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Results for 'Yung-Hwal Park'
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Research Note and Review of the Empirical Ethical Decision-Making Literature: Boundary Conditions and Extensions.Nitish Singh, Yung-Hwal Park & Kevin Lehnert - 2015 - Journal of Business Ethics 129 (1):195-219.details
In business ethics, there is a large body of literature focusing on the conditions, factors, and influences in the ethical decision-making processes. This work builds upon the past critical reviews by updating and extending the literature review found in Craft's :221–259, 2013) study, extending her literature review to include a total of 141 articles. Since past reviews have focused on categorizing results based upon various independent variables, we instead synthesize and look at the trends of these based upon the four (...) ethical decision making categories: Awareness, Behavior, Judgment, and Intention. We focus on the moderation and mediation effects found within these studies and provide an in-depth analysis of future trends. Furthermore, we also highlight key statistical and methodological concerns, outline overarching trends, and directions of future research in empirical ethical decision making. (shrink)
Business Ethics in Applied Ethics
The Human Experience of Ethics: A Review of a Decade of Qualitative Ethical Decision‐Making Research. [REVIEW]Kevin Lehnert, Jana Craft, Nitish Singh & Yung‐Hwal Park - 2016 - Business Ethics: A European Review 25 (4):498-537.details
Qualitative studies are an important component of business ethics research. This large amount of research covers a wide array of factors and influences on ethical decision making published between 2004 and 2014. Following the methodology of past critical reviews, this work provides a synopsis of the diverse array of qualitative studies in ethical decision making within the business ethics literature. We highlight the distinct and investigative nature of qualitative research, synthesize and summarize findings, and suggest opportunities for future research. We (...) conclude with a recommendation for developing qualitative studies in business ethics and a call for an increased openness when considering this valuable and underrepresented strategy of inquiry. (shrink)
Ethics in Value Theory, Miscellaneous
Chul.Stjin Claessens, Rudiger Dornbusch & Yung Park - 2000 - Contagion: Understanding How It Spreads. The World Bank Research 15 (2):177-197.details
Science Parks in Sweden as Regional Development Strategies: A Case Study on Ideon Science Park. [REVIEW]Sang-Chul Park - 2002 - AI and Society 16 (3):288-298.details
Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Scientific Understanding, Fictional Understanding, and Scientific Progress.Seungbae Park - 2020 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 51 (1):173–184.details
The epistemic account and the noetic account hold that the essence of scientific progress is the increase in knowledge and understanding, respectively. Dellsén (2018) criticizes the epistemic account (Park, 2017a) and defends the noetic account (Dellsén, 2016). I argue that Dellsén's criticisms against the epistemic account fail, and that his notion of understanding, which he claims requires neither belief nor justification, cannot explain scientific progress, although it can explain fictional progress in science-fiction.
General Philosophy of Science, Miscellaneous in General Philosophy of Science
From Self to Nonself: The Nonself Theory.Yung-Jong Shiah - 2016 - Frontiers in Psychology 7.details
Should Scientists Embrace Scientific Realism or Antirealism?Seungbae Park - 2019 - Philosophical Forum 50 (1):147-158.details
If scientists embrace scientific realism, they can use a scientific theory to explain and predict observables and unobservables. If, however, they embrace scientific antirealism, they cannot use a scientific theory to explain observables and unobservables, and cannot use a scientific theory to predict unobservables. Given that explanation and prediction are means to make scientific progress, scientists can make more scientific progress, if they embrace scientific realism than if they embrace scientific antirealism.
Arguments For and Against Scientific Realism, Misc in General Philosophy of Science
Convergence and Scientific Realism in General Philosophy of Science
Historical Arguments Against Scientific Realism in General Philosophy of Science
Scientific Realism, Misc in General Philosophy of Science
Justifying the Special Theory of Relativity with Unconceived Methods.Park Seungbae - 2018 - Axiomathes 28 (1):53-62.details
Many realists argue that present scientific theories will not follow the fate of past scientific theories because the former are more successful than the latter. Critics object that realists need to show that present theories have reached the level of success that warrants their truth. I reply that the special theory of relativity has been repeatedly reinforced by unconceived scientific methods, so it will be reinforced by infinitely many unconceived scientific methods. This argument for the special theory of relativity overcomes (...) the critics' objection, and has advantages over the no-miracle argument and the selective induction for it. (shrink)
Philosophy of Physical Science, Miscellaneous in Philosophy of Physical Science
The Miracle Argument for Scientific Realism in General Philosophy of Science
Does Scientific Progress Consist in Increasing Knowledge or Understanding?Seungbae Park - 2017 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 48 (4):569-579.details
Bird argues that scientific progress consists in increasing knowledge. Dellsén objects that increasing knowledge is neither necessary nor sufficient for scientific progress, and argues that scientific progress rather consists in increasing understanding. Dellsén also contends that unlike Bird's view, his view can account for the scientific practices of using idealizations and of choosing simple theories over complex ones. I argue that Dellsén's criticisms against Bird's view fail, and that increasing understanding cannot account for scientific progress, if acceptance, as opposed to (...) belief, is required for scientific understanding. (shrink)
Philosophical Progress in Metaphilosophy
Scientific Progress in General Philosophy of Science
The Uniformity Principle Vs. The Disuniformity Principle.Seungbae Park - 2017 - Acta Analytica 32 (2):213-222.details
The pessimistic induction is built upon the uniformity principle that the future resembles the past. In daily scientific activities, however, scientists sometimes rely on what I call the disuniformity principle that the future differs from the past. They do not give up their research projects despite the repeated failures. They believe that they will succeed although they failed repeatedly, and as a result they achieve what they intended to achieve. Given that the disuniformity principle is useful in certain cases in (...) science, we might reasonably use it to infer that present theories are true unlike past theories. Hence, pessimists have the burden to show that our prediction about the fate of present theories is more likely to be true if we use the uniformity principle than if we use the disuniformity principle. (shrink)
History of Science, Misc in General Philosophy of Science
Understanding Without Justification and Belief?Seungbae Park - 2017 - Principia: An International Journal of Epistemology 21 (3):379–389.details
Dellsén (2016a) argues that understanding requires neither justification nor belief. I object that ridding understanding of justification and belief comes with the following costs. (i) No claim about the world can be inferred from what we understand. (ii) We run into either Moore's paradox or certain disconcerting questions. (iii) Understanding does not represent the world. (iv) Understanding cannot take the central place in epistemology. (v) Understanding cannot be invoked to give an account of scientific progress. (vi) It is not clear (...) how misunderstanding arises. (shrink)
General Philosophy of Science, Misc in General Philosophy of Science
Cultures of Ambivalence and Contempt Studies in Jewish-Non-Jewish Relations : Essays in Honour of the Centenary of the Birth of James Parkes.S. Jones, James William Parkes, Sarah Pearce & Tony Kushner - 1998details
Judaism in Philosophy of Religion
Chung Yung and the Greek Conception of Justice.A. Tuan Nuyen - 1999 - Journal of Chinese Philosophy 26 (2):187-202.details
Justice in Social and Political Philosophy
The Doctrine of the Mean in Asian Philosophy
Jin Y. Park in Conversation with Erin McCarthy, Leah Kalmanson, Douglas L. Berger, and Mark A. Nathan.Douglas L. Berger, Leah Kalmanson, Erin McCarthy, Mark A. Nathan & Jin Y. Park - 2020 - Journal of World Philosophies 5 (2):155-182.details
These essays engage Jin Y. Park's recent translation of the work of Kim Iryŏp, a Buddhist nun and public intellectual in early twentieth-century Korea. Park's translation of Iryŏp's Reflections of a Zen Buddhist Nun was the subject of two book panels at recent conferences: the first a plenary session at the annual meeting of the Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy and the second at the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association on a group program session sponsored (...) by the International Society for Buddhist Philosophy. This exchange also includes a response from Park. (shrink)
The Anti-Induction for Scientific Realism.Seungbae Park - 2018 - Grazer Philosophische Studien 95 (3):329-342.details
In contemporary philosophy of science, the no-miracles argument and the pessimistic induction are regarded as the strongest arguments for and against scientific realism, respectively. In this paper, I construct a new argument for scientific realism which I call the anti-induction for scientific realism. It holds that, since past theories were false, present theories are true. I provide an example from the history of science to show that anti-inductions sometimes work in science. The anti-induction for scientific realism has several advantages over (...) the no-miracles argument as a positive argument for scientific realism. (shrink)
Selective Realism Vs. Individual Realism for Scientific Creativity.Seungbae Park - 2017 - Creativity Studies 10 (1):97-107.details
Individual realism asserts that our best scientific theories are (approximately) true. In contrast, selective realism asserts that only the stable posits of our best scientific theories are true. Hence, individual realism recommends that we accept more of what our best scientific theories say about the world than selective realism does. The more scientists believe what their theories say about the world, the more they are motivated to exercise their imaginations and think up new theories and experiments. Therefore, individual realism better (...) fosters scientific creativity than selective realism. (shrink)
Care Ethics and the Global Practice of Commercial Surrogacy.Jennifer A. Parks - 2010 - Bioethics 24 (7):333-340.details
This essay will focus on the moral issues relating to surrogacy in the global context, and will critique the liberal arguments that have been offered in support of it. Liberal arguments hold sway concerning reproductive arrangements made between commissioning couples from wealthy nations and the surrogates from socioeconomically weak backgrounds that they hire to do their reproductive labor. My argument in this paper is motivated by a concern for controlling harms by putting the practice of globalized commercial surrogacy into the (...) context of care ethics. As I will argue, the unstable situations into which children of global surrogacy arrangements are born is symbolic of the crisis of care that the practice raises. Using the Baby Manji case as my touch point, I will suggest that liberalism cannot address the harms experienced by Manji and children like her who are created through the global practice of assisted reproductive technology. I will argue that, if commissioning couples consider their proposed surrogacy contracts from a care ethics point of view, they will begin to think relationally about their actions, considering the practice from an ethical lens, not just an economic or contractual one. (shrink)
Feminism: Reproduction in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
In Search of the Right Fusion Recipe: The Role of Legitimacy in Building a Social Enterprise Model.Yung-Kai Yang & Shu-Ling Wu - 2016 - Business Ethics: A European Review 25 (3):327-343.details
Social enterprises, as typical hybrid organisations, are embedded in a plural institutional environment in which some stakeholders regard achieving social goals as fundamental, while others see economic profit as the priority. A great challenge for social enterprises is dealing with the conflicts resulting from the diverse expectations of stakeholders. Based on the existing works on organisational legitimacy and the social business model, we propose a legitimacy-based social enterprise model composed of three main phases, namely, legitimacy proposition, legitimacy strategy planning, and (...) legitimacy strategy implementation. Our model is meant to serve as an effective legitimacy-building tool for social enterprises of various kinds. (shrink)
Political Legitimacy in Social and Political Philosophy
Accessing the Meaning of Invisible Words.Yung-Hao Yang & Su-Ling Yeh - 2011 - Consciousness and Cognition 20 (2):223-233.details
Previous research has shown implicit semantic processing of faces or pictures, but whether symbolic carriers such as words can be processed this way remains controversial. Here we examine this issue by adopting the continuous flash suppression paradigm to ensure that the processing undergone is indeed unconscious without the involvement of partial awareness. Negative or neutral words projected into one eye were made invisible due to strong suppression induced by dynamic-noise patterns shown in the other eye through binocular rivalry. Inverted and (...) scrambled words were used as controls to provide baselines at orthographic and feature levels, respectively. Compared to neutral words, emotion-described and emotion-induced negative words required longer time to release from suppression, but only for upright words. These results suggest that words can be processed unconsciously up to semantic level since under interocular suppression completely invisible words can lead to different processing speed due to the emotion information they carry. (shrink)
Conscious and Unconscious Memory in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Science of Consciousness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Unconscious and Conscious Processes in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
On Treating Past and Present Scientific Theories Differently.Seungbae Park - 2017 - Kriterion - Journal of Philosophy 31 (1):63-76.details
Scientific realists argue that present theories are more successful than past theories, so present theories will not be superseded by alternatives, even though past theories were superseded by alternatives. Alai (2016) objects that although present theories are more successful than past theories, they will be replaced by future theories, just as past theories were replaced by present theories. He contends, however, that past theories were partly true, and that present theories are largely true. I argue that Alai's discrimination between past (...) and present theories is subject to his own criticism against realists' discriminations between past and present theories, and also subject to other criticisms that philosophers have raised against scientific realism and pessimism. (shrink)
The Natural Philosophy of Chu Hsi.Yung Sik Kim - 2000 - American Philosophical Society.details
In a much-revised version of his 1980 doctoral dissertation in the history of science for Princeton University, Kim examines the knowledge about the natural world that informed Chu Hsi's renowned neo-Confucian synthesis. He sets out his basic concepts, reviews his understanding of the world, and examines the relationship between the two. He includes an extensive glossary with the English meaning and the Chinese characters. Annotation copyrighted by Book News Inc., Portland, OR.
Chinese Philosophy in Asian Philosophy
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A History of the Delphic Oracle. By H. W. Parke. Pp. Viii + 457; Pl. 8. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell, 1939. 21s.H. W. Stubbs & H. W. Parke - 1942 - Journal of Hellenic Studies 62:90-90.details
Classical Greek Philosophy in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Socrates in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Towards a 'Comparative History of the Foundations of Science': Language and Logic in Traditional China.Yung Sik Kim - 1999 - Annals of Science 56 (4):451-460.details
(1999). Towards a 'Comparative History of the Foundations of Science': Language and Logic in Traditional China. Annals of Science: Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 451-460.
Can Mathematical Objects Be Causally Efficacious?Seungbae Park - 2019 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 62 (3):247–255.details
Callard (2007) argues that it is metaphysically possible that a mathematical object, although abstract, causally affects the brain. I raise the following objections. First, a successful defence of mathematical realism requires not merely the metaphysical possibility but rather the actuality that a mathematical object affects the brain. Second, mathematical realists need to confront a set of three pertinent issues: why a mathematical object does not affect other concrete objects and other mathematical objects, what counts as a mathematical object, and how (...) we can have knowledge about an unchanging object. (shrink)
Mathematical Fictionalism in Philosophy of Mathematics
Mathematical Nominalism in Philosophy of Mathematics
Mathematical Platonism in Philosophy of Mathematics
Mathematical Truth, Misc in Philosophy of Mathematics
Objectivity Of Mathematics in Philosophy of Mathematics
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The Relationship Between Role Conception and Ethical Behaviour of Student Nurses in Hong Kong.Hilary Ha-Ping Yung - 1997 - Nursing Ethics 4 (2):99-113.details
This paper was designed to explore the relationships of three role conception types to the ethical behaviour of student nurses from the apprenticeship and degree nursing programmes in Hong Kong. The effect of role discrepancy on ethical behaviour will also be explored. A nonprobability convenience sampling of 140 certificate students from a hospital-based training course and 81 degree nursing students from a tertiary programme were selected. Role conception and role discrepancy were measured by the modified Nursing Role Conception scale originally (...) developed by Corwin. For ethical behaviour, the Judgement About Nursing Decisions scale developed by Ketefian was used. Multiple regression analyses showed that the ideal professional role conception was a significant predictor, accounting for 17% of the variance in the ideal ethical score of the degree students. Actual service role conception was a better predictor of the actual ethical score, explaining 10% and 14% of its variance for the certificate and degree students respectively. Professional and bureaucratic role discrepancies together were found to have a negative effect on the actual ethical behaviour of the degree students. These results suggest that professional values that have been developed through socialization in nurse education programmes could benefit patients only when degree students, in particular, could adapt successfully to the demands of bureaucratic organization. (shrink)
Nursing Ethics in Applied Ethics
The Coherence of Evolutionary Theory with Its Neighboring Theories.Seungbae Park - 2019 - Acta Biotheoretica 67 (2):87-102.details
Evolutionary theory coheres with its neighboring theories, such as the theory of plate tectonics, molecular biology, electromagnetic theory, and the germ theory of disease. These neighboring theories were previously unconceived, but they were later conceived, and then they cohered with evolutionary theory. Since evolutionary theory has been strengthened by its several neighboring theories that were previously unconceived, it will be strengthened by infinitely many hitherto unconceived neighboring theories. This argument for evolutionary theory echoes the problem of unconceived alternatives. Ironically, however, (...) the former recommends that we take the realist attitude toward evolutionary theory, while the latter recommends that we take the antirealist attitude toward it. (shrink)
Evolutionary Biology in Philosophy of Biology
Folk Moral Relativism.Hagop Sarkissian, John Park, David Tien, Jennifer Cole Wright & Joshua Knobe - 2011 - Mind and Language 26 (4):482-505.details
It has often been suggested that people's ordinary understanding of morality involves a belief in objective moral truths and a rejection of moral relativism. The results of six studies call this claim into question. Participants did offer apparently objectivist moral intuitions when considering individuals from their own culture, but they offered increasingly relativist intuitions considering individuals from increasingly different cultures or ways of life. The authors hypothesize that people do not have a fixed commitment to moral objectivism but instead tend (...) to adopt different views depending on the degree to which they consider radically different perspectives on moral questions. (shrink)
