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Studies on Hot Corrosion Reactions Involving Nickel Oxide and Sodium Chloride in Cl2 (g) Environment at 1100 and1200K
S. Khalid. Hasan ands M. Mobin
Keywords: Hot corrosion, Nickel oxide, XRD, SEM, Sodium chloride
The work presented in this paper deals with the results of studies on reactions of Nickel oxide (NiO) with sodium chloride in flowing Cl2 (g) at 1100 and 1200K. The main objective of the work was to investigate the nature of chemical reactions between nickel oxide and NaCl on the basis of reaction kinetics and the morphologies of the reaction products. The oxides taken into account for the studies were initial scaling products during oxidation of industrial alloys and invariably involved in hot corrosion reactions in presence of molten salts. The thermo gravimetric studies were carried out as a function of NaCl in the mixture. XRD analyses were used to identify the constituents present in the reaction products. Morphologies of the reaction products were discussed on the basis of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. Quantitative estimation of soluble metal species was carried out using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The formation of products was investigated by thermodynamic computation of free energies of reaction.
ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 14, Preprint 19 submitted 17 May 2011 Studies on Hot Corrosion Reactions Involving Nickel Oxide and Sodium Chloride in Cl2 (g) Environment at 1100 and1200K *S. Khalid. Hasan and **M. Mobin * Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Technology for Women, GIDA, Gorakhpur, India **Department of Applied Chemistry, A.M.U., Aligarh, India ABSTRACT The work presented in this paper deals with the results of studies on reactions of Nickel oxide (NiO) with sodium chloride in flowing Cl2 (g) at 1100 and 1200K. The main objective of the work was to investigate the nature of chemical reactions between nickel oxide and NaCl on the basis of reaction kinetics and the morphologies of the reaction products. The oxides taken into account for the studies were initial scaling products during oxidation of industrial alloys and invariably involved in hot corrosion reactions in presence of molten salts. The thermo gravimetric studies were carried out as a function of NaCl in the mixture. XRD analyses were used to identify the constituents present in the reaction products. Morphologies of the reaction products were discussed on the basis of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. Quantitative estimation of soluble metal species was carried out using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The formation of products was investigated by thermodynamic computation of free energies of reaction. Key words: Hot corrosion, Nickel oxide, XRD, SEM, Sodium chloride. Introduction 1 © 2011 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 14, Preprint 19 submitted 17 May 2011 Hot corrosion is a major and limiting problem in numerous industrial applications involving combustion processes e.g. energy production, waste incineration, gas turbine and recovery boilers etc. NaCl is one of the important hot corrosion inducing constituents and a major component of salt deposits that accumulate on the alloy surface in the field. The role of NaCl in the hot corrosion in the gas turbine operating in a marine environment has been the subject of several investigations [1- 4]. In harsh environments, such as heat engines and heat exchangers, the structural materials are subjected to high temperature corrosive gases and condensed phases such as NaCl and Na2SO4 [5]. Under the appropriate conditions these salts deposit on the substrate, leading to severe hot corrosion attack and accelerated degradation of materials [6]. At high temperature conventional alloys are invariably attacked by NaCl. Earlier published work [1, 7] had demonstrated that Cr2O3-forming alloys are particularly susceptible to attack in the presence of NaCl forming a blistered and cracked surface on the alloy. The corrosion rate generally increases with temperature. It is generally believed that NaCl attacks the alloy and form volatile chlorides and oxy-chlorides. Some studies on NaCl-induced hot corrosion of metal oxides in O2 has been reported [8]. The presence of NaCl deposits accelerated the oxidation of TiAl; NaCl reacted with oxygen. The porous scales formed at the high temperature in the presence of NaCl deposits may have resulted from the growth of oxides in the form of whiskers or volatile phases. Deanhardt and Stern [9] measured the solubility products of Ni, Co and Y oxides in molten NaCl (1100K) by coulometric titration of the respective chlorides (NiCl2, CoCl2 and YCl3) with electrochemically generated oxide ion, using a stabilized zirconia (SZ) electrode as an oxide pump. In some recent work the study of NaCl-induced hot corrosion of Fe-Mn-Al2 © 2011 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 14, Preprint 19 submitted 17 May 2011 C alloys were carried out. The results showed that NaCl accelerated the oxidation of Fe– Mn–Al–C alloys. The hot corrosion behavior depends on the environment temperature and the contents of aluminum and chromium [10]. The mechanism of the NaCl-induced corrosion at high temperature and the effect of alloying elements were investigated in Nb-bearing ferritic stainless steels [11]. The results of study of the high temperature interactions of some transition and non transition metal oxides and carbides in an atmosphere of pure oxygen have been published [8, 12]. Corrosion behavior of electrodeposited Ni/Al.O composite coating covered with a NaCl salt film at 800 °C has recently been published [13, 14]. The work presented in this paper deals with the reaction of nickel oxides (NiO) with NaCl in flowing chlorine gas atmosphere at temperature relevant to hot corrosion attack. The main objective of the work is to investigate the nature of chemical reaction between nickel oxide and NaCl on the basis of reaction kinetics and the morphology of the reaction products. Experimental Materials Methods NiO and NaCl (AR grade products, ~80 mesh size) were dried in an oven at 200°C for about 48 hours. Dried and powdered NaCl and NiO were mixed in different molar ratios of NaCl and oxide (1:2, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2 and 2:1) and the mixtures were put in a die (diameter 1.4 cm) and pressed into compact tablets using a hydraulic press ( pressure: 107 Kg m−2) 3 © 2011 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 14, Preprint 19 submitted 17 May 2011 Oxidation studies The kinetics of the reaction between NaCl and nickel oxide was studied by monitoring weight change as a function of time and mole fraction of NaCl at 1100 and 1200 K in a constant stream of pure Cl2 gas. The reaction was performed on a hot stage Sartorius electronic microbalance. A 20-hour oxidation run was adequate to provide reaction products at steady state, which was indicated by a no change in weight for a considerable period of exposure time. To obtain a sufficient number of samples of the reaction products for a particular system, 3 silica boats, and each containing compacts of the same ratio were placed in a horizontal furnace for oxidation under almost identical conditions. After completion of the oxidation, the compacts were taken out and quenched in air and weighed. Out of three samples, one was mounted for morphological studies (XRD and SEM), the second for qualitative chemical analysis, conductivity and pH determination and the third was retained for quantitative determination of soluble metal species. X-ray diffraction studies The X-ray diffraction studies were carried out using a Philips X-ray differactometer (Model PW 1730 X-ray generator with PW 1710 microprocessor and KSR 43 printer) with Cu Kα target and appropriate filter. Metallographic studies Metallographic studies were carried out on a computerized Leitz photometallurgical microscope (Metallux-2). The reaction products present in the form of 4 © 2011 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 14, Preprint 19 submitted 17 May 2011 compacts were mounted in paper moulds using Araldite as a cold setting resin. The mounted tablets were abraded sequentially on 320 and 600 grit SiC paper followed by polishing with 6µ diamond paste using kerosene as the lapping liquid. