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The Power of Twitter
The world is a buzz right now withthe report of the death of Osama Bin Laden, the head of the notorious Al-Qaeda. It has been ten years since the fall of the world trade center towers in New York which caused the death of over 3000 people.The planning and funding for this terrible moment was known to come from Bin Laden himself with the support of Al-Qaeda.Since that day the American government has been looking for him and it seems that the have finally found him.
Do you know who was the first to report the death of Bin Laden? A newsworthy story that many people have been waiting for since September 11th, 2001. Was it CNN or Fox News?
No! It was Twitter! Do you still doubt the power of social media? There was much speculation as to what the president was going to talk about when the White House scheduled a press conference Sunday night. Press conferences are already unusual but to schedule one on a Sunday so late at night meant that there had to be something important that needed to be said! And there was a lot of speculation flying around the social networks but through it all the former chief of staff for former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, Keith Urbahn tweeted:
'So I am told by a reputable person thay have killed Osama Bin Laden. Hot damn."
This is not the only time Twitter has been the first to spread the news about a major event and shows the power of social media. Twitter doesnt need the time that a news station would take to compile and show old footage of Bin Laden while news reporters ad lib around the fundamental details, all that was needed was a reputable twitter source amoung the thousands of tweets to be the first to break the news with a one liner.
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If We Were Vampires
by Jason Isbell
Album: The Nashville Sound (2017)
Jason Isbell muses during this bittersweet song how love is forever but life is finite.
It's knowing that this can't go on forever
Likely one of us will have to spend some days alone
Maybe we'll get 40 years together
But one day I'll be gone
Or one day you'll be gone
Isbell is joined on the song by bandmate and wife, Amanda Shire, who contributes harmony vocals.
An animated video directed by Joshua Britt and Neilson Hubbard was released featuring cartoon versions of Jason Isbell and Amanda Shires.
"Joshua and Nielson did a great job of riding the fine line between literal and figurative interpretations of this song," Isbell told Entertainment Weekly. "I love the story the video tells, the colors, and the pace of movement. The song deals with death as motivation, the way love changes, and the persistence of time, and I see these themes in the beautiful animation."
This won for Best American Roots Song at the Grammy Awards in 2018.
Jason Isbell penned "If We Were Vampires" after Amanda Shires told him to turn off the TV (he was watching Hoarders) and write a song, because he was due to go into the studio on Monday. He is glad he obeyed his wife as the end result was one of the most successful tracks he's ever written.
More songs from Jason Isbell
More songs with animated videos
More songs about death
More songs that won Grammys
Lyrics to If We Were Vampires
Robert from Attica, MichiganWell deserved Grammy!
Dick Wagner (Alice Cooper/Lou Reed)Songwriter Interviews
The co-writer/guitarist on many Alice Cooper hits, Dick was also Lou Reed's axeman on the Rock n' Roll Animal album.
Sub Pop Founder Bruce Pavitt On How To Create A Music SceneSong Writing
With $50 and a glue stick, Bruce Pavitt created Sub Pop, a fanzine-turned-label that gave the world Nirvana and grunge. He explains how motivated individuals can shift culture.
Chris ReaSongwriter Interviews
It took him seven years to recover from his American hit "Fool (If You Think It's Over)," but Chris Rea became one of the top singer-songwriters in his native UK.
Matthew Wilder - "Break My Stride"They're Playing My Song
Wilder's hit "Break My Stride" had an unlikely inspiration: a famous record mogul who rejected it.
Meshell NdegeocelloSongwriter Interviews
Meshell Ndegeocello talks about recording "Wild Night" with John Mellencamp, and explains why she shied away from the spotlight.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Making it into college is an achievement by itself that can open doors to new careers and lifestyles, but you'll need to continue working hard to make sure you succeed. See how to prepare for college, and how to get the grades you need to succeed.
Use the interactive map to learn more about Indiana colleges.
Map out your college plans. Use our interactive map to check out colleges in Indiana and find out facts like tuition cost, types of degrees offered and more.
Looking to take the next step in your education?
Find the right move here.


text:
Ego is the Enemy by Ryan Holiday
It's a type of storytelling in which eventually your talent becomes your identity and your accomplishments become your worth.
To go from wanting to be like someone your whole life to realizing you never want to be like him is a kind of whiplash that you can't prepare for.
The orator Demosthenes once said that virtue begins with understanding and is fulfilled by courage.
Think less of yourself. I hope you will be less invested in the story you tell about your own specialness, and as a result, you will be liberated to accomplish the world-changing work you've set out to achieve.
The ego we see most commonly goes by a more casual definition: an unhealthy belief in our own importance. Arrogance. Self-centred ambition.
"Sick man ignorant of the cause of his malady."
The performance artist Marina Abramović puts it directly: "If you start believing in your greatness, it is the death of your creativity."
Besides the changes in technology, we're told to believe in our uniqueness above all else. We're told to think big, live big, to be memorable and "dare greatly." We think that success requires a bold vision or some sweeping plan—after all, that's what the founders of this company or that championship team supposedly had. (But did they? Did they really?) We see risk-taking swagger and successful people in the media, and eager for our own successes, try to reverse engineer the right attitude, the right pose.
We assume the symptoms of success are the same as success itself—and in our naiveté, confuse the by-product with the cause.
Humble in our aspirations. Gracious in our success. Resilient in our failures.
Ego is stolen. Confidence is earned. Ego is self-anointed; its swagger is artifice.
We build ourselves up with fantastical stories, we pretend we have it all figured out, we let our star burn bright and hot only to fizzle out, and we have no idea why. These are symptoms of ego, for which humility and reality are the cure.
He is a bold surgeon, they say, whose hand does not tremble when he performs an operation upon his own person; and he is often equally bold who does not hesitate to pull off the mysterious veil of self-delusion, which covers from his view the deformities of his own conduct. —ADAM SMITH
"Abhor flatterers as you would deceivers; for both, if trusted, injure those who trust them."
"Be affable in your relations with those who approach you, and never haughty; for the pride of the arrogant even slaves can hardly endure"
"Be slow in deliberation but be prompt to carry out your resolves" and that the "best thing which we have in ourselves is good judgment."
Kierkegaard warned, "Mere gossip anticipates real talk, and to express what is still in thought weakens action by forestalling it."
Sherman had a good rule he tried to observe. "Never give reasons for you what think or do until you must. Maybe, after a while, a better reason will pop into your head."
The poet Hesiod had this in mind when he said, "A man's best treasure is a thrifty tongue."
The only relationship between work and chatter is that one kills the other.
There's a quip from the historian Will Durant, that a nation is born stoic and dies epicurean.
"A man is worked upon by what he works on," Frederick Douglass
The power of being a student is not just that it is an extended period of instruction, it also places the ego and ambition in someone else's hands.
Each fighter, to become great, needs to have someone better that they can learn from, someone lesser who they can teach, and someone equal that they can challenge themselves against.
"It is impossible to learn that which one thinks one already knows," Epictetus
"When student is ready, the teacher appears."
Purpose, you could say, is like passion with boundaries. Realism is detachment and perspective.
"Great passions are maladies without hope," as Goethe once said.
Great men have almost always shown themselves as ready to obey as they afterwards proved able to command. —LORD MAHON
Clear the path for the people above you and you will eventually create a path for yourself.
He learned how to be a rising star without threatening or alienating anyone.
Let the others take their credit on credit, while you defer and earn interest on the principal.
The person who clears the path ultimately controls its direction, just as the canvas shapes the painting.
Are there not goals so important that we'd put up with anything to achieve them?
They do this because they're convinced that their every move is being watched with rapt attention by the rest of the world.
A proud man is always looking down on things and people; and, of course, as long as you are looking down, you cannot see something that is above you. —C. S. LEWIS
"Even the tallest mountains have animals that, when they stand on it, are higher than the mountain."
"The first product of self-knowledge is humility," Flannery O'Connor once said.
The question to ask, when you feel pride, then, is this: What am I missing right now that a more humble person might see? What am I avoiding, or running from, with my bluster, franticness, and embellishments? It is far better to ask and answer these questions now, with the stakes still low, than it will be later.
Privately thinking you're better than others is still pride.
"That on which you so pride yourself will be your ruin" Montaigne had inscribed on the beam of his ceiling.
The best plan is only good intentions unless it degenerates into work. —PETER DRUCKER
As the philosopher and writer Paul Valéry explained in 1938, "A poet's function . . . is not to experience the poetic state: that is a private affair. His function is to create it in others." That is, his job is to produce work.
"You can't build a reputation on what you're going to do," was how Henry Ford put it.
To think of a number is to live in a conditional future.
There is another apt Latin expression: Materiam superabat opus. (The workmanship was better than the material.)
"Blessed are those servants whom the master finds awake when he comes."
Make it so you don't have to fake it—that's the key.
You know a workman by the chips they leave.
'Tis a common proof, that lowliness is young ambition's ladder. —SHAKESPEARE
In the early stages, ego can be temporarily adaptive. Craziness can pass for audaciousness. Delusions can pass for confidence, ignorance for courage. But it's just kicking the costs down the road.
Of course, what is truly ambitious is to face life and proceed with quiet confidence in spite of the distractions.
For ego is a wicked sister of success.
Sometimes an idea is so powerful, or timing is so perfect (or one is born into wealth or power) that it can temporarily support or even compensate for a massive ego.
After we give ourselves proper credit, ego wants us to think, I'm special. I'm better. The rules don't apply to me.
Every man I meet is my master in some point, and in that I learn of him. —RALPH WALDO EMERSON
Myth becomes myth not in the living but in the retelling. —DAVID MARANISS
Writing our own narrative leads to arrogance.
It's during your moment at the top that you can afford ego the least—because the stakes are so much higher, the margins for error are so much smaller.
The founding of a company, making money in the market, or the formation of an idea is messy. Reducing it to a narrative retroactively creates a clarity that never was and never will be there.
Investor Paul Graham working in the same city as Walsh a few decades later, explicitly warns start-ups against having bold, sweeping visions early on.
The same goes for any label that comes along with a career: are we suddenly a "filmmaker," "writer," "investor," "entrepreneur," or "executive" because we've accomplished one thing?
The same goes for us, whatever we do. Instead of pretending that we are living some great story, we must remain focused on the execution—and on executing with excellence. We must shun the false crown and continue working on what got us here.
To know what you like is the beginning of wisdom and of old age. —ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON
We think "yes" will let us accomplish more, when in reality it prevents exactly what we seek.
All of us waste precious life doing things we don't like, to prove ourselves to people we don't respect, and to get things we don't want.
If you don't know how much you need, the default easily becomes: more.
"He despises the nation whose applause he seeks."
He was a genius. Sadly, that's rarely enough.
Confidence, on the other hand, is able to wait and focus on the task at hand regardless of external recognition.
Soccer coach Tony Adams expresses it well. Play for the name on the front of the jersey, he says, and they'll remember the name on the back.
The crowd roots for the underdog, and roots against the winners.
As the financial philosopher and economist George Goodman once observed, it is as if "we are at a wonderful ball where the champagne sparkles in every glass and soft laughter falls upon the summer air. We know at some moment the black horsemen will come shattering through the terrace doors wreaking vengeance and scattering the survivors. Those who leave early are saved, but the ball is so splendid no one wants to leave while there is still time. So, everybody keeps asking—what time is it? But none of the clocks have hands."
When we face difficulty, particularly public difficulty (doubters, scandals, losses), our friend the ego will show its true colours. Absorbing the negative feedback, ego says: I knew you couldn't do it. Why did you ever try? It claims: This isn't worth it. This isn't fair. This is somebody else's problem. Why don't you come up with a good excuse and wash your hands of this? It tells us we shouldn't have to put up with this. It tells us that we're not the problem.
As Goethe once observed, the great failing is "to see yourself as more than you are and to value yourself at less than your true worth."
In the end, the only way you can appreciate your progress is to stand on the edge of the hole you dug for yourself, look down inside it, and smile fondly at the bloody claw prints that marked your journey up the walls.
"He who fears death will never do anything worthy of a living man," Seneca once said.
And why should we feel anger at the world? As if the world would notice! —EURIPIDES
Attempting to destroy something out of hate or ego often ensures that it will be preserved and disseminated forever.
As Benjamin Franklin observed, those who "drink to the bottom of the cup must expect to meet with some of the dregs."
As Harold Genene put it, "People learn from their failures. Seldom do they learn anything from success."
Celtic saying tells us, "See much, study much, suffer much, that is the path to wisdom."
My friend the philosopher and martial artist Daniele Bolelli once gave me a helpful metaphor. He explained that training was like sweeping the floor. Just because we've done it once, doesn't mean the floor is clean forever. Every day the dust comes back. Every day we must sweep.
Anything You Want by Derek Sivers
Obstacle is the Way by Ryan Holiday
Quiet by Susan Cain


