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Jihadist terrorism in Italy has recently undergone significant demographic and operational changes. The first generation of foreign-born militants with ties to various jihadist groups outside Europe is still active in Italy, albeit with less intensity than in the past. During the last few years, however, Italian authorities have increasingly noticed a shift toward forms of homegrown radicalization similar to that experienced in other Western European countries. Two recent incidents highlighted this trend: the conviction of a young man from Brescia who, without any connection to established jihadist groups, formed an online network of jihadist enthusiasts; and a Genoa-born convert to Islam who was killed in Syria. These two incidents marked some of the first cases of homegrown jihadist radicalization in Italy.
This article looks at the first generation of jihadists in Italy, and then shows how the jihadist scene in Italy has progressively changed with the formation of a new generation of homegrown radicals. It finds that although the recent instances of homegrown jihadist radicalization are worrisome, it still remains a small phenomenon in Italy compared to some other European countries.
Jihadist networks have been active in Italy since the late 1980s. Even though small clusters of militants from several North African countries established themselves in various areas of the country, the northern city of Milan has always been the undisputed hub of jihadist activity in Italy. The city's Islamic Cultural Institute (ICI), a former garage turned mosque, was controlled by members of Egyptian Jama`a al-Islamiyya after its foundation in 1988. The ICI acquired importance for the global jihadist movement when the conflict in Bosnia erupted in 1992. Not only was the ICI's imam, Anwar Shabaan, the commander of foreign mujahidin in Bosnia, but the network in Milan was an important node supplying documents, money and other forms of logistical support for volunteers worldwide seeking to reach the battlefield in the Balkans.
Throughout the 1990s, the ICI remained, in the words of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, "the main al Qaeda station house in Europe." The ICI established various businesses, which provided money and the possibility to sponsor visa applications for militants. Radical preachers of global stature routinely visited the ICI. Forged documents, funds and recruits from Milan went to support jihadist groups from Algeria to Afghanistan. Particularly noteworthy was the contribution of Milanese jihadists in Iraq, where several individuals recruited within the ICI scene carried out suicide operations.
By the late 1990s, jihadist networks, many of which had connections to the ICI, were present in various Italian cities, particularly in the north. Most of these networks were involved in quintessential logistical support activities for various jihadist outfits operating outside of Europe. Their demographics mirrored migration patterns, as the vast majority of individuals were first generation immigrants from Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. Many of them were in the country illegally and lived in conditions of socioeconomic disenfranchisement.
By the mid-2000s, several aggressive security investigations that led to the dismantling of dozens of cells and the voluntary departure from Italy of many hardened jihadists caused a significant decrease in jihadist activity. Some of the long established networks and some new actors (Pakistanis, for example) continued their activities, but with a markedly lower intensity. In that regard, it is noteworthy that other than a few improbable plots, no attacks against Italy were planned by established networks in this period despite a number of plots targeting other European countries.
Yet, somewhat preceding a trend later seen in the rest of Europe, Italy in the early 2000s witnessed a handful of lone actor plots. In July 2002, authorities arrested Domenico Quaranta, a handyman who had converted to Islam in prison, for detonating four primitive explosive devices in the vicinity of various targets in the Sicilian city of Agrigento and in a Milan metro station in the span of seven months. Quaranta left at the scene messages threatening to continue his actions until "you will submit to worshipping the one God." Two similar incidents took place in Modena in 2003 and Brescia in 2004. In each case, a Muslim man detonated explosive materials in a car in front of a synagogue and a McDonalds respectively. Both men died in the ensuing blast, but there were no other injuries. All three episodes were characterized by the rudimentary nature of the explosive devices and by the fact that the perpetrators were not connected to any known militant circle.
Then, in October 2009, Libyan national and long-time Milan resident Mohammed Game attempted to enter a military base in Lombardy. When confronted by a guard, he detonated an explosive device, severely injuring himself and lightly wounding the guard. The ensuing investigation led to two Milan-based North African men who had helped Game with his plot. Game, who had recently begun attending the ICI, operated mostly independently and his radicalization process had occurred largely online.
Italian authorities considered the attack on the barracks in Lombardy a watershed event. The 2009 annual report sent by Italian intelligence to parliament clearly stated that "in the proximity of structured groupings active in logistics and propaganda can operate isolated individuals or micro-clusters ready to act in complete independence." It also raised concerns about the arrival of the phenomenon of internet-driven homegrown radicalization in Italy—in this case, mirroring a dynamic seen in Europe years before.
