text:
California Political Review
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California Political News And Views
Can we go back to the pre-fossil fuel era?
December 6, 2019 By Stephen Frank 5 Comments
Oil is cheap clean and safe. So is coal and nuclear power. But socialists trying to tank the economy have made it clear, they wish to limit energy, create poverty and joblessness, so they can have government take care of you.
"Turning to the oil industry after 1900 we found that nothing powers economies the way refined oil does; oil can be turned into an array of products: cosmetics, athletic equipment, shoelaces, bowling balls, milk jugs, medications and the aviation, diesel and gasoline fuels. The two prime movers that have done more for the cause of globalization are the diesel engine and the jet turbine. Both get their fuels from oil and without this fuel transportation and commerce return to the pre-Industrial revolution age. In short, oil may be the single most flexible substance ever discovered so why sunset that industry?
Renewables, such as solar, wind, and biofuels, require taxpayer financial subsidies that are derived from the infrastructures supported by fossil fuels, and require countryside-devouring land mass sprawl due to their low-power density to produce significant electricity, i.e., precious land that will be required to feed the billions on this earth.
How do we provide subsidies to the renewables industries when at least 80% of the 8 billion people living on earth survives on less than $10 a day? Today, across southern Asia, portions of Europe and parts of Africa and Australia, there are families attempting to live on virtually nothing. As hard as it is to believe it is a truism.
Fossil fuel crates prosperity. Alternate energy sources create poverty. Which do you want?
Ron Stein, 12/1/19, CFACT
Op Ed Summary: The worlds already experienced life without fossil fuels as recently as a few short centuries ago. We never had the oil industry before the 1900's, so imagine how life will be like with no infrastructures to move things that are the basis of commerce, and no chemicals to make the products that are the basis of our lifestyles?
Seems like an easy yes or no answer, but there are numerous financial costs and social change ramifications of going Green that make the answer weighty. If everyone can recall history, the worlds already experienced life without fossil fuels just a few short centuries ago. We never had the oil industry before the 1900's, so why do we believe society can adjust to living in those medieval times with just electricity, but no infrastructures to move things that are the basis of commerce, and no chemicals to make the products that are the basis of our lifestyles? The Green New Deal (GND) may be in larval form right now, but the fact that it's being seriously discussed in Congress (and around the world) is a quantum leap for politics. If nothing else, the advancing of Ocasio-Cortez and Markey's bill signals that some of our elected officials are on board with inviting Americans to dream again — to imagine a better future for ourselves, even if the road between now and then hasn't come entirely into focus yet. What the GND affirms for Millennials, Gen Z and other young people is that we are not living in the best of times, and that recalibrating the world for sustainability and economic justice will not come from taking polite baby steps. We simply don't have the time for that. I know politicians both here and abroad are supportive of the GND to sunset the oil industry, BUT imagine how life was without that industry just a few hundred years ago before 1900 when we had NO militaries, NO communications systems, including cell phones, computers, and I Pads, NO vehicles, NO airlines that now move 4 billion people around the world, NO cruise ships that now move 25 million passengers around the world, NO merchant ships that are now moving billions of dollars of products monthly throughout the world, NO tires for vehicles, and NO asphalt for roads, NO water filtration systems, NO sanitation systems, NO space program, NO medications and medical equipment, NO vaccines, NO fertilizers to help feed billions. Even more important than living without the above-mentioned infrastructures, before the 1900's we had NONE of the 6,000 products come from oil and petroleum products. For now, forget about the questions of how to finance the GND's guaranteed jobs for everyone with no infrastructures to work at, and high-quality healthcare for all with no medications or medical equipment. Just imagine living in those pioneer days with only electricity available and nothing to power since virtually everything we have today is made with the chemicals and by-products manufactured from crude oil. Turning to the oil industry after 1900 we found that nothing powers economies the way refined oil does; oil can be turned into an array of products: cosmetics, athletic equipment, shoelaces, bowling balls, milk jugs, medications and the aviation, diesel and gasoline fuels. The two prime movers that have done more for the cause of globalization are the diesel engine and the jet turbine. Both get their fuels from oil and without this fuel transportation and commerce return to the pre-Industrial revolution age. In short, oil may be the single most flexible substance ever discovered so why sunset that industry? Renewables, such as solar, wind, and biofuels, require taxpayer financial subsidies that are derived from the infrastructures supported by fossil fuels, and require countryside-devouring land mass sprawl due to their low-power density to produce significant electricity, i.e., precious land that will be required to feed the billions on this earth. How do we provide subsidies to the renewables industries when at least 80% of the 8 billion people living on earth survives on less than $10 a day? Today, across southern Asia, portions of Europe and parts of Africa and Australia, there are families attempting to live on virtually nothing. As hard as it is to believe it is a truism. How do we provide healthcare to those children in underdeveloped countries, mostly from energy starved countries, that are experiencing 11 million child deaths every year, and mainly from preventable causes when we have no transportation infrastructures to deliver the "medicine man", since there will be no medications and medical equipment without the oil industry. For those that support sun setting the oil industry that is currently running this world's economy and embark on those unknown GND roads and negotiate its many turns and obstacles and possibly suffer the consequences of removing an industry before we have an alternative industry to replace it, then keep supporting the GND proponents. For those that believe we should have an alternative replacement for the oil industry before abandoning the industry responsible for international commerce, then it may be time to change our political leaders. While developed countries with thriving economies continue to seek out an "alternative energy" that can maintain our economy, the billions of people in undeveloped countries may find difficulty adapting to a world without the oil industry as they are just starting to enhance their lifestyles and commerce.
Filed Under: Stephen Frank's California Political News And Views
About Stephen Frank
Stephen Frank is the publisher and editor of California Political News and Views. He speaks all over California and appears as a guest on several radio shows each week. He has also served as a guest host on radio talk shows. He is a fulltime political consultant.
Last reply was 1 month ago
View 1 month ago
Do you not get it? It is the joules of energy that can be delivered and converted into productive work that is the goal. This is the weakness of batteries. (don't forget the toxic issues of modern batteries that has yet to be dealt with)
The more joules carried (as in gasoline) in a easy way from point "a" to point "b" with an effective use of the same energy to carry the product is part of the equation.
The LOWER the cost of energy to fuel society the GREATER the level of society becomes. (float the ship and all occupants benefit)
tomsquawk
i wouldn't mind going back to the pre-fossil fuel era. chances are there would be no social media.
You're right, but the guvmnt crazies don't want to "take care" of us; they are hell bent on controlling us.
ambrjak
The guy that said " You can't tell anybody anything" sure spoke a mouthful.
Nils Andersson
However, over the long term, say 100 years, it makes sense to draw down on fossil fuels and increasingly use fissile fuels. This makes sense for most things, except airplanes. BUT, this requires LOTS of nuclear power plants.
Of course, the whole thing from the left is a hoax. They want to CONTROL who gets to use energy, and thereby control pretty much everything. This I call the drive for "The dictatorship of the Greenetariat".
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text:
Psyché abandonnée est une statue en marbre présentée au Salon de 1790 par le sculpteur Augustin Pajou et conservée au musée du Louvre.

Contexte de la création
Augustin Pajou reçoit en 1783 la commande d'un pendant à l'Amour de Bouchardon (1750, Louvre). Il choisit alors de représenter une Psyché. Il s'agit là d'une œuvre importante dans la carrière de l'artiste car elle lui permet d'affirmer sa prééminence parmi les sculpteurs de l'époque, dont il est en 1790 l'un des doyens. En effet, la réalisation d'un pendant à une œuvre de Bouchardon le place comme le successeur de ce dernier.
Cette sculpture lui permet aussi de répondre à la Diane chasseresse de Houdon, son dernier rival. Il rivalise là avec Houdon au niveau du choix de la composition comme de la taille du marbre.

Son œuvre coûtera très cher, notamment pour le paiement des modèles féminins. Pajou rejeta trois blocs de marbre avant de trouver celui qui lui convint.

Description
Augustin Pajou représente Psyché juste après le départ de l'Amour, désemparée, sur un coussin. À ses pieds, la lampe à huile et le poignard que l'on retrouve dans l'histoire. Son bras gauche s'appuie sur le coussin pour ne pas défaillir et la main droite se porte à son cœur et elle soulève très délicatement son sein. Elle regarde au loin, la bouche entrouverte. On retrouve la nudité complète, caractéristique de la fin du , tout comme les motifs décoratifs de style antique du piédestal sur lequel elle se tient. La représentation des hanches, des cuisses, les effets de chairs et les plis du ventre sont traités de manière réalistes.

Réception de l'œuvre
Le modèle en plâtre est exposé lors du Salon de 1785. Cinq jours après, l'œuvre est enlevée à la suite de la plainte du curé de Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois pour indécence. Cependant, elle est exposée dans l'atelier du sculpteur et après le scandale, tout le monde se précipite pour la voir. La nudité intégrale ne fut pas du tout critiquée, car il s'agit d'un aspect plutôt apprécié en cette fin de siècle. Mais les critiques s'attardent sur la véracité des traits et des formes, qui ne sont pas assez idéalisés. On lui reproche une tête "française", une coiffure trop volumineuse. Elle manifeste qui plus est trop sa douleur, qui semble plus physique que morale. L'attitude était jugée trop peu retenue, pas assez noble. La critique n'apprécia pas les proportions du corps. On trouve que le modèle était une femme trop âgée pour une Psyché. Néanmoins, les critiques sont conscients qu'ils sont là face à un plâtre provisoire. Dans leur commentaires, ils manifestent leur confiance en l'artiste pour corriger ses erreurs en tenant compte de leurs remarques. Le marbre est quant à lui présenté en 1790. Les critiques se focalisent à nouveau sur les proportions mais la taille suscite l'admiration, même si on la trouve quelque peu trop sensuelle. L'œuvre entre au musée du Louvre en 1829.