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies SEM studies were performed using a Philips 505 electron microscope. Polished specimens were coated with colloidal gold emulsion and their structures were examined through the microscope. The desired portions of the microstructure of specimen were photographed at various magnifications. pH measurements The compacts of reaction products were dissolved in demineralised water and the pH of aqueous solution of the reaction products were measured using Elico CM 180 pH meter. Estimation of the soluble metals An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model GBC 902) was used to determine the concentration of the different metals in the aqueous solution of the reaction products for NaCl-NiO systems. The compacts of the reaction products were weighed and dissolved in fixed volume of demineralised water. The mixture was heated near to boiling followed by filtration through Whatman filter paper. The filtrate, with appropriate dilution, was used to determine the concentration of metals in the solution. Results and Discussion Thermo gravimetric studies Reaction kinetics 5 © 2011 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 14, Preprint 19 submitted 17 May 2011 Figure-1 represents the total weight change (in percent) versus time plots obtained during the reaction of 1:1 mixture of nickel oxide and NaCl at 1100 and 1200 K. The salient features of the results from reaction kinetics for the system were given as; The system at 1100 K showed a rapid and continuous weight loss up to a period of 8 hours followed by negligible change and at 1200 K up to 13 hours weight loss was observed followed by negligible weight loss. The weight loss incurred by NiO-NaCl system was mainly due to the evaporation of NaCl. The other processes which account for the weight loss were (i) thermal decomposition of NaCl to Na2O and subsequent expulsion of Cl2 gas, and (ii) evaporation of volatile nickel chlorides formed during the reaction. The magnitude of weight loss depends upon several factors e.g. the reaction temperature, thermodynamic feasibility of reactions, kinetics of the reaction and nature of the oxides. At high temperature, NaCl in presence of oxygen thermally decomposed to Na2O to form reaction product sodium nickelate NaNiO2. It can be represented by the following reactions. 2 NaCl + ½ O2 → Na2O + 2 NiO + ½ O2 → Na2O + Cl2 2 NaNiO2 The chlorine gas may also react with metal oxide to form metal chlorides. NiO+ 3Cl2 → NiCl2 + ½O2 6 © 2011 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 14, Preprint 19 submitted 17 May 2011 At high temperature the reaction of nickel oxide and sodium chloride can be explained as follows, initially the surface of the reaction mixture was the region of high oxygen activity and formation of sodium nickelate was therefore the predominant reaction. However, with the passage of chlorine gas the activity of chlorine increased at the surface of the reaction mixture and formation of chloride was favored. The formation of sodium nickelate (NaNiO2) and nickel chloride (NiCl2) were inferred from the following results; (i) identification of solid reaction products by X-ray diffraction analysis, (ii) photo micrographs of the reaction products showing phase structure of oxide/chloride/mixed oxide systems, (iii) standard free energy calculation (Table-1) and (iv) pH studies. Influence of salt Figures-2 showed plots of total percent weight loss at steady state versus mole fraction of NaCl in the mixture of NaCl-NiO. The total weight change was recorded after heating for 20 hours, a mixture of NaCl and nickel oxide of known composition in Cl2 (g) at 1100 and 1200 K. No further change in weight was observed after 20 hours. The results of the study of weight change versus mole fraction of NaCl for NaCl-NiO system can be generalized as, at 1100 and 1200 K, there were linear trends in weight loss curves. Metallographic, SEM and XRD Studies The representative scanning electron micrographs for the reaction products are shown in figure-3. The different constituents as indentified in the reaction product of 1:1 mixture of nickel oxide and NaCl by X-ray diffraction analysis were NiO, NaNiO2 and 7 © 2011 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 14, Preprint 19 submitted 17 May 2011 NiCl2. The salient features of the results obtained from the above studies are generalized as the photomicrographs of the equimolar reaction products at 1100 and 1200 K indicated the presence of Ni-rich multiphase structure, namely NiO and/orNiCl2 (dark grey) and NaNiO2 (light grey). Some free NaCl were also present in the micrographs (whitish grey). Variation in pH Figure-4 showed the plot of the pH of the aqueous solution of the reaction products versus mole fraction of NaCl. The solution of the reaction products for this system was found acidic which indicated the presence of nickel chloride as a predominant species which overweighs the effect of the presence of sodium nickelate. Estimation of soluble Metal Species The concentration of water soluble metal species in the reaction products of NiONaCl was determined as a function of NaCl in the reaction mixture. Figure 5 showed the variation of concentration of soluble species versus mole fraction of NaCl. A decrease in the concentration of soluble metal species with increasing amount of NaCl in the reaction mixture was noticed till the minimum was reached. The solubility of nickel oxide was presumed due to oxide fluxing. In case of NiO-NaCl system (at 1100 and 1200 K) maximum oxide fluxing was noticed at lower concentration of NaCl. Conclusions 1. The high temperature reaction of sodium chloride and nickel oxide in Cl2 gas environment lead to invariably weight loss due to evaporation NaCl, Thermal 8 © 2011 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 14, Preprint 19 submitted 17 May 2011 decomposition of NaCl with subsequent expulsion of Cl2 gas and evaporation volatile NiCl2. 2. Water soluble species such as NaNiNO2 and NiCl2 were identified. 3. The acidic nature of the aqueous solution of reaction products was assumed due to presence of nickel chloride as a predominant species. Figure-1 Plot of total percent weight loss versus time for NiO-NaCl system (molar ratio 1:1) at 1100 and 1200K. 9 © 2011 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 14, Preprint 19 submitted 17 May 2011 Figure-2 Plots of total percent weight loss versus mole fraction of NaCl in the reaction mixture at 1100 and 1200K. Figure-3 A SEM pictures of the reaction products of NiO-NaCl system oxidized for 20 hours at 1100K (2500 X) 10 © 2011 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 14, Preprint 19 submitted 17 May 2011 Figure-4 B SEM pictures of the reaction products of NiO-NaCl system oxidized for 20 hours at 1200K (1550 X) Figure-4 Plots of the pH of the aqueous solution of the reaction product versus mole fraction of NaCl for NiO-NaCl system at 1100 and 1200K. 11 © 2011 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Figure-5 Volume 14, Preprint 19 submitted 17 May 2011 Plots of the metal ion concentration (ppm weight) versus mole fraction of NaCl for NiO-NaCl system at 1100 and 1200K. Reaction ∆G°° (Kcal mol−1 ) NiO (s) + Cl2(g) → NiCl2 (s) + ½ O2 (g) − 37.129 Na2O (s) + 2NiO (s) + ½O2 → NaNiO2 (s) − 53.183 Table-1 Standard free energy of the reaction, ∆G° at 1200K [15]. 12 © 2011 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 14, Preprint 19 submitted 17 May 2011 References 1. Conde, J. F. G., in proceedings of the AGARD Conference on High Temperature corrosion of Aerospace Alloys, AGARD-C-120 Copenhagen, Denmark, (1972) 204. 2. Johnson D. J., Whittle D. P. and J. Stringer, Corrosion Sci., (1975) 15, 721. 3. Bourhis Y. and C. St. John, Oxid. Metals, (1975) 9, 507,. 4. McKee D. W., D. A. Shores and K. L. Luthra, J. Electrochem. Soc., (1978) 125, 411,. 5. Guangming L, Meishuan L, Yanchun Z, Yaming Z. Hot corrosion behavior of Ti3SiC2 in the mixture of Na2SO4–NaCl melts. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. (2005) 25(7), 10331039,. 6. Kofstad P, High Temperature Corrosion. Elsevier Applied Science, London and NewYork, (1988) 465. 7. Hancock P., in Proceedings of the 1974 gas Turbine Materials in the Marine Environments Conference, (1974) 225, M. C. I. C. report. 8. Mobin M., A.U. Malik and Sultan Ahmad, High temperature interactions of metal oxides with NaCl, Journal of the Less Common Metals, Volume 160 Issue 1, (1990) 1-14,. 9. Deanhardt M. L. and Stern K. H., J. Electrochem. Soc., (1981)128, 2577. 10. Wang C-J and Chang Y-C, NaCl-induced hot corrosion of Fe–Mn–Al–C alloys, Materials, Chemistry and Physics, vol.76, issue 2, (2002) 151-161. 11. Kato Yasushi, Hirano Masahiro, Furukimi Osamu and Ujiro Takumi, Effects of alloying elements on NaCl-induced hot corrosion resistance of stainless steels, Proceedings. JSAE Annual Congress, 114-06; (2006) 5-8. 12. Mobin M., A. U. Malik, J. Alloys and Compounds, 186, 1, (1992) 1-14. 13 © 2011 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 13. Volume 14, Preprint 19 submitted 17 May 2011 L. M. Chang, J. H. Liu, R. J. Zhang, Corrosion behaviour of electrodeposited Ni/Al.O composite coating covered with a NaCl salt film at 800 °C, Materials and Corrosion, (2010). 14. P. Muhamed Ashraf and S.M.A. Shibli, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 484, Issues 1-2 (2009), 477-482 15. Janaf Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS, Second ed. (1971) 37,. 14 © 2011 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work.


