there some other reason that I'm just not thinking of?
And, a similar question from Chris: I want to start by saying thank you for doing what you do. Not just creating great blends for the industry, but all you do to provide such a wealth of knowledge to the pipe community. My question is in regards to Latakia and the current turmoil in Syria. Has the pipe tobacco industry, Latakia specifically, been affected by the current situation in Syria? I was curious if there has been any affect on pricing, quality, or availability. Thank you!
A: I spent some time on the telephone with the major oriental leaf broker in the US to get a definitive answer to this question, and it's not a happy one. The simple fact is that Latakia has not been grown and manufactured in Syria now for over ten years. What there is of it in warehouses is all there is, and very likely, is all there ever will be. The vintage leaf that we lost in the fire was very, very special. A couple of manufacturers still have some supplies of that leaf, but when it's gone, it's gone. Further, I've tasted a lot of blends claiming to contain Syrian Latakia, but you couldn't prove it by me. It's possible that they're adding a few shreds of the stuff in order to stay within the letter of any laws that may exist, but their overall flavor and aroma is clearly that of Cypriot leaf. I cannot speak to the blends produced by most manufacturers, but I've had conversations with friends at McClelland and MacBaren, and can say without a doubt that they are, indeed, using vintage Syrian Latakia where they claim to be, so if you enjoy the blends they're making with it, you're still in luck, at least for the time being. But, enjoy it while it lasts; when it's gone, it's gone.
From Chris: Over time has the supply of different pipe tobacco varieties expanded or contracted, particularly Oriental/Turkish leaf. I know blenders today are incorporating Yenidje into their blends–Russ from Pipes and Cigars and McClelland. Is the source stable, can we expect you and C&D to release new blends with the leaf?
A: Varietal Orientals are available; that's not the problem. The real issue is the quantities that we would have to purchase in order to get them. Most of the tobacco farmers in these regions also grow other crops, and tobacco isn't their only, or even their main source of livelihood, with most producing only about 1000-kg or less per year. Much of that is used in the production of local cigarettes, and what's left ends up aggregated for purchase by Big Tobacco.
If I wanted to get a container full of any particular variety, about 4.5-tonnes, it would be possible to do so, but consider the fact that there the US pipe tobacco market, overall, is only about 1600-tonnes, and the vast majority of that is OTC aromatics. That container full of Turkish leaf, used in a mixture that may comprise 15% oriental, would yield about 30-tonnes of finished product. It would take a lot more decades than I have left to recover the investment!
MORE READING Ask G. L. Pease September 2012 (Volume 17)
Since I have no access to a consistent supply, I have a hard time justifying going after it. I've always been reluctant to devote the time and resources necessary to create new blends based on unsustainable ingredients, so unless something changes in the future, and a supply of these tobaccos can be consistently assured, it's unlikely that I'll be using them for any of my regular blends. On the other hand, there's always the possibility that at some point in the future I will get my hands on a sufficient quantity of some special leaf to do some limited edition blends.
From Tony M.: I was really hoping you could clear up the topic of "Cavendish" in a manner that would put my mind at ease. Sure, we've all read that blurb that states, "Cavendish is not a tobacco, but rather a process…yada yada yada." I understand that, but I still have a real problem wrapping my head around the question of why. I understand that it may be used to impart a sugary note to burleys, and that makes some sense although I'm not sure how this is preferable to a top dressing. However we see things like Virginia Cavendish. So my question is could you unravel the mystery of why this process is used at all? What does it impart to certain tobaccos that is unobtainable in other fashions?
A: The "why" of Cavendish depends, in part, on the "how" of Cavendish. In the case of the English style, a Virginia tobacco heated and pressed, allowed to ferment for a time, then used for blending, the why is simple. Virginias develop greater sweetness, and more depth of flavor by doing this. A high-sugar bright Virginia, which can be very sweet, somewhat tangy and sharp, a bit of a one-trick pony, metamorphoses into something dark and wonderful, with a much more complex flavor profile as a result of being treated in this way. It can look like just another red Virginia, but it's not. Reds tend to be stronger, more earthy, less sweet, and less focused on the front of the palate than brights, while a Virginia that's been "Cavendished" will exhibit more caramel-like notes.
The answer to "why" goes back to those infamous English Purity Laws. Because of the strict limitations to what could be applied to tobaccos in their manufacture, blenders had to get creative with other techniques to make the flavors more interesting. This was just another way of doing that.
With burleys, the most obvious example would be black Cavendish, which is sugared, then steamed and heated for hours in a controlled environment. It can be sauced or left unflavored. Again, it brings a greater depth to the leaf's flavor and aroma, and changes the way it works within the context of a blend.
The effects of these processes cannot be achieved simply through the use of sauces. In fact, there was a time when a "blackening agent" was experimented with by at least one UK blending house. The idea was that the time required to produce the Cavendish could be shortened, reducing costs of manufacture. Fortunately for all of us, they couldn't even convince the bean-counters it was a good idea.
One of the many Kevins who writes in wants to know: How does one become a Master Blender, and exactly what does this term mean in the tobacco blending world? I see it used frequently in the cigar industry, and occasionally in the pipe tobacco business.
A: I have no idea. I think it's a title conferred by the Secret Chiefs of some ancient mystical order upon those they deem worthy, and since I haven't received either my suitable-for-framing certificate, nor my secret decoder ring as yet, I pretty much figure they don't even know I exist, and I should give up hopes of ever being granted entrance to this apparently august group. Instead, I shall focus my attention on becoming a Master of the Universe. I have a feeling in my bones that I'm getting close.
On the other hand, I do like the sound of "Blendmeister." I'll have to order some new business cards. Maybe someone clever with graphic design can whip up that suitable-for-framing certificate, and I can finally feel complete. In the meanwhile, I'll just continue to whir up tobaccos in my Cuisinart, and be content that some people like them, even if I don't have a fancy title.
Matthew asks of me these questions three, ere the other side he'll see: 1. Is there a big difference between using matches and lighter for pipe tobacco? What type of light should be used? 2. What are your opinions on the 2011 Balkan Sobranie 759 Showdown on an I think 1970s version 759? Were you invited to participate, what are your opinions on the 3 blends, did the judges get it right? Will you ever create an homage to this specific almost mythic blend? Thank you so much! I recently scored an old 2001 tin of Renaissance…which will be opened on a very special occasion!
A: Wait. That's only two questions. AIEEEEEEEEEEEEEE! Sorry. I think the Master of the Universe thing went to my head a little.
I think there is a slight difference in the tobacco's flavor depending on whether it's lit using matches or using a lighter, simply because of the difference in combustion temperature, but, that difference is slight, and unless you're paying very close attention, is likely barely noticeable. Personally, I like to use matches because they allow me to tease a broader flame over the surface of the tobacco, toasting it a little first, then finally igniting it. It seems to allow the tobacco's flavors to bloom a little, minimizing the sometimes harsh smoke that can come from the "charring light" if it's too hot, or too focused. Try holding the match's flame just above the tobacco, drawing it downwards with gentle puffs, at first. Try it, and see if you notice a difference! I also, when I have the time, and when I think about it, like to let the pipe sit for a few minutes after the first flame, and then relight. It brings out more of the tobacco's sweetness, and softens the initial smoke.
There is something contemplative, something traditional feeling about using matches, and this seems to suit the mode of the pipe, to me. On the other hand, I use lighters, too, and can't say that my smoking experience has been ruined by them. As long as you're not using one of those ridiculous torch things, you're probably okay.
The 2011 Throwdown was based on a very late tin of Gallaher's produced 759, made sometime in the 1980s, which was very different from the old 759 that was produced by Sobranie. (Some of this is discussed in my recent columns Balkan Sobriety and Ghost Busting.) The participants were given the almost impossible task of attempting to produce something close, using current ingredients, to a tobacco with close to 30 years of age under its belt. Then, the judges had the almost impossible task of deciding which of these new blends came closest, in spirit I suppose, to the original. I can only imagine that it was nerve-wracking for all involved, but also a great deal of fun. Yes, I was invited to participate, but had too many projects on my plate to wade through those waters again. (Read on.) Whether or not any of the blends is close to the original sample I can't say, and it probably doesn't matter, since some are enjoying the results of the blenders' efforts, and that's what's important.
As far as my own homage to the 759, yes, I have thought about doing one, and even more importantly, I already did it in 2003. Here's what I wrote about this subject six years ago.
A couple of things come to mind. First, there was 759 and there was 759. The blend went through some changes during its life, and not every vintage is like every other. Too, while many have claimed to "clone" or "replicate" particular blends, I have never once found one of these copy-cats to successfully reproduce one of the old blends. In most cases, they're not even really close.
During the time I was developing the Classic Collection, a friend opened a 4-oz tin of 759 from the 60s and shared it with me. When I first stuck my nose in it, I was surprised by the impression of perique in the blend. I'm sure the blend didn't actually contain Perique, but the age had created a very Perique-like note in the tin aroma, and in the taste.
So, I came home, and went to work developing what was to become Blackpoint. Interestingly, I opened a three year old tin of Blackpoint last night, and was thrilled to find that some of the mustiness (in a good way) that I recall from that old 759 had begun to develop. I think the blend may actually be somewhat similar to the old stuff, thought, certainly not a copy, per se. Only time will really tell. However, I've heard from a friend in Italy who, without previously knowing the inspiration for Blackpoint, felt that Blackpoint was similar in some respects to the old 759. Maybe I was on the right track with this one.
Later vintages of 759 seem to have been more dominated by Latakia. For those, I think Abingdon may be a little closer, though certainly not identical.
So, there it is. Blackpoint, which I created in 2003, was my impressionistic painting of a particular experience with an old tin of 759. I know the blends are not the same, and that Blackpoint will evolve into something quite different, just as that tin of 759 had evolved dramatically from its youth by the time I got into it. But, I enjoy that aspect of tobaccos. My goal, always, is to blend both for today and for tomorrow, but only time will truly tell if I've accomplished this with any of them. I think some will wear wonderfully, and am looking forward to experiencing them over time.
Keep 'em coming, folks. I need to continue to justify having my name on the door.
-glp
SUBMIT QUESTIONS HERE
Since 1999, Gregory L. Pease has been the principal alchemist behind the blends of G.L. Pease Artisanal Tobaccos. He's been a passionate pipeman since his university days, having cut his pipe teeth at the now extinct Drucquer & Sons Tobacconist in Berkeley, California. Greg is also author of The Briar & Leaf Chronicles, a photographer, recovering computer scientist, sometimes chef, and creator of The Epicure's Asylum.
See our interview with G. L. Pease here.
Written by Kevin Godbee
Publisher & Founder of PipesMagazine.com Certified Master Tobacconist (CMT) #1858 from TobacconistUniversity.org My grandfather didn't smoke a pipe, but my uncle and some of my elementary school teachers did. In 1998, my neighbor Sam invited me out, and we ended up back at his place where there was a cigar humidor, and pipe rack on the coffee table. I had my first cigar, and then decided to try pipes too. I love the elegance and relaxation of smoking a pipe. In 2002, I started learning how to make websites, do SEO, and create content. I had a cigar content site and forums from 2005-2008 when it was bought out. In 2009, I launched PipesMagazine.com, which is now the largest, busiest community forums, and article content site for pipe and tobacco enthusiasts. We have one of the longest running pipe and tobacco focused podcasts since 2012 with lifetime industry veteran, Brian Levine.
View all posts by: Kevin Godbee
cortezattic says:
Mr. Pease, always a pleasure to get your take on the issues. I was hoping your sources would be more forthcoming on the reasons why Syrian Latakia will no longer be produced. It may be entirely academic now, given the political climate of that region, but I heard a rumor that the government was trying to protect a depleted species of tree required for the production of their Latakia.
glpease says:
That was true in 1960 when the first moratorium was put into effect. When production started again in the late 1990s, the demand was sufficiently low that I suppose there was less to worry about. And, yes, it seems they have other fish to fry these days.
After a 50 year hiatus, I wonder how many people in Syria even remember the procedures and peculiarities of Latakia production. Somehow I get the impression that doing it right was a non-trivial task; and the tricks of the trade were handed down from one generation to the next. After all, it's not like the local junior college offers a Latakia 101 course.
arinbjorn says:
Thank you Greg for your insight, your blends, and your willingness to spread a little wisdom onto us all. I have been reading from the beginning, and really look forward to each new installment. It would be great to shake your hand at Chicago this year!
– Tony Erickson
Fabricio says:
As always a pleasure to read Greg…so nicely written, soft, informative. Reading this while savouring a good bowl of Abingdon becomes even more pleasant. Thank you very much! Keeep up the great work!
Thank you! Very interesting questions and memorable, insightful answers. Pleasure to read.
I miss those "infamous" British purity laws…..
romeowood says:
As always, the most cogent, concise, thoughtful and entirely entertaining column on PipesMagazine.com. Thank you Greg!
rbull says:
Dang – I wish you hadn't made that confession about Blackpoint. Just watch; there'll be a run on it now. Even if it's just me buying 30 tins as a preemptive measure!