Notes et références

Sculpture du XVIIIe siècle
Sculpture en marbre
Nu féminin
1790 en France
Collection de sculptures françaises du Louvre
Mythologie gréco-romaine dans la sculpture après l'Antiquité
Scandale artistique

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to automatically create a database when building a Spring-Boot application with Maven I have a Spring Boot project with JPA. I have created a PostgreSQL database and a database-admin on my local machine (and also made some .sql files to create tables and fill in some test data). I specified it in application.properties:
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/messenger
spring.datasource.username=messenger_admin
spring.datasource.password=yEwXUcaNf8cp2RRD

spring.datasource.driver-class-name=org.postgresql.Driver
spring.jpa.database=postgresql
spring.jpa.database-platform=org.hibernate.dialect.PostgreSQL10Dialect

spring.sql.init.mode=always
spring.sql.init.schema-locations=classpath*:database/db_create_tables.sql
spring.sql.init.data-locations=classpath*:database/db_fill.sql

It works fine, but when I try to build my project on another machine, I have to create a database with user manually or it just won't start. My question is - how can I create a database and a user with permissions to it (if not already exists) when somebody builds my project?
I tried to do it in my terminal and ended up with these commands:
sudo su postgres
(my password)
(postgres password)
psql
create database messenger
create user messenger_admin with encrypted password 'yEwXUcaNf8cp2RRD'
grant all privileges on database messenger to messenger_admin

But I can't made a script out of it, and don't know how to properly run it when building my project - should it be done with Maven or Spring-Boot? Moreover, I don't know if making such a script is a good solution at all. This is my first pet-project and I really want to understand some common practices.
P.S.
I don't want to use Docker at this point, just want to make it possible to run my application on different devices as it is.

A: With a help of chrylis I came up making a shell script that will create a database and a user I want. This script looks like this:
#!/bin/sh

psql << EOF
create database messenger;
create user messenger_admin with encrypted password 'yEwXUcaNf8cp2RRD';
grant all privileges on database messenger to messenger_admin;
EOF

It must be run by a user with permissions in PostgreSQL to create databases and manage user roles.

A: In any case if you run your properties file on another system you will have to atleast create a schema, you can use "spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=update", to automatically initiate the tables. Although spring provides the feature to Initialize a Database via script and above property, it somehow does not work in the case if the system is changed(Tried it many times). Rest you can check it out here on Spring's official 'How To' page:-- https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/html/howto.html#howto.data-initialization

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The purpose of this section is to show you how to edit a Style in Expression Blend.
Open your application in Expression Blend.
Open your Solution Explorer (View->Solution Explorer or use the Ctrl+Alt+L shortcut).
Right mouse button click and select "Open in Expression Blend...".
In the "Objects and Timeline" pane (Window->Objects and Timeline) select the Telerik control for which you want to create (modify) a style.
Expand the Object -> Edit Style menu.
Edit Current - if you choose it, this will open the currently applied style for edit.
If you don't have an applied style to the control, this option will be disabled.
Edit a Copy... - edit a copy of the default style. When you select this option a new dialog will be opened.
The "Create Style Resource" dialog will prompt you to select a name for your style, as well as to choose the location where your style will be defined in.
Create Empty...- create an empty style for the selected control. When you select this option, the same "Create Style Resource" dialog will be opened. You should select a name for the style, as well as to choose the location where your style will be defined in.
The purpose of this section is to show you how to edit/create a Template for the Telerik Silverlight controls.
In the "Objects and Timeline" pane (Window->Objects and Timeline) select the RadControl for which you want to create (modify) a template.
Expand the Object -> Edit Template menu.
Edit Current - if you choose it, this will open the currently applied template for edit.
If you don't have an applied template to the control, this option will be disabled.
Edit a Copy... - edit a copy of the default template. When you select this option a new dialog will be opened.
The "Create Style Resource" dialog will prompt you to select a name for your template, as well as to choose the location where your style will be defined in.
Note that Edit a Copy... will not declare you a copy of the default template as a resource in your XAML. Instead, it will create a copy of the default style with a ControlTemplate setter.
Create Empty... - create an empty template for the selected control. When you select this option, the same "Create Style Resource" dialog will be opened. You should select a name for the template, as well as to choose the location where your template will be defined in.
In contrast to the "Edit a Copy..." option, the "Create Empty..." will create a new ControlTemplate as a resource in your XAML.
It is not recommended to choose the "Create Empty..." option, unless you are familiar with TemplatedParts for the specific control.


text:
La station vicinale de Han-sur-Lesse Tivoli est une ancienne station de tramway vicinal de la Société nationale des chemins de fer vicinaux (SNCV) de la ligne de tramway vicinal des grottes de Han, située sur le territoire de Han-sur-Lesse.

Situation ferroviaire

Histoire
La station est mise en service le  lors de la mise en service de la ligne des grottes de Han dont elle sert de terminus, les visiteurs continuant à pied jusqu'à l'entrée de la grotte en contrebas.

Elle cesse d'être utilisée le  lorsque la ligne est déviée le lendemain par un nouveau tracé en contrebas et un nouveau terminus situé à l'entrée des grottes.

Le bâtiment a ensuite été reconverti en snack restaurant par le Domaine des grottes de Han qui exploite les grottes et le parc animalier.

Sources

Sites et pages web

Renvois

 Tramway des grottes de Han

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Chemins de fer vicinaux de la province de Luxembourg

Dépôt et station de la SNCV dans la province de Namur
Tramway vicinal de Wellin
Transport à Han-sur-Lesse
Tramway des grottes de Han


text:
NextEra posts strong Q4 earnings, subsidiaries continue to invest in customers
by Jordan Kirkland | Jan 27, 2021
NextEra Energy (NEE) reported solid earnings for 2020, overcoming obstacles brought on by a global pandemic.
The Juno Beach-based energy company reported, on an adjusted basis, 2020 fourth-quarter earnings were $785 million, or $0.40 per share, compared to $706 million, or $0.36 per share in the year-earlier period. For the full year of 2020, NextEra reported adjusted earnings of $4.552 billion, or $2.31 per share, compared to $4.062 billion, or $2.09 per share in 2019.
"NextEra Energy's performance in 2020 was strong both financially and operationally, and we successfully executed on our initiatives, including the deployment of more than $14 billion in capital as we lead America's clean energy transformation," said Jim Robo, chairman and chief executive officer of NextEra Energy. "We achieved approximately 10.5% growth in adjusted earnings per share year-over-year and delivered a total shareholder return of approximately 30%, significantly outperforming both the S&P 500 and the S&P 500 Utilities Index. We delivered this terrific performance while continuing to manage the ongoing effects of the pandemic and navigating an unprecedented hurricane season."
NextEra, a parent company of Florida Power and Light (FPL) and Gulf Power, enjoyed strong performance thanks in large part to the strong results of its electric utilities in Florida.
Growth at FPL was driven by the utility's continued investment in cleaner energy — spending $6.7 billion on expanding its solar grid — and transitioning from coal to natural gas to cut carbon emissions and reduce its costs. The strategy is part of a long-term investment by the company to keep its customers' posting some of the lowest electric bills in the nation.
"In 2020, both FPL and Gulf Power continued to execute to further improve their customer value propositions. As a result, FPL's typical residential customer electric bills are the lowest in the nation when compared to the 20 largest investor-owned utilities in the country, and FPL was recognized for the fifth time in six years as being the most reliable electric utility in the nation," Robo said. "At Gulf Power Company, we extended our track record of terrific execution and, in the two years since we closed the acquisition, have already realized a nearly 30% reduction in operations and maintenance costs, an approximately 50% improvement in service reliability and a 93% improvement in safety, as we progress toward the long-term objectives we previously laid out."
"Earlier this month, FPL notified the Florida Public Service Commission that it expects to file a formal request in the coming months for a proposed four-year rate plan beginning in 2022 that will help us continue delivering unmatched value to customers by ushering in an even more resilient and sustainable energy future for Florida and keeping bills among the lowest in America," he continued.
To view a full breakdown of their fourth-quarter and full-year financials, click here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<!doctype html>

    <title>Code coverage report for cli/generate.js</title>
    <meta charset="utf-8">

    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../prettify.css">

Code coverage report for cli/generate.js

        Statements: 99.07% (107 / 108)

        Branches: 97.62% (41 / 42)

        Functions: 100% (9 / 9)

        Lines: 99.07% (107 / 108)

        Ignored: none

All files » cli/ » generate.js

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/**
 * New App Generator
 * -----------------
 * Generates skeleton files needed to create a new SocketStream application
 */

'use strict';

require('colors');

var fs       = require('fs'),
    path     = require('path'),
    log      = console.log,
    dir_mode = '0755',

    // Private
    success = function(name, alternative) {
      return log(' ✓'.green, name, (alternative || '').grey);
    },

    // TODO - investigate whether this would be better
    // using the async version of fs.mkdir - PJENSEN
    makeRootDirectory = function(name) {
      try {
        fs.mkdirSync(name, dir_mode); // Create the root directory
        return true;
      } catch (e) {
        Eif (e.code === 'EEXIST') {
          log('Sorry the \'' + name + '\' directory already exists. Please choose another name for your app.');
          return false;
        } else {
          throw e;
        }
      }
  };

exports.generate = function(program) {

  var appjs,
      codeExtension = program.coffee && 'coffee' || 'js',
      selectedFormatters = [],
      name               = program.args[1],
      source             = path.join(__dirname, '../../new_project'),
      viewExtension      = program.jade && 'jade' || 'html',
      styleExtension     = '',
      mods               = [],
      packagejs          = '',
      clientFiles        = {
        css: [],
        code: []
      },