It is debatable whether Game can be considered a case of homegrown radicalization. Although his radicalization may only have taken place in Milan, Game grew up in Libya and moved to Italy only as an adult. Yet a handful of cases that have surfaced over the last few years present clear characteristics of homegrown radicalization, underscoring how the phenomenon has arrived in Italy.
By the second half of the 2000s, Italian authorities had begun monitoring an online-based network of jihadist sympathizers. The cluster was led by a handful of Italian converts based in various Italian cities and in London. In 2012, authorities decided to act, and charged some of the network's most active members under article 270 quinquies of the penal code. The article criminalizes the provision of terrorist training and has been used with increasing frequency to prosecute cases in which more or less operational materials are exchanged online. Members of the network had translated into Italian and disseminated online texts ranging from jihadist philosophy to manuals on weapons and explosives.
The investigation led authorities to Mohamed Jarmoune, a young Moroccan-born man living in Niardo, a quiet mountain town in the province of Brescia. Living a secluded life between work and his parents' house (and not attending a mosque), Jarmoune spent all his time—up to 15 hours a day—online, disseminating jihadist materials and connecting with like-minded individuals around the world. Together with the London-based wife of a known Algerian militant, he administered a private Facebook group and openly discussed his jihadist sympathies.
After months of monitoring, authorities arrested Jarmoune after he conducted online surveillance of Jewish targets in Milan. In May 2013, Jarmoune was sentenced to five years and four months in prison for disseminating terrorist propaganda.
As they wrapped up the case against Jarmoune, authorities stumbled upon another young man of Moroccan descent who, like Jarmoune, lived with his well-integrated family in a small rural town near Brescia. Anas El Abboubi, who idolized Jarmoune but had no connections to him, had allegedly embraced jihadist ideology and spent most of his time online communicating with kindred spirits. Without ever leaving Italy, El Abboubi had managed to build contacts with the leaders of various extremist groups, from Germany-based Millatu Ibrahim to Sharia4Belgium. El Abboubi had apparently taken it upon himself to establish the Italian branch of the franchise, starting the blog Sharia4Italy and involving a handful of local friends. Authorities decided to arrest El Abboubi after becoming concerned by the increased militancy of his online activities and by the fact that he had allegedly used the internet to research various iconic sites in Brescia. He was later released, as the court did not deem his behavior a violation of article 270 quinquies. There are indications that, upon release, El Abboubi traveled to Syria, where he reportedly remains.
Another active member of the Italian online jihadist scene gained the spotlight in June 2013 after news broke that Giuliano Ibrahim Delnevo had died in Syria. Born in Genoa in 1989, Delnevo had grown up in a middle class family and had converted to Islam in 2008. He had been active in the local Islamic scene, but as his views radicalized he could not find like-minded individuals in Genoa. He sought them online and in European countries with a more developed Salafi-jihadi scene. By 2011, Delnevo was actively seeking to join jihadist groups, yet was struggling to find the right contacts. After an initial, unsuccessful attempt in the summer of 2012, Delnevo managed to enter Syria a few months later. He reportedly died while fighting alongside a Chechen-led brigade of foreign fighters.
Like Jarmoune and El Abboubi, Delnevo's profile is not characterized by any socioeconomic marginalization. Rather, it seems more appropriate to search for the roots of their radicalization in their psychological profiles and their quest for a personal identity. It is noteworthy that all three individuals had been at some point fascinated by other alternative ideologies and lifestyles (including fascist militancy and hip hop culture).
The arrival of homegrown jihadist radicalization in Italy does not mean that "traditional" networks are no longer operating. Yet lone operators and small clusters of "sociological Italians" who radicalize on their own, operate independently from mosques and traditional groups, and are prolific online are active in Italy. Nevertheless, they still represent a smaller threat than in other Western European countries.
Authorities have so far contained this developing threat with remarkable success. Yet the phenomenon of homegrown terrorism, as the experience of other Western countries has shown, is by nature unpredictable and extremely difficult to control.
Dr. Lorenzo Vidino is a Senior Fellow at the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich. This article is part of an extensive study on the development of jihadism in Italy sponsored by the European Foundation for Democracy (Brussels) and the Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale (Milan).