Hinckley and Bosworth Borough Council Golf club to pay £150, 000 after manager's death A court ordered the club to pay after being found guilty of health and safety breaches bank holiday Can you. Hinckley Golf Club. This portal provides full information on competition results and player profiles, powered by intelligentgolf. 2018 Christmas parties at Hinckley Golf Club in Hinckley, Leicestershire.
View Christmas party dates, prices, and festive menus perfect for shared party nights and exclusive office parties. Hinckley Golf Club. This portal provides full information on competition results and player profiles, powered by intelligentgolf. HINCKLEY GOLF CLUB: Home. Festive Party Nights, Afternoon Tea, Christmas Day and New Years Eve all under one roof!.
Hinckley Golf Club, Hinckley. 662 likes · 48 talking about this. Shop opening hours are: Summer (1st April to 31st October): 7. 00am to 6. 00pm Winter.
Dec 30, 2015 · Parklands at Hinckley Golf Club: Christmas Day lunch - See 27 traveler reviews, 3 candid photos, and great deals for Hinckley, UK, at TripAdvisor.
HINCKLEY GOLF CLUB: Weddings. Festive Party Nights, Afternoon Tea, Christmas Day and New Years Eve all under one roof!. Lavish 5 course festive lunch Hinckley golf club christmas a roaring fire and friendly staff. - Champagne on arrival Starters - Cappuccino of Mushrooms, Wild Mushroom, Poached Quail. Hinckley Dermatology has partnered with Operation Underground Railroad (O.
U. R. ) to host a charity golf outing to raise. Hinckley Dermatology; Stonebridge Golf Club; Parklands at Hinckley Golf Club, Hinckley: See 28 unbiased reviews of Parklands at Hinckley Golf Club, rated 4.
5 of 5 on TripAdvisor and ranked# 42 of 95 restaurants in Hinckley. Find Christmas party venues in Leicestershire perfect for shared party nights and exclusive office Christmas parties.
Hinckley Golf Club Leicester Road. Grand National Golf Club is an 18-hole championship golf course right in the. Senior rates valid only on. One-night accommodation at the Grand Hinckley Inn. The course manager at Hinckley Golf Club in Leicestershire, Dougie Johnstone, has been killed on his own golf course during a period of poor weather Thornton's 22nd annual Christmas craft fayre gives you the opportunity of solving your Christmas present problems with. Hinckley& Bosworth is proud to be A.
Jan 17, 2016 · Parklands at Hinckley Golf Club: Fabulous Sunday lunch. - See 27 traveler reviews, 3 candid photos, and great deals for Hinckley, UK, at TripAdvisor. Hinckley Golf Club. This portal provides full information on competition results and player profiles, powered by intelligentgolf. Hinckley Golf Club. This portal provides full information on competition results and player profiles, powered by intelligentgolf.
Event Testimonials. I just wanted to say 'thank you' to you and your staff for a wonderful day yesterday. Everyone couldn't have been kinder and It was so. Parklands at Hinckley Golf Club, Hinckley: See 28 unbiased reviews of Parklands at Hinckley Golf. Following a meeting 15 of us sat down to the xmas fayre.


text:
/*
 * Generated by dtrace(1M).
 */

#ifndef	_RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLEPROVIDER_H
#define	_RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLEPROVIDER_H

#include <unistd.h>

#ifdef	__cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

#define RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLE_STABILITY "___dtrace_stability$RACCompoundDisposable$v1$1_1_0_1_1_0_1_1_0_1_1_0_1_1_0"

#define RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLE_TYPEDEFS "___dtrace_typedefs$RACCompoundDisposable$v2"

#if !defined(DTRACE_PROBES_DISABLED) || !DTRACE_PROBES_DISABLED

#define	RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLE_ADDED(arg0, arg1, arg2) \
do { \
	__asm__ volatile(".reference " RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLE_TYPEDEFS); \
	__dtrace_probe$RACCompoundDisposable$added$v1$63686172202a$63686172202a$6c6f6e67(arg0, arg1, arg2); \
	__asm__ volatile(".reference " RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLE_STABILITY); \
} while (0)
#define	RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLE_ADDED_ENABLED() \
	({ int _r = __dtrace_isenabled$RACCompoundDisposable$added$v1(); \
		__asm__ volatile(""); \
		_r; })
#define	RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLE_REMOVED(arg0, arg1, arg2) \
do { \
	__asm__ volatile(".reference " RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLE_TYPEDEFS); \
	__dtrace_probe$RACCompoundDisposable$removed$v1$63686172202a$63686172202a$6c6f6e67(arg0, arg1, arg2); \
	__asm__ volatile(".reference " RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLE_STABILITY); \
} while (0)
#define	RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLE_REMOVED_ENABLED() \
	({ int _r = __dtrace_isenabled$RACCompoundDisposable$removed$v1(); \
		__asm__ volatile(""); \
		_r; })

extern void __dtrace_probe$RACCompoundDisposable$added$v1$63686172202a$63686172202a$6c6f6e67(const char *, const char *, long);
extern int __dtrace_isenabled$RACCompoundDisposable$added$v1(void);
extern void __dtrace_probe$RACCompoundDisposable$removed$v1$63686172202a$63686172202a$6c6f6e67(const char *, const char *, long);
extern int __dtrace_isenabled$RACCompoundDisposable$removed$v1(void);

#else

#define	RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLE_ADDED(arg0, arg1, arg2) \
do { \
	} while (0)
#define	RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLE_ADDED_ENABLED() (0)
#define	RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLE_REMOVED(arg0, arg1, arg2) \
do { \
	} while (0)
#define	RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLE_REMOVED_ENABLED() (0)

#endif /* !defined(DTRACE_PROBES_DISABLED) || !DTRACE_PROBES_DISABLED */

#ifdef	__cplusplus
}
#endif

#endif	/* _RACCOMPOUNDDISPOSABLEPROVIDER_H */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Abdallah, Rabbit Tail Marshmallows With Milk Chocolate manufactured by Abdallah, Inc. with a suggested serving size of 0.5 PIECE (26 g) has a total of 130 calories. The manufacturer code of Abdallah, Rabbit Tail Marshmallows With Milk Chocolate is UPC: 766684092105.
This product is high in sugars. A total of 48.46% of the calories in this serving of Abdallah, Rabbit Tail Marshmallows With Milk Chocolate come from fat.
A serving of 0.5 PIECE (26 g) of abdallah, rabbit tail marshmallows with milk chocolate has 15% of the recommended daily intake of sugars.
How long would it take to burn off Abdallah, Inc. Abdallah, Rabbit Tail Marshmallows With Milk Chocolate with 130 calories?