      /**
       * [mkdir description]
       * @param  {String}   dir Directory path to create
       * @return {Boolean}      True if directory successfully created
       */
      mkdir = function(dir) {
        return fs.mkdirSync(path.join(name, dir), dir_mode);
      },

      /**
       * Copy files/directories
       * @param  {[String} src  Copy From directory
       * @param  {[String} dest Copy To directory
       * @return {Object}       Stream object
       */
      cp = function(src, dest) {
        var destination = path.join(name, dest || src),
            read        = fs.createReadStream(path.join(source, src)),
            write       = fs.createWriteStream(destination);

        return read.pipe(write);
      },

      /**
       * Writes content to the file
       * @param  {String} fileName The filepath to write to
       * @param  {[type]} content  Content string
       * @return {Boolean}
       */
      write = function(fileName, content) {
        return fs.writeFileSync(path.join(name, fileName), content, 'utf8');
      };

  /* Check for appleacation name existing */
  if (name === void 0) {
    return log('Please provide a name for your application: $> socketstream new <MyAppName>');
  }

  /* Select stylesheet language */
  if (program.less) {
    styleExtension = 'less';
  }
  else if (program.stylus) {
    styleExtension = 'styl';
  }
  else {
    styleExtension = 'css';
  }

  /* Select formatters for file extensions */
  if (makeRootDirectory(name)) {
    ['coffee', 'jade', 'less', 'stylus'].forEach(function(formatter) {
      if (program[formatter]) {
        return selectedFormatters.push(formatter);
      }
    });

    /* Create essential directories */
    mkdir('/client');
    mkdir('/client/code');
    mkdir('/client/code/app');
    mkdir('/client/code/libs');
    mkdir('/client/views');
    mkdir('/client/css');
    mkdir('/client/css/libs');
    mkdir('/client/templates');
    mkdir('/client/static');
    mkdir('/client/static/images');
    mkdir('/server');
    mkdir('/server/rpc');
    mkdir('/server/middleware');

    /* Copy essential files */
    cp('/scm_ignore_file', '/.gitignore');
    cp('/node_monitor_ignore_file', '/.nodemonignore');
    cp('/README.md');
    cp('/client/static/favicon.ico');
    cp('/client/code/libs/jquery.min.js');
    cp('/client/code/app/entry.' + codeExtension);
    clientFiles.code.push('libs/jquery.min.js');
    clientFiles.code.push('app');

    /* Install chat demo files */
    if (program.minimal) {
      cp('/client/views/app.minimal.' + viewExtension, '/client/views/app.' + viewExtension);
      cp('/client/code/app/app.minimal.' + codeExtension, '/client/code/app/app.' + codeExtension);
      cp('/client/css/app.minimal.' + styleExtension, '/client/css/app.' + styleExtension);
      cp('/server/rpc/.gitkeep');
      cp('/server/middleware/.gitkeep');
      cp('/client/templates/.gitkeep');
      clientFiles.css.push('app.' + styleExtension);
    } else {
      cp('/client/static/images/logo.png');
      cp('/client/code/app/app.demo.' + codeExtension, '/client/code/app/app.' + codeExtension);
      cp('/server/middleware/example.' + codeExtension);
      cp('/server/rpc/demo.' + codeExtension);
      cp('/client/css/libs/reset.css');
      cp('/client/css/app.demo.' + styleExtension, '/client/css/app.' + styleExtension);
      mkdir('/client/templates/chat');
      cp('/client/templates/chat/message.' + viewExtension);
      cp('/client/views/app.demo.' + viewExtension, '/client/views/app.' + viewExtension);
      clientFiles.css.push('libs/reset.css');
      clientFiles.css.push('app.' + styleExtension);
    }

    /* Generate app.js */
    appjs = "// My SocketStream 0.3 app\n\nvar http = require('http'),\n    ss = require('socketstream');\n\n// Define a single-page client called 'main'\nss.client.define('main', {\n  view: 'app." + viewExtension + "',\n  css:  ['" + (clientFiles.css.join("', '")) + "'],\n  code: ['" + (clientFiles.code.join("', '")) + "'],\n  tmpl: '*'\n});\n\n// Serve this client on the root URL\nss.http.route('/', function(req, res){\n  res.serveClient('main');\n});\n";

    /* List any selected formatters */
    if (selectedFormatters.length > 0) {
      appjs += '\n// Code Formatters\n';
    }
    selectedFormatters.forEach(function(name) {
      return appjs += "ss.client.formatters.add(require('ss-" + name + "'));\n";
    });
    appjs += "\n// Use server-side compiled Hogan (Mustache) templates. Others engines available\nss.client.templateEngine.use(require('ss-hogan'));\n\n// Minimize and pack assets if you type: SS_ENV=production node app.js\nif (ss.env === 'production') ss.client.packAssets();\n\n// Start web server\nvar server = http.Server(ss.http.middleware);\nserver.listen(3000);\n";
    if (program.repl) {
      appjs += '\n// Start Console Server (REPL)\n// To install client: sudo npm install -g ss-console\n// To connect: ss-console <optional_host_or_port>\nvar consoleServer = require(\'ss-console\')(ss);\nconsoleServer.listen(5000);\n';
    }
    appjs += '\n// Start SocketStream\nss.start(server);';
    write('/app.js', appjs);

    /* Generate package.json */
    packagejs = "{\n  \"name\": \"" + name + "\",\n  \"description\": \"An awesome real time application\",\n  \"version\": \"0.0.1\",\n  \"author\": \"Me <me@mydomain.com>\",\n  \"private\": true,\n  \"engines\": { \"node\": \">= 0.6.0\" },\n  \"dependencies\": {\n";
    packagejs += "    \"socketstream\": \"0.3.x\"";
    mods = selectedFormatters.concat(['hogan']);
    if (program.repl) {
      mods.push('console');
    }
    mods.forEach(function(name) {
      return packagejs += ",\n    \"ss-" + name + "\": \"0.1.x\"";
    });

    packagejs += "\n  },\n  \"scripts\":{\n    \"start\":\"node app.js\"\n  }\n}";
    write('/package.json', packagejs);

    /* Show finish text */
    log(('Success! Created app \'' + name + '\' with:').yellow);

    if (program.minimal) {
      success('Minimal install (no demo)');
    } else {
      success('Basic chat demo', '(-m for minimal install)');
    }
    if (program.coffee) {
      success('CoffeeScript example code');
    } else {
      success('Javascript example code', '(-c if you prefer CoffeeScript)');
    }
    if (program.jade) {
      success('Jade for views');
    } else {
      success('Plain HTML for views', '(-j if you prefer Jade)');
    }
    if (program.less) {
      success('Less for CSS');
    } else if (program.stylus) {
      success('Stylus for CSS')
    } else {
      success('Plain CSS', '(-s if you prefer Stylus, -l for Less)');
    }

    /* Add the REPL if selected */
    if (program.repl) {
      success('Console Server / REPL');
    }

    log('Next, run the following commands:'.yellow);
    log('   cd ' + name);
    log('   [sudo] npm install');
    log('To start your app:'.yellow);
    log('   node app.js');
  }
};

