text:
✅ Download Frostpunk Full Game Torrent | Latest version [2020] Simulator
Download Frostpunk
Graphics: GTX 660
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Version: 1.5.0 Last (Newest) + All add-ons (DLC) + The Last Autumn
Genres: Simulator, Strategy
Year: Two thousand eighteen
Publisher: 11 bit studios
Frostpunk screenshots:
Frostpunk pc torrent Download for free. Frostpunk – game project in the genre of simulation, where you have to fight for his life by any means, and also deal with town planning. From the first seconds of the game you have to fully immerse yourself in the atmosphere of survival and struggle for justice. The story takes you into the center just blasts the cataclysm, as a result of which the entire surface of the planet was shrouded in snow and cold. On earth there are a few survivors, one of the groups which you take under his control. In the course of action you will be able to find Carter with a heat generator, which allows you to create all the conditions for the construction of a full and prosperous city. The conditions of the glacial period will be far unfavorable, and that's why you decide to build a cosy home, with developed infrastructure and different technologies. Engage in trade and build diplomatic relations with other Nations. It is also necessary to properly allocate responsibilities between the settlers and take control of the development of all aspects of the city. Watch for safety and comfort, don't forget to listen to the wishes of residents. Create all favorable conditions and then you can definitely achieve success in your difficult and very dangerous business. On this page you can download the game Frostpunk torrent free on a PC.


For many years now I have wanted to illustrate a children's classic, to create something beautiful that will resonate with a modern audience whilst preserving the classical charm of the text.
When considering stories for this project, I found none that had greater relevance to our age than Wind in the Willows. Just over 100 years after it was first published, ours is a mirror and the legacy of Kenneth Grahame's time. His story speaks of social connection, environmental preservation, the huge divide between the wealthy and the poor and the thoughtless over-consumption that comes from cheap mass-production. Ratty, Mole and Badger are set in contrast to Toad: three solid, useful creatures who have crafted their own tools, built boats and dug homes, trying to reason with a feckless and boastful animal who flits from one fad to the next, recklessly wasting his inheritance.
Today there are Toads everywhere: good animals at heart perhaps, but wasteful and careless. Yet in the last few years there has been a surge of demand for the hand-crafted, the artisan made and the unique, lasting artifact. From farmers markets, artisan bakers and micro-breweries to maker spaces, co-op galleries and communal gardens, people are creating, building, recycling, repurposing, crafting and growing.
My illustrations are a love-letter to all of these folk, an homage to the artisans, makers and Steampunks, everyone who crafts or bakes, brews or builds, who pulls apart and reimagines, chooses hand-crafted over mass-produced, who wants long-lasting and beautiful artifacts that can be handed down over generations. As someone who has always built, crafted, repurposed and reimagined, whether it be sewing clothing, crafting stained glass windows or just playing around with found objects, I feel a strong connection to both this story and the people I believe it was written for.
My ultimate goal is to publish a book, a physical artifact that has been laboured over with care and devotion. On this blog I will be posting my progress, and I hope you enjoy seeing the work come together.


These 31 spline inner stub axles are designed to fit Ford 8.8 differentials from the 03-04 Cobra Mustang. They are designed to work with our standard 108mm (930) CV Joint. Must be a 31 spline differential. Stub axles are the same used in our 1000HP Outlaw axles for the 03-04 Cobra. Perfect for diff and cradle swaps. Custom axle lengths made to order.


text:
Press Releases Policy publications - Infrastructure & energy
New IoD Director General welcomes 'important step' towards Heathrow runway
Responding to the publication of the National Policy Statement on airport capacity, which paves the way for a new runway at Heathrow, Stephen Martin, Director General of the Institute of Directors, said:
"This is an important step towards finally getting a new runway built. IoD members overwhelmingly feel the airport expansion is needed to provide them with the vital links to growing markets. As we embark on the journey towards Brexit, reaching out to the world outside the EU has never been more important. More flights mean more trade, and more prosperity for the UK.
"Ministers are right to consult widely on issues including pollution and improving public transport links to Heathrow. Clearly this is contentious project, but now the decision has been made, it is in the national interest that the Government sees it through."
Tags Infrastructure

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package org.drools.guvnor.client.explorer.navigation.qa;

import com.google.gwt.core.client.GWT;
import com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.ClickEvent;
import com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.ClickHandler;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.*;
import org.drools.guvnor.client.common.GenericCallback;
import org.drools.guvnor.client.common.LoadingPopup;
import org.drools.guvnor.client.common.PrettyFormLayout;
import org.drools.guvnor.client.messages.Constants;
import org.drools.guvnor.client.resources.DroolsGuvnorImageResources;
import org.drools.guvnor.client.resources.GuvnorImages;
import org.drools.guvnor.client.rpc.AnalysisReport;
import org.drools.guvnor.client.rpc.VerificationService;
import org.drools.guvnor.client.rpc.VerificationServiceAsync;

/**
 * Viewer for, well, analysis !
 */
public class VerifierScreen extends Composite {

    private final VerticalPanel layout = new VerticalPanel();
    private final String packageUUID;

    public VerifierScreen(String packageUUID,
                          String packageName) {
        this.packageUUID = packageUUID;

        PrettyFormLayout pf = new PrettyFormLayout();

        VerticalPanel vert = new VerticalPanel();
        String m = Constants.INSTANCE.AnalysingPackage( packageName );
        vert.add( new HTML( m ) );
        Button run = new Button( Constants.INSTANCE.RunAnalysis() );
        run.addClickHandler( new ClickHandler() {
            public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {
                runAnalysis();
            }
        } );
        vert.add( run );

        pf.addHeader( GuvnorImages.INSTANCE.Analyze(),
                vert );
        layout.add( pf );

        layout.add( new Label() );

        layout.setWidth( "100%" );

        initWidget( layout );
    }

    private void runAnalysis() {
        LoadingPopup.showMessage( Constants.INSTANCE.AnalysingPackageRunning() );
        VerificationServiceAsync verificationService = GWT.create( VerificationService.class );

        verificationService.analysePackage( packageUUID,
                new GenericCallback<AnalysisReport>() {
                    public void onSuccess(AnalysisReport rep) {
                        VerifierResultWidget w = new VerifierResultWidget( rep,
                                true );
                        w.setWidth( "100%" );
                        layout.remove( 1 );
                        layout.add( w );
                        LoadingPopup.close();
                    }
                } );

    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The business of flipping homes is popular right now, and can be a fantastic source of income. Before you replace the carpet, see if Zerorez can handle it!
We get rid of problems that others won't even tackle, and that just makes fiscal sense in a tough market like we have today. When it comes to prepping a home for selling, Zerorez can handle all your living surfaces needs, from carpet to counter tops, and from natural stone entryways to garage or walkway cleanup. Zerorez is truly the right way to clean.


The Australian Government has launched an investigation into the potential identity theft and exposure of confidential corporate documents as a direct result of illegal e-waste dumping in Ghana. The investigation reveals that western countries, as well as Australia, are guilty of illegally dumping over 500 containers of e-waste, including TVs, monitors and computers into West Africa every month. Not only is this a huge ethical dilemma, with thousands of locals scavenging the containers for valuable raw materials, it also exposes many leading and responsible organisations to a confidentiality breach.
WEEE Systems believes that this is a call to action for leading organisations, to ensure that their customers and partners' confidential data is kept secret. Without a rigorous and responsible system in place, there is no guarantee that the data is securely erased off the hardware before it is taken away and many businesses are at risk of losing both physical and data control. WEEE Systems guarantees the safe and secure disposal of its customers' end-of-life and equipment and information stored on their e-waste through its material transformation ecosystem.