It's been a busy summer for Mara McClain, a soon-to-be senior goaltender at Bloomington Jefferson High School in Minnesota.
She's juggling the typical 17-year-old fun in the sun with work as a youth tennis instructor and training for her upcoming hockey season. Last week, that training included the second annual Minnesota Wild Leadership Summit, an event supported by Minnesota Hockey, which brings together some 300 high school and college captains and coaches for an inspired day of learning.
For McClain, a two-sport captain, the summit delivered insights she's excited to use on the ice, the tennis court and beyond.
McClain knows community-building can take many forms.
One highly visible and time-tested example is providing mentorship to local children, which she and her fellow Jaguars do throughout the season in an initiative pairing Bloomington Jefferson High School players with local youth teams.
But community involvement doesn't begin and end with the youngest demographic. Within her own age group, McClain and three other Jaguar tennis captains have discovered that it's possible to strengthen a team – and a community – by hosting open tennis sessions during their captains' practices each year.
For McClain, community involvement also extends to causes. One she's particularly involved with is the Alzheimer's Association, for which she raises funds and participates in the Walk to End Alzheimer's.
The Wild Leadership Summit inspired her to keep up those efforts, and also keep boosting her and her teammates' cause athletically.
Another key summit emphasis was on the captain's role in unifying a team. The message was familiar but still useful for McClain, especially given the challenge of mixed-age roster construction at the high school level.
McClain lived it, cracking the varsity roster as an eighth grader. Ever since, she's continued to hone her skills – both in the physical sense and the leadership sense – eventually progressing to a spot in USA Hockey's Girls Under-18 National Player Development Camp last summer. The experience made a lasting impression.
"I absolutely loved it," said McClain. "It was incredible because I got to play at that high level with girls from across the country, and I've never had that experience. There were girls from out east, and my goalie partner was from Alaska. Being able to play with all these girls who are clearly very talented to get to that level – it was a really cool experience. And going from that into the season, taking the skills I learned from the camp, I felt really confident in my play.
She'll do more of the same this fall, building on her physical skills, and thanks to a worthwhile summit experience, her mental skills, too.


text:
Burgum statement on CBP decision to maintain port of entry hours at Maida, reduce hours at Antler, Carbury
Gov. Doug Burgum issued the following statement today after U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) announced it will maintain current hours of operation at the Maida port of entry on the North Dakota-Manitoba border but will proceed with plans to reduce hours at the Antler and Carbury border crossings.
Burgum encourages student participation in national cybersecurity challenge
Friday, November 15, 2019 at 09:38 am
Gov. Doug Burgum today announced the state's second year participating in an innovative, online cybersecurity competition and encouraged high school students to explore their aptitude for cybersecurity and computer science by registering.
Department of Human Services hires Pedersen to lead Children and Family Services Division
The North Dakota Department of Human Services (DHS) has named Cory Pedersen director of its Children and Family Services Division, which works to support the safety, permanency and well-being of children and families.
Global tourism a $2.1 million impact on North Dakota
International visitors are drawn to North Dakota through marketing efforts like those by North Dakota Tourism Global Marketing Manager Fred Walker and his partners within the destination marketing community.
Grand Forks committee aims to reach all residents in 2020 Census
Thursday, November 14, 2019 at 08:00 am
The Grand Forks Complete Count Committee met Thursday, Nov. 14, to discuss how to reach traditionally undercounted populations, such as residents of the Grand Forks Air Force Base, Native Americans, college students and retirees.
Governor, First Lady host third Recovery Reinvented, announce Families Strong support program
Gov. Doug Burgum and First Lady Kathryn Burgum today hosted the third Recovery Reinvented, a daylong event at the Bismarck Event Center focused on ways to reinvent recovery through eliminating the stigma of addiction, educating on the brain science of addiction and empowering recovery support in communities.
Agency to hold community meetings to update stakeholders about efforts underway to redesign social services and transform behavioral health
Monday, November 11, 2019 at 11:50 am
The North Dakota Department of Human Services (DHS) is holding community meetings across the state Nov. 20-26 and invites service providers, partners, legislators, other community leaders, and other interested individuals to attend and learn how social services and behavioral health services are being redesigned and transformed to better serve individuals' needs more efficiently and effectively.
Burgum issues statement honoring military service in observance of Veterans Day
North Dakota Gov. Doug Burgum issued the following statement today in observance of Veterans Day. The governor will deliver remarks during the Veterans Day ceremony at the North Dakota Heritage Center.
Burgum, Goehring thank Perdue for approving secretarial disaster designation to help ND farmers and ranchers
Gov. Doug Burgum and state Agriculture Commissioner Doug Goehring today applauded the announcement that U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue has approved the governor's request for a secretarial disaster designation for 47 of North Dakota's 53 counties, making assistance available to farmers and ranchers struggling with the impacts of an early blizzard and abnormally wet fall.
Governor, First Lady to host third Recovery Reinvented event next week, announce new initiatives
Gov. Doug Burgum and First Lady Kathryn Burgum will host the third Recovery Reinvented event next week at the Bismarck Event Center, a day focused on advocacy, building recovery support in communities, creating recovery-friendly workplaces and eliminating the shame and stigma surrounding addiction.


Having installed staroffice-8, patchlevel 8. If I start with enabled selinux, then staroffice dies with the message "no suitable windowing system found, exiting" when started. Disabling selinux prevents from this problem.


COSHOCTON – Coshocton Christian School hosted senior night for its basketball players and several other fun events during the boys' Feb. 1 game against the Marion Hawks. Prior to the start of the game, members of last year's team, including those who had graduated, displayed banners earned by the boys during their run to the state tournament. "It was an honor to be your coach," said Head Coach Kyle Dunfee, during the presentation. "You worked your tails off for this." The seniors on this year's team, Jamin Miller, David Dahl, Caleb Moore, and Sean McCarthy were then honored. At half-time fans were treated to a display of skills by the school's new biddy basketball program, the Wildcat Wonders and a wiener dog race.


Despite the massive disruption caused by the volcanic ash cloud, the Milan furniture fair proved a silver lining in contrast to the travel chaos raging around it. Modus revealed its latest collection at the Milan Furniture Fair with an impressive stand designed under the watchful eye of Michael Sodeau. Pieces from the 2010 collection included an extendable wooden table and an upholstered sofa collection by Michael Sodeau, a Credenza series by Simon Pengelly and a range of colourful wooden chairs by PearsonLloyd.


text:
Atiyah, Donnette Hatch
Donnette Hatch Atiyah was born in Salt Lake city, Utah. She studied in Great Britain for a year as a Fulbright Scholar before settling in New York City where she commenced painting studies at the Art Students League. After she completed the Masters of Fine Arts program at the University of Utah in 1973, Donnette returned to New York City as a freelance painter-artist and was granted a 1976 MacDowell Fellowship for residence in Peterborough, New Hampshire where she prepared her solo shows for the Boise Art Museum and subsequently, The Kimball Art Center, Park City, Utah
In New York City, Donnette taught studio art and art history for 22 years at Horace Mann Prep School while serving as a docent at the New Museum of Contemporary Art for ten years. A graduate program at City University of New York offered study of African American literature, feminism, and comparative world literature. Noted scholars in these fields inspired her and complimented earlier world-view studies.
BlackPast, B. (2010, February 11). Atiyah, Donnette Hatch. BlackPast.org. https://www.blackpast.org/ind_historians/atiyah-donnette-hatch/


Welcome the Project Management Institute (PMI) Hampton Roads Chapter.
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Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrative centre of the Odesa Raion and Odesa Oblast, as well as a multiethnic cultural centre. As of January 2021, Odesa's population was approximately  On January 25, 2023, its historic city centre was declared a World Heritage Site and added to the List of World Heritage in Danger by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in recognition of its influence on cinema, literature, and the arts. The declaration was made in response to the bombing of Odesa during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which has damaged or destroyed buildings across the city.

In classical antiquity a large Greek settlement existed at its location. The first chronicle mention of the Slavic settlement-port of Kotsiubijiv, which was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, dates back to 1415, when a ship was sent from here to Constantinople by sea. After the Grand Duchy lost control, the port and its surroundings became part of the domain of the Ottoman Empire in 1529, under the name Hacibey, and remained in it until the Ottomans' defeat in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792).

In 1794, the modern city of Odesa was founded by a decree of the Russian empress Catherine the Great. From 1819 to 1858, Odesa was a free port. During the Soviet period, it was an important trading port and a naval base.

During the 19th century, Odesa was the fourth largest city of the Russian Empire, after Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Warsaw. Its historical architecture is more Mediterranean than Russian, having been heavily influenced by French and Italian styles. Some buildings are built in a mixture of different styles, including Art Nouveau, Renaissance and Classicist.

Odesa is a warm-water port. The city of Odesa hosts both the Port of Odesa and Port Pivdennyi, a significant oil terminal situated in the city's suburbs. Another notable port, Chornomorsk, is located in the same oblast, to the south-west of Odesa. Together they represent a major transport hub integrating with railways. Odesa's oil and chemical processing facilities are connected to the Russian and other European networks by strategic pipelines. In 2000, the Quarantine Pier at Odesa Commercial Sea Port was declared a free port and free economic zone for a period of 25 years.

Name

Odesa is sometimes called the "Pearl by the Sea", the "Southern Capital", "Odesa-mama" and "The Humour Capital", as well as "Southern Palmyra".

In 1795 the city was named Odessa in accordance with the Greek Plan of Catherine the Great. Catherine's Secretary of State Adrian Gribovsky claimed in his memoirs that the name was his suggestion. Some expressed doubts about this claim, while others noted the reputation of Gribovsky as an honest and modest man. Odesa is located between the ancient Greek cities of Tyras and Olbia and it was named as a feminine form for the ancient Greek city of Odessos (; in Roman times, Odessus). This refers to the second ancient Odessos, founded between the end of the 5th and beginning of the 4th centuries BC (the first one, identified with modern Varna in Bulgaria, is the older of the two, founded c. 610 BC). The exact location of this ancient Odessos is unknown, but modern efforts have attempted to localize it 40 km northeast of Odesa, near the village of , Odesa Oblast., near the Tylihul Estuary.

"Odessa", a transliteration of the name in Russian, is the traditional English spelling of the city's name still used in the Lexico and Britannica dictionaries (but no longer in Encyclopædia Britannica) as the primary name, but "Odesa", the spelling of the name in Ukrainian, increasingly appears in dictionaries as the spelling for the Ukrainian city. Odesa became the internationally standardized Latin-alphabet transliteration of the Ukrainian name according to the Ukrainian National romanization system, which was adopted for official use by Ukraine's cabinet in 2010, approved by the UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names in 2012, and adopted by the BGN/PCGN in 2019. Odessa, meanwhile, is the literal transliteration of the city's Russian name, which was historically favoured until Ukraine's independence (similarly to the spelling of "Kyiv" versus "Kiev").

As noted by the Christian Science Monitor, many in the English-language media outlets historically spelled the city "Odessa", even after changing the spelling of "Kiev" to "Kyiv", but most outlets, since the beginning of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been shifting away from Russian transliterations.

History

Early history

Odesa was the site of a large Greek settlement no later than the middle of the 6th century BC (a necropolis from the 5th–3rd centuries BC has long been known in this area). Some scholars believe it to have been a trade settlement established by the Greek city of Histria. Whether the Bay of Odesa is the ancient "Port of the Histrians" cannot yet be considered a settled question based on the available evidence. Archaeological artifacts confirm extensive links between the Odesa area and the eastern Mediterranean.