Generated by istanbul at Sat Oct 04 2014 10:34:07 GMT+0100 (BST)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Climate - Poland
Average weather, temperature, rainfall, when to go, what to pack
The coast - Gdansk
Inland areas - Warsaw
Cold and heat waves
The climate in Poland is continental, with very cold winters, often below freezing (0 °C or 32 °F), and warm summers. The climate is milder along the northern coast, overlooking the Baltic Sea, while it becomes progressively more continental going to the south, where the distance from the sea is greater.
Lublin Winter, from December to February, is cold throughout the country. The average temperatures in January is around freezing along the Baltic coast, and progressively decreases towards the south and the east: it ranges from about 0 °C (32 °F) in the north-western area to -3 °C (26.5 °F) in the easternmost area, on the border with Belarus and Lithuania, while it's around -2 °C (28.5 °F) in the southern area. In Warsaw, the capital, located near the center of the country, the average in January is -2 °C (29 °F). The ground is often covered with snow from December to mid-March, although snowfall is generally not abundant. However, the weather during winter can have different characteristics: usually, the sky is gray, the temperature is around freezing or a few degrees below, and a light snow falls, but when cold air masses from Russia reach the country, the temperature decreases by many degrees, and drops below -20 °C (-4 °F). The coldest records are around -25/-30 °C (-13/-22 °F) in the interior, and therefore in much of Poland, while they are around -18/-20 °C (0/-4 °F) along the northern coast.
Spring, from March to May, is initially cold, and in early April, there can be late cold waves with snow showers. In April and early May, cold days alternate with the first warm days, while by mid-May, the temperature becomes steadily pleasant, with highs around 15/20 °C (59/68 °F) and sometimes above.
Summer, from June to August, is mild or pleasantly warm: the average daily temperatures are around 17/19 °C (63/66 °F). The Baltic coast, which during winter was the mildest zone, becomes the coolest in summer: here, highs in July and August are around 20/21 °C (68/70 °F), while they gradually increase towards the south, reaching 23/24 °C (73/75 °F) in the center and south of the country.
Summer in Poland is the rainiest season. This is due to the fact that Atlantic disturbances can arrive even in this season, in addition, thunderstorms in the afternoon may occur, more frequently in inland areas, and even more so near the Sudetes and Tatra Mountains in the south.
In July, it rains on average for 10 days on the north coast, 11 days in Warsaw, and 12 in the south. However, there is a moderate amount of sunny days, which may be hot, especially when warm currents arrive from the south-east: in these cases, the temperature can reach 30/35 °C (86/95 °F).
In autumn, from September to November, the temperatures decrease rapidly, but the first half of September is still pleasant. Afterwards, the weather becomes cold and dull.
Here is the average temperature of Gdansk, located on the northern coast.
Gdansk - Average temperatures
-4 -3 -1 3 8 11 14 13 10 6 1 -2
1 2 6 11 17 20 22 22 18 13 6 2
In Gdansk, precipitation amounts to 570 mm (22.5 in) per year; the rainiest period runs from June to August, while precipitation in winter is not abundant.
Gdansk - Average precipitation
1.2 1 1.2 1.2 2.2 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 2 1.8 1.6 22.4
The Baltic Sea is very cool, if not cold, even in summer, however, the water temperature reaches 18 °C (64 °F) in August.
Gdansk - Sea temperature
4 3 3 4 8 13 16 18 15 12 9 6
Inland areas
As mentioned, the climate in inland areas is slightly more continental, as we can see from the average temperatures of Warsaw.
Warsaw - Average temperatures
-5 -4 -1 3 8 11 13 12 9 4 0 -3
Precipitation in Warsaw is not abundant, in fact, it amounts to about 530 mm (21 in) per year; the driest seasons are winter and spring, while the rainiest is summer. Here is average precipitation.
Warsaw - Average precipitation
1 1 1.2 1.4 2.2 2.8 3 2.6 1.8 1.2 1.4 1.4 20.9
The sun in Warsaw and in Poland is rarely seen from November to February, while in summer, it shines for a moderate amount of hours, although it can be obscured not only by Atlantic disturbances but also by afternoon cloudiness, which can sometimes lead to thunderstorms. Here are the average sunshine hours per day.
Warsaw - Sunshine
In southern Poland, where mountain ranges such as the Sudetes and the Tatras are found, the climate is naturally colder. Winters are cold and snowy, but not much colder than in the lowlands (because of the temperature inversion, a phenomenon whereby cold air stagnates on the lowest layers of the atmosphere, which is typical of cold plains in winter). Summers are cool, with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. In Zakopane, a popular tourist resort, at 850 meters (2,800 ft) above sea level, the average temperature ranges from -5 °C (23 °F) in January to 15 °C (59 °F) in July. At higher altitudes, at 2,000 meters (6,500 feet) above sea level, it ranges from -9 °C (16 °F) in January to 7.5 °C (45.5 °F) in July.
On the slopes of these southern mountains and in the valleys, a warm, dry wind, similar to the Foehn (the Halny in the Tatras and the Moazagotl in the Sudetes), can blow, especially in early spring and in autumn; sometimes, this wind can be strong and cause damage.
The highest peak in the country is Mount Rysy, 2,503 meters (8,212 feet) high, on the border with Slovakia.
Here are the average temperatures of Mount Sniežka, the highest among the "Giant Mountains" (or Karkonosze), located at 1,600 meters (5,300 ft) of altitude, in the southwest of the country, at the border with the Czech Republic.
Sniezka - Average temperatures
-9 -9 -7 -3 2 4 7 7 3 0 -5 -8
As mentioned, from time to time, Poland can be affected by polar cold waves, coming from the Russian Arctic or Siberia.
In February 1956, the longest postwar cold spell in many European countries, the temperature dropped to -31 °C (-24 °F) in Wroclaw and Kielce, -30 °C (-22 °F) in Gdansk and Katowice, -29 °C (-20 °F) in Lublin and Szczecin, -27 °C (-16.5 °F) in Lodz, and -26 °C (-15 °F) in Warsaw.
In January 1963, the temperature dropped to -31 °C (-24 °F) in Lublin and Lodz, -29 °C (-20 °F) in Bialystok, -28 °C (-18.5 °F) in Warsaw, -27 °C (-16.5 °F) in Wroclaw, -26 °C (-15 °F) in Katowice, and -24 °C (-11 °F) in Gdansk.
In January 1985, the temperature dropped to -31.5 °C (-24.5 °F) in Jelenia Gora, -30 °C (-22 °F) in Wroclaw, -28 °C (-18.5 °F) in Bialystok and Gdansk, -26 °C (-15 °F) in Krakow, -25 °C (-13 °F) in Poznan and Warsaw, -24 °C (-11 °F) in Bialystok and Katowice, and -20.5 °C (-5 °F) in Szczecin and Swinoujscie.
In February 1985, the cold returned, and the temperature dropped to -27.5 °C (-17.5 °F) in Lodz, -27 °C (-16.5 °F) in Krakow, -26.5 °C (-15.5 °F) in Lublin, -26 °C (-15 °F) in Katowice, -24 °C (-11 °F) in Gdansk, Lublin, Poznan and Warsaw, and -19.5 °C (-3 °F) in Szczecin.
The cold wave of January 1987 was in Poland, and in some areas of northern Europe, the worst after the war, at least in intensity. The temperature dropped to -34.5 °C (-30 °F) in Bialystok (in the north-east), -32 °C (-25.5 °F) in Lublin (in the south-east), -31 °C (-24 °F) in Jelenia Gora, Katowice and Warsaw, -30 °C (-22 °F) in Krakow, Gdansk, Lodz and Szczecin, -29.5 °C (-21 °F) in Wroclaw, and -28.5 °C (-19.5 °F) in Poznan.
In January 2006, the temperature dropped to -30 °C (-22 °F) in Lodz, -29 °C (-20 °F) in Katowice, -27.5 °C (-17.5 °F) in Lublin, -27 °C (-16.5 °F) in Krakow and Warsaw, -26.5 °C (-15.5 °F) in Poznan, -26 °C (-15 °F) in Bialystok and Szczecin, -22.5 °C (-8.5 °F) in Wroclaw, -21 °C (-6 °F) in Gdansk, and -20 °C (-4 °F) in Swinoujscie.
In January 2010, the temperature dropped to -25 °C (-13 °F) in Lublin, -24 °C (-11 °F) in Katowice, -23 °C (-9.5 °F) in Warsaw, -22 °C (-7.5 °F) in Krakow and Lodz, and -21 °C (-6 °F) in Wroclaw.
In February 2012, the temperature dropped to -30 °C (-22 °F) in Bialystok, -28 °C (-18.5 °F) in Jelenia Gora, -27 °C (-16.5 °F) in Gdansk and Katowice, -25 °C (-13 °F) in Szczecin, -23 °C (-9.5 °F) in Krakow and Warsaw, and -22 °C (-7.5 °F) in Swinoujscie and Lodz.
In summer, Poland is not particularly prone to heat waves, due to its high latitude, however there can sometimes be hot periods, usually lasting a few days, in which the temperature can reach 33/34 °C (93 °F) or even more. In recent decades, these situations have become more frequent due to global warming. The most affected area is generally the western one (see Wroclaw, Poznan), the least exposed is the Baltic coast.
Between the end of July and the beginning of August 1994, the temperature reached 38 °C (100.5 °F) in Szczecin, 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) in Lodz and Swinoujscie, 37 °C (98.5 °F) in Wroclaw and Poznan, 36 °C (97 °F) in Jelenia Gora and Warsaw, 35.5 °C (96 °F) in Bialystok, 35 °C (95 °F) in Gdansk and Katowice, and 34 °C (93 °F) in Lublin.
In August 2013, the temperature reached 37 °C (98.5 °F) in Krakow, Katowice, Lodz and Warsaw, 36 °C (97 °F) in Wroclaw, 35 °C (95 °F) in Lublin, 34.5 °C (94 °F) in Swinoujscie, and 34 °C (93 °F) in Szczecin.
In August 2015, the temperature reached 38 °C (100.5 °F) in Wroclaw, 37 °C (98.5 °F) in Poznan and Warsaw, 36 °C (97 °F) in Krakow, Jelenia Gora and Szczecin, 35 °C (95 °F) in Katowice and Lublin, 34.5 °C (94 °F) in Bialystok, 34 °C (93 °F) in Swinoujscie, and 33 °C (91.5 °F) in Gdansk.
Between the end of June and the beginning of July 2019, there was a very short and early heatwave, which brought 38 °C (100.5 °F) in Poznan and Swinoujscie, 37 °C (98.5 °F) in Wroclaw, 36 °C (97 °F) in Krakow and Warsaw, 35 °C (95 °F) in Katowice, Lublin and Szczecin, and 34 °C (93 °F) in Gdansk.
The best time to visit Poland is summer, from June to August, however, you can generally go in the warm season, from mid-May to mid-September. The temperatures are usually cool at night and mild or pleasantly warm during the day, however, there can be cool and rainy days, but also hot and sunny days.
In the mountains, it's still possible to ski at Easter, while at Christmas, it can be very cold, and the days are short. In February, it's cold as well, but at least the days are a bit longer.
In winter: bring very warm clothes, a fleece, a down jacket, a hat, gloves, a scarf, and a raincoat or umbrella.
In summer: bring light clothes, t-shirts, but also long pants, a jacket and a sweater for the evening or for cool days; a raincoat or umbrella.
Back to Europe
See also (cities or regions):
Bielsko Biala
Nearby countries:
European Russia