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text:
Justia Patents US Patent for Composite material comprising a polyurethane-polyacrylate resin matrix Patent (Patent # 11,512,164)
Composite material comprising a polyurethane-polyacrylate resin matrix
Sep 12, 2018 - Covestro Deutschland AG
The present invention relates to an isocyanate-reactive component B) comprising: B1) one or more organic polyols selected from the group consisting of polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polyetherester polyols, polymer polyols, polycarbonate polyols and polyethercarbonate polyols; B2) one or more compounds having the structure of Formula (I) wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of alkylene having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, 2,2-bis(4-phenylene)propane, 1,4-bis(methylene)benzene, 1,3-bis(methylene)benzene, 1,2-bis(methylene)benzene; n is an integer selected from 1 to 6; and B3) at least one radical reaction adjuvant selected from the group consisting of aryl-substituted olefins, a composite material comprising a thermosetting polyurethane-polyacrylate resin matrix made with such isocyanate-reactive component B) and a reinforcement material and a process of preparing the same.
Latest Covestro Deutschland AG Patents:
Composite component
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This application is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT/EP2018/074605, filed Sep. 12, 2018, which claims the benefit of International Application No. PCT/CN2017/101384, filed Sep. 12, 2017, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to a composite material comprising a thermosetting polyurethane-polyacrylate resin matrix and a reinforcement material and a process of preparing the same.
A composite material is a heterogeneous combination of non-miscible materials: one or more reinforcement materials giving mechanical properties and a matrix, e.g. a polymer, that ensures cohesion of the entire composite structure.
Thus, polyurethane resins are being increasingly applied as matrix material for the production of composite materials, e.g. rotor blades for wind turbines, at present (see e.g. WO 2011/069975 A1). In order to create a continuous matrix throughout the entire structure, the matrix should maintain a low viscosity and long gel time or pot-life throughout the infiltration of the reinforcement. Then, after infiltration of the reinforcement materials, a fast setting/cure of the material is crucial for easy handling and processing. The curing of the resin should yield a high degree of conversion as this ensures consistent mechanical properties throughout the life time of the composite material and safe handling. The use of standard polyurethane resins for large composite parts however is restricted by the rather short pot-life and high initial viscosities.
In this application, the term "pot-life" means the time in which the reactive composition has a viscosity@25° C.<600 mPa*s, based on DIN EN ISO 2555.
To overcome these deficiencies, such as short pot-life, overly high initial viscosity, and the like, of the traditional polyurethane, various modifications for standard polyurethane resins have been proposed in the literature. For example, the addition of epoxies (WO 2012/022683 A) and the use of glycerol-based polypropylene oxide polyethers (WO 2012/113748 A) and/or dianhydrohexitol (WO 2012/163845 A) in the polyol formulation.
Recently, the preparation of large composite parts made from a polyurethane resin matrix comprising urethane structures and polymerized acrylates has been described ("polyurethane-polyacrylate resin"). WO 2015/155195 A discloses the preparation of a polyurethane-polyacrylate reactive composition from isocyanates, hydroxyl acrylates and polyols which react in such a way, that the addition polymerization reaction of isocyanate groups and hydroxyl groups and the radical polymerization of olefinic groups take place simultaneously ("one-pot process"). By this, a homogenous network of polyurethanes and polyacrylates is formed, and the reactive composition has a sufficient long pot life, which allows for the processing of large composite parts. The resulting homogenous polymer structure distinguishes the one-pot synthesized polyurethane-polyacrylate polymer, from the prior art (WO 2007/144292 A, U.S. Pat. No. 4,560,456) where heterogeneous polyurethane-polyacrylate polymers are formed in a two-step approach (initial polyurethane formation, followed by a radical cross-linking), which exhibit a structure with capsulated polyurethane micro-domains.
Also, the introduction of some other chemical reaction different from that for the formation of urethane bond can help overcoming some shortages, such as short gel time, overly high initial viscosity, and the like, of the traditional polyurethane.
For the simultaneous formation of polyurethane-linkage and radical polymerization in the composite structure, the reaction conditions for the preparation of the polyurethane-polyacrylate hybrid resin matrix need to be carefully adjusted. Inevitably, competition between the polyaddition reaction of the urethane bond and the radical polymerization as well as side reactions occurs. WO 2015/155195 A describes that the simultaneous polyaddition and radical polymerization is controllable by the use of catalysts specific for the urethane bonds, and the use of initiators in combination with accelerators and inhibitors specific for the radical polymerization. Suitable catalysts for the urethane bond formation are preferably amine catalysts, organometallic catalysts or a mixture thereof. Whereas suitable initiators for the radical polymerization are preferably peroxides, persulfides, peroxycarbonates, peroxyboric acid, azo compounds or other suitable radical initiators that can initiate curing of an olefin-containing compound. Optionally, one or more accelerators of the radical polymerization may also be present, such as cobalt compounds or amine compounds. Inhibitors of the radical reaction are preferably phenol, quinine or hindered amine compounds, examples of which include methylhydroquinone, benzoquinone, polymethyl piperidine derivatives, low valence copper ions, etc. However, with the one-pot processes of the prior art, the results with regard to conversion ratios are not yet satisfying.
Thus, there is still the need for a polyurethane-polyacrylate hybrid resin useful as matrix material for the production of large composite parts exhibiting high degree of conversion and thereby consistent mechanical properties throughout the life time of the composite material. At the same time, the pot-life of the reactive composition for the matrix material should still be sufficient long to ensure easy and complete processing, e.g. by vacuum infusion of the reinforcement material, to produce the composite.
It has now surprisingly been found that the problems of the prior art may be overcome by the addition of certain adjuvants, which can effectively adjust the conversion ratio of the polycondensation reaction of urethane bond so that the amount of the residual isocyanate bond groups after reaction is reduced, decreasing the risk of aging of the material and extending the life of the material. At the same time, the technology according to the invention provides more flexibility for adjusting the properties of polyurethane polyurethane-polyacrylate matrix material.
The present invention thus claims an isocyanate-reactive component B) comprising:
B1) one or more organic polyols selected from the group consisting of polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polyetherester polyols, polymer polyols, polycarbonate polyols and polyethercarbonate polyols;
B2) one or more compounds having the structure of Formula (I)
wherein, R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of alkylene having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, 2,2-bis(4-phenylene)-propane, 1,4-bis(methylene)benzene, 1,3-bis(methylene)benzene, 1,2-bis(methylene)benzene; n is an integer selected from 1 to 6; and
B3) at least one radical reaction adjuvant selected from the group consisting of aryl-substituted olefins.
With the inventive isocyanate-reactive composition B), a polyurethane-polyacrylate reactive composition may be prepared by mixing component B) with an isocyanate component A) comprising one or more polyisocyanates in presence of radical reaction initiator C), which shows, after reacting A) and B) in a one-pot process, a higher NCO-conversion ratio than a comparable isocyanate reactive component not containing an adjuvant B3).
For the purpose of this application, the term "polyisocyanate" is used for an organic compound containing two or more isocyanate groups (—N═C═O).
The term "functionality" or "f" when used in this application means the average functionality (number of Zerewitinoff-active hydrogen atoms per molecule) of a polyol or a polyol mixture on the assumption that it is identical to the average functionality (number of active hydrogen atoms per molecule) of the initiator(s) used during preparation of the polyol.
The term f(olefin), with regard to a compound, means the average number of reactive olefin-groups in the respective compound.
For the purpose of this application, the term "one-pot process" is used for a process, wherein the components A), B1), B2) and B3) are mixed to form one set of educts, the reaction between these components is started in presence of C) and the reaction conditions are chosen in such a manner, that urethane formation and radical olefin polymerization take place simultaneously or at least partly in parallel. Generally, upon mixing all components, the initiation of the polyurethane addition is followed by the radical polymerization reaction at elevated temperature (depending on the thermal lability of the initiator C). Both reactions reach their maximum conversion ratio once the curing process is done. No intermediates are isolated in between.
The one or more organic polyols B1) are preferably selected from the group consisting of polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polyetherester polyols, polymer polyols, polycarbonate polyols and polyethercarbonate polyols. Polyether polyols and/or polyester polyols are particularly preferably used in the polyol formulation. The use of polyether polyols as only polyols or in mixture with polyester polyols is especially preferred.
The polyols are described, for example, by Ionescu in "Chemistry and Technology of Polyols for Polyurethanes", Rapra Technology Limited, Shawbury 2005, p. 3 1 ff. (Cap. 3: The General Characteristics of Oligo-Polyols, p. 55 ff. (Cap. 4: Oligo-polyols for Elastic Polyurethanes). P. 263ff. (Cap. 8: Polyester Polyols for Elastic Polyurethanes) and, in particular, to page 32 ff. (Cap. 13: Polyether Polyols for Rigid Polyurethane Foams) and S. 419 ff. (Cape. 16: Polyester Polyols for Rigid Polyurethane Foams).
In a preferred embodiment, the hydroxyl number of the polyols is between 150-700 mg KOH/g, more preferably 200-450 mg KOH/g and even more preferably 200-330 mg KOH/g.
The average functionality of the polyols in B1) is preferably 1.5-4.5, more preferably 1.8-3.7, still preferably 1.9-3.2 and even more preferably 2.1-2.8.
Values for the hydroxyl number (herein "OH-value") given in this application are measured according DIN EN ISO 53240, part 2 (November 2007).
Preference is given to the use of one or more polyhydroxypolyethers ("polyether polyols") as component B1), which may be prepared by polyaddition of alkylene oxides such as propylene oxide and/or ethylene oxide onto polyfunctional starter compounds in the presence of catalysts, in a manner known by the skilled in the art. The polyhydroxypolyethers are preferably prepared from a starter compound and one or more alkylene oxides, for example, ethylene oxide, butylene oxide and/or propylene oxide. Preferred starter compounds are molecules having 2 to 8 hydroxyl groups per molecule such as water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-lexanediol, bisphenol A, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol and sucrose and aminic starter compounds, such as, for example, ethylenediamine and triethanolamine. The starter compounds may be used alone or in admixture.
Particular preference is given to 1,2- and 1,3-propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, sorbitol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, sucrose and mixtures of the abovementioned products as starter materials.
Polyether polyols based on propylene oxide are particularly preferred, specifically propylene oxide polyethers with a functionality of 2-3. For those polyethers, glycerol and/or trimethylpropane are particularly preferred as starter compound.
Polyester polyols are ester-containing polyhydroxyl compounds, e.g. castor oil or polyhydroxy polyesters, such as are obtainable by polycondensation of excess amounts of simple polyhydric alcohols of the type abovedescribed, with preferably dibasic carboxylic acids or their anhydrides. The dibasic carboxylic acid is preferably but not limited to an aliphatic carboxylic acid having 2-12 carbons, preferably but not limited to succinic acid, malonic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecyl carboxylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, or a combination thereof. Anhydride of the respective acids may also or alternatively used as educts. Monobasic acids, e.g. benzoic acid or alcanoic acids and/or acids prepared from hydroxyl carboxylic acids, e.g. hydroxy caproic acid, hydroxy butyric acid, hydroxy stearic acid, hydroxyl decanoic acid, and the like, may be used in addition. The polyester polyol also include polyester polyols prepared from or with lactones, e.g. ε-caprolactone, butyrolactone and the like.
Examples for polyhydric alcohols to react with the acids are ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, 1,3-methylpropanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,10-decanediol, glycerine, trimethylolpropane, or a combination thereof. Monools may be used in addition.
Biobased compounds and/or derivates thereof may also be used for the production of polyester polyols, e.g. vegetable oils, vegetable oil polyols or modified products thereof. Vegetable oil is a compound prepared from an unsaturated fatty acid and glycerine, or an oil extracted from e.g. plant fruits or seeds. Examples include but are not limited to castor oil, polyhydroxy-fatty acids, rinoleic acid, grape seed oil, pumpkin seed oil, palm oil, olive oil, avocado oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, coco butter, cotton seed oil, pumpkin seed oil, maize oil, sunflower seed oil, wheat germ oil, sesame oil, hemp oil, thistel oil, linseed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, lupin oil, borrage oil, mustard oil, jatropha oil, walnut oil, jojoba oil, lecithin, e.g. based on soya, primrose oil, wild rose oil, peanut oil, walnut oil, hazelnut oil, canola oil and castor oil etc., Fatty acids, hydroxyl modified fatty acids, polyhydroxy-fatty acids and epoxized fatty acids and fatty acid esters, e.g. based on myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, petroselic acid, gadoleic acid, erucic acid, nervonic acid, linoleic acid, alpha- and gamma-linoleic acid, stearidonic acid, arachidonic acid, timnodonic acid, clupanodonic acid and cervic acid. Also advantageous is the use of mixtures of such biobased acids with other carboxylic acids, e.g. phthalic acids. Hydroxyl groups may further be introduced into the starter of a vegetable oil polyol by a process such as cracking, oxidation or transesterification, and then the vegetable oil polyols may be prepared using a process known to one skilled in the art for preparing an organic polyol. Esters prepared from ricinoic acid with polyfunctional alcohols are especially preferred when using biobased polyols.
The polyester polyol used in compound B1), alone or in mixture with e.g. polyether polyols, has preferably a molecular weight of 200-3000 g and a functionality of 2-6, preferably 2-4, more preferably 2-3.
Other polyols may be used for component B1), preferably in admixture with the above described polyether polyols and/or polyester polyols:
Polycarbonate polyols are polycarbonates containing hydroxyl groups, for example polycarbonate diols. They are obtained in the reaction of carbonic acid derivatives, such as diphenyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate or phosgene, with polyols, preferably diols. Examples of such diols are ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol, 1,3- and 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,4-bishydroxymethylcyclohexane, 2-methyl-1,3-dipropylene glycol, 2,2,4-trimethylpentandiol, polypropylene glycols, dibutylene glycol, polybutylene glycols, bisphenols and lactone-modified diols. Examples for polycarbonate diols and their production may e.g. be found in EP 1359177 A.
Polyethercarbonate polyols may be prepared by addition of carbon dioxide and an alkylene oxide compound to a starter comprising active hydrogen, may also be used in the invention. Examples for polyethercarbonate polyols and their production may e.g. be found in EP 2910585 A, [0024]-[0041].
Polymer polyols are a polymer modified polyether polyols, preferably a grafted polyether polyol, or a polyether polyol dispersion. Examples for polymer polyols and their manufacturing may e.g. be found in pages 89 p., "Kunststoff-Handbuch", Vol. VII "Polyurethanes", 3. Edition, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich/Vienna, 1993, pages 88-90 and EP 1 873 170 A1.
Polyetherester polyols are polyhydroxy polymers containing ether groups and polyester groups. They may, for example, be produced from the reaction dicarboxylic acids or their derivatives and polyetherpolyols, as described herein, or via epoxidation of starter compounds containing ester groups. Examples of polyetheresters and their synthesis have been described in WO 2010/043624 A and EP 1 923 417 A. Polyetherester polyols may also and advantageously be produced from biobased sources, e.g. from natural oil based acids, esters and polyols, as described herein.
Exemplary representatives of component B1) are furthermore also described in "Kunststoff-Handbuch", Vol. VII "Polyurethanes", 3. Edition, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich/Vienna, 1993, pages 57-67.
Preferably, the amount of B1) is 25 to 45 wt. %, based on the total weight of said polyurethane-polyacrylate composition. A further preferred amount of B1) is 30 to 80 wt. %, based on the total weight of the isocyanate-reactive component B) as 100 wt. %, even more preferred 40-65 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the isocyanate-reactive component B) as 100 wt. %.
The isocyanate-reactive component B) further comprises acrylate monomers B2) having the structure of Formula (I)
wherein, R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of alkylene having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, 2,2-bis(4-phenylene)-propane, 1,4-bis(methylene)benzene, 1,3-bis(methylene)benzene, 1,2-bis(methylene)benzene; n is an integer selected from 1 to 6.
In a preferred embodiment, the hydroxyl number of the acrylate monomer is between 150-700 mg KOH/g and more preferably 220-600 mg KOH/g and still more preferably 300-500 mg KOH/g, the average hydroxyl functionality of B2) is 1-3, more preferably 1-2, still more preferably 1, and the average olefin functionality of B2) is 1-3, more preferably 1-2, still more preferably 1. Preferably, B2) is selected from the group consisting of component is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, hydroxybutyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxybutyl acrylate, or combinations thereof, especially preferably from the group consisting of hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, hydroxybutyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof.
B2) may be prepared using a conventional methods in the art, e.g. by esterification reaction between (meth)acrylic anhydride, (meth)acrylic acid or (meth)acryloyl halide and HO—(R2O)n—H. These methods are known to one skilled in the art. See, for example, the description in Chapter 3, Handbook of Polyurethane Raw Materials And Aids (Liu Yijun, published on Apr. 1, 2005) and Chapter 2, Polyurethane Elastomer (Liu Houjun, published in August, 2012), which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
Preferably, the amount of B2) is 21 to 75 wt. %, based on the total weight of said isocyanate-reactive component B) as 100 wt. %.
Component B3) is an aryl-substituted olefin, preferably a diaryl-substituted olefin. Diaryl-substituted ethylenes like diphenylethylene (DPE) are especially preferred.
Preferably, the amount of B3) is 0.1 to 12 wt. %, more preferably 0.2 to 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of said isocyanate-reactive component B) as 100 wt. %. If too much adjuvant is added, a negative influence on the physical properties may be found.