In the Middle Ages successive rulers of the Odesa region included various nomadic tribes (Petchenegs, Cumans), the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Ottoman Empire. Yedisan Crimean Tatars traded there in the 14th century.

Since the middle of the 13th century the city's territory belonged to the Golden Horde domain. On Italian navigational maps of 14th century on the place of Odesa is indicated the castle of Ginestra, at the time the center of a Gazarian colony of the Republic of Genoa. During the reign of Khan Hacı I Giray of Crimea (1441–1466), the Khanate was endangered by the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Turks and, in search of allies, the khan agreed to cede the area to Lithuania. The site of present-day Odesa was then a fortress known as Khadjibey (named for Hacı I Giray, and also spelled Kocibey in English, Hacıbey or Hocabey in Turkish, and Hacıbey in Crimean Tatar). Khadjibey was first mentioned in 1415 in Polish chronicles by Jan Długosz, when a ship with grain sailed from there to Constantinople. By the middle of the 15th century, the settlement was depopulated.

Ottoman conquest
Khadjibey came under direct control of the Ottoman Empire after 1529. In the mid-18th century, the Ottomans rebuilt the fortress at Khadjibey (also known as Hocabey), which was named Yeni Dünya (literally "New World").

Russian conquest of Sanjak of Özi (Ochakiv Oblast)

A series of wars between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, as well as the demise of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, allowed Russia to start to fully exploit the ancient Black Sea trade across the coastal area through the steppe across southern and eastern Ukraine, into the hinterland of East Central Europe. Stable commercial activity in this region in practice in the past required both security through the overland routes, and knowledge of where products could go overseas. In antiquity, various Greek colonies had taken this role, followed by the Varangians who established Kievan Rus' in the 9th century, as well as various Italian colonies after the Mongol invasion of Europe. Under Catherine the Great, Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, Russia gained the lands where Mariupol, Kherson, and Mykolaiv would be founded, however, they all were handicapped in various ways relative to how much commercial interest there was. For example, the latter two cities were situated in lowlands near marshes, which provided for poor sanitary conditions in the technology available at that time.

The sleepy fishing village of Odesa had witnessed a sea-change in its fortunes when the wealthy magnate and future Voivode of Kiev (1791), Antoni Protazy Potocki, established trade routes through the port for the Polish Black Sea Trading Company and set up the infrastructure in the 1780s.

During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1792, on 25 September 1789, a detachment of Russian forces, including Zaporozhian Cossacks under Alexander Suvorov and Ivan Gudovich, took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the Russian Empire. One section of the troops came under command of a Spaniard in Russian service, Irishman Major General José de Ribas (known in Russia as Osip Mikhailovich Deribas); today, the main street in Odesa, Deribasivska Street, is named after him.

Russia formally gained possession of the Sanjak of Özi (Ochakiv Oblast) as a result of the Treaty of Jassy (Iaşi) in 1792 and it became a part of Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty. The Russian Empire took full control of Crimea, as well as land between the Southern Bug and the Dniester, including the Khadzhibey Estuary where the Turkish fortress of Khadjibey was located. The newly acquired Ochakov Oblast was promised to the Cossacks by the Russian government for resettlement. On permission of the Archbishop of Yekaterinoslav Amvrosiy, the Black Sea Kosh Host, that was located around the area between Bender and Ochakiv, built second after Sucleia wooden church of Saint Nicholas.

By the Highest rescript of 17 June 1792 addressed to General Kakhovsky it was ordered to establish the Dniester Border Line of fortresses. The commander of the land forces in Ochakiv Oblast was appointed Graf (Count) Suvorov-Rymnikskiy. The main fortress was built near Sucleia at the mouth of river Botna as the Head Dniester Fortress by Engineer-Major de Wollant. Near the new fortress saw the formation of a new "Vorstadt" (suburb) where people moved from Sucleia and Parkan. With the establishment of the Voznesensk Governorate on 27 January 1795, the Vorstadt was named Tiraspol.

The Flemish engineer working for the Russian Empress Catherine the Great, José de Ribas's collaborator Franz de Voland recommended the area of Khadjibey fortress as the site for the region's basic port: it had an ice-free harbor, breakwaters could be cheaply constructed that would render the harbor safe and it would have the capacity to accommodate large fleets. The Namestnik of Yekaterinoslav and Voznesensk, Platon Zubov (one of Catherine's favorites), supported this proposal. In 1794 Catherine issued a Rescript to José de Ribas: "Considering favorable Khadjibey location... I order to establish here a navy harbor and trading pierce..." and invested the first money (26.000 rubles) in construction. Franz de Voland drew up a plan that would end up being the city's plan.

However, adjacent to the new official locality, a Moldavian colony already existed, which by the end of the 18th century was an independent settlement named Moldavanka. Some local historians consider that the settlement predates Odesa by about thirty years and assert that the locality was founded by Moldavians who came to build the fortress of Yeni Dunia for the Ottomans and eventually settled in the area in the late 1760s, right next to the settlement of Khadjibey, on what later became the Primorsky Boulevard. Another version posits that the settlement appeared after Odesa itself was founded, as a settlement of Moldavians, Greeks, and Albanians fleeing the Ottoman yoke.

Under Paul I of Russia, construction of Odesa was stopped, Franz de Voland was removed from the project, and José de Ribas was implicated in a plot to assassinate the Emperor. After Paul's assassination in 1801, the city resumed construction, and used a plan largely from de Voland's work. It was thus one of the few master planned cities in the Russian Empire.

Renaming of the settlement and establishment of sea port
In 1795, Khadjibey was officially renamed with the feminine name "Odessa" after a Greek colony of Odessos that supposedly was located in the area. The first census that was conducted in Odesa was in 1797 which accounted for 3,455 people. Since 1795, the city had its own city magistrate, and since 1796 a city council of six members and the Odesa Commodity Exchange. In 1801, in Odesa had opened the first commercial bank. In 1803, the city accounted for 9,000 people.

In their settlement, also known as Novaya Slobodka, the Moldavians owned relatively small plots on which they built village-style houses and cultivated vineyards and gardens. What became Mykhailovsky Square was the center of this settlement and the site of its first Orthodox church, the Church of the Dormition, built in 1821 close to the seashore, as well as a cemetery. Nearby stood the military barracks and the country houses (dacha) of the city's wealthy residents, including that of the Duc de Richelieu, appointed by Tzar Alexander I as Governor of Odesa in 1803. Richelieu played a role during Ottoman plague epidemic which hit Odesa in the autumn 1812. Dismissive of any attempt to forge a compromise between quarantine requirements and free trade, Prince Kuriakin (the Saint Petersburg-based High Commissioner for Sanitation) countermanded Richelieu's orders.

In the period from 1795 to 1814, the population of Odesa increased 15 times over and reached almost 20 thousand people. The first city plan was designed by the engineer F. Devollan in the late 18th century. Colonists of various ethnicities settled mainly in the area of the former colony, outside of the official boundaries, and as a consequence, in the first third of the 19th century, Moldavanka emerged as the dominant settlement. After planning by the official architects who designed buildings in Odesa's central district, such as the Italians Francesco Carlo Boffo and Giovanni Torricelli, Moldovanka was included in the general city plan, though the original grid-like plan of Moldovankan streets, lanes, and squares remained unchanged.

The new city quickly became a major success although initially, it received little state funding and privileges. Its early growth owed much to the work of the Duc de Richelieu, who served as the city's governor between 1803 and 1814. Having fled the French Revolution, he had served in Catherine's army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organizing its amenities and infrastructure, and is considered one of the founding fathers of Odesa, together with another Frenchman, Count Andrault de Langeron, who succeeded him in office.

Richelieu is commemorated by a bronze statue, unveiled in 1828 to a design by Ivan Martos. His contributions to the city are mentioned by Mark Twain in his travelogue Innocents Abroad: "I mention this statue and this stairway because they have their story. Richelieu founded Odessa – watched over it with paternal care – labored with a fertile brain and a wise understanding for its best interests – spent his fortune freely to the same end – endowed it with a sound prosperity, and one which will yet make it one of the great cities of the Old World".

In 1819, Odesa became a free port, a status it retained until 1859. Odesa became home to an extremely diverse population of Albanians, Armenians, Azeris, Bulgarians, Crimean Tatars, Frenchmen, Germans (including Mennonites), Greeks, Italians, Jews, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Turks, Ukrainians, and traders representing many other nationalities (hence numerous "ethnic" names on the city's map, for example Frantsuzky (French) and Italiansky (Italian) Boulevards, Grecheskaya (Greek), Yevreyskaya (Jewish), Arnautskaya (Albanian) Streets).

The Filiki Eteria, a Greek freemasonry-style society that was to play an important role in the Greek war of independence, was founded in Odesa in 1814 before relocating to Constantinople in 1818. Odesa's cosmopolitan nature was documented by the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, who lived in internal exile in Odesa between 1823 and 1824. In his letters, he wrote that Odesa was a city where "the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read".

Odesa's growth was interrupted by the Crimean War of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by British and Imperial French naval forces. It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odesa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866, the city was linked by rail with Kyiv and Kharkiv as well as with Iaşi in Romania.

The city became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37% of the population. The community, however, was repeatedly subjected to anti-Semitism and anti-Jewish agitation from almost all Christian segments of the population. Pogroms were carried out in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881 and 1905. Many Odesan Jews fled abroad after 1882, particularly to the Ottoman region that became Palestine, and the city became an important base of support for Zionism.

Beginnings of revolution

In 1905, Odesa was the site of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin and the Menshevik's Iskra. Sergei Eisenstein's famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odesan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of the Duc de Richelieu.

The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the film caused many to visit Odesa to see the site of the "slaughter". The "Odesa Steps" continue to be a tourist attraction in Odesa. The film was made at Odesa's Cinema Factory, one of the oldest cinema studios in the former Soviet Union.

Following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 during Ukrainian-Soviet War, Odesa saw two Bolshevik armed insurgencies, the second of which succeeded in establishing their control over the city; for the following months, the city became a center of the Odesa Soviet Republic. After signing of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty all Bolshevik forces were driven out by 13 March 1918 by the combined armed forces of the Austro-Hungarian Army, providing support to the Ukrainian People's Republic.