The Drawing Center is located on the ground floor of an historic, cast-iron building.
In August 2005, the Drawing Center was removed from consideration as one of the groups to occupy the World Trade Center. Also in 2005, it was among 406 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a $20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation, which was made possible through a donation by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg.
The Drawing Center offers a range of public programs for both adults and children, including literary readings, film screenings, artist talks, symposia, performances, and The Big Draw, a day-long event or series of events featuring artist-led drawing activities for all kids and adults.
The Drawing Center named Brett Littman, former Deputy Director of P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center, as its Executive Director in early 2007.
Each year, the Center presents "Selections" exhibitions featuring the work of emerging artists as well as exhibitions of historical and contemporary drawing-based work. The Drawing Room, located across the street from the Main Gallery, features dynamic, drawing-based installations and exhibitions by emerging and under-recognized artists.


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High School Senior Successfully Launches Platform to Inspire Young Female Entrepreneurs During COVID
Oct 1, 2020 | Business
SWEET – Successful Women Entrepreneurs Everywhere – a New Resource Offering Inspiration and Valuable Insight on How to Launch a Business
SAN FRANCISCO, CA, October 01, 2020 /24-7PressRelease/ — At a very young age, high school senior Isabel Hoppmann thought of countless product and service ideas to transform into businesses. However, like many teenage girls, her young age presented a constant hurdle. Tired of waiting to be "old enough" and personally feeling ready to start her own company, Isabel launched SWEET (Successful Women Entrepreneurs Everywhere Today). The new platform helps and inspires other young women achieve their entrepreneurial dreams. SWEET gained rapid popularity as there is nothing else like it in existence. Women entrepreneurs from various backgrounds, ages, and industries around the country quickly jumped on board to help support the platform which has been going strong since launching in June of this year.
"I am beyond excited about SWEET because it is the first platform of its kind that is directed towards young teenage girls to help them become the next generation of successful female entrepreneurs," said Isabel Hoppmann, Founder, SWEET. "My vision for SWEET is to inspire thousands of young women and girls to start their own businesses."
The powerful new platform is without question a high-level resource for young aspiring female entrepreneurs offering invaluable information, advice, and inspiration for teenage girls around the world. SWEET presents powerful interviews with seasoned women entrepreneurs as well as women who are new to the industry or even still teenagers themselves. Founder Isabel Hoppmann also offers weekly themed days on her Instagram page; Tuesday Tips highlights one of the best pieces of advice from the women she interviewed while Thursday Thoughts details a business lesson she learned that week through a short video. Last but not least, SWEET is a one-stop resource for young women providing information on how to start a business in general, marketing 101, and even how to publish a book! It would be remiss in not mentioning that Founder Isabel Hoppmann will also be publishing her first book by the end of 2020. This young entrepreneur is nothing short of inspirational, launching something truly unique to help others during our pandemic.
"SWEET helped me realize for the first time that entrepreneurship is not an unapproachable path and anyone can start a business if they have an idea that inspires them," said Alyssa Bannister, SWEET member. "The platform not only provides examples of real women who are succeeding within their field but also concrete resources to help inspired girls like me put their ideas into action."
About SWEET
SWEET, founded by Isabel Hoppmann, is the first platform of its kind that helps young teenage girls learn from real-world experiences so they can become the next generation of Successful Women Entrepreneurs Everywhere Today. SWEET offers the following resources: interviews with successful women entrepreneurs nationwide, information on how to start a business, and illuminating themed days including Tuesday Tips and Thursday Thoughts. For more information, to become a subscriber of the SWEET community, or to participate as an entrepreneur resource, please visit: https://sweetentrepreneurs.com/.
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Marseille (English pronunciation: /mɑːrˈseɪ/; French: [maʁ.sɛj] ( listen), locally: [mɑχˈsɛjə];provençal Marselha [maʀˈsejɔ, maʀˈsijɔ]), also known as Marseilles in English, is a city in France. The capital of its department of Bouches-du-Rhône and region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Marseille is located on France's south coast and is the second largest city in France, after Paris, with a population of 852,516 (January 2012) on a land area of 241 km2 (93 sq mi). It is the 3rd-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon, with a population of 1,831,500 at the January 2011 census.
Known to both the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia (Greek: Μασσαλία, Massalía),[page needed] Marseille was historically the most important trading centre in the region and functioned as the main commercial port of the French Empire. Marseille is now France's largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce, freight and cruise ships. The city held the title of European Capital of Culture together with Košice, Slovakia, in 2013. In 2016, it will host the European Football Championship and become the European Capital of Sport in 2017. The city is home to several of the campuses of Aix-Marseille University and is part of one of the largest metropolitan conurbations in France, the Metropolis of Aix-Marseille-Provence.
Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as Cassis, are the Calanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small fjord-like inlets. Further east still are the Sainte-Baume (a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest of deciduous trees), the city of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft) Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of l'Estaque; further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion and the Camargue region in the Rhône delta. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre.
The city's main thoroughfare (the wide boulevard called the Canebière) stretches eastward from the Old Port (Vieux Port) to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas on the south side and Fort Saint-Jean on the north. Further out in the Bay of Marseille is the Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of Château d'If, made famous by the Dumas novel The Count of Monte Cristo. The main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse (the main shopping mall). The centre of Marseille has several pedestrianised zones, most notably rue St Ferréol, Cours Julien near the Music Conservatory, the Cours Honoré-d'Estienne-d'Orves off the Old Port and the area around the Hôtel de Ville. To the south east of central Marseille in the 6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the monumental fountain of Place Castellane, an important bus and metro interchange. To the south west are the hills of the 7th arrondissement, dominated by the basilica of Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde. The railway station—Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement; it is linked by the Boulevard d'Athènes to the Canebière.
Humans have inhabited Marseille and its environs for almost 30,000 years: palaeolithic cave paintings in the underwater Cosquer Cave near the calanque of Morgiou date back to between 27,000 and 19,000 BC; and recent excavations near the railway station have unearthed neolithic brick habitations from around 6000 BC.
A silver drachma inscribed with MASSA[LIA] (ΜΑΣΣΑ[ΛΙΑ]) from Marseille's Hellenistic period.
Massalia, whose name was probably adapted from an existing language related to Ligurian, was the first Greek settlement in France. It was established within modern Marseille around 600 BC by colonists coming from Phocaea (now Foça, in modern Turkey) on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. The connection between Massalia and the Phoceans is mentioned in Thucydides's Peloponnesian War; he notes that the Phocaean project was opposed by the Carthaginians, whose fleet was defeated. The founding of Massalia has also been recorded as a legend. According to the legend, Protis, while exploring for a new trading outpost or emporion for Phocaea, discovered the Mediterranean cove of the Lacydon, fed by a freshwater stream and protected by two rocky promontories. Protis was invited inland to a banquet held by the chief of the local Ligurian tribe for suitors seeking the hand of his daughter Gyptis in marriage. At the end of the banquet, Gyptis presented the ceremonial cup of wine to Protis, indicating her unequivocal choice. Following their marriage, they moved to the hill just to the north of the Lacydon; and from this settlement grew Massalia. Robb gives greater weight to the Gyptis story, though he notes that the tradition was to offer water, not wine, to signal the choice of a marriage partner. A second wave of colonists arrived in about 540, when Phocaea was destroyed by the Persians.
The state of Gaul around 58 BC.