Compounds B1, B2 and B3 are mixed with an isocyanate component A) comprising one or more polyisocyanates in presence of radical reaction initiator C) and the resulting polyurethane-polyacrylate reactive composition is reacted in a one-pot process as defined above. Surprisingly, in such one-pot process a higher NCO-conversion ratio than a comparable isocyanate reactive component not containing an adjuvant B3) is observed.
As polyisocyanate component A), the conventional aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and in particular aromatic di- and/or poly-isocyanates may be used. Examples of such polyisocyanates which are suitable are 1,4-butylene diisocyanate, 1,5-pentane diisocyanate, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 2,2,4- and/or 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, bis(4,4′-isocyanatocyclohexyl)methane or mixtures thereof with the other isomers, 1,4-cyclohexylene diisocyanate, 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, 2,4- and/or 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate, 2,2′- and/or 2,4′- and/or 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (monomeric MDI, mMDI), higher homologues (oligomeric MDI) thereof, mixtures of monomeric and oligomeric MDI (polymeric MDI, pMDI), 1,3- and/or 1,4-bis-(2-isocyanato-prop-2-yl)-benzene (TMXDI), 1,3-bis-(isocyanatomethyl)benzene (XDI). There is preferably used as the isocyanate diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mMDI) and, in particular, mixtures of diphenylmethane diisocyanate and polyphenylenepolymethylene polyisocyanate (pMDI). The mixtures of diphenylmethane diisocyanate and polyphenylenepolymethylene polyisocyanate (pMDI) have a preferred monomer content of from 10 to 100 wt. %, preferably from 20 to 80 wt. %, particularly preferably from 30 to 60 wt. %. The NCO content of the polyisocyanate [measured according DIN EN ISO 14896:2009-07] that is used should preferably be greater than 23 wt. %, more preferably greater than 26 wt. %, particularly preferably greater than 30 wt. %. The functionality of the isocyanate should preferably be from 2.0-3.5, more preferably 2.1-2.9. The viscosity of the isocyanate should preferably be ≤750 mPa*s (at 25° C.), more preferably ≤500 mPa*s (at 25° C.) and particularly preferably ≤300 mPa*s (at 25° C.) [measured according to DIN 53019-1:2008-09]. When used in the invention, the organic polyisocyanates may include dimers, trimers, tetramers or pentamers of the isocyanate and/or a combination thereof.
Modified, capped and prepolymerized isocyanates, which for example may be prepared by reaction of an excessive amount of an organic polyisocyanate or a mixture of organic polyisocyanates with a polyol compound, may also be used as the isocyanate component A). Compounds and methods for production have been described in the technical literature.
Component C) is a radical reaction initiator, which may be added into the isocyanate-reactive component B) or into the isocyanate component A) or into both. The addition into the isocyanate component A) to form a premixed component ("premix") of isocyanate A) and radical reaction initiator C), before mixing with component B), is preferred to avoid early start of the polymerization reaction in the isocyanate reactive component B). The initiator may be selected from peroxides, peroxyesters, ketone peroxides, diacyl peroxides, peroxyketals, peroxycarbonates, persulfides, peroxyboric acid, azo compounds and/or other suitable radical initiators that can initiate curing of a double bond-containing compound. The examples include tert-butylperoxy isopropyl carbonate, tert-butylperoxy 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, cumyl hydroperoxide, and tert-butyl peroxybenzoate. Peroxyesters with the following structure II are preferred:
wherein R3 and R4 represent alkyl and/or aryl groups.
tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate, tert-amyl peroxybenzoate and/or tert-amyl peroxyacetate are especially preferred.
If a radical initiator with a peroxyester-functionality having the structure (II) is added, its content, referred to the amount of the carbonylperoxy-moiety [—(C═O)OO]— is preferably 0.1-3 wt.-%, based on 100 wt. % by weight of the isocyanate reactive component, with 0.1-2 wt.-% being especially preferred.
The addition of 1-3 wt. % of t-butyl peroxybenzoate is especially advantageous.
The isocyanate reactive component B) or the polyurethane-polyacrylate reactive composition prepared from B) may further optionally comprise one or more compounds D) which are selected from the group consisting of components being able to act as a radical polymerization accelerators, promoters and suppressants.
The group of reaction accelerators known to the person skilled in the art comprises e.g. transition metal-based salts (e.g. based on platinum, tin, copper, cobalt or iron), amine-based compounds, ammonium salts and aniline compounds. Most of the compounds disclosed in the literature promote or catalyze both, the urethane polyaddition and radical polymerization. Often, the reaction accelerators for the radical polymerization reaction contain mixtures of the before mentioned compounds.
Preferably, the reaction accelerators used in the polyurethane-polyacrylate reactive composition do neither contain catalytically active amines, ammonium salts or potassium salts.
Preferably, the reaction accelerator comprises cobalt(II)-salts. The use of cobalt(II) carboxylate is especially preferred.
Radical reaction suppressants suitable for the invention include polymerization inhibitors, polymerization retarders and the like. Radical reaction suppressants include but is not limited to some phenol, quinine or not catalytically active amine compounds (e.g. sterically hindered amines), examples of which include, p-methoxyphenol, benzoquinone, polymethyl piperidine derivatives, etc.
The isocyanate reactive composition B) or the polyurethane-polyacrylate reactive composition prepared with B) may also comprise further aids or additives. The further aids or additives include but not limited to fillers, inner release agents, flame retardants, smoke suppressants, dyes, pigments, antistatic agents, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, diluents, antifoam agents, coupling agents, surface wetting agents, leveling agents, moisture scavengers, molecular sieves, thixotropic agents, plasticizers, blowing agents, foam stabilizers, foam homogenizers, radical reaction suppressants, or combinations thereof, which may be optionally included in the isocyanate component A) and/or the isocyanate-reactive component B) or added separately to the polyurethane-polyacrylate reactive composition upon mixing.
In some embodiments of the invention, the filler is selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, bentonite, fly ash, wollastonite, perlite powder, fly ash floating beads, calcium carbonate, talc powder, mica powder, porcelain clay, fumed silica, expandable microspheres, diatomite, pozzuolana, barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, glass microspheres, rock powder, wood flour, wood chips, bamboo flour, bamboo chips, rice grains, chopped crop straw, chopped broomcorn straw, graphite powder, metal powder, recycled powder of thermosetting composite materials, plastic particles or powder, or combinations thereof. The glass microspheres may be solid or hollow.
Inner mold release agents suitable for the invention include any conventional release agents for manufacturing polyurethane, and examples include long-chain carboxylic acids, particularly fatty acids, such as stearic acid; amines of long-chain carboxylic acids, such as stearamide; fatty acid esters; metal salts of long-chain carboxylic acids, such as zinc stearate; or polysiloxanes.
Examples of flame retardants suitable for the invention include triaryl phosphates, trialkyl phosphates, triaryl or trialkyl phosphates containing halogen, melamine, melamine resin, halogenated paraffin, red phosphorus or combinations thereof.
Other aids suitable for the invention include moisture scavengers, such as molecular sieves, silanes or oxazolidines; antifoaming agents, degassing agents, air release agents such as polydimethylsiloxane; coupling agents, such as monoethylene oxide. A coupling agent is particularly preferred for enhancing the binding strength between a resin matrix and a fibrous reinforcement material. Wetting agents are particularly preferred for improving fiber wetting during infiltration of a fibrous reinforcement material. Fine filler, for example, clay or fumed silica, is usually used as a thixotropic agent.
In this application, the term "pot-life" means the time in which the reactive composition has a viscosity@25° C.<600 mPa*s.
For the production of the inventive polyurethane-polyacrylate composite, the polyurethane-polyacrylate reactive composition is mixed with the reinforcement material. Suitable reinforcement material for the invention include glass fibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, polyester fibers, natural fibers, aramid fibers, nylon fibers, basalt fibers, boron fibers, silicon carbide fibers, asbestos fibers, whiskers, hard particles, metal fibers and combinations thereof.
The use of a core material in combination with a polyurethane-polyacrylate resin matrix and a reinforcement material facilitates the molding of the composite material and the weight reduction of the composite material. A core material commonly used in the art may be used for the polyurethane-polymethacrylate composite material of the invention, examples of which include but are not limited to polystyrene foam such as COMPAXX® foam; polyester PET foam; polyimide PMI foam; polyvinyl chloride foam; metal foams, such as those available from Mitsubishi Co.; balsa wood; and the like.
In an embodiment of the invention, the reinforcement material preferably has an amount of 1-90 wt.-%, more preferably 30-85 wt.-%, most preferably 50-80 wt.-%, based on 100 wt.-% by weight of the polyurethane-polyacrylate composite material.
A preferred process to produce the polyurethane-polyacrylate composite comprising a matrix of a polyurethane-polyacrylate resin combined with the reinforcement material, is the vacuum infusion process, also called Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM), known to one skilled in the art.
The VARTM process allows the impregnation of reinforcement material with a polyurethane-polyacrylate resin, wherein the driving force for the flow of resin is a pressure difference. The VARTM process, generally involves mixing the partially or un-degassed components of the resin by hand or by using a dosing unit fitted with a mixing chamber, transferring the mixed material to the mould via a resin reservoir placed under atmospheric pressure and atmosphere, before the resin flows into the mould containing the reinforcement material, driven by the pressure difference. A preferred process involves a direct VARTM method, wherein most of dissolved gasses and moisture of the components of a polyurethane-polyacrylate resin are removed under reduced pressure, before they are mixed in a mixing chamber of a dosing unit, which transfers the mixed material directly into the mould containing the reinforcement material, driven by the pressure difference, and without being exposed to the atmosphere.
The polyurethane-polyacrylate reactive composition may as well be used in alternative composite manufacturing processes, e.g. in a process selected from pultrusion, prepreg molding process, filament winding, hand lay-up moulding, spray lay-up moulding and combinations thereof. See Chapters 2 and 6-9 in Composite Material Processes And Equipments (Liu Xiongya, et al., 1994, Publishing House of Wuhan University of Technology) and Christian Bonten: Kunststofftechnik: Einfiihrung and Grundlagen, (Hanser Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3-446-44093-7) for details about these processes. This literature is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
The polyurethane-polyacrylate reactive composition shows a high conversion ratio when reacted in the one-pot process. The polyurethane-polyacrylate reactive composition is suitable for the vacuum infusion process to prepare a polyurethane-polyacrylate composite material. It overcomes the deficiencies of the prior art with regard to low degree of conversion. The polyurethane-polyacrylate composite prepared by the vacuum infusion process has unique properties such as such as fast curing, low exotherm and excellent mechanical properties, e.g. a high thermal deformation temperature, high tensile and flexural strength, high resistance to fatigue, high ductility, no content of volatile organic compound such as styrene, and low shrinkage rate.
These polyurethane-polyacrylate composite materials prepared with the polyurethane-polyacrylate reactive composition may be used to manufacture wind generator blades, wind generator nacelle housings, watercraft propeller blades, hulls, interior and exterior automobile decorative parts, automobile bodies, radomes, machinery structural members, decorative parts and structural members for architectures and bridges, especially wind generator blades.
The invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples. However, it is to be appreciated that these examples are only intended to illustrate the invention without limiting the scope of the invention.
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Component A
Isocyanate A, having a content of isocyanate group of 31.4 wt. %, and an average functionality of 2.7, available from Covestro Polymers (China) Co., Ltd.;
Component B
Polyol 1: polyether based on propylene oxide, starter component=glycerol, f=3, OH-value=350 g KOH/g (available from Covestro Polymers (China) Co., Ltd.)
Hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), OH-value=389 mg KOH/g, f=1, f(vinyl)=1 from Evonik.
Adjuvant: 1,1′-Diphenylethylene (DPE, from Sigma Aldrich, analytical grade)
Promoter: NL-49P (from AkzoNobel)
Component C
t-Butyl peroxybenzoate (Trigonox® C from AkzoNobel)
Degree of Conversion
The conversion ratio of NCO can be determined by quantitative IR analysis as follows: Wave number of NCO IR absorbance peak is ˜2260 cm−1. The NCO peak area of the liquid resin immediately after mixing is determined as x, and NCO peak area of residual NCO is determined as y. Then the NCO conversion ratio is then calculated as {1−(y/x)}×100%.
Isocyanate Index
The isocyanate index ("Index") in the polyurethane-polyacrylate reaction mixture is determined as follows:
X(%)=([the mole number of the isocyanate group(NCO group) in component A])/[the mole number of the isocyanate group-reactive groups in component B]*100%
wherein, component A is an organic isocyanate component, component B refers to all the components apart from the isocyanate component.
All the experiments are carried out in the lab at room temperature (˜25 degree C.) with ˜50% relative humidity. All percentages and parts are based on weights, unless otherwise indicated.
Preparation of the Polyurethane-Polyacrylate Reactive Composition (Examples 1-4)
Component A including Component C was combined with Component B including Component D (respective amounts are given in Table 1, ca. 300 g in total).), then vacuum degassed and mixed for 10 minutes with a rotation speed of 300 rpm, after which the resin mixture was poured into an aluminium mold preheated to 30° C.
The mold was put in a 30° C. oven, and then the components listed in Table 1 were formulated according to proportions. The temperature in the oven rose from 30° C. to 70° C. over 2 hours (5° C. per 15 minutes) and then held at 70° C. for 4 hours. Cured polyurethane resin matrixes of Examples 1, 2, 3 and 4 were obtained.
Polyurethane Composition and NCO Residual Ratio Thereof
Example 1 (Compar- Exam- Exam- Exam- ison) ple 2 ple 3 ple 4
component B B1 [g] 90 90 90 90 B2 [g] 73.4 73.4 73.4 73.4 promoter 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 [g] Component C [g] 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 Component D [g] / 0.75 5 10 (DPE) component A [g] 142.9 142.9 142.9 142.9
Calculated/measured values
NCO residue (%) / 20 15 12.5 9.8 increased percentage / 0 25 37.5 51 of conversion of the residual NCO Isocyanate Index / 100 100 100 100 (%)
It was found by comparing the Comparative Example 1 with Examples 2, 3 and 4, that after a suitable amount of DPE was incorporated, the conversion ratio of NCO of the resin was increased significantly, and the conversion ratio of the residual NCO is surprisingly increased by more than 50%.
1. An isocyanate-reactive component B) comprising:
B1) one or more organic polyols comprising one or more polyether polyols, one or more polyester polyols, one or more polyetherester polyols, one or more polymer polyols, one or more polycarbonate polyols, one or more polyethercarbonate polyols, or a combination thereof, wherein the one or more organic polyols B1) have an OH-value of from 150 to 700 mg KOH/g and an average OH-functionality f of from greater than 1 to 4.5;
wherein, R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of an alkylene having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, 2,2-bis(4-phenylene)-propane,1,4-bis(methylene)benzene, 1,3-bis(methylene)benzene, and 1,2-bis(methylene)benzene; n is an integer from 1 to 6; and
B3) at least one radical reaction adjuvant comprising a diaryl-substituted ethylene.
2. An isocyanate-reactive component B) according to claim 1, comprising from 30 to 80 wt. % of the one or more organic polyols B1), based on a total weight of said isocyanate reactive component B).
3. An isocyanate-reactive component B) according to claim 1, wherein B1) comprises a polyether polyol, a polyester polyol, or a combination thereof.
4. An isocyanate-reactive component B) according to claim 1, comprising from 21 to 75 wt. % of the one or more compounds B2), based on a total weight of said isocyanate-reactive component B).
5. An isocyanate-reactive component B) according to claim 1, comprising from 0.1 to 12 wt. % of the at least one radical reaction adjuvant B3), based on the total weight of said isocyanate-reactive component B).
6. An isocyanate-reactive component B) according to claim 1, wherein component B3) is diphenylethylene.
7. A polyurethane—polyacrylate reactive composition, comprising: a reaction product of the isocyanate-reactive component B) of claim 1 and an isocyanate component A) comprising one or more organic polyisocyanates, wherein component B) and component A are mixed in a one-pot process in the presence of a radical reaction initiator C).
8. A polyurethane—polyacrylate reactive composition according to claim 7, wherein the isocyanate component A) comprises 10 to 100 wt. % diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 0 to 90 wt. % polyphenylenepolymethylene polyisocyanates based on a total weight of the isocyanate component A).
9. A composite manufacturing method comprising: producing a composite comprising the polyurethane-polyacrylate reactive composition of claim 7 via a process comprising a pultrusion process, a prepreg molding process, a filament winding process, a hand lay-up moulding process, a spray lay-up moulding process, or a vacuum infusion molding process.
10. A composite manufacturing method according to claim 9, wherein the process is the vacuum infusion molding process.
11. A composite produced by the method of claim 9.
12. An article, comprising the composite of claim 11, wherein the article comprises a wind generator blade, a wind generator nacelle housing, a watercraft propeller blade, a hull, an interior automobile decorative part, an exterior automobile decorative part, an automobile body, a radome, a machinery structural member, a decorative architectural part, a structural architectural member, or a combination thereof.
13. An article according to claim 12, wherein the article is the wind generator blade.
4560456 December 24, 1985 Heil et al.
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International Search Report, PCT/EP2018/074605, dated Dec. 19, 2018, Authorized officer: Max Bernhardt.
"Chemistry and Technology of Polyols for Polyurethanes", Rapra Technology Limited, Shawbury 2005, p. 31 ff. (Chap. 3: The General Characteristics of Oligo-Polyols; p. 55 ff. (Chap. 4: Oligo-polyols for Elastic Polyurethanes); p. 263ff. (Chap. 8: Polyester Polyols for Elastic Polyurethanes); and, in particular, to p. 321 ff. (Chap. 13: Polyether Polyols for Rigid Polyurethane Foams) and p. 419 ff. (Chap. 16: Polyester Polyols for Rigid Polyurethane Foams).
"Kunststoff-Handbuch", vol. VII "Polyurethanes", 3. Edition, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich / Vienna, 1993, pp. 57-67, 88-90.
Chapter 3, Handbook of Polyurethane Raw Materials and Aids (Liu Yijun, published on Apr. 1, 2005).
Chapter 2, Polyurethane Elastomer (Liu Houjun, published in Aug. 2012).
Filed: Sep 12, 2018
Assignee: Covestro Deutschland AG (Leverkusen)
Inventors: Nicolas Stoeckel (Cologne), Marcel Schornstein (Neuss), Kai Laemmerhold (Aachen), Guobin Sun (Shanghai)
Primary Examiner: Rabon A Sergent
International Classification: C08G 18/76 (20060101); C08G 18/48 (20060101); C08G 18/67 (20060101); C08K 5/01 (20060101);


