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Home › World › Africa › Spain Border Control Find Child Stashed In Suitcase
Spain Border Control Find Child Stashed In Suitcase
By Matt Roberts on May 8, 2015
Spanish border control officials have arrested a 19-year-old woman after an x-ray machine discovered an 8-year-old boy was discovered stashed in a suitcase.
An eight-year-old boy has been handed over to Spain's child protection services after he was found curled up in a suitcase as a woman attempted to smuggle him across the border from Morocco.
Guardia Civil agents noticed that the 19-year-old woman was reluctant to pass through border controls at the Spanish enclave of Ceuta, and asked her to place her fuchsia-coloured, wheeled suitcase in an x-ray machine, expecting to find drugs or illegal merchandise inside.
Instead, the figure of a young child was clearly outlined in the x-ray. When guards opened the bag, the boy emerged from the suitcase scared and confused, telling authorities that his name was Abou, he was eight years old and from the Ivory Coast.
The woman accompanying the boy, identified as a Moroccan national, was arrested. A Guardia Civil spokesperson said the boy was in a terrible state and that the situation "could have ended tragically".
Less than two hours later, the Guardia Civil flagged a man originally from the Ivory Coast and currently a resident of the Canary Islands as he crossed the same border. When they showed him photos of the young boy in the suitcase, he admitted that the boy was his son.
"I just wanted to take him with me to the Canary Islands," he reportedly told the agents. He was arrested and the child was put in the care of child protection services.
Police said the young woman was not related to the boy and said they believed that the boy's father had paid her to attempt to smuggle the boy into Spain.
Each year thousands of migrants risk their lives to cross into Spain through the northern Africa enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, hoping to find a better life in Europe. Last year fewer than 5,000 were successful in making it across the border.
As Spanish authorities step up efforts to crack down on the migrants, many have become more creative, resorting to stowing away in false-bottom cars or in shipping containers.
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Categories: Africa, Ceuta, Europe, Spain, World
Tags: Abou, Africa, Canary Islands, Ceuta, Europe, Guardia Civil, Ivory Coast, Melilla, Morocco, News, Spain
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Saints hope for van Dijk return
Southampton hoping Virgil van Dijk will return to squad and forget move to Liverpool
Saints are hopeful that Virgil van Dijk will back down over his transfer demands and re-join Mauricio Pellegrino's squad this week.
The 26-year-old Dutch defender spent last week training on his own at Staplewood while his teammates were on a pre-season trip to France.
Van Dijk, who has five years left on his contract, had told Pellegrino he wanted to leave St Mary's this summer, and his apparent lack of focus led the new manager to take the dramatic decision to leave him behind.
With no movement from his suitors at Liverpool forthcoming, Saints are optimistic that van Dijk has come to the conclusion that he will have to accept the situation and prepare for another season at St Mary's.
Pellegrino has been planning on life without him, either in the long or short term.
Jack Stephens and Maya Yoshida are likely to start the season as his centre half pairing.
Even if van Dijk does stay at Saints, he hasn't played a game since picking up his season ending injury in January, and his self-inflicted lack of pre-season action has hardly helped the situation.
Pellegrino will speak to van Dijk upon his return to Staplewood this week in the hope of good news, and will then reintegrate him into first team training.
Saints have two home pre-season friendlies to come – against Augsburg on Wednesday night and Sevilla on Saturday – before the big kick-off against Swansea.
It is possible van Dijk could play some sort of role in those games if Pellegrino hears what he wants to hear.
While his teammates are likely to be forgiving, it will a harder to sell to get the fans back onside.
Van Dijk has always been a hero to the club's supporters for his performances and his leadership.
However, his reputation has been hugely tarnished by this summer's transfer saga, and the thought that there is the possibility he will still have half an eye on the exit door.
Quite how he and the club will go about trying to restore that faith remains to be seen, but first of all he needs to make it clear he is happy to stay and accept remaining at Saints for at least one more season.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Now the 7th day with snow on the ground and -8 deg C when I went out. I heard on the radio the other day that fruit growers are very pleased at the cold snap. Due to the mild autumn and early winter, they were concerned that the fruit trees weren't getting the period of cold needed for the trees/bushes to help produce next year's fruit crop, thus affecting yields.
Be careful what you wish for! After a heavy snowfall on the 4th of February in the afternoon (complete with phantom accidents on the overhead road signs on the M1!), the snow has hung around, getting more icy, with another big dose of snow on Thursday 9th evening. Not much above freezing during the days so only a slight thaw, which has refrozen again into ice during the night.
Not as bad a the last two winters though, but there's time yet!
Allotment photos in the snow - the winter onions just poking out of the snow - they have had a good amount of growth in late autumn so should be fine, they are pretty hardy and most of them survived the last two winters.
Impossible to get the leeks out at the moment, they just snap off when you try and lift them!
And it won't be long until spring and broccoli! We've had a bit already, even a few springs of purple sprounting, but the main crop will be another month or so yet.


I am calculating 80% of a number "Final ARV" this field is a number field. I want to auto populate a money field with the value created by the calculation in another app. It is not working and I am hoping that someone can help. Thank you in advance.


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Mobilegeddon was the name given by web developers to Google's algorithm update of April 21, 2015. The main effect of this update was to give priority to websites that displayed correctly on smartphones and other mobile devices. This update introduced 'mobile-friendliness' as a ranking signal – meaning websites that didn't meet Google's criteria placed lower in the search results on mobile devices. Screwing up any hard work that was done on search engine optimization SEO.
A week later, content marketing company BrightEdge tracked over 20,000 URLs and reported a 21% decrease in non mobile-friendly URLs on the first 3 pages of search results. A study by search agency s360 also confirmed the trend, 'mobile friendly websites have gotten 32% more organic mobile traffic than non-mobile friendly websites'. Google received criticism, yet they had given the industry a two-month heads-up!
In May 2016 another update is incoming, and again Google has given a similar warning. This time, web developers should know what to expect, and you should too.
"If you've already made your site mobile-friendly, you will not be impacted by this update," said Google software engineer Klemen Kloboves announcing the move.
Therefore with a mobile-friendly site and SEO strategy in place, the Toronto Star, Canada's largest daily newspaper, can be confident that they will remain at the top of the page in search engine results.
But do you really want to give any inch to your competitors? Do you really want a company offering similar products or services to yourself, and one that utilizes a successful company SEO strategy alongside a mobile-friendly site while you don't? Think about that one.
More mobile devices accessed the Internet than desktops in 2014, and the gap has increased ever since. The customer demands that they can view what they wish to view and when they wish to view it.
A mobile-friendly website is an essential for every company to develop a successful SEO strategy. So what are you waiting for?
Whatever you think of Google, at the very least, it will be impossible for you to say that you weren't fully warned!
Why Would I Need Online Reputation Management?


