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FOR GOOD AND RELAXING SLEEP
"BIOBLOOM HEMP FLOWER TEA
IS UNIQUE!"
Take time for yourself with a cup of hemp flower tea and recharge your energy and power for the challenges of everyday life with a restful sleep. The unique organic hemp flower tea is the perfect support.
BioBloom hemp flower tea is made exclusively from organic hemp flowers from the BioBloom fields that are harvested and processed by hand. This ensures the best quality flowers which contain the highest concentration of the valuable ingredients of the hemp plant. Therefore, it is not to be confused with usual hemp leaf tea.
When steeped in hot water, the hemp flower tea contains no CBD or THC and does not have any intoxicating effect.
Depending on the infusion time, the unique hemp flower tea unfolds its multi-faceted effects.
brewing time: 5 min
stimulating and refreshing
brewing time: 15 min
soothing and relaxing
Confirmed effect
Tea is a drink with a long tradition. The earliest documented use of tea goes back to the Chinese emperor and herbalist Shen Nung (2737 BC). Most interesting, Shen Nung was also the first to describe the medicinal use of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.).
Tea made from BioBloom hemp flowers is a high quality and particularly rich source of natural compounds well known for their health benefits. When properly prepared with boiling water, the tea contains after 10 to 15 minutes (the time for simmer) cannabidiolic acid as the main compound. Cannabidiolic acid (CBDa) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties (Ruhaak et al., 2011; Takeda et al., 2008) and anti-cancer effects (Takeda et al., 2012; Takeda et al., 2015), but suppresses also nausea and vomiting (Rock, Parker 2013; Rock et al., 2014; Bolognini et al., 2013). Careful analyses demonstrate that decarboxylation of the naturally occurring acids in hemp tea does not occur, confirming reports in the literature (Wang et al., 2016). BioBloom tea is thus completely free of psychotropic compounds.
Although it can not be excluded that other components in hemp influence each others solubility (Politi et al., 2008), the final concentration of substances in tea is in general limited by their water solubility.
Other main compounds found in BioBloom tea are flavonoids. Flavonoids are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, notably in spices, fruits and vegetables. As they are supposed to play key roles in protection from chronic and age-related diseases, they are extensively studied for a countless number of health-related virtues; much new information has been contributed within the last eight years. Flowers of hemp rank among the plants with the highest flavonoid content and antioxidant power (Srivastava 2012).
A selection of properties attributed to flavonoids that are found in BioBloom hemp flower tea is summarised below.
Apigenin anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-mutagenic & cancer-preventing, 18,20, 30,39;
Luteolin Cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, antiadipogenic, pro-osteogenic, (suppresses lipid accumulation, increases osteoblast differentiation) 15,37,
Quercetin Cardiotonic/cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antimutagenic, tumour-inhibiting, hepatoprotective, reduces blood pressure dose-dependently, anxiolytic, 3,5,7,1324,28, 35, 37,
Orientin Cardioprotective, radioprotective (preexposure to radiation), neuroprotective, antidepressant, anti-adipogenesis, antiviral, anti-bacterial effects, antioxidant, antiaging, anti-inflammation, vasodilatation, antinociceptive, 16,38,
Kaempferol tumour-inhibiting, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial and antiprotozoal effects in vivo; anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, antiadipogenic, reduces plasmatic levels of triglycerides and cholesterol, 8, 17,18,
Vitexin anti-inflammatory, tumour-inhibiting, memory enhancing, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, reduces blood pressure, anticonvulsant, 1,4
Both, cannabinoids and flavonoids are powerful antioxidants.
Combinations of various flavonoids but also combinations with other substances have been shown to act synergistic (15,16).
The aqueous extract (tea) likely contains other beneficial compounds such as polysaccharides. In animal experiments a hot water extract showed also a mild sedative activity (Pickens 1981).
It must be stressed that each hemp strain has a specific fingerprint of components; the chemical composition, particularly of cannabinoids and flavonoids, varies between strains and varies also with growth, the herbal material collected and drying conditions (Fournier et al., 2011; Aizpurua-Olaizola et al., 2016; Elzinga et al., 2015). BioBloom tea is therefore unique!
To note, not only cannabinoids but also flavonoids can interact with many targets of the so called endocannabinoid system; e.g., quercetin activates CB1 receptors (Refolo et al., 2015) and PPARg (Penumetcha, Santanam 2012); apigenin, orientin and quercetin inhibit also the nuclear transcription factor NF-kB which is one of the most powerful pro-inflammatory transcription factors and responsible for the induction of pro-inflammatory compounds (Anhê et al., 2012; Omara et al., 2010; Shukla 2015, Xiao et al., 2017). Since its discovery in the 90-ies, the endocannabinoid system emerged as one of the most important signalling and regulatory system of the organism; the primary role is to maintain physiological functions, in short, the organism's health.
In summary, the regular consumption of BioBloom hemp flower tea, combined with fruits, vegetables and a healthy lifestyle, contributes to protect from chronic diseases.
Abbasi E, Nassiri-Asl M, Sheikhi M, Shafiee M: , Effects of vitexin on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats. Chinese Journal of Physiology 2013;56(3): 184-189.
Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Soydaner U, Öztürk E, et al: Evolution of the Cannabinoid and Terpene Content during the Growth of Cannabis sativa Plants from Different Chemotypes. J Nat Prod. 2016 Feb 26;79(2):324-331.
Anhê GF, Okamoto MM, 2012, Kinote A, et al: Quercetin decreases inflammatory response and increases insulin action in skeletal muscle of ob/ob mice and in L6 myotubes. European J Pharmacology 2012;689:285–293.
Aslam MS, Ahmad MS, Mamat AS: Pharmacological potential of vitexin. Indian Research J of Pharmacy and Science 2015, June; 2(2):114-122.
Baghel SS, Shrivastava N, Baghel RS, et al: A review of quercetin: antioxidant and anticancer properties. World J Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2012;1(1):146-160.
Bolognini D, Rock EM, Cluny NL, et al: Cannabidiolic acid prevents vomiting in Suncus murinus and nausea-induced behaviour in rats by enhancing 5-HT1A receptor activation. Br J Pharmacol 2013 Mar;168(6):1456-70.
Brito Alves JL, Sousa V, Cavalcanti Neto MP, et al: New Insights on the Use of Dietary Polyphenols or Probiotics for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. Frontiers in Physiology 2016 October;Vol.7,Art.448, 8 pages.