Experimental Philosophy: Folk Morality in Metaphilosophy
Meta-Ethics, General Works in Meta-Ethics
Moral Relativism in Meta-Ethics
Changing Perspective: Building Creative Mindsets.Yung‐Yi Juliet Chou & Barbara Tversky - 2020 - Cognitive Science 44 (4).details
Scientific Realism and the Future Development of Science.Seungbae Park - 2019 - Diametros 60:61-71.details
Nickles (2016, 2017, forthcoming) raises many original objections against scientific realism. One of them holds that scientific realism originates from the end of history illusion. I reply that this objection is self-defeating and commits the genetic fallacy. Another objection is that it is unknowable whether our descendants will regard our current mature theories as true or false. I reply that this objection entails skepticism about induction, leading to skepticism about the world, which is inconsistent with the appeal to the end (...) of history illusion. Finally, I argue that we have an inductive rationale for thinking that our descendants will regard our current mature theories as true. (shrink)
Novel Predictions and Scientific Realism in General Philosophy of Science
Scientific Change, Misc in General Philosophy of Science
Evolution of bioethics education in the medical programme: a tale of two medical schools. [REVIEW]Olivia Miu Yung Ngan & Joong Hiong Sim - 2021 - International Journal of Ethics Education 6 (1):37-50.details
Bioethics Education in the Anglo-European context developed since 1970 and was incorporated into the undergraduate and postgraduate education, residency training, and continuous education. In the Asia-Pacific region, bioethics education is less structured and often dependent on contextual constraints. This paper provides a cross-sectional analysis, describing institutional experiences in developing bioethics curriculum at two medical schools in Malaysia and Hong Kong. The medical programmes of the two institutions are distinctive in terms curriculum framework, teaching approach, and topic selection, and common challenges (...) include implementation of bioethics courses, students' resistance to bioethics, and limited teaching capacity, emerged as they evolve. The reported experiences revealed that there is room for improvement regarding how medical schools integrate bioethics education in regions where curriculum development remains at an early stage. At least, a bioethics education requires both top-down support from the faculty to improve teaching and educational quality, as well as from the bottom-up approach to empower students to raise awareness and concerns toward bioethics, and helps students developing reasoning through challenging issues. (shrink)
The Motivations of External Whistleblowers and Their Impact on the Intention to Blow the Whistle Again.Heungsik Park & David Lewis - 2019 - Business Ethics: A European Review 28 (3):379-390.details
Business Ethics: A European Review, EarlyView.
Yung and the Tradition of the Shih: The Confucian Restructuring of Heroic Courage: Whalen Lai.Whalen Lai - 1985 - Religious Studies 21 (2):181-203.details
Courage is a basic virtue to any heroic society. It is the defining virtue of the aristocratic warrior in the Iliad. It came with a set of other related virtues, all functioning in a social setting unique to that heroic era. However, as society evolved beyond the heroics of war to the civility of settled city–states, courage would be reviewed and redefined. In fact the whole virtue complex would undergo fundamental changes. Still later, when from out of the cities philosophers (...) rose, they would, in their commitment to a higher justice or righteousness than what the city had to offer to date, submit courage to a third critique and transformation. We see this in Greece; we may also see it in China. (shrink)
The Relationship of Ethics Education to Moral Sensitivity and Moral Reasoning Skills of Nursing Students.M. Park, D. Kjervik, J. Crandell & M. H. Oermann - 2012 - Nursing Ethics 19 (4):568-580.details
This study described the relationships between academic class and student moral sensitivity and reasoning and between curriculum design components for ethics education and student moral sensitivity and reasoning. The data were collected from freshman (n = 506) and senior students (n = 440) in eight baccalaureate nursing programs in South Korea by survey; the survey consisted of the Korean Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire and the Korean Defining Issues Test. The results showed that moral sensitivity scores in patient-oriented care and conflict were (...) higher in senior students than in freshman students. Furthermore, more hours of ethics content were associated with higher principled thinking scores of senior students. Nursing education in South Korea may have an impact on developing student moral sensitivity. Planned ethics content in nursing curricula is necessary to improve moral sensitivity and moral reasoning of students. (shrink)
Against Moral Truths.Seungbae Park - 2012 - Cultura 9 (1):179-194.details
I criticize the following three arguments for moral objectivism. 1. Since we assess moral statements, we can arrive at some moral truths (Thomson, 2006). 2. One culture can be closer to truths than another in moral matters because the former can be closer to truths than the latter in scientific matters (Pojman, 2008). 3. A moral judgment is shown to be true when it is backed up by reason (Rachels and Rachels, 2010). Finally, I construct a dilemma against the view (...) that there are moral truths and we can move toward them. (shrink)
Moral Epistemology, Misc in Meta-Ethics
Moral Realism, Misc in Meta-Ethics
Genes, Women, Equality.Jennifer A. Parks - 2005 - Hypatia 20 (2):200-202.details
Feminism: Equality in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Feminism: The Body in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Feminist Bioethics in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Gender and Equality in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
False Memory Syndrome: A Feminist Philosophical Approach.Shelley M. Park - 1997 - Hypatia 12 (2):1 - 50.details
In this essay, I attempt to outline a feminist philosophical approach to the current debate concerning (allegedly) false memories of childhood sexual abuse. Bringing the voices of feminist philosophers to bear on this issue highlights the implicit and sometimes questionable epistemological, metaphysical, and ethical-political commitments of some therapists and scientists involved in these debates. It also illuminates some current debates in and about feminist philosophy.
Autobiographical Memory in Philosophy of Mind
Epistemology of Memory in Philosophy of Mind
Feminism: Rape and Sexual Violence in Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Psychotherapy in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Consensus Protocol Design for Discrete-Time Networks of Multiagent with Time-Varying Delay Via Logarithmic Quantizer.Myeong Jin Park, Oh Min Kwon, Seong Gon Choi & Eun Jong Cha - 2016 - Complexity 21 (1):163-176.details
The Influence of Media, Positive Perception, and Identification on Survey‐Based Measures of Corruption.Heungsik Park & Jimoon Lee - 2017 - Business Ethics: A European Review 26 (3):312-320.details
This study examines the influence of some suspected sources of bias on perceptions of public sector corruption. These sources include dependence on two types of media as information sources about corruption: traditional and social media, positive perception of public employees, and social identification with public employees. Data were collected through a face-to-face survey of the general public in South Korea. The sample comprised 472 respondents evenly dispersed across the country. Through regression analysis, we found that dependence on traditional media—but not (...) social media—significantly increased the perceived level of corruption. However, positive perceptions of and social identification with public employees were negatively associated with it, showing that these factors may skew respondents' perceptions of corruption. The results have implications for practitioners and researchers who design, implement, or evaluate anti-corruption policies, suggesting the need for caution when making use of survey results. (shrink)
The Biphasic Behavior of Incoherent Feed‐Forward Loops in Biomolecular Regulatory Networks.Dongsan Kim, Yung-Keun Kwon & Kwang-Hyun Cho - 2008 - Bioessays 30 (11-12):1204-1211.details
Biological Sciences in Natural Sciences
Ontological Order in Scientific Explanation.Seungbae Park - 2003 - Philosophical Papers 32 (2):157-170.details
A scientific theory is successful, according to Stanford (2000), because it is suficiently observationally similar to its corresponding true theory. The Ptolemaic theory, for example, is successful because it is sufficiently similar to the Copernican theory at the observational level. The suggestion meets the scientific realists' request to explain the success of science without committing to the (approximate) truth of successful scientific theories. I argue that Stanford's proposal has a conceptual flaw. A conceptually sound explanation, I claim, respects the ontological (...) order between properties. A dependent property is to be explained in terms of its underlying property, not the other way around. The applicability of this point goes well beyond the realm of the debate between scientific realists and antirealists. Any philosophers should keep the point in mind when they attempt to give an explanation of a property in their field whatever it may be. (shrink)
Reflecting on the Common Discourse on Piracy and Intellectual Property Rights: A Divergent Perspective.Betty Yung - 2009 - Journal of Business Ethics 87 (1):45-57.details
The common discourse on intellectual property rights rests mainly on utilitarian ground, with implications on the question of justice as well as moral significance. It runs like this: Intellectual property rights are to reward the originators for his/her intellectual labour mainly in monetary terms, thereby providing incentives for originators to engage in future innovative labouring. Without such incentives, few, if not none, will engage in creative activities and the whole human community will, thereby, suffer because of reduced inventions. However, such (...) utilitarian argument on piracy as de-motivation may not be necessarily justified. In fact, intellectual property arrangement is one among different institutions concerning how the society may handle new ideas and creative works. In reality, private ownership over one's intellectual product is merely a modern western concept that is being ' advertised' as being normative, which, by itself, is highly debatable. Alarming still, such normative argument assumes both justness and moral dimensions. This article will analyse whether such argument is philosophically sound. (shrink)
Property Rights in Social and Political Philosophy
Rosa Parks con Judith Butler: performatividad individual y acción colectiva.Pablo Pérez Navarro - 2017 - Isegoría 56:187.details
El presente artículo se desarrolla en dos direcciones temporales opuestas. En la primera recurro a la contracultura drag negra y latina de los Estados Unidos para releer la negativa de Rosa Parks a ceder su asiento en el autobús. A continuación, se plantea una genealogía queer de los usos de la teatralidad en las formas contemporáneas del activismo urbano. A partir del encuentro entre ambas líneas temporales defiendo, en diálogo con la obra reciente de Judith Butler, la importancia de la (...) dimensión performativa de las intervenciones individuales en espacios de protesta para entender el alcance movilizador de la acción colectiva. (shrink)
How Causal Are Microbiomes? A Comparison with the H Elicobacter Pylori Explanation of Ulcers.Kate E. Lynch, Emily C. Parke & Maureen A. O'Malley - 2019 - Biology and Philosophy 34 (6):62.details
Human microbiome research makes causal connections between entire microbial communities and a wide array of traits that range from physiological diseases to psychological states. To evaluate these causal claims, we first examine a well-known single-microbe causal explanation: of Helicobacter pylori causing ulcers. This apparently straightforward causal explanation is not so simple, however. It does not achieve a key explanatory standard in microbiology, of Koch's postulates, which rely on manipulations of single-microorganism cultures to infer causal relationships to disease. When Koch's postulates (...) are framed by an interventionist causal framework, it is clearer what the H. pylori explanation achieves and where its explanatory strengths lie. After assessing this 'simple', single-microbe case, we apply the interventionist framework to two key areas of microbiome research, in which obesity and mental health states are purportedly explained by microbiomes. Despite the experimental data available, interventionist criteria for explanation show that many of the causal claims generated by microbiome research are weak or misleading. We focus on the stability, specificity and proportionality of proposed microbiome causal explanations, and evaluate how effectively these dimensions of causal explanation are achieved in some promising avenues of research. We suggest some conceptual and explanatory strategies to improve how causal claims about microbiomes are made. (shrink)
Causation in Biology in Philosophy of Biology
Folk Moral Relativism.Hagop Sarkissian, John J. Park, David Tien, Jennifer Wright & Joshua Knobe - 2014 - In Joshua Knobe & Shaun Nichols (eds.), Experimental Philosophy: Volume 2. New York, NY, USA: pp. 169-192.details
It has often been suggested that people's ordinary folk understanding of morality involves a rejection of moral relativism and a belief in objective moral truths. The results of six studies call this claim into question. Participants did offer apparently objectivist intuitions when confronted with questions about individuals from their own culture, but they offered increasingly relativist intuitions as they were confronted with questions about individuals from increasingly different cultures or ways of life. In light of these data, the authors hypothesize (...) that people do not have a fixed commitment to moral objectivism but instead tend to adopt different views depending on the degree to which they consider radically different perspectives on moral questions. [NOTE: This is a reprint of Sarkissian et al 2011]. (shrink)
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Feature Selection for Inductive Generalization.Na-Yung Yu, Takashi Yamauchi, Huei-Fang Yang, Yen-Lin Chen & Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna - 2010 - Cognitive Science 34 (8):1574-1593.details
Judging similarities among objects, events, and experiences is one of the most basic cognitive abilities, allowing us to make predictions and generalizations. The main assumption in similarity judgment is that people selectively attend to salient features of stimuli and judge their similarities on the basis of the common and distinct features of the stimuli. However, it is unclear how people select features from stimuli and how they weigh features. Here, we present a computational method that helps address these questions. Our (...) procedure combines image-processing techniques with a machine-learning algorithm and assesses feature weights that can account for both similarity and categorization judgment data. Our analysis suggests that a small number of local features are particularly important to explain our behavioral data. (shrink)
Philosophizing and Power: East–West Encounter in the Formation of Modern East Asian Buddhist Philosophy.Jin Y. Park - 2017 - Philosophy East and West 67 (3):801-824.details
Philosophy claims that its goal is to search for truth. The history of philosophy, however, demonstrates that this search for truth has not been free from the power dynamics of respective eras. In this article, I claim that the formation of modern East Asian philosophy is one occasion in which the power structure of the time was visibly reflected. The East–West power imbalance at the beginning of the modern period was both implicitly and explicitly imbedded in the formation of modern (...) Buddhist philosophy in East Asia. To demonstrate this point, I will examine the life and thought of two East Asian Buddhist thinkers, Paek Sŏnguk 白性郁 and Inoue Enryō 井上円了, as paradigmatic examples of... (shrink)
Zhuangzi and Nietzsche on the Human and Nature.Graham Parkes - 2013 - Environmental Philosophy 10 (1):1-24.details
In the context of an unprecedented level of human harm to the natural world on a global scale, this essay aims to rehabilitate the category of the natural by drawing on the philosophies of the classical Daoist Zhuangzi and Friedrich Nietzsche. It considers the benefits of their undermining of anthropocentrism, their appreciation of natural limitations, their checking of human projections onto nature, and their recommendations concerning following the ways of nature while at the same time promoting human culture. The essay (...) concludes with a few examples of how these ideas apply to some current environmental issues. (shrink)
Environmental Philosophy in Philosophy of Biology
Human Nature in Metaphysics
Topics in Environmental Ethics in Applied Ethics
Patricia Yunge, La mirada com-unitaria. Vínculos entre la ciencia occidental post-moderna y las sabidurías ancestrales aymara y mapuche, Editorial Universidad Bolivariana, 2006, 256 p. [REVIEW]Raúl Rupailaf Maichin - 2006 - Polis 15.details
Los años 60 del siglo XX representan para el pueblo mapuche williche una de las décadas más significativas desde la perspectiva histórica, cultural, social y económica y particularmente desde la perspectiva de la simbología mágico religiosa. El cataclismo, más conocido como el maremoto del 60, uno de los movimientos telúricos más potente que ha sacudido a la tierra en esta parte del mundo, según lo han comprobado los instrumentos creados por la ciencia moderna, ha sido acaso el fenómeno natur..
Neither "Yung" nor Easily "Freudened" : Italo Svevo and Psychoanalysis.Eduardo Saccone - 2008 - In Pierluigi Barrotta, Anna Laura Lepschy & Emma Bond (eds.), Freud and Italian Culture. Peter Lang.details
Sigmund Freud in 19th Century Philosophy
A Note on ${\bf R}$-Mingle and Sobociński's Three-Valued Logic.R. Zane Parks - 1972 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 13 (2):227-228.details
Logic and Philosophy of Logic, Miscellaneous in Logic and Philosophy of Logic
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The Outsider [HBO]
Hejira
Mon January 13th, 2020, 17:16
Another Stephen King adaptation.
I've read the book last year and so far it seems like this is one of the best and most faithful King adaptations to date.
It's excellent.
"The Outsider begins with a seemingly straightforward investigation into the gruesome murder of a young boy. But when an insidious supernatural force edges its way into the case, it leads a seasoned cop and an unorthodox investigator to question everything they believe in."
"Is Stalin on your shoulder..."
https://soundcloud.com/jaspervanbeveren-1/jasper-russia
"..as he was with his composers?"
spiritboy
Join Date: 11 Jan 2004
Tue January 14th, 2020, 00:08
Read the book recently and watched the first episode. I don't know it this will be 100% loyal to the novel if you get what i mean.
Cha Cha Instructor
Originally posted by spiritboy View Post
I think it will actually. Don't know how they're gonna pull it off but the signs point to it.
Originally posted by Hejira View Post
A review said they turned one of the worst Stephen King books into great series. Hope it's true.
aaliyahman
I started recording yesterday. Glad it's got supernatural element to it!
"What goes around comes back around my baby"
It's by far not one of his worst books IMO. It wasn't brilliant but none of his recent books are compared to his earlier stuff.
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SOMERSWORTH — The man accused of smothering his girlfriend's 2-year-old son with blankets, nylon rope and a duffel bag is still in jail and has yet to be indicted by a grand jury.
The Strafford County House of Corrections confirmed Thursday 30-year-old Jared Pope of Somersworth is still in custody, but did not have any information regarding a future day in court.
An official at The Strafford County Superior Court said no date has been set as of this time.
Pope waived his right to a probable cause hearing on June 27 at Dover District Court via video and has remained in jail due to his inability to meet the $250,000 bail.
Prosecutors had 90 days from the time of that hearing to seek a grand jury indictment against Pope. It seems the deadline is nearly here or has passed, but no indictment has been issued.
If no action occurs on the case it could be dismissed without prejudice, according to a clerk at the Superior Court. However, there is also the possibility for an extension.
Pope faces a charge of manslaughter for allegedly using blankets, nylon rope and a duffel bag to smother 2-year-old Noah York at an apartment at 231 High St. on June 14.
At his last hearing, Geoffrey Ward, an attorney with the N.H. Attorney General's Office, said that Pope had wrapped the boy then walked away, leaving the toddler alone for 5 to 10 minutes on the night of the incident.
Pope called 911 when he returned to find the child in distress. The 2-year-old was pronounced dead at Wentworth-Douglass Hospital in Dover.