The city thrived by acting as a link between inland Gaul, hungry for Roman goods and wine (which Massalia was steadily exporting by 500 BC), and Rome's insatiable need for new products and slaves. During the Punic Wars, Hannibal crossed the Alps north of the city. In 123 BC, Massilia was faced by an invasion of the Allobroges and Arverni under Bituitus; it entered into an alliance with Rome, receiving protection—Roman legions under Q. Fabius Maximus and Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus defeated the Gauls at Vindalium in 121 BC—in exchange for yielding a strip of land through its territory which was used to construct the Via Domitia, a road to Spain. The city thus maintained its independence a little longer, although the Romans organized their province of Transalpine Gaul around it and constructed a colony at Narbo Martius (Narbonne) in 118 BC which subsequently competed economically with Massilia.
Massilia at the time of Caesar's siege in 49 BC.
During Julius Caesar's war against Pompey and most of the Senate, Massilia allied itself with the rightful government; closing its gates to Caesar on his way to Spain in April of 49 BC, the city was besieged. Despite reinforcement by L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Massilia's fleet was defeated and the city fell by September. It maintained nominal autonomy but lost its trading empire and was largely brought under Roman dominion. The statesman Titus Annius Milo, then living in exile in Marseille, joked that no one could miss Rome as long as they could eat the delicious red mullet of Marseille. Marseille adapted well to its new status under Rome. Most of the archaeological remnants of the original Greek settlement were replaced by later Roman additions. During the Roman era, the city was controlled by a directory of 15 selected "first" among 600 senators. Three of them had the pre-eminence and the essence of the executive power. The city's laws among other things forbade the drinking of wine by women and allowed, by a vote of the senators, assistance to a person to commit suicide.
The city was not affected by the decline of the Roman Empire before the 8th century, as Marseille knew a stable situation, probably thanks to its efficient defensive walls inherited from the Phoceans. Even after the town fell into the hands of the Visigoths in the 5th century, the city became an important Christian intellectual center with people such as John Cassian, Salvian and Sidonius Apollinaris. Marseille even knew a golden age in the 6th century, when it became a major commercial center in the Mediterranean Sea. Late Antiquity continued until the 7th century in Marseille, with Phocean and Roman infrastructures still in use (forums, baths). Marseille's economic activities and prosperity ended suddenly with the Charles Martel attacks in 739, when his armies punished the city for rejecting the governor he had established a few years earlier. The city did not develop again before the 10th century, as it knew 150 years of recurring attacks from the Greeks and the Saracens.
Marseille's population and trading status soon recovered and in 1437, the Count of Provence René of Anjou, who succeeded his father Louis II of Anjou as King of Sicily and Duke of Anjou, arrived in Marseille and established it as France's most fortified settlement outside of Paris. He helped raise the status of the town to a city and allowed certain privileges to be granted to it. Marseille was then used by the Duke of Anjou as a strategic maritime base to reconquer his kingdom of Sicily. King René, who wished to equip the entrance of the port with a solid defense, decided to build on the ruins of the old Maubert tower and to establish a series of ramparts guarding the harbour. Jean Pardo, engineer, conceived the plans and Jehan Robert, mason of Tarascon, carried out the work. The construction of the new city defenses took place between 1447 and 1453.[page needed] Trading in Marseille also flourished as the Guild began to establish a position of power within the merchants of the city. Notably, René also founded the Corporation of Fisherman.
Contemporary engraving of Marseille during the Great Plague of 1720.
Marseille was united with Provence in 1481 and then incorporated into France the following year, but soon acquired a reputation for rebelling against the central government. Some 30 years after its incorporation, Francis I visited Marseille, drawn by his curiosity to see a rhinoceros that King Manuel I of Portugal was sending to Pope Leo X, but which had been shipwrecked on the Île d'If. As a result of this visit, the fortress of Château d'If was constructed; this did little to prevent Marseille being placed under siege by the army of the Holy Roman Empire a few years later.[page needed] Marseille became a naval base for the Franco-Ottoman alliance in 1536, as a Franco-Turkish fleet was stationed in the harbour, threatening the Holy Roman Empire and especially Genoa. Towards the end of the 16th century, Marseille suffered yet another outbreak of the plague; the hospital of the Hôtel-Dieu was founded soon afterwards. A century later more troubles were in store: King Louis XIV himself had to descend upon Marseille, at the head of his army, in order to quash a local uprising against the governor.[page needed] As a consequence, the two forts of Saint-Jean and Saint-Nicholas were erected above the harbour and a large fleet and arsenal were established in the harbour itself.
During the first half of the 20th century, Marseille celebrated its "port of the empire" status through the colonial exhibitions of 1906 and 1922; the monumental staircase of the railway station, glorifying French colonial conquests, dates from then. In 1934, Alexander I of Yugoslavia arrived at the port to meet with the French foreign minister Louis Barthou. He was assassinated there by Vlado Chernozemski.
During the Second World War, Marseille was bombed by German and Italian forces in 1940. The city was occupied by the Germans from November 1942 to August 1944. On 22 January 1943, over 4,000 Jews were seized in Marseille as part of "Action Tiger." They were held in detention camps before being deported to Poland occupied by Nazi Germany to be murdered. The Old Port was bombed in 1944 by the Allies to prepare for liberation of France. The city was liberated by the Allies on 29 August 1944.
From the 1950s onward, the city served as an entrance port for over a million immigrants to France. In 1962, there was a large influx from the newly independent Algeria, including around 150,000 returned Algerian settlers (pieds-noirs). Many immigrants have stayed and given the city a French-African quarter with a large market.
Marseille is a major French centre for trade and industry, with excellent transportation infrastructure (roads, sea port and airport). Marseille Provence Airport, is the fourth largest in France. In May 2005, the French financial magazine L'Expansion named Marseille the most dynamic of France's large cities, citing figures showing that 7,200 companies had been created in the city since 2000. Marseille is also France's second largest research centre with 3,000 research scientists within Aix Marseille University. As of 2014[update], the Marseille metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $60.3 billion, or $36,127 per capita (purchasing power parity).
In recent years, the city has also experienced a large growth in service sector employment and a switch from light manufacturing to a cultural, high-tech economy. The Marseille region is home to thousands of companies, 90% of which are small and medium enterprises with less than 500 employees.[full citation needed] Among the most famous ones are CMA CGM, container-shipping giant; Compagnie maritime d'expertises (Comex), world leader in sub-sea engineering and hydraulic systems; Eurocopter Group, an EADS company; Azur Promotel, an active real estate development company; La Provence, the local daily newspaper; RTM, Marseille's public transport company; and Société Nationale Maritime Corse Méditerranée (SNCM), a major operator in passenger, vehicle and freight transportation in the Western Mediterranean. The urban operation Euroméditerranée has developed a large offer of offices and thus Marseille hosts one of the main business district in France.
From left to right: La Joliette neighbourhood (old docks), ferry ship docks, new port, Euroméditerranée business district (CMA CGM Tower) and surrounding areas.
The city of Marseille is divided into 16 municipal arrondissements, which are themselves informally divided into quartiers (111 in total). The arrondissements are regrouped in pairs, into 8 secteurs, each with a mayor and council (like the arrondissements in Paris and Lyon).
Municipal elections are held every six years and are carried out by secteur. There are 303 councillors in total, two-thirds sitting in the secteur councils and one third in the city council.
From 1950 to the mid-1990s, Marseille was a socialist and communist stronghold. The socialist Gaston Defferre was consecutively re-elected six times as Mayor of Marseille from 1953 until his death in 1986. He was succeeded by Robert Vigouroux of the RDSE. Jean-Claude Gaudin of the right-wing UMP was elected mayor in 1995. Gaudin was re-elected in 2001 and 2008.
In recent years, the Communist Party has lost most of its strength in the northern boroughs of the city, whereas the far-right National Front has received significant support.
At the last municipal election in 2008, Marseille was divided between the northern boroughs dominated by the left and the more affluent southern part dominated by the right, with the centre and eastern parts of the city as battlegrounds, allowing for a narrow re-election of the UMP administration.
Marseille is also divided in 25 cantons, each of them returning a member of the General Council of the Bouches-du-Rhône département.
¹This group is made up largely of former French settlers, such as pieds-noirs in Northwest Africa, followed by former colonial citizens who had French citizenship at birth (such as was often the case for the native elite in French colonies), and to a lesser extent foreign-born children of French expatriates. Note that a foreign country is understood as a country not part of France in 1999, so a person born for example in 1950 in Algeria, when Algeria was an integral part of France, is nonetheless listed as a person born in a foreign country in French statistics.