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Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › District Courts › Illinois › Northern District of Illinois › 1981 › NSC Intern. Corp. v. Ryan
NSC Intern. Corp. v. Ryan, 531 F. Supp. 362 (N.D. Ill. 1981)
US District Court for the Northern District of Illinois - 531 F. Supp. 362 (N.D. Ill. 1981)
NSC INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, Plaintiff,
Addison Hayes RYAN, Defendant.
No. 80 C 6305.
United States District Court, N. D. Illinois, E. D.
P. Scott Polisky, C. D. Kasson, Burditt & Calkins, Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff.
Daniel C. Meenan, Jr., Feiwell, Galper & Lasky, Ltd., Chicago, Ill., for defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
MARSHALL, District Judge.
Plaintiff filed the instant action seeking treble damages under 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c) (1976). That statute creates a civil remedy for persons injured by violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO) statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1962 (1976). Section 1964(c) provides:
Any person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of section 1962 of this chapter may sue therefor in any appropriate United States District Court and shall recover threefold the damages he sustains and the cost of the *363 suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee.
Defendant has moved to strike plaintiff's timely jury demand on the ground that actions under § 1964(c) are equitable in nature and therefore give rise to no right to a jury trial. In order to rule on the motion, this court must resolve the question of whether the seventh amendment grants the right to a jury trial in actions under § 1964(c). This issue apparently has never been decided in any reported decision.
The seventh amendment states, "In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy exceeds twenty dollars, the right to trial by jury shall be preserved ...." The Supreme Court has held that the amendment applies not only to actions at common law which existed when the amendment was adopted in 1791, but also to legal rights subsequently created by statute. "The Seventh Amendment does apply to actions enforcing statutory rights, and requires a jury trial on demand, if the statute creates legal rights and remedies, enforceable in an action for damages in the ordinary courts of law." Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. 189, 194, 94 S. Ct. 1005, 1008, 39 L. Ed. 2d 260 (1974). Thus, we must determine if § 1964(c) creates "legal rights and remedies.
The test to be used in this case is whether the closest historical analogy to the rights created by § 1964(c) was a legal or an equitable action. See Pernell v. Southall Realty, 416 U.S. 363, 374-80, 94 S. Ct. 1723, 1729-32, 40 L. Ed. 2d 198 (1974); Ross v. Bernhard, 396 U.S. 531, 534 n.1, 90 S. Ct. 733, 735 n.1, 24 L. Ed. 2d 729 (1970) (Stewart, J., dissenting); Patzig v. O'Neil, 577 F.2d 841, 848 (3d Cir. 1978); 9 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2302 (1971). In this case, the closest analogy is to an action in tort. RICO prohibits persons engaged in racketeering activity from acquiring an interest in any enterprise engaged in interstate commerce, see 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a), (b) (1976), and prohibits persons associated with such enterprises from engaging in racketeering activity, see 18 id. § 1962(c). Congress enacted RICO in order to halt the pernicious infiltration of organized crime into business enterprises. See House Rep. No. 92-1549, 91st Cong., 2d Sess. 57 (1970); Sen.Rep. No. 91-617, 91st Cong., 1st Sess. 76 (1969); United States v. Turkette, 452 U.S. 576, 591, 101 S. Ct. 2524, 2532, 69 L. Ed. 2d 246 (1981) ("[T]he legislative history forcefully supports the view that the major purpose of [RICO] is to address the infiltration of legitimate business by organized crime."). This most closely resembles an action for tortious interference with economic relations, a tort which was recognized at common law. See W. Prosser, Handbook of the Law of Torts §§ 128-30 (4th ed. 1971). Actions sounding in tort were considered legal and therefore tried to juries at common law. Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. at 195, 94 S. Ct. at 1009. Thus, the historical test indicates that actions under § 1964(c) are legal, and must be tried to a jury.
This conclusion is reinforced by the type of relief that the statute authorizes. Section 1964(c) provides for money damages for injuries to business or property. Monetary damages for injury to property have traditionally been considered a legal remedy for purposes of the seventh amendment. See id. at 196, 94 S. Ct. at 1009. Finally, the statutory language provides no indication that the relief sought is equitable, which is yet another factor indicating that the seventh amendment applies to the statute. See Lorillard v. Pons, 434 U.S. 575, 584, 98 S. Ct. 866, 872, 55 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1978); Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. at 196-97, 94 S. Ct. at 1009-10. To the contrary, the statute strongly suggests that § 1964(c) provides for legal relief, since it follows § 1964(a), which authorizes only equitable relief.[1]*364 The juxtaposition of subsections (a) and (c) implies that Congress intended to create legal and equitable actions, putting each into a different subsection.[2] Any remaining doubt is resolved by the strong federal policy favoring jury trials in civil cases. See Byrd v. Blue Ridge Rural Electrical Cooperative, 356 U.S. 525, 538-39, 78 S. Ct. 893, 901, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1375 (1958).
Defendant relies exclusively on one sentence from United States v. Capetto, 502 F.2d 1351, 1357 (7th Cir. 1974), in which the court stated, "Section 1964 provides for a civil action in which only equitable relief can be granted." Id. at 1357. Defendant ignores the context in which this statement was made. In Capetto, plaintiff sought no money damages. The complaint sought only injunctive relief under § 1964(a). Thus, the court's statement applied only to subsection (a), and not the subsection involved in the instant action. Moreover, this statement from Capetto was not addressed to the question at hand, but rather to the question of whether § 1964 was essentially a criminal statute entitling defendants to the array of constitutional rights afforded defendants in criminal proceedings.
The motion to strike plaintiff's jury demand is denied. This case will be tried to a jury.
[1] "The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of section 1962 of this chapter by issuing appropriate orders ...." 18 U.S.C. § 1964(a) (1976).
[2] In fact, the statutory structure contains such a strong inference that subsection (c) was intended to provide for legal and not equitable relief that a jury right might be found under the statute alone, without resort to the seventh amendment. However, since the constitutional question is so clear, there is no need to resolve this more difficult statutory question. See Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. at 192 & n.6, 94 S. Ct. at 1007 & n.6.


Arizona Walnut is a member of the Walnut Family. It can grow to 50 feet in height and 3 feet in diameter. It has grayish brown bark that becomes deeply furrowed as the tree ages. Leaves are green and composed of 9-13 lance-shaped leaflets each of which grows to 4 inches in length (the entire leaf grows to 14 inches in length). The tree grows along streams and in canyons in upper desert, grasslands and oak woodlands at elevations between 3500-7000 feet.
Arizona Walnut is also known as black walnut. Seeds are a favorite of squirrels.
Arizona Walnut blooms before or during leaf development and produces greenish, petal-less flowers. Female flowers are followed by a circular, green fruit to 1.5 inches in diameter which contains the walnut seed.


