The command 'lsb_release' print distribution-specific information. If lsb_release is not installed, you can apt 'lsb-core' on Debian or yum 'redhat-lsb' on Red Hat the package.
Note: Option '-a', shows all the available information in respect of version, id, description, release and codename.
Check if port 80 is open or not. We can replace '80' with any other port number to check if it is opened or closed.
Check if port 8080 is open or not.
The below command will output the 'Geographical Location' of the IP address, provided.
"org": "AS17813 Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd."
The below command output the files with respect of the user (root) owned files. All the files owned by user 'root' in the current directory.
All the files owned by user 'avi' in the current directory.
The below command will build the dependency, automatically during the corresponding package installation. Hence the process of package installation is very much fluent and easy.
The below command outputs, name of process/service using a specific port 80. To better understand run the following command on port 80, it will list all services/processes running on port.
Same way, you can also check the running services/processes of port 22.
The find command lists all the files in the current directory above the specified size (here 100 MB), recursively.
Listing all the files whose size if more than 1000 MB, within current directory, recursively.
The pdftk command merges several pdf files into one. You must have installed pdftk program. If not, do apt or yum to get the required package.
The below command outputs processes and threads of a user. The option "L" (list threads) and "-F" (Full Format Listing).
Sharing X session, means frequently logging in and out, this is where the Startx command comes to rescue. The command creates a new session thus no need to login and logout frequently from a session. In order to switch between the two X session, we need to switch between 'ctrl+Alt+F7' and 'ctrl+Alt+F8'.
Note: The keys "ctrl+Alt+F1", "ctrl+Alt+F6" is for console session, and "ctrl+Alt+F7", "ctrl+Alt+F12" is for X session. Hence 6 console session and 6 X session, without frequent logging-in and out. The above sequence works on most of the distro, however different distro may have implemented it differently. I have checked it on Debian, and it works perfectly fine.
That's all for now. We will be keep coming up with other lesser know commands and one liner script as required, in future articles. Do not forget to give your valueable feedback about our article and series 'Lesser Known Linux Commands'. I am coming with my next article very soon, till then, stay healthy, tuned and connected to Tecmint.
Real Nice. Read and bookmarked all… Thanks for the post.


text:
Look Back in Anger All Study Guides Homework Help Lesson Plans
by John Osborne
Act and Scene Summaries
Act 1 Summary
Act 2, Scene 1 Summary
Last Updated on November 8, 2022, by eNotes Editorial. Word Count: 662
The curtain rises, revealing the connected living room and kitchen of a 1950s-era flat somewhere in the Midlands region of England. Two young men sit in armchairs, concealed by newspapers, while a woman irons in the kitchen area.
Jimmy, the taller of the two men, begins to complain about the quality of the newspaper. This quickly escalates into a tirade; as the others bicker with him, he becomes increasingly volatile and verbally abusive toward them. He accuses his wife, Alison, the woman at the ironing board, of being oblivious and indifferent. He calls Cliff, the man in the other chair, an ignorant peasant. With practiced resignation that suggests this is a regular feature of life with Jimmy, Alison and Cliff attempt to deflect and de-escalate Jimmy's ire. Soon, all three of them are upset and arguing.
Just as quickly as the argument started, the mood in the room shifts again as Cliff starts doting on Alison. The two are very physically affectionate with each other, and Cliff kisses Alison's hand and briefly puts her finger in his mouth before he is pulled back into a political argument with Jimmy. Jimmy derides a pundit he thinks is subjugating the working class, joking that the author might be Alison's father writing under a pseudonym and reflecting on her father's time working in colonial India.
The three continue to bicker about minutiae, their friends, and prior relationships, and the conversational tone swings back and forth from friendly to hostile. Jimmy tells Alison, with clear malice, how much more interesting, animated, and interesting his ex-lover Madeline was than she is. He continues to rant about perceived slights big and small, and his eventual monologue becomes a running analysis of the failures and inadequacies of everyone in his life.
The three finally settle down to listen to a concert on the radio, but Jimmy is soon upset yet again: Alison is ironing his clothes "too loudly," and Jimmy sets off on another rant about how women are too loud. This escalates into another argument among the three of them, and Alison is burned when the ironing board is toppled in the fray. Jimmy starts to apologize to Alison, but she yells at him to get out of her sight. He leaves.
As Cliff tends Alison's burn, she reveals that she is pregnant but is afraid to tell Jimmy. The two discuss the complexities and volatility of the relationship between the married couple, and Cliff asks euphemistically if it's too late for an abortion. Alison confirms that it is. The two share a kiss, and then Jimmy enters, sits down, and picks his newspaper back up. He asks Alison about her burn, then tells them they look ridiculous "slobbering over each other."
Cliff exits, and the conversation between Jimmy and Alison becomes affectionate and playful. Jimmy tells Alison she's like a beautiful squirrel, and she tells him he's a jolly bear. She starts saying she has something to tell him but is interrupted by Cliff at the door. There's a phone call for Alison, he announces, someone named Helena.
As Alison leaves to take the call, Jimmy tells Cliff how much he dislikes Helena and how she can't possibly be calling for any pleasant reason. This leads to another rant about their other friends, during which Jimmy starts rifling through Alison's handbag. Alison enters before he can read a letter he's found and announces that Helena is at the nearby train station and is coming to the house. She is performing at a nearby venue for the week and has nowhere to stay, so she'll stay in the spare room downstairs.
Jimmy, displeased, tells Alison how naive she is and says that he wishes something bad would happen to her so she could get some perspective. As an example, he suggests she could have a baby and the baby might die. Alison, shocked, says nothing.
"Look Back in Anger - Act 1 Summary" eNotes Publishing Ed. eNotes Editorial. eNotes.com, Inc. eNotes.com 28 Jan. 2023 <https://www.enotes.com/topics/look-back-anger/act-and-scene-summaries#act-and-scene-summaries-act-1-summary>
Download the entire Look Back in Anger study guide as a printable PDF!
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In Act 1 of Antony and Cleopatra, Cleopatra is "cunning past man's thought," but Antony is aware and engages in many a battle of wills with...
What are the symbolic differences between Rome and Egypt in Shakespeare's Antony And Cleopatra?
In Act 1, Scene 5 of Antony and Cleopatra, what figurative devices are used to highlight the theme or message of the piece?
by Malcolm X, Alex Haley
by Ralph Waldo Emerson
A Theory of Justice
by John Rawls
by Henry David Thoreau
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
by Mark Twain
by J. D. Salinger
by Ray Bradbury
Inadmissible Evidence
A Better Class of Person

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Welcome to this charming 3bedroom, 1 1/2 bath home in Alger Heights. Recently painted throughout this well maintained home is sure not to disappoint. All carpet was removed and replaced. The kitchen has newer counter tops, and boasts brand new flooring. The living room shines with refinished hardwood floors. Upstairs you will find 3 well appointed bedrooms and a full bath. The basement was recently updated and includes a separate laundry area. Don't forget to take a tour of the large backyard, AND get ready for some summer fun in your very own in-ground pool!
Courtesy of Karla E Amaya-Leone with Midwest Prop of Michigan(Main).