 With the exception of Domenico Quaranta, which was an isolated incident, every case seen in Italy from 1995 until Mohamed Jarmoune in 2012 involved first generation immigrants (and most linked to established jihadist networks).
 Lorenzo Vidino, "Islam, Islamism and Jihadism in Italy," Current Trends in Islamist Ideology 7 (2008).
 See the report on the searches at the ICI, published by the Italian General Investigations and Special Operations Division (DIGOS), September 15, 1997; "DIGOS Memorandum on the ICI," Italian General Investigations and Special Operations Division, May 20, 1994. The ICI is also known as the Viale Jenner mosque from the street on which it is located.
 See the report on the searches at the ICI, published by the Italian General Investigations and Special Operations Division (DIGOS), September 15, 1997. Also see Evan F. Kohlmann, Al-Qaida's Jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian Network (Oxford: Berg, 2004).
 David S. Hilzenrath and John Mintz, "More Assets on Hold in Anti-Terror Effort; 39 Parties Added to List of Al Qaeda Supporters," Washington Post, October 13, 2001.
 "DIGOS Memorandum on the ICI." Also see the DIGOS reports on Muhajiroun 2, dated October 5, 2001, and Muhajiroun 3, dated November 21, 2001.
 Ibid.; Stefano Dambruoso, Milano Bagdad: Diario di un magistrato in prima linea nella lotta al terrorismo islamico in Italia (Milan: Mondadori, 2004).
 See, for example, the indictment of Lased Ben Heni and others, Tribunal of Milan, October 1, 2001; verdict against Essid Sami Ben Khemais and others, Tribunal of Milan, May 13, 2002; indictment of Abdelhalim Hafed Remadna and others, Tribunal of Milan, November 21, 2001; indictment of Muhamad Majid and others, Tribunal of Milan, November 21, 2003.
 Indictment of Muhamad Majid and others, Tribunal of Milan, November 21, 2003; indictment of Osama Mostafa Hassan Nasr, Tribunal of Milan, April 4, 2005; Giulio Meotti, "Italian Jihad," Il Foglio, February 26, 2009; Lorenzo Vidino, Al Qaeda in Europe: The New Battleground of International Jihad (Amherst, MA: Prometheus, 2005), pp. 215-290; "Milano, l'imam di viale Jenner condannato a 3 anni e 8 mesi," La Repubblica, December 20, 2007.
 See the DIGOS reports on Muhajiroun 2, dated October 5, 2001, and Muhajiroun 3, dated November 21, 2001.
 Mass immigration to Italy is a recent phenomenon in comparison to most other Western European countries, as it began in the late 1980s/early 1990s.
 With a few exceptions, most European countries were targeted by "lone actor" plots beginning in the second-half of the 2000s until the present. See, for example, the lone actor attacks in Stockholm (Taimour Abdulwahab, 2010), London (Roshonara Choudhry, 2010), Frankfurt (Arid Uka, 2011) and Toulouse (Mohammed Merah, 2012).
 "Arrestato presunto responsabile attentati Milano e Agrigento," La Repubblica, July 17, 2002; Francesco Cascini, "Il fenomeno del proselitismo in carcere con riferimento ai detenuti stranieri di culto islamico," in La Radicalizzazione del Terrorismo Islamico, June 2012.
 "Arrestato presunto responsabile attentati Milano e Agrigento," La Repubblica, July 17, 2002.
 For the Modena incident, see Stefano Dambruoso and Vincenzo R. Spagnolo, Un Istante Prima (Milan: Mondadori, 2011), p. 121. For Brescia, see the Brescia DIGOS report on Mostafa Chaouki, July 12, 2004.
 Some have questioned whether these incidents should be labeled "terrorism." On the one hand, it is apparent from their modus operandi, possible targets and, at least in the Brescia case, from the letter claiming responsibility for the attack sent by the perpetrator to the police that there was a political/religious nature behind the actions. On the other hand, the psychological conditions of mental instability and deep depression of the perpetrators cannot be ignored and are possibly the main reasons for their actions. It is difficult to fully understand these dynamics ex post facto.
 "Libyan in Milan Bomb Attack," ANSA Press Agency, October 12, 2009.
 Verdict against Mohamed Game and Hady Abdelaziz Mahmoud Abdel Kol, Tribunal of Milan, verdict 10/1583, October 4, 2010.