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HealthReach Community Health Centers is a private, non-profit organization funded by patient fees, grants and generous individual donations. In 1975, our first community health center opened in Bingham, Maine and served 7 patients. Today we provide medical and integrated behavioral health services at 11 locations as well as oral healthcare at several sites. 28,000 residents of 80 Maine cities and towns in part of 9 counties utilize HealthReach services.
Formerly part of HealthReach Network (HRN), we have evolved and changed many times since HRN was founded in 1966. In July 1999, HRCHC became a separate independent company when MaineGeneral Health purchased the homecare, behavioral health and support departments of HRN.
HealthReach Central Administrative Office, Waterville ~ A dedicated team provides management and support for the entire system of HealthReach Community Health Centers. Support services such as Human Resource Management, Finance and Information Technology are provided through this central location to improve efficiency and reduce costs. The Central Office team also provides management of the Federal Title 330 Community Health Center grant as well as the Affordable Care Program.
HealthReach participates in the National Health Service Corps offering discounted services to those who qualify. For more information, click here: http://nhsc.hrsa.gov/downloads/sitepolicyposter.pdf
This health center receives HHS funding and has Federal Public Health Service (PHS) deemed status with respect to certain health or health-related claims, including medical malpractice claims, for itself and its covered individuals.
HealthReach Community Health Centers complies with applicable Federal civil rights laws and does not discriminate, exclude people, or treat them differently on the basis of race, color,
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Danaea quebradensis är en kärlväxtart som beskrevs av Christenh.. Danaea quebradensis ingår i släktet Danaea, och familjen Marattiaceae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Harappan Civilization: Discovery and Naming
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1. In 1826 an English man Charles Masson visited a village named Harappa in Western Punjab (now in Pakistan). He noted the remarkably high walls, and towers of a very old settlement. He believed that this city belonged to the times of Alexander the Great.
Harappan craft
2. In 1872, a famous archaeologist Sir Alexander Cunningham came to this place. The people of the surrounding areas told him that the high mounds of Harappa were parts of a thousand year old city. It had been ruined because of the wickedness of its king. Cunningham collected some archaeological objects from this site but he could not determine to which period of history they really belonged. He simply believed that these objects were probably from outside India, Thus, he concurred with the opinion of the people of the village that the city was about a thousand years old.
3. In 1886 AD, M. L. Dames also published a report about the Harappan seals. In 1912 AD, J.F. Fleet published a report about the findings from Harappa and its surroundings in the journal of Royal Asiatic Society. But Cunningham and Fleet failed to perceive the true antiquity of the material remains. They believed that the remains belonged to some historical period.
4. Under the guidance of Sir John Marshal, the Director General of Archaeology excavations was carried out at various places during the second decade of 20th century.
5. In 1922 AD, Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni discovered some seals, painted pottery and terracotta figurines from Harappa.
6. In 1923 AD, R.D. Banerjee also discovered one seal from Mohanjodaro. On further digging he discovered some more seals. Till now such kind of seals had been discovered only at Harappa.
7. However, in 1924, when another archaeologist John Marshall reported about Harappa he talked about the discovery of a long forgotten civilization. This civilization was as old as the civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia. Then an archaeologist came and informed us that the city was about five thousand, years old.
8. In 1946 AD, R.E. Mortimer Wheeler carried extensive excavations at Harappa and discovered various articles.
9. G.F. Dales bored 11.70 meter deep hole at Mohenjodaro in 1966 AD and brought to light seven successive layers of habitation. This explained that this was destroyed no less than seven times and rebuild at the same site.
10. Amla Nand Ghosh discovered Sothi culture in Bikaner region of Rajasthan in 1953
1. Beginning with the discovery of Harappa, nearly thousand settlements having similar traits, have been discovered. Scholars named it the 'Indus Valley Civilization' because initially most of the settlements were discovered in the plains of the river Indus and its tributaries. Archaeologists however prefer, to call it the 'Harappan Civilization'.
2. This is because in archaeology there is a convention that when an ancient culture is described, it is named after the modem name of the site which first revealed the existence of this culture. We do not know what those people called themselves because we have not been able to read their writing.
3. Thus, we call them Harappans after the modern place Harappa where the evidence of this forgotten civilization was first unearthed in our times.
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The forum first took place in 2011. It is held by the Institute of Human Rights and Prevention of Extremism and Xenophobia and the Ukrainian Jewish Committee, headed by Ukrainian MP Oleksandr Feldman. This is a significant event for people dialogue between representatives of different religions and nationalities in the name of preserving peace.
The Forum is a unique platform for discussing interfaith issues and finding effective solutions to getting rid of stereotypes that fuel religious and international intolerance.
Among them in different years were Patriach of the Holy City of Jerusalem and all Palestine and Israel His Beatitude Theophilos III, President of the International Council of Christians and Jews (Israel) Dr. Deborah Wiseman, President of the International Islam Forum for Dialogue (Saudi Arabia) Pr. Hamid Ahmad Al-Rifaie, Chairman of the Global Sikh Council Dr. Satpal Singh, Minister of Religious Affairs and National Minorities of Hungary Mr. Dork Holveni, Member of the National Assembly of Tunisia, Vice-President of the Committee for Human Rights and Foreign Relations (Tunisia) Ms. Fatma Gharbi, Chairman of the Ulema Council of the Russian Association of Islamic Accord Mufti Farid Salman, Chairman of the State Committee for Work with Religious Organisations (Azerbaijan) Mr. Ilshad Iskenderov and many others.
IN 2011-2013, THE INTERNATIONAL INTERRELIGIOUS FORUM WAS HELD IN KIEV. IN 2014 IT MOVED TO KHARKIV. IN THE COURSE OF THE EVENT THE SYMBOLIC CAPSULE WAS LAID IN THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE MUSEUM OF RELIGIONS IN FELDMAN ECOPARK.


Affectionately known as the "Golden Gate City", San Francisco is a hub of cultural and commercial activity nesting in North California. Covering an area of about 46.89 square miles, it is the fourth most populous city in California, with 884,363 residents as of 2017. The city derives its name from St. Francis of Assisi, the medieval Italian cleric.
In 1776, the Spanish established the first European settlement in San Francisco and the town grew to become the largest city on the West Coast, after the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought an influx of prospectors.
The city is famous for many things, including the Golden Gate Bridge, built in 1937, which spans the mile-wide "Golden Gate" strait that links San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean.
The city is among the nation's wealthiest. In 2017, GDP in the San Francisco metropolitan area grew 3.4 percent to $501 billion. Its financial prominence is marked by the presence of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. In addition, Montgomery Street in the Financial District is called the "Wall Street of the West."
California levies sales and use taxes on precious metals, but there are exemptions. In San Francisco, sales taxes on bullion sales include the state tax of 7.5% plus county tax of 1.25%, amounting to 8.75%. If used as a medium of exchange, coins are not subject to tax, even though the exchange value may differ from the face value. However, if the coin transaction is made as an investment or as an acquisition of collector's items, it is taxed.
In general, sales of gold and silver are subject to tax. However, bulk sales of monetized bullion, non-monetized gold or silver bullion, and numismatic coins are exempt from both the sales tax and the use tax, provided the total market value sold in a single transaction is $1,500 or more, according to Article 7, Regulation 1599 of the California Sales and Use Tax Regulations.
Don's Village Coins is a small, longstanding San Francisco coin shop. The owner, Don, is a lifelong numismatist with more than three decades of experience buying and selling coins. He has a passion for sharing his knowledge with his customers, whether beginning coin collectors or experienced gold investors.
Prices here are consistently among the best in the city. Don's Village Coins offers a particularly wide selection of high-value coins and U.S. coins, along with a smaller selection of foreign coins. Don also carries American Eagle bullion coins and other popular forms of gold and silver bullion.
Oakland Silver & Gold buys and sells all amounts of gold bullion bars and coins, silver, platinum and palladium, Krugerrands, American Eagle bullion coins, Maple Leaf's, all foreign gold, 90% silver coins, bars, rounds and more.
Oxbridge Coins buys and sells all forms of precious metals, including coins and jewelry. They carry an impressive selection of bullion coins like the American Eagle, Austrian Philharmonic, Chinese Panda, Canadian Maple Leaf, and South African Krugerrand.
They also stock a wide selection of historic foreign gold coins, as well as bars and rounds and 90% junk silver coins. Current prices for many popular coins are listed on their website. Oxbridge House is an NGC and PCGS authorized dealer and member of the American Numismatic Association. They accept Bitcoin payments and assist with precious metal IRA investments.
Pacific Precious Metals has two locations – one in the North Bay and on in the South Bay area – to serve San Francisco area coin investors. An NGC authorized dealer, Pacific Precious Metals buys and sells gold, silver, platinum, and palladium. They buy jewelry, flatware, dental gold, coins, and bullion. Sales are made through either of their Bay area locations or online.
Their coin selection includes bullion, as well as collectible coins. A selection of their most popular offerings includes the American Eagle gold and silver bullion coin, PAMP Suisse gold bars, Engelhard silver rounds, and bulk bags of 90% silver coinage. Pacific Precious Metals can also assist with IRA investment. Buy and sell prices for most popular forms of bullion are clearly listed on their website. They also offer insurance appraisals and assaying services.
Located on 533 Sutter street by Powell, San Francisco, Pacific Foreign Exchange is a retail foreign currency exchange. They also buy and have US gold coins for sale, along with and foreign gold and silver coins.
The Robert R. Johnson coin company is among the oldest and most prestigious coin dealers on the West coast. Founded in 1954 by renowned numismatist Robert R. Johnson, this dealer offers many rare and high-grade coins. They are a PCGS and NGC authorized dealer and member of the American Numismatic Association. Robert R. Johnson Coins specializes in rare U.S. and world coins, with an emphasis on gold coins.
Robert R. Johnson buys and sells rare coins including Pre-1933 U.S. gold coins, graded coins, silver dollars, foreign coins, and ancient coins. They also deal in all forms of gold and silver bullion, such as the American Eagle, Canadian Maple Leaf, Austrian Philharmonic, and South African Krugerrand. They also offer appraisals, PCGS and NGC grading submission services, estate liquidation assistance, and portfolio consultation services.
San Francisco Gold Buyer specializes in the buying and selling of all forms of gold and silver, such as jewelry, coins, bullion, and scrap. Their expansive coin selection includes the U.S. and foreign coins, with a special emphasis on Confederate and Pre-1933 U.S. gold coinage. They also deal in modern gold and silver bullion coins, pre-1964 junk silver U.S. coinage, and paper currency. S.F. Gold Buyer has a large retail storefront and also sells many coins through their online store.
Though they have little internet presence, Witter Coins is one of San Francisco's most renowned coin shops. This Financial District store is known for its selection of affordable coins for beginning hobbyists. They also carry high-grade rare coins, as well as gold and silver coinage. Witter Coins is an old-fashioned coin shop known for attentive service and varied, unique selection of historic and modern coins from around the world.
Thanks for reading our guide to buying gold and silver bullion and coins in San Francisco, CA. If you know of any other coin or bullion shops in the city of San Francisco, please contact us at Metals.com so we can update our directory.