With the end of the World War I and the withdrawal of armies of Central Powers, the Soviet forces fought for control over the country with the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. A few months later the city was occupied by the French Army and the Greek Army that supported the Russian White Army in its struggle with the Bolsheviks. The Ukrainian general Nykyfor Hryhoriv who sided with Bolsheviks managed to drive the Triple Entente forces out of the city, but Odesa was soon retaken by the Russian White Army. By 1920 the Soviet Red Army managed to overpower both the Ukrainian and Russian White Army and secure the city.

The people of Odesa suffered badly from a famine that resulted from the Russian Civil War in 1921–1922 due to the Soviet policies of prodrazverstka.

World War II
During World War II, Odesa was attacked by Romanian and German troops in August 1941. The defense of Odesa started on 5 August 1941 and lasted for 73 days. The defense was organized on three lines with emplacements consisting of trenches, anti-tank ditches and pillboxes. The first line was  long and situated some  from the city. The second and main line of defense was situated  from the city and was about  long. The third and last line of defense was organized inside the city itself. Lyudmila Pavlichenko, the famous female sniper, took part in the battle for Odesa. Her first two kills were effected near Belyayevka using a Mosin-Nagant bolt-action rifle with a P.E. 4-power scope. She recorded 187 confirmed kills during the defense of Odesa. Pavlichenko's confirmed kills during World War II totaled 309 (including 36 enemy snipers).

The city fell to the Axis on 16 October 1941, and it was henceforth subject to Romanian administration. By that time, the Soviet authorities had been able to evacuate 200,000 people as well as weaponry and industrial equipment. A day later, Odesa was made the capital of Transnistria. Partisan fighting continued, however, in the city's catacombs.

Following the siege, and the Axis occupation, approximately 25,000 Odesans were murdered in the outskirts of the city and over 35,000 deported; this came to be known as the Odesa massacre. Most of the atrocities were committed during the first six months of the occupation which officially began on 17 October 1941, when 80% of the 210,000 Jews in the region were killed, compared to Jews in Romania proper where the majority survived. After the Nazi forces began to lose ground on the Eastern Front, the Romanian administration changed its policy, refusing to deport the remaining Jewish population to extermination camps in German occupied Poland, and allowing Jews to work as hired labourers. As a result, despite the events of 1941, the survival of the Jewish population in this area was higher than in other areas of occupied eastern Europe.

A Soviet medal, "For the Defence of Odessa", was established on 22 December 1942. Approximately 38,000 medals were awarded to servicemen of the Soviet Army, Navy, Ministry of Internal Affairs, and civil citizens who took part in the city's defense. It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of "Hero City" in 1945. (These others were Leningrad, Stalingrad, and Sevastopol).

The city suffered severe damage and sustained many casualties over the course of the war. Many parts of Odesa were damaged during both its siege and recapture on 10 April 1944, when the city was finally liberated by the Red Army. Some of the Odesans had a more favourable view of the Romanian occupation, in contrast with the Soviet official view that the period was exclusively a time of hardship, deprivation, oppression and suffering – claims embodied in public monuments and disseminated through the media to this day. Subsequent Soviet policies imprisoned and executed numerous Odesans (and deported most of the German population) on account of collaboration with the occupiers.

Postwar Soviet period

During the 1960s and 1970s, the city grew. Nevertheless, the majority of Odesa's Jews emigrated to Israel, the United States and other Western countries between the 1970s and 1990s. Many ended up in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Brighton Beach, sometimes known as "Little Odesa". Domestic migration of the Odesan middle and upper classes to Moscow and Leningrad, cities that offered even greater opportunities for career advancement, also occurred on a large scale. Despite this, the city grew rapidly by filling the void of those left with new migrants from rural Ukraine and industrial professionals invited from all over the Soviet Union.

As a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the city preserved and somewhat reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix of Russian/Ukrainian/Jewish culture and a predominantly Russophone environment with the uniquely accented dialect of Russian spoken in the city. The city's unique identity has been formed largely thanks to its varied demography; all the city's communities have influenced aspects of Odesan life in some way or form.

Independence of Ukraine
In the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum 85.38% of Odesa Oblast voted for independence.

Odesa is a city of more than 1 million people. The city's industries include shipbuilding, oil refining, chemicals, metalworking, and food processing. Odesa is also a Ukrainian naval base and home to a fishing fleet. It is known for its large outdoor market – the Seventh-Kilometer Market, the largest of its kind in Europe.

Odesa was a contender for hosting Euro 2012 football matches in, but lost the competition to other cities in Ukraine.

The city saw violence in the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine during the 2014 Odesa clashes. The 2 May 2014 Odesa clashes between pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian protestors killed 42 people. Four were killed during the protests, and at least 32 trade unionists were killed after a trade union building was set on fire after Molotov cocktails exchange between sides. Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found no support for joining Russia.

Odesa was struck by three bomb blasts in December 2014, one of which killed one person (the injuries sustained by the victim indicated that he had dealt with explosives). Internal Affairs Ministry advisor Zorian Shkiryak said on 25 December that Odesa and Kharkiv had become "cities which are being used to escalate tensions" in Ukraine. Shkiryak said that he suspected that these cities were singled out because of their "geographic position". On 5 January 2015 the city's Euromaidan Coordination Center and a cargo train car were (non-lethally) bombed.

In the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the city faced some Russian attack, though as of March 21 it had not yet been the site of large-scale ground combat.  On April 23, 2022, Russian troops bombarded Odesa with cruise missiles. They destroyed both the city's military infrastructure and residential buildings, killing eight people (including a three-month-old baby) and wounding another eighteen people. In addition, the Russians destroyed more than 1,000 m2 of the territory of the cemetery. The city suffered further aerial attacks on regional infrastructure facilities in October 2022, cutting off power to 10,500 households and injuring three people.

On January 25, 2023, Unesco announced that the historical city center of Odesa was added to UNESCO's World Heritage List. In order to provide technical and financial assistance if needed, it was also included into the list of world heritage sites in danger.

Geography

Location

Odesa is situated () on terraced hills overlooking a small harbor on the Black Sea in the Gulf of Odesa, approximately  north of the estuary of the Dniester river and some  south of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv. The average elevation at which the city is located is around . The maximum is  and minimum (on the coast) amounts to  above sea level. The city currently covers a territory of .

The population density for which is around 6,139 persons/km2. Sources of running water in the city include the Dniester River, from which water is taken and then purified at a processing plant just outside the city. Being located in the south of Ukraine, the topography of the area surrounding the city is typically flat and there are no large mountains or hills for many kilometres around. Flora is of the deciduous variety and Odesa is known for its tree-lined avenues which, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, made the city a favourite year-round retreat for the Russian aristocracy.

The city's location on the coast of the Black Sea has also helped to create a booming tourist industry in Odesa. The city's Arkadia beach has long been a favourite place for relaxation, both for the city's inhabitants and its visitors. This is a large sandy beach which is located to the south of the city centre. Odesa's many sandy beaches are considered to be quite unique in Ukraine, as the country's southern coast (particularly in the Crimea) tends to be a location in which the formation of stoney and pebble beaches has proliferated.

The coastal cliffs adjacent to the city are home to frequent landslides, resulting in a typical change of landscape along the Black Sea. Due to the fluctuating slopes of land, city planners are responsible for monitoring the stability of such areas, and for preserving potentially threatened building and other structures of the city above sea level near water. Also a potential danger to the infrastructure and architecture of the city is the presence of multiple openings underground. These cavities can cause buildings to collapse, resulting in a loss of money and business. Due to the effects of climate and weather on sedimentary rocks beneath the city, the result is instability under some buildings' foundations.

Climate
Odesa has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa, using the  isotherm), bordering a cold semi-arid (BSk) as well as a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). This has, over the past few centuries, aided the city greatly in creating conditions necessary for the development of summer tourism. During the tsarist era, Odesa's climate was considered to be beneficial for the body, and thus many wealthy but sickly persons were sent to the city in order to relax and recuperate. This resulted in the development of spa culture and the establishment of a number of luxury hotels in the city. The average annual temperature of the sea is . Seasonal sea temperatures range from an average of  from January to March, to  in August. Typically, for a total of 4 months – from June to September – the average sea temperature in the Gulf of Odesa and the city's bay area exceeds .

The city typically experiences dry, cold winters, which are relatively mild when compared to most of Ukraine, as they're marked by temperatures which rarely fall below . Summers see an increased level of precipitation, and the city often experiences warm weather with temperatures often reaching into the high 20s and low 30s C. Snow cover is often light or moderate, due to its location on the northern coast of the Black Sea, and municipal services rarely experience the problems that can often be found in other, more northern, Ukrainian cities.  The city hardly ever faces the phenomenon of sea-freezing.

Demographics
The peculiarity of the ethnic composition of the population of Odesa region is its multinationality. In the 2001 census, Ukrainians made up 62 percent of the Odesa region's inhabitants, Russian 29 percent, Bulgarians 6.1 percent, Moldovans 5 percent, Gagauz 1.1 percent, Jews 0.6 percent, Belarusians 0.5 percent, Armenians 0.3 percent, Gypsies 0.2 percent, Poles, Germans, Georgians, Azerbaijanis, Tartars, Greeks, Albanians and Arabs each 0.1 percent, and 1.9 percent other nationalities.

Historical population

A 2015 study by the International Republican Institute found that 68% of Odesa was ethnic Ukrainian, and 25% ethnic Russian.

According to the Seventh Annual Ukrainian Municipal Survey, 96% of the residents of Odesa spoke some Russian at home and 29% spoke some Ukrainian at home (overlap due to bilingually). Ukrainian is gaining in popularity: in 2021, the share of residents speaking some Ukrainian at home has increased almost 5 times from 6% in 2015 to 29% in 2021.

Odesa oblast is also home to a number of other nationalities and minority ethnic groups, including Albanians, Armenians, Azeris, Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Georgians, Greeks, Jews, Poles, Romanians, Turks, among others. Up until the early 1940s the city had a large Jewish population. As the result of mass deportation to extermination camps during the Second World War, the city's Jewish population declined considerably. Since the 1970s, the majority of the remaining Jewish population emigrated to Israel and other countries, shrinking the Jewish community.

Through most of the 19th century and until the mid 20th century, the largest ethnic group in Odesa was Russians, with the second largest ethnic group being Jews.