Calderón-Montaño JM, Burgos-Morón E, Pérez-Guerrero C, López-Lázaro M : A Review on the Dietary Flavonoid Kaempferol. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2011;11:298-344.
Elzinga S, Fischedick J, Podkolinski R, Raber JC: Cannabinoids and Terpenes as Chemotaxonomic Markers in Cannabis. Nat Prod Chem Res 2015;3:181. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000181.
Fournier G, Bausset J, Maciuk A, Thouminot C, Beherec O: Influence des conditions de séchage et de conservation des échantillons de chanvre prélevés dans les cultures industrielles afin d'en déterminer réglementairement la teneur en Δ-9-THC. [The influence of drying and storage conditions on collected samples of industrial hemp crops to determine regulatory levels of Δ-9-THC; article in French]. Ann Toxicol Anal. 2011; 23(2): 101-104.
Kelly GS: Quercetin. Alternative Medicine Review 2011;16(2):172-194.Kumar S, Pandey AK: Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview. The ScientificWorld Journal 2013; Article ID 162750, 16 pages.
Kumar S, Pandey AK: Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview. The ScientificWorld Journal 2013; Article ID 162750, 16 pages.
Kwon SM, Kim S, Song NJ, et al : Antiadipogenic and proosteogenic effects of luteolin, a major dietary flavone, are mediated by the induction of DnaJ (Hsp40) Homolog, Subfamily B, Member 1. J Nutr Biochem. 2016 Apr;30:24-32.
Lam KY, Ling APK, Koh RY, et al: 2016, A Review on Medicinal Properties of Orientin. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences 2016, Article ID 4104595, 9 pages.
Montero M, Fuente S, Fonteriz RI, et al: Effects of Long-Term Feeding of the Polyphenols Resveratrol and Kaempferol in Obese Mice. PLoS ONE 2014 ;9(11): e112825. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112825.
Namratha V, Merugu R, Devanuri N: Natural Products with Special Reference to Pharmacological Effects of Flavonoids: A Mini Review. Int J of PharmTech Research 2015;8(6): 26-31.
Nash LA, Ward WE: Tea and Bone Health: Findings from Human Studies, Potential Mechanisms, and Identification of Knowledge Gaps. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015 June 11;
Omara EA, Kama A, Alqahtania A, et al: Herbal Medicines and Nutraceuticals for Diabetic Vascular Complications: Mechanisms of Action and Bioactive Phytochemicals. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2010; 16:3776-3807.
Penumetcha M, Santanam N: Nutraceuticals as Ligands of PPARγ. PPAR Research 2012; Article ID 858352, 7 pages; doi:10.1155/2012/858352.
Pickens JT: Sedative activity of cannabis in relation to its D-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol content. Br J Pharmac. 1981;72:649-656.
Politi M, Peschel W, Wilson N, et al: Direct NMR analysis of cannabis water extracts and tinctures and semi-quantitative data on D9-THC and D9-THC-acid. Phytochemistry 2008;69:562–570.
Refolo MG, D'Alessandro R, Malerba N, et al: Anti Proliferative and Pro Apoptotic Effects of Flavonoid Quercetin Are Mediated by CB1 Receptor in Human Colon Cancer Cell Lines. J Cell Physiol. 2015 Dec;230(12):2973-2980.
Rock EM, Limebeer CL, Navaratnam R, et al: A comparison of cannabidiolic acid with other treatments for anticipatory nausea using a rat model of contextually elicited conditioned gaping. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 2014 Aug;231(16):3207-15.
Rock EM, Parker LA: Suppression of lithium chloride-induced conditioned gaping (a model of nausea-induced behaviour) in rats (using the taste reactivity test) with metoclopramide is enhanced by cannabidiolic acid. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2013 Oct;111:84-89.
Ruhaak LR, Felth, J., Karlsson, P.C., Rafter, J.J., Verpoorte, R., Bohlin L: Evaluation of the cyclooxygenase inhibiting effects of six major cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa. Pharm. Bull. 2011; 34:774–778.
Serban MC, Effects of Quercetin on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016; Jul 12;5(7), 22 pages. pii: e002713. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002713.
Shen CL, Chyu MC: Tea flavonoids for bone health: from animals to humans. J Investigative Medicine 2016;64(7):1151-1157.
Shukla S, Gupta S: 2010, Apigenin: A Promising Molecule for Cancer Prevention. Pharm Res. 2010 June ; 27(6): 962–978.
Srivastava N, Chauhan AS, Sharma B: Isolation and characterization of some phytochemicals from Indian traditional plants. Biotechnology Research International Volume 2012, Article ID 549850, 8 pages; doi:10.1155/2012/549850.
Takeda S, Okazaki H, Kohro-Ikeda E, et al : DNA microarray analysis of genes in highly metastatic 4T1E/M3 murine breast cancer cells following exposure to cannabidiolic acid. Fundamental Toxicological Sciences 2015;2(2):89-94.
Takeda S, Okajima S, Miyoshi H, et al: Cannabidiolic acid, a major cannabinoid in fiber-type cannabis, is an inhibitor of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell migration. Toxicology Letters 2012 Nov 15;214(3):314-319.
Takeda S, Misawa K, Yamamoto I, Kazuhito WatanabeK: Cannabidiolic Acid as a Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitory Component in Cannabis. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 2008;36(9):1917-1921.
Valavanidis A, Vlachogianni T: Plant Polyphenols. Recent Advances in Epidemiological Research and Other Studies on Cancer Prevention. In: Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Bioactive Natural Products, Vol. 39, Chap.8, pp.269-295. Ed. Atta-Ur-Rahman FRS; Elsevier Science, Amsterdam 2013.
Wang M, Wang YH, Avula B, et al: Decarboxylation Study of Acidic Cannabinoids: A Novel Approach Using Ultra-High-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography/Photodiode Array-Mass Spectrometry. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 2016;1(1), 10 pages; DOI: 10.1089/can.2016.0020.
Weiskirchen R: Hepatoprotective and Anti-fibrotic Agents: It'sTime to Take the Next Step. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2015; 6: 303; 40 pages.
Xiao Q, Qu Z, Zhao Y, et al: Orientin Ameliorates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses through the Inhibitory of the NF-kB Pathway and NLRP3 Inflammasome. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2017, Article ID 2495496, 8 pages.
Zhang W, Qiao H, Lv Y, et al: Apigenin Inhibits Enterovirus-71 Infection by Disrupting Viral RNA Association with trans-Acting Factors. PLoS ONE 2014;9(10): e110429. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110429.
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The 2017 Western Carolina Catamounts team represented Western Carolina University as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 2017 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by sixth-year head coach Mark Speir, the Catamounts compiled an overall record of 7–5 with a mark of 5–3 in conference play, placing fourth in the SoCon. Western Carolina played their home games at Bob Waters Field at E. J. Whitmire Stadium in Cullowhee, North Carolina.