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How do the t-distribution and standard normal distribution differ, and why is t-distribution used more?
For statistical inference (e.g., hypothesis testing or computing confidence intervals), why do we use the t-distribution instead of the standard normal distribution? My class started with the standard normal distribution and shifted to the t-distribution, and I am not fully sure why. Is it because t-distributions can a) deal with small sample sizes (because it gives more emphasis to the tails) or b) be more robust to a non-normally distributed sample?
hypothesis-testing mathematical-statistics confidence-interval inference t-distribution
Jane SullyJane Sully
$\begingroup$ Possibly related: stats.stackexchange.com/questions/285649/… $\endgroup$ – Henry Aug 22 '18 at 23:09
$\begingroup$ Searcher like stats.stackexchange.com/search?q=t-distribution+normal and stats.stackexchange.com/search?q=t-test+normal will include a number of relevant posts (and a lot of other hits so you may need to add further keywords to reduce the clutter). $\endgroup$ – Glen_b -Reinstate Monica Aug 23 '18 at 2:18
The normal distribution (which is almost certainly returning in later chapters of your course) is much easier to motivate than the t distribution for students new to the material. The reason why you are learning about the t distribution is more or less for your first reason: the t distribution takes a single parameter—sample size minus one—and more correctly accounts for uncertainty due to (small) sample size than the normal distribution when making inferences about a sample mean of normally-distributed data, assuming that the true variance is unknown.
With increasing sample size, both t and standard normal distributions are both approximately as robust with respect to deviations from normality (as sample size increases the t distribution converges to the standard normal distribution). Nonparametric tests (which I start teaching about half way through my intro stats course) are generally much more robust to non-normality than either t or normal distributions.
Finally, you are likely going to learn tests and confidence intervals for many different distributions by the end of your course (F, $\chi^{2}$, rank distributions—at least in their table p-values, for example).
AlexisAlexis
$\begingroup$ Thank you so much for this awesome response. I now get that t-distributions can better account for small sample sizes. However, if the sample size is large (> 30), it doesn't matter whether we use a t or standard normal distribution, right? $\endgroup$ – Jane Sully Aug 22 '18 at 19:26
$\begingroup$ they become very similar when the degrees of freedom rise. $\endgroup$ – Bernhard Aug 22 '18 at 19:37
$\begingroup$ @JaneSully Sure, but, for inference about means of normal data, it is never wrong to use the t distribution. $\endgroup$ – Alexis Aug 22 '18 at 21:13
$\begingroup$ (Also, when/if you like an answer enough to say that it has answered your question, you can "accept" it by clicking on the check mark to the top left of the question. :). $\endgroup$ – Alexis Aug 22 '18 at 21:24
$\begingroup$ I disagree with this statement: "the t distribution takes a single parameter—sample size minus one—and more correctly accounts for uncertainty due to (small) sample size than the normal distribution when making inferences about a sample mean of normally-distributed data." E.g. see this lecture: onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat414/node/173 There's no need for t-distribution on Gaussian data when standard deviation is known. The key here is whether you do or do not know the variance, not the n-1 adjustment $\endgroup$ – Aksakal Aug 23 '18 at 3:49
The reason t-distribution is used in inference instead of normal is due to the fact that the theoretical distribution of some estimators is normal (Gaussian) only when the standard deviation is known, and when it is unknown the theoretical distribution is Student t.
We rarely know the standard deviation. Usually, we estimate from the sample, so for many estimators it is theoretically more solid to use Student t distribution and not normal.
Some estimators are consistent, i.e. in layman terms, they get better when the sample size increases. Student t becomes normal when sample size is large.
Example: sample mean
Consider a mean $\mu$ of the sample $x_1,x_2,\dots,x_n$. We can estimate it using a usual average estimator: $\bar x=\frac 1 n\sum_{i=1}^nx_i$, which you may call a sample mean.
If we want to make inference statements about the mean, such as whether a true mean $\mu<0$, we can use the sample mean $\bar x$ but we need to know what is its distribution. It turns out that if we knew the standard deviation $\sigma$ of $x_i$, then the sample mean would be distributed around the true mean according to Gaussian: $\bar x\sim\mathcal N(\mu,\sigma^2/n)$, for large enough $n$
The problem's that we rarely know $\sigma$, but we can estimate its value from the sample $\hat\sigma$ using one of the estimators. In this case the distribution of the sample mean is no longer Gaussian, but closer to Student t distribution.
AksakalAksakal
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged hypothesis-testing mathematical-statistics confidence-interval inference t-distribution or ask your own question.
What does it mean to say that the t-distribution provides an "adjustment" or "estimate" for a normal distribution?
When is the distribution of $(\overline{x}-\mu)/{\rm SE}(\overline{x})$ normal and when is it $t$?
t-distribution confidence intervals for non-Gaussian data but large n
Standard Error used in Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Interval construction
Does inference from a heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix follow the t-distribution or the normal?
What is the relation between the estimated standard deviation of a normal distribution and the scale of a t distribution when applied to normal data?
Why does the t-distribution become more normal as sample size increases?
Why not use the T-distribution to estimate the mean when the sample is large?
Why is the CI in the median larger then the CI in the mean?
Why isn't the sample distribution of r normal?
How beta (coefficients) follow normal distribution?