Marseille has a large number of theatres, including la Criée, le Gymnase and the Théâtre Toursky. There is also an extensive arts centre in La Friche, a former match factory behind the St-Charles station. The Alcazar (fr), until the 1960s a well known music-hall and variety theatre, has recently been completely remodelled behind its original façade and now houses the central municipal library. Other music venues in Marseille are L'Embobineuze and GRIM.
Marseille has also been important in the arts. It has been the birthplace and home of many French writers and poets, including fr (Victor Gélu), fr (Valère Bernard), Pierre Bertas, Edmond Rostand and André Roussin. The small port of l'Estaque on the far end of the Bay of Marseille became a favourite haunt for artists, including Auguste Renoir, Paul Cézanne (who frequently visited from his home in Aix), Georges Braque and Raoul Dufy.
Marseille's main cultural attraction was, since its creation at the end of the 18th century and until the late 1970s, the Opéra. Located near the Old Port and the Canebière, at the very heart of the city, its architectural style was comparable to the classical trend found in other opera houses built at the same time in Lyon and Bordeaux. In 1919, a fire almost completely destroyed the house, leaving only the stone colonnade and peristyle from the original façade. The classical façade was restored and the opera house reconstructed in a predominantly Art Deco style, as the result of a major competition. Currently the Opéra de Marseille stages 6 or 7 operas each year.
Marseille is also well known in France for its hip hop music. Bands like IAM originated from Marseille and initiated the rap phenomenon in France. Other known groups include Fonky Family, Psy 4 de la Rime (including rappers Soprano and Alonzo), and Keny Arkana.
Bouillabaisse is the most famous seafood dish of Marseille. It is a fish stew containing at least three varieties of very fresh local fish: typically red rascasse (Scorpaena scrofa); sea robin (fr: grondin); and European conger (fr: congre). It can include gilt-head bream (fr: dorade); turbot; monkfish (fr: lotte or baudroie); mullet; or silver hake (fr: merlan), and it usually includes shellfish and other seafood such as sea urchins (fr: oursins), mussels (fr: moules); velvet crabs (fr: étrilles); spider crab (fr: araignées de mer), plus potatoes and vegetables. In the traditional version, the fish is served on a platter separate from the broth. The broth is served with rouille, a mayonaise made with egg yolk, olive oil, red pepper saffron, and garlic, spread on pieces of toasted bread, or croûtes. In Marseille, bouillabaisse is rarely made for fewer than ten people; the more people who share the meal, and the more different fish that are included, the better the bouillabaisse.
fr (Anchoïade) is a paste made from anchovies, garlic, and olive oil, spread on bread or served with raw vegetables.
fr (Bourride) is a soup made with white fish (monkfish, European sea bass, whiting, etc.) and aïoli.
fr (Navette de Marseille) are, in the words of food writer M. F. K. Fisher, "little boat-shaped cookies, tough dough tasting vaguely of orange peel, smelling better than they are."
fr (Panisse) is chickpea flour boiled into a thick mush, allowed to firm up, then cut into blocks and fried.
fr (Panisse), a pastry made with chickpea flour.
A tapenade is made of finely chopped olives, capers, and anchovies in olive oil. It is usually spread on slices of toasted bread as an appetizer.
The fr (Musée des Docks Romains) preserves in situ the remains of Roman commercial warehouses, and has a small collection of objects, dating from the Greek period to the Middle Ages, that were uncovered on the site or retrieved from shipwrecks.
The fr (Musée du Vieux Marseille), housed in the 16th-century Maison Diamantée, describing everyday life in Marseille from the 18th century onwards.
The Château Borély is located in the Parc Borély, a park off the Bay of Marseille with the Jardin botanique E.M. Heckel, a botanical garden. The fr (Museum of the Decorative Arts, Fashion and Ceramics) opened in the renovated château in June 2013.
The fr (Musée d'Art Contemporain de Marseille) (MAC), a museum of contemporary art, opened in 1994. It is devoted to American and European art from the 1960s to the present day.
The fr (Musée du Terroir Marseillais) in Château-Gombert, devoted to Provençal crafts and traditions.
The main French research bodies including the CNRS, INSERM and INRA are all well represented in Marseille. Scientific research is concentrated at several sites across the city, including Luminy, where there are institutes in developmental biology (the IBDML), immunology (CIML), marine sciences and neurobiology (INMED), at the CNRS Joseph Aiguier campus and at the Timone hospital site (known for work in microbiology). Marseille is also home to the headquarters of the IRD, which promotes research into questions affecting developing countries.
Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles is Marseille's railway station whose filthy railyard is covered in litter and discarded equipment. It operates direct regional services to Aix-en-Provence, Briançon, Toulon, Avignon, Nice, Montpellier, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Nantes, etc. Gare Saint-Charles is also one of the main terminal stations for the TGV in the south of France making Marseille reachable in three hours from Paris (a distance of over 750 km) and just over one and a half hours from Lyon. There are also direct TGV lines to Lille, Brussels, Nantes, Genève and Strasbourg as well as Eurostar services to London.
There is a new long distance bus station adjacent to new modern extension to the Gare Saint-Charles with destinations mostly to other Bouches-du-Rhône towns, including buses to Aix-en-Provence, Cassis, La Ciotat and Aubagne. The city is also served with 11 other regional trains stations in the east and the north of the city. The station of Gare de Marseille-Blancarde is the stop for the Night InterCity trains from Paris to Nice, connected with metro and tramways.
The city boasts a wide variety of sports facilities and teams. The most popular team is the city's football club, Olympique de Marseille, which was the finalist of the UEFA Champions League in 1991, before winning the competition in 1993. The club also became finalists of the UEFA Cup in both 1999 and 2004. The club had a history of success under then-owner Bernard Tapie. The club's home, the Stade Vélodrome, which can seat around 67,000 people, also functions for other local sports, as well as the national rugby team. Stade Velodrome hosted a number of games during the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2007 Rugby World Cup. The local rugby teams are Marseille XIII and Marseille Vitrolles Rugby. Marseille is famous for its important pétanque activity, it is even renown as the pétanque capitale. In 2012 Marseille hosted the Pétanque World Championship and the city hosts every year the Mondial la Marseillaise de pétanque, the main pétanque competition.
Blessed Antoine Frédéric Ozanam on 8 September 1853.
French poet Arthur Rimbaud on 10 November 1891.
↑ Ebel, Charles (1976). "Transalpine Gaul: the emergence of a Roman province". Brill Archive: 5–16. ISBN 90-04-04384-5. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>, Chapter 2, Massilia and Rome before 390 B.C.
↑ Duchêne & Contrucci 1998, p. 42.
↑ 18.0 18.1 Palanque 1990, p. 41.
↑ Palanque 1990, p. 44.
↑ Duchêne & Contrucci 1998, pp. 49–54, "Du commerce à l'exploration". Evidence of trade is provided by the circulation of silver drachmas minted in Marseille from 525 BC, as well as exported pottery from 550 BC; wine produced in Marseille was distributed throughout Gaul during this period.
↑ Goyau, Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges (1913). "Diocese of Marseilles (Massilia)". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> The martyrdom of St. Victor took place under the Roman Emperor Maximian.
↑ Abulafia 1999, p. 373: "[Some, like] Marseilles, had had their consulates confirmed by the counts and were close to enjoying complete independence. Ramon-Berenguer V set out to reverse this ... Marseille, however, refused ... the Marseillais did recognize Ramon-Berenguer's suzerainty in 1243."
↑ Abulafia 1999, p. 374: "[Marseille] was subdued once and for all in 1263. Probably the major factor in reconciling the Provençal towns to the loss of their independence was their general economic prosperity."
↑ Duchêne & Contrucci 1998, p. 182.
↑ Duchêne & Contrucci 1998, pp. 160–161, 174This commandry was a monastery belonging to the military religious order of the crusading Knights Hospitaller. Following Richard the Lionheart's visit in 1190 with the Anglo-Norman fleet during the Third Crusade, Marseille became a regular port of call for crusaders.
↑ Duchêne & Contrucci 1998, page needed B.
↑ Duchêne & Contrucci 1998Chronology, page 182, and Part III, Chapters 25–36.
↑ Duchêne & Contrucci 1998, page needed C.
↑ Duchêne & Contrucci 1998, page needed D.
↑ 1720 chart of Marseille: a contemporary chart showing the defenses of the port.
↑ Duchêne & Contrucci 1998, p. 360-378.
↑ Citoyenneté et intégration : Marseille, modèle d'intégration ?, report by Patrick Parodi, Académie d'Aix-Marseille.
↑ 82.0 82.1 Trott 2007, pp. 104.
↑ 100.0 100.1 Trott 2007, pp. 261.
↑ Jessula, Georges (2003). "Darius Milhaud, Compositeur de Musique". Revue Juive: 140–144. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Since their marriage in 1892, Milhaud's parents lived in the Bras d'Or in Aix-en-Provence, where their son grew up; however he was delivered at the home of his maternal grandparents in Marseille.
Attard-Marainchi, Marie-Françoise; Échinard, Pierre; Jordi, Jean-Jacques; Lopez, Renée; Sayad, Abdelmalek; Témime, Émile (2007). "Migrance – histoires des migrations à Marseille". Éditions Jeanne Laffitte. ISBN 978-2-86276-450-4. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>, single book comprising 4 separate volumes: La préhistoire de la migration (1482–1830); L'expansion marseillaise et «l'invasion italienne» (1830–1918); Le cosomopolitisme de l'entre-deux-guerres (1919–1945); Le choc de la décolonisation (1945–1990).