Closing apps in iOS 6 was different that what is now in iOS 7. Shown in the video below is the old clumsy way of closing apps on the old iPads.
Closing the apps prevents from taking up precious memory, resources and battery charge. Simply quit of the screen with the closing arm doesn't work. The Application is still running.
Two times pressing the home button brings the bar on the bottom of the screen.
If you have many applications, you may need to slide to find the one you want to close.
With holding of the finger, you tell iOS that you want to have closing minuses on the applications icons.
Step 4: The Applications Icons Will Start to Shake with a Minus on the Top Left Part.
Animation showing that the applications are now ready to be closed.
Step 5: Press on the Icon Again to Close the Apps You Want.
That's it. With the close of the app it will be removed from the memory in full. No longer slowdown because of too many opened apps. Enjoy you iPad, iPhone or iPad mini. You shall always try to keep your iOS clean, so it doesn't become mess in the future.


Celebrate Leonardo da Vinci with us and stay in our hotel next to the Dome of Florence and the Uffizi Gallery, for a rich weekend dedicated to culture!
"Leonardo da Vinci a Firenze: 500 anni dalla morte": one of the most important events of Florence for 2019! Within easy reach of Hotel Il Guelfo Bianco!
Florence, the cradle of the Renaissance, has an indissoluble tie with Leonardo and his artworks, celebrated by three fundamental exhibits dedicated to his master – Il Verrocchio – to the Atlantic Code and to botany, in the amazing settings of Palazzo Vecchio and Palazzo Strozzi.
Leonardo da Vinci naturally awaits you also in the Uffizi Gallery, where "La Nuova Sala" is the space that hosts three of his works realised for holy places – the "Adoration of the Magi", the " Annunciation" and the "Baptism of Christ" – in a suggestive and innovative context, that creats an almost perfect vision.
Moreover, we suggest you to visit the Galilei Museum, where you can find several things regarding Leonardo, for the occasion of the celebration of the 500 years from his death, you can find the animates vision (with the most recent multimedia techniques) of the bronze horseback statue commissioned by Francesco Sforza.
So, in Florence you will find events, shows and exhibitions ready to make you discover the importance of such an eclectic artist, really universal, like Leonardo da Vinci!
If you end up feeling passionate about the artwork of Da Vinci, you will be really able to unveil the history of our city and his territory, in the site of Anchiano, in the municipality of Vinci, where the "Genius" was born in 1452, in a house you can still visit.
Treat yourself with a fun and relaxing cultural weekend in Florence, celebrating the Renaissance Genius of Leonardo, booking your room with us, at Hotel Il Guelfo Bianco, near the Uffizi Gallery and the Dome of Florence!
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Until July 14th the artworks of master Andrea del Verrocchio at Palazzo Strozzi! Read more about it!
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OUR WELCOME DRINK: FARM TO TABLE APERITIF IN FLORENCE!
Be ready to enjoy a farm to table aperitif in Florence, at our Hotel Il Guelfo Bianco. A wide selection of wines, beers and soft drinks, accompanied by organic fresh products.
Romantic hotels such as Il Guelfo Bianco are the perfect choice for those wanting to celebrate the important moments of their love story.
Здесь вы найдете расположение отеля Il Guelfo Bianco, расположенного в центре Флоренции, всего в 10 минутах ходьбы от центрального железнодорожного вокзала и всего в 25 минутах езды от аэропорта.
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Enjoy our Special hotel treat near Piazza Duomo in occasion of the Florence Marathon 2018, November 25th 2018.
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THE BREAKFAST TEAM AND A FOOD MILES BUFFET!
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'IL CONTENZIOSO' BY RANALDI IN OUR ART HOTEL IN FLORENCE CENTER!
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[The doctors] are morons. This body has a different metabolism. This body hates dragging around the chains they wrapped around it. Proof? At 099.00 I think clearer, look better, feel stronger. When I reach the next goal, it will be all that, and more.
Goal number two is 095.00, the perfect point of balance. At 095.00, I will be pure. Light enough to walk with my head up, meaty enough to fool everyone. And 095.00, I will have the strength to stay in control.
At 090.00, I will soar. That's Goal Number Three.
To the non-sufferer, this thinking is distorted and scary, but to anyone with a tendency toward anorexia, it may sound all too reasonable. Lia's thoughts about herself may be far more triggering than her calorie-counting or meal-avoiding strategies — they may convince girls that their own disordered thoughts are normal or even correct.
Some have argued that the book's triggering qualities are mitigated by how terrifying its portrayal of anorexia and bulimia is. Jack Martin of the New York Public Library told the Times, "It's so horrific I don't think anybody would pick this book up and consider it a manual." It's true that the manner of Cassie's death — a ruptured esophagus caused by her bulimia — is incredibly disturbing, and that the deeper Lia descends into anorexia and cutting the more she feels self-loathing rather than strength. But a Times commenter says, "it doesn't matter if you describe the 'horrors.' i'll read right past it and go for what i want," and this may be true for many sufferers.
The real reason Wintergirls is a worthwhile book isn't that it will scare people away from eating disorders — it might do the opposite. It's that Anderson offers insight into a difficult subject, one that is much-discussed but frequently misunderstood. Especially strong is her treatment of Lia's family. While at first it's tempting to think that Lia's parents' divorce "caused" her eating disorder, the book ultimately resists such easy conclusions. Lia's mother, father, stepmother, and stepsister all come across as complex characters who influence Lia for both good and bad, and whose relationships with Lia will all be important as she begins her recovery. Anderson renders anorexia as a complicated disease with many interrelated causes, but she also emphasizes the importance of family in Lia's treatment — both these messages are worth sharing.
Cynthia M. Bulik, director of an eating disorder program, may have the best take on the book. She told the Times, "Books such as these should be read with careful parental supervision. In the best of all possible worlds, this could be a conversation starter between parents and teens rather than a dark world that teens enter alone reading the book in isolation." Read without discussion or supervision, Wintergirls could indeed be triggering. But read as part of a conversation — or, perhaps, read by parents and other family members — the book could help make some teens' worlds a little less dark.
Earlier: Are Teen Girls Really That Fragile?
Are Teen Girls Really That Fragile?
Today the New York Times asks: does this YA novel about eating disorders serve as an E.D. primer?