If you've been abusing a mind-altering substance for long, it's possible you've developed a psychological dependence. This dependence means your brain believes it needs the effects of the element to feel and perform normally. Ending long-term abuse won't be easy, but it's possible if you're willing to seek professional help. A quality rehab program that includes crucial services like detox, various therapies and individualized treatment can guide you towards true and lasting sobriety.
Psychological dependency is a state in which an individual relies upon the psychological effects of a certain substance to feel "good" and function properly. It doesn't happen overnight but rather develops over a period of long-term substance abuse. As an individual experiences an increased tolerance and starts consuming larger and more frequent doses, the risk for psychological dependency increases. This is because the brain becomes accustomed to receiving the drug's effects and therefore starts to believe it needs these effects.
Psychological dependence looks different from drug to drug. In the case of opiate drugs–substances that attach to pain receptors in the brain and increase levels of dopamine(the "feel-good" chemical)–the brain stops making its own dopamine. This means that individuals cannot experience feelings of pleasure and joy when the substance is absent from their system. For this reason, millions of users continue to abuse opiates in a quest to achieve the desired feeling of euphoria.
Addiction is a disease that causes users to encounter constant and compulsive urges to seek and abuse a substance for its effects. These urges never entirely go away, but individuals can learn how to resist them in the future successfully. Rehab teaches users how to utilize healthy coping skills and other skills to prevent future relapse.
Detox is often one of the first steps towards regaining lost sobriety. Detox at a supervised medical center affords the opportunity to clear the body of leftover toxins that fuel addiction cravings. Specialists are available 24/7 to help patients manage their heroin withdrawal symptoms and ease the discomfort associated with the process. By the time users complete detox, they can feel prepared to enter rehab treatment with a clearer head. This makes it easier to focus on the treatment that lays ahead.
After detox, individuals can start their own personalized recovery plan. The specifics of this plan should be determined on an individual basis, depending on the user's specific needs and weaknesses. You can identify these needs once a professional completes a thorough analysis of the individual's history of addiction.
Another way rehab can lead to real results is its use of therapy. Talk therapy with an experienced psychologist is a great way to work through any personal problems that may be fueling abusive tendencies. If these problems or past traumas don't receive attention, the user will remain at high risk for future relapse and other unfortunate setbacks.
If you would like help beating addiction to heroin or some other habit-forming drug, choose rehab at San Antonio Recovery Center. Our heroin rehab center in Texas offers some of the most advanced treatment modalities in the country. If you're ready to work hard towards your sobriety, our professionals will guide you through a safe and healthy recovery phase.
Don't put off seeking help for your psychological dependence. Place your care in the hands of one of the best centers for addiction treatment. Call the professionals at San Antonio Recovery Centers today and we'll help identify the best program for your unique needs. Contact us today at 866-957-7885.