 Personal interview, Italian Interior Ministry official, Milan, Italy, July 2013; verdict against Mohamed Game and Hady Abdelaziz Mahmoud Abdel Kol, Tribunal of Milan, verdict 10/1583, October 4, 2010.
 2009 Annual Report to the Italian Parliament (Relazione sulla politica dell'informazione per la sicurezza), pp. 19-21.
 Cases predating Game's attack in which the internet played a key role in the radicalization process included that of the so-called "Irhabi 007" network, a network of jihadist sympathizers spanning several countries that formed online, and the Hofstad group, the Dutch network of militants that was behind several failed attacks and one successful attack (the Theo van Gogh assassination) in the early 2000s.
 Personal interviews, Italian Interior Ministry officials, Milan, Italy, August 2013; 2009 Annual Report to the Italian Parliament (Relazione sulla politica dell'informazione per la sicurezza), pp. 19-21.
 Personal interviews, Italian Interior Ministry officials, Milan, Italy, August 2013; attachment number 1 in the Jarmoune case, Brescia DIGOS, p. 3.
 Verdict in the Jarmoune case, Tribunal of Brescia, verdict 613/13, May 16, 2013.
 Personal interviews, Italian police and Interior Ministry officials, Brescia and Milan, Italy, September and October 2013; verdict in the Jarmoune case, Tribunal of Brescia, verdict 613/13, May 16, 2013.
 Indictment of Mohamed Jarmoune, Tribunal of Cagliari, case 984/2012, March 13, 2012.
 Verdict in the Jarmoune case, Tribunal of Brescia, verdict 613/13, May 16, 2013, pp. 10-11.
 Personal interviews, Italian police officials, Brescia, Italy, October 2013; indictment of Anas El Abboubi, Tribunal of Brescia, case 28496/12, June 10, 2013.
 Personal interviews, Italian police officials, Brescia, Italy, October 2013; Laura Damiani, "Manette al padre di 'Sharia4Italy,' terrorista internazionale," Corriere della Sera, June 12, 2013; Wilma Petenzi, "L'aspirante bombarolo sgridato dal padre per cento euro spariti," Corriere della Sera, June 14, 2013.
 Indictment of Anas El Abboubi, Tribunal of Brescia, case 7456/11, June 10, 2013; Wilma Petenzi, "Nel mirino dello studente pure questore e piazza Loggia," Corriere della Sera, June 13, 2013.
 In November 2013, the Italian Supreme Court affirmed the decision. See personal interviews, Brescia prosecutor Antonio Chiappani and El Abboubi's lawyer, Nicola Mannatrizio, Brescia, Italy, September and October 2013; Wilma Petenzi, "'Terrorista' a Vobarno, la procura pronta a ricorrere in Cassazione," Corriere della Sera, July 2, 2013; "El Abboubi resta libero, ma è 'scomparso,'" Brescia Oggi, November 9, 2013.
 Personal interview, Carlo Delnevo, Giuliano's father, Sestri Levante, Italy, October 2013; Marco Imarisio, "Quei 40-50 jihadisti partiti per la Siria dalle città italiane," Corriere della Sera, June 19, 2013; Bruno Persano, "Mio figlio è morto da eroe e oggi sono orgoglioso di lui," La Repubblica, June 19, 2013; personal interviews, Italian police and judicial officials, Genoa, Italy, September 2013.
 Personal interviews, Italian police and judicial officials, Genoa and Rome, Italy, September and October 2013.
 Personal interviews, Italian police and judicial authorities, Genoa, Italy, September 2013; personal interview, Carlo Delnevo, Giuliano's father, Sestri Levante, Italy, October 2013; Gabriele Piccardo, "Giuliano Ibrahim Delnevo: l'amico Umberto Marcozzi: 'Mi scrisse che in Siria i martiri profumano,'" Huffington Post, June 18, 2013; Andrea Cortellari, "Siria, Delnevo indagato per terrorismo a Genova già dal 2009," Il Giornale, June 18, 2013.
 Fernando Reinares, "Es que integración social y radicalización yihadista son compatibles?: una reflexión sobre el caso de Mohamed Jarmoune en Brescia," Real Instituto Elcano, April 17, 2012.