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Our Soju
"On Being American
From all of us at YOBO
We didn't ask for this. Nor did we do anything to deserve it. Or earn it. We are American not by our own choice, but by our parents' choice. A choice they made generations ago, thousands of miles away from here.
Over oceans, past continents, they saw in America a place of promise and possibility. And they chose it, without ever having set foot on its soil, as their new home. Not only for themselves. But for their children. And their children's children. And every generation thereafter. They gathered up their families and their possessions, set sail, and arrived ready to start their lives all over again. They took what jobs they could find. They worked hard. And many went on to start small businesses of their own.
Our own children might struggle to grasp the magnitude of that choice. Sure, they might owe their identity as New Jerseyans or Californians to us. But it is our mothers and fathers to whom we owe our identity as Americans.
As second-generation immigrants, we know fully well that the successes we enjoy today are made possible by the sacrifices our parents made long ago, which makes it especially hard for us to see so many minority-owned small business owners struggling to make it through this pandemic.
We pledge 100% of our company's profits to COVID-19 restaurant and food services relief until March 1st of 2021.
As a result, we're pledging 100% of our company's profits to COVID-19 restaurant and food services relief from now through March 1st of 2021. Donations will be made to organizations serving minority small business owners, struggling restaurants, and the workers who support them.
We know that dedicating the profits from a small soju company might not be enough to make a big difference. But we're going to try.
Change, Love, and Hope.
From January 1st, 2021 to March 1st, 2021, our company will donate 100% of its profits to COVID-19 small business, restaurant and food-services relief. Find some of our COVID-19's heroes here:
Rethink Food
Independent Restaurants Coalition
ROAR – Relief Opportunities for All Restaurants
If you have an organization that you think we should work with, send us a note at info@yobosoju.com
Follow @YoboSoju
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Winning Soju.
Questions? Contact us at
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VATICAN CITY, FEB 16, 2005 (VIS) - The Holy Father appointed:
- Bishop Jaime Vieira Rocha of Caico, Brazil, as bishop of Campina Grande (area 20,051, population 830,118, Catholics 720,000, priests 55, permanent deacons 2, religious 173), Brazil.
- Fr. Edson de Castro Homem, pastor of the parishes of "Nossa Senhora da Luz," "Nossa Senhora de Fatima" and "Sao Lourenco", as auxiliary bishop of the archdiocese of Sao Sebastiao do Rio de Janeiro (area 1,261, population 5,857,904, Catholics 4,059,527, priests 582, permanent deacons 34, religious 1,575), Brazil. The bishop-elect was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1949 and ordained a priest in 1977.
NER:NEA/.../VIEIRA:DE CASTRO VIS 20050216 (110)
Published by VIS - Holy See Press Office - Wednesday, February 16, 2005 0 commenti
CONSISTORY TO VOTE ON SEVERAL CAUSES OF CANONIZATION
VATICAN CITY, FEB 16, 2005 (VIS) - On Thursday, February 24 at 11 a.m. in the Clementine Hall, there will be a Public Ordinary Consistory for the canonization of the following Blesseds: Jozef Bilczewski, bishop; Gaetano Catanoso, priest, founder of the Congregation of the Veronica Sisters of the Holy Face; Zygmunt Gorazdowski, priest, founder of the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Joseph; Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga, priest of the Society of Jesus; Felice Da Nicosia (Filippo Giacomo Armoroso), religious of the Franciscan Order of Friars Minor Capuchin.
OCL/CONSISTORY:CANONIZATION/... VIS 20050216 (100)
MAY GOD REWARD SISTER LUCIA FOR HER SERVICE TO THE CHURCH
VATICAN CITY, FEB 16, 2005 (VIS) - Made public yesterday afternoon was a Message from the Holy Father to Bishop Albino Mamede Cleto of Coimbra, Portugal, which was read out at the funeral of Sister Lucia who died in that city on Sunday at the age of 97. Sister Lucia was the last survivor of the three children who saw the Virgin Mary in an apparition at Fatima, Portugal, in 1917.
Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, archbishop of Genoa, Italy, presided at the funeral Mass as the Pope's special envoy.
"For Lucia," the Pope writes in his Message, "the visit by the Virgin to her and to her cousins Francesco and Jacinta, at Fatima in 1917, was the beginning of a special mission to which she remained faithful to the end of her days. Sister Lucia leaves us an example of great faithfulness to the Lord, and of joyous obedience to His divine will."
The Holy Father recalls with emotion his various meetings with the religious and "the ties of spiritual friendship which strengthened over time. I felt myself supported by the daily gift of her prayers, especially during difficult moments of trial and suffering. May the Lord give her ample reward for the great and hidden service she offered the Church.
"I like to think that Sister Lucia, in her transit from earth to heaven, was welcomed by the One whom she saw at Fatima so many years ago. May the Most Holy Virgin now accompany the soul of this devoted daughter to the beatific encounter with the divine Bridegroom."
On the eve of her death, the Holy Father had sent a fax to Sister Lucia in which he expressed his closeness and gave assurances of his prayers that she might "experience this moment of pain, suffering and sacrifice with the Paschal spirit" of death and resurrection.
John Paul II met Sister Lucia, a Carmelite nun, on three occasions: on May 13 in the years 1982, 1991 and 2000. The first encounter took place exactly a year after the attempt on the Pope's life in St Peter's Square in which he almost died. On that occasion, the Pope went to Fatima to give thanks to the Virgin Mary for saving him, and ordered that, as a sign of gratitude, the bullet found in his jeep after the assassination attempt be set in the crown of the image of the Virgin of Fatima.
The second meeting, in 1991, took place on the tenth anniversary of the assassination attempt. The last occasion on which the Pope and Sister Lucia met personally was on May 13, 2000, when the Holy Father beatified her cousins, the shepherd children Francisco and Jacinta, and Cardinal Secretary of State Angelo Sodano read a message concerning the third secret of Fatima.
MESS/FUNERAL SISTER LUCIA/COIMBRA:CLETO VIS 20050216 (470)
MAY GOD REWARD SISTER LUCIA FOR HER SERVICE TO THE...


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Q: How can DC-magnetic fields be produced with the aid of currents? How can DC-magnetic fields be produced with the aid of currents? What's a possible theoretical explanation for this, and how does one achieve this in the real world? What are the maximum fields that could be produced this way?

A: Any conductor carrying DC current produces a unidirectional magnetic field. A brief explanation of the phenomenon is given here: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magcur.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: Isomorphisms between Symmetric Groups, GL(R), and Dihedral Groups Could someone explain why $S_{n}$ is isomorphic to a subgroup of $GL_{n}(\mathbb{R})$?
I've learned that groups with different sizes cannot be isomorphic, but also two groups that are the same size are not necessarily isomorphic. Also I know there is only 1 group with three elements, and there is only 1 group with two elements. So $S_{2}$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$. But what about $S_{3}$ and $D_{3}$?
Thanks in advance.

Edit
In order to show that $S_{n}$ is isomorphic to a subgroup of $GL_{n}(\mathbb{R})$ which contains matrices with exactly one 1 in each row and column, I need to find a function $\phi$ such that $\phi(\sigma \tau) = \phi(\sigma)\phi(\tau)$ and show that $\phi$ is injective.
I'm a bit lost as to how to show the homomorphism and one-to-one property is satisfied.

Further Edit
Let $A, B$ be the permutation matrices you mentioned and $\sigma, \tau \in S_{n}$. Then $Ae_{j} = e_{\sigma(j)}$ and $Be_{j} = e_{\tau(j)}$. ($e_{j}$ is the standard basis vector)
I need to show: $\phi(\sigma \tau) = \phi(\sigma)\phi(\tau)$. If I let $A = \phi(\sigma)$ and $B = \phi(\tau)$, then I want to show $\phi(\sigma \tau) = AB$ right?

A: $S_n$ is isomorphic to a subgroup of $GL_n(\mathbb{R})$, namely the subgroup consisting of permutation matrices (matrices with exactly one $1$ in each row and column and zeros elsewhere).
EDIT : To prove the above fact, you should think about the meaning of the symmetric group.  Elements of $S_n$ should permute the elements of the set $\{1,\ldots,n\}$.  To figure out which permutation matrix corresponds to an element of $S_n$, you need to figure out how a permutation matrix permutes the elements of $\{1,\ldots,n\}$.  Here's a hint : look at what a permutation matrix does to the coordinate vectors.
This will give you your map from $S_n$ to $GL_n(\mathbb{R})$; at that point; checking that it is a homomorphism should be easy.


Data on industrial production for July will be released at 9:15 a.m. ET.
Data on e-commerce retail sales for the second quarter will be released at 10:00 a.m. ET.
The index of leading economic indicators for July is schedule for release at 10:00 a.m. ET.
Dallas Federal Reserve Bank President Robert Kaplan is set to speak in Lubbock, Texas at 1:00 p.m. ET.
Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank President Neel Kashkari will speak in Edina, Minnesota at 1:45 p.m. ET.
Data on money supply for the recent week will be released at 4:30 a.m. ET.