26 June 2018: Multi-award-winning games provider Pragmatic Play has announced the landmark acquisition of Extreme Live Gaming from Novomatic Group for an undisclosed amount. Extreme Live Gaming is one of the most innovative suppliers of live casino solutions to the igaming industry.
The acquisition affirms Pragmatic Play's position as a market-leading provider, adding Extreme Live Gaming's wide array of live dealer games to its ever-expanding range of verticals alongside video slots, scratchcards and bingo.
Combining the latest in live casino technology with expert dealers and a range of unique titles including Golden Ball, Reel Roulette and Roulette 360, Extreme Live Gaming delivers desktop and mobile solutions certified by the UK Gambling Commission and the Malta Gaming Authority.
The provider operates ten tables, covering roulette, blackjack and baccarat from its studios in London.
Melissa Summerfield, Chief Commercial Officer at Pragmatic Play, said: "The name Extreme Live Gaming stands for quality and innovation, and we are delighted to enhance our multi-vertical gaming strategy with this acquisition, further cementing our position as a leading industry provider.
The deal marks a further step in Pragmatic Play's commercial expansion, having penned portfolio integration agreements with major online casino brands including The Rank Group, Mr Green, Lottoland and GVC Holdings in recent months.


Have we ever mentioned that 2000 Trees Festival is the best place on earth? Obviously, that's a trick question. Not only have we told you, but we've told you emphatically, at length, for three years. There's a reason for that and that is this: it's honestly the truth. See our full review here!


For over a year in my spare time I've been working on a abuse case against transparent proxies at my employer, and have just released my latest paper '"Socket Capable Browser Plugins Result In Transparent Proxy Abuse". When certain transparent proxy architectures are in use an attacker can achieve a partial Same Origin Policy Bypass resulting in access to any host reachable by the proxy via the use of client plug-in technologies (such as Flash) with socket capabilities. As I outline in the paper I suspect there may be difference of opinion as to who's responsibility it is to fix the issue, but the bottom line is with certain transparent proxy products and network layouts you're safe, and others you're not.
The best part of this experience wasn't the bug itself, but the great conversations that I've had with many people in the industry. Comments welcome!


NEW DELHI: Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Vice Chairman Jay Y. Lee today met India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi and reiterated Samsung's long-term commitment to the people of India as a strategic partner.
Vice Chairman Lee apprised the Prime Minister of Samsung's business operations and citizenship activities in the country. He explained how Samsung is actively partnering Prime Minister Modi's 'Make in India' and 'Digital India' initiatives, with a commitment to growing India as an important production base and central R&D hub, as Samsung continues to view India as an important strategic partner.
He said Samsung's ultimate goal is to be not just a foreign investor but a true local business in India, where Samsung will work with local communities to build a better future. Besides Make in India, Samsung is also committed to 'Make for India', an initiative to create meaningful local innovations for the Indian consumers.
In India, 'Samsung Smart Class' program is helping over 200,000 students from low income families to experience e-learning at 376 Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya schools. In addition, 18 Samsung Technical Schools are imparting skills to youth to enable their employability.
Jay Y. Lee, Vice Chairman, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., met Prime Minister Narendra Modi at his office in New Delhi on Thursday.
Lee told the Prime Minister that Samsung continues to view India as an important strategic partner, and will actively participate in Government initiatives such as 'Make in India' and 'Digital India', with a commitment to growing India as an important production base and R&D hub.


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April 14, 2012 December 27, 2014 by earthriderjudyberman In Movies, Science Fiction, Television 2 Comments
The haunting theme music, investigations of UFOs, aliens and the paranormal were the staples of "The X-Files."
FBI Agent Fox Mulder (David Duchovny), whose sister had been abducted by aliens, suspected a government cover-up. But his partner, Agent Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), was more skeptical.
Both agents were assigned to investigate unsolved cases referred to as "X-Files." During the show's run from 1993 to 2002, the science-fiction TV show moved to the big screen with "The X-Files: Fight the Future" (1998). A sequel followed, "The X-Files: I Want to Believe" (2008).
Now, a third film is being talked about. But the truth is … it's not certain if it's out there.
"There is a very active and relentless fan campaign for a last movie. I do feel like it would be a terrible shame if that didn't happen," X-Files producer Frank Spotnitz said in an interview with Sciencefiction.com.
Spotnitz said he's been talking to X-Files creator and executive producer Chris Carter about this possibility for a long time. "It feels wrong not to give it an ending around the alien colonization of Earth. … I have a clear idea of how it would go."
At times, I could empathize with Mulder. I want to believe. Other times, I'm very much like Scully. I weigh the evidence, am skeptical about "eyewitness sightings."
Is Earth the only planet in the whole galaxy that contains life? It doesn't seem logical. We're trying to contact other galaxies. Could another galaxy be trying to get in touch with us? Have some already visited Earth?
Some scoff at that notion. They dismiss accounts of Unidentified Flying Objects and/or little gray men as coming from yahoos out drinking in a swamp.
Pro-UFO supporters point to the U.S. Air Force's Project Blue Book, Area 51 and the 1947 Roswell incident as proof of credible UFO sightings and of a government cover-up about research on aliens – extraterrestrials. (Links to these stories are below.)
So it's no wonder that the show's slogans, "Trust No One" and "The Truth Is Out There" were embraced by X-Files' fans. They also were a natural fit for me. I was a reporter during the show's run. It was a natural instinct for me to question what I was told and not buy into every snake-oil salesman's smooth-talking pitch.
That's why I want to reject the idea of the series' Cigarette Smoking Man (William B. Davis). He's plotting with extraterrestrials who plan to wipe out human life. He's evil personified, willing to sell out the public. But at what cost?
If they succeeded, just how safe would his job be? "No cigarettes for you."
But, whatever the outcome, I do hope there's a third movie for the rest of us who can't get enough of the X-Files.
Do you identify more with Fox Mulder or Dana Scully?
COPYRIGHT NOTICE: Judy Berman and earthrider, 2011-15. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog's author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to (Judy Berman) and (earthrider, earth-rider.com, or earthriderdotcom) with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
Main photo credit of Fox Mulder (played by David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson)
http://www.fanpop.com/spots/the-x-files/images/19918135/title/x-files-wallpaper
Photo credit: Fox Mulder's office in "The X-Files"
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_X-Files_Office.jpg
"How Area 51 Works"
http://science.howstuffworks.com/space/aliens-ufos/area-51.htm
"Unidentified Flying Objects – Project Blue Book" and "The Roswell Incident"
http://www.archives.gov/foia/ufos.html
Area 51 Chris Carter Cigarette smoking man Dana Scully David Duchovny Fox Mulder Frank Spotnitz Gillian Andeson I Want to Believe media Project Blue Book Roswell Trust No One UFO X-Files
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2 thoughts on "The Truth Is Out There"
I really liked that show. Are you old enough to remember Outer Limits ? Twilight Zone was pretty hip for its time but kinda corny looking back from nowadays. They would draw fans even with different actors and new scripts but won't draw a big enough audience because the audience likes junk TV. Boo-waa-do-waa.
I do remember "The Outer Limits." One of my favorite TV shows was "The Twilight Zone." I play one of the stories, "The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street," for my students. (Rod Serling's take on the effect of Sen. Joseph McCarthy's hearings that led many writers, actors, producers, etc. to be blacklisted – unable to find jobs.) The kids are fascinated. Still very cool. I must have had a very strange childhood. I remember being glued to the radio when "Strange, But True" came on. Love that stuff.
Chris Kridler's Sky Diary Storm-chasing, photography and rainy-day tales.
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Long sleeve cotton flannel shirt featuring black and red check pattern. Glitter detailing in red throughout. Spread collar. Button closure. Patch pockets at chest. Single-button barrel cuffs. Tonal stitching.