Ubuntu GNOME (formerly Ubuntu GNOME Remix) is a mostly pure GNOME desktop experience built from the Ubuntu repositories. Our first (unofficial) release was 12.10 (Quantal Quetzal), released in October 2012.
The first official release was 13.04 (Raring Ringtail).
Our final Long Term Support release is Ubuntu GNOME 16.04.5.
Our final stable non-LTS release was Ubuntu GNOME 17.04. The 17.04 release is no longer supported.
10 GB of free hard drive space for installation.
Please read the release notes before downloading.
Please head over to the Get Ubuntu GNOME page for more details.
For more information about Ubuntu GNOME, please visit our Wiki area.


Classic yet modern, the New Balance 215 women's sneaker will keep you on trend. It has a comfortable mesh upper with contrasting logos and breathable lining. Its EVA midsole provides fast response and padding, while blending comfort with style seamlessly.


Posted on October 4, 2013 by Jian Akiraceo.	This entry was posted in Room and tagged cute, emoticons, father, messenger app, miao, papamiao, stickers, wafu pafu. Bookmark the permalink.
hahahaa! kacau u tak habis habis!
PapaMiao must be hinting you he hasn't seen you for a loooooong time.. hahaha..


(P1) With CLIFFS, CANYONS, MARBLE SLABS, and a TORRENTIAL river, Taroko GORGE is one of Taiwan's most popular TOURIST ATTRACTIONS.
(P2) The 19-kilometer area, part of Taroko Gorge NATIONAL PARK, features cliffs that can rise up to 100 meters high.
(P3) The park is connected to Taiwan's capital, Taipei, by the Central Cross-Island Highway, one of the most dangerous SCENIC roads in the world.
(P4) The highway is a series of curves, tunnels, OVERHANGS, and JAGGED drops.
(P5) The park's main attractions can be reached by PRECARIOUS bridges, tunnels, and difficult TRAILS.
(P6) Taroko Gorge National Park has 27 of the 100 Peaks of Taiwan, a widely recognized list of top mountains.
(P7) With an ELEVATION of 3,742 meters, Mount Nanhu is the fifth tallest PEAK in Taiwan and is covered by fields of dwarf BAMBOO trees.
(P8) Eternal Spring SHRINE (above), PERCHED on a hill, was built to COMMEMORATE the 226 workers who were killed building the Central Cross-Island Highway.
(P9) Some 80% of Taiwan's animal species can also be found in the park, including the Formosan black bear and Formosan rock MACAQUE.
(P10) Old ABORIGINAL SETTLEMENTS of the Taroko TRIBE still dot the area.
(P11) The INDIGENOUS tribe — one of 16 recognized aboriginal groups in Taiwan — was once famed for its facial TATTOOS and HEADHUNTING RITUALS.
(P12) Routes are well MAINTAINED and frequently traveled by HIKERS and cyclists.
Have you ever driven on a dangerous road?
Do you like to go hiking or cycling?
Have you visited any national parks in your country?
ARE NEO-NAZIS ON THE RISE IN SLOVAKIA?


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A chance sighting of Erich von Stalhein by Ginger leads to investigations as to what he is up to. He is observed meeting a soldier, Guardsman Ross, and encouraging him to desert from the army to join an International Brigade. Ross is recruited to assist Biggles and agrees to desert so that Biggles and Ginger can follow him and find out where other deserters have gone.


1 Connecticut: Vital Records (The Barbour Collection), 1630-1870, New London, p. 217, Birth record for Dorothy Morgan, New England Historic Genealogical Society (Online Database).
7 Jones, Emma C. Brewster, The Brewster Genealogy, 1566-1907: A Record of the Descendants of William Brewster of the "Mayflower" . . ., Vol. 1, New York: The Grafton Press Genealogical Publishers (1908), 47, 57, Internet Archive (Digital Library).
8 McGhan, Judith, Genealogies of Connecticut Families: From the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 1, Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Co. (2006), 563.
9 Merrick, Barbara Lambert and Scott Andrew Bartley, Mayflower Families Through Five Generations: Vol. 24, Part 1, William Brewster, Plymouth, Massachusetts: General Society of Mayflower Descendants (2014), 250-252.
10 Merrick, Barbara Lambert, comp., Mayflower Families in Progress: William Brewster of the Mayflower and His Descendants for Four Generations, 3rd edition, Plymouth, Massachusetts: General Society of Mayflower Descendants (2000), 64-65, 115.
11 Roberts, Gary Boyd, "#48 Royal Descents, Notable Kin, and Printed Sources: The Ancestry of Novelist Thomas Pynchon", (accessed 11/28/2018), New England Historic Genealogical Society (Online Database).
12 Roberts, Gary Boyd, Notable Kin, Volume 1 , Santa Clarita, California: Carl Boyer, 3rd (1998), 20.
13 Roberts, Gary Boyd and William Addams Reitwiesner, American Ancestors and Cousins of The Princess of Wales, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. (1984), 36, Ancestry.com (Online Database).


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During the summer months Chicago is a pretty "dog-friendly" city. Almost every restaurant has outdoor seating and many places even bring your little companion some water or a treat to enjoy. While there are some bars that allow dogs INSIDE, I'm not a fan of bringing my little guy into a dark, sticky, and loud establishment. I have done it once when Basil was just a pup, probably about four months old. He was up to date on all of his shots and was easy to hold on my lap. His size has increased significantly so the days of carrying him around on my lap are, unfortunately, long gone.
As the weather starts to cool off and my weekends become cozier and cozier, most of this time is spent with my four-legged friend. I'm always looking for lounge-around clothing even though two pairs of sweatpants is probably enough (NEVER!). Or, what better way to make new friends (or warn them that you are a crazy person) than to wear clothing depicting your "crazy dog mom" status?! Some of the online brands even donate part of the proceeds to rescue organizations which is pretty sweet. My guy was from a local rescue shelter so I'm a strong believer in the #adoptdontshop movement.