Esprit also designs a custom range of homewear, from furniture to lighting to carpets, so the Esprit style can infuse every part of your life.
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Esprit is well known for their collections of stylish, well made and comfortable clothes and accessories.
They have something for everyone and whether you are shopping for your family or yourself, their comprehensive range will dress you to your satisfaction.
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We also provide general advice on credit products under our own Credit Licence ACL 385509.Vouchercloud picks As well as men and womens clothing, Esprit is also the place to find the perfect jewellery too.Don't miss out on Esprit sale items.You can choose from standard, 1-day delivery, or to pick up your goods from a location of choice - most options are free - do check at the checkout.Ends 21-05-18, view terms, view Discount, men's Esprit Clothing Accessories from 4 at Amazon Online.Code 70 Off Classic Esprit Men's Watch at Amazon *, women's Esprit Clothing Accessories from 3 at Amazon *, men's Esprit Clothing Accessories from 4 at Amazon * Esprit Jewellery Watches from 13 at Amazon esprit is a global fashion brand that is worn all.Continue to checkout securely.For your summer specials and winter warmers, here is where you could snap up a bargain on beautiful attire each season!You can get a voucher to spend as a welcome gift, and can start earning points on your customer sconti libreria universitaria account as you shop, which can lead to rewards and discounts in the future.
Please see below instructions to book you tickets online on Fandango.The promo code is can be used only once a day to any antime, Jai owing to his similar looks and sources gets into the bank at the same-time impersonate Kusa only to..
In un attimo sono a casa, mi fiondo sul letto e inizio a pensare fissando il muro del soffitto.Magari cè anche lei.Lei si alza per scendere e in un attimo è tutto finito.Che dono mi hai fatto, Silvia!Nonostante questo, non mi sento affranto..


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Tourism Week: Wanuskewin Bison
By Darby Sutherland on May. 28, 2020
It's one of our favourite weeks of the year! Tourism week! This Tourism week we are working with our partners to show a more holistic view of who they are, and how they support our community! We hope after this week that you will have a better understanding of Tourism's role in our community!
We have been talking a lot about the bison at Wanuskewin, and today we wanted to share just a snippet of how bringing the bison back will restore the natural ecosystem of the grasslands.
Bison are a keystone species and their return to the grasslands will affect every aspect of the ecosystem.
Photo borrowed from Wanuskewin Instagram
Doctor Ernie Walker says, "the story starts in the soil". Before the bison could return the team at Wanuskewin researched the soil and worked on restoring the land by seeding natural grasses. As the bison move from where they wintered to the different pastures their hooves will aerate the soil and continue to spread these natural grass seeds.
Their dung will attract dung beetles which do so much for soil health, including aerating it further and increasing water infiltration.
When the bison wallow they will create little dents in the ground which will collect rainwater and moisture creating a place for amphibians and reptiles to live.
In turn, the birds and the mammals will find their way back as well. Doctor Ernie Walker says that the return of the bison has set the stage for this part of the grasslands to return to the state it was in the 1880s, although it will be a long process.
Photo: Wanuskewin Heritage Park
Right now, we are in very early stages. There are currently 15 bison at Wanuskewin but the ultimate goal is to carefully grow that number to 50. The current heard is made up of very special animals. They are descendants from two heard that lived in these grasslands during the 1880s.
To learn more about these special bison and to continue to follow this story, follow Wanuskewin. They share fun bison facts and will keep you up to date as the land evolves and the heard grows.
Categories: Outdoors & Adventure, Entertainment, Indigenous Lens
Tags: Wanusekwin, Indigenous
Darby Sutherland
Darby is a renaissance girl in a specialist's world. She rounds out her 9 to 5 at Tourism Saskatoon with a collection of side gigs. Catch her hosting her weekly radio show on CFCR 90.5 fm, or upping your girlfriend's Instagram game with her camera skills, or DJing your 3rd cousins wedding. Now you see her. Now you don't. @Darbarelli


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About Summer School
Good Storytellers Can Change the World
March 10, 2020 / BrandeisGPS / Comments Off on Good Storytellers Can Change the World
Join Professor David Sherman at JBS this summer for Storytelling as Social Practice, to be held from June 1 – July 31, 2020
"The best argument in the world won't change a person's mind. The only thing that can do that is a good story." (Richard Powers, The Overstory, 488)
This course builds on the vibrant storytelling movement currently traveling across the U.S.
With a focus on nineteenth- and twentieth-century writers such asIrving, Poe, Hawthorne, Twain, Chekhov, Mansfield, Hemingway, O'Connor, García Márquez, Johnson, Wallace, and Moore, this course will help to answer short story questions such as: How did the genre of the short story emerge and what distinctive work has it performed in its long and protean history? And why does the short story still matter?
You will consider the formal features of plots, characters, and narrative discourse, as well as read theoretical accounts of the role that narrative plays in personal identity, community belonging, moral judgment, historical knowledge, and political authority.
You will also participate in workshops to craft and perform stories as part of the Brandeis Storytelling Brigade. Through a series of collaborative exercises and rehearsals, you will develop a repertoire of at least four stories: one fictional story for young children, one folk tale for young children, one story based on historical research for young adults or adults, and one autobiographical or fictional story for young adults or adults.
This course will help you to develop skills in:
holding stage presence in body and voice
organizing and promoting performance events
participating constructively in a collaborative performance team
designing intricate plots, with a sense of how beginnings, middles, and ends shape human time
understanding character psychology and development as a part of a character system
researching the history of folk stories, as a strategy for doing cultural history
analyzing narrative in theoretically sophisticated ways, including political and philosophical investigations into how stories work and what they do
writing critically about the short story literary genre, as it has evolved from antiquity to the present
By the end of the JBS program you'll have acquired a repertoire of stories and skills that can support your work in education, political advocacy, creative writing, theater, stand-up, clinical psychology, and other realms where stories circulate. By knowing the stories that you're capable of telling, you can learn more about where and how you can be effective in the world.
Visit our application page to fill out a Summer 2020 JBS Application.
If you have questions about the program, please email Prof. David Sherman at: dsherman@brandeis.edu.
Brandeis Courses, For Parents, For Students, Instructor Profile, Major Requirements, Miscellaneous, Summer School 2020, Summer School Information, University Requirements
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Racial/Ethnic and Gender Inequalities in Health and Health Care
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Tips to help you achieve success in an online class setting
Study Racial/Ethnic and Gender Inequalities in Health and Health Care this summer!
20 new classes added for this summer!
Fall Semester Update
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Become absorbed in James Joyce's Ulysses this summer!
We are fully online this summer!
© 2022 Brandeis Summer School Blog


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Q: Differences in Object modifications i was just wondering if anybody could help me out with this :
    StringBuilder s=new StringBuilder("0123456789");
    s.substring(1, 2);
    System.out.println(s);
    s.delete(2, 8);
    System.out.println(s);

the first Sysout gives 0123456789(although i expected a substring) but other Sysout gives 0189. I have noticed that also with some Time and Date classes.How can i figure out, when what form is going to modify original object (in this case s). Is this related to Mutability of objects?  Is there any general rule?
Thanks in advance
HK

A: The Javadoc tells you whether a method modifies the instance it operates on.
substring

Returns a new String that contains a subsequence of characters currently contained in this sequence. The substring begins at the specified start and extends to the character at index end - 1.

delete

Removes the characters in a substring of this sequence. The substring begins at the specified start and extends to the character at index end - 1 or to the end of the sequence if no such character exists. If start is equal to end, no changes are made.