text:
Oak Bay back alley bliss
Taking the road less travelled
Mar. 30, 2022 7:30 a.m.
– Words by Susan Lundy Photography by Don Denton
When former Oak Bay mayor Christopher Causton started walking to work at the municipal hall in the mid-'90s, he decided to take the route less travelled. Today, three decades later, Chris is certain he's walked almost all of the municipality's dozens of back alleys, pathways and walkways.
Back in 2006, when an Oak Bay walking group asked Chris to host a back alley tour, he happily obliged, creating a route that started at the Oak Bay Recreation Centre. Expecting a group of about 25, he was stunned to see over 200 people lined up for the tour. He also didn't anticipate that this would become a regular event held each June for the next several years, even after he retired from his role of mayor in 2011.
So, on a sunny Monday in late February—the kind of day where it feels like spring could sprout at any moment—I set out with Chris, my husband Bruce, our dog Zorro and Tweed photographer Don Denton, to find out what all the fuss is about.
"The alleys in south Oak Bay go back 100 years," notes Chris as we head out on foot from our meeting spot at the Monterey Recreation Centre. "They have a lot of character and, like fine wine, have had longer to develop and age than those in central Oak Bay, which date back, generally, to development after the Second World War."
There are very few classic alleys in north Oak Bay, he adds, and these are mostly cut-through-type paths or pedestrian connections.
"I've always been curious," says Chris, and indeed, this becomes apparent as we slowly wander through the crisscross of peaceful Oak Bay back alleys: it's this inquisitive eye that takes the seemingly mundane, gives it a kaleidoscope-like spin and produces a view that says, "Oh, that is interesting!"
In our first laneway, we peer through a fence to the back of a house where an ancient-looking stone building lies partially hidden by foliage. This, it turns out, was once the creamery where Oak Bay's first milk was produced.
"Everyone makes the front area of their home attractive," Chris points out. "But looking at the back of houses shows their real character. There are things here you'd never see otherwise."
Unlike roadways, there are no standards for the alleys. Some are paved, others gravel and, unexpectedly, at least two are grass. Some are wide enough to handle a large truck; others are narrow, some are merely footpaths. Juxtapositions abound: there's an aging Toyota Corolla parked adjacent to a gleaming Porsche; new garages perched next to ancient or converted garages.
We discover a hidden swimming pool, a chicken coop, a wall of solar panels, wooden panels, aluminum siding and a wooden drain pipe attached to wooden soffits and gutters. In one back alley, we wander over one of Oak Bay's only speed bumps. At times, it's like stepping into a bygone era, where tiny garages once large enough to house vehicles are now relegated to garden sheds with large, gleaming SUVs parked nearby.
As we stand looking at one laneway garage, pointing out a couple of birdhouses attached to its front side, the homeowner, digging in the garden, pops her head up and tells us that this particular structure is called The Toy House.
"A playhouse for the grandkids?" I wonder to myself.
Not quite. Chris knows the homeowners (as an aside, he knows pretty much everyone we encounter on this tour), so we're offered a peek at the toys inside: the upward swish of the garage door reveals two gleaming, classic cars.
At another point in the tour, we pass through a laneway intersection where houses representing four different periods of history—and covering at least the past century—live as neighbours. From here we slide into an almost-hidden pathway, and skirt past a yard where the late poet Robin Skelton apparently held seances.
(This prompts my own recollection of Skelton, who was one of my creative writing professors at UVic. For his classes, he did nothing but read his own poetry and assign two essays per term. According to creative writing department lore, Skelton graded essays by weight. I can't confirm this, but I was a prolific word-producer and did receive excellent marks.)
The few times on our trek that we emerge from the laneway matrix and walk down a street, the difference is striking: the width of the street, the polished yards and humdrum concrete sidewalks suddenly have me yearning for the intimacy and intrigue of the laneway routes.
How, I wonder at the end of our journey, could this adventure not bring to mind the poet Robert Frost? For on this day, we took the road "less travelled by"—and it made all the difference.
oak baytravel
Central Okanagan Regional District looking at curbside take-away for food waste
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Dining on the Nanoose Bay waterfront
Tea with photographer Kate Seaborne
Hackers follow through with threats to release Okanagan College data
RCMP ask public for help locating West Kelowna man missing since October
NDP 'tone-deaf' to families with children that have developmental needs: Kelowna MLA