Schedule

Game summaries

at Hawaii

Davidson

at Gardner–Webb

Samford

at Chattanooga

at Wofford

East Tennessee State

at VMI

Furman

at The Citadel

Mercer

at North Carolina

Ranking movements

References

Western Carolina
Western Carolina Catamounts football seasons
Western Carolina Catamounts football

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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No job, no home, no place to go
Covid-19 didn't just shut down everything, it took homes away
Samantha Stitt, Staff Reporter|November 24, 2020
INFOGRAPHIC SAMI STITT
Families are becoming homeless because of COVID, or they have lost their job during the pandemic. In January of 2018, nearly 553,000 people were counted as homeless in the U.S., 35% were unsheltered 65% were sheltered according to a study called "The State of Homelessness in America" published by the White House.
At the start of the pandemic, researchers estimated that at least 1,700 of the nation's homeless people could eventually die of COVID-19.
Many are calling this a "crisis within a crisis."
An lead attendant Simone Searcy at the Interfaith Shelter in Jackson explained the outcomes of this crisis.
"The challenges at the homeless shelter are logically, physically, and emotionally," Searcy said. "There's a thing I always say. Grown people can be grown, and people that come to our home shelter are grown. They are completely adults. They don't make the greatest decisions and because of that there's sometimes consequences."
In 2019, the number of homeless was more than 560,000 Americans and about 92,000 of that were homeless people in New York State. During COVID, the National Law Center said, "The COVID-19 pandemic will be especially detrimental for people experiencing homelessness, as one study estimates that up to 10 percent of this community will be hospitalized due to COVID-19 – nearly 56,800 people."
While others are getting sick, working at home, or getting unemployment, others lost their jobs and can't pay rent or their house payments making them homeless.
For COVID, when anyone, employees, people who come in there, they have to take their temperature twice a day, mask required, wash their hands everyday. In the shelter, there's about 35 people who come in, or sometimes 4 people who come in. There are pregnant women with children 2 years or less than a year, or elderly people 60 and up go there. Rain, or snow people are always welcomed in the shelter and off the street.
Karen Smith who works for the Stockbridge Community Outreach said, "What I can tell you is that, due to COVID, there are mandates in place that prevent eviction, so from that perspective, homelessness should be less of a problem in relation to COVID. I recently spoke with a landlord who was moving forward with an eviction, although he knew that eviction was not going to happen due to the virus. However, in going through the court process, he would at least receive 90% of the rent due him."
homless
National Law Center
Simone Searcy
Stockbridge Community Outreach
Samantha Stitt, Opinion editor
Cold Days Ahead
Irresistible Thanksgiving treats
Long Time, No See
Kindness bridges friendship
Schools funding, not enough
'In Wonder': Shawn Mendes documentary
Heads up from out tech specalist
During the first block of the day, district officials reported that Earlier this morning you may have experienced issues with accessing Gmail, Google...
BreakingNews 7:50 a.m.
Turn procrastination into motivation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This week, Eclipse (IP) Ltd is celebrating National Apprenticeship week 2018.
For around 4 years now, we have been recruiting Modern Apprentices. We currently have 2 people going through the Modern Apprenticeship (MA).
This programme really benefits not only the individuals that come through the programme, but us as a business too. It allows employees to learn on the job, working on real projects with experienced colleagues who are there to support and mentor them at every stage. It provides a great opportunity for them to develop their skills through a mixture of attending college one day a week, gaining real work experience, and all the time getting paid.
It not only builds the confidence and qualifications needed to succeed, the business builds talent and productivity.
Q) Why did you join the Modern Apprenticeship (MA) Programme?
A) After around 6 months searching for an apprenticeship I was lucky enough to be selected as one of the new apprentices of Eclipse (IP) Ltd. I wanted an apprenticeship to gain hands on experience as well as learning the theory behind everything.
Q) How did you hear about the MA programme?
A) I heard about the MA Programme through school.
Q) When did you start your MA?
A) Monday I'm at college, and the rest of the week I am all over the country doing various different things, rarely the same thing every day, which is good as it gives me a wide variety of things to learn.
Q) What is the best thing about being on the MA programme?
A) The fact that I enjoy what I'm doing, always having someone there is basically like a one to one classroom out on site, someone to always answer questions there on the spot, to challenge me day in day out and hopefully help me through my 3 years.
Q) Would you recommend this programme to others and if so Why?
A) I would certainly recommend this to anyone, I feel like I'm coming home every day learning something useful and feeling like I have achieved a new goal.


The Hub including Nando's, Prezzo, Delightful Desserts, Vue Cinema & Pure Gym are open until late every night. Use Car Park 1.
*Note individual store times may vary, please check with the store(s) you plan to visit for their opening times. Arrive after 6pm in any car park and park for FREE.
^Hub restaurants, Cinema & Gym will be trading as normal. Car Park 1 will be the only car park open on Easter Sunday.


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Ontario to eliminate enhanced driver's licences used at border
Updated: May 14, 2019 11:52 AM EDT
Traffic makes its way to Ambassador Bridge that connects Canada to the United States Windsor Ont. on Friday June 15, 2012. Ontario is proposing to eliminate an enhanced driver's licence that allows people to enter the United States at land and water border crossings without a passport. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Mark Spowart
Ontario is proposing to eliminate an enhanced driver's licence that allows people to enter the United States at land and water border crossings without a passport.
The driver's licence option was introduced in 2009, when the U.S. required passports or other secure identification for anyone crossing into the country by land or sea, but it hasn't had the anticipated uptake.
British Columbia and Manitoba have enhanced driver's licences, and Quebec used to, but phased out the program — other provinces rejected the idea because it was too costly or there wasn't enough public interest.
Ministry of Transportation spokesman Bob Nichols says about 60,000 people currently have the secure ID out of 10.2 million drivers in Ontario.
The enhanced driver's licence costs an extra $40 above the regular driver's licence fee of $90.
It features a radio-frequency chip that includes a unique number for border staff to use to find personal information that identifies the traveller in a secure database.
The program brings in about $182,000 of revenue each year and eliminating it will save the province about $100,000 in administration costs, Nichols said.
He noted that other options such as NEXUS, FAST and ePassport exist for border crossing documents, and can also be used for air travel.
"Ontario's government is making life easier for people and businesses in the province by delivering simpler, faster, and better government services," he said in a statement.
"Any planned changes will be implemented using a phased approach to ensure minimal impact to cardholders, this includes additional notices about alternative programs (as referenced above), transitioning to those programs and timelines to do so based on EDL card expiry dates."
The government has posted a proposal on its regulatory registry to phase out the program, with comments open until June 23.
A letter will be sent to existing cardholders about any changes to the program, Nichols said.
Anyone with an enhanced driver's licence would automatically be transferred to a regular licence when their card is due for renewal, he said.


Brooklinen, the direct-to-consumer bed linens brand, has today announced the opening of a four-month pop-up shop in NYC. The company has been around for four years thus far, and recently hit $100 million in revenue after raising just $10 million in funding. Part of the company's success comes down to its attention to detail. The process of shopping for sheets is often difficult for new adults who don't understand how to weigh quality and price, and usually don't get much help in stores like Bed Bath & Beyond.


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Glasgow school pupils serve up a musical treat at the Music Café
The musical talents of secondary school pupils from Glasgow will be in the spotlight as part of a special series of concerts.
Pupils from six schools in the city will perform at Glasgow Royal Concert Hall between November and December as part of the venue's Music Café concerts.
The young musicians will play a selection of music that they have chosen along with their tutors especially for these performances.
Notre Dame High School perform on 1 November, Hyndland Secondary School on 29 November, Drumchapel High School on 6 December, Govan High School on 13 December, St Andrews RC Secondary School on 18 December and Port Glasgow High School on 20 December.
Pupils from fifteen Scottish secondary schools in total will take part in the latest series of Music Café, with all performances taking place on selected dates between 1 – 2pm in the Exhibition Hall at Glasgow Royal Concert Hall. The series ends on 20 December. All concerts are free to attend.
This will be the 7th series of the Music Café.
Morgan Dundas, a S5 pupil at Govan High School, said:
'Playing at the Music Café Series gives us the opportunity to showcase our skills to the wider community in a prestigious venue'
Julie Ballantyne, Principal Teacher Music at Port Glasgow High School, said:
We're delighted to be part of Music Café. Port Glasgow High School Music Department's performance will feature a wide variety of vocal and instrumental solos along with songs from the wind band."
Councillor David McDonald, Chair of Glasgow Life and Deputy Leader of Glasgow City Council, said:
The Music Café concerts are a valuable opportunity for the pupils to enjoy the experience of performing in a high profile professional venue in Glasgow UNESCO City of Music. I'd encourage everyone who can to come along and see some very talented young musicians taking a new step on their musical journeys."