 Since an early age, Delnevo was fascinated with fascism and some of his closest friends upon converting were former right-wing activists who had converted. See personal interview, Carlo Delnevo, Giuliano's father, Sestri Levante, Italy, October 2011; personal interview, Italian police, Genoa, Italy, September 2013. Jarmoune collected Nazi memorabilia. See "Woman, 40, Arrested in London Terror Raid as Police Probe 'Secret Facebook Plot to Blow up Italian Synagogue,'" Daily Mail, March 15, 2012. El Abboubi was a rapper in his teens under the pseudonym McKhalif. Under that name he operated a YouTube channel (www.youtube.com/user/MCKHALIF) that, after radicalizing, he used to post religious lectures instead of rap videos. One of El Abboubi's old rap performances can be seen at www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPJXqAsUEPE.
 In May 2013, for example, the Carabinieri ROS dismantled a cell of North African militants between Apulia and Sicily. The men were first generation immigrants with connections to Milan's ICI. Authorities accused them of recruiting and planning attacks against American, Israeli and Italian targets. See "Italian Police Arrest Four Suspected Islamist Militants," Reuters, April 30, 2013.
 Since Italy's current legislation does not automatically give citizenship to individuals born on Italian soil if at least one of their parents is not Italian and it is very difficult to obtain Italian citizenship, few individuals of immigrant origin are Italian citizens. The term "sociological Italians" is therefore used to describe all those individuals who have grown up in Italy, irrespective of their citizenship status.
 There are only a handful of court cases against "homegrown" jihadists in Italy, and most of them have been charged with article 270bis, a very broad charge of disseminating propaganda that does not exist in many European penal codes. Moreover, counterterrorism authorities in Italy estimate that only a handful of Italians are fighting in Syria, a smaller number when compared to the participation rate of foreign fighters in Syria from other European countries.
Does al-Qa`ida's Increasing Media Outreach Signal Revitalization?


> > "That patch seems unrelated." - Why do you think that?
> > > Can we read JMX beans without using the network ?
> > > Btw That patch seems unrelated.
> > > > any modification.
> > > > > locally.
> > > > >> It worked with #223 on 9 Feb and failed with #226 on 12 Feb.
> > > > >>> of various tests.


Yesterday I went out to test my newly built c-pole antenna. I have used one in the past but found out it had some construction errors - the effect of which was somehow hidden by the balun I added ( a couple of coax turns on an FT240 core). The balun did get extremely hot even with 100w - a sign something was wrong - and once I replaced it, the SWR went through the roof.
I used an online calculator (http://svrc.org/cpole/) that turns out to give the wrong dimensions - at least for 40m. I did not notice it before but when using it again for my new version I found that adding all the various dimensions resulted in significantly less wire than the calculator specified as "total wire needed for antenna". So considerable tweaking in the field was necessary to get the antenna resonant (think of adding more than 1 meter of wire to one end).
This time I used two short cheap and light fiberglass fishing poles for the horizontal spreaders. I cut them to the right length and ran the antenna wire through them. I used the caps on both ends to position the wire - making a hole in each cap and a knot in the antenna wire at each cap. Apart from their low weight and high stiffness an extra advantage over the PVC pipe I used before is the fact that the fishing pole can be (partly) retracted - decreasing the size of the collapsed antenna.
To complete the antenna I constructed a W2DU style balun. It is light and simple and still provides more than 20dB common mode suppression at 7Mhz (if you use the right beads).
The first time I brought it out I used all my time to get the dimensions right. In the end I got the antenna to dip around 7.1 Mhz with an impedance of something like 49 Ohm - perfect.
The next opportunity to go out was yesterday. I tried the antenna from a nature reserve, to see if I could get a decent amount of contacts on 40m. It was too early to get any serious DX but I did log 150 contacts up to 2500km. So it did seem to tx and rx.
The c-pole is an addition to a range of antennas I have for /P operation on 40m. I mostly use either an (almost) vertical end fed half wave or an inverted V - depending on how much space I have to set up the antenna and what kind of radiation pattern I am looking for (more NVIS or more dx). The final option I have is a delta loop (more or less corner fed - so vertically polarised). The loop is more complex to set up than the others though.
All these antennas can be used when I have my 18m Spiderbeam pole with me. They are all omni-directional but have a different radiation pattern in the vertical plane - with the vertical, c-pole and delta loop in one category and the inverted V dipole in another.
Pink is the inverted V. It has nice NVIS qualities with a lot of gain on high angles of radiation (5.4 dBi straight up) but at a takeoff angle of 15 degrees only -5dBi.