MWL is pleased to announce its 2019 MWL Conference for Women in the Law program agenda. CLE credit will be applied for each session, as designated below.
View the 2019 MWL Conference "Agenda-at-a-Glance."
Whether they practice in-house, in the public sector, at a non-profit or in private practice, attorneys must navigate many business and legal challenges every day, as they craft solutions to meet the needs of their clients, stakeholders and organizations. Our panelists are accomplished women in their mid-careers, representing perspective and viewpoints in all these areas. Join us for this engaging discussion where we will discuss what these experienced women attorneys have learned along the way, and what advice they would give to themselves if they could go back in time.
Do you aspire to influence others with power and authenticity? Do you want to assume a leadership role among colleagues, clients or key decision-makers, in order to stand-out rather than blend in? If so, this seminar is for you! At times, women undermine their ability to influence those around them, thus causing them to jeopardize their credibility and reputation. Michelle Perdue will discuss key principals to developing a leadership presence to instill confidence, enhance relationships and present with impact. Go beyond working the room when you can own it!
As research and experience tells us, opportunities to advance in the legal field are not always handed out equally. Over the years, legal employers have focused on diversity and inclusion issues among their workforce with increasing frequency. However, when women attorneys have intersecting identities, their challenges are compounded further in the effort to secure equal opportunities for advancement. This seminar will focus on some of the additional barriers that women attorneys may face as women of color, immigrants, mothers, members of the LGBTQ community, persons with a disability or health challenges, or those working as part-time attorneys. A diversity and inclusion expert will offer effective inclusion strategies for various workplace environments and provide talent and leadership development tips that will help women attorneys address the barriers they face. A panel of diverse female attorneys will also share their experiences and offer examples of proactive steps they have found to be effective.
MWL is pleased to welcome morning keynote speaker Hilarie Bass, President and Founder of Bass Institute for Diversity & Inclusion.
Hilarie is a global evangelist for gender parity and an outspoken advocate for expanding the ranks of women leaders at corporations, nonprofits and other institutions. She is also one of the most recognized attorneys in the United States, having served as co-president of the international law firm Greenberg Traurig from 2013 to 2018 and as president of the American Bar Association (ABA) from September 2017 to August 2018. Hilarie traveled the world speaking on behalf of the ABA about the insidious damage of implicit bias in the legal profession and the importance of retaining and promoting female leaders.
In this presentation, we will hear from a distinguished panel of women who've left private or government practice at various stages in their careers to take a diverse set of in-house roles. We will explore their perspectives and advice on the following topics and more: whether the bias women face (and how to overcome it) in private and government practice changes when in-house; how to be an effective leader and promote equality in a differing business environment; how to successfully transition from relationships with male partners/clients to those with male business colleagues and executives; how best to continue to mentor women who remain in private or government practice (individually or through groups/organizations); and what in-house woman can do to help promote women who are in private practice (e.g. asking that women be placed on their matters or helping advocate for billing credit).
In this interactive workshop, we will work through real life examples of how to negotiate. We'll talk about how our brains trick us and ways to use that knowledge to get better outcomes. We'll practice specific skills critical for women attorneys, to help them "own their space" and negotiate like a pro. Whether it is a salary increase, buying a car, or engaging in a complex commercial transaction, attendees will leave with actionable steps to help them succeed in their next negotiation.
Debra Frimerman, General Counsel, Calyxt, Inc.
For many, the traditional law firm model has failed lawyers and their families. And often, women and people of color have taken the brunt of it. However, women have the ability to effect change and many attorneys are doing just that. Our panelists will share their experiences and firm models that have taken on this challenge. They will discuss the different governance structures, compensation structures, client pricing, and strategic use of technology that have enabled them to create legal workplaces which allow attorneys in general, and women and people of color in particular, to thrive. The panelists will also share their perspectives on whether or not these models hold up in real practice, and thereby allow attorneys to make a living and find true work-life satisfaction.
There are many good reasons why women lawyers should consider building their own practice, whether it be within a large firm, a medium-sized firm, or as a solo/small practitioner. After briefly addressing the rationale for doing so, the presenters will discuss, from three different perspectives, how to approach identifying a practice area to build; the range of considerations that should be accounted for; and the cycle of building, maintaining and – hopefully – leaving a legacy. The presentation will include individual work and reflection, as well as audience participation.
Are you a lawyer who wants to grow and develop their career or leadership skills? Come to join this interactive session on how coaching and feedback skills can help you grow and develop your leadership, regardless of level or title. Professionals who are good at these two skills tend to be strong performers who realize their potential. Leaders who are good at these skills activate people's passion and discretionary effort to achieve more than they thought was possible. You will experience the power of listening carefully, being open and curious, and seeking to look at things through multiple lenses to choose the perspective that drives the most personal growth, accountability and performance.
The art of persuasion is vital to the practice of law whether or not you are litigating cases. In this exciting, hands on presentation, we will engage in a discussion about becoming your most persuasive self. As a result, when you rely on these tools in practice, you will put your best foot forward. Not only will we engage in a large group discussion, this presentation will require active participation from the members to demonstrate the tools of persuasion.
MWL is pleased to welcome afternoon keynote workshop facilitator Dawn Rosemond of Barnes & Thornburg LLP. Based out of their Fort Wayne, Indiana office, she is a partner and serves as the firm's director of diversity, professional development and inclusion. Dawn is the first African-American female to make equity partner at Barnes & Thornburg and reportedly in the state of Indiana. Author of the book "Boss Presence," she is also a national speaker on leadership and personal development. Dawn spearheads diversity and inclusion initiatives through deliberate programming and strategic priorities, as well as leads the charge for cultivating and maintaining an environment that boldly promotes the training, sponsorship, empowerment and promotion of all legal talent.


This study examines the learning style preferences of 126 lower primary students, 63 high achievers and 63 low achievers, in a neighbourhood school. It attempts to identify their learning styles and investigate whether significant differences exist between the learning styles of the two groups of students. A questionnaire inventory modified from the Learning Style Inventory: Primary (1991) by Janet Perrin was used to identify their learning style preferences. The findings from this study suggest that high achievers and low achievers have similar learning style preferences. They like learning in a quiet, bright, and formally designed environment. They see themselves as responsible, persistent and self motivated learners. They disliked learning with adults. They prefer their learning to be minimally structured and dislike learning in the evenings. It also suggests that learning styles discriminate between the two groups of learners. Overall, 8 out of the 18 elements were significantly different. They are temperature, learning with an adult, visual, auditory, tactual perceptual strengths, intake, mobility and time of the day.


Call me unpatriotic, but whenever I hear people prating about the "American Dream," it sets my teeth on edge. The thing about dreams, see, is that they're imaginary. A figment of your imagination.
To me, that's one of the big lessons of sports: realism. How good you are, how good you're not. How to deal with it.
It's when people bring unfettered illusions into the economic and political realm, however, that the trouble starts. One such example is a provocative essay in the May issue of The Atlantic by Neal Gabler.
Despite five well-received books and hundreds of magazine articles in all the prestigious places, Gabler finds himself dead broke at age 66 — ducking creditors, driving a 19-year-old junker, in thrall to the IRS and having to borrow money from his adult daughters to pay the heating bill.
"Financial impotence," he calls it.
While he says he's not looking for sympathy, Gabler identifies with economically squeezed Americans who told pollsters for the Federal Reserve Board that they would have to meet a $400 emergency by either borrowing, selling something or worse.
Well, Mitt Romney knew, if you recall. He expected GOP voters to be angry that a near-majority of Americans didn't earn enough to pay federal income taxes (although many end up remitting a greater proportion of their wealth to the government than Romney himself).
Some would say that defining the national spirit entirely in material terms can only lead to sorrow. But let's not get metaphysical in a newspaper column.
To somebody like me whose professional career roughly parallels Gabler's, the man's personal choices are mind-boggling. As he correctly points out, "writer … is a financially perilous profession." To keep your head above water, it's important to keep your wits about you. Without my wife's steadfastness and hard work, I'd never have made a go of it. But if wealth and status are your primary goals, you're probably in the wrong game.
Me, I was flabbergasted when he mentioned buying a house in East Hampton, New York, the most exclusive CEO- and celebrity-enclave on the East Coast. A visit to the yacht club there could make an ordinary peasant nostalgic for the age of piracy. This two years before selling his family's Brooklyn co-op. His combined mortgage payments must have rivaled Portugal's national debt.
So what can she have been thinking? The wonder is that they haven't divorced.
It's a fascinating confession, but few will find it ultimately persuasive.