Fibre-Lyte carbon chainrings Roues Artisanales got from Fairwheelbikes have been used for a bit more than 35h meaning approximately 1200kmn, races included (from national to 1.2 level) mainly on the big ring.
First observation; the wear isn't visible and the teeth are still in excellent shape.
Contrary to what I told in this first article, the lack of stiffness compared to normal chainrings isn't perceptible. It's actually a huge lack of stiffness from the frame that bends easily even under small loads.
Then, I stood the shifting qualities were improved, actually this improvement is brought to a new chain. Indeed, I switched from a FSA alloy chainrings/Record chain setup to a Fibre-Lyte/Record CR (5.9mm) setup. I could notice that the shifting improvement was caused by this thinner chain since mounting back the alloy chainrings while keeping this thin chain made very quick chainrings changes, quicker than with the carbon chainring/Record CR chain setup.
The First issue with the big chainring occurred some days ago because of a damaged tooth. According to Martin from Fibre-Lyte, the problem is caused by the chain that has loaded the teeth on its top instead of being one side or the other. The strain has been concentrated at the top of a tooth instead of the whole tooth.
It's a minor problem with no impact on the safety.
It can be solved by cleaning the break up with some oxide paper/ sand paper to make the tooth smooth.
Next update about them in some weeks.


Chelsea FC vs Manchester United match starts on 18 February 2019 at 14:30 at Stamford Bridge, London in FA Cup, England. Extratips.com provides H2H information for Chelsea FC vs Manchester United as well as in-depth stats about each team like lineups, standings and professional betting tips.
On Extratips.com you can watch the Chelsea FC vs Manchester United match that starts at 14:30 on 18 February 2019. Bet365 could be streaming this event live. Please check what games is bet365 streaming by using the player above. If you are a registered member you can watch Chelsea FC vs Manchester United on your mobile phone or tablet. Links to Chelsea FC vs Manchester United video highlights are welcome from visitors in case the live broadcast link is broken. We can not be held responsible for third party video content so please forward any claims to video file owners.
Chelsea and Manchester United play at Stamford Bridge in a FA Cup match (Round 5). At this stage, the history of direct confrontations is favorable to the home team, which has 4 wins and 2 draws in the last 6 games. However, the last time they met at this stadium was on 10-20-2018, in a game for the Barclays Premier League which ended in a draw for (2-2). The goals of the match were scored by A. Rüdiger (21 ') and R. Barkley (90') for Chelsea and A. Martial (55 'and 73') for Manchester United. In this match the home factor could play an important role, since Chelsea presents significant differences in the results achieved at home and as a visitor. Up until this stage of the FA Cup (Round 5), the home team had to eliminate: Sheffield Wednesday and Nottingham Forest. This is a team affected by the home factor, stronger when you play in front of your fans, since in the last 30 matches you have 8 wins, 1 draw and 6 losses as a visitor, with 21 goals scored and 24 conceded, against 12 wins, 2 draws and 1 home defeat, with 32 goals scored and 7 conceded. The team arrives at this meeting after a win away with Malmo by (1-2). Chelsea won 8, drew 1 and lost 1 of their last 10 home games for all competitions. Defensive solidity has not been his strong point, having conceded goals in 7 of the last 10 games. In 15 games, he never managed to turn the board in the five games in which he conceded the first goal. There are 1 highlights in the last 20 home games in all competitions: 4 of his 11 goals in minutes (46'-60 '). Chelsea enter this clash after a 1-2 victory in their visit to the Malmo field in the Europa League game. In the last game for the Cup of England, the home team beat Sheffield Wednesday 3-0. The blue club is aware that the opponents of this round have quality, and for that reason, they are prevented from entering the game in a cautious way. It is expected that the most accomplished men chosen by coach Maurizio Sarri for this match are Hazard, Pedro and Higuaín, the first being the best finisher of the team in official competitions with 15 goals scored. The home team coach can not count on Drinkwater and Cahill for being injured.
Until reaching this stage of the FA Cup (Round 5), the visiting team eliminated: Arsenal and Reading. This is a team little affected by the home factor, that is, presents similar results at home and away, since in the last 30 games has 9 wins, 2 draws and 4 losses as a visitor, with a total of 30 goals scored and 19 conceded. Already inside the home, he won 8 wins, 5 draws and 2 losses, with a total of 27 goals scored and 16 conceded. The team arrives in this match after a defeat at home with Paris Saint Germain by (0-2). In the last 10 matches played in all competitions, Manchester United have won 6, drawn 1 and lost 3. Their attack has scored regularly as they have scored goals in 9 of the last 10 games. In 15 games, he never got around to scoring in the four games in which he conceded the first goal. In the last 20 away games for all competitions there has been 1 period that stands out: he scored 14 of his 37 goals in minutes (31'-45 '). Manchester United enter into this unmotivated match after a 0-2 defeat at PSG's reception in a Champions League game. In the last game for the FA Cup, the visitors beat Arsenal 1-3. The visiting club usually plays on a 4-4-2 tactical system, favoring quick transitions. In this drawing, the two players responsible for carrying danger in the opposing area are Lukaku and Rashford. On the other hand, Paul Pogba is the brain of the team, and this player is responsible for defining and conducting the offensive attacks of the visiting team. Coach Ole Gunnar Solskjaer can not count on Valencia, Martial, Lingard and Darmian, all injured.
When playing at home, Chelsea FC have not lost to Manchester United in their last 9 encounters.
Chelsea FC haven't lost in any of their last 6 home matches.
Chelsea FC have won 5 home matches in a row.
Manchester United have a winning streak of 6 matches away from home.
The most common result of matches between Chelsea FC and Manchester United when Chelsea FC is playing at home is 1-0. 8 matches have ended with this result.
Chelsea FC wins 1st half in 47% of their matches, Manchester United in 41% of their matches.
Chelsea FC wins 47% of halftimes, Manchester United wins 41%.
Manchester United's performance of the last 5 matches is better than Chelsea FC's.
In FA Cup, Chelsea FC has better performance than Manchester United.
Chelsea FC have lost just 0 of their last 5 FA Cup games against Manchester United.
Manchester United have won just 0 of their last 5 FA Cup games against Chelsea FC.
In the last 5 meetings Chelsea FC won 2, Manchester United won 2, 1 draws.
Chelsea FC scores 1 goals in a match against Manchester United and Manchester United scores 1.2 goals against Chelsea FC (on average).
Chelsea FC scores 1.75 goals when playing at home and Manchester United scores 1.59 goals when playing away (on average).
Average number of goals in meetings between Chelsea FC and Manchester United is 2.2.
When Chelsea FC leads 1-0 at home, they win in 80% of their matches.
When Manchester United leads 0-1 away, they win in 100% of their matches.
When Chelsea FC is down 0-1 home, they win 40% of their matches.
When Manchester United is down 1-0 away, they win 26% of their matches.
Average number of goals in the first half in meetings between Chelsea FC and Manchester United is 1.
During the last 31 meetings with Chelsea FC playing at home, Chelsea FC have won 14 times, there have been 11 draws while Manchester United have won 6 times. The goal difference is 46-32 in favour of Chelsea FC.
Manchester United's last away win against Chelsea FC was in 2012.
During the last 66 meetings, Chelsea FC have won 22 times, there have been 26 draws while Manchester United have won 18 times. The goal difference is 85-78 in favour of Chelsea FC.