Being in the market for a new laptop this week, I've been scouring the internet for the best possible deals I can find. I came across one website that offers significant discounts on Dell products, and more importantly on products that can fit into what I need.
The website is cheapstingybargains.com, and contains a comprehensive listing of Dell products available, and the necessary Dell Coupon Codes.
The deals on the website are updated hourly, so the chances of you finding a discount on the product you are after is extremely likely. As well as this there is the listing of the hottest deals currently available, as well as liting by catagory of all types of different products from general electronics, to phones and iPods.
I would recommend any searching for a computer, monitor, or notebook as the listing on this site is huge, and the discounts offered are crazy, with the smallest discount being at least $100.


text:
This article is part of
Guide to Cryptocurrencies
By Ima Jackson-Obot
Money has taken different forms since time began.
Over thousands of years it has evolved from shells and stones to more presently, notes and coins.
And up until the mid-late 20th century money was backed by gold.
However, many central banks have relinquished much of the gold they once held in reserve and we live in a world of 'fiat' money, which is one where the money derives its value from government regulations or laws.
Its value is affected by supply and demand, and the confidence in the economy of the issuing government, rather than the physical material the money is made of or convertible into.
The laws and regulations that support fiat money also give the coins and notes in a particular currency 'legal tender' status. Although this has limited practical implications, it is a feature that is unique to notes and coins and is important because it adds to the confidence in fiat money.
Payment systems have also evolved. Consumers are using notes and coins less and less and are instead using credit or debit cards and mobile payment apps.
So we are now living in an era of the digital currency.
Cryptocurrency, a type of digital currency has been used as a catch-all synonym for what is actually a broader term, namely cryptoassets.
Put simply, a cryptocurrency is a store of value and a way to transfer that value among people who use the currency.
Simon Peters
Cryptoasset categories
There are three subclasses of cryptoassets: exchange tokens (cryptocurrencies), utility tokens and security tokens. Cryptocurrencies are a type of cryptoasset or a sub-class of cryptoassets, but not all cryptoassets are cryptocurrencies.
Exchange tokens are synonymous with cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin or Ether.5 They have no function or purpose other than as a means of exchange (or store of value).
Utility tokens (sometimes called user tokens or app coins) are used in a future exchange for future goods or services of the issuer. The holder might therefore be entitled to redeem the coins for the issuer's products. Accordingly, it could have the characteristics of a prepayment, much like a prepaid gift card or crowd-funding of a product. Utility tokens are not designed to be investments.
Security tokens have the characteristics of a securities issue.
When cryptocurrencies were created, they were developed to facilitate peer-to-peer transactions, independently of banks.
They also have coins, but they are digital rather than physical coins. You cannot withdraw a cryptocurrency. You can only transfer a coin, or fraction of a coin, to another party.
The only evidence of a cryptocurrency, and its ownership, is the record of the cryptocurrency transactions on the blockchain technology.
Anyone handing over their hard-earned cash should make sure they understand what they're getting into.
Laura Suter
That record is a public record (or ledger) that exists in a distributed and open cryptocurrency blockchain.
Simon Peters, analyst at cryptocurrency trading firm Etoro
Simon Peters, analyst at cryptocurrency trading firm Etoro saiys: "Cryptocurrencies, for example Bitcoin, Litecoin, Monero, are coins designed to fulfil the traditional role of real-world currencies but in the digital space.
"Put simply, a cryptocurrency is a store of value and a way to transfer that value among people who use the currency. However, it doesn't do much more than that. Think of it like fiat money, you can save by depositing it in your bank account as a store of your wealth and you can pay people for goods and services, but you can't perform an actual function with it."
So how do you invest in a cryptocurrency?
Previous|Next
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Lenders open to crypto-funded mortgages
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Also in this guide
Who are the cryptocurrency investors?
What does the regulator think about cryptocurrency?
How can advisers take advantage of the legacy of cryptocurrency?
Finished reading all (4) articles in this guide?Bank CPD
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FCA 'slow' to identify LCF minibond risk, court hears