Historical ethnic and national composition

 1897
 Russians: 198,233 people (49.09%)
 Jews: 124,511 people (30.83%)
 Ukrainians: 37,925 people (9.39%)
 Poles: 17,395 people (4.31%)
 Germans: 10,248 people (2.54%)
 Greeks: 5,086 people (1.26%)
 Tatars: 1,437 people (0.36%)
 Armenians: 1,401 people (0.35%)
 Belarusians: 1,267 people (0.31%)
 French: 1,137 people (0.28%)
 1926
 Russians: 162,789 people (39.97%)
 Jews: 153,243 people (36.69%)
 Ukrainians: 73,453 people (17.59%)
 Poles: 10,021 people (2.40%)
 Germans: 5,522 people (1.32%)
 Belarusians: 2,501 people (0.60%)
 Armenians: 1,843 people (0.44%)
 Greeks: 1,377 people (0.33%)
 Bulgarians: 1,186 people (0.28%)
 Moldovans: 1,048 people (0.25%)
 1939
 Jews: 200,961 people (33.26%)
 Russians: 186,610 people (30.88%)
 Ukrainians: 178,878 people (29.60%)
 Poles: 8,829 people (1.46%)
 Germans: 8,424 people (1.39%)
 Bulgarians: 4,967 people (0.82%)
 Moldovans: 2,573 people (0.43%)
 Armenians: 2,298 people (0.38%)
 1941
 Ukrainians: 120,945 people (49.45%)
 Russians: 92,584 people (37.85%)
 Germans: 8,643 people (3.53%)
 Poles: 7,488 people (3.06%)
 Bulgarians: 4,928 people (2.01%)
 Moldovans: 3,224 people (1.32%)
 Tatars: 436 people (0.18%)
 Lipovans: 429 people (0.17%)
 2001
 Ukrainians: 622,900 people (61.6%)
 Russians: 292,000 people (29.0%)
 Bulgarians: 13,300 people (1.3%)
 Jews: 12,400 people (1.2%)
 Moldovans: 7,600 people (0.7%)
 Belarusians: 6,400 people (0.6%)
 Armenians: 4,400 people (0.4%)
 Poles: 2,100 people (0.2%)

Government and administrative divisions

Whilst Odesa is the administrative centre of Odesa Raion and Odesa Oblast, the city is also the main constituent of the Odesa Municipality.

The city of Odesa is governed by a mayor and city council which work cooperatively to ensure the smooth-running of the city and procure its municipal bylaws. The city's budget is also controlled by the administration.

The mayoralty plays the role of the executive in the city's municipal administration. Above all comes the mayor, who is elected, by the city's electorate, for five years in a direct election. 2015 Mayoral election of Odesa Hennadii Trukhanov was reelected in the first round of the election with 52,9% of the vote. Trukhanov was again reelected in the second round of the 2020 Mayoral election of Odesa when 54.28% of the voters voted for him.

There are five deputy mayors, each of which is responsible for a certain particular part of the city's public policy.

The City Council of the city makes up the administration's legislative branch, thus effectively making it a city 'parliament' or rada. The municipal council is made up of 120 elected members, who are each elected to represent a certain district of the city for a four-year term. The current council is the fifth in the city's modern history, and was elected in January 2011. In the regular meetings of the municipal council, problems facing the city are discussed, and annually the city's budget is drawn up. The council has seventeen standing commissions which play an important role in controlling the finances and trading practices of the city and its merchants.

The territory of Odesa is divided into four administrative raions (districts):
 Kyivskyi Raion
 Malynovskyi Raion
 Prymorskyi Raion
 Suvorovskyi Raion

In addition, every raion has its own administration, subordinate to the Odesa City council, and with limited responsibilities.

Cityscape

Many of Odesa's buildings have, rather uniquely for a Ukrainian city, been influenced by the Mediterranean style of classical architecture. This is particularly noticeable in buildings built by architects such as the Italian Francesco Boffo, who in the early 19th-century built a palace and colonnade for the Governor of Odesa, Prince Mikhail Vorontsov, the Potocki Palace and many other public buildings.

In 1887 one of the city's most well known architectural monuments was completed – the theatre, which still hosts a range of performances to this day; it is widely regarded as one of the world's finest opera houses. The first opera house was opened in 1810 and destroyed by fire in 1873. The modern building was constructed by Fellner and Helmer in neo-baroque; its luxurious hall was built in the rococo style. It is said that thanks to its unique acoustics, even a whisper from the stage can be heard in any part of the hall. The theatre was projected along the lines of Dresden's Semperoper built in 1878, with its nontraditional foyer following the curvatures of the auditorium; the building's most recent renovation was completed in 2007.

Odesa's most iconic symbol, the Potemkin Stairs, is a vast staircase that conjures an illusion so that those at the top only see a series of large steps, while at the bottom all the steps appear to merge into one pyramid-shaped mass. The original 200 steps (now reduced to 192) were designed by Italian architect Francesco Boffo and built between 1837 and 1841. The steps were made famous by Sergei Eisenstein in his film, Battleship Potemkin.

Most of the city's 19th-century houses were built of limestone mined nearby. Abandoned mines were later used and broadened by local smugglers. This created a gigantic, complicated labyrinth of tunnels beneath Odesa, known as the Odesa catacombs. During World War II, the catacombs served as a hiding place for partisans and natural shelter for civilians, who were escaping airplane bombing.

Derybasivska Street, an attractive pedestrian avenue named after José de Ribas, the Spanish-born founder of Odesa and decorated Russian Navy Admiral from the Russo-Turkish War, is famous by its unique character and architecture. During the summer it is common to find large crowds of people leisurely sitting and talking on the outdoor terraces of numerous cafés, bars and restaurants, or simply enjoying a walk along the cobblestone street, which is not open to vehicular traffic and is kept shaded by the linden trees which line its route. A similar streetscape can also be found in that of Prymorsky Bulvar, a grand thoroughfare which runs along the edge of the plateau upon which the city is situated, and where many of the city's most imposing buildings are to be found.

As one of the biggest on the Black Sea, Odesa's port is busy all year round. The Odesa Seaport is located on an artificial stretch of the Black Sea coast, along with the north-western part of the Gulf of Odesa. The total shoreline length of Odesa's seaport is around . The port, which includes an oil refinery, container handling facility, passenger area and numerous areas for handling dry cargo, is lucky in that its work does not depend on seasonal weather; the harbour itself is defended from the elements by breakwaters. The port is able to handle up to 14 million tons of cargo and about 24 million tons of oil products annually, whilst its passenger terminals can cater for around 4 million passengers a year at full capacity.

In late 2022 one of the city's former central landmarks, the monument to the founders of Odesa with its statue of Catherine the Great, was dismantled and temporarily moved to the Odesa Fine Arts Museum.

Parks and gardens

There are a number of public parks and gardens in Odesa, among these are the Preobrazhensky, Gorky and Victory parks, the latter of which is an arboretum. The city is also home to a university botanical garden, which recently celebrated its 200th anniversary, and a number of other smaller gardens.

The City Garden, or Gorodskoy Sad, is perhaps the most famous of Odesa's gardens. Laid out in 1803 by Felix De Ribas (brother of the founder of Odesa, José de Ribas) on a plot of urban land he owned, the garden is located right in the heart of the city. When Felix decided that he was no longer able to provide enough money for the garden's upkeep, he decided to present it to the people of Odesa in 1806.

The garden is home to a bandstand and is the traditional location for outdoor theater in the summertime. Numerous sculptures can also be found within the grounds, as well as a musical fountain, the waters of which are computer controlled to coordinate with the musical melody being played.

Odesa's largest park, Shevchenko Park (previously Alexander Park), was founded in 1875, during a visit to the city by Emperor Alexander II. The park covers an area of around  and is located near the centre of the city, on the side closest to the sea. Within the park there are a variety of cultural and entertainment facilities, and wide pedestrian avenues.

In the center of the park is the local top-flight football team's Chornomorets Stadium, the Alexander Column and municipal observatory. The Baryatinsky Bulvar is popular for its route, which starts at the park's gate before winding its way along the edge of the coastal plateau. There are a number of monuments and memorials in the park, one of which is dedicated to the park's namesake, the Ukrainian national poet Taras Shevchenko.

Education

Odesa is home to several universities and other institutions of higher education. The city's best-known and most prestigious university is the Odesa 'I.I. Mechnykov' National University. This university is the oldest in the city and was first founded by an edict of Tsar Alexander II of Russia in 1865 as the Imperial Novorossian University. Since then the university has developed to become one of modern Ukraine's leading research and teaching universities, with staff of around 1,800 and total of thirteen academic faculties. Other than the National University, the city is also home to the 1921-inaugurated Odesa National Economic University, the Odesa National Medical University (founded 1900), the 1918-founded Odesa National Polytechnic University.

In addition to these universities, the city is home to the National University "Odesa Law Academy", the National Academy of Telecommunications, the Odesa State Environmental University and the Odesa National Maritime Academy. The last of these institutions is a highly specialised and prestigious establishment for the preparation and training of merchant mariners which sees around 1,000 newly qualified officer cadets graduate each year and take up employment in the merchant marines of numerous countries around the world. The South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University is also based in the city, this is one of the largest institutions for the preparation of educational specialists in Ukraine and is recognised as one of the country's finest of such universities.

In addition to all the state-run universities mentioned above, Odesa is also home to many private educational institutes and academies which offer highly specified courses in a range of different subjects.

With regard to primary and secondary education, Odesa has many schools catering for all ages from kindergarten through to lyceum (final secondary school level) age. Most of these schools are state-owned and operated, and all schools have to be state-accredited in order to teach children.

Culture

Museums, art and music

Fine Arts museum is the biggest art gallery in the city, which collection includes canvas mostly of Russian painters from 17th-21st centuries, icon collection and modern art. The Odesa Museum of Western and Eastern Art is big art museum; it has large European collections from the 16–20th centuries along with the art from the East on display. There are paintings from Caravaggio, Mignard, Hals, Teniers and Del Piombo.

Of note is Odesa's Alexander Pushkin Museum, which is dedicated to detailing the short time Pushkin spent in exile in Odesa, a period during which he continued to write. The poet also has a city street named after him, as well as a statue. Other museums in the city include the Odesa Archeological Museum, which is housed in a neoclassical building, the Odesa Numismatics Museum, the Odesa Museum of the Regional History, Museum of Heroic Defense of Odesa (411th Battery).