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International Political Economy6
Defense Policy3
Gender Issues3
Global Focus15
North Korea2
Special Report[remove]29
Policy Brief6
Working Paper2
Commentary and Analysis1
Research Paper1
Atlantic Council36
Center for a New American Security [remove]29
The Brookings Institution28
Al Jazeera26
Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relation21
Institute for the Study of War18
within 10 Years[remove]29
You searched for: Content Type Special Report Remove constraint Content Type: Special Report Publishing Institution Center for a New American Security Remove constraint Publishing Institution: Center for a New American Security Publication Year within 10 Years Remove constraint Publication Year: within 10 Years
1. Grading China's Belt and Road
Author: Daniel M. Kliman
Content Type: Special Report
Institution: Center for a New American Security
Abstract: Since its launch in 2013, what China calls "One Belt, One Road" has emerged as the cornerstone of Beijing's economic statecraft. Under the umbrella of the Belt and Road, Beijing seeks to promote a more connected world brought together by a web of Chinese-funded physical and digital infrastructure. The infrastructure needs in Asia and beyond are significant, but the Belt and Road is more than just an economic initiative; it is a central tool for advancing China's geopolitical ambitions. Through the economic activities bundled under the Belt and Road, Beijing is pursuing a vision of the 21st century defined by great power spheres of influence, state-directed economic interactions, and creeping authoritarianism
Topic: International Political Economy, International Affairs
Political Geography: China
2. New Voices in Grand Strategy
Author: Richard Fontaine
Abstract: In June 2008, the Center for a New American Security published a compendium of essays to grapple with the central questions of American grand strategy.1 The volume compiled the views of leading senior strategists from across the political spectrum and from both academia and the policy community. Four years later, CNAS embarked on a similar venture, presenting the views of four more expert thinkers
Topic: International Affairs, Geopolitics
3. Intelligence Oversight Priorities for the 116th Congress
Author: Carrie Cordero
Abstract: Congressional oversight is essential for providing accountability for the activities of the intelligence services.1 Effective oversight by the congressional intelligence committees – by an independent branch of government – is needed in order to monitor the adequacy of legal authorities, the lawfulness of activities carried out under those authorities, and the responsible application of public funds for intelligence activities. As elected representatives entrusted with providing an outside check on activities that are conducted out of the public eye, members of the committees serve a critical function in facilitating accountability, transparency, and confidence in intelligence activities conducted under law.
4. Maintaining America's Coercive Economic Strength
Author: Paula J. Dobriansky
Abstract: U.S. foreign policy officials have embraced economic sanctions as a tool of choice for American foreign policy. Decisionmakers have deployed sanctions against strategic adversaries and national security threats ranging from Russia to non-state actors such as terrorist groups, drug cartels, and businesspeople who engage in corrupt activities. The appeal to both policy leaders and key constituent groups of the potent economic impacts of sanctions in several recent high-profile cases, particularly those of Iran, Russia, North Korea, and Venezuela, combined with broad bipartisan support for aggressive use of U.S. sanctions, suggests that the United States will favor this policy tool and be an active practitioner in the years ahead
5. The Influence of Commercial Space Capabilities on Deterrence
Author: John Klein
Abstract: Recent U.S. space policy initiatives underscore the far-reaching benefits of commercial space activities. The White House revived the National Space Council to foster closer coordination, cooperation, and exchange of technology and information among the civil, national security, and commercial space sectors.1 National Space Policy Directive 2 seeks to promote economic growth by streamlining U.S. regulations on the commercial use of space.2 While the defense community generally appreciates the value of services and capabilities derived from the commercial space sector—including space launch, Earth observation, and satellite communications—it often overlooks one area of strategic importance: deterrence.
Topic: International Cooperation, International Affairs, Cybersecurity
6. Contested Spaces A Renewed Approach to Southeast Asia
Author: Patrick M. Cronin
Abstract: As the competition between the United States and China to shape the course of the 21st century intensifies, Southeast Asia has become a contested space. A region where geopolitical orientations remain fluid, Southeast Asia lies at the front line of Beijing's expanding diplomatic influence, economic leverage, and military capability. At stake is whether countries across the region can retain their economic sovereignty and freedom of decision, and whether governance in the region will broadly trend toward greater freedom and openness, or the opposite.
7. Negotiating With North Korea
Author: Patrick M. Cronin, Kristine Lee
Abstract: fter a year of historic summits and negotiations, North Korea's future remains mired in uncertainty. Kim Jong Un, in the lead-up his second summit with President Trump, has an opportunity to cast aside his country's pariah status and jump headlong into economic development, but the diplomatic window is narrowing. Protracted stalemate may be unavoidable, but over the course of the next year or two the negotiating process is likely to be binary and head in one of two directions: Either sufficient progress is made to justify continuing the recent rapprochement, or frustrations over the lack of progress will effectively terminate the United States' diplomatic opening with the Kim regime.
Political Geography: North Korea
8. Understanding China's AI Strategy
Author: Gregory Allen
Abstract: n the second half of 2018, I traveled to China on four separate trips to attend major diplomatic, military, and private-sector conferences focusing on Artificial Intelligence (AI). During these trips, I participated in a series of meetings with high-ranking Chinese officials in China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, leaders of China's military AI research organizations, government think tank experts, and corporate executives at Chinese AI companies. From these discussions – as well as my ongoing work analyzing China's AI industry, policies, reports, and programs – I have arrived at a number of key judgments about Chinese leadership's views, strategies, and prospects for AI as it applies to China's economy and national security. Of course, China's leadership in this area is a large population with diversity in its views, and any effort to generalize is inherently presumptuous and essentially guaranteed to oversimplify. However, the distance is large between prevailing views in American commentary on China's AI efforts and what I have come to believe are the facts. I hope by stating my takeaways directly, this report will advance the assessment of this issue and be of benefit to the wider U.S. policymaking community.
9. A Realistic Path for Progress on Iran
Author: Eric M. Brewer, Elisa Catalano Ewers
Abstract: The Trump administration has adopted an aggressive Iran strategy. The United States seeks to achieve—via the application of maximum pressure—nothing short of a fundamental change to policies that have defined the Islamic Republic for decades, if not since its founding, and have been a constant source of tension with the United States. Although the U.S. decision to withdraw from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and re-impose sanctions on Iran has garnered most of the attention, the administration also is leveraging diplomatic, law enforcement, informational, and other tools to apply pressure across a range of issues: Iran's missile program, support for terrorism, regional influence, and human rights record
Political Geography: Iran
10. Financial Networks of Mass Destruction
Author: Elizabeth Rosenberg, Neil Bhatiya
Abstract: The international community has long prioritized reducing the risk of weapons of mass destruction proliferation, whether from state actors such as North Korea and Iran, or from non-state actors, particularly criminals and transnational terrorist networks. Despite this concern, however, there remains a significant blind spot: the efforts to prevent the financing of WMD proliferation are only in their infancy. The legal framework to prevent the financing of proliferation is weak, and implementation across the world is spotty. These weaknesses derive from one overwhelming fact: The international community has not prioritized financial controls to fight proliferation. Very few countries have demonstrated the political will to put further emphasis on this threat to international peace and security.