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Home > United Kingdom > BoE Policy Statements on fees for non-UK CCPs and CSDs
BoE Policy Statements on fees for non-UK CCPs and CSDs
By Simon Lovegrove (UK) on November 28, 2022 Posted in Clearing and settlement, United Kingdom
On 25 November 2022, the Bank of England (BoE) published Policy Statements regarding its fees regimes for:
Incoming central securities depositories (CSDs).
Incoming central counterparties (CCPs).
Currently, incoming CCPs can provide services in the UK under a temporary recognition regime. By the time this expires, incoming CCPs will need to be recognised by the BoE under the on-shored European Market Infrastructure Regulation. In June, the BoE set out its final policy for 'tiering' incoming CCPs according to the level of risk they could pose to UK financial stability. From 30 June to 15 September, the BoE consulted on a proposed fee regime for incoming CCPs that reflects the tiering approach and would apply after CCPs have been recognised.
Incoming CSDs also currently provide services in the UK under a temporary regime, until such point as they have been recognised by the BoE. The BoE also consulted on a fees regime for incoming CSDs from 30 June to 15 September, which reflects the level of risk to UK financial stability posed by CSDs.
Following the conclusion of the two consultations, the BoE now confirms its final policy on fees for both incoming CCPs and CSDs. This completes the policy framework to enable the BoE to recognise these types of firms, establishing the BoE's steady-state regulation of the financial market infrastructure landscape in the context of the UK's withdrawal from the EU.
The implementation date for the BoE's final policy for incoming CCP and CSD fees is 1 December 2022, in line with the implementation date for its policy on tiering and comparable compliance in respect of incoming CCPs.


Pankratov A., Pyatkov M., Tetuev R., Nazipova N., Dedus F.F.
Abstract. The spectral-analytical approach to identify diverged extended repeats in genomic sequences presented. The method is based on the multi-scaled integral estimation of the similarity of nucleotide sequences in the space of coefficients of expansion of the curves of GC-and GA-content using classical orthogonal bases. Conditions are found for the optimal approximation, providing automatic detection of different types of repeats (direct and inverted and tandem) for the spectral matrix of similarity. The method works equally well on different scales of data. It can detect fragments of segmental duplications, megasatellite blocks in the genome,as well the regions of synteny. It can be used for a detailed study of chromosome fragments (search for diverged fragments with a moderate length of the repeat unit).
Key words: comparison of genomes, the approximation, the matrix of similarity, pattern recognition, megasatellites, interspersed repeats.


AGM takes place on Wednesday at 7.30pm. It is really important that parents especially make an effort to attend. Attendences at previous Juvenile AGM's have been very poor. If people have ideas or grievences to air, the AGM is the best place to lend your voice, before competitions begin. New members and volunteers always welcomed.
The lotto jackpot is now approaching €13,000. Please support the club and play in all local pubs and shops. You can also play online on the club's website. Thanks to all those who make the lotto such a success by playing every week. Your support I greatly appreciated.
A huge crowd packed into The Anner Hotel in Thurles on Saturday evening last to celebrate the club's unbelievable success on the field of play in 2018. The club won 7 trophies at adult level including the The Dan Breen and the Dwan cup. It was unprecedented success and a special night in Thurles on Saturday capped off the celebrations. Thanks to Deirdre Crowe and all her staff in the Anner for providing such a great venue on the night. Huge thanks to those who contributed so generously to the raffle on the night. Special mention to our own John Devane who put so much work into organising the event over the last number of weeks.The guest of Honour on the night was Noel Keane of Ballymore, who was the last Clonoulty Rossmore man to lift Dan Breen for the club in 1997, previous to 2018.
A big crowd turned out in the pavillon on Sunday December 30th. There was one change at the top table. After 4 years as Treasurer, Paul Quirke was replaced by John Ryan Raymond. Thanks to Paul for doing such as excellent job and best of luck to John in his new role. Kathleen Ryan and Michael O'Dwyer remain as secretary and Chairman respectively.
Best wishes also to the new Senior hurling management team of Paddy Bourke, Jason Forrester and Leo O'Connor. The adjourned AGM date has not yet been confirmed.
Membership is now due. Please contact Kathleen Con on 087 214 9354 or play online on clonoultyrossmoregaa.com. Players will not be allowed play games until membership is paid. Family membership is €60. Non playing adult is €25. Playing adult is €50. Juveniles and students are €20.
This takes place on Wednesday January 16th at 7.30pm. Motions and nomination papers available from Joe Hammersley. Nominations close on Monday January 14th. It is important that people look to get involved at juvenile level. There would not be any success at adult level but for continued hard work with the juveniles.
Best of luck to our boys who take on Thurles Sarfields in the County A Final next Sunday at 1pm in Boherlahan. Please make an effort to get over and support the lads on another huge day for the club.
We beat a tired Killenaule team on Sunday last in Ardfinnan in the semi final. After flying out of the traps, we led by 11 points and never looked back from there.
2019 Calenders are now for sale featuring images of our Senior Hurlers historic journey to lifting Dan Breen in October. If you are interested contact Kathleen or any player who all have been given a bundle to sell. Calenders cost €10.
Best of luck to our u21 hurlers who will play the South Champions in the County Semi Final On Sunday at 1pm in Cashel. Ballingarry and Killenaule are due to play the South Final tonight.
Tickets for the GAA social are on sale this Friday night in the Pavillon from 7pm to 8.30pm. Tickets will be sold on a 1st come first served basis and there is no pre booking of tickets. They also must be paid for on Friday night. The Social takes place on January 5th in the Anner Hotel. Please note that the Social is an adult event and it will be held on a licensed premises.


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Greenbriar is a middle-class neighborhood of southwestern Atlanta, Georgia. Greenbriar is a long strip along the east side of the Perimeter (I-285) stretching from Langford Parkway to just south of Stone Road. It is bordered by Atlanta's "Southwest" neighborhood across Langford Parkway to the north, Ben Hill Forest across the Perimeter to the west, and by the city of East Point on the east and south.

Greenbriar is part of neighborhood planning unit "R". Greenbriar Mall is located in the neighborhood.

Demographics
Greenbriar's zip code 30331 was more than 95% African American at the 2000 census. The median household income of $41,353 was slightly below the Atlanta average of $49,981.

Notable companies
In 2008, Tyler Perry opened Tyler Perry Studios on a  site  away from the mall on Greenbriar Parkway.

In addition, several recording studios call the area home: including Stack Em Entertainment, Hood South Studios, and Dirty Music.