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Business Risk, Catastrophes
Lightning Risk
August 14, 2008 Claire	Leave a comment
'Lightning – The Underrated Killer' is the title of a recent risk control bulletin from Willis. According to its findings, an estimated 25 million lightning flashes occur each year in the U.S. and over the past 30 years, lightning killed an average of 62 people annually, tying the average of 62 deaths per year caused by tornadoes. Yet because lightning usually claims only one or two victims at a time and does not cause mass destruction of property, it is underrated as a risk. While documented lightning injuries in the U.S. average about 300 per year, undocumented injuries are likely much higher, Willis notes. Check out further I.I.I. facts and stats on lightning.Â
Health & Safety, Market Conditions
Health Care Price Pressures Ease
Employers face an average increase of 10.6 percent in health care costs in the next 12 months, according to a survey by Aon Consulting of more than 70 leading health care insurers, representing more than 100 million insured individuals. The survey projects that health care costs will increase by 10.6 percent for HMOs, 10.5 percent for POS plans, 10.7 percent for PPOs and 10.5 percent for CDH plans. These represent the lowest trend rate increases since the study began in 2001 and are slightly lower than one year ago, when HMO cost increases were 10.9 percent, 10.8 percent for POS plans, 11.2 percent for PPOs and 10.7 percent for CDH plans. Aon notes that while the medical trend rate is still more than twice the consumer price index, the continuing slow down in health care cost rate increases is encouraging. It attributes the decrease in the medical trend rate to more employers and employees taking advantage of wellness, health promotion and consumer driven programs. Check out further I.I.I. facts and stats on health insurance.
Business Risk, Emerging Risks
Oil and Gas Risk Report
National oil companies (NOCs) are facing a riskier business environment, yet there is a gap between the importance of the risks they face and how well they are managed. A new survey from Marsh found the overall level of risk facing the industry remains high, with the NOC Risk Index score rising to 4.51 out of a possible 6 in 2008. By contrast, the Risk Management Effectiveness Index score was just 3.8. The top five risks in 2008 ranked by participants are: availability of oil and gas resources; recruitment and retention of a qualified workforce; energy price volatility; environmental impact of operations; and political/regulatory risk issues. Availability of oil and gas resources as a risk issue was rated 5.3 out of a possible 6. It was also the top-ranked risk in 2007 but with a rating of 4.9.
Business Oversights on Natural Disasters
August 7, 2008 Claire	Leave a comment
A new survey of financial executives representing the largest corporations in North America reveals that almost all companies are exposed to natural disasters, yet many of those firms are ill-prepared for such catastrophes. FM Global said the gap between levels of natural catastrophe exposure and levels of preparedness is concerning. The 2008 Natural Disaster Business Risk Study found that while 96 percent of financial executives said their companies have operations exposed to hurricanes, floods and earthquakes, less than 20 percent indicated that their firms were very concerned about such disasters negatively affecting their bottom line. For example, while 80 percent of companies have North America operations located in hurricane-exposed regions, nearly 50 percent reported they are not well-prepared for a hurricane. Nearly 80 percent are not overly concerned that a hurricane/typhoon or tropical cyclone could negatively impact their company's bottom line. FM Global said the findings suggest companies should also consider the impact a disaster could have on maintaining competitiveness, market share and corporate reputation. Check out I.I.I. facts and stats on U.S. catastrophes.
Emerging Risks, Technology
Data Loss Vulnerability
Federal prosecutors yesterday said they have charged 11 individuals allegedly involved in the hacking of nine major U.S. retailers and the theft and sale of more than 40 million credit and debit card numbers. In the words of U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey, this is "the single largest and most complex identity theft case ever charged in this country†. The case underscores not only the increasing vulnerability of individuals to identity theft, but also the potential liability faced by companies when a breach in data security occurs. The retailers targeted included: TJX Companies, BJ's Wholesale Club, OfficeMax, Boston Market, Barnes & Noble, Sports Authority, Forever 21 and DSW. The perpetrators used sophisticated computer hacking techniques, breaching security systems and installing programs that gathered enormous quantities of personal financial data, which they allegedly sold to others or used themselves. In total they caused widespread losses to banks, retailers and consumers. A risk survey conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit and sponsored by ACE European Group (ACE) last year found that one in three global businesses see loss of data as a significant threat. A trend to monitor.
More Active Hurricane Season Forecast
Colorado State University's Tropical Meteorology Project team today warned that the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season will be much more active than the average of the 1950-2000 seasons. The team upped its forecast to 17 named storms, including nine hurricanes and five major (Category 3-4-5) hurricanes. This is up from its early June prediction of 15 named storms, including eight hurricanes and four intense hurricanes. The team continues to predict an above-average probability of at least one major (Category 3-4-5) hurricane making landfall in the U.S. and in the Caribbean. It said the raised forecast is due to a combination of a very active early tropical cyclone season in the deep tropics and more favorable hurricane-enhancing sea surface temperature and sea level pressure patterns in the tropical Atlantic. The team noted that the 2008 season has already gotten off to a very fast start, with four named storms forming through July. Tropical storm Edouard this week became the fifth named storm of the season. Check out further I.I.I. facts & stats on hurricanes.Â
Edouard Etc
Texas and Louisiana are bracing for the arrival of Tropical Storm Edouard. The National Hurricane Center expects the fifth named storm of the season to strengthen to near-hurricane status before making landfall tomorrow morning. Coincidentally Colorado State University's Tropical Meteorology Project tomorrow will issue an update of its 2008 Atlantic basin hurricane forecast. By then the center of Edouard is expected to be very near the upper Texas coast or the coast of southwestern Louisiana. As of earlier today, a hurricane watch was in effect from west of Intracoastal City, Louisiana, to Port O'Connor, Texas. A hurricane watch means that hurricane conditions are possible within the watch area, generally within 36 hours. A tropical storm warning remained in effect from the mouth of the Mississippi River westward to San Luis Pass. This means that tropical storm conditions are expected within the warning area within the next 24 hours. Check out I.I.I. information on the Texas insurance market.
Alternative Risk Transfer (ART), Market Conditions
Captive Commentary
Medical malpractice continues to be the dominant line of business for U.S. captives. The performance of this line therefore can have a significant impact on the overall captive insurance market. A new report by ratings agency A.M. Best notes that medical malpractice net premiums written fell 26 percent in 2007, leading to a 15 percent drop in net premiums written for a composite of 177 captive insurance companies. However, captives overall benefited from favorable underwriting trends. Solid underwriting results in medical malpractice helped the captive composite's loss ratio to improve substantially in 2007 to 61.9, for example. Looking ahead, A.M. Best predicts that in spite of the soft market, the outlook for the captive industry is stable. Captive formations continue even as the commercial market softens and new domiciles have entered the market. A key advantage for captive insurers is also their ability to compete not just on price, but on customized services for their insureds. Check out I.I.I. updates on captives and other risk financing options and on medical malpractice.Â


Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is an incompletely understood phenomenon in which there is a problem with the function of the autonomic nervous system involving either the arms or the legs. The autonomic nervous system is the portion of the nervous system which is not under voluntary control. Examples of this include the regulation of blood pressure, heart rate and sweat production. The portion of the nervous system that is under voluntary control includes the nerves that signal muscles to contract and move portions of the body.
Patients with RSD usually experience pain out of proportion to what is usual for the type of injury or surgical procedure undertaken. The pain is often of a burning nature, and often there is causalgia. Causalgia is a heightened sensitivity of the skin of the affected part of the body. When patients suffer from causalgia, there is often significant discomfort from lightly touching, stroking or even air blowing onto the skin. Swelling and discoloration of the skin may also occur. The pain in RSD is very different from the aching pain of arthritis, or the cramping pain of carpal tunnel syndrome.
The exact cause of RSD is unknown. It can occur as a consequence of not only major trauma to a limb, but even after seemingly minor trauma such as a paper cut. Surgery, by its very nature is a form of "controlled trauma". Therefore, any patient who undergoes any surgical procedure on an extremity is at risk for the development of RSD. This is true even when the surgery is carried out without incident or complication. RSD may also follow injury to a nerve at the time of injury or surgery.
The treatment of RSD involves a series of nerve blocks and hand therapy. The prognosis varies. Some patients make full, or nearly full recovery to function, some do not.
In patients with no prior history of RSD, the risk of development of RSD is very rare. All surgery, no matter how minor, has risks associated with it. It is important to weigh the potential risks of the procedure against the benefits in order to make an informed decision.
Having read and understanding the above, my checks below indicates my past experience and medical history that I will discuss with Dr. ______________.
I have NO previous history of RSD, Causalgia, or Burning Pain in my Extremity.
I have had a history of either RSD, Causalgia, or Burning Pain.
I certify that I have read and fully understand this document and agree that I have had sufficient opportunity to ask Dr. _____________ questions concerning purpose, risks, complications and alternatives to this surgical procedure, as well as any question that I may have about reflex sympathetic dystrophy.


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text:
Q: Request.createResponse returns empty [] and 404 erro how to get comprehensive message I am using post man to test our API and if an empty array is returned I would like to get some sort of comprehensive message instead of just blank angle brackets [] and 404 message . Is there a work around for this or at least a helpful property of HttpStatusCode that I can use?
if (result.Count > 0)
{
    return Request.CreateResponse<object>(HttpStatusCode.OK, result);
}
else
{
    string[] emptyArray = new string[0];
    return Request.CreateResponse<string[]>(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, emptyArray);
    //return new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.NoContent);
}

A: You might try to use ReasonPhrase to specify reason:
   var response = new HttpResponseMessage()
    {
        StatusCode = HttpStatusCode.NoContent,
        ReasonPhrase = "Empty Result"
    };

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
L'OK Liga 2004-2005 è stata la 36ª edizione del torneo di primo livello del campionato spagnolo di hockey su pista; disputato tra il 1º ottobre 2004 e il 26 giugno 2005 si è concluso con la vittoria del , al suo diciottesimo titolo.

Stagione

Formula
L'OK Liga 2004-2005 vide ai nastri di partenza sedici club; la manifestazione fu organizzata con un girone all'italiana, con gare di andata e ritorno per un totale di 30 giornate: erano assegnati tre punti per l'incontro vinto, un punto a testa per l'incontro pareggiato e zero la sconfitta. Al termine della stagione regolare furono disputati i play-off tra le prime otto squadre classificate; la vincitrice venne proclamata campione di Spagna. Le squadre classificate dal quattordicesimo al sedicesimo posto retrocedettero direttamente in Primera División, il secondo livello del campionato.

Classifica finale stagione regolare

Legenda:
  Vincitore della Coppa del Re 2005.
  Partecipa ai play-off.
      Campione di Spagna e ammessa in CERH Champions League 2005-2006.
      Ammessa in CERH Champions League 2005-2006.
      Ammessa in Coppa CERS 2005-2006.
      Retrocessa in Primera División 2005-2006.

Note:
Tre punti a vittoria, uno a pareggio, zero a sconfitta.

Play-off

Collegamenti esterni

Edizioni del torneo di primo livello del campionato spagnolo di hockey su pista
Tornei per club di hockey su pista nel 2004
Tornei per club di hockey su pista nel 2005


David Mackenzie, USA, 2016, 102'In a collision of old and new West, two brothers Toby (Chris Pine), a straight-living, divorced father trying to make a better life for his son, and Tanner (Ben Foster), a short-tempered ex-con with a loose trigger finger, come together to rob the bank that is foreclosing on their family land. Vengeance seems to be theirs until they find themselves in the crosshairs of a relentless, foul-mouthed Texas Ranger (Jeff Bridges) looking for one last triumph on the eve of his retirement. Hell or High Water is a thrillingly good movie — a crackerjack drama of crime, fear, and brotherly love set in a sun-roasted, deceptively sleepy West Texas.


text:
Die Schwanzrassel ist eine anatomische Bildung, die ausschließlich bei den zu den Grubenottern gehörenden Gattungen der Klapperschlangen (Crotalus) und Zwergklapperschlangen (Sistrurus) vorkommt. Sie wird von den Tieren eingesetzt, um einen lauten Warnlaut gegenüber potentiellen Feinden oder anderen Bedrohungen zu produzieren.

Aufbau
Die Schwanzrassel wird bei den Klapperschlangen am Schwanzende gebildet. Es handelt sich um eine Struktur aus mehreren lose ineinander verschachtelten Hornschuppen. Dies sind ehemalige Schuppen der Schwanzspitze, die als einzige bei der Häutung nicht abgeworfen werden; entsprechend wird die Rassel bei jeder Häutung verlängert. In freier Wildbahn brechen die Endglieder der Rassel gelegentlich ab, sodass die Anzahl der Endglieder nur bei jungen Schlangen der bisherigen Anzahl der Häutungen entspricht. Diese häuten sich allerdings mehrfach im Jahr, wodurch keine Altersangabe über die Rasselglieder möglich ist.

Der Schwanz ist bei fast allen Klapperschlangen im Vergleich zu anderen Schlangen sehr kurz. Da Klapperschlangen bodenlebend sind, brauchen sie keinen Schwanz, der beim Klettern eingesetzt werden kann. Außerdem kann ein kurzer Schwanz einfacher zum Vibrieren gebracht werden, um die Schwanzrassel einzusetzen. Eine Ausnahme bildet die Langschwanz-Klapperschlange (Crotalus stejnegeri), die nur eine kurze Schwanzrassel ausbildet und nur die Schwanzspitze selbst vibrieren lässt.

Variation

Die Schwanzrassel ist in ihrer Größe arttypisch sehr unterschiedlich ausgeprägt. Sowohl wald- wie auch steppenbewohnende Arten haben meistens eine relativ groß ausgebildete Rassel. Demgegenüber haben verschiedene Inselpopulationen nur sehr kleine Rasseln und verlieren die letzten Rasselglieder; die Santa-Catalina-Klapperschlange (C. catalinensis) bildet als einzige Art gar keine Schwanzrassel.