Green is the (almost) vertical end fed half wave. A bit less pronounced than the delta loop. It has a max gain of 1.6 dBI at 15 degrees.
Red is the new C-pole. It has a max gain of 2.1 dBi at 15 degrees.
Looking at the three antennas with a "dx profile", the delta loop is the clear winner. It has more gain on low angles but also significantly more gain than the other two at higher angles. It is a bit more work to set up though and needs space.
The reason I started looking at my c-pole again is that there are situations in which my 18m pole is not available (I could not take it, or - in a team expedition - it is in use with another antenna). The next option I have then is my 12m Spiderbeam pole.
Now things are a bit different. For one, the delta loop is not an option anymore. The half wave vertical is also out of the question. That one becomes a sloping end fed half wave with quite a different behaviour.
Blue is the inverted V. It is still radiating most of its energy up at high angles but the max gain is now down to 1.8 dBi. Gain at 15 degrees is down to -9dB.
Red is the c-pole. Max gain is now 1.7 dBi at 20 degrees and 1.4 dBi at 15 degrees.
The C-pole does not seem to suffer that much from the change in height. It actually performs a bit better on the higher angles without losing much on the lower angles.
Red is the C-Pole with the top at about 11.5m and Blue is the same antenna with the top at about 16.5m. At low angles almost no difference but at 45 degrees the lower C-pole has 7 dB more gain (at 60 degrees the difference adds up to 13 dB).
Looking at the radiation shape of the higher C-pole (in blue) you can see a central lobe that you can expect to grow when you put the antenna even higher - and it will. However height is not a variable I can influence that much. It will be somewhere between these two extremes.
The practical test showed that the antenna works - I logged a lot of contacts with good reports and the SWR is now perfect - and the model shows it is a decent addition to my set of antennas, especially when I am constrained in height.


As Kessel goes so do the Leafs, it is no coincidence that Kessel's pointless streak pretty much goes hand in hand with the Leaf's losing streak. I think Burke has actually made some good moves with Versteeg and Armstrong, at the very least the Leafs are respectable but that scoring punch is lacking still. Macarthur is a good player too but should he be your top scorer? I don't think so. Kessel has to find a way and soon for the ship to get back on course after a great start in T.O.
Rene Bourque is Calgary's leader is goals and points even after missing a couple games. Please get used to this stat, he is going to be there for a few years.
Malkin is injured right?? right?? Normally having a .8 PPG average is great for most players but Malkin is expected and can do much better. So he's injured right? I love watching this guy play so I hope he gets back to form and whatever is ailing him ( I think it's nowingeritis ) gets corrected soon.
Byfuglien and Ladd Love Atlanta. Hey two guys at a point per game pace does hurt that team, in fact it's nice to see as I think they have relied on one guy for far too long.
The Sedin's are on pace for just under a 100 points, watching them gain momentum you can't help but wonder if they will break that plateau again or if they will come to earth and be very average awesome players at around 85-90 points. This year is kind of fun to see if they can keep up that pace and be consistent or if it was a one off year of being lights out incredible.
What is more surprising New Jersey being 4-10 or St. Louis being 9-2? I thought St. Louis was going to be better but 9-2? That's a start every team in the league wants.
Islanders...9 straight defeats. That is very difficult to get back, just ask the Flames last year. On the plus side Tavares is at .76 points per game so he is improving...just got to work on that minus 12.
Proving that this is a skilled players game now: Selanne at the age of 40 is 5th in scoring, love it.
No one touches Skinner for the Calder this year by a mile, if you believe that you build teams down the middle then Staal, Sutter and Skinner look pretty impressive to me for years to come.
Neurvirth, Price, Brobovski are at the top of the goalie column for wins.. who?? Price I could see maybe but it's nice to see new blood coming in and getting the job done. Thomas is undefeated right now, that's incredible really if you look at who Boston has played.


Pinewood House is located in a residential area and it's a 10 minute walk from the University campus, through the beautiful Havenstoke Park.
The residence has a large garden space for students to enjoy and comprises 54 bedrooms: they are all bright and spacious single study rooms with a wash hand basin, desk and wardrobe. Bathroom and kitchen facilities are shared and there are also coin operated laundry facilities within the building.