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B & B - Studios
Rural guest houses
Coffee & Breakfast
Restaurants – Taverns
Taxis - Buses
Car & moto rentals
Explore Limnos
Sea sports
Trekking routes - Cycling
Thermal springs
Fishing - Hunting
Limnos at a glance
Around Myrina
Μountainous Limnos
Rural Limnos
Area of Koutali
Northeastern Limnos
Moudros & Southeastern Limnos
The village was established after 1922 by refugees from Asia Minor, from Reizntere OF Erithrea. Earlier there was a small Turkish village, Lera. The residents rescued the following legend about the origin of the name of their village. There were two brothers once who inherited Limnos by their lord father and decided to share the island with boundary the point they should encounter, starting with the dawn , one from Plaka and the other from Kastro. But the one who started from Plaka, left earlier and covered a longer path. When they finally met, his brother understood the trickiness and called him "lera" Thus the meeting point acquired the appellation Lera. In 1947 the residents renamed it into Agios Dimitrios, in honor of the patron Saint of the church of their lost homeland.
Livadochori
Livadochori is located at the center of the island, at the exact position where the roads coming from Myrina and Kontia are intersecting and lead to the eastern Limnos. It named after the extensive plain which surrounds it. According to tradition, the village was originally built further west, between the churches St. Ioannis and St. Vassilios. Its initial name was Kefalochori. An epidemic, forced the inhabitants to move to the current position.
Karpasi
According to the local tradition, the village was located in the valley where today is the airport, specifically in the site Trochalomandra, where debris and ruins of houses have been found. But the pirate attacks, forced the inhabitants to move to the low high ground Karpas, which is east of the great plains of central Limnos. About the origin of the place name, various versions have been formulated. In one version, the appellation of the hill and then the village came from the Turkish «karabas: black head" in a second of the «kalpak: kalpaki, abbot cap" while a third, connects the place name with the plant "Karpas: type of flax or cotton," which was abounded there.
The village's name is attributed to A variation of the ancient name Attica, revealing the existence of an ancient settlement there. Another view, that the name came from the Turkish "Atsik: open (place)" because of the great plain which surrounds IS NOT VALID, since the place name had already been mentioned in the 13th century, long before the Turks came to Limnos.
Considerable people of letters and the arts originate from Atsiki. John Fotiadis, important sculptor who came from Asia Minor. Peter Charanis (1908-86) renowned Byzantologist who was the dean of Byzantine studies in the U.S.A. Tasos Kapsidelis(1913-1987), the tireless historian and philologist who authored four important historical books about Limnos. The doctor Stavros Tragaras, who was also painter, poet and the soul of the Association of the people from Atsiki inAthens, with notable initiatives such as the publication of the newspaper "The Voice of Atsiki" the organization of thematic seminars for literati of Atsiki and stonecutters, for cotton. George Tsimouris, professor of sociology at the Panteion University, with studies on the movement of populations from Asia Minor in the villages of Limnos, their manners and customs.
In Atsiki there is the church of Agios Georgios, with its stone carved bell tower and also the beach Agios Ermolaos (Agiarmola) with its rare rock formations.
Wine tourism of Limnos
Useful Telephone Numbers