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« It's a whole different world.
more atheism »
I was looking back at old PFFA threads yesterday, and there was an argument about religion, evolution and so on during which someone asserted that "there are no verifiable fossil records of transitions from one species to another." This morning I feel inclined to make a point which I don't think is always appreciated by people who have never had to deal with issues of taxonomy; which is that, quite apart from the fossil record, transitional species are all around us.
I should probably start by establishing what a species is. A canonical species is a population of animals that can interbreed freely with each other and only with each other. In evolutionary terms, one species becomes two at the moment when the populations diverge so much that the split becomes irreversible. Because evolution works by a process of gradual changes, there will always be an ambiguous period when it is unclear whether that split has occured.
The obvious mechanism for a split happening is that two geographically separate populations develop in different directions. On the local level, the vast majority of species are easily separable from each other, but on the broader view, ambiguities about species status are almost the norm.
Let's talk about wrens. To Europeans, 'the' wren is a familiar bird; tiny, loud-voiced, with a place in folklore and poetry. Most don't realise that wrens are actually a New World family. All over the Americas there are dozens of species of wren, including some really quite large species:
Cactus Wren, originally uploaded by Bournemouth Pilot.
But at some point, one species, Troglodytes troglodytes, made it across the Atlantic or the Baring Straits and spread all across Eurasia. The particular species is still found in North America, where it's known as the Winter Wren. It probably came across fairly recently, in biological terms, because it's still similar enough across its range to be classified as a single species, and there are very very few species of small, non-migratory birds which are native to both North America and Eurasia. Nonetheless, there's enough local variation – in colour, size, proportion – that it is classified into no fewer than 46 sub-species. These are two of them; the first was taken in mainland Scotland so is presumably Troglodytes troglodytes indigenus:
This is T. t. zetlandicus taken in the Shetland Islands (i.e. about 100 miles north of Scotland):
zetlandicus is slightly larger, slightly darker and greyer, and has a slightly longer tail. The differences are small, but consistent. In the opinion of the taxonomists, none of the 46 subspecies of Winter Wren are so distinct as to represent a permanent split. I suppose the implication is that, if a few Shetland wrens were taken to the mainland, they would be absorbed into the local population. But given a few thousand years more, perhaps they will be so distinct that they will need full species status. Or perhaps that population will die out, from disease or freak weather. Or perhaps wrens from the mainland make it across the water just about often enough to keep the gene pool from diverging completely.
This is what a transitional species looks like. Boring, isn't it? Not a monkey-man or a walking fish, just a rather drab bird which is a bit larger and a bit drabber than its closest relatives. That's what evolution at the dirty end is like – grindingly slow and mundane.
One more example. The first is a Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodias, from North America, the second is a Grey Heron, Ardea cinerea, found across Eurasia.
Looking at them, there's no doubt at all that they are descended from the same species. Some time a few thousand years ago, or a few tens of thousands of years ago, enough herons crossed the ocean in one or other direction to establish a breeding population. It was recent enough that the two species look extremely similar, but they are distinguishable; the Great Blue has a darker neck and red on the thighs and underwing coverts, and in breeding plumage has more plumes on the neck.
The world is full of pairs of species that are so similar that they obviously split from the same species fairly recently, and subspecies that are recognisably different from each other. Taxonomists change their mind about classification all the time as research continues, splitting species up or lumping them together. For example, when I first saw Hoopoe in Africa about 15 years ago, my bird book said it was the same species as the Hoopoes in Europe. But according to Avibase, different taxonomists split Hoopoe into different combinations of four different species: Eurasian Hoopoe, Central African Hoopoe, African Hoopoe and Madagascar Hoopoe. For example, the fourth edition of Clements recognised two species, African and European; the fifth edition demoted African Hoopoe to a subspecies but promoted Madagascan Hoopoe to a full species.
Taxonomy is an important and useful exercise in establishing the relationships between animals, but the neatness of the categories can be misleading. The whole scheme of putting animals into a sequence of different boxes makes it look like you're establishing fundamental patterns in the organisation of life:
Shetland Island Wren
Family: Troglodytidae
Genus: Troglodytes
Species: T. troglodytes
Subspecies: T. t. zetlandicus
But most of the categories have no special status. The species is the closest thing to a well-defined unit that has some kind of observable reality, and even species, as I hope I've indicated, are a lot less clear-cut than you might imagine. All the others are just approximate indications of relatedness. Two species in the same genus are very similar and therefore closely related; if they're only in the same family, they're a bit less closely related, and so on.
That's not to say that the individual categories – the order Passeriformes, for example – are imprecise or misleading; but the term 'order' has no definable meaning, beyond "a rank between class and family". If taxonomists feel the need to make finer distinctions, they just add in new ranks, like a superorder or a suborder. Don't let the neatness of the taxonomical hierarchy fool you into thinking that the tree of life is correspondingly neat.
[All photographs © their respective photographers]
birds, evolution, science | 22 March 2006 at 1:40 pm | RSS
The Beak of the Finch by Jonathan Weiner
The ternness of terns
Harry's advent calendar of birds, day 17: Green-tailed Sunbird
Fucking bootiful
may rutherford
23 March 2006 at 3:51 pm | Permalink
ah herons :):):)
one of my very favourite birds … so elegant


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Kenzo Ohashi, född 21 april 1934 i Hiroshima prefektur, Japan, död 21 december 2015, var en japansk fotbollsspelare.