text:
Jeep Wrangler Special Editions Marks End Of Generation
by Martin Bigg Special Editions / Comments
Jeep isn't finished with the current Wrangler just yet.
While Jeep will soon be unleashing a new 2018 Wrangler into the wild, the long-lasting off-roader is getting a fitting send-off with the launch of at least two special editions. One of the highlights at the 49th Easter Jeep Safari two years ago was the retro-inspired Chief SUV concept, bearing a two-tone blue and white paintjob as a homage to the original Chief Cherokee. Set to debut at the New York Auto Show this week, the limited-edition Jeep Wrangler Chief will continue its legacy, retaining the retro paintjob last seen on the Chief concept.
Available in three colors including the signature Chief Blue, every Jeep Wrangler Chief will be distinguished by a white hardtop and stripes running down the doors and along the side of the hood, as well as 17-inch wheels and a "4 Wheel Drive" graphic on the tailgate designed as a throwback to the original Chief Cherokee. Prices for the Chief start at $35,540 if you opt for the two-door model and $39,340 for the four-door Unlimited. As standard, the Wrangler Chief is fitted with a 3.6-liter, V6 285-horsepower engine mated to a six-speed manual transmission, or a five-speed automatic can be fitted for an extra $1,400.
While the bold colors of the Jeep Wrangler Chief are designed to fill you with nostalgia, the Smoky Mountain Wrangler limited edition, on the other hand, adopts a more minimalist style, featuring an all-black trim covering everything from the headlights and bumpers, to the grille and 18-inch wheels, with only the hood graphics and writing on the tires standing out. Jeep is offering the same specs as the Wrangler Chief for the Smoky Mountain, with prices starting at $35,440 for the two-door version, while the four-door Unlimited model will cost an extra $3800. Don't be surprised if these aren't the last Wrangler special editions you see before it gets sent off.
Is Sir Lewis Hamilton Formula One's GOAT?
Tags: #Jeep News #Off-Road #Reveal #Special Editions
A Complete Guide to Warning Lights on Your Car Dashboard
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From tools to care and maintenance products, this is everything you need in your garage.
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5-hectare plot located on the edge of the Natural Park of Cap de Creus with spectacular panoramic views of the sea. A unique place where nature merges with the sea.
Property located in a natural area in a quiet environment.
Property with a variety of trees, 600 olive trees and approximately 1,500 other species trees next to the Natural Park of Cap de Creus. Is a protected area, so can not be other constructions.
The house is lined with stone of Cadaqués which is fully integrated into the landscape.
It has two floors, with terrace, garage and pool.


In discussion with her fans, NeNe Leakes opened up regarding the heckling controversy and her subsequent firing from "The Great Xscape Tour." During one of her stand-up shows, NeNe told a heckler that she hoped the person was raped by an Uber driver on her ride home.
In a new Instagram video, Leakes revealed that she had a "breakdown." She claimed a lot of people know her as the woman who's always laughing and talking, but sometimes she is susceptible to criticism, like anyone else.
Despite that, NeNe wanted her fans to know that she's doing great after being let go from the position on the tour. She added, "I'm in a great place today. I can't say that I've been in a great place these days." Leakes went on to take responsibility for the incident and apologize to her followers as well.
Leakes claimed that she never dreamed that a person would say "go kill yourself" to her while on stage. She added that it "literally took" her somewhere else.
After executives let her go from the Xscape tour, they released a statement saying that her jokes were responsible for her termination. They claimed, "as a result, we have decided to no longer proceed with her participation on our tour." What do our readers think of the controversy? Did she deserve to be let go from her job or no? What about the person who told her to "go kill herself?" Is that not insensitive to those who struggle with mental health?
Although the statement she made was not appropriate. The statement that heckler made was not either. Two wrongs don't make a right but she is only human and no one is perfect.
Nene should be dropped. If u call yourself a comedian u are suppose to handle hecklers. She's not funny Period.
There is no excuse for what Nene said. What about the heckler telling Nene to kill herself? Does no one care because she isn't famous? That doesn't excuse the heckler either.
Please she is a joke. She probably wasn't funny and she got heckled. Alot of comics get it and they don't react like she did. That excuse about her being abused doesn't lessen her words. And doesnt excuse what she did. And all who get caught apologize not because they should but because people was disgusted by what was said.


text:
Gem #46: Incompatibilities between Ada 83 and Ada 95
by Robert Dewar —AdaCore
For the most part, Ada 95 is entirely upwards compatible with Ada 83, meaning that correctly written portable Ada 83 code can be compiled with an Ada 95 compiler, and no changes are required.
However, there are some cases of incompatibilities which have to be addressed when dealing with legacy code. You can of course compile in Ada 83 mode using the pragma Ada_83, or the equivalent compiler switch -gnat83 (/83 if you are using VMS). However, this means you can't use any Ada 95 features as you continue development, so it is better to fix these incompatibilities if possible.
In this series of Gems we will address these incompatibilities. Some are really easy, others trickier. In this first installment, we address one of the most common cases.
Consider the following declaration,
type T is private;
package GP is
end GP;
In Ada 83 you could instantiate this generic with an unconstrained type, for example:
package NP is new GP (String);
This is no longer allowed in Ada 95, since this represents a so-called "contract-model violation". If you try to compile the instantiation in Ada 95 mode, you will get an error:
8.    package NP is new GP (String);
>>> actual for "T" must be a definite subtype
String is an indefinite subtype, meaning basically that it is unconstrained. In contrast, a definite subtype means a subtype whose bounds are constrained, so something like
subtype S50 is String (1 .. 50);
package NP is new GP (S50);
would be legal, but unconstrained String cannot be used.
The contract model for generics says that if a generic compiles error free, then all possible instantiations must compile error free. But if you allow the above instantiation, then whether this is legal or not depends on whether the generic has a declaration of a variable of type T. If it does, then the instantiation is illegal, since you can't have variables of type String without specified bounds.
Let's assume that we don't have any illegal instantiations in the legacy code. That means that, in a case like the above, in fact there are no declarations of variables of type T. In that case, all you have to do is to change the generic as follows:
type T(<>) is private;
The use of (<>) here means that instantiation with an unconstrained subtype is allowed, and consequently the generic will check to ensure that no variables of type T are declared in the template, as you can see from this example:
1. generic
2.    type T (<>) is private;
3. package GP is
4.    Var : T;
>>> unconstrained subtype not allowed (need initialization)
5. end;
So, following the Ada 95 rules, the contract-model violation is now avoided. Either the generic allows unconstrained subtypes or it does not, and the generic is properly checked when it is compiled.
In summary, we do have a real incompatibility between Ada 83 and Ada 95 here, but it fixes a real hole in the language, and it is easy to fix up old Ada 83 code to meet the new Ada 95 rules.
Dr. Robert Dewar is co-founder, President and CEO of AdaCore and Emeritus Professor of Computer Science at New York University. With a focus on programming language design and implementation, Dr. Dewar has been a major contributor to Ada throughout its evolution and is a principal architect of AdaCore's GNAT Ada technology. He has co-authored compilers for SPITBOL (SNOBOL), Realia COBOL for the PC (now marketed by Computer Associates), and Alsys Ada, and has also written several real-time operating systems, for Honeywell Inc. Dr. Dewar has delivered papers and presentations on programming language issues and safety certification and, as an expert on computers and the law, he is frequently invited to conferences to speak on Open Source software, licensing issues, and related topics.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\par
\hspace*{\parindent}
It is very interesting to consider the quark mass matrices and
the Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix (KM) matrix \cite{KM}.
It is because
the origin of the quark masses and the KM matrix
is not understood in the standard model (SM),
though the SM is able to explain many experimentations.
The fundamental theory
is expected to explain the relations among the parameters in the SM.
For that reason, understanding of relations among the SM parameters
would offer us important information about the fundamental theory.

Current experimental data \cite{PDG} give us some hints
for relations between the KM Matrix and the quark mass ratios,
namely
$|V_{us}| \sim \sqrt{m_d / m_s}$,
$|V_{ub} / V_{cb}| \sim \sqrt{m_u / m_c}$ and
$|V_{cb}| \sim m_s / m_b$ .
These relations might be just an accident.
But they would be important informations about the origin of Yukawa couplings,
therefore, it is meaningful to stand on such a point of view.
Starting with a specific theory or symmetry,
many attempt have been made to derive relations
between the KM matrix and the quark mass ratios
using the specific mass matrices with less than 10 parameters
\cite{Fritzsch1}-\cite{Review}.
However,
we start from the KM matrix and the quark masses
using generic and minimal parametrization of the mass matrices.
This approach has the advantage of
considering the origin of quark masses and the flavor mixing.

Consequently, we can bring
the relations between elements of the KM matrix and the quark mass ratios
back to relations among elements of the mass matrices.
It is not just relations among parameters
but relations among elements of the mass matrices,
so it is very attractive
because they might give suggestions about the origin of Yukawa couplings.

In addition,
they give us a problem which can not solve by only flavor symmetry.
This is common problem when we suppose some natural conditions.
Under the conditions, we must introduce other mechanism or something.

This paper is organized as follows.
In section {\ref{sec:KM}},
we make our starting point about the KM matrix clear.
In section {\ref{sec:Mass_Marix}},
we introduce one set of minimally generic quark mass matrices
and parametrize the elements of them.
In section {\ref{sec:Discussion}},
we consider the relations among the elements of the quark mass matrices.
Finally, in section {\ref{sec:Summary}},
we summarize the results.

\section{The Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix}
\label{sec:KM}
\par
\hspace*{\parindent}
Current experimental data provide us hints of the relations
between quark mass ratios and the KM matrix elements \cite{PDG}:
\begin{eqnarray}
|V_{us}| & \sim & \sqrt{\frac{m_d}{m_s}} ~ \sim ~ 0.22 ,
\nonumber \\
|V_{cb}| & \sim & \frac{m_s}{m_b} ~ \sim ~ 0.03 ~{\mathrm {to}}~ 0.05 ,
\nonumber \\
\left | \frac{V_{ub}}{V_{cb}}\right | & \sim & \sqrt{\frac{m_u}{m_c}}
 ~ \sim ~ 0.06 ~{\mathrm {to}}~ 0.10 .
\label{eqn:KM_mass_relations}
\end{eqnarray}
These relations may be just an accident,
but we consider the relations seriously.