So here's an indie author's life: I planned on releasing The Egyptian Elixir (that would be book 2 in The Unofficial Chronicles series, for the uninitiated) at the end of January, but after reading the fantastic recommendations of Mark Coker of Smashwords fame, I've decided to release it in March <groan> I know, I know. Why put it off?
What does a "successful release" mean? It means that as an indie pubbed author, I'm setting myself up for more eyeballs on my book when it releases, which is hugely important to getting more reviews and getting the work out there that all my lovelies exist.
That being said, my beta reader proofs came in today!!! They are gorgeous, shiny, and ready to be sent tomorrow (Fri 1/12) at the earliest, but I only have 2 copies remaining! So if you'd like a FREE Regency vampire novella (angst and sparkle free), leave me a comment and contact me at pagezaplendam at gmail dot com.
Also, I'm looking to grow my email newsletter list which will give fans more opportunities for free fiction, weird facts, and news about upcoming new releases and opportunities to beta read or ARC review. If you'd like in on that, (come on, weird facts, who doesn't want in on that?) just CLICK HERE.
The next time you hear from me, hopefully I will have a cover ready for the next release. It's not part of the Unofficial Chronicles universe at all! I started it back in 2009 and have been trying to get it traditionally published (because doesn't just the sound of being a "hybrid author" sound cool? I've never been a hybrid anything before! Totally tickles my scifi bone), but after reading this fisking session from Larry Correia (if nothing else, read it because it's Larry Correia and he's awesome), I decided to indie pub this one as well.
The title is 'The Ogress's Son: a steampunk dystopia in a new dark age." Now, tell me that doesn't intrigue you.
< Previous Dear —, It's me, a vampire.
My daughter and I would like to be beta readers for the new book. We thoroughly enjoyed the first book! We're sending an email now! Thank you.