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Storms have been packing big punches in recent years. While the debate about the cause might rage on, so do the natural elements that wreak havoc on private homes and public infrastructure. As has been seen in recent years, the aging of the American power grid has resulted in extended power outages – and that increasingly seems that this will be the new norm. However, going without power for long periods of time is non-negotiable for many Americans.
Waiting out a power failure is only an option for so long – and for many people, it's not an option at all. When power goes out, preparedness goes a long way. As a new season of storms looms on the horizon, consider these tips to keep your household both safe and functional, whatever the weather.
* Generate your own power. A portable generator can provide safety and comfort in both long- and shorter-term power outages. As an alternative energy source, it gives you the option to keep your household running far more smoothly than it would with no power at all. Models like the Powerhorse Portable Generator from Northern Tool + Equipment will power your refrigerator, fans, space heaters, room air conditioners, lights, TVs and more during an outage, with surprisingly quiet and easy operation.
* Invert for an alternative power source. Inverters are another handy, portable option for added power. They convert power from sources like batteries into AC current, which can be used to power a wide array of necessities, from medical devices to phone chargers and beyond. The NPower Portable Digital Inverter features high surge capacity, overload and high-temperature shutdown, and even a USB port.
* Be charged up. If you plan on using an inverter, be sure to keep batteries charged during stormy seasons. Having battery chargers on hand will help you be prepared to get through the aftermath of a power-disrupting storm.
* Keep your home supplied. A stock of candles, batteries, flashlights, first aid supplies, prescription medicines and other helpful items like duct tape and a digital thermometer will serve you well in a short-term outage, but will also be essential if it lasts longer.
* Remember food and water safety. Because tap water might become unsafe to drink, a stock of bottled water is a critical supply. If power is out for more than two hours, it's time to start thinking about food safety. Remember that meat, poultry, fish, and eggs need to be refrigerated at or below 40 F, and that frozen food has to be kept at or below 0 F to remain safe to eat, according to the USDA.
When storms strike, it can result in chaos, no matter where you live. By taking steps to prepare ahead of time, you'll be able to cope with power outages and get life back to normal sooner than you might have expected. For more ideas and information, visit the Centers for Disease Control Emergency Preparedness page and www.northerntool.com.


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New GM for Hampton by Hilton Liverpool John Lennon Airport
Manchester-based Tower Hotel Management, part of The Peel Group has appointed Louise Cross as the General Manager for Hampton by Hilton Liverpool John Lennon Airport.
Bringing 25 years of hospitality experience, including nine years with the Hampton by Hilton brand, Cross joins from Hampton by Hilton Liverpool City Centre where she was Deputy General Manager.
Cross commented, "I am extremely proud to be the new General Manager of the Hampton by Hilton Liverpool John Lennon Airport hotel. I look forward to joining the Tower Hotel Management team and working with the team at Liverpool John Lennon Airport as it expands and launches new flights."
Tower Hotel Management currently operates five award-winning hotels under various international brands including Hampton by Hilton, Holiday Inn, plus the Holiday Inn Express Manchester – TraffordCity, the North West's first 'modular' hotel.
Peter de la Perrelle, Managing Director at Tower Hotel Management, said, "I'm delighted Louise has joined the team at Hampton by Hilton Liverpool John Lennon Airport as General Manager. She brings with her extensive knowledge and enormous experience which will be huge assets for the existing hotel team."
HAMPTON BY HILTON HOTEL, LIVERPOOL


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Sterling Academics
The Features And Benefits Of The Multisystem Lcd Tv
January 12, 2021 by SA Admin
LCD is short for liquid crystal display, and although LCD technology has been around for some time, it has only been in the last decade that the technology has become suitable for high-quality flat-panel televisions and high-quality screens. computer we see today. The most notable feature of displays that use LCD technology, of course, is the thinness of the unit, but the power behind that slim design is quite ample.
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The screen of an LCD panel is made up of image elements, or pixels, as computer experts around the world know. The resolution of the flat panel is partially determined by the number of pixels on the screen. A typical LCD panel display can range from hundreds of thousands of pixels to millions of pixels and the higher the number of pixels, the better the resolution. LCD TVs come in many different shapes and sizes, but are generally designed to accommodate an aspect ratio of 16 to 9. This ratio makes them perfect for viewing widescreen displays such as DVDs as well as traditional television programs.
What are the differences between LCD and traditional TVs?
LCD televisions, flat panel computer monitors, and other devices have a number of built-in benefits, and it is these benefits that have made them a hit with technology buyers around the world. Some of the many benefits of LCD technology include:
Brighter Screen: LCD TV screens are brighter than traditional CRT TV screens, due to the special way they work. While a traditional CRT television or monitor uses a tube to create the screen, the LCT television uses pixels, which provide a brighter screen.
Flicker-free performance: The LCD TV screen or computer monitor will also be flicker-free, as the LCD screen will have a constant light source all over the screen. Once the pixel is on, it stays on. Compare this to the design of the CRT TV or monitor, which should periodically refresh the screen with a beam of light moving across the monitor or TV.
Low Power Consumption – Another big advantage of the LCD TV is its superior energy efficiency. LCD TVs will be up to 65% more energy efficient than traditional TVs, helping to protect the environment and save money.
Ultra-Thin Design: Obviously it's the slim and elegant design that catches the eye and catches the attention of buyers. LCD screens can be as thin as 49mm (just over 19 inches), which means these TVs can be placed just about anywhere.
Wall Mountable Designs – Many LCD TVs are so slim that they can hang on the wall like you would a painting. Obviously, it is important to purchase a wall mount bracket suitable for supporting the weight of the unit.
A guide to some LCD TV terms
If you are looking for an LCD TV, you will probably hear a number of new and sometimes confusing terms. It is important to understand what these words mean to you, the television tech buyer.
Aspect Ratio: The aspect ratio of your TV helps determine its suitability for watching movies and TV shows in true widescreen format. While traditional television has always used a 4: 3 aspect ratio, i.e. 4 "wide and 3" high, the typical LCD television uses a 16: 9 aspect ratio, which provides a truer, perfect Widescreen image. to watch DVD and VHS movies. as well as traditional television programming.
Candle – One of those words you may hear from time to time is candle. Simply put, the candle is a standard unit of brightness and is equal to the number of candles that would be needed to produce the same intensity of light. Therefore, a rating such as 450 cd / m2 means that a concentration of 450 candelas in a square meter area would be needed to produce the same amount of light.
Contrast Ratio: The contrast ratio is simply the difference in light intensity between the darkest black and the brightest white on the screen. The higher the contrast ratio, the sharper and cleaner the image will be.
Everything you need to know about water purifiers
The present day concept of an 'artist
© 2020 Sterling Academics