text:
Now TV (Hong Kong)
This article is about pay-TV operator in Hong Kong. For the online broadband TV network operated by PCCW, see NOW.com. For the European pay-TV operator of the same name, see Now TV (Sky).
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Now TV (stylised as now TV; Chinese: Now 寬頻電視; pinyin: Now Kuānpín Diànshì; Jyutping: Now fun1 pan4 din6 si6; Cantonese Yale: Now fūn pàhn dihn sih) is a pay-TV service provider in Hong Kong operated by PCCW Media Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of PCCW. It provides 197 TV channels including 176 channels branded under now TV (32 channels in HD), 21 channels from TVB Network Vision (1 channel in HD), and over 30 video on demand categories. Launched on 26 September 2003, its TV signal is transmitted with IPTV technology through HKT's fixed broadband network.
now 寬頻電視
now 宽频电视
Now Kuānpín Diànshì
Wade–Giles
Now k'uanp'in tanshih
Yale Romanization
Now Kwānpín Dànshr̀
Now [kʰwánpʰǐn tjɛ̂nʂɨ̂]
Yue: Cantonese
Now fūn pàhn dihn sih
Now [fʊ́n pʰɐ̏n tʰìn ɕì]
Jyutping
Now fun1 pan4 din6 si6
Now TV is the largest pay-TV operator in Hong Kong in terms of number of subscribers, number of channels, number of HD channels and quantity of VOD contents. The word "Now" is abbreviated from "Network Of the World".
History and establishmentEdit
Launched in March 1998, PCCW's services included a wide range of information and entertainment, such as news, video-on-demand (VOD), music videos, home-shopping, home-banking and educational content. iTV had some 67,000 subscribers at the end of 2000.
Due to the liberalization of the pay-TV market by the HKSAR government in early July 2000, the then existing duopolists, iTV and i-Cable, were confronted with ferocious competition. With fewer subscribers and hence the decline in the revenue generated from iTV, the interactive television operation was terminated in the final quarter of 2002. Now Broadband pay-TV service was launched in September 2003 with 23 channels under the same umbrella company PCCW; iTV is thus commonly viewed as the predecessor of Now TV.
In December 2005, Now TV introduced a technology with connection speed up to 18 megabits per second (Mbit/s). At least 75% of the service area will be offered a service running up to 8Mbit/s. In addition, Video-On-Demand services were launched in January 2006.
Now TV subscribers have access to 136 channels.
ChronologyEdit
March 1998 Hong Kong Telecom commercially launched iTV
July 2000 Liberalisation of the pay-TV market
Last quarter of 2002 Termination of iTV
August 2003 Now TV was unveiled
September 2003 Now TV was officially launched
Charging schemesEdit
Since each household has to install a special decoder to view the channels, there is an extra deposit and installation for the decoder. However, these charges are waived for Netvigator broadband subscribers. With the decoder, households are able to watch approximately 20 free channels.
For the subscription channels, Now uses the pricing model of pay-per-channel basis. There are bundle offers in existence, for given bouquet of channels, but these are less comprehensive than those offered by rivals.
Now TV offers a business package (in which there are fewer channels for subscription than household customers) for businesses at a higher price than household subscribers.
Since 1 September 2007, Now TV no longer offers STAR Sports or ESPN as stand-alone packages, preferring instead to bundle them into a single multi-sport package. This has caused some distress amongst many viewers who view this move as a breach of their commitment contract's that stipulates that upon expiry of channel contracts, contracts are automatically renewed.
Channel highlightsEdit
In the beginning, Now TV only operated 23 channels, most of which were in English. In response to competition, it has expanded its repertoire of new channels, adding programming such as the Disney Channel and ESPN. By June 2005, the number of channels grew to more than 70, with an increased number of Cantonese channels.
In 2006, Now TV outbid i-Cable for the rights to broadcast English Premier League football in Hong Kong, starting with the 2007-08 season. It is also the broadcaster of LaLiga, the Spanish football competition
Now TV currently has the most channels of any pay TV provider in Hong Kong. At present, it offers 21 free channels and 103 pay channels, including 15 audio channels. The total number of channels exceeds 130.
Languages of channels providedEdit
The majority of its programming is in English, Cantonese or Putonghua, though some programming in Hindi (Star Bharat), and French (TV5MONDE), is available.
Business performance and developmentEdit
Now TV service was launched with 23 channels in September 2003 but was soon expanded to exceed 30 with the addition of sports-related channels and BBC World and the Animax channel, as well as the Cantonese-language Star Chinese Movies and Xing Kong channels. Within four months of launch, Now TV had attracted more than 200,000 customers by end-2003.
Although Now TV mainly targets high-income viewers, its subscriber numbers have grown sharply. As well as home viewership, the service has been extended to hotel rooms, offices, sports bars and hotels.
According to a report in Ming Pao Finance on 5 October 2005, the number of subscribers to Now TV exceeded 450,000. Per annual reports issued by PCCW, at the end of December 2005 the number of paying subscribers to Now TV stood at 549,000 (approximately 61% were paid subscribers, with 31% being free subscribers). These figures compare with totals of 361,000 at end-December 2004 and 269,000 at end-June 2004. Despite the growth in subscribers, Now TV was operating at a loss in 2005. By August 2006, Now TV had in excess of 654,000 subscribers.
Although NOW TV can claim consistent growth in subscriber numbers, quality of service remains 'average' at best. Many viewers report 'jerky' TV reception, slow refresh times when changing channels, and picture freezing extending over several minutes at multiple instances during single programming.
StrategyEdit
In early July 2000, the HKSAR government awarded five new pay-TV licences. The new entrants were all relatively seasoned broadcasting companies including Galaxy Satellite Broadcasting, Hong Kong DTV Company, a British broadcaster Elmsdsale, Hong Kong Network TV and Pacific Digital Media HK. The considerable opening of the market sparked intense competition for programming and viewer share, which can be seen by the extensive use of advertising.
To avoid direct competition with the two local digital terrestrial channels - Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) and ViuTV - Now TV has sought to build up and secure its local pay-TV position by signing long-term contracts with a variety of channels from around the world.
ExclusivityEdit
On November 15, 2006, Now TV made a knock-out bid, of an estimated HK$1.56 billion, to secure the license to exclusively broadcast football matches of the Barclays Premier League matches in Hong Kong for three seasons commencing from the 2007/2008 season.[1] Two years previously, i-Cable had paid an estimated HK$700 million for a three-year contract.[2]
Now TV announced in January 2006 that a three-year deal was signed with ESPN STAR for the rights to live matches of the UEFA Champions League during the 2006-2009 seasons.[2]
In December 2006 secured the exclusive rights to broadcast the Euro 2008 football championship by agreeing to pay HK$400 million.[3]
Playboy TV will become exclusive to Now TV from December 1, 2006.
PricingEdit
i-Cable has been forced to adopt an alternative pricing model for its subscribers. It allows subscribers to pick and choose their own channels, similar to the pay-by-channel of Now. Moreover, from Asia Media in October 2005, Now TV claimed that they will not follow i-Cable to minimize monthly charges since they have added new channels and improved the delivery standard, in order to maintain competitiveness. In December 2006, it announced it was instead planning on raising subscription rates after having secured exclusive rights in the ESPN, Premier League, and Euro 2008.[4]
Annie cheng and the crew of Sichuan Earthquake- One Year on at the 69th Annual Peabody Awards
At the 2004 Convention of CASBAA (Cable and Satellite Broadcasting Association of Asia), Now TV was awarded "The Chairman's Award". CASBAA, representing 120 corporations serving more than 3 billion viewers, acknowledged Now TV for its "innovative and proactive marketing of a secure and advanced pay-TV platform and for growing its interactive capability, resulting in a stellar subscriber take-up" on 31 October 2004.
PlansEdit
The company had planned to roll out high-definition television (HDTV), which offers up to four times the picture resolution of standard-definition television, in late 2007. But on 19 July 2007, it unveiled plans to begin HDTV broadcasts ahead of schedule. Included on the first slate of HDTV programming are 90 Premier League football matches. Subscribers will be required upgrade to a new set-top box with a one-off charge of HK$530, pay an additional HK$38/month for set-top box rental, and an additional HK$68/month over and above the existing charge for the "Mega Sports Pack". The new service will require a Netvigator broadband connection of at least 11Mbit/s. They also plan 4 a Korean Television channel.
HK Television Entertainment
^ Jeffrey Tam, NOW scores English football in $1.56b bid, The Standard, November 15, 2006
^ a b Wong Ka-chun, PCCW eyes league rights with tie-up, The Standard, January 13, 2006
^ Jeffrey Tam, Now TV wins Euro 2008 exclusive rights in $400m deal, The Standard, December 09, 2006
^ Benjamin Scent, PCCW cashes in on sports deals with plans to raise Now TV rates, The Standard, December 19, 2006
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Now TV.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_TV_(Hong_Kong)&oldid=904658613"


text:
24C64 EEPROM PDF
We shall explain these steps in detail below. Having done so the MCU seizes the bus and no other device can send data until the MCU releases the bus, to avoid data collisions. After that, the MCU can start sending data. In this section, we will write a function for the MCU to be a master on the two-wire serial bus. This bit is set to 1 by the hardware when the I2C module finishes its current job and is ready to get more commands from the SW.
Author: Keran Douzahn
Uploader: Turisar
What is ROM? Read-Only Memory ROM is a type of computer memory which, generally speaking, is only programmed once or very occasionally and then gets read from the rest of the time. This makes it ideal for things like firmware which need to be "remembered" by the computer, but never actually change.
This was memory made up of discrete semiconductor diodes placed on a specially organized PCB. This gave way to Mask ROM with the advent of integrated circuits. Mask ROM had to be programmed by the manufacturer and was thereafter not alterable.
Unfortunately, Mask ROM was expensive and took a long time to produce because each new program required a brand new device to be manufactured by a foundry. That meant manufacturers could produce millions of the same unprogrammed device which made it cheaper and more practical. PROM, however, could only be written to once using a high-voltage programming device. After a PROM device was programmed, there was no way to return the device to its unprogrammed state. A UV Erasable Microcontroller.
The window gives it away. This changed in with the invention of EPROM Erasable Programmable ROM which — besides adding another letter to the acronym — brought with it the ability to erase the device and return it to a "blank" state using a strong UV light source.
In most applications the pros outweigh the cons, but you should be aware of them before incorporating EEPROM into your next design. This has to do with electrons becoming trapped in the transistors that make up the ROM and building up until the charge difference between a "1" and a "0" is unrecognizable.
That said, this usually occurs over the course of years although it can be accelerated by heat. Now we can move on to the code. This should get us comfortable with the idea of using EEPROM and also give us a feeling for how much data can really fit on a small device.
Once you have that downloaded and installed, we can get down to business. Heads up! Send the Least Significant Byte of the memory address that you want to write to. Send the data byte that you would like to store at this location.
There are probably a few key words there that bare explaining: Memory Addresses If you imagine all of the bytes in a Kbit EEPROM standing in a line from 0 to — because there are 8 bits to a byte and therefore you can fit bytes on a Kbit EEPROM — then a memory address is the place in line where you would find a particular byte. Page Writing Writing one byte at a time is fine, but most EEPROM devices have something called a "page write buffer" which allows you to write multiple bytes at a time the same way you would a single byte.
The EEPROM uses an internal counter that automatically increases the memory location with each following data byte it receives. Once a memory address has been sent we can follow it with up to 64 bytes of data.
The EEPROM assumes rightly that an address of followed by 10 bytes will record byte 0 at address , byte 1 at address , byte 2 at address , and so on. First we send the MSB of the address. Then we send the LSB of the address. Then we send the data that we want to store. Now you should be seeing a bunch of zeros appearing in your terminal window. For testing purposes, I suggest using the complete text of the Ghostbusters theme as written and performed by Ray Parker Jr.
You can get the text file below. Ghostbusters TXT Select that file and be sure to click on the "binary" button, so that the file is written byte-for-byte over the serial port. You can go ahead and close TeraTerm, it worked! Ask for the data byte at that location. Then we ask for the number of bytes that we want to receive. Make sure to uncheck the "Append" option and check the "Binary" option.
This makes sure that the terminal will start a fresh logfile and write to it byte-for-byte what comes over the terminal. When you press "Save" another dialog window will appear but it may pop under the current window Go find it, it will come in handy in a second.
Check the logfile window and see how many bytes have been transferred. Now close everything and open up that logfile in a text editor. You should now be face to face with, you guessed it, the complete text of the Ghostbusters theme as written and performed by Ray Parker Jr. Oh yeah, plus a bunch of junk that represents the unwritten space in memory. For instance, the Microchip 24LC can store up to Kbits!
Because the memory space is so much larger, two bytes is no longer enough to represent the memory address that we want to modify.
To get around this problem, the 24LC splits up the memory addresses into two separate blocks. You can get the complete Arduino example sketches here if you want to play with it yourself: Heads up!
Why stop at song lyrics? Why not store journals or bitmaps Actually, to think of it, sensor readings are probably the most practical thing to use it for
AFIL 04 EDITABLE PDF
How to Interface an External EEPROM with AVR Atmega32
ATINGEREA CUANTICA PUTEREA DE A VINDECA PDF
Reading and Writing Serial EEPROMs
BELL CYCLOCOMPUTER MANUAL PDF
HARNER WAY OF THE SHAMAN PDF
74HC181 DATASHEET PDF
LABGEAR MOD111 PDF
C373 TRANSISTOR PDF
ALMANACCO ILLUSTRATOR DEL CALCIO PDF
DS-2CD2012-I PDF
LA KABBALE PRATIQUE ROBERT LAMBLIN PDF