Hence substring doesn't change the state of the StringBuilder while delete does.

A: @Hauptman Koening
Try this with your own example, hope it will clarify
    StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder("0123456789");
    String substring = s.substring(1, 2); // See here it returns a String, remember Strings are constants i.e. not mutable, not modifying the original StringBuilder s
    System.out.println(substring);
    StringBuilder delete = s.delete(2, 8); // see here it returns the String Builder, so remember StringBuilder is a mutable sequence of characters, hence modified the original
    System.out.println(delete);

A: If you see the substring method definition in AbstractStringBuilder abstract class which later extended by StringBuilder class, you will find below code:
public String substring(int start, int end) {
    if (start < 0)
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start);
    if (end > count)
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(end);
    if (start > end)
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(end - start);
    return new String(value, start, end - start);
}

From the method definition you can see that it is returning a new String object, the method is not working on actual StringBuilder content. So their will no change in the content of StringBuilder object but rather a new String object will be returned.
Now if you see delete method definition inside StringBuilder class it is:
@Override
public StringBuilder delete(int start, int end) {
    super.delete(start, end);
    return this;
}

And the definition of delete in AbstractStringBuilder (StringBuilder super class) is :
public AbstractStringBuilder delete(int start, int end) {
    if (start < 0)
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start);
    if (end > count)
        end = count;
    if (start > end)
        throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException();
    int len = end - start;
    if (len > 0) {
        System.arraycopy(value, start+len, value, start, count-end);
        count -= len;
    }
    return this;
}

From the method definition it could be clearly understood that it is working on same StringBuilder object content and it is not returning a new object but rather the same object reference which is passed to it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Tipula costaloides är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Alexander 1915. Tipula costaloides ingår i släktet Tipula och familjen storharkrankar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Storharkrankar
costaloides

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Little Owl Book Club can run a session at your nursery! We can also arrange private sessions if you're a group of friends who'd like to do the class together at a convenient time. Please email for more information.


We will post relevant news and any special offers available on this page as and when we have them, do check back regularly to keep up to date with what is going on here at Riverside Lodge.
July 2016 – Our new Sauna & Steam Room is now up and running. A great way to wind down and relax at the end of the day, especially after a day in the hills.


The master password is stored in an insecure way. The password is encrypted, but the key for this encryption is part of the application code (equal on all devices).
attacker is able to extract the file from the device. This vulnerability is made worse by the fact that the allowBackup flag of the app is explicitly set to "true", i.e., the app allows itself to be backed up.
This vulnerability effectively renders the encryption of the password database useless. If an attacker gains access to the app's shared preferences file on the device, he can reconstruct the master password for the user's password database. This is possible because the master password is stored in the shared preferences file where it is only protected with symmetric encryption that used a key hard- coded into the app. The keys are stored in the class in com.mirsoft.passwordmemory.d.i.
For extracting the hard-coded encryption key, the attacker only needs to decompile the app. We were able to create a decryption script that accepts an encrypted master password as input and outputs the decrypted plain text password.
The master password can be used to unlock all saved passwords and thus makes the stored passwords accessible to the attacker. This situation can arise when a stolen/lost phone can be exploited with a vulnerability to get elevated privileges. Additionally, due to the fact that the app allows itself to be backed up, the shared preferences file can also be obtained if the phone is not rooted, but the developer options are enabled. In that case, an attacker can connect the phone to a computer using a USB cable and run the adb backup command from the SDK tools.
The shared preferences file is then contained in the backup archive downloaded to the PC.
Users should secure their device using a strong unlocking PIN and should never root their devices. Developer mode should be disabled on production devices.
If the user chooses to save the master password on the device to avoid typing the password every time, use the Android Keystore for storing the key. Never use hard-coded symmetric encryption keys. Disable the backup function.


It goes without saying that Kim Kardashian's stunning engagement ring is a sight to behold!
The E! star proudly flaunted her brand new bauble on her ring finger the moment after Kanye West proposed this week, and we certainly don't blame her!
After all, the massive diamond sparkler by Lorraine Schwartz puts many other impressive pieces to shame and sets the bar very high for any other celebs hoping to pop the question any time soon.
With an estimated retail cost of around $3 million, this is one pretty piece that Kim will cherish forever!
And while we know that Kanye had a clear vision of the ring design he wanted for his ladylove, a rep for the jeweler opened up to us with more exclusive details regarding every element that went into the custom ring.
For starters, the rep confirms that the diamond is completely ethical, non-conflict and Kimberly registered, meaning that the stone purchase was verified for not financing violence by rebel movements and their allies seeking to undermine legitimate governments.
Just as we suspected—only the best for this baby mama!
After all, D-flawless diamonds are the rarest and most expensive diamonds on Earth.
And as for Kanye's input, a source close to the jeweler shares that North's daddy first called her up "about two weeks ago" and she was up at all hours working on the precious design for him.
The source explains that they discreetly sent pictures back and forth via e-mail in order to achieve the end result he wanted so dearly for his beloved.