An actuator functioning as the final control element that applies a corrective effort to the process per the controller's instructions.
In a closed-loop control system, information flows around a feedback loop from the process to the sensor to the transmitter to the controller to the actuator and back to the process. This measure-decide-actuate sequence-known as closed-loop control-repeats as often as necessary until the desired process condition is achieved. Familiar examples include using a thermostat controlling a furnace to maintain the temperature in a room or cruise control to maintain the speed of a car.
But not all automatic control operations require feedback. A much larger class of control commands can be executed in an open-loop configuration without confirmation or further adjustment. Open-loop control is sufficient for predictable operations such as opening a door, starting a motor, or turning off a pump.
Continuing the analysis, it is clear that all closed-loop operations are not alike. For a continuous process, a feedback loop attempts to maintain a process variable (or controlled variable) at a desired value known as the setpoint. The controller subtracts the latest measurement of the process variable from the setpoint to generate an error signal. The magnitude and duration of the error signal then determines the value of the controller's output or manipulated variable which in turn dictates the corrective efforts applied by the actuator.
For example, a car equipped with a cruise control uses a speedometer to measure and maintain the car's speed. If the car is traveling too slowly, the controller instructs the accelerator to feed more fuel to the engine. If the car is traveling too quickly, the controller lets up on the accelerator. The car is the process, the speedometer is the sensor, and the accelerator is the actuator.
The car's speed is the process variable. Other common process variables include temperatures, pressures, flow rates, and tank levels. These are all quantities that can vary constantly and can be measured at any time. Common actuators for manipulating such conditions include heating elements, valves, and dampers.
For a discrete process, the variable of interest is measured only when a triggering event occurs, and the measure-decide-actuate sequence is typically executed just once for each event. For example, the human controller driving the car uses her eyes to measure ambient light levels at the beginning of each trip. If she decides that it's too dark to see well, she turns on the car's lights. No further adjustment is required until the next triggering event such as the end of the trip.
Feedback loops for discrete processes are generally much simpler than continuous control loops since discrete processes do not involve as much inertia. The driver controlling the car gets instantaneous results after turning on the lights, whereas the cruise control sees much more gradual results as the car slowly speeds up or slows down.
Inertia tends to complicate the design of a continuous control loop since a continuous controller typically needs to make a series of decisions before the results of its earlier efforts are completely evident. It has to anticipate the cumulative effects of its recent corrective efforts and plan future efforts accordingly. Waiting to see how each one turns out before trying another simply takes too long.
Open-loop controllers do not use feedback per se. They apply a single control effort when so commanded and assume that the desired results will be achieved. An open-loop controller may still measure the results of its commands: Did the door actually open? Did the motor actually start? Is the pump actually off? Generally, these actions are for safety considerations rather than as part of the control sequence.
Even closed-loop feedback controllers must operate in an open-loop mode on occasion. A sensor may fail to generate the feedback signal or an operator may take over the feedback operation in order to manipulate the controller's output manually.
Operator intervention is generally required when a feedback controller proves unable to maintain stable closed-loop control. For example, a particularly aggressive pressure controller may overcompensate for a drop in line pressure. If the controller then overcompensates for its overcompensation, the pressure may end up lower than before, then higher, then even lower, then even higher, etc. The simplest way to terminate such unstable oscillations is to break the loop and regain control manually.
There are also many applications where experienced operators can make manual corrections faster than a feedback controller can. Using their knowledge of the process' past behavior, operators can manipulate the process inputs now to achieve the desired output values later. A feedback controller, on the other hand, must wait until the effects of its latest efforts are measurable before it can decide on the next appropriate control action. Predictable processes with longtime constants or excessive dead time are particularly suited for open-loop manual control.
The principal drawback of open-loop control is a loss of accuracy. Without feedback, there is no guarantee that the control efforts applied to the process will actually have the desired effect. If speed and accuracy are both required, open-loop and closed-loop control can be applied simultaneously using a feedforward strategy. A feedforward controller uses a mathematical model of the process to make its initial control moves like an experienced operator would. It then measures the results of its open-loop efforts and makes additional corrections as necessary like a traditional feedback controller.
Feedforward is particularly useful when sensors are available to measure an impending disturbance before it hits the process. If its future effects on the process can be accurately predicted with the process model, the controller can take preemptive actions to counteract the disturbance as it occurs.


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Radio Birdman — австралийская рок-группа, образовавшаяся в 1974 году в Сиднее и исполнявшая гаражный прото-панк, в котором (согласно Trouser Press) соединились влияния Doors, Stooges, MC5 и Blue Oyster Cult. Radio Birdman, одна из двух первых (наряду с The Saints) групп первой волны австралийского панк-рока, оказали значительное влияние на целое поколение групп австралийской новой волны и развитие местной рок-сцены в целом.

История группы

Radio Birdman образовали в 1974 году гитарист Дениз Тек (), прибывший в страну из Анн-Арбора, Мичиган, США, и вокалист (бывший сёрфер) Роб Янгер (), до этого игравшие в сиднейских группах TV Jones и The Rats (соответственно). Как отмечает Allmusic, «Radio Birdman вошли в рок-н-ролл путём, который открыли Stooges и MC5: через апокалиптический гитарный грохот…». К творчеству Stooges, кроме того, имело отношение и само название группы: оно было заимствовано из строки: «Radio birdman from above…» песни «1970».

Историческое значение специалисты придают первому релизу группы, Burn My Eye EP (1976), который стал практически первой панк-пластинкой, выпущенной в Австралии и послужил образцом для целого поколения последователей.

После выхода дебютного альбома Radios Appear (заголовок был также заимствован из текста песни: на этот раз — «Dominance and Submission», Blue Oyster Cult) в 1977 году группа подписала контракт с Sire (где в то время записывались Ramones). Однако, прошло три года, прежде чем появился второй альбом Living Eyes: группа, оставшаяся к этому времени далеко за спинами конкурентов, сразу же после выхода альбома распалась. За пределами Австралии альбом так и не вышел. Так Radio Birdman, которым (согласно Allmusic) «…суждено было бы стать величайшим панк-бэндом Австралии, остались в истории всего лишь как почитаемые отцы-основатели».

После распада
В 1979 году Дениз Тек и Роб Янгер основали The New Race, куда вошли также Рон Эштон (The Stooges) и бывший барабанщик MC5 Деннис Томпсон. После распада и этой группы Тек занялся медициной (став хирургом), а Янгер собрал The New Christs и в качестве продюсера приступил к сотрудничеству с группами второго австралийского панк-поколения, находившихся под влиянием Radio Birdman, в частности, The Celibate Rifles. Остальные участники Radio Birdman рассеялись по трём коллективам: Lime Spiders, Hoodoo Gurus и Screaming Tribesmen.

Интерес к Radio Birdman резко возрос вновь в 2001 году после выхода компиляции The Essential Radio Birdman: 1974—1978, на Sub Pop. За ней последовал концертный альбом Murder City Nights: Live (2003) и новый студийный релиз группы обновленного состава, Zeno Beach (2006).

Дискография

Альбомы
 Burn My Eye EP (1976)
 Radios Appear LP (1977)
 Death by the Gun EP (бутлег)1978
 Living Eyes LP (1981)
 Alone in the Endzone (1981)
 Ring Of Truth EP (бутлег)1988
 Zeno Beach CD (2006)

Концертные альбомы
 More Fun! EP (1988)
 Ready to Burn CD (1996)
 Ritualism CD (1996)
 Radios On! Ritualism — The Reunion 1996 LP (бутлег, 1997)
 Murder City Nights CD (бутлег, 1976)
 Surfin' at 2JJJ EP (бутлег, 1976)

Сборники
 Eureka Birdman EP (бутлег, 1977)
 Rock'n'Roll War 1976—1978 LP (бутлег, 1978)
 Soldiers of Rock'n'Roll: An Audio Documentary of Radio Birdman CD (1982)
 Under the Ashes CD/LP (1988)
 Live in Sydney, 1976 — Double Jay Studio CD (1990)
 The EPs CD (1992)
 Rock'n'Roll War 1976—1978 LP (бутлег, 1998)
 The Essential Radio Birdman CD (2001)
 Living Eyes/More Fun CD (2005)

Ссылки
 www.radio-birdman.com, официальный сайт группы
 Zeno Beach, фэн-сайт
 The Birdman Pages
 www.divinerites.com , фэнсайт
 Age , интервью
 Australian Encyclopedia of Rock & Pop
 Music Australia

Примечания

Рок-группы Австралии
Панк-рок-группы
Группы протопанка
Музыкальные коллективы, появившиеся в 1974 году


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