Among the city's public sculptures, two sets of Medici lions can be noted, at the Vorontsov Palace as well as the Starosinnyi Garden.

Jacob Adler, the major star of the Yiddish theatre in New York and father of the actor, director and teacher Stella Adler, was born and spent his youth in Odesa. The most popular Russian show business people from Odesa are Yakov Smirnoff (comedian), Mikhail Zhvanetsky (legendary humorist writer, who began his career as a port engineer) and Roman Kartsev (comedian). Zhvanetsky's and Kartsev's success in the 1970s, along with Odesa's KVN team, contributed to Odesa's established status as "capital of Soviet humor", culminating in the annual Humoryna festival, carried out around the beginning of April.

Odesa was also the home of the late Armenian painter Sarkis Ordyan (1918–2003), the Ukrainian painter Mickola Vorokhta and the Greek philologist, author and promoter of Demotic Greek Ioannis Psycharis (1854–1929). Yuri Siritsov, bass player of the Israeli Metal band PallaneX is originally from Odesa. Igor Glazer Production Manager Baruch Agadati (1895–1976), the Israeli classical ballet dancer, choreographer, painter, and film producer and director grew up in Odesa, as did Israeli artist and author Nachum Gutman (1898–1980). Israeli painter Avigdor Stematsky (1908–89) was born in Odesa.

Odesa produced one of the founders of the Soviet violin school, Pyotr Stolyarsky. It has also produced many musicians, including the violinists Nathan Milstein, David Oistrakh and Igor Oistrakh, Boris Goldstein, Zakhar Bron and pianists Sviatoslav Richter, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Vladimir de Pachmann, Shura Cherkassky, Emil Gilels, Maria Grinberg, Simon Barere, Leo Podolsky and Yakov Zak. (Note: Richter studied in Odesa but was not born there.)

The Odesa International Film Festival is also held in this city annually since 2010.

Literature

Poet Anna Akhmatova was born in Bolshoy Fontan near Odesa, however her further work was not connected with the city and its literary tradition. Odesa has produced many writers, including Isaac Babel, whose series of short stories, Odessa Tales, are set in the city. Other Odesans are the duo Ilf and Petrov—authors of The Twelve Chairs, and Yuri Olesha, author of "The Three Fat Men". Vera Inber, a poet and writer, as well as the poet and journalist Margarita Aliger, were both born in Odesa. The Italian writer, Slavist and anti-fascist dissident Leone Ginzburg was born in Odesa into a Jewish family, and then went to Italy where he grew up and lived.

One of the most prominent pre-war Soviet writers, Valentin Kataev, was born here and began his writing career as early as high school (gymnasia). Before moving to Moscow in 1922, he made quite a few acquaintances here, including Yury Olesha and Ilya Ilf (Ilf's co-author Petrov was in fact Kataev's brother, Petrov being his pen-name). Kataev became a benefactor for these young authors, who would become some of the most talented and popular Russian writers of this period. In 1955 Kataev became the first chief editor of the Youth (), one of the leading literature magazines of the Ottepel of the 1950s and 1960s.

These authors and comedians played a great role in establishing the "Odesa myth" in the Soviet Union. Odesans were and are viewed in the ethnic stereotype as sharp-witted, street-wise and eternally optimistic. These qualities are reflected in the "Odesa dialect", which borrows chiefly from the characteristic speech of the Odesan Jews, and is enriched by a plethora of influences common for the port city.

The "Odesite speech" became a staple of the "Soviet Jew" depicted in a multitude of jokes and comedy acts, in which a Jewish adherent served as a wise and subtle dissenter and opportunist, always pursuing his own well-being, but unwittingly pointing out the flaws and absurdities of the Soviet regime. The Odesan Jew in the jokes always "came out clean" and was, in the end, a lovable character – unlike some of other jocular nation stereotypes such as The Chukcha, The Ukrainian, The Estonian or The American.

Resorts and health care

Odesa is a popular tourist destination, with many therapeutic resorts in and around the city. The city's Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases & Tissue Therapy is one of the world's leading ophthalmology clinics.

Celebrations and holidays

April Fools' Day, held annually on 1 April, is one of the most celebrated festivals in the city. Practical joking is a central theme throughout, and Odesans dress in unique, colorful attire to express their spontaneous and comedic selves. The tradition has been celebrated since the early 1970s, when the humor of Ukraine's citizens were drawn to television and the media, further developing into a mass festival. Large amounts of money are made from the festivities, supporting Odesa's local entertainers and shops.

Notable Odesans
Pyotr Schmidt (1867–1906) (better known as "Lieutenant Schmidt"), one of the leaders of the Sevastopol uprising, was born in Odesa.

Ze'ev Jabotinsky (1880–1940), was born in Odesa, and largely developed his version of Zionism there in the early 1920s. A Marshal of the Soviet Union, Rodion Malinovsky (1898–1967), a military commander in World War II and Defense Minister of the Soviet Union, was born in Odesa, whilst renowned Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal (1908–2005) lived in the city in 1934/1935.

Sidney Reilly (ca.1873–1925), who was employed by William Melville (1850–1918) as one of the first spies of the British Secret Service Bureau, was a native Odesan. Another intelligence agent from Odesa was Genrikh Lyushkov (1900–1945), who joined the Odesa Cheka in 1920 and reached two-star rank in the NKVD before fleeing to Japanese-occupied Manchuria in 1938 to avoid being murdered.

The composer Jacob Weinberg (1879–1956) was born in Odesa. He composed over 135 works and was the founder of the Jewish National Conservatory in Jerusalem before immigrating to the U.S. where he became "an influential voice in the promotion of American Jewish music".

Valeria Lukyanova (born 1985), a girl from Odesa who looks very similar to a Barbie doll, has received attention on the Internet and from the media for her doll-like appearance.

Mikhail Zhvanetsky (1934–2020), writer, satirist and performer best known for his shows targeting different aspects of the Soviet and post-Soviet everyday life, was born in Odesa.

VitaliV (Vitali Vinogradov) (born 1957), an artist and sculptor based in London since 1989, was born in Odesa.

Kostyantyn Mykolayovych Bocharov (born 1997), better known by his stage name Mélovin is a native of Odesa. He is best known for winning season six of X-Factor Ukraine and for representing Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018, singing the song "Under the Ladder".

Yaakov Dori (1899–1973), the first Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, and President of the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, was born in Odesa, as was Israel Dostrovsky (1918–2010), Israeli physical chemist who was the fifth president of the Weizmann Institute of Science.

Yuriy Bazhal (born 1950), Ukrainian scientist, professor, academic.

Janka Bryl (1917 – 2006), Belarusian writer, was born in Odesa.

Vladimir de Pachmann (1848–1933) a pianist of Russian-German ethnicity noted for performing the works of Chopin, was from Odesa. Emil Grigoryevich Gilels (1916–1985), widely regarded as one of the greatest pianists of all time, was born in Odesa.

Stasys Pundzevičius (1893–1980), Chief of the Lithuanian Air Force in the interwar Lithuania, was born in Odesa.

Economy
Odesa's economy largely stems from its traditional role as a port city. The nearly ice-free port lies near the mouths of the Dnieper, the Southern Bug, the Dniester and the Danube rivers, which provide good links to the hinterland.
During the Soviet period (until 1991) the city functioned as the USSR's largest trading port; it continues in a similar role as independent Ukraine's busiest international port. The port complex contains an oil and gas transfer and storage facility, a cargo-handling area and a large passenger port. In 2007 the Port of Odesa handled 31,368,000 tonnes of cargo.

The port of Odesa is one of the Ukrainian Navy's most important bases on the Black Sea. Rail transport is an important sector of the economy in Odesa – largely due to the role it plays in delivering goods and imports to and from the city's port. The Container Terminal Odesa (CTO) in the port is the largest container terminal in Ukraine. It has been operated by the Hamburg-based HHLA Group since 2001 and, in addition to containers, also handles bulk goods, general cargo and project cargo. This means that Odesa is networked with the ports of Hamburg, Muuga and Trieste via the logistics group HHLA.

Industrial enterprises located in and around the city include those dedicated to fuel refinement, machine building, metallurgy, and other types of light industry such as food preparation, timber plants and chemical industry. Agriculture is a relatively important sector in the territories surrounding the city. The Seventh-Kilometer Market is a major commercial complex on the outskirts of the city where private traders now operate one of the largest market complexes in Eastern Europe. The market has roughly 6,000 traders and an estimated 150,000 customers per day.

Daily sales, according to the Ukrainian periodical Dzerkalo Tyzhnia, were believed to be as high as US$20 million in 2004. With a staff of 1,200 (mostly guards and janitors), the market is also the region's largest employer. It is owned by local land and agriculture tycoon Viktor A. Dobrianskyi and three partners of his. Tavria-V is the most popular retail chain in Odesa. Key areas of business include: retail, wholesale, catering, production, construction and development, private label. Consumer recognition is mainly attributed to the high level of service and the quality of services. Tavria-V is the biggest private company and the biggest tax payer.

Deribasivska Street is one of the city's most important commercial streets, hosting many of the city's boutiques and higher-end shops. In addition to this there are a number of large commercial shopping centres in the city. The 19th-century shopping gallery Passage was, for a long time, the city's most upscale shopping district, and remains  an important landmark of Odesa.

The tourism sector is of great importance to Odesa, which is currently the second most-visited Ukrainian city. In 2003 this sector recorded a total revenue of 189.2 million UAH. Other sectors of the city's economy include the banking sector: the city hosts a branch of the National Bank of Ukraine. Imexbank, one of Ukraine's largest commercial banks, was based in the city, however on May 27, 2015, the Deposit Guarantee Fund of Ukraine made a decision to liquidate the bank.

Foreign business ventures have thrived in the area, as since 1 January 2000, much of the city and its surrounding area has been declared a free economic zone – this has aided the foundation of foreign companies' and corporations' Ukrainian divisions and allowed them to more easily invest in the Ukrainian manufacturing and service sectors. To date a number of Japanese and Chinese companies, as well as a host of European enterprises, have invested in the development of the free economic zone, to this end private investors in the city have invested a great deal of money into the provision of quality office real estate and modern manufacturing facilities such as warehouses and plant complexes.