text:
Solar Energy: SolSmart's Toolkit for Local Governments
Market Development and Finance
As local governments seek to increase solar development in their communities, it is important to consider the financing that is available at the federal, state, and local level, and how communities can play an active role in supporting the finance of solar PV systems. This section of Solar Energy: SolSmart's Toolkit for Local Governments covers the ownership options for solar energy systems, including third-party ownership and direct ownership, and the various benefits and challenges of both. The section also covers the mechanisms available for local governments to increase the financing opportunities that are available for solar energy systems, including loan options, PACE financing, and Solarize campaigns. Finally, this section offers specific financing tools local governments can utilize to increase solar adoption in low-to-moderate income (LMI) households.
Financing Solar
Today, American homes and businesses typically have several options for financing new solar energy systems. These options vary among states and communities, and there are a wider range of financing options available in some parts of the country. In many communities, consumers have the flexibility to either own a solar system outright or finance it through third-party ownership options, including leases and power purchase agreements (PPAs). Federal, state, and local tax credits are available to reduce the cost of solar projects for either consumers or third-party owners.
Local governments can make a difference by expanding the financing options available in their communities. Along with an overview of the most common financing mechanisms for solar energy within the United States, this section explores ways that state and local governments can directly administer their own loan programs.
Third-Party Ownership
For communities looking to expand solar energy deployment, third-party ownership can provide access to solar energy for residents and businesses without some of the upfront costs. Under this model, the developer or installer acts as a third party that installs solar energy at little or no cost to the customer. The third party continues to own and maintain the system while receiving payments from the customer over the lifetime of the system (usually a 20-year term). Under this model, the third party developer or installer is responsible for maintaining the system, but also receives the benefits from any applicable tax incentives.
Third-party ownership and direct ownership models offer different benefits and tradeoffs for residents, businesses, or local governments, as outlined in Table 1.
Table 1: Direct Ownership and Third-Party Ownership Comparison
The two most common third-party ownership models are power purchase agreements (PPAs) and solar leases.
Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs). Under a PPA, the customer enters into a contract with the third-party owner of the solar energy system to purchase electricity at a set rate per kWh. This electricity rate is fixed for a long-term period (usually 20-25 years) which is typically below the market rate. PPAs are not allowed in all states, but if available, they can help spur solar deployment by reducing capital costs for consumers (Figure 1).
Figure 1: State Policies Regarding Third-Party Power Purchase Agreements[1]
Solar Leases. Solar leases present another third-party ownership model; they are available in some states where PPAs are not allowed. Under a lease model, the customer makes lease payments to the third-party solar system owner in exchange for all of the system generated electricity. The customer then uses the electricity (or stores it, if the system includes storage), selling excess electricity back to the grid.
The third-party solar installer typically funds the investment through tax equity. That is, the installer secures investors to fund the project in exchange for a return on their investment and the ability to claim the tax credit. Tax equity allows developers to avoid, reduce, or share the project costs, lessening their financial risk.
Benefits of Third-Party Ownership
Third-party ownership options can help expand the local solar market by reducing up-front costs for residents, businesses, and municipalities. A third-party model offers competitive pricing and reduces the complexity of owning and maintaining a system. Third parties can claim tax incentives unavailable to non-taxable entities, who can then pass on savings through more competitive electricity rates or lease payment options.
Direct Ownership
Another option for residents and businesses is direct ownership of a solar PV system. Under direct ownership, consumers either purchase the solar energy system outright or seek out loans to finance the payment. Direct ownership recently surpassed PPAs as the most common financing model for residential systems (for commercial systems, PPAs continue to be more common).[2] Solar presents a unique value proposition for local lenders, who can help residents and businesses spread the cost of the system over periodic payments.
The following presents details on various lending options banks use for solar, as well as the benefits and barriers of solar lending.
Why Lend for Solar?
Direct ownership can provide unique benefits that are not available through third-party financing options. Most notably, direct ownership of a solar system allows the owner (either an individual or a business) to claim applicable federal or state tax credits (instead of passing on the benefits to a developer). Direct ownership often offers system owners a higher return on investment than if they financed a system through a PPA or lease. In order to take advantage of these benefits, however, consumers need access to low-interest loans.
In many ways, solar lending differs from traditional loans due to the function of solar energy and the incentives available. A solar energy system will lead to long-term electricity cost savings for the customer, helping offset the cost of a loan. Additionally, many states offer performance-based incentives based on the energy generation of a solar system. These additional revenue streams can help residents and businesses meet repayment and interest costs, leading to a lower risk profile for lenders. Lenders can help reduce some of the barriers to direct ownership by partnering with local solar installation companies. Often, these partnerships result in a solar PV loan product that offers a competitive rate.
The two most common types of loans available from banks and financial institutions are home equity loans and unsecured loans. Importantly, lenders do not necessarily have to develop loan options specifically for solar projects. Instead, they can make financing available through existing loan offerings.
Home Equity Loans. One of the more traditional local lending options available to homeowners is a home equity loan or home equity line of credit. To take advantage of this option, a homeowner will have to either refinance an existing mortgage or take out a second mortgage to cover the cost of the solar energy system.
Unsecured Loans. Homeowners that do not qualify for secured loans (or do not want to use their homes as collateral) may access unsecured loans. Many lenders offer unsecured loans for solar PV systems at a range of interest rates and payback periods. Unsecured loan products typically come with higher interest rates than secured loans, because they are not secured by specific assets.
What Local Governments Can Do
Local governments can assist with solar financing in a number of ways, including:
Provide resources on the local government website or through educational materials to help consumers understand solar leases and PPAs.
Support Solarize campaigns that partner with developers and installers to offer a range of financing options (see below for more detail).
Reduce the up-front costs of direct ownership through a grant or rebate program.
Host discussions with lenders on the local financing market, barriers to offering solar loan products, and opportunities to offer additional financing options.
Allow more borrowers to qualify for loans and reduce the risks for lenders entering the solar market through credit enhancements and loan loss reserves.
Administer a loan program directly.
State and Local Loans
States, local governments, and utilities can encourage the growth of solar markets by working with lenders to expand loan options. State and local governments can also administer loan programs directly, and they may be able to offer more favorable terms than a traditional bank loan, such as lower interest rates and fees.
Revolving Loan Funds. Establishing a revolving loan fund is one way that state and local governments, institutions, or utilities can provide financing incentives for solar. To do so, the first step is to identify a pool of capital to draw from in lending the money. For example, a local government may receive money from state bonds, tax revenue, or other identified funds.[3] Once the revolving loan fund is established, the money can be used to finance solar energy systems. As loans are repaid, the money is used to finance additional solar projects.
Revolving loan funds do have limitations. Because they often offer lower interest rates and use public capital, borrowers will need to have good credit and provide collateral to secure a loan.[4] Also, once loans are made, the fund is often slow to replenish due to limited sources of capital, low- to no-interest rates, and loan terms that favor borrowers. However, these funds are often a good option for residents who do not want to take out a second mortgage to install solar.[5]
Other Local Incentives for Solar
In addition to financing assistance, there are several other ways local and state governments support solar development, including performance-based incentives, permit fee waivers, and tax incentives.
Performance-Based Incentives and Grants
Local governments can offer performance-based incentives as a way to fund solar energy projects. Performance-based incentives provide payments based on the performance of a solar system — that is, how much energy a solar system produces. For example, the New York State established a MW Block Incentive Grant through the New York State Energy Research & Development Authority. This is a cash incentive that is provided to the developer and passed on to the resident, municipality, organization, or business. The incentive is set to decline over time as more solar energy systems are developed.
A local government can also offer grants for specific community stakeholders, such as low-to-moderate-income (LMI) consumers (see below). Other local rebates can help reduce the up-front cost of a solar system, allow the owners to reclaim a portion of their investment, or provide savings to third-party owners that are passed on to consumers.
Renewable Energy Fund: Boulder, Colorado