Benutzung als Warnsignal
Die Hauptverteidigungsstrategie der Klapperschlangen ist ihre Tarnung durch Färbung und Verhalten. Zudem verstecken sie sich häufig unter Steinen oder in Gebüschen. Wenn diese passive Verteidigung nicht funktioniert, kommt es zu einer aktiven und aggressiven Verteidigung, die vor allem gegenüber großen Säugetieren eingesetzt wird. Sie rollen sich dann am Boden zusammen und benutzen ihre Schwanzrassel, um einen deutlichen Warnlaut zu produzieren, dabei fixieren sie den potentiellen Gegner und beißen im Extremfall auch zu. Die Warnung durch die sehr laute Rassel ist vor allem bei Huftieren sehr effektiv, die eher zufällig auf Klapperschlangen treffen und diese zertreten könnten.

Imitation von Klapperschlangen

Da das Verhalten und vor allem der Warnlaut der Klapperschlangen besonders gegenüber unspezialisierten Raubtieren sehr effektiv ist, gibt es eine Reihe von anderen Tieren, die dieses Geräusch der Rassel nachahmen und auf diese Weise versuchen, eine Klapperschlange zu imitieren (Mimikry). Dies kann vor allem bei verschiedenen ungiftigen Nattern beobachtet werden, die auch in der Färbung den Klapperschlangen ähneln. Zu diesen gehören etwa Arten der Amerikanischen Kletternattern (Pantherophis), die Bullennatter (Pituophis melanoleucas) und die Westliche Hakennasennatter (Heterodon nasicus). Ungewöhnlich ist das Verhalten des zu den Eulen gehörenden Kaninchenkauzes (Athene cunicularia), der in unterirdischen Bauten lebt und bei Gefahr ebenfalls das Rasseln der Klapperschlangen nachahmt.

Die vor allem in Afrika vorkommenden Sandrasselottern der Gattung Echis haben unabhängig von den Klapperschlangen einen ähnlichen Warnlaut entwickelt. Bei ihnen sind die Körperschuppen durch hohe Kiele sehr rau und durch ein Aneinanderreiben entsteht ein laut rasselnder Warnlaut. Ähnlich warnt auch die asiatische Halysotter, die an der Unterseite des Schwanzes einen Hornstachel besitzt, den sie schnell über den Boden vibrieren lässt.

Literatur
 Chris Mattison: Rattler! A natural history of Rattlesnakes. Blandford, London 1996, ISBN 0-7137-2534-6, S. 23–27.

Anatomie der Reptilien


text:
The Close, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex, RH17 6TX
134.90 sq m
Guide price £590,000(17.430.374.852 ₫)
The CloseArdingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex, RH17 6TX
Stylish interiors
Open plan contemporary kitchen designed by Hamilton Stone
Good sized garden
Haywards Heath station approximately 3.4 miles
Three reception rooms, four bedrooms, two bathrooms
Beautifully presented semi-detached cottage on a private close in a popular village
A beautifully presented and recently extended semi-detached cottage, with brick elevations under a tiled roof.
The property is set is a slightly elevated position, with views to the rear over the surrounding village to the countryside beyond, and offers good sized accommodation arranged over two floors.
The property has been updated and is well-presented, with some original features including two 1940s fireplaces (not currently used) complemented by modern décor and features including double glazing to the extension.
The open plan kitchen/breakfast/family room is a particular feature of the house, having been cleverly designed by Hamilton Stone. The kitchen and utility areas have a stunning contemporary finish, with Corian surfaces and soft close units. Integrated appliances include a dishwasher and a pair of wine coolers, and there is space for a range cooker. The room runs the full length of the house, and has French doors to the rear garden, a space for seating and space for table and chairs.
To the left of the entrance hall is the sitting room, which has sliding doors opening to the dining room, creating a flexible space that can be used as one room if required. The room is light, with large windows and French doors opening to the terrace. A cloakroom completes the ground floor.
Situated on the first floor are four bedrooms (one en suite), all with built in storage, and a bathroom.
The floorplans offer an excellent overview of the property, please refer to them for the full layout.
The property has the benefit of a gravelled driveway to the front, offering off street parking. The rear garden is fully enclosed, with a gate to the side offering access.
Adjacent to the house is spacious paved terrace, providing an excellent space for eating al fresco; a hedge screens the remainder of the garden which is laid to lawn. There is a timber storage shed.
The stylish interiors make this a really attractive home - and it's within good reach of this thriving village.
Hannah Riches Property agent
Situated on a private close on the southern side of Ardingly, a popular village to the north of Haywards Heath.
Ardingly has good range of local amenities; comprehensive shopping and entertainment facilities are available at Haywards Heath (3.4 miles) or Crawley (10 miles).
There are many leisure activities available in the area, with bridle paths and footpaths across the surrounding countryside. There is sailing at Ardingly and golf across the county. Sussex has a vibrant cultural and arts scene, with world-class opera at Glyndebourne, and the annual Brighton Festival presenting a huge programme of theatre, dance, classical music and literary events.
Transport links: there are frequent rail services to London from Haywards Heath, London Bridge/Victoria from 42 minutes. The A23/M23 lies to the west, giving access to Gatwick airport and the coast; to the east the A22 links to the M25.
Schools: There are many highly regarded schools in the area, both state and private, including St Peter's CEP School in the village, Ardingly College, Cumnor House, Great Walstead and Worth School.
Services: Gas fired central heating. All mains services.
Outgoings: Mid Sussex District Council, 01444 458166. Council tax band D(i).
Directions: From the centre of Haywards Heath head north down Perrymount Road, and at the roundabout take the second exit onto Mill Green Road. Turn right onto College Road; at the next mini roundabout take the first exit onto Portsmouth Lane. Keep forward for about 2.5 miles, The Close is on the left. Follow the close to the end and number 9 is on the left.
Rohan Vines
Hannah Riches


I vaguely thought of doing a new year's resolution post a few days ago, and decided against it. Partially because so there are so many already out there. Mainly because I'm so bad at keeping new year's resolutions that I've pretty much stopped even trying to make them, at least in the traditional sense.
For the last few years, instead of trying to add in something new each year, I've tried to simplify life a bit and shed some of the layers that prevent me from being the wife, mother and Christian I want to be. With so many things competing for attention in life, I think this process of decluttering your soul is important not only if we want to have be meaningful presence in the life of our loved ones, but also if we want to be personally fulfilled.
1. Identify your priorities. I don't mean the task-oriented priorities, because these change all the time. I mean the underlying priorities and motivations that define your life. I try to triage everything into the following order: God first, family second, everything else third. In the "everything else" category, I try to be realistic about my expectations and what I can achieve to avoid unnecessary frustration.
2. Let go of unnecessary stuff. It's OK not to be everything for everyone. When life does get too crowded, some things from the "everything else" category have be let go of, or at least put on the back burner for a while. Things like spending too much time online, or watching too much TV, cramming in too many after school and work activities, or trying to keep up with too many hobbies. It's always hard to do, but I've never regretted the times I've stepped back from social media or let projects rest for the sake of having more time to be with my husband and kids and being able to do well the things that matter to me most.
3. Live in the truth. This gets rid of all the worries about ourselves that come from being afraid of how others perceive us, beating ourselves up for real or imaginary faults, or over exaggerating our own importance, whether for good or ill, in a given situation. If we are able to primarily recognize our value in God's eyes and secondarily maintaining a mature awareness of our own faults so they don't destroy us behind our back, we can live simply and freely.
Sometimes less is more. Remembering our priorities, letting go of a few things, and living in the truth before ourselves and God can significantly free up our minds and hearts for the things that really matter in life.