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ABOUT CASA 0101
CASA 0101 is dedicated to providing inspiring theater performances, art exhibits and educational programs in Boyle Heights, thereby nurturing the future storytellers of Los Angeles who will someday transform the world.
Our History...
Starting in 2000, we are one of the leading arts organizations on L.A.'s East Side. We aspire to present the highest quality work with a commitment to diversity and community.
CASA 0101 was founded by Josefina Lopez, author of Real Women Have Curves, in 2000 to fulfill her vision of bringing art and live theater programs to the community she grew up in, Boyle Heights. CASA 0101 operated for 11 years at its original location – a converted former bridal shop – and in September of 2011, moved to its new home: a fully-equipped 99-seat theater featuring an art gallery and a dedicated classroom. This space is only 1 block away from its original location. Mainstage productions and art exhibits featuring Angelino artists are presented year-round at CASA 0101 Theater. From its humble beginnings operating out of a converted store front, CASA 0101 has established itself as a leading arts venue for Los Angeles' East Side, presenting theatrical productions, film festivals, and other special events year round. CASA 0101 also offers year-round, free arts education classes for youth, and low-cost classes for adults.
Behind the Name: Why Casa 0101?
CASA means house or home in Spanish. 0's and 1's are the binary language computers use to operate. CASA 0101 was founded at the dawn of digital age, when digital cameras started appearing and movie-making became accessible to more people. Early on, Josefina Lopez taught a few digital video classes and CASA 0101 was meant to become a home of the digital revolution. Though the organization subsequently focused its energies on theater and not digital filmmaking, the name stuck. 0 and 1 can also mean nothing & everything, yin and yang, male & female, and many more dual opposites. Through storytelling and theater and other art forms, CASA 0101 is committed to exploring the world and oneself, the good and the bad, the light and the darkness of our soul and our world to the point where there are no borders and "0" and "1" are one.
"Casa is what made me. Casa is what brought me to this place in my career. When I come here I feel safe. I feel I can let everything out."
Johnny Ortiz
Actor, American Crime, McFarland USA, Soy Nero