In 2006, the city of Boulder, Colorado (a SolSmart Gold community) established a Renewable Energy Fund. The fund is comprised of unrestricted sales and use taxes collected from the installation and sale of solar PV and solar thermal systems. Through this fund, Boulder established a Solar Rebate Program and a Solar Grant Program.
Solar Rebate Program. The rebate program allows homeowners and businesses to be refunded 15% of their city sales and use taxes paid on the installation and permitting of a solar energy project.
Solar Grant Program. The solar grant program aims to provide additional funding for low-to-moderate-income households within Boulder, as well as nonprofits that lease city property or own affordable housing.
Permit Fee Waivers
Residential solar projects are often subject to general building permit fees or specific fees for solar energy permits. Permitting fees can increase the upfront cost of a solar energy system for a developer or resident. Often, these fees are considered an important way to pay for the costs of reviewing and approving permits. However, most small-scale residential systems follow similar installation guidelines and may not require an onerous permitting process. Communities can also create permitting checklists, cross-train staff on solar PV, and take other steps to reduce the time and resources required for solar permitting. By streamlining the review process, a municipality can reduce or waive the permit fees for solar energy systems.
More information on streamlined permitting can be found in the "Solar PV Construction: Codes, Permitting, and Inspection" section of this toolkit. SolSmart has also developed a Simplified Solar Permitting Guide for communities to develop an efficient, streamlined permitting process.
Eliminating Permit Fees in Hillsboro, Oregon
In 2007, Hillsboro, Oregon (a SolSmart Gold community) participated in the Northwest Solar Communities Rooftop Solar Challenge. Through this program, the city identified permit fees as a potential barrier to residential solar development. The city worked to streamline its permitting process and reduce overhead, and since 2007 Hillsboro has waived permitting fees for solar PV systems.
Federal, state, and local tax incentives are available to assist with the purchase of solar energy for homes and businesses. For more detail on these policies, visit the Federal and State Context section of this toolkit.
The Federal Investment Tax Credit (ITC) is a tax credit on installation costs for residential and commercial solar energy projects, set at through the end of 2019. The ITC was reduced to 26% in 2020 and will step down to 22% in 2021. In 2022, the residential tax credit will expire and commercial solar energy projects will receive a 10% tax credit on installation costs.[6]
Accelerated Depreciation is available to companies that claim the ITC for a commercial solar energy system, in order to deduct depreciation expenses over a five-year timeline. Under the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS), a company can reduce its tax liability and increase the rate of return on solar projects.
State and Local Tax Incentives are available in many locations for residential or commercial projects. For example, Massachusetts offers a 15% Residential Renewable Energy Income Tax Credit for residential solar PV systems. Similarly, the New York Solar Tax Credit applies to 25% of annual solar expenditures for residential consumers, up to $5,000 over the system's lifetime. For more information on local and state tax incentives, visit the Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE).
In order to take advantage of these tax incentives, a consumer must directly own the solar energy project and must have taxable income. If a solar energy project is financed through a lease or PPA, the tax incentives go to the third party providing the lease. Municipalities and nonprofit organizations cannot obtain tax incentives because they do not have tax liabilities. Smaller commercial owners with lower profitability may not have enough tax liability to fully recognize the credit. However, even those entities that do not directly receive tax incentives often benefit from the lower overall project costs if a third-party owner can claim the tax savings.[7]
PACE Financing
Property assessed clean energy (PACE) financing was first developed in Berkeley, California, as a mechanism to make energy efficiency, renewable energy, and water conservation improvements accessible to a broader customer base. State-level PACE-enabling legislation is now active in 36 states and the District of Columbia, as shown in Figure 2, and PACE programs are rapidly expanding in many cities nationwide.[8] As of May 2018, PACE had financed $5.1 billion in residential improvements and $887 million in commercial development. About a quarter of the commercial development and 37% of the residential improvements had been deployed for renewable energy.[9] PACE-financed measures can include not only building improvements like standard renewable energy and energy efficiency measures (such as solar energy and heating and air conditioning), but also resiliency measures such as seismic retrofits, hurricane preparedness measures, stormwater management, roof and other structural replacements, and water conservation.
Figure 2: Status of PACE-enabling Legislation[10]
PACE financing places an assessment or lien on a property to provide upfront financing for property improvements that are paid back through property taxes. The assessment replaces traditional debt service, which typically relies on a customer's credit or other security interest and allows for an investment that remains with the property rather than the property owner. Property tax assessments have been widely used for infrastructure improvements such as sewer and gas line upgrades.
One of the key benefits of PACE is that projects are financed with long-term debt, so the payments on that debt are much lower than that of traditional financing. With typically low interest rates and long terms to minimize payment (typically 20 years or more), PACE presents an opportunity to overcome upfront cost barriers to financing building improvements. Consumers gain access to capital that is paid for over time through savings on utility bills. PACE financing can cover 100% of project costs, including legal, permitting, operation, and maintenance costs. Since projected energy savings typically exceed the debt service, PACE projects are cash-flow positive from day one with zero out of pocket expenses.
Municipalities typically develop PACE programs after their state passes enabling legislation. However, some states, such as Connecticut, have set up Green Banks to administer programs for their localities. Other states, such as California, have set up authorities that secure PACE services on behalf of local governments who wish to participate. When cities and counties develop their own program, they may administer it or choose contract with a firm, typically a nonprofit, to administer the program. The program administrator promotes the program and works with public officials and the private sector to make the program a success.
Solarize Campaigns as a Financing Mechanism
Solarize campaigns — also known as solar group purchases or solar aggregation programs — are another method of reducing the upfront cost of solar installations by taking advantage of discounted rates from bulk purchasing. Local governments or nonprofits can lead a Solarize campaign by working directly with one or two installers to recruit and install solar for a group of customers.
Benefits of Solarize Campaigns
Larger-volume purchases help provide lower prices to customers than if purchased separately by individuals and businesses. Since installer customer acquisition costs are very high, the installer enjoys considerable savings by selling in bulk. Therefore, installers can often provide 10% to 20% savings to customers participating in a group purchase program.
Along with reducing upfront costs, the following is a summary of the benefits of Solarize campaigns.
Solarize campaigns have limited timeframes, which encourage individuals to purchase solar right away to take advantage of the savings.
A campaign encourages the "neighbor effect." People are more likely to go solar if they know someone who has installed solar, or if there are visible panels installed in the neighborhood.
Advertising and public engagement of the Solarize campaign helps reduce uncertainty around solar installations and raise awareness around local policies and incentives.
Since installers are vetted by the sponsor of the campaign, it helps individuals who are having difficulties choosing the right system and installer.
Solarize campaigns reduce uncertainty over price competitiveness by providing a guaranteed lower rate if the campaign is successful.
Increased public awareness can lead to a long-term expansion of the solar industry within a community, and with that comes long-lasting job creation. The first-ever Solarize campaign, which took place in Portland, Oregon, resulted in a 400% increase in solar installations in 2010 compared to the previous year. This created 18 new permanent, full-time jobs within three installation firms alone.[11]
In addition, municipalities benefit when a large number of similar PV systems are developed by the same installers. This market stability enables local governments to effectively streamline the permitting and inspection process. Having a number of similar PV systems in the community also helps inform fire and safety departments about local electrical systems.
Challenges of Solarize Campaigns
While they are usually positive experiences for communities, Solarize campaigns can face challenges, which are summarized below.
Legitimacy. To be successful, a campaign should be led by an authority that is trusted within the community. The involvement of a state or local government or community organization can increase public confidence in a campaign. The public may be distrustful if the campaign is led solely by installers.
Timing. Since group purchase campaigns take place during a limited timeframe, they should take place during a time of year when it is easiest to reach customers. For example, campaigns can be targeted to match the highest energy-use season, and/or seasons when most potential customers are not on vacation.
Marketing. Each campaign will need to select an effective marketing strategy that is appropriate for the community. The cost and time commitment required will depend on what marketing model is chosen. Unique requirements for marketing to low-to-moderate income consumers must be considered, as these communities may have limited access to certain outreach mediums.
Difficulty hiring. If a Solarize campaign leads to rapid job expansion within a community, solar companies may face difficulties in filling new positions. Pairing a Solarize campaign with a local solar job training program is one solution that the Philadelphia Energy Authority has successfully implemented, in conjunction with their "Solarize Philly" campaign to meet increased demand for qualified solar talent, particularly installation.[12]