The up (down) part mass matrix $M_{\mathrm{u}}$ ($M_{\mathrm{d}}$)
is diagonalized by unitary matrices $U_{\mathrm{u}}$ and $V_{\mathrm{u}}$
($U_{\mathrm{d}}$ and $V_{\mathrm{d}}$),
\begin{equation}
U_{\mathrm{u}}^{\dagger} M_{\mathrm{u}} V_{\mathrm{u}} = D_{\mathrm{u}} ,
~~~~~
U_{\mathrm{d}}^{\dagger} M_{\mathrm{d}} V_{\mathrm{d}} = D_{\mathrm{d}} ,
\end{equation}
where $D_{\mathrm{u,d}}$ are diagonal matrices.
Then the KM matrix $V_{\mathrm{KM}}$ is
\begin{equation}
V_{\mathrm{KM}} = U_{\mathrm{u}}^{\dagger} U_{\mathrm{d}} .
\end{equation}
The KM matrix is almost the unit matrix,
especially $|V_{ub}|$ and $|V_{td}|$ are very small
in comparison with the other elements.
So let us suppose
that $U_{\mathrm{u}}$ and $U_{\mathrm{d}}$ are almost the unit matrix,
and that (1,3) and (3,1) elements of $U_{\mathrm{u,d}}$ are very small.
If we do not suppose them,
we need large cancellations between up and down part
to obtain realistic KM matrix.
But, now, we suppose there is no such cancellation.
Then the relations (\ref{eqn:KM_mass_relations}) remind us
that the KM matrix is expressed by quark mass ratios as follows:
\begin{eqnarray}
V_{\mathrm{KM}} &=& U_{\mathrm{u}}^{\dagger} U_{\mathrm{d}} ,
\nonumber \\
U_{\mathrm{u}} &\sim&
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
	\exp{\left( \mathrm{i}\theta \right)} & 0 & 0 \\
	0 & 1 & 0 \\
	0 & 0 & 1
\end{array} \right)
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
	1 & \displaystyle \sqrt{\frac{m_u}{m_c}} & 0 \\
	\displaystyle -\sqrt{\frac{m_u}{m_c}} & 1 & 0 \\
	0 & 0 & 1
\end{array} \right) ,
\nonumber \\
U_{\mathrm{d}} &\sim&
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
	1 & 0 & 0 \\
	0 & 1 & \displaystyle \frac{m_s}{m_b} \\
	0 & \displaystyle -\frac{m_s}{m_b} & 1
\end{array} \right)
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
	1 & \displaystyle \sqrt{\frac{m_d}{m_s}} & 0 \\
	\displaystyle -\sqrt{\frac{m_d}{m_s}} & 1 & 0 \\
	0 & 0 & 1
\end{array} \right) .
\label{eqn:KM_mass_ratios}
\end{eqnarray}
On this point of view,
we consider the quark mass matrices in this paper.

\section{Quark mass matrices}
\label{sec:Mass_Marix}
\par
\hspace*{\parindent}
If we assume up and down part quark mass matrices are hermitian,
the expression (\ref{eqn:KM_mass_ratios}) can be constructed
when the up and down part mass matrices $M_{\mathrm{u}}$ and $M_{\mathrm{d}}$
have the following form:
\begin{eqnarray}
M_{\mathrm{u}} &=& \left( \begin{array}{ccc}
      a_{\mathrm{u}}  & d_{\mathrm{u}}\exp{\left( {\mathrm{i}}\theta \right)} & 0         \\
      d_{\mathrm{u}}\exp{\left( -{\mathrm{i}}\theta \right)} & b_{\mathrm{u}} & 0         \\
      0          & 0                                           & c_{\mathrm{u}}
              \end{array} \right) , \nonumber \\
M_{\mathrm{d}} &=& \left( \begin{array}{ccc}
      a_{\mathrm{d}} & d_{\mathrm{d}} & 0         \\
      d_{\mathrm{d}} & b_{\mathrm{d}} & e_{\mathrm{d}} \\
      0         & e_{\mathrm{d}} & c_{\mathrm{d}}
              \end{array} \right),
\label{eqn:minimal_form}
\end{eqnarray}
where $a_{\mathrm{u}} \sim d_{\mathrm{u}}$,
      $a_{\mathrm{d}} \sim e_{\mathrm{d}}$
and $\theta$ are real.
These mass matrices lead
(1,2) mixing for up part and (1,2) and (2,3) mixing for down part,
so they are suitable to (\ref{eqn:KM_mass_ratios}).
The above quark mass matrices are minimally generic form of the SM,
that is,
there are just 10 parameters and there is no unmeasurable parameter.

Starting from the above form (\ref{eqn:minimal_form}),
we do not lose any generalities,
because arbitrary quark mass matrices can be transformed into the above form.
Arbitrary up and down part quark mass matrices $\hat{M}_{\mathrm{u,d}}$
can be transformed into hermitian matrices
$\hat{H}_{\mathrm{u,d}}$
without changing any physical contents.
So if arbitrary hermitian quark mass matrices can be transformed
into the above form (\ref{eqn:minimal_form})
without changing any physical contents,
it means that any quark mass matrices can be transformed into
the form (\ref{eqn:minimal_form})
and that the form does not lose any generalities.
The transformation is the following:
\begin{equation}
{\mathcal U}^{\dagger} \hat{H}_{\mathrm{u,d}} {\mathcal U} = M_{\mathrm{u,d}},
\end{equation}
where ${\mathcal U}$ is the unitary matrix
which is determined in the following way.
At first, ${\mathcal U}_{i3}$ ($i=1 \sim 3$) is determined
to be one of eigenvectors of $\hat{H}_{\mathrm{u}}$.
Then we can obtain
\begin{equation}
M_{\mathrm{u ~ 13}}=M_{\mathrm{u ~ 23}}=
M_{\mathrm{u ~ 31}}=M_{\mathrm{u ~ 32}}=0
\end{equation}
with the help of the unitarity of ${\mathcal U}$.
Next, ${\mathcal U}_{i1}$ is determined by satisfying the equations
\begin{eqnarray}
{\mathcal U}_{i3}^{*} \hat{H}_{{\mathrm{d}} ~ ij} {\mathcal U}_{j1} &=& 0 ,
\label{eqn:U3HU1_0} \\
{\mathcal U}_{i3}^{*} {\mathcal U}_{i1} &=& 0 ,
\end{eqnarray}
where $i,j=1 \sim 3$.
(\ref{eqn:U3HU1_0}) guarantees
\begin{equation}
M_{\mathrm{d ~ 13}}=M_{\mathrm{d ~ 31}}=0.
\end{equation}
Then ${\mathcal U}_{i2}$ is determined automatically
because of unitarity of ${\mathcal U}$.
Since ${\mathcal U}$ is unitary matrix,
quark masses do not depend on the choice of ${\mathcal U}$.
Moreover, the measurements of the KM matrix do not change,
because
both up and down part are transformed by the same unitary matrix ${\mathcal U}$.

The mass matrices (\ref{eqn:minimal_form}) are minimally generic one,
so we can express
$a_{\mathrm{u}} \sim d_{\mathrm{u}}$,
$a_{\mathrm{d}} \sim e_{\mathrm{d}}$
and $\theta$
in terms of physical contents.
We can choose $\hat{H}_{\mathrm{u,d}}$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{H}_{\mathrm{u}} &=& \left( \begin{array}{ccc}
                           m_{\mathrm{u}1} & 0 & 0 \\
                           0 & m_{\mathrm{u}2} & 0 \\
                           0 & 0 & m_{\mathrm{u}3}
                    \end{array}\right) \mbox , \nonumber \\
\hat{H}_{\mathrm{d}} &=& V_{\mathrm{KM}}
                    \left( \begin{array}{ccc}
                           m_{\mathrm{d}1} & 0 & 0 \\
                           0 & m_{\mathrm{d}2} & 0 \\
                           0 & 0 & m_{\mathrm{d}3}
                    \end{array}\right)
                    V_{\mathrm{KM}}^{\dagger} \mbox ,
\label{eqn:def_H}
\end{eqnarray}
where $V_{\mathrm{KM}}$ is the KM matrix
and $|m_{\mathrm{u(d)}i}|$ ($i=1 \sim 3$) is the $i$-th generation
up (down) part quark mass.
These mass matrices produce quark masses and the KM matrix accurately.
Starting from (\ref{eqn:def_H}) and using the Wolfenstein form \cite{Wolf}
as the KM matrix:
\begin{equation}
V_{\mathrm{Wolfenstein}} \; \simeq \; \left ( \begin{array}{ccc}
   \displaystyle 1-\frac{1}{2} \lambda^2
      & \lambda
         & A\lambda^3(\rho-{\mathrm{i}}\eta) \\ \\
   - \lambda
      & \displaystyle 1-\frac{1}{2}\lambda^2
         & A\lambda^2 \\ \\
   A\lambda^3(1-\rho-{\mathrm{i}}\eta)
      & -A\lambda^2
         & 1
\end{array} \right ) \; ,
\end{equation}
we can obtain
\begin{equation}
{\mathcal{U}} \simeq \left( \begin{array}{ccc}
\exp ( {\mathrm{i}} \phi_{1} )
  & \lambda \sqrt{\rho^2+\eta^2} \exp ( - {\mathrm{i}} \phi_{3} )
      & 0 \\
- \lambda \sqrt{\rho^2+\eta^2} \exp \{ {\mathrm{i}}(\phi_{1}+\phi_{3}) \}
  & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1
                     \end{array} \right) ,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
\phi_{1} &=& \arg ( 1-\rho+{\mathrm{i}}\eta ) , \nonumber \\
\phi_{3} &=& \arg ( \rho+{\mathrm{i}}\eta ) .
\end{eqnarray}
Then we can obtain the leading terms of
$a_{\mathrm{u}} \sim d_{\mathrm{u}}$, $a_{\mathrm{d}} \sim e_{\mathrm{d}}$ and $\theta$:
\begin{eqnarray}
a_{\mathrm{u}} &\simeq & m_{{\mathrm{u}}1}
          +m_{{\mathrm{u}}2}\lambda^2(\rho^2+\eta^2), \nonumber \\
b_{\mathrm{u}} &\simeq & m_{{\mathrm{u}}2}, \nonumber \\
c_{\mathrm{u}} &=      & m_{{\mathrm{u}}3}, \nonumber \\
d_{\mathrm{u}} &\simeq & m_{{\mathrm{u}}2}\lambda(\rho^2+\eta^2) , \nonumber \\
a_{\mathrm{d}} &\simeq & m_{{\mathrm{d}}1}
          +m_{{\mathrm{d}}2}\lambda^2|1-\rho-{\mathrm{i}}\eta|^2, \nonumber \\
b_{\mathrm{d}} &\simeq & m_{{\mathrm{d}}2}, \nonumber \\
c_{\mathrm{d}} &\simeq & m_{{\mathrm{d}}3}, \nonumber \\
d_{\mathrm{d}} &\simeq & m_{{\mathrm{d}}2}
                         \lambda |1-\rho-{\mathrm{i}}\eta|, \nonumber \\
e_{\mathrm{d}} &\simeq & m_{{\mathrm{d}}3}A\lambda^2, \nonumber \\
\theta &\simeq & \arg \left( -\rho+{\mathrm{i}}\eta \right)
               - \arg \left( 1-\rho+{\mathrm{i}}\eta \right).
\end{eqnarray}
If we take
\begin{eqnarray}
m_{{\mathrm{u}}1}=-m_u,
  & m_{{\mathrm{u}}2}=m_c,
    & m_{{\mathrm{u}}3}=m_t, \nonumber \\
m_{{\mathrm{d}}1}=-m_d,
  & m_{{\mathrm{d}}2}=m_s,
    & m_{{\mathrm{d}}3}=m_b,
\end{eqnarray}
where $m_{u}$, $m_{d}$, $m_{c}$, $m_{s}$ $m_{t}$ and $m_{b}$ are
the up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom quark masses, respectively,
and make a certain phase rotation,
we can obtain the quark mass matrices $M_{\mathrm{u,d}}$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
M_{\mathrm{u}} &\simeq & \left(
                    \begin{array}{ccc}
                      -m_u+m_c\lambda^2(\rho^2+\eta^2)
                        & m_c\lambda(-\rho+{\mathrm{i}}\eta)
                            & 0 \\
                      m_c\lambda(-\rho-{\mathrm{i}}\eta)
                        & m_c
                            & 0 \\
                      0 & 0 & m_t
                    \end{array}
                    \right) \mbox , \nonumber \\
M_{\mathrm{d}} &\simeq & \left(
                    \begin{array}{ccc}
                      -m_d+m_s\lambda^2|1-\rho-{\mathrm{i}}\eta|^2
                        & m_s\lambda(1-\rho+{\mathrm{i}}\eta)
                            & 0 \\
                      m_s\lambda(1-\rho-{\mathrm{i}}\eta)
                        & m_s
                            & m_b A \lambda^2 \\
                      0 & m_b A \lambda^2
                            & m_b
                    \end{array}
                    \right) \mbox . \nonumber \\
 & &
\label{eqn:parametrized_by_Wm}
\end{eqnarray}

To see the above matrices (\ref{eqn:parametrized_by_Wm}) more simply,
let us introduce
three parameters related to the measurements of the KM matrix,
$p_{1}$, $p_{2}$ and $p_{3}$:
\begin{eqnarray}
p_{1} &=& \frac{m_c\lambda^2(\rho^2+\eta^2)}{m_u} ,             \nonumber \\
p_{2} &=& \frac{m_s\lambda^2|1-\rho-{\mathrm{i}}\eta|^2}{m_d} , \nonumber \\
p_{3} &=& \frac{m_b A \lambda^2}{m_s} .
\label{eqn:def_parameters}
\end{eqnarray}
Using these parameters and making a certain phase rotation,
we can write the matrices (\ref{eqn:parametrized_by_Wm}) as
\begin{eqnarray}
M_{\mathrm{u}} &\simeq &
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
(p_{1}-1)m_{u} & \sqrt{p_{1}m_{u}m_{c}} \exp ({\mathrm{i}}\theta) & 0 \\
\sqrt{p_{1}m_{u}m_{c}} \exp (-{\mathrm{i}}\theta) & m_{c}         & 0 \\
0                                                 & 0             & m_{t}
\end{array} \right) ,
\nonumber \\
M_{\mathrm{d}} &\simeq &
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
(p_{2}-1)m_{d} & \sqrt{p_{2}m_{d}m_{s}} & 0          \\
\sqrt{p_{2}m_{d}m_{s}} & m_{s}          & p_{3}m_{s} \\
0                      & p_{3}m_{s}     & m_{b}
\end{array} \right) ,
\label{eqn:parametrized_by_pm}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{equation}
\theta \simeq  \arg \left(  -\rho+{\mathrm{i}}\eta \right)
             - \arg \left( 1-\rho+{\mathrm{i}}\eta \right)
\end{equation}
and $p_{1} \sim p_{3}$ and $\theta$ characterize the KM matrix.
At this time,
we can obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
|V_{us}|
&\simeq&
\left|   \sqrt{\frac{p_{2}m_d}{m_s}}
       - \sqrt{\frac{p_{1}m_u}{m_c}} \exp({\mathrm{i}} \theta ) \right| ,
\nonumber \\
|V_{cb}|
&\simeq&
\frac{p_{3}m_s}{m_b} ,
\nonumber \\
\left| \frac{V_{ub}}{V_{cb}} \right|
&\simeq&
\sqrt{\frac{p_{1}m_u}{m_c}} ,
\nonumber \\
\left| \frac{V_{td}}{V_{ts}} \right|
&\simeq&
\sqrt{\frac{p_{2}m_d}{m_s}} .
\end{eqnarray}

\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:Discussion}
\par
\hspace*{\parindent}
Using current experimental data,
we can find that three parameters $p_{1} \sim p_{3}$ are nearly equal to 1.
If we take current experimental data \cite{Koide_mass,PDG}
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{m_u}{m_c} &=& 4.26 \times 10^{-3} \times (1 \pm 0.196) , \nonumber \\
\frac{m_d}{m_s} &=& 4.97 \times 10^{-2} \times (1 \pm 0.045) , \nonumber \\
\frac{m_s}{m_b} &=& 3.35 \times 10^{-2} \times (1 \pm 0.144) ,
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
\lambda &=& 0.217 \sim 0.224 , \nonumber \\
\lambda \sqrt{\rho^2+\eta^2} &=& 0.06 \sim 0.10 , \nonumber \\
A\lambda^2 &=& 0.035 \sim 0.042 ,
\end{eqnarray}
then we can obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
p_{1} &=& \frac{m_c\lambda^2(\rho^2+\eta^2)}{m_u}
                            = 0.71 \sim 2.92 \mbox , \nonumber \\
p_{2} &=& \frac{m_s\lambda^2|1-\rho-{\mathrm{i}}\eta|^2}{m_d}
                            = 0.71 \sim 1.27 \mbox , \nonumber \\
p_{3} &=& \frac{m_b A \lambda^2}{m_s}
                            = 0.91 \sim 1.46 \mbox .
\end{eqnarray}

It is instructive to consider energy dependence of
the above parameters $p_{1} \sim p_{3}$.
The parameters $p_{1}$ and $p_{2}$ in (\ref{eqn:def_parameters})
are almost energy independent,
because $\rho$, $\eta$, $\lambda$, $m_u/m_c$ and $m_d/m_s$ are
almost energy independent.
As for the parameter $p_{3}$,
$A$ has energy dependence,
but $m_s/m_b$ has almost the same energy dependence
in the case that $\tan \beta$
has magnitude of $O(1)$ \cite{Babu}.
Then the parameter $p_{3}$ is energy independent
in the case of $\tan \beta \sim O(1)$.
Hence the parameters which are estimated at the weak scale
are meaningful enough.

The parameters $p_{1} \sim p_{3}$ are nearly equal to $1$.
It means that
the relations between the KM matrix elements and the quark mass ratios are
understood in terms of the elements of the quark mass matrices.
It is very interesting,
because we might be able to regard the simple relations among the elements
as the relations among the original Yukawa couplings.
When $p_{1}$, $p_{2}$ equal to $1$,
we obtain
\begin{equation}
M_{\mathrm{u} ~ 11} \simeq 0 , ~~~~~ M_{\mathrm{d} ~ 11} \simeq 0
\end{equation}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
|V_{us}|
&\simeq&
\left|   \sqrt{\frac{m_d}{m_s}}
       - \sqrt{\frac{m_u}{m_c}} \exp({\mathrm{i}} \theta ) \right| ,
\nonumber \\
\left| \frac{V_{ub}}{V_{cb}} \right|
&\simeq&
\sqrt{\frac{m_u}{m_c}} ,
\nonumber \\
\left| \frac{V_{td}}{V_{ts}} \right|
&\simeq&
\sqrt{\frac{m_d}{m_s}} .
\end{eqnarray}
And then we obtain
\begin{equation}
\arg(\rho+{\mathrm{i}}\eta) \simeq \frac{\pi}{2} ,
\end{equation}
taking account of
\begin{equation}
\sqrt{\frac{m_d}{m_s}} \simeq \lambda
               \gg \sqrt{\frac{m_u}{m_c}}
               \gg \left| \sqrt{\frac{m_d}{m_s}}-\lambda \right| .
\end{equation}
This point is similar to the Fritzsch {\itshape Ansatz} case \cite{Fritzsch1}.
Moreover,
when $p_{3}$ equals to $1$,
we obtain
\begin{equation}
M_{\mathrm{d} ~ 22} \simeq M_{\mathrm{d} ~ 23}
                        ~ (M_{\mathrm{d} ~ 32})
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
|V_{cb}| \simeq \frac{m_s}{m_b} .
\end{equation}