It's been 30 years since the release of one of the greatest action movies of all time, Die Hard.
We're going over all the cool trailers and news that came out of this year's San Diego Comic Con.
**SPOILERS** Luke Cage is back in season 2 fighting Bushmaster. Is he the best villain in the MCU?
**SPOILERS** The first Ant-Man was a surprise when it came out. Does the sequel improve the franchise?
**SPOILERS** Dinosaurs and mayhem, what could possibly go wrong?


text:
Robert K. Atkin
Writing • Theology • Speculative Fiction
Theology Essays
You are here: Home / Essays / What was medieval monasticism and what spiritual benefits did it offer to the medieval world?
What was medieval monasticism and what spiritual benefits did it offer to the medieval world?
21 February 2018 By Robert Atkin Leave a Comment
Monasticism in Western Europe reached its zenith during the High Middle Ages of the late eleventh century and early twelfth century. Coming out of the ascetic tradition of the Desert Fathers at the end of the third century, monasticism grew to become a highly influential movement with centres of worship and learning throughout medieval Europe. In this paper I will describe the development of medieval monasticism and consider the spiritual benefits that it offered to men and women both inside and outside monastic communities. I will not provide a comprehensive analysis of the benefits. Instead I will look at examples from the spiritual disciplines of prayer, study and manual work. I will conclude with a reflection on what spiritual benefit monasticism might offer the life of the church today.
Medieval monasticism
A. The desert origins
Christian monasticism originated in the ascetic practices of hermits and anchorites who withdrew from the world to live a life of solitude and prayer in the deserts of Egypt, Syria and Palestine during the third century.[1] The word monk is derived from the Greek word μόνος (mónos) meaning 'alone.'[2] Jerome (c.347–420) stated that the first Christian anchorites were fleeing persecution under the Roman emperors.[3] He described those who lived this austere life as white martyrs, in contrast to the red martyrdom of those who died in the persecution.[4] Other commentators argue that asceticism was a way to prove their dedication to Christ when persecution had largely been replaced by tolerance following the conversion of Constantine.[5] The quest for spiritual perfection by withdrawing from the world came from the example of Christ.[6] Two strands of ascetical life developed during the fourth century which would later inspire and reinvigorate medieval monastic organisation.[7] Firstly, the eremitical life, as followed by the desert hermits under the inspiration of Antony (c.251–356) and secondly the cenobitical life within a community, originated by Pachomius (c.292–346).[8] Pachomius organised men's and women's monasteries in upper Egypt with colonies of several hundred monks and nuns under him as their abbot and living according to a rule.[9]
B. The spread of monasticism
Monasticism spread in the Eastern provinces during the fourth century and by the beginning of the fifth century accounts of the lives of the Desert Fathers and Mothers became available to Christians in Western Europe, including the Life of St. Antony by Athanasius (c.296–373) and the Conferences of Scythian monk John Cassian (c.360–435).[10] Leaving his Bethlehem monastery in about 385, Cassian travelled across Egypt visiting communities and learning from the anchorite abbots.[11] He later settled in Gaul where he founded monasteries for men and women based on these communities and wrote the Conferences, a collection of the reflections and experiences of the Egyptian abbots, and also the Institutes, which was the first teaching on cenobitic life in Western Europe.[12] Cassian thought the eremitic life was a higher calling and viewed the cenobitic life as for beginners. Although he acknowledged that communal living guarded the monk from the dangers of vanity and it ensured self-will was eradicated because he had to be subject to the abbot (Conference XIX).[13] Cassian thus established that communal life was an end in itself as a means of perfection.[14] Cassian's writings became required reading for monks and shaped much of Western monasticism into the Middle Ages.[15] During the fifth century, monasticism became firmly established in Gaul and Italy and it began to be integrated into the institutional church under the patronage and protection of bishops.[16] By 600 there were at least 220 monasteries and convents in Gaul and around 100 in Italy.[17]
C. The Rule of Benedict
The life of a monk or nun was governed by the rule that was observed in his or her monastery. Initially these were based on the strict asceticism of the cenobitic communities in Egypt, such as those of Pachomius. Benedict of Nursia[18] (c.480–550) developed a less harsh rule, which he adapted from the Regula Magistri (Rule of the Master), following his experiences as abbot at monasteries in Subiaco and Monte Cassino.[19] The Regula Magistri was written by an unknown abbot, referred to as the Master, probably in a monastery near Rome in about 500.[20] Gregory the Great (c.540–604) wrote an account on the life of Benedict which helped to popularise Benedict and his Rule.[21] Gregory described Benedict as 'a man whose life was worthy of veneration … and blessed by grace.'[22] He relates how Benedict was a hermit in a cave in Subiaco for three years when a group of monks pleaded for him to become their abbot.[23] A reluctant Benedict relented and introduced a rule which the errant monks found too strict and as a result tried to poison him.[24] He returned to his cave and later founded twelve monasteries in the region each of twelve monks.[25] In 530 Benedict moved to Monte Cassino and founded a large monastery and it was here that he wrote the Rule.[26] It was both a practical guide to the governance of a cenobitic community and an instruction for the spiritual life of a monk.[27] The Rule ordered the day with regular times for prayer, manual work and study, though not as harsh or burdensome as the Eastern ascetic practices.[28] The most important task was the communal prayer Benedict called opus dei (work of God) that took place eight times a day between 2 a.m. and sunset.[29] Monks studied the Bible and books by and about the Church Fathers, including the works of Cassian, by lectio divina (divine reading).[30] Benedict wanted to create a 'scola,' more like a military academy than a school or retreat centre, where monks could prepare for spiritual warfare.[31] In addition to the monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience, Benedict added a fourth vow of stability in order to encourage monks to stay within their community.[32] At the time of Benedict's death his Rule was only observed at Monte Cassino and it was not until later that it spread to other monasteries in Europe, in part due to the role played by Gregory.[33]
D. The growth of monasticism
Other forms of monasticism had developed elsewhere in Europe. In Britain and Ireland Celtic monasticism took root inspired by missionaries in the fifth and sixth centuries.[34] Drawing on the eremitical tradition the Celtic monasteries spread in northern Britain often in isolated areas under the strict Rule of Columbanus. [35] In the seventh century, many monasteries in Gaul and Spain followed the 'mixed rule' of Benedict and Columbanus.[36] Double monasteries also developed in Gaul with separate communities of men and women living in the same establishment.[37] Often this would be under an abbess with the monks providing the priests and helping with manual tasks.[38] During this period monastic schools were established, replacing the ancient systems of education following the fall of the Roman Empire in the West.[39] Under the patronage of kings and emperors, monasticism continued to flourish throughout Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries with the Benedictine Rule becoming dominant.[40]
E. Revival and reform
With growth came wealth and influence as monasteries accumulated land and endowments from benefactors.[41] Consequently the social composition of monasteries began to change and by the ninth century most monks in the larger communities came from noble birth.[42] The characteristics of monastic life also changed in some communities with opus manuum (manual work) being carried out by servants and tenants and more elaborate prayer performed by increasingly clerical monks.[43] Sometimes observance of the rule became lax and political instability in parts of Europe saw monasteries under attack by Viking, Magyar and Saracen invaders.[44] Many attempts were made to reform monasticism and revive a stricter observance of the Rule. In 909 Duke William of Aquitaine (875–918) founded a monastery at Cluny in Burgundy.[45] The Cluniac Order became the most influential force in the reform of monasticism for the following two centuries, building many new monasteries and reforming older communities based on the Benedictine Rule and answerable only to the Pope.[46] Cluny inspired other Benedictine revivals in the tenth century centred on Glastonbury and Abingdon in England and Gorze in Germany.[47]
By the eleventh century the elaborate Benedictine tradition that was practiced at Cluny was viewed as having departed too far from the desert asceticism of the early church and there was a desire to return to the vita apostolica (apostolic life).[48] The Carthusian order, named after the Chartreuse Mountains in south-eastern France, were an eremitical movement formed in 1084 that were characterised by their solitude and silence.[49] The monks lived in their own cells within the community in order to emulate the desert hermitages.[50] The Cistercians, named after the French village of Cîteaux, were formed in 1098 as an attempt to return to the observance of the original Benedictine Rule.[51] Other reform movements seeking the vita apostolica in the eleventh and twelfth centuries included the Canons Regular, who followed the Augustinian Rule based on a letter by Augustine of Hippo (354–430) written in 423, the Victorines (1113) from the Paris Abbey of St Victor and the Premonstratensians (1121).[52] In the thirteenth century the Franciscan Order, founded by Francis of Assisi (c.1181–1226), and the Order of Preachers, founded by Dominic de Guzman (1170–1221), were established as a reaction to the increased urbanisation in medieval society and outbreaks of heresy that arose at the time.[53] Medieval monasticism had reached its height and from the thirteenth century, in part due to falling revenue but also due to a reduction in monks joining, the movement fell into decline.[54]
The spiritual benefits of monasticism
Having looked at the story of medieval monasticism I now turn to the perceived spiritual benefits that the movement offered to men and women, inside and outside the monastery.
A. Opus Dei
Jeffrey Bingham believes the main task of the monk, opus dei, was valued by those outside the monastery because, 'The prayer of a righteous man is powerful and effective' (Jas 5:16).[55] He states that people found 'confidence and peace' as a result of the monks' prayer support.[56] The prayer was pure, brief, frequent and based on Scripture, since according to Benedict prayers are not heard due to many words but because 'the heart is pure and the spirit penitent.'[57] Benedictine patterns of worship influenced the liturgy of the Western Church and the structure of both Catholic and Protestant forms of service can find their roots in monasticism.[58]
B. Lectio Divina
Monks could spend up to three hours a day in lectio.[59] Scripture was the main source of study for the monk with the Psalms a particular favourite to the extent that sometimes the entire Psalter was committed to memory.[60] The first phase was the lectio (reading), followed by meditatio (meditation) leading to oratio (prayer) as a response.[61] In the monastic schools, child oblates were taught basic literacy and in some communities children from outside of the monastery were also taught.[62] The presence of learning in monastic scola would ultimately develop into scholasticism and the foundation of European universities.
C. Opus Manuum
George Ovitt argues that the opus manuum of early monasticism 'influenced the course of Western economic, social and technological development.'[63] Monks believed their manual work was a personal act of worship but they accomplished major land improvements through the organisation and efficiency of communities working together.[64] Both the example they set and the projects they achieved provided a social legacy to the economic organisation of Europe.[65]
The spiritual benefit monasticism offers the life of the church today
One characteristic of monasticism that I believe would benefit both the church and society in general is that of silence. In an ever increasingly busy, noisy world that is full of information, new forms of media and entertainment the opportunity to pause and reflect is often lacking. The relatively recent reintroduction of communal one or two minutes silence at events to mark national tragedies shows, I believe, a fundamental human desire to have this space. Communal silence is an eremitic act in that the individual withdraws into the solitude of one's own thoughts and yet it is practiced in a cenobitical way.
Medieval monasticism traces its origins to the white martyrdom of the desert ascetics who desired to lead a life of spiritual devotion by withdrawing from the world in order to reach perfection. Two forms of asceticism developed; the eremitical life of the hermit, regarded as the highest calling, and the cenobitical life within community. The writings of Cassian and others led to the establishment of monasticism in Western Europe. The Benedictine Rule with instructions for spiritual life and community governance became dominant, although other rules were adopted and occasionally monasteries followed a mixed rule. Monasticism flourished but some felt at the cost of its ascetic roots and so there were many attempts to reform and revive the movement and return to the vita apostolica. Examples of the spiritual benefits of monasticism include the value of the prayer support that monks gave to those outside the community, the development of education and the organisation and efficiency of manual work which led to social transformation. Many forms of medieval monasticism have lasted until the present day and it has a significant legacy in the history of the church.
Benedict of Nursia. The Rule of St Benedict. Translated by Anthony C. Meisel and M. L. del Mastro. New York, NY: Doubleday, 1975.
Bingham, D. Jeffrey. "The Practice of Prayer in Early and Medieval Monasticism." Bibliotheca Sacra 158(2001): 104-115.
Brown, Peter. The Rise of Western Christendom. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.
Cassian, John. Conferences of John Cassian. n.d. <http://www.ccel.org/ccel/cassian/conferences.html> (12 December 2015).
Hamilton, Bernard. Religion in the Medieval West. London: Edward Arnold, 2003.
Lawrence, C. H. Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. 2nd ed. London; New York, NY: Longman, 1994.
Leclercq, Jean. The Love of Learning and Desire for God: A Study of Monastic Culture. Translated by Catharine Misrahi. New York, NY: Fordham University Press, 2007.
Ovitt, Jr., George. "Manual Labor and Early Medieval Monasticism." Viator 17(1986): 1-18.
St Augustine. The Rule of St. Augustine. 14 January 1996. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ruleaug.html> (12 December 2015).
Stewart, Columba. Prayer and Community: The Benedictine Tradition. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1998.
White, Carolinne, ed. Early Christian Lives. London: Penguin, 1998.
[1] C. H. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (2nd ed.; London; New York, NY: Longman, 1994), 1.
[2] Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 1.
[3] Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 1; Anchorite from the Greek ἀναχωρέω (anachōréō) to withdraw.
[4] Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 18.
[5] Carolinne White, ed., Early Christian Lives (London: Penguin, 1998), xiii.
[8] Eremitical means 'desert' from the Greek word ἔρημος (eremos); Cenobitical means 'common' from the Greek word κοινός (koinos); Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 4.
[9] Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 8; Abbot (Abbas) is from the Aramaic abba meaning my father.
[10] Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 11-12; Scythia Minor is now in modern day Romania.
[11] Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 12.
[12] Gaul is mostly the region that is modern day France; Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 13.
[13] Benedict of Nursia, The Rule of St Benedict (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1975), 24.
[14] Benedict, The Rule of St Benedict, 24.
[17] Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom (2nd ed.; Oxford: Blackwell, 2003), 221.
[18] Nursia is now known as Norcia, a town north east of Rome.
[19] Bernard Hamilton, Religion in the Medieval West (London: Edward Arnold, 2003), 42.
[22] White, Early Christian Lives, 165.
[23] White, Early Christian Lives, 166,169; Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 25.
[26] Columba Stewart, Prayer and Community: The Benedictine Tradition (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1998), 25.
[30] Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 35-36; Stewart, Prayer and Community, 38.
[32] Hamilton, Religion in the Medieval West, 42.
[39] Jean Leclercq, The Love of Learning and Desire for God: A Study of Monastic Culture (New York, NY: Fordham University Press, 2007), 12, 20.
[43] Hamilton, Religion in the Medieval West, 44; Jr., George Ovitt, "Manual Labor and Early Medieval Monasticism," Viator 17 (1986), 1.
[44] Hamilton, Religion in the Medieval West, 44; Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 83.
[47] Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 103,106.
[48] Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 150-151.
[49] Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 160.
[52] Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 165, 169.
[55] D. Jeffrey Bingham, "The Practice of Prayer in Early and Medieval Monasticism," Bibliotheca Sacra 158 (2001), 105.
[56] Bingham, "The Practice of Prayer in Early and Medieval Monasticism," 105.
[59] Stewart, Prayer and Community, 36.
[60] Bingham, "The Practice of Prayer in Early and Medieval Monasticism," 111-112.
[63] Ovitt, "Manual Labor and Early Medieval Monasticism," 1.
[65] Ovitt, "Manual Labor and Early Medieval Monasticism," 17-18.
Filed Under: Church History, Essays Tagged With: Benedict, Benedictine, Church History, Monasticism, Monastry
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Q: Getting the current day of another country python I am trying to create a program that outputs the day of  the week in another country using python. The furthest I get is to output the current day of the week in my own country. But for example, I wan to print what day it is in Tokyo. Lets say today is Thursday in my country and in Tokyo it is Friday.
My question is: is there a simple way to find out what day of the week it is in another country?
Thanks in advance

A: To find out the correct date, you need to know the correct timezone. There could be several timezones in the same country. There are databases that allows you to get the timezone from the name of the city e.g., see Get Timezone from City in Python/Django:
#!/usr/bin/env python
from geopy import geocoders # $ pip  install geopy

g = geocoders.GoogleV3()
place, (lat, lng) = g.geocode('Tokyo')
timezone = g.timezone((lat, lng)) # return pytz timezone object
print(timezone.zone)

Once you know the timezone, you could use a solution from Change Timezone for Date object Python mentioned by @ILostMySpoon:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import calendar
from datetime import datetime
import pytz # $ pip install pytz

now = datetime.now(pytz.timezone('Asia/Tokyo')) # you could pass `timezone` object here
weekday = now.weekday()
print(calendar.day_name[weekday])

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ten people are invited to a hotel in the heart of an Iranian desert. Their host is the mysterious U.N. Owen, who fails to arrive himself. After dinner on their first night, a mysterious recording starts to play, accusing each of them of a murder they got away with. Not long after the recording ends, one of the guests admits his guilt and soon ends up poisoned.
The guests soon realize none of them have actually met U.N. Owen and suspect his intentions for inviting them to the hotel are far more sinister then first appeared. With no way to cross the desert, and a helicopter not scheduled to pick them up for several days, the guests find themselves slowly being killed off while their deaths suspiciously mirror a nursery rhyme hung in the hotel.