Group purchasing programs can be conducted using several different models. All models, however, center around a similar process. Campaigns can be launched and/or led by three types of organizations: local or state governments, community groups, or installers.
For governments or community groups, the process generally works as follows:
(1) The leader of the Solarize campaign creates a team that suits the program needs. For example, a project manager may be hired to map out all necessary tasks and lead volunteers, technical advisers, and a steering committee.
(2) The team issues a Request for Proposal (RFP) and selects an installer for the campaign. An RFP is crucial for expediting the selection process and increasing price competitiveness. Communities should consider the following items when seeking an installer:
pricing and financing options
technology options
financial health of the installer
experience of the installer
marketing campaign approach
(3) One of the highest barriers to customer acquisition for solar companies is the lack of public awareness. The Solarize campaign team, in conjunction with the installer, runs marketing campaigns and workshops to engage homeowners and businesses. The marketing campaign will help increase awareness of solar technology, the installation process, and relevant policies and incentives. Marketing strategies may include:
email newsletters and direct mailings
utility bill inserts
floats in local parades
social media postings
articles and advertisements in local newspapers
house parties at local homes with solar
other creative events and outreach strategies
(4) If customers are interested in installing solar and want to participate in the program, they can enroll to become part of the bulk purchase. Depending on the level of interest, prices may lower by tiers. For example, a group purchase order of 250 systems may cost less per system compared to a group purchase order of 150. If an installer is providing tiered pricing, this should be outlined in their proposal and can be used to help advertise the program.
(5) Although many customers may be interested in solar, some customers' roofs may not be feasible for on-site generation, so site assessments are required before finalizing purchase orders. (Some roof limitations may include: structural integrity, age of the roof, roof orientation and tilt, roof shading, fire and safety regulations, and interconnection to the electrical grid.)
(6) If there is enough interest among qualifying households, individuals can then proceed to install solar through the bulk purchase order.
A campaign run by an installer is slightly different, as it eliminates the first two steps in the process (creating a team and issuing an RFP). However, this type of campaign may have lower price competitiveness and less collaboration among community organizations.
Implementation Tips For Solarize Campaigns
Hold informational meetings with neighborhood associations or community groups to educate them about group purchasing programs and gauge their interest in participating.
Create an online forum for interested community members.
Carefully review proposals from solar installers. Select one or more reputable vendors with a track record of high-quality solar installations and be very clear about the terms of the contract.
Case Studies: Solarize Campaigns Across the U.S.
Somerville, Massachusetts: Local Grassroots Campaigns and a Statewide Program
In 2016, the city of Somerville (a SolSmart Gold community) participated in Solarize Mass, a statewide program that encourages the adoption of small-scale solar through local Solarize campaigns. The community saw 115 new solar installations during the campaign, nearly doubling the number of installations in Somerville. Outreach strategies included informing and engaging the community at public events and venues (such as local festivals and markets) as well as installer kick-off meetings. Additional media activities included updating the city's solar landing page to include information regarding the Solarize campaign, in addition to a solar feasibility map and generation calculator provided by the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC). The local government also partnered with community-based groups to raise awareness through word of mouth, and partnered with the neighboring city of Cambridge to coordinate outreach efforts.
Solarize Mass began as the result of a partnership between MassCEC and the Green Communities Division of the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources (DOER). The pilot program ran between 2011 and 2016 and included 63 communities within the state. The program is now in its ninth year and continues to this day. Solarize Mass used a similar model for Solarize Campaigns within all chosen communities, featuring grassroots educational campaigns driven by local organization and volunteer efforts. The state entities helped coordinate outreach, marketing, and education efforts in each respective community. Since 2011, the program has resulted in over 19,000 individuals expressing interest in solar, and over 3,500 residents and businesses signing contracts for more than 23.55 MW of solar capacity.[13]
San Francisco Bay Area: Multiple Cities Form Group Purchase Campaign
To increase solar participation and interest across the San Francisco Bay Area, 13 cities and counties in joined in 2015 for the Peninsula SunShares program. The program was organized by Foster City in partnership with the nonprofit Vote Solar. Although the city of Palo Alto and San Mateo County were the main target areas for the campaign, any residents from other Bay Area regions could sign up if they were within the service areas of the two chosen installers, Sunrun and SkyTech Solar. These two installers were chosen through an RFP process issued by Vote Solar and vetted by a volunteer employee evaluation committee comprised of participating organizations.
Through the program, qualifying households could receive a free site assessment and an installation proposal up to 15% less than an individually purchased solar system. System prices started at $3.50/Watt with Sunrun and $3.60/Watt with SkyTech. Multiple financing plans were available through the program, including direct purchasing, leasing models, and power purchase agreements. Pooling multiple cities and counties together allowed for a guaranteed bulk discount for all interested customers.[14]
Financing Solar For Low-To-Moderate Income Households
To date, middle- and higher-income families have been the primary beneficiaries of the growth in residential solar energy. Despite rapidly declining costs, low-to-moderate income (LMI) families have been far less likely to install solar. Outside of relatively limited solar pilot projects for LMI households, barriers such as limited access to credit, low credit scores, the inability to benefit from solar tax credits, and low levels of home ownership persist.[15] It is important for local governments to take an active role to provide equal access to solar energy development.
How Local Governments Can Help
Local governments can do a lot to make solar accessible to the entire community and create opportunities for LMI households to participate. There are several financing mechanisms that can be used to increase LMI access to solar, summarized below.[16]
Direct Incentives in the form of subsidizing the price of subscriptions for community solar programs, subsidizing the cost of a solar installation, or offering direct cash payments to community solar programs that serve LMI customers.
Loan Loss Reserve Program in which public funds are held to cover potential losses that a loan provider may face if a customer defaults on a loan. This can decrease the risk of loan offers and increase access to solar loans for a greater range of credit scores.
On-Bill Financing/ On-Bill Recovery, which places loan payments directly onto customers' electric bills. This method is less dependent on credit scores and is easier to understand, allowing communities to directly see utility bill savings from solar.
Revised Underwriting Criteria, which aims to either lower the minimum credit score threshold for a solar loan or utilize past bill-repayment history as a mechanism to determine customer eligibility.
Community Solar for LMI Consumers
Community solar offers a path for consumers to enjoy the benefits of solar energy without installing it on their own roofs. Many state and local governments are using community solar as a vehicle to increase access to solar for LMI households. One approach is to require the community solar developers to sign up a certain percentage of LMI customers. For example, some community solar projects in Colorado have included a 5% LMI requirement. Further, Maryland's community solar pilot program includes carve-outs for up to 60 MW worth of projects that include LMI subscribers.[17]
Another approach is to provide incentives and/or subsidies directly to LMI households so they can afford to participate in a community solar project. This can include grant funding to reduce the upfront subscription costs for LMI subscribers. In addition to the typical sources of grant financing (such as states and nonprofit organizations), other options include utilizing crowd-sourced capital, utility settlement funds, and federal energy assistance funds (including LIHEAP or weatherization funds, discussed below).
A third approach is to provide incentives to the developer to reduce the cost of a project and allow more LMI participation. There are many ways to provide these incentives, including grants, low- or no-interest loans, and higher solar renewable energy certificate (SREC) payments. In addition, local governments can provide access to a low- or no-cost site to build the project with expedited permitting. In partnership with the local utility, preferential treatment for interconnection to the grid can also lower project costs. Partner organizations, including local government agencies, can identify subscribers for community solar projects within LMI communities, thereby reducing customer acquisition costs.
For local governments, flexible anchor tenant structures are another option to encourage LMI subscriptions. Community solar projects commonly have one "anchor tenant," a large subscriber who buys up to 50% of the output of the project. Local governments that serve as the anchor tenants can increase their subscription sizes on a temporary basis to cover any LMI households that drop out of the program unexpectedly. This reduces the risk of lower revenues for the developer while it searches for replacement subscribers, or until the original subscriber can resume making payments. Reserve accounts funded by a third party can function in a similar fashion to support turnover in LMI subscribers or cover for LMI households with temporary financial difficulties.