text:
package places

import "net/http"

const baseURL = "https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/place"

type Service struct {
	client *http.Client
	key    string
	url    string
}

// NewService creates a new places service with the given http client and Google Plus Places API key
func NewService(client *http.Client, key string) *Service {
	return &Service{
		client: client,
		key:    key,
		url:    baseURL,
	}
}

// SetURL allows overwriting the base url
func (s *Service) SetURL(url string) {
	s.url = url
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
2Theory
2.1Distinctions
3Modern contexts
4Notable examples
4.118th century
4.421st century
7.1In German
Gunboat diplomacy
Pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the aid of conspicuous displays of naval power
SMS Panther, an example of the use of German gunboat diplomacy
In international politics, the term gunboat diplomacy refers to the pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the aid of conspicuous displays of naval power, implying or constituting a direct threat of warfare should terms not be agreeable to the superior force.[1]
William Allen Rogers's 1904 cartoon recreates the big-stick diplomacy of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt as an episode in Gulliver's Travels.
Damage to the palace complex of the Sultan of Zanzibar after bombardment by Royal Navy cruisers and gunboats on 27 August 1896. The Anglo-Zanzibar War lasted less than 45 minutes.
The term "gunboat diplomacy" comes from the nineteenth-century period of imperialism,[2] when Western powers – from Europe and the United States – would intimidate other, less powerful entities into granting concessions through a demonstration of Western superior military capabilities, usually represented by their naval assets. A coastal country negotiating with a Western power would notice that a warship or fleet of ships had appeared off its coast. The mere sight of such power almost always had a considerable effect, and it was rarely necessary for such boats to use other measures, such as demonstrations of firepower.[citation needed]
A notable example of gunboat diplomacy, the Don Pacifico affair in 1850, saw the British Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston dispatch a squadron of the Royal Navy to blockade the Greek port of Piraeus in retaliation for the assault of a British subject, David Pacifico, in Athens, and the subsequent failure of the government of King Otto to compensate the Gibraltar-born (and therefore British) Pacifico.[citation needed]
The effectiveness of such simple demonstrations of a nation's projection of force capabilities meant that nations with naval power and command of the sea could establish military bases (for example, Diego Garcia, 1940s onwards[3]) and arrange economically advantageous relationships around the world. Aside from military conquest, gunboat diplomacy was the dominant way to establish new trade relationships, colonial outposts, and expansion of empire.[citation needed]
Peoples lacking the resources or technological innovations available to Western empires found that their own peaceable relationships were readily dismantled in the face of such pressures, and some therefore came to depend on the imperialist nations for access to raw materials or overseas markets.
Theory[edit]
Diplomat and naval thinker James Cable spelled out the nature of gunboat diplomacy in a series of works published between 1971 and 1993. In these, he defined the phenomenon as "the use or threat of limited naval force, otherwise than as an act of war, in order to secure advantage or to avert loss, either in the furtherance of an international dispute or else against foreign nationals within the territory or the jurisdiction of their own state."[4] He further broke down the concept into four key areas:
Definitive Force: the use of gunboat diplomacy to create or remove a fait accompli.
Purposeful Force: application of naval force to change the policy or character of the target government or group.
Catalytic Force: a mechanism designed to buy a breathing space or present policy makers with an increased range of options.
Expressive Force: use of navies to send a political message. This aspect of gunboat diplomacy is undervalued and almost dismissed by Cable.
The term "gunboat" may imply naval power-projection - land-based equivalents may include military mobilisation (as in Europe in the northern-hemisphere summer of 1914), the massing of threatening bodies of troops near international borders (as practised by the German Reich in central Europe in the 1940s), or appropriately-timed and -situated military manoeuvres ("exercises").
Distinctions[edit]
Gunboat diplomacy contrasts with the views held prior to the 18th century and influenced by Hugo Grotius, who in De jure belli ac pacis (1625) circumscribed the right to resort to force with what he described as "temperamenta".
Gunboat diplomacy is distinct from "defence diplomacy", which is understood to be the peaceful application of resources from across the spectrum of defence to achieve positive outcomes in the development of bilateral and multilateral relationships.[citation needed] "Military diplomacy" is a sub-set of this, tending to refer only to the role of military attachés and their associated activity.[citation needed] Defence diplomacy does not include military operations, but subsumes such other defence activity as international personnel exchanges, ship and aircraft visits, high-level engagement (e.g., ministers and senior defence personnel), training and exercises, security-sector reform,[5] and bilateral military talks.[6]
Modern contexts[edit]
The Nimitz-class aircraft carrier, a powerful capital ship currently in service
E-3 AWACS, surveillance and radar aircraft often used in a modern-day form of gunboat diplomacy
Gunboat diplomacy is considered a form of hegemony.[7] As the United States became a military power in the first decade of the 20th century, the Rooseveltian version of gunboat diplomacy, Big Stick Diplomacy, was partially superseded by dollar diplomacy: replacing the big stick with the "juicy carrot" of American private investment. However, during Woodrow Wilson's presidency, conventional gunboat diplomacy did occur, most notably in the case of the U.S. Army's occupation of Veracruz in 1914, during the Mexican Revolution.[8]
Gunboat diplomacy in the post-Cold War world is still largely based on naval forces, owing to the U.S. Navy's overwhelming sea power. U.S. administrations have frequently changed the disposition of their major naval fleets to influence opinion in foreign capitals.[citation needed] More urgent diplomatic points were made by the Clinton administration in the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s (in alliance with the Blair administration) and elsewhere, using sea-launched Tomahawk missiles,[9] and E-3 AWACS airborne surveillance aircraft in a more passive display of military presence.[10][11][12] Henry Kissinger, during his tenure as United States Secretary of State, summed up the concept as thus: "An aircraft carrier is 100,000 tons of diplomacy."[13]
Notable examples[edit]
Anson's visit to Canton in 1741[14]
Second Barbary War (1815)
Haiti indemnity controversy (1825)
Pastry War (1838–39)
Opium Wars (1840, 1856)
Don Pacifico Incident (1850)
Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852)
Opening of Japan by United States Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry and his Black Ships (1853–54)
Paraguay expedition (1858–9)
Shimonoseki Campaign (1863–1864)
Christie Affair (1861–1865)
Shinmiyangyo in Korea (1871)
Ganghwa Island incident (1875)
Tonkin Flotilla (1883)
Royal Navy ships in Canton during the First Opium War in 1841
Môle Saint-Nicolas affair (1889–1891)
Baltimore crisis (1891)
Franco-Siamese War of 1893
Anglo-Zanzibar War (1896)
Luders Affair (1897)
Yangtze River Patrol (1850s–1930s)
Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii (1893)
1903 cartoon, "Go Away, Little Man, and Don't Bother Me", depicts President Roosevelt intimidating Colombia to acquire the Panama Canal Zone.
Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903
Panama separation from Colombia
Great White Fleet (1907)
Agadir Crisis (1911)
Occupation of Veracruz (1914)
Danzig crisis (1932)
First Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954–55)
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958)
Operation Vantage (1961)
Liberation of East Pakistan (1971)
Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (1995–96)
21st century[edit]
Spratly Islands dispute
Fleet in being
Deterrence theory
Intervention (international law)
Interventionism (politics)
Police action
^ Cable, James. "Gunboat Diplomacy: Political Applications of Limited Naval Force" Chatto and Windus for the Institute for Strategic Studies, 1971, p. 10
^ The Oxford English Dictionary traces the use of the phrase back as far as 1927: "gun-boat". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ Bandjunis, Vytautas Blaise (2001). "How Diego Garcia Began". Diego Garcia: Creation of the Indian Ocean Base. iUniverse. p. 6. ISBN 9780595144068. Retrieved 5 November 2022. During World War II the Royal Air Force used Diego Garcia as a radio station, a PBY Catalina flying boat base, and by the Royal Navy [sic] as an anchorage. A garrison of Indian troops was also established.
^ J. Cable, Gunboat diplomacy, 1919–1991: political applications of limited naval force (third edition), Basingstoke: Macmillan/IISS, 2016, p. 14.
^ Link to security sector reform http://www2.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/researchpublications/prb0612-e.pdf Archived 2014-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
^ Link to UK Ministry of Defence paper that initiated larger dialogue http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/BB03F0E7-1F85-4E7B-B7EB-4F0418152932/0/polpaper1_def_dip.pdf Archived 2009-08-05 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Rowlands, K. (2012). "Decided Preponderance at Sea": Naval Diplomacy in Strategic Thought. Naval War College Review, 65(4), 5–5. Retrieved from [1] Link to article: [2]
^ "Tomahawk Diplomacy". October 19, 1998.
^ Smith, Perry M., "Assignment Pentagon: Pentagon: A Guide to the Potomac Puzzle Palace", Brassey's Publishing, 2001, p. 50.
^ "Air Occupation: Asking the Right Questions". Archived from the original on 2016-12-30. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
^ Colombia, Gun Boat Diplomacy, The floating world Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The slow death of the carrier air wing". jalopnik.com. 19 July 2017. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ "Anson's Voyage Round the World".
Library resources about
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Arnold, Bruce Makoto (2005). Diplomacy Far Removed: A Reinterpretation of the U.S. Decision to Open Diplomatic Relations with Japan (Thesis). University of Arizona. [5]
Cable, James: Gunboat diplomacy. Political Applications of Limited Naval Forces, London 1971 (re-edited 1981 and 1994)
Graham-Yooll, Andrew. Imperial skirmishes: war and gunboat diplomacy in Latin America (2002).
Healy, D. Gunboat Diplomacy in the Wilson Era. The U.S. Navy in Haiti 1915–1916, Madison WIS 1976.
Hagan, K. J. American Gunboat Diplomacy and the Old Navy 1877–1889, Westport/London 1973.
Preston, A. and J. Major. Send a Gunboat! A study of the Gunboat and its role in British policy, 1854–1904, London 1967.
Long, D. F.: "Martial Thunder": The First Official American Armed Intervention in Asia, in: Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 42, 1973, pp. 143–162.
Willock, R.: Gunboat Diplomacy: Operations of the (British) North America and West Indies Squadron, 1875–1915, Part 2, in: American Neptune, Vol. XXVIII, 1968, pp. 85–112.
Bauer, K. J.: The "Sancala" Affair: Captain Voorhees Seizes an Argentine Squadron, in: American Neptune, Vol. XXIV, 1969, pp. 174–186
In German[edit]
Krüger, Henning: Zwischen Küstenverteidigung und Weltpolitik. Die politische Geschichte der preußischen Marine 1848 bis 1867 (Between coastal defence and world policy. The political history of the prussian navy 1848 to 1867), Bochum 2008.
Wiechmann, Gerhard: Die preußisch-deutsche Marine in Lateinamerika 1866–1914. Eine Studie deutscher Kanonenbootpolitik (The Prussian-German Navy in Latin America 1866–1914. A study of German Gunboat diplomacy), Bremen 2002.
Wiechmann, Gerhard: Die Königlich Preußische Marine in Lateinamerika 1851 bis 1867. Ein Versuch deutscher Kanonenbootpolitik (The royal Prussian navy in Latin America 1851 to 1867. An attempt of German gunboat diplomacy), in: Sandra Carreras/Günther Maihold (ed.): Preußen und Lateinamerika. Im Spannungsfeld von Kommerz, Macht und Kultur, p. 105–144, Münster 2004.
Eberspächer, Cord: Die deutsche Yangtse-Patrouille. Deutsche Kanonenbootpolitik in China im Zeitalter des Imperialismus (The German Yangtse patrol. German Gunboat diplomacy in China in the age of imperialism), Bochum 2004.
N.N.: Die Vernichtung des haitianischen Rebellenkreuzers "Crete à Pierrot" durch S.M.Kbt. "Panther" (The destruction of the Haitian rebel cruiser "Crete à Pierrot" through His Majesty´s gunboat "Panther"), in: Marine-Rundschau, 13. Jahrgang, 1902, pp. 1189–1197.
Rheder: Die militärische Unternehmung S.M.S.S. "Charlotte" und "Stein" gegen Haiti im Dezember 1897 (The military enterprise of His Majesty´s schoolships "Charlotte" and "Stein" against Haiti in December 1897), in: Marine-Rundschau, 41. Jahrgang, 1937, pp. 761–765.
Diplomacy and diplomats
leader titles
Multilateral
Permanent representative
Ambassador-at-large
Resident representative
Bilateral-national
Nuncio
Bilateral-subnational
Bilateral-insular
Resident commissioner
Agent-general
By portfolio (Attaché)
Agricultural attaché
Chargé de mission
Conseiller chargé des investissements
Cultural attaché
Military attaché
Science attaché
Trade commissioner
Other roles
Diplomatic courier
King's Messenger
Diplomatic rank
De facto embassy
African Diplomatic Corps
Diplomatic mission
Legation
Protecting power
Coercive
Debt-trap
Gunboat
Paradiplomacy
Track II
Wolf warrior
Appeasement
Consular assistance
Consular immunity
Diplomatic accreditation
Diplomatic bag
Diplomatic cable
Diplomatic credentials
Diplomatic illness
Diplomatic immunity
Diplomatic law
Diplomatic service
Diplomatic uniform
Exequatur
Letter of credence
Letter of protest
Parliamentary delegation
Plenipotentiary Conference
Twin towns and sister cities
Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunboat_diplomacy&oldid=1124456136"
Types of diplomacy
Banana Wars
Naval diplomacy
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020