Odesa also has a well-developed IT industry with large number of IT outsourcing companies and IT product startups. Among most famous startups is Looksery and AI Factory both developed in Odesa and acquired by Snap inc.

Scientists
A number of scientists have lived and worked in Odesa. They include: Illya Mechnikov (Nobel Prize in Medicine 1908), Igor Tamm (Nobel Prize in Physics 1958), Selman Waksman (Nobel Prize in Medicine 1952), Dmitri Mendeleev, Nikolay Pirogov, Ivan Sechenov, Vladimir Filatov, Nikolay Umov, Leonid Mandelstam, Aleksandr Lyapunov, Mark Krein, Alexander Smakula, Waldemar Haffkine, Valentin Glushko, Israel Dostrovsky, Catherine Chamié, and George Gamow.

Transport

Maritime transport

Odesa is a major maritime-transport hub that includes several ports including Port of Odesa, Port of Chornomorsk (ferry, freight), Yuzhne (freight only). The Port of Odesa became a provisional headquarters for the Ukrainian Navy, following the Russian occupation of Crimea in 2014. Before the fall of the Soviet Union, the Port of Odesa harbored the major Soviet cruise line Black Sea Shipping Company.

Passenger ships and ferries connect Odesa with Istanbul, Haifa and Varna, whilst river cruises can occasionally be booked for travel up the Dnieper River to cities such as Kherson, Dnipro and Kyiv.

Roads and automotive transport

The first car in the Russian Empire, a Mercedes-Benz belonging to V. Navrotsky, came to Odesa from France in 1891. He was a popular city publisher of the newspaper Odesskii listok ("Odesa leaf").

Odesa is linked to the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, by the M05 Highway, a high quality multi-lane road which is set to be re-designated, after further reconstructive works, as an 'Avtomagistral' (motorway) in the near future. Other routes of national significance, passing through Odesa, include the M16 Highway to Moldova, M15 to Izmail and Romania, and the M14 which runs from Odesa, through Mykolaiv and Kherson to Ukraine's eastern border with Russia. The M14 is of particular importance to Odesa's maritime and shipbuilding industries as it links the city with Ukraine's other large deep water port Mariupol which is located in the south east of the country.

Odesa also has a well-developed system of inter-urban municipal roads and minor beltways. However, the city is still lacking an extra-urban bypass for transit traffic which does not wish to proceed through the city centre.

Intercity bus services are available from Odesa to many cities in Russia (Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, Pyatigorsk), Germany (Berlin, Hamburg and Munich), Greece (Thessaloniki and Athens), Bulgaria (Varna and Sofia) and several cities of Ukraine and Europe.

Railways

Odesa is served by a number of railway stations and halts, the largest of which is Odesa Holovna (Main Station). From this station services connect Odesa with Warsaw, Prague, Bratislava, Vienna, Berlin, Moscow, St. Petersburg, the cities of Ukraine and many other cities of the former USSR. The city's first railway station was opened in the 1880s. During the Second World War, the iconic building of the main station, which had long been considered to be one of the Russian Empire's premier stations, was destroyed through enemy action.

In 1952 the station was rebuilt to the designs of A Chuprina. The current station, which is characterised by its many socialist-realist architectural details and grand scale, was renovated by the state railway operator Ukrainian Railways in 2006.

Public transport

In 1881, Odesa became the first city in Imperial Russia to have steam tramway lines, an innovation that came only one year after the establishment of horse tramway services in 1880 operated by the "Tramways d'Odessa", a Belgian owned company. The first metre gauge steam tramway line ran from Railway Station to Great Fontaine and the second one to Hadzhi Bey Liman. These routes were both operated by the same Belgian company. Electric tramway started to operate on 22 August 1907. Trams were imported from Germany.

The city's public transit system is currently made up of trams, trolleybuses, buses and fixed-route taxis (marshrutkas). Odesa also has a cable car to Vidrada Beach, and recreational ferry service. There are two routes of public transport which connect Odesa Airport with the city center: trolley-bus No.14 and marshrutka No.117.

One additional mode of transport in Odesa is the Potemkin Stairs funicular railway, which runs between the city's Primorsky Bulvar and the sea terminal, has been in service since 1902. In 1998, after many years of neglect, the city decided to raise funds for a replacement track and cars. This project was delayed on multiple occasions but was finally completed eight years later in 2005. The funicular has now become as much a part of historic Odesa as the staircase to which it runs parallel.

Air transport
Odesa International Airport, which is located to the south-west of the city centre, is served by a number of airlines. The airport is also often used by citizens of neighbouring countries for whom Odesa is the nearest large city and who can travel visa-free to Ukraine.

Transit flights from the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East to Odesa are offered by Ukraine International Airlines through their hub at Kyiv's Boryspil International Airport.

Sport

The most popular sport in Odesa is football. The main professional football club in the city is FC Chornomorets Odesa, who play in the Ukrainian Premier League. Chornomorets play their home games at the Chornomorets Stadium, an elite-class stadium which has a maximum capacity of 34,164. The second football team in Odesa is FC Odesa.Basketball is also a prominent sport in Odesa, with BC Odesa representing the city in the Ukrainian Basketball League, the highest tier basketball league in Ukraine. Odesa will become one of five Ukrainian cities to host the 39th European Basketball Championship in 2015.

Athletes
The cyclist and aviator Sergei Utochkin was one of the most famous natives of Odesa in the years before the Russian Revolution. Chess player Efim Geller was born in the city. Gymnast Tatiana Gutsu (known as "The Painted Bird of Odesa") brought home Ukraine's first Olympic gold medal as an independent nation when she outscored the USA's Shannon Miller in the women's all-around event at 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.

Figure skaters Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov won the 1994 and 1998 Olympic gold medals as well as the 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 World Championships in ice dance. Both were born and raised in the city, though they skated at first for the Soviet Union, in the Unified Team, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and then Russia. Hennadiy Avdyeyenko won a 1988 Olympic gold medal in thehigh jump, setting an Olympic record at .

Other notable athletes:

 Mykola Avilov, Olympic champion in decathlon at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich
 Oksana Baiul, Olympic champion in figure skating in 1994
 Ihor Belanov, European Footballer of the Year in 1986
 Yuriy Bilonoh, European Athletics Championships in shot put at 2002 in Munich
 Leonid Buryak (born 1953), football coach and former Olympic bronze medal-winning player
 Maksim Chmerkovskiy, professional ballroom & Latin dancer on American Dancing With the Stars
 Valentin Chmerkovskiy, professional ballroom & Latin dancer on American Dancing With the Stars
 Charles Goldenberg (1911–1986), NFL All-Pro football player
 Viktor Kanevskyi (born 1936), football player and coach
 Svetlana Krachevskaya, Olympic silver medalist in shot put
 Viacheslav Kravtsov, NBA basketball player
 Lenny Krayzelburg (born 1975), Olympic champion swimmer
 Irina Krush (born 1983), US chess grandmaster
 Artur Kyshenko, K1 Muay Thai kickboxer
 Yevgeny Lapinsky, Olympic champion in volleyball at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico
 Roman Pelts, Soviet chess master
 Viktor Petrenko, Olympic champion in figure skating in 1992
 Vladimir Portnoi, Olympic silver and bronze medalist in gymnastics
 Vitaliy Pushkar, racing driver, No. 6 in 2012 International Rally Challenge Production cup standings
 Theodore Rezvoy, ocean rower, Guinness records holder (twice)
 Ekaterina Rubleva, Russian ice dancing champion
 Yulia Ryabchinskaya, Olympic champion in the K-1 500 m Kayak Singles at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich
 Dmitry Salita (born 1982), boxer
 Michael Shmerkin (born 1970), Israeli competitive figure skater
 Elina Svitolina (born 1994), professional tennis player
 Olena Vitrychenko, world champion in rhythmic gymnastics
 Andriy Voronin (born 1979), football manager and player
 Yakov Zheleznyak, Olympic champion in 50 m Running Target at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich
 Dayana Yastremska (born 2000), professional tennis player

Twin towns – sister cities

Odesa is twinned with:

  Alexandria, Egypt (1968)
  Baltimore, United States (1975)
  Chișinău, Moldova (1994)
  Constanța, Romania (1991)
  Genoa, Italy (1972)
  Haifa, Israel (1992)
  Istanbul, Turkey (1997)
  Kolkata, India (1986)
  Liverpool, United Kingdom (1957)
  Łódź, Poland (1993)
  Marseille, France (1973)
  Nicosia, Cyprus (1996)
  Oulu, Finland (1957)
  Piraeus, Greece (1993)
  Qingdao, China (1993)
  Regensburg, Germany (1990)
  Split, Croatia (1964)
  Szeged, Hungary (1977)
  Vancouver, Canada (1944)
  Varna, Bulgaria (1958)
  Yerevan, Armenia (1995)
  Yokohama, Japan (1968)

Partner cities
Odesa cooperated with:

  Brest, Belarus (2004)
  Gdańsk, Poland (1996)
  Klaipėda, Lithuania (2004)
  Larnaca, Cyprus (2004)
  Marrakesh, Morocco (2019)
  Minsk, Belarus (1996)
  Ningbo, China (2008)
  Tallinn, Estonia (1997)
  Tbilisi, Georgia (1996)
  Valparaíso, Chile (2004)
  Vienna, Austria (2006)
  Warsaw, Poland (2005)

See also
 Kherson Governorate
 List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ukraine
 The Municipal Guard
 New Life Radio-Moscow (1996)

References

Cited sources

Further reading

  Complete book available online.

  (hardcover),  (1991 paperback reprint)

  (hardcover);  (paperback)

  (hardcover),  (paperback reprint)

External links

 Official Odesa web page
 Official Odesa Map Portal
 Map of the current public transport routes in Odesa
 The murder of the Jews of Odessa during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.
 The Jewish Community of Odessa, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
 Odesa yesterday. Odesa today. Images gallery. Prospekt Group

Port cities of the Black Sea
Cities in Odesa Oblast
Populated coastal places in Ukraine
Port cities and towns in Ukraine
Seaside resorts in Ukraine
Oblast centers in Ukraine
1794 establishments in the Russian Empire
Populated places established in the Russian Empire
Populated places established in 1794
Odessky Uyezd
Historic Jewish communities
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
1794 establishments in Ukraine
Hromadas of Odesa Oblast
Cities in Odesa Raion

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