References

Neighborhoods in Atlanta

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


but what happens to us when we become adults?
Is that not when we should be dreaming the most?
Our hearts are put on fire for things, for reasons. We can't ignore it, we can't stop it, we can only hush it for so long, and doing so brings our own demise. We will never be happy if we don't start going for those dreams! You are so worth your happiness and that has a HUGE part to do with following your dreams.
Never stop fighting for your dreams.
We shouldn't let anyone tell us that our dreams are no good, or that they will never come true. They are yours, they are beautiful, they are sooooooo worth it. Truth is, they are not their dreams, to begin with, so they can't possibly understand. Tell the dream killers, to hush! You have your dreams and they have theirs. Kindly let them know that you will gladly support their dreams and would appreciate the support of yours. And if they can't support your dreams, then they should get out of the way.
Dreams are what keep us going, they are what make us feel alive. They are not unobtainable. However, they are rarely as simple as they seem. Dreams give us the most beautiful journeys of our lives. They are what sets us apart from others. They are never ending, always exciting and super romantic!
Fall in love with your dreams!
Your dreams are also seeking you.
What are your dreams? Write them out, give them life! Write as many as possible, get wild with it! Dream Big, Dream Bold, Dream Crazy. If there is a passion in your heart then it is part of your purpose or it wouldn't be there. Plain and simple! Be willing to be flexible, sometimes our desires are usually not "simply" identified or fulfilled in the ways we might think. God's plans are so much bigger than our minds or hearts can fathom. Learn to go with the flow but please just go! Your adventure of a lifetime begins now. Start writing.
Ask yourself this question to spark some ideas.
If I were living to my full potential, and if time and money were no object?
What would I be doing in my life right now?
Where would you be doing it?
What are all the things I would have done by now if I have had this life all along?
What are all the things I would have planned, for in my future?
What would my whole life look like right now, house (where), family, kids, grandkids?
Where are the places I would have already gone and been planning to go in the future?
How many people would I have helped by now and how did I help them?
How many problems have I solved and how many more problems can I tackle?
What are some of the most amazing things I would have seen and am planning to see?
What legacy have I already left and am going to leave for future generations to follow?
What positive changes would I have left in the world already and what more can I do in the future?
Now these questions really get your heart pumping, don't they! Whatever age you are right now, doesn't matter! Yes, there are things we ALL COULD HAVE DONE already, and so much more we can do in the future. We're never too young or old to dream and we're never too young or old to start pursuing our purposes (and I believe we all have more than one, more than 100 even).
You see, our true happiness and fulfillment lie in fulfilling our purposes and helping others. Nothing else matters in the long run. People can all try to fill that empty hole inside of us that was put inside of us for our good. We try to fill it with people, things, and for some even drugs and alcohol. But nothing fills that hole inside except for us fulfilling our purpose was set in each one of us. No one else can do any of it but the one it was made for. Me and you. It is the only thing that will make us whole.
From the questions above, each of us should have a whole page or three filled in, dig deeper, spend time doing this, and leave some blank pages after as we have now lit a spark that started a fire inside that can never be tamed!
and the more you fulfill these dreams, the more permission you allow yourself to dream bigger, stronger, louder.
If we truly look within ourselves and dig deep into the corners of our souls we will discover that there is no end, that we are boundless inside, that our souls are larger than space itself and that our dreams are as numerous and as bright as the stars, the closer we get to them the brighter they will become. We are amazingly and wondrously beautiful inside. Let it out.
Explore your mind, heart, and soul, find all the dreams that have built up over the years. Link them together as one, the more you grow the more they will grow. This is your spirit, allow it to be ever expansive and amazing and wondrous. If we think of our dreams as stars, then we should put as many in our sky as possible. Its kind of funny how some dreams link a little, I guess we can consider those our constellations. Just Dream. Pray to open your heart and allow your mind to knock all the cobwebs out of your head, and dust off your soul so you can properly dream with your heart.
Don't limit yourself to one purpose, one thing, one star, take a step back and look we have thousands of purposes we are supposed to fulfill.
Realize that like space our journeys have no end, they may have checkpoints (goals) but there is no end, even after we are gone our legacy lives on, the ripples we have put in the world will still reach on, good and bad… Life and legacy are eternal. We need only to choose where and how to live, and what legacies we want to leave behind.
Grab some highlighters and colored pens, circle your the top five dreams you have written down, even if you feel they are unobtainable, circle the ones that get you excited, the ones that make your heart flutter, your eyes light up, the ones that make your soul sing.
Now, pick Ten dreams that you can turn into goals right now and underline or highlight them.
Start a new page – a left page preferably. Don't forget to skip a few pages from your dreams list, as you will be filling in more as you go as new sparks start new fires in your soul and new dreams will surface. Ohhhh I'm so excited for you! So, at the top of your page, title it… "Top 10 Dreams that I am turning into Goals" List them out one by one. Make them pretty, colorful and bright. Spread them out take up the whole page! Make it exciting because this is exciting. You are about to accomplish your dreams! GET EXCITED!!! Take a picture of that page, and make copies. Place it all over your life, in your house, on the fridge, the bathroom mirror, Save it as your phone lock screen and background, your screen saver, at your desk at work in your car. Put a copy in all the places that you have where you stop for a minute.
by not letting them out of your sight.
Every time you see them stop and read them, one by one, out loud as many times as possible that you can. When we say things out loud we breathe life into them. Shout if from the rooftops!
Failures are not the end they are learning tools.


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Zalesie (, Zalessie; ) – wieś na Białorusi, w obwodzie brzeskim, w rejonie brzeskim, w sielsowiecie Czernie.

W dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym leżało w Polsce, w województwie poleskim, do 12 kwietnia 1928 w powiecie kobryńskim, w gminie Zbirohi, następnie w powiecie brzeskim, w gminie Kosicze.

Po II wojnie światowej w granicach Związku Sowieckiego. Od 1991 w niepodległej Białorusi.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

 Zalesie na mapie WIG

Wsie w rejonie brzeskim


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"All you need is 3 chords and the truth"…I've heard that attributed to Bob Dylan.
In Dylan's wonderful song, Ballad of Hollis Brown, he has clearly revised his position. Apparently all you need is one chord and a good story where everyone dies.