The Baxley City Council has narrowed its search for a new City Manager down to four candidates. Jeff Baxley, current manager, announced recently that he would be retiring in early 2018. Originally nine people applied for the position and the mayor and council have been conducting interviews and deliberating over the past few weeks to narrow the candidates down to a top four.


text:
United States secret military presence in Somalia war
Posted on July 3, 2014 by petrel41
This video from the USA is called Jeremy Scahill on Libya and Somalia – We are making future enemies!
From Reuters:
US Reveals Secret Somalia Military Presence, Up To 120 Troops: Report
July 02 2014 7:22 PM
U.S. military advisers
'Military advisers'. Like in the Vietnam war.
have secretly operated in Somalia since around 2007 and Washington plans to deepen its security assistance to help the country fend off threats by Islamist militant group al Shabaab, U.S. officials said.
The comments are the first detailed public acknowledgement of a U.S. military presence in Somalia dating back since the U.S. administration of George W. Bush and add to other signs of a deepening U.S. commitment to Somalia's government, which the Obama administration recognized last year.
The deployments, consisting of up to 120 troops on the ground, go beyond the Pentagon's January announcement that it had sent a handful of advisers in October. That was seen at the time as the first assignment of U.S. troops to Somalia since 1993 when two U.S. helicopters were shot down and 18 American troops killed in the "Black Hawk Down" disaster.
The plans to further expand U.S. military assistance coincide with increasing efforts by the Somali government and African Union peacekeepers to counter a bloody seven-year insurgent campaign by the al Qaeda-linked al Shabaab to impose strict Islamic law inside Somalia.
Those U.S. plans include greater military engagement and new funds for training and assistance for the Somali National Army (SNA), after years of working with the African Union Mission in Somalia, or AMISOM, which has about 22,000 troops in the country from Uganda, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Burundi, Djibouti and Ethiopia.
"What you'll see with this upcoming fiscal year is the beginning of engagement with the SNA proper," said a U.S. defense official, who declined to be identified. The next fiscal year starts in October.
An Obama administration official told Reuters there were currently up to 120 U.S. military personnel on the ground throughout Somalia and described them as trainers and advisers.
"They're not involved in combat," the official told Reuters, speaking on condition of anonymity, adding that until last year, U.S. military advisers had been working with AMISOM troop contributors, as opposed to Somali forces.
President Barack Obama last year determined that Somalia could receive U.S. military assistance.
Another official said American forces over the years had provided advice and assistance in areas related to mission planning, small unit tactics, medical care, human rights and communications. The official said U.S. forces in Somalia have also facilitated coordination, planning and communication between AMISOM troop contributors and Somali security forces.
The comments expand upon a little noticed section of a speech given early in June by Wendy Sherman, under secretary of state for political affairs. She publicly acknowledged that a "small contingent of U.S. military personnel" including special operations forces had been present in parts of Somalia for several years.
Still, it was not immediately clear from her remarks the extent to which U.S. personnel had been operating.
U.S. special operations forces have staged high-profile raids in the past in Somalia, including an aborted attempt in October to capture an al Shabaab operative in the militant group's stronghold of Barawe. U.S. officials have acknowledged Washington's support for AMISOM and Somalia's struggle against al Shabaab.
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency officials have been known to operate in the country.
U.S. troop numbers on the ground in Somalia vary over time, the officials told Reuters. Deployments are "staggered" and "short-term," one official said. But the Obama administration official added that there was overlap in the deployments to allow for a persistent presence on the ground.
Asked about where U.S. forces were deployed, the administration official said they were "in locations throughout Somalia" but declined to elaborate further for security reasons.
The official declined to say precisely when the first U.S. military forces went back into Somalia, saying: "It was around 2007" and in support of AMISOM.
Asked about why Sherman chose to disclose the information, a State Department official told Reuters: "In the past, our assessment of the security situation in Somalia informed our decision to err on the side of force protection concerns and not divulge their presence."
That's changed, the official said. "We do not currently believe that acknowledging the U.S. presence will increase the already high threat to our personnel and citizens operating in Somalia."
The announcement also reflects a deepening of the U.S.-Somali relationship and comes as the United States prepares to name its first ambassador for Somalia since 1993, who would initially be based out of the country due to security concerns.
"Absolutely there's been a shift" in the relationship, an Obama administration official said.
Military trainers from the European Union are already on the ground in Somalia training soldiers after shifting their operations at the end of last year to Mogadishu from Uganda, where troops were previously drilled.
See also here.
US forces in combat in Somalia as AFRICOM plans for war across continent: here.
The U.S. Has Had a Secret Military Presence in Somalia Since 2007
Revealed: US operating secretly in Somalia since 2007
This entry was posted in Peace and war and tagged Somalia by petrel41. Bookmark the permalink.
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An editorial illustration for LocalLove.ca, which is owned by United Way of Greater Toronto.
The main focus of the article was summarizing five ways kids can change the world. I wanted to note the five key aspects within the illustration: Diversity, Empathy, Social Responsibility, Social Justice and Fundraising.
The article was a summary, which made incorporating all five key points tricky, but I found the grid layout worked well and offered a much more eye-catching presence than just one illustration.