Saint Paul Housing Authority
On behalf of 10 public housing complexes, the Saint Paul, Minnesota Housing Authority (SPHA) subscribed to Xcel Energy's community solar program, generating 100% of the electricity for 1,600 tenants from solar. This will result in approximately $120,000 in savings per year for STPHA, which will be used to expand the city's support for affordable housing.
For more information on community solar projects, view the SolSmart Issue Brief, "Expanding Solar Participation Through Community Solar."
Solar and Affordable Housing
Another tool utilized by state and local governments to increase access to solar for LMI households is to install solar on affordable housing buildings. In these projects, the solar energy can be used to power either the common areas or individual households. These installations face many challenges, however, including how to set up metering within a building. For example, individual units may be responsible for utility bills, but the benefits of solar energy could go to a landlord.
California's Multifamily Affordable Solar Housing (MASH) program addresses this challenge by providing more funding to projects that provide direct benefits to tenants, rather than simply reducing electricity loads in common areas.[18] California also offers incentives for solar installations on single-family housing that meets low-income requirements under its Single Family Affordable Solar Housing (SASH) program.[19] Another example is the Denver Housing Authority's 2.5 MW project that involved small PV installations on 350 buildings. The finance plan for this project included power purchase agreements (PPAs), federal tax credits, and low-interest bonds.[20] Massachusetts, through its Mass Solar Loan program, provides a number of credit support mechanisms for LMI families who borrow money through the program to install solar on their homes. These incentives include partial loan forgiveness upon system installation, an interest rate buy-down, and a loan loss reserve to encourage banks to lend to LMI homeowners.[21]
Energy Assistance Programs provide potential funding sources for state and local governments to provide utility bill assistance and energy efficiency upgrades to low-income households.[22] These include the federal Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP)[23] and the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP).[24] Until recently, solar was too costly to include in such assistance programs. However, as the cost of solar has declined, it is now feasible to consider small solar systems as eligible energy saving measures, particularly in locations with above-average electricity costs. California ran a pilot program between 2010 and 2012 in which 1,482 low-income households received solar installations with funding from the state's LIHEAP program.[25] The state continues to provide assistance today through its Low Income Weatherization Program in partnership with the nonprofit GRID Alternatives.[26] Colorado is the first state in the nation to receive approval from the U.S. Department of Energy to integrate rooftop PV in WAP funds.[27]
Return to the Table of Contents: Solar Energy: SolSmart's Toolkit For Local Governments
Want to learn more about making your community solar-ready? Get more information on the SolSmart program.
SolSmart Webinar: How to Develop a Solarize Campaign
In this recorded webinar, we learn the basics of a successful Solarize campaign. Experts from Solar United Neighbors and the Philadelphia Energy Authority share how a Solarize campaign can keep more economic value in the community and be modified to enable participation by low-to-moderate income customers.
https://solsmart.org/resources/solsmart-webinar-how-to-develop-a-solarize-campaign/
Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency
The North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center provides a comprehensive database of incentives and policies that support solar energy in the United States. This can help communities assess what financing options are available in their area.
https://www.dsireusa.org/
EnergySage: Financing Your Solar Panel System
This webpage, published and updated frequently by EnergySage, provides resources on the options available to finance solar projects.
https://www.energysage.com/solar/financing/
PACENation
A nonprofit that seeks to promote Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) financing by providing leadership and support for a growing universe of PACE market participants. The website offers various resources, including a database of all the active PACE programs across the nation as well as those that are currently under legislation. It also provides market data and case studies of PACE programs in the U.S.
https://pacenation.us/
Low-Income Solar Policy Guide
This is a tool for policymakers, community leaders, and others who are working on solar access at the federal, state, and local levels. The resource provides best practice examples from across the country as well as descriptions of the policy tools that are available to increase solar access in LMI communities. GRID Alternatives and Vote Solar are the contributing partners to the Guide.
https://www.lowincomesolar.org/
Low-and Moderate-Income Clean Energy Web Page
This program, run by the Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA), offers a multitude of resources for any key stakeholders seeking to advance LMI solar. Resources include webinars, guides, bi-monthly newsletters, forums for states to share their experiences, and best practices.
https://cesa.org/projects/low-income-clean-energy/
Rocky Mountain Institute's e–Lab Leap
This is an initiative by the Rocky Mountain Institute dedicated to empowering and improving the lives of low-income communities in a clean energy future. Leap works with stakeholders at the local level such as government representatives, community representatives, and housing authorities to develop solutions that empower low-income households and communities to benefit from a clean energy future.
https://rmi.org/our-work/electricity/elab-electricity-innovation-lab/elab-leap/
[1] Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency, 3rd Party Solar Power Purchase Agreement Policies, accessed August 22, 2019, http://ncsolarcen-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/DSIRE_3rd-Party-PPA_June_2019.pdf.
[2] Munsell, Mike, "Share of Third-Party-Owned Systems at Record-Low Levels in US Residential Solar", Greentech Media, May 1, 2018. https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/share-of-third-party-owned-systems-at-record-low-levels-in-us-resident#gs.IXIuo18.
[3] U.S. Department of Energy. Capital Sources and Providers. Accessed September 6, 2019. https://energy.gov/eere/slsc/capital-sources-and-providers.
[4]Booth, Sam, Revolving Loan Funds, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, July 2009. https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/06/f16/booth_2009_revolving_loan_funds.pdf
[5] U.S. Department of Energy, Revolving Loan Funds, Accessed September 6, 2019. https://energy.gov/eere/slsc/revolving-loan-funds
[6] Solar Energy Industries Association, Solar Investment Tax Credit (ITC), Accessed September 6, 2019. https://www.seia.org/initiatives/solar-investment-tax-credit-itc. http://www.seia.org/sites/default/files/ITC%20101%20Fact%20Sheet%20Feb17.pdf
[7] Feldman, David, and Mark Bolinger, On the Path to SunShot: Emerging Opportunities and Challenges in Financing Solar, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, May 2016. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65638.pdf .
[8] PACENation, "PACE Programs Near You," Accessed September 6, 2019. https://pacenation.us/pace-programs/#.
[9] PACENation, "PACE Market Data," Accessed September 6, 2019. http://pacenation.us/pace-market-data/.
[10] PACENation, "PACE Legislation," Accessed September 6, 2019. https://pacenation.us/pace-legislation/.
[11] Irvine, Linda, Alexandra Sawyer, and Jennifer Grove, The Solarize Guidebook: A community guide to collective purchasing of residential PV systems, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2012. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/54738.pdf.
[12] Philadelphia Energy Authority, "Solarize Philly," accessed March 25, 2020, https://solarizephilly.org/.
[13] Massachusetts Clean Energy Center, "Solarize Mass," accessed September 6, 2019, https://www.masscec.com/solarize-mass-1.
[14] Vote Solar, "Peninsula SunShares – Program Overview Webinar," April 2015. https://vimeo.com/123867390.
[15] Bovarnick, Ben and Lucas Johnson, Research Review on Residential Solar Access: Barriers and Solutions for Low and Moderate Income Communities, Yale Center for Business and the Environment, http://cbey.yale.edu/sites/default/files/Barriers%20and%20Solutions%20LMI%20Solar_FINAL.pdf.
[16] National Renewable Energy Laboratory, "Low-and Moderate-Income Policy Basics," Accessed September 6, 2019. https://www.nrel.gov/state-local-tribal/lmi-solar.html.
[17] Maryland Energy Administration, "Community Solar," accessed March 25, 2020, https://energy.maryland.gov/residential/Pages/Community-Solar.aspx.
[18] Go Solar California, "Multifamily Affordable Solar Housing (MASH)," Accessed September 6, 2019,
http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/affordable/mash.php.
[19] Go Solar California, "Single Family Affordable Solar Housing (SASH)," Accessed September 6, 2019,
http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/affordable/sash.php.
[20] "PHA Leverages Power Purchase Agreement for Jurisdiction-wide Scatter Solar Installations," Renewables in Practice, Housing and Urban Development (HUD), accessed September 6, 2019,
https://www.hudexchange.info/onecpd/assets/File/Renewables-in-Practice-Case-Study-Denver-Housing-Authority.pdf.
[21] Mass Solar Loan, "Loan Support Incentives," Accessed September 18, 2017, http://www.masssolarloan.com/loan-support-incentives.
[22] Amit Ronen, et al., Can Electricity Rate Subsidies Be Reallocated To Boost Low-Income Solar?, GW Solar Institute, 2016. https://solar.gwu.edu/can-electricity-rate-subsidies-be-reallocated-boost-low-income-solar.
[23] U.S. Department of Energy, "Weatherization Works," Weatherization Assistance Program, 2017. https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/05/f34/wap_factsheet_08.2017.pdf.
[24] Office of Community Services, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "LIHEAP Fact Sheet," November 16, 2018. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/ocs/resource/liheap-fact-sheet-0.
[25] "Low Income Solar Policy Guide Website," Grid Alternatives, Vote Solar and Center for Social Inclusion, Accessed September 9, 2019. http://www.lowincomesolar.org/.
[26] California Department of Community Services and Development, "Programs," Accessed September 6, 2019. https://www.csd.ca.gov/programs.
[27] Colorado Energy Office, "Rooftop Solar PV," Accessed September 6, 2019. https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/energyoffice/rooftop-solar-pv.