If all the parameters $p_{1}$, $p_{2}$ and $p_{3}$ are equal to $1$,
the mass matrices (\ref{eqn:parametrized_by_pm})
become exceedingly simple form:
\begin{eqnarray}
M_{\mathrm{u}} &=& \left( \begin{array}{ccc}
 0  & d_{\mathrm{u}}\exp{\left( {\mathrm{i}}\theta \right)}              & 0 \\
 d_{\mathrm{u}}\exp{\left( -{\mathrm{i}}\theta \right)} & b_{\mathrm{u}} & 0 \\
 0  & 0                                                 & c_{\mathrm{u}}
                                    \end{array} \right) , \nonumber \\
M_{\mathrm{d}} &=& \left( \begin{array}{ccc}
                0              & d_{\mathrm{d}} & 0              \\
                d_{\mathrm{d}} & b_{\mathrm{d}} & b_{\mathrm{d}} \\
                0              & b_{\mathrm{d}} & c_{\mathrm{d}}
                                    \end{array} \right) .
\label{eqn:simple_form}
\end{eqnarray}
They have only 7 parameters,
that is 6 hierarchical magnitudes of elements and 1 phase.
These form might offer us the origin of the quark mass matrices.

The top quark mass is very large,
so (2,2) element and (2,3) element ((3,2) element)
of the up part mass matrices
might also take the same value.
In this case, we obtain $V_{cb}$ as
\begin{equation}
|V_{cb}| \simeq \frac{m_s}{m_b} \pm \frac{m_c}{m_t} ~ .
\end{equation}

Note that the quark mass matrices
which Fritzsch {\itshape et al.} have assumed in Ref. \cite{NewFritzsch}
have different situation in $V_{cb}$.
They start from "democratic mass matrix",
that is, rank 1 matrix,
and add a cirtain small parameters to it,
then the mass matrices lead to
\begin{equation}
|V_{cb}|
 \simeq \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left( \frac{m_s}{m_b} \pm \frac{m_c}{m_t} \right).
\end{equation}
In this case,
the parameter $p_{3}$ is not nearly equal to $1$
but nearly equal to $1/\sqrt{2}$ because $m_c/m_t \ll m_s/m_b$.

P. Ramond {\itshape et al.} have suggested
the similar structure mass matrices
to the above form (\ref{eqn:simple_form}) in Ref. \cite{Ramond}.
But they do not have mentioned the possibility
that the (2,2) element and (2,3) (or (3,2)) element of down part mass matrices
are almost the same magnitudes each other in Ref. \cite{Ramond}.

To explain
$M_{\mathrm{d} ~ 22} \simeq M_{\mathrm{d} ~ 23}
                           (M_{\mathrm{d} ~ 32})$
is a problem,
even if we explain zero elements by flavor symmetry.
If we regard the origins of
$M_{\mathrm{d} ~ 22}$ and
$M_{\mathrm{d} ~ 23}$ ($M_{\mathrm{d} ~ 32}$)
as the same one Higgs vacuum expectation value and Yukawa coupling,
and if the origin of $M_{\mathrm{Simpler ~ d} ~ 33}$ is different from it,
it is difficult to explain them by giving charges to fields.
Namely,
$d_{\mathrm{L} ~ 2}$
(down part left handed quark field of the 2nd family)
and $d_{\mathrm{L} ~ 3}$
(down part left handed quark field of the 3rd family)
must have the same charge
to couple with the same Higgs.
Similarly,
$d_{\mathrm{R} ~ 2}$
(down part right handed quark field of the 2nd family)
and $d_{\mathrm{R} ~ 3}$
(down part right handed quark field of the 3rd family)
must do so.
On the other hand, $d_{\mathrm{L} ~ 3}$ and $d_{\mathrm{R} ~ 3}$
couple with other Higgs and it lead large (3,3) element of
the down part mass matrix.
At this time,
(2,2), (2,3) and (3,2) elements of the down part mass matrix must be
as large as (3,3) element of the down part mass matrix
because $d_{\mathrm{L} ~ 2}$ and $d_{\mathrm{L} ~ 3}$ have the same charge
and so do $d_{\mathrm{R} ~ 2}$ and $d_{\mathrm{R} ~ 3}$.
This is caused by the same magnitude elements in the same column or row.

This situation does not change
when we assume
that quark mass matrices have only 6 hierarchical elements except phases
and that $|V_{cb}| \simeq m_s/m_b$ mainly comes from
the second and the third columns and rows of down part mass matrix.
If we suppose there is no same order element
in the same column and the same row,
only $M_{\mathrm{d} ~ 33}$ must be the largest
to obtain different order quark masses.
Then we obtain $M_{\mathrm{d} ~ 33} \simeq m_{b}$
from trace of $M_{\mathrm{d}}M_{\mathrm{d}}^{\dagger}$.
So we can write the (2,3) part of $M_{\mathrm{d}}$ as
\begin{equation}
M \simeq \left(\begin{array}{cc}
                   x & y     \\
                   z & m_{b}
         \end{array}\right) ~,
\end{equation}
where $x, y, z \ll m_{b}$.
(We assume $x$, $y$ and $z$ are real for simplicity.)
At this time,
\begin{equation}
M M^{\mathrm{T}} \simeq \left(\begin{array}{cc}
                                  x^{2}+y^{2} & ym_{b}    \\
                                  ym_{b}      & m_{b}^{2}
                        \end{array}\right)
\end{equation}
must be almost diagonalized by
\begin{equation}
\left(\begin{array}{cc}
   1                                  & \displaystyle \frac{m_{s}}{m_{b}} \\
   \displaystyle -\frac{m_{s}}{m_{b}} & 1
\end{array}\right)
\end{equation}
in order to mainly obtain $|V_{cb}| \simeq m_s/m_b$
from the (2,3) part of $M_{\mathrm{d}}$.
Hence we obtain $y \simeq m_{s}$.
Then determinant of $M$ is
\begin{equation}
xm_{b}-zm_{s} \simeq m_{s}m_{b} ~ .
\end{equation}
So we obtain $x \simeq m_{s}$,
taking account of $z \ll m_{b}$.
However, this contradicts the supposition
that there is no same order elements in the same column and the same row.
Therefore, we need the same order elements at the same column or row
in (2,3) part of $M_{\mathrm{d}}$
when we assume that $|V_{cb}| \simeq m_s/m_b$ mainly comes from
(2,3) part of $M_{\mathrm{d}}$
and that only 6 hierarchical elements of quark mass matrices except phases.
This is the very reason
that the Fritzsch {\itshape Ansatz} \cite{Fritzsch1}
can not explain $|V_{cb}|$
and that the Branco-Silva-type \cite{Branco2} can explain $|V_{cb}|$.
Anyway,
in order to explain $p_{3} \simeq 1$,
we need a mechanism or something.

\section{Summary}
\label{sec:Summary}
\par
\hspace*{\parindent}
We have studied relations between the quark masses
and the KM matrix elements
on the minimally generic quark mass matrices.
They are hermitian matrices and have 3 texture zeros.
Furthermore,
they have only 10 parameters,
so we can express all their elements in terms of only physical contents.
Then we have seen
that current experimental data suggest some interesting simple relations
among the elements in the minimally generic form.
In order to clear this point, we have introduced three parameters
which are almost energy independent for $\tan \beta \sim O(1)$.
The relations among the elements might offer us
the relations among the original Yukawa couplings,
so it is very interesting.
In addition, we have seen the possibility
that the relations
$|V_{us}|\sim \sqrt{m_d/m_s}$, $|V_{cb}|\sim m_s/m_b$ and
$|V_{ub}/V_{cb}|\sim \sqrt{m_u/m_c}$
are explained by only 6 hierarchical elements of mass matrices and 1 phase.

Moreover,
it has pointed out
that to explain the relation $|V_{cb}|\sim m_s/m_b$
has difficulty in flavor symmetry
if we assume
that the quark mass matrices have only 6 hierarchical elements except phases
and that $|V_{cb}| \simeq m_s/m_b$ mainly comes from down part.
This situation does not change in general.
So, in order to explain $|V_{cb}| \simeq m_s/m_b$,
we might have to introduce a mechanism or something.

In the near future, the three parameters will be made out more accurately
in detailed experiments, for example experiments in b-factory.
They will offer us important information
about the origin of the quark masses and the KM matrix.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
\par
\hspace*{\parindent}
This work was supported in part by
JSPS Research Fellowships for Young Scientists.

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