text:
Sweden braced for more snow and freezing temperatures
arlandasnowWeatherwinter
Snow south of Nyköping on Tuesday. Photo: Pontus Stenberg/TT
Sweden was hit hard by the icy Siberian blast on Monday, with some 30 flights cancelled at Arlanda Airport and several decimetres of snow falling in Kalmar county in the south-east.
Weather warnings were in place for the south-east coast on Tuesday and some trains and buses were cancelled in the area around Kalmar. Schools remained open for those able to get there.
"As things are standing now, there will be pretty heavy snow showers passing along the eastern Götaland coast, with some spells in Stockholm, Uppland, the Sörmland coast and the Roslagen coast," Marie Staerk, meteorologist for national weather forecast SMHI, told the TT newswire.
More trains in the area may be cancelled. Check Trafikverket's website for updates.
Another national 'isdygn' – a period of 24 hours when the mercury stays below freezing across the whole country – is expected on Tuesday, with temperatures dropping even further.
Some flights from Arlanda Airport were cancelled or delayed on Tuesday morning, but it looked like the rest of the day would be an improvement on Monday, when around 30 flights were cancelled.
While we have your attention… a small request.
The Local has been giving the world the story of Sweden for the past 14 years, and we know that the news and information we provide makes a real difference to the lives of our readers. But here's the thing: advertising revenues across the media industry – the revenues that keep us going – are more unreliable than ever.
That's why we're asking readers to become Members. For just 50 SEK a month you can get access to all The Local's articles, including articles written just for Members. We'll also invite you to special events and give you exclusive offers. At the same time you'll ensure The Local stays thriving into the future.
Become a Member here. Or find out more here.
Even the prime minister got caught up in yesterday's snow chaos when the car in which he was travelling slid off the road south of Uppsala and crashed into a guardrail. Nobody was injured, but several other accidents were reported across Sweden on Monday as a result of the icy weather.
Tiny Swedish settlement sets new record as temperature plummets to -43.8C
ORANGE ALERT: More than 30 centimetres of snow set to fall in parts of Sweden
Weather alert: Up to 30 centimetres of snow to fall in northern Sweden
Sweden issues first snow warning of the season
'We don't have much time to waste': How will climate change affect Sweden?
IN PICTURES: Roads cave in after heavy rain batters central Sweden
'Don't come here': Swedish city of Gävle flooded after DOUBLE a month's worth of rain falls overnight
WEATHER ALERT: Up to 10 centimetres of rain set to batter central Sweden
Strong winds across Sweden cause traffic chaos


Porsche announced the production of a limited edition Cayman S Sport in 2008 and it was launched as a 2009 model in October 2008. This limited edition version of the Cayman S came in Bright Orange and Viper Green (from the 911 GT3 RS) as well as Carrera White, Speed Yellow, Guards Red, Black, and Arctic Silver and a total of 700 were made.
They all featured Sports Seats, "Cayman S" striping on the sides, black Porsche Design 19-inch Alloy Wheels with 5mm wheel spacers, gloss black interior trims, gloss black side mirrors, PSE (Porsche Sports Exhaust), PASM (Porsche Active Suspension Management) with 1 cm lowered suspension, Sport Chrono pack, Stainless Steel door sills with "Cayman S Sport" script, Alcantara Steering Wheel, gear shift knob and gaiter from the 997 911 GT3 RS. A total of 700 were made and all have a numbered plaque on the glove box.
The Cayman S Sport was the first Cayman to break the 300 bhp mark from the factory and the car is powered by a flat six 303bhp 3.4 litre Engine which in manual form produced a 0-60mph time of 4.7 seconds, 0-100mph in 10.8 seconds and a top speed of 175 mph.
This stunning example No: 413 is finished in the best colour of Viper Green and has all the normal specifications as mentioned above plus Zenon Headlights, SAT NAV, Air Conditioning, Electric Windows and Mirrors and in this case the more desirable 6 Speed Manual Gearbox.
It was supplied by Porsche in Tonbridge and first registered on 13th March 2009. It has had 3 former keepers from new and only covered a genuine 17,500 miles with a full Porsche and specialist service history and was last serviced @ 15,900 miles.
It is magnificent throughout and really must be seen and driven to be fully appreciated.
Upon sale it will come with our own customer care package including 12 months MOT, pre-sales lubrication Service, HPI/provenance Checks, 55-point pre-delivery inspection and our standard 6 months mechanical breakdown Parts & Labour Warranty which can be upgraded and extended at additional cost if required.