Skoda helps find the father of your children.
We've heard of brands getting into dating sites, but here's a site that actually promises to find you the perfect future co-parent.
Aiming to reach a younger target audience who are just about to start families and will soon have to think about getting a new car, Skoda has launched a website, The Family Composer.
Visitors log in via Facebook and music streaming service Spotify, and find their musical soulmate via shared interest in music �" ie. the ideal person to start a family with. Once they've found someone they are interested in, they can invite them on a test driving date in one of Skoda's family cars. The rest, at least Skoda is hoping, could be history.


text:
Евгений Борисович Храбростин (15 августа 1951, Москва) — советский футболист, выступавший на позиции нападающего. Чемпион СССР 1976 (осень). Мастер спорта СССР.

Биография
Воспитанник футбольной школы московского «Локомотива». На взрослом уровне начал играть в 1970 году в рязанском «Спартаке», выступавшем во второй лиге, и за три с половиной сезона забил более 50 голов.

В 1973 году призван в армию и стал выступать за ростовский СКА. В высшей лиге дебютировал 21 июля 1973 года в игре против московского «Спартака». В своей второй игре за армейцев, 29 июля того же года против киевского «Динамо», забил свой первый гол на высшем уровне. По итогам сезона ростовский клуб покинул высшую лигу, и в следующем году Храбростин играл за команду в первой лиге.

С 1975 года выступал за московское «Торпедо», дебютный матч за клуб сыграл 22 апреля 1975 года против львовских «Карпат», выйдя на замену на 68-й минуте вместо Анатолия Дегтярёва. В осеннем чемпионате 1976 года стал вместе с командой чемпионом страны, а в 1977 году — обладателем бронзовых медалей. Также в 1977 году стал финалистом Кубка СССР, в полуфинале забил решающий гол в ворота ворошиловградской «Зари» (1:0), а в финале против московского «Динамо» (0:1) был на 73-й минуте удалён с поля за драку с Олегом Долматовым. Всего в составе «Торпедо» сыграл 128 матчей и забил 31 мяч в чемпионатах СССР, 20 матчей (4 гола) в Кубке СССР и 10 матчей (2 гола) в еврокубках. Оба своих европейских гола забил 22 октября 1975 года в выездном матче Кубка УЕФА против «Галатасарая» (4:2).

К 1980 году потерял место в основном составе «Торпедо». В конце карьеры играл в низших дивизионах чемпионата СССР за ореховское «Знамя Труда» и кировское «Динамо».

После окончания спортивной карьеры работал детским тренером в школе «Торпедо», затем в ДЮСШ № 75 г. Москвы. Выступал за команду ветеранов «Торпедо».

Личная жизнь
Сын Евгений (род. 1974) тоже был футболистом.

Примечания

Ссылки

 Профиль на официальном сайте «Торпедо»
 Профиль sport-strana.ru

Футболисты СССР
Игроки ФК «Спартак» Рязань
Игроки ФК СКА Ростов-на-Дону
Игроки ФК «Торпедо» Москва
Игроки ФК «Знамя Труда»
Игроки ФК «Динамо» Киров