This is the fourth of West End UMC's Lenten Concert series and features Dr. Douglas Murray who specializes in improvisation on the organ. Prior to this concert West End music staff gave him five hymn tunes with themes from Lent or Easter, and he wove those tunes into a symphony in four movements. The details are in the program available as a download from this page.


text:
This image is in the public domain (free of copyright restrictions), and as such we offer a high-resolution image of it. See our image rights statement.
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Sidewall (Germany)
This is a sidewall. It is dated ca. 1860 and we acquired it in 1931. Its medium is block-printed, stamped foil, distemper painted. It is a part of the Wallcoverings department.
This object was donated by Eleanor Garnier Hewitt and Sarah Cooper Hewitt. It is credited Gift of Eleanor and Sarah Hewitt.
162.5 x 51.5 cm (64 x 20 1/4 in.)
Sidewall (Germany); block-printed, stamped foil, distemper painted; 162.5 x 51.5 cm (64 x 20 1/4 in.); Gift of Eleanor and Sarah Hewitt; 1931-45-74
Short URL http://cprhw.tt/o/2BTHK/
Accession Number 1931-45-74
<ref name=CH>{{cite web |url=https://www-4.collection.cooperhewitt.org/objects/18319401/ |title=Sidewall (Germany) |author=Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum |accessdate=31 January 2023 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref>


Mikael Frödin is concerned that the aquaculture industry eradicates the wild cactus and destroys the ecosystem. If it takes twenty days in prison to shed light on the problem, he exclaims with pleasure. Mikael Frödin is concerned that the aquaculture industry eradicates the wild cactus and destroys the ecosystem. If it takes twenty days in prison to shed light on the problem, he exclaims with pleasure. The fishery filmed into Grieg Seafoods fish farms, and does not think there is a man who would eat the salmon he took pictures of. Salmon breeders disagree with the criticism. In July 2017, Swedish Mikael Frödin was to investigate the conditions for farmed salmon in Grieg Seafood's fish farm in Altafjorden. He was seriously concerned about how the aquaculture industry affects the wild sea in Norway. The case was first mentioned by Fiskejournalen.se. The mats in which farmed salmon is located is protected by section 18 of the Aquaculture Regulations prohibiting traffic closer than 20 meters. The seed tells us that it is impossible to get an insight into the conditions from such a distance.
"We had no choice, we had to get closer," he said. Grieg Seafood chose to report and Frödin was fined with NOK 10,000. - If I had thought this was an incorrect action, I would have paid the boat. I acknowledge the action, but not illegal with it, he says. Now, Frödin must meet in Alta District Court on November 2nd. "Can twenty days in prison save the Norwegian villaksen, it's worth it, for now urgency," says Frödin. Mikael Frödin says that he took this picture when he studied farmed salmon in Altafjorden. The stains on the tail are open wounds on the salmon. Mikael Frödin is a famous sports fisherman and documentary company. He is among other things known from SVT's award-winning documentary "In Storlaksen's Kingdom". The seed has fished in Altaelva for 25 years and when he filmed down in the salmon marshes in Altafjorden, it was in connection with a new documentary film project. "We did not know what was expecting us, but I knew I had to be my own first hand source to understand how the circumstances actually were," says Frödin. He tells him he took a number of precautions before deciding to break the law. They parked the boat outside the boundaries and wore new wet suits to not affect or expose the salmon to contagion. "The sight that met us in the cage was 70,000 savory salmon. The salmon was deformed, several had open wounds and fungal infection was widespread, says Frödin. He believes that the pictures document that there is no doubt that the conditions for farmed salmon are bad. According to Frödin, this is also a picture from when he brought a camera into one of the salmon demers. He believes this salmon is blind, affected by fungal infection and dying. Photo: Private "There is not a single person who would eat that salmon," said the documentary maker. If the cows of a farm had the same deformation, fungal infection and open wounds, Frödin believes that the farm had been notified a long time ago. "Since the fish farming industry operates under the sea surface, it's impossible to review the business without getting closer than twenty meters," he says. Will save the villak before it's too late "I see it as my journalistic duty to show the public the negative impact aquaculture plants have on the villak," says Frödin. That's why he risks prison rather than paying the boat.
The seeds say that when farmed salmon escapes and mates with wild salmon it will lead to genetic contamination. He also doubts that diseases and lice can infect the wild stock and that lice poisons and livers added antibiotics leak out of the cages and destroy the ecosystem. "If it takes more than 100,000 years to build an ecosystem, it may take 10 years to destroy it again. We must act quickly, so that the wax is not completely eradicated, "says Fröden and asks: What is the price of an ecosystem? He wants to emphasize that he is not an enemy of Norwegian aquaculture, but that he is an enemy of how the industry is operating now. - The solution already exists. We can have salmon farming in closed systems or on land. In this way, you will maintain the industry while protecting the wild and ecosystems, "says Fröden. Roger Pedersen, community contact in Grieg Seafood, explains that they first wanted to enter into dialogue with Mikael Frödin, after the incident last summer. When they did not receive a response, they decided to report, on the advice of the Directorate of Fisheries. Roger Pedersen is a community contact at Grieg Seafood, one of the world's leading salmon farming companies. Roger Pedersen is a community contact at Grieg Seafood, one of the world's leading salmon farming companies. "We have a big responsibility above the villaksen. Rules for traffic at fish farms will ensure that no damage and salmon escape, but also prevent infection in the plant, "says Pedersen. He rejects the criticism that the villak is living in poor conditions .- In a population of over 100,000 salmon there will always be some losers. There are few salmon that are sick, as it is a matter of individuals, "says Pedersen. He says that the fish farm has good routines to control the salmon. The breeders examine the fish daily and ill fish are separated from the rest and killed. In addition, the facility has visits by fish health professionals once a month. These inspections are governed by their own regulations and the reports are made available to Mattilsyn and other supervisory authorities. "Our salmon has the best fasting system in Norway," says Pedersen. Researching possibilities for closed aquaculture facilities. The Altajva plant is located near Altaelva, which is popular with anglers. Roger Pedersen explains that Grieg Seafood therefore feels on a major responsibility above the villak. Each year, the Norwegian Institute of Natural Research (NINA) analyzes shells of salmon fishermen catching in the summer months. From 2013 to 2015, the proportion of farmed salmon in Altaelva was three percent. In 2017 the percentage was 0.15 and he promises good numbers for 2018. "It is a development we are very proud of and the way we want it to be," says Pedersen. He says that the company thinks two thoughts in the head at the same time when they are thinking of the future. "We are constantly working on perfecting the way we produce salmon today, which is a sustainable method for the future too. At the same time, we have an application that explores possibilities for closed farms. How the food will look in five years is hard to say, he says. Roger Pedersen ends with wishing Mikael Frödin is welcome to Grieg Seafood.- We have nothing to hide. He is welcome here to see how we work.


Inscriptions in Arabic characters are divided into rectangular boxes; one inscription is erased.
Condition: damaged, losses in top; erasures.
These images and the content of Center for Advanced Judaic Studies Library, Halper 487: Arabic inscription are free of known copyright restrictions and in the public domain. See the Creative Commons Public Domain Mark page for usage details, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/.


The system sorts records in ascending alphabetical order based on the last name of the first listed author.
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Clear set of goals which were all achieved. This course really let me visualise what I can do, as a manager, to make myself and my team more productive. Thanks for an excellent course Chris. The trainer's presentation was well structured, clear and the presenter was knowledgeable and confident.


Jupiter + Rahu generally gives inauspicious results. Native born with this combination may face many reversals in his life. He may become poor despite being born in rich family or he may become very rich despite being born in poor family. Native may have to struggle till 48 years of his age. The betterment in life starts from the age of 20-22 years. Further improvement takes place after marriage. He gets support from his brothers after 28 years of his age and his financial situation improves after 36 years of life.
When Jupiter + Rahu are placed in 7-12 houses, native will have almost no connection with divine world. When they are placed in 1-6 houses, native will succeed in material as well as spiritual world and he will get divine support.
Native with this combination generally do not like putting physical efforts and earns their bread and better without much efforts.
Native does not face any problem related to profession. He earns good wealth.
Jupiter + Rahi in II House: Such native is very charitable in nature. He devotes himself in social work and help poor. Rahu will not be able to affect Jupiter instead Rahu will work under instructions of Jupiter. But, if there are planets in 8th house who are inimical to Jupiter and Rahu; or any other malefic planet is placed in 8th house, native will face serious problems in begetting male child.
Jupiter + Rahu in III House: Native will possess intellect to safeguard his interests. He will be brave. But Ketu and Mercury may give bad results till 34th year of life.
Jupiter + Rahu IV House: Jupiter gives moderate results.
Jupiter + Rahu in V House: Native may be the leader. But Rahu may give adverse results of fifth house.
Jupiter + Rahu VII House: Native enjoys his young age. He will get happiness from either father or in-laws. If both are alive, one of them will suffer from asthma.
Jupiter + Rahu in VIII House: Inauspicious results. Native will live just for the sake of living. One should perform remedies of Jupiter like donating articles related to Jupiter in a temple. Jupiter rules over yellow color, saffron etc.
Jupiter + Rahu in XII House: Native may not benefit from work related to Mercury like artist, mechanic etc or his education may not help him in earnings.
When Jupiter is malefic in the chart, it gives malefic results in 16-21 years of life. Father of the native may suffer from asthma or paralysis. Native may loose his wealth/gold in 42nd year of age and will also suffer if he associates with any work or relative related to Jupiter.
Native should perform remedies of Ketu. For example, native should wear Gold. If problems are related to Ketu (Male child), native should perform remedy of Moon; like he should keep his mother happy and worship Lord Shiv. Native should take a Bi-color stone (Ketu) and wash it with Cow's urine for 43 days continuously. After washing the stone, donate articles related to Mars or wash some raw barley with milk and keep it with you. Put these barley (JOO) in flowing river for continuously 43 days.