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Media Images of Whites
Wet Whites, Dry Blacks and the Secret Apartheid of American Culture
January 14, 2015 /16 Comments/in Featured Articles, Media Images of Whites /by Colin Liddell
American film and TV is often accused of racism. Leftists will complain that Blacks are underrepresented, only play minor roles, and are usually shown in a negative light. White nationalists will talk about "Magic Negroes" and the absurd absence of Black criminals and villains, when Blacks clearly play a much larger role in the criminal fraternity.
This is not unlike the case of the ancient Caledonians who were described as a fair-haired people by the Romans and as a dark-haired people by the subsequent Anglo-Saxons. In other words, it's the case of the blind men and the elephant yet again.
The crux of the problem is simple. It stems from the central fact of "racial asymmetry" that exists in American society. By racial asymmetry I mean the complete imbalance between Blacks and Whites in society. It goes well beyond the simple fact that Whites are around 60-65% of the population and Blacks around 12-13%. Added to this numerical disparity is the disparity in achievement and dysfunction.
In real life, there are simply a lot less Blacks in higher or meritorious positions, and thus less scope for genuine and interesting Black characters in the culture. For the same reasons, there are also awkward effective stereotypes of Blacks – as opposed to mainstream-promoted ones. This distinction is important because effective stereotypes reflect attitudes that influence behavior, such as where one chooses to live. Read more
https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png 0 0 Colin Liddell https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png Colin Liddell2015-01-14 11:34:462015-01-14 11:34:46Wet Whites, Dry Blacks and the Secret Apartheid of American Culture
Nordics versus Implicit Jews in "The Switch"
June 10, 2013 /2 Comments/in Featured Articles, Media Images of Whites /by Kevin MacDonald
We all know that the Jewish domination of Hollywood leads to consistently positive portrayals of all things Jewish and invidious portrayals of Christianity and anything touching on White identity or interests (see here, p. 53ff). But part of the art of Hollywood is to embed Jewish attitudes and values in other characters. After all, non-Jewish audiences are not going to relate to yarmulke-wearing, overtly Jewish characters preaching to them on the superiority of supposed Jewish values. So a more subtle approach is needed.
One such approach is to present characters that are Jewish in every way except that there are no explicit assertions of Jewish identity. Seinfeld was a great example. Although Jerry's character was overtly Jewish, the character of George Costanza was obviously Jewish but presented as not Jewish. George is presented as Italian, but he is played by a Jewish actor whose parents on the show are also played by Jewish actors exhibiting stereotypical Jewish family patterns; George's character was based on the show's co-creator, Larry David who is quintessentially Jewish. It always seemed to me that the same could be said of the Elaine character, but perhaps less obviously so. She is played by a Jewish actress but is often seen wearing a crucifix; her name suggests she is Czech and in one episode she explicitly states she is not Jewish. But her character, her appearance, her interests, her mannerisms, her voice, and her rapport with Jerry and George seem obviously Jewish. None of this could be said about the Kramer character played by Michael Richards. Clearly a goy.
Such characters might be called implicitly Jewish—ways of expressing a Jewish sensibility without being overtly Jewish. Read more
https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png 0 0 Kevin MacDonald https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png Kevin MacDonald2013-06-10 10:27:562013-06-11 14:19:57Nordics versus Implicit Jews in "The Switch"
The media drumbeat: The West is evil
January 26, 2013 /2 Comments/in Featured Articles, Jews as a Hostile Elite, Media Bias, Media Images of Whites, Media Influence /by Kevin MacDonald
A major theme at TOO has been Jewish influence on the media and that the media reflects the attitudes of the wider Jewish community hostile to the traditional people and culture of the West (e.g., Media images of Whites; Media bias). (Relatedly, Frank Salter exhaustively shows that the media in Australia is hostile to the traditional people and culture of Australia.)
It's a pervasive phenomenon. The first paragraphs of Andrew Joyce's recent TOO article emphasize the many reviews in the elite media of Anthony Julius's Trials of the Diaspora. While there are some make minor criticisms, the book is taken seriously, and the general conclusion — that the English have had a pathological hatred toward Jews for nearly a millennium — is not challenged. The reviews typically lavish praise on an execrable book—execrable at least partly because it ignores data that fail to confirm its thesis. The main function of the book and the reviews is to add to the constant condemnatory chorus from the media: the traditional people and culture of the West are evil.
Jewish readers are confirmed in their sense of innocent victimhood; they are once again assured that hostility toward to the people and culture of traditional English society and the West generally is entirely justified. Read more
https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png 0 0 Kevin MacDonald https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png Kevin MacDonald2013-01-26 15:59:472013-01-29 12:26:04The media drumbeat: The West is evil
Norman Lear's "All in the Family" resurfaces
November 4, 2012 /287 Comments/in Jewish Support for Multiculturalism, Media Bias, Media Images of Whites, Media Influence /by Kevin MacDonald
In an argument about Jewish domination of the media, once you get your opponent to admit that yes, Jews do run the media, the usual fall back line is to say that it really doesn't make any difference. Jews are Americans like everyone else, so we really couldn't expect anything different no matter who was in charge.
I thought about this reading an LATimes article on the 40th anniversary of Norman Lear's All in the Family ("Norman Lear Recalls 'All in the Family's' Beginning"). The article begins with Lear recounting how proud he is of getting "a reference to sex that would be considered tame today" into the first episode The show was wildly successful: "The series was brilliant, daring, funny and poignant. Over the seasons, "All in the Family" explored racism, homosexuality, women's liberation, menopause, impotence, the Vietnam War and the loss of faith. It was the No. 1 series for five years, won 22 Emmys including four for comedy series…"
I remember reading an article about Carroll O'Connor, who played the main character, Archie Bunker, being wildly applauded whenever he went out in public during the height of the show's popularity. The show was indeed brilliant—brilliant propaganda because it managed to identify ingrain in the American mind the idea that illiberal thinking was a sure sign of being an uneducated buffoon.
It is repeatedly brought out that the main character, Archie Bunker, is uneducated and none too smart—constantly mispronouncing even ordinary words and lacking a basic understanding of geography or history—Lincoln signed the Declaration of Independence, Denmark is the capital of Colorado, and Florida is on the West Coast. But this TV show still shapes current attitudes about people who have a problem with multiculturalism. I found the following posted online by a fan of the show:
This is definitely my favorite show and I am glad that there are re-runs on Nick-At-Nite. One of my favorite episodes is when Archie gets locked in the cellar and is finally "rescued" by a repair man, but Archie is drunk, and he thinks that the repair man is God; little does he now, that the repair man is black! (Not that it matters, but to Archie?!) And when Archie bows down to him and lifts his head to see his "God" the audience roared in laughter as did I. . . . I hope this show remains on the air for a long time, because I could never get sick of watching All in the Family! (see here) Read more
https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png 0 0 Kevin MacDonald https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png Kevin MacDonald2012-11-04 12:44:222012-11-05 01:04:46Norman Lear's "All in the Family" resurfaces
Denzel Washington in "Safe House" and "Flight"
October 31, 2012 /120 Comments/in Featured Articles, Media Bias, Media Images of Whites /by Edmund Connelly, Ph. D.
The gala premiere of Denzel Washington's latest film, Flight, was held last week at the ArcLight Cinemas in Hollywood. Washington plays the leading role of airline pilot "Whip Whitaker," who saves his plane from certain disaster. According to the trailer, however, he might be in trouble because of his drinking problem. We regular Americans will have a chance to find out this Friday, Nov. 2nd, when the film opens nation-wide in theaters.
I'm intensely curious about how African American Washington will be portrayed. What I am hoping is that TOO readers who see the movie will discuss it here at the TOO site in the comments section. I've already written about the background to the film in the racial context we have in America (seehere), so we don't have to start from scratch.
Still, since I suspect some surprises, I will further lay out ideas on what it means to have Washington appear as yet another heroic figure, particularly when he is cast completely against reality. Here are my thoughts. Read more
https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png 0 0 Edmund Connelly, Ph. D. https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png Edmund Connelly, Ph. D.2012-10-31 14:52:112015-08-14 07:36:05Denzel Washington in "Safe House" and "Flight"
The Trayvon Martin-George Zimmerman Affair: Previewed by Hollywood
April 9, 2012 /152 Comments/in Featured Articles, Media Bias, Media Images of Whites, Media Influence /by Edmund Connelly, Ph. D.
Well, I'm waiting. I'm waiting for something to wake up White people all over the world, especially in America. I've thought before there was enough out there to do the job, but people's survival instincts have yet to kick in. And now we have the Trayvon Martin-George Zimmerman affair.
I really thought this anti-White media propaganda campaign was a no-brainer, but my brother surprised me by piping up about how terrible it was that a White guy had shot this innocent black boy in cold blood. In other words, my brother had swallowed the media line hook, line and sinker.
What is so discouraging about this is that I've kept him informed over the years about racial realism and the real state of crime in America. Further, I've situated it in the context of a "culture of critique" explanation showing how ethnic warfare on Whites is being carried out in education, the government, courts, and most explicitly in the mass media. Read more
https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png 0 0 Edmund Connelly, Ph. D. https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png Edmund Connelly, Ph. D.2012-04-09 11:10:352012-04-09 18:02:47The Trayvon Martin-George Zimmerman Affair: Previewed by Hollywood
Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman: Reaffirming the Anti-White Religion
March 26, 2012 /371 Comments/in Jews as a Hostile Elite, Media Bias, Media Images of Whites, Media Influence /by Kevin MacDonald
Recent photo of Trayvon Martin tweeting as No_Limit_Nigga
Trayvon Martin as usually depicted in the media
You have to be living under a rock not to notice the deluge of media coverage of the Trayvon Martin-George Zimmerman affair. The accounts I have seen inevitably emphasize Blacks as victims and implicitly at least, the message reaffirms the narrative of Blacks as innocent victims of Whites. This of course flies in the face of data on crime showing that Blacks are much more likely to victimize Whites than the reverse, with the media bending over backwards to prevent any indication that race was a factor. I don't recall any national media outrage recently when two Black teenagers set fire to a White teenager after dousing him with gasoline, even though they said they did it because he was a "white boy." This happened only a few weeks ago. Rather than the wall-to-wall coverage seen in the Trayvon Martin case, there was only a brief and fleeting mention in the New York Daily News and no mention at all in the prestigious national media. It doesn't fit the narrative that the media feasts on and promotes. No angst from Obama; no Justice Department investigation of a possible hate crime.
Indeed, it's quite common for the media not to identify the race of non-White perpetrators. And somehow Mr. Zimmerman's Latino background also slips into irrelevance.
Also virtually unmentioned is that Martin and Zimmerman were fighting, with at least one witness emphasizing that Martin had the upper hand just before the fatal shot. Although Zimmerman seems to have been overzealous in his scrutiny of possible criminals in his community, he may indeed have been "standing his ground" once the encounter escalated into violence. Indeed, the Orlando Sentinel reports that the police are sticking with the version that Martin was the aggressor.
Police sources say Martin was the aggressor on Feb. 26, knocking Zimmerman to the ground with a single punch and then climbing on top of the 28-year-old neighborhood watch captain and slamming the back of his head into the ground. Police say this account, given by Zimmerman, is supported by eyewitnesses, according to the Sentinel's report.
One such witness reportedly told police that he saw Martin on top of Zimmerman, striking the man, while Zimmerman cried out for help. The attack left Zimmerman bloodied, police sources told the Sentinel, and led him to fire at Martin in self-defense.
Police say Zimmerman was bleeding from the nose, had a fat lip and confirm that the back of his head was cut. He received first aid at the scene but refused to go to the hospital and received medical treatment the following day, according to the Sentinel's sources. (see "Trayvon Martin case: Martin was the aggressor, police sources say."
The above report also indicates that Martin was suspended from school because he was found with an empty baggie for marijuana, a violation of the school's zero tolerance for drugs policy. Read more
https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png 0 0 Kevin MacDonald https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TOO-Full-Logo-660x156-1.png Kevin MacDonald2012-03-26 14:31:582012-04-04 10:38:45Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman: Reaffirming the Anti-White Religion


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Next Saturday night, August 11th, Lincoln Speedway swings back into action with the special time trial 410 Sprint show, along with the 358 Sprinters and the Vintage Modified Shootout cars. Competition Pit gates will open at 5 PM, Spectator Pit Admission & General Admission gates will open at 5:30 PM. Hot laps will get underway at 7 PM, followed by time trials at 7:30 PM.