Just before the James Beard Award-winning chef Michael Solomonov demonstrated his five-minute hummus recipe, Maxine Schwartz, a jewelry designer from Westfield, presented a $32,000 check to Brian Eglash of Pittsburgh. Eglash is a member of the Tree of Life synagogue and senior vice president and chief development officer at the Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh.
The October mass shooting at the Pittsburgh synagogue permeated the March 28 program which raised more than $115,000 for Jewish Federation of Greater MetroWest New Jersey. Eglash delivered the keynote address to a crowd of over 400 at the Sheraton Parsippany Hotel, followed by a conversation between Solomonov, whose family belonged to Tree of Life, and Meny Vaknin, a local chef, a past champion of the Food Network television show "Chopped," and owner of Montclair's MishMish, Marcel Bakery & Kitchen, and the soon-to-be opened Luisa Bakery & Café.
"I do believe that together we can do more than we can each do alone," Schwartz told the crowd as she handed an actual check (as opposed to a blown-up version) to Eglash.
Schwartz celebrated her son's bar mitzvah at Temple Emanu-El in Westfield on the Shabbat morning of Oct. 27, the same day as the Pittsburgh attack. She and her husband felt "destroyed" because "it could so easily have been at Temple Emanu-El." Rather than make a donation, she decided to put her talent to work, and gave 100 percent of the proceeds to the Pittsburgh federation from the sales of necklaces with a tree of life motif she had previously designed.
In his remarks, Eglash highlighted the Pittsburgh federation's impact in the aftermath of the mass shooting, and credited federation with saving lives by hosting an active-shooter drill at the Tree of Life synagogue weeks before the attack. Two life-saving measures that came out of that drill included the rabbi's instruction to carry a cell phone on Shabbat and holidays that enabled congregants to call 911, and the opening of exit doors that had been blocked.
"It literally saved lives," Eglash said.
To the tehina in the blender he added a little garlic, some lemon, salt, cumin, and water, all the while telling the audience tidbits about Israeli culture and tehina' s role in Israeli food. "It's the mother sauce," he said.
Solomonov peppered his remarks with humor and heartbreak. He shared his love for Israel, his inspiration for bringing the cuisine to Philadelphia in the form of Zahav, and his own ties to Pittsburgh — born in Israel, he spent a number of years in Pittsburgh where his mother taught at the local Solomon Schechter Day School and his family belonged to Tree of Life Synagogue. His family made aliyah when he was in high school. He also spoke about the death of his younger brother David, who was killed by sniper fire three days before he was to complete his Israeli army service.
After just three semesters at the University of Vermont, Solomonov returned to Israel to look for work. "I got a job working at a bakery, not because I wanted to be a chef, or even a baker, but because three semesters in studio art or media doesn't get you super far," he said.
When he decided to go to Israel after his brother died to cook for IDF soldiers, the non-Jewish chef he'd been working for in Philadelphia decided to join him. "'We'll roast a suckling pig, we'll make osso bucco,'" Solomonov recalled the chef saying. "We made schnitzel," he added, dryly, to peals of laughter from the crowd. But seeing the Israeli kids in the army offered a sharp contrast to their American peers, and something shifted. "In hindsight, maybe that's what started it all," he said. When he returned to the U.S., "I didn't want to cook Italian food, and I didn't want to cook French food," he said.
Solomonov and Vaknin together agreed that both of their cooking styles defy classic techniques. That's because they cook using methods perfected in their grandmothers' kitchens.
"It contradicts all those old, white, male French chefs," said Solomonov. They "aren't the people that actually cook this food. It's the grandmothers who don't have to measure ingredients and literally have a dynasty, a cooking tradition that tells the story of where we come from post-second Temple period.


Dennis LeRoy Anderson plead guilty on Monday to driving while under the influence. After going to the Keyboard Lounge and drinking a few alcoholic beverages, Anderson got on to his motorized La-Z-Boy and accidentally crashed it into a car in the parking lot. Officers arrived and Breathalyzer results proved that Anderson had a blood alcohol level of .29%. They impounded his vehicle, arrested him and put him in jail. The La-Z-Boy was powered by the engine of a lawn mower and had a steering wheel, an antenna, headlights, a radio and a cup holder. Police estimated that the chair could go as fast as 15-20 m.p.h. The vehicle will likely be sold at the next police auction. A picture of the vehicle can be seen here.
People often think that you can only get a DUI while driving a car. This is wrong. You can receive a DUI while operating a bike, a motorcycle, a boat and almost anything else with a motor. If you are drunk, call a taxi cab to drive to you home instead of risking getting a DUI. Whether you live in San Clemente, Anaheim or Laguna Beach, if you are charged with a DUI, call an experienced DUI defense attorney to assist you.


text:
Q: how to replace a lengthy white space to Nan in a column under Object format? in python I have a dataframe with two columns, one of the columns contains of many blank cells. I tried all the method that I could think of to drop those rows,but none worked.
for example:
FGS_data[FGS_data['Ins ISIN code']==''] = np.nan
FGS_data[FGS_data['Ins ISIN code']!='']
nan_value = float("NaN")
# Convert NaN values to empty string
FGS_data.replace("", nan_value, inplace=True)
FGS_data.dropna(subset = ["Ins ISIN code"], inplace=True)

    Ins ISIN code   Quantity
0                   21836.59
31              -56231449.00
118              -1141045.00
51  JP3970300004    30500.00
143 JP3970300004    37000.00
176 JP3982800009    11500.00

FGS_data.dtypes
Ins ISIN code     object
Quantity         float64
dtype: object

then I tried this,
In:  FGS_data.iat[2,0]
Out: '                    '

In:  len(FGS_data.iat[2,0])
Out: 20

how can I drop the blank rows? if I use
FGS_data.replace("                    ", nan_value, inplace=True)

it workes,but I am not if all the cells have the same len of whitespaces

A: Series.str.contains
FGS_data[~FGS_data['Ins ISIN code'].str.contains(r'^\s*$')]

     Ins ISIN code  Quantity
51   JP3970300004   30500.0
143  JP3970300004   37000.0
176  JP3982800009   11500.0

Regex details:

*

*^ : Assert position at start of line

*\s* : Matches a whitespace character between zero or unlimited times

*$ : Asserts position at the end of line

A: $ FGS_data['Ins ISIN code'].str.strip()
$ FGS_data.replace("", nan_value, inplace=True)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Should We Focus On Our Weaknesses Or On Our Greatness?
It is brought in Shulchan Aruch that when one davens, he should think about the greatness of Hashem, and how small he is.
Is a person big or small? In Shulchan Aruch, it says that one should think how lowly he is, in comparison to Hashem. What does this mean? Are we supposed to look at ourselves as lowly beings?
The true approach we need to have is that one has to realize that man is very great, but at the same time, man is also a lowly being. One can have simultaneous views towards himself at once.
How can this be, though? Either we are great, or we are lowly. How can we be both at the same time?
We all have certain bad middos (character traits). That can help us understand how lowly we are. But we are also beloved to Hashem, for we were created in His image. In our actual essence, we are all great.
We are lowly in the sense that we are materialistic, and we also have bad middos; these two factors together contribute to our lowliness. We have certain human weaknesses and shortcomings. But our soul is called a cheilek eloka mimaal, "a portion of Hashem". What is the main part of who we are? Is it the fact that we are a soul? Or is it the fact that we have bad middos which we must fix?
This is a very fundamental question: How does one view himself?
To explain more what we mean: the fact that one is a tzelem elokim ("in the image of G-d") is not just because one must view himself as "I, Reuven, was created as a tzelem elokim", in the same way that Shimon and Levi are a tzelem elokim. The fact that we are a tzelem elokim is not part of your aspect of individuality, because if it was, it would be gaavah (conceit), and then you wouldn't honor others for being a tzelem elokim. This is because the same way you honor yourself for being a tzelem elokim is the same reason that you should honor another for being a tzelem elokim. Otherwise, you are just using your 'tzelem elokim' for the purposes of your own ego.
When you make a self-accounting and you want to improve, what are you thinking about? Are you just thinking about your faults and that you want to change? Or are you also realizing that you have greatness in yourself - that you are a tzelem elokim?
If you look at yourself as just a lowly being, you won't be able to ever reach self-perfection. Just focusing on your lowliness won't perfect you. If you want to have a true kind of life, you need to first focus on how you are good. You are a neshamah - your soul is pure, for it was placed in you by Hashem.
How Should We View Our Faults?
Of course, you must know your faults, and you must also repent for your sins, but you need to view yourself as mainly being a good person. If you view yourself as a good person, you will have an inner source in yourself to draw forth great spiritual strength from to improve in Torah, yiras shomayim (fear of Heaven) and holiness.
If you don't connect to that inner source and you instead focus on your lowly aspects, you have nothing to draw forth inner strength from, because then it doesn't do anything for you.
In order for you to survive, you need to feel that you are precious to Hashem, for you are a tzelem elokim, and that your essence - your soul - is pure.
It can be compared to a stone covering over a well with pure water underneath. We have rough layers covering us, but beneath the surface, lies our pure neshamah. Our faults and our bad middos definitely exist, but they are not the source of our inner 'wellspring'. The source of our inner 'wellspring' is completely pure and good and holy.
When you reflect about yourself personally, where do you think your thoughts and feelings come from? Do they come from your lower aspects of your existence, or from your pure soul? We definitely have actions, feelings, and thoughts that come from the bad parts, but the real issue is, for a person to know where they actually come from.
What is the difference between a superficial person and an inner [spiritual] kind of person? A superficial person views his thoughts and feelings as coming from an external part of himself. He does not view himself as being a good person in essence. Therefore, he suspects that his thoughts and feelings are not good. When a person views himself as only good, though, it is because he has gaavah; he doesn't realize where his thoughts and feelings stem from in himself.
By contrast, a person who lives an inner kind of life gets his feelings and thoughts from a pure place in himself. It can still happen that he receives bad thoughts and feelings, but they are mainly pure. So when a person lives an inner kind of life and not a superficial kind of life, he lives with inner strength.
If one lives superficially and he gets the strength from his inner self – this is all stemming from a strong amount of gaavah (conceit), which is a negative trait. But one who lives inwardly gets his thoughts and feelings from a pure place in himself.
The avodah of each of us is to reveal that completely good and holy part of ourselves. Many times people live superficially, and thus they don't realize that there is a pure place in themselves. They see others who are not truthful, so they view themselves in the same way, and they lose belief in the pure part of themselves. If you don't believe that there is a pure place in yourself, you won't be able to get to it.
We must all know that even though we have faults, our soul contains a place which is totally pure. This inner place is really what we have to reveal. A person who hasn't revealed it views himself with a low self-image, and this is a false way of viewing himself. But if one has revealed it, he views himself as being pure, as a person who contains greatness.
How will we able to deal with the coming year, and all the situations that it will bring? If we try to deal with it superficially, we won't be able to handle it. But if we merit to reveal the inner place in our soul which is pure, then whatever trying situation we will face this year to our spirituality, we will be able to return to that pure place and connect to its holiness.
Why is it that people usually succumb to evil when they are tempted? It is because they view themselves as mainly evil, so their evil is awakened, when they see evil. But if one is tempted in a situation yet he identifies with the pure place in his soul, even when he is tempted, he will remain attached to the pure place in his soul. True, he still has free will, and he can still fall. But he will be able to place in himself in a place that is pure, even as he is being tempted.
Every day, the yetzer hora gets stronger, Chazal say; and if not for Hashem's help, we cannot overcome. Why can't we overcome evil, and why is it impossible without Hashem? When a person identifies himself superficially, the yetzer hora can sway him to do evil. Hashem helps a person in that a person can awaken his pure point when he is tempted with evil.
Chazal say that when the yetzer hora is present, there is no yetzer tov. You don't remember any tov (good) when ra (evil) is present. But if you are already used to dwelling on the pure point in yourself, then when you meet temptation, you will be very close to returning yourself to the good place in yourself, and then the evil won't be able to sway you.
If you're not used to dwelling on your inner purity, it will be very hard to overcome evil temptations when you are faced with them. This is why most people are struggling with their yetzer hora.
Every year, when Rosh HaShanah comes, the original spiritual light returns to the world. When we were first created, we were pure. When Adam sinned, he fell into a mixture of good and evil. On Rosh HaShanah, we have the opportunity to identify our original pure state and connect to it.
Rosh HaShanah is a great light –it is a power to identify our pure point in the soul, which existed before Adam's sin, in which the world was still a pure place. If we want a true kind of life, we need to reveal that inner point in ourselves.
If we check ourselves and we want to see how we view ourselves, we should see what our first thoughts are when we think about ourselves: Do we initially feel negative towards ourselves, or positive towards ourselves?
If we have a positive view towards ourselves, we are connecting to the light that comes on Rosh HaShanah. But if we just look at Rosh HaShanah as a scary day in which we are judged for our actions, this is a superficial outlook, which only dwells on the mixture of good and evil that is This World.
Our Rabbis pointed out that on Rosh HaShanah, we don't mention any sins. Not only don't we verbalize them, but even to think about our sins on Rosh HaShanah is not allowed, according to the writings of our Rabbis. What is the depth of this? It is because when you think about your faults and sins, you are connecting yourself to the external parts to yourself, which are not pure.
On Rosh HaShanah, our main avodah is to connect ourselves to the way we are the beginning of creation, before the sin, when we were entirely pure. We need to awaken in ourselves the part in the soul which resembles Adam's state before the sin.
To clarify what this means, this is not simply to 'take our mind off' our sins; it is to enter deep into our soul, where there is a place in which there is no sin.
Shofar on Rosh HaShanah is meant to penetrate into our soul, that we should enter our souls. One aspect of Shofar is to remind us to do teshuvah, but that is only the external part of Shofar. The inner message behind Shofar, as Rav Saadyah Gaon says, is to remind us of Shofar at Har Sinai, when we were pure again.
If one hears Shofar and only thinks about improving his ways, his Rosh HaShanah is superficial. But if one hears the Shofar and is reminded of his purity, he enters the place in his soul where there is no sin.
There is Shofar in Elul and in Rosh HaShanah. The sound of the Shofar in Elul is to get us to cry and improve our ways. Shofar on Rosh HaShanah is to help us enter the place in our souls where there is no sin. This is Rosh HaShanah, the 'head of the year' – to begin the year from a pure, clean place. We each need to reveal in our own personal soul that our beginning point is a place of no sin. We don't begin with sin; we begin with a place where there is no sin.
When one who absorbs this concept - first intellectually, and then in his heart – these words can transform his entire life, from beginning until end!
There is a [Chassidic] saying that goes, "Think good, and then it will be good." Where does this saying come from? It is really based on the concept of thinking about the pure place in your soul, where there is no evil. Rosh HaShanah is when this perspective shines particularly.
Even a person who kept falling into sins this year, time and time again, should not despair. One of the reasons why we should never despair is because we can change our very orientations. As we have explained here, we can train ourselves to dwell on our pure essence, and this will help us succeed, with Heavenly assistance.
You can do this by reflecting every day into the concept that you are renewed each day by Hashem.
We will now try to explain how we can access this practically.
The inner part of our soul is entirely pure, and the outer part of our soul is a mix of good and evil. How do we connect to the pure part in our soul? The pure part in the soul is deep in the soul, so it is very hidden from us. How, then, can we connect to it?
One major way to get there is through purifying the soul, and that is how one can penetrate to there. But there is a piece of advice that can be used even for someone who hasn't purified his soul. The advice is to begin every day anew! Not only in the morning should you feel renewed, but throughout the day, keep viewing yourself as "new".
What does it mean to keep renewing yourself? You should not look at yourself as merely continuing the previous moment. This is because the previous moment was a mixture of good and evil. Instead, look at yourself as being born anew each second.
Rosh HaShanah is the day to remember the first day of Creation. What does it mean to remember the beginning of Creation? To look at this year as if it's the only year!
We must extend Rosh HaShanah to the rest of the year: that we should look at each day as the beginning. If you begin anew each day, not just as yourself but because the entire Creation is being renewed – this is not imagination; why not? Because the renewal is really there, it is just covered over and hidden, and you just need to connect yourself to it.
If a person tries this, not superficially and not through fooling himself, but because he believes in the renewal of Creation and that he can connect to it, each day he can connect to the pure place of renewal.
Of course, there will always be tests, even after you reach that place in the soul. Adam HaRishon also had a test, even when he was in his pure state. But the tests will look totally different, when we acquire this perspective.
Thus, each day, whenever you feel timtum halev (when you feel like your heart is stuffed and blocked from spiritual inspiration), or when your head is cloudy, or when you're upset at yourself for having bad middos, or anything that's not good in yourself - tell yourself that you can begin again anew, and you can tell yourself hundreds and thousands of times, that your essence is good. For you are, in you very essence, a neshamah - a "cheilek eloka mimaal" (portion of G-d above).
One who does this every day will feel purity in his soul each day, and he will acquire great power to deal with all events of life.