Showers and toilets are cleaned daily. Towels are changed twice a week and bed linen on a weekly basis.
Wi-fi is available everywhere inside the building, free of charge. There is also a 24 hours security service.


Washington D.C, Apr 29 : A new study has finally found the real secret to looking young and it's all down to your genes.
The researchers found a gene that helps explain why some of us looked younger or older than we actually are.
The gene in question, known as MC1R, is already well known for producing red hair and pale skin. Now, it appears that variation in this same gene is also related to differences in how old people look to other people, their perceived age. People carrying particular MC1R variants in their DNA look, on average, almost 2 years older than they are.
"For the first time, a gene has been found that explains in part why some people look older and others younger for their age," says Manfred Kayser of Erasmus MC University.
While the researchers note that this gene is just one of many factors that influence perceived age, they plan to continue exploring exactly how it influences our looks and identify other genes that influence perceived age. Ultimately, the researchers think that this line of work can offer important insights into our health and the nature of aging itself.
"We believe that using the perception of age is one of the best and most exciting ways to measure how 'well' people are aging, which we hope will lead to further breakthroughs in aging and health research in the near future," researcher David Gunn says.
The study is published Cell Press journal Current Biology.


He was a prominent figure in the antipsychiatry movement, a well-known social critic of the moral and scientific foundations of psychiatry, and of the social control aims of medicine in modern society, as well as of scientism. Separate different tags with a comma. Be the first to add this to a list. Create a free personal account to make a comment, download free article PDFs, sign up for alerts and more. Szasz elaborates this fundamental distinction in relation to the meaning of pain particularly since the word itself is used to Bodily feelings pain pleasure study both sets of data.


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About NongFa 
About NongFa
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Open up the "last mile" of agricultural science and technology innovation
Categories:Technological innovation
(Summary description)
打通农业科技创新的"最后一公里"
"Strengthening agricultural technology and equipment support" and "building smart agriculture" are the clear requirements of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Party to comprehensively promote rural revitalization. As the "last mile" of the entire process of agricultural technology innovation activities, agricultural technology transfer determines to a large extent the effectiveness of agricultural technology innovation in driving the development of agricultural and rural modernization. It is particularly important for improving agricultural quality, efficiency and competitiveness, and accelerating agricultural and rural modernization. Significance.
Since 2015, the national and local governments have actively guided the transfer of agricultural technology to a demand-oriented transformation, allowing the market to play a decisive role in the transfer of agricultural technology in my country, to a certain extent, stimulate the vitality of technology transfer of agricultural technology innovation subjects, and promote the development of agricultural technology results. Transfer diffusion. On the whole, the reform is mainly focused on expanding the effective supply of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, but there is not much progress in the reforms in expanding the effective demand for agricultural scientific and technological achievements and forming an effective connection between the supply and demand of agricultural scientific and technological achievements. From 2014 to 2018, the conversion rate of my country's agricultural scientific and technological achievements dropped from 54.8% to 46.57%, which is worrying. In addition, my country's agricultural demand for scientific and technological achievements ranks third among many industries, and modern agricultural science and technology are obviously not enough to support agricultural development, which restricts the advancement of science and technology-driven agricultural and rural modernization development strategies. This urgently requires deepening reforms and optimization. Adjust the agricultural technology transfer system and mechanism so that advanced agricultural scientific and technological achievements can be effectively transformed into advanced productive forces.
City Agricultural Development Group deploys party history learning and education
On the afternoon of March 25, Taizhou Agricultural Development Group held a party history study and education mobilization and deployment meeting, calling on the group to set off an upsurge of party history study and education, so as to learn party history, understand ideas, do practical things, and create new situations. Absorb the power of thought in history, and strive to start a new journey of high-quality leaping development of the group. Group leaders Zhang Chun, Chen Jianhua, and the main persons in charge of various departments and party branches attended the meeting. The meeting first conveyed the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speech at the Party History Study and Education Mobilization Conference, as well as the decision-making and deployment requirements of the Party Central Committee and the provincial and municipal committees. The meeting read out the Agricultural Development Group's "Implementation Plan on Carrying out Party History Learning and Education". Zhang Chun, secretary of the party committee and chairman of the group, pointed out that General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly explained the significance of carrying out party history learning and education, and systematically answered the important questions of "why, what, and how to learn", which is important for learning the history of the party in the new era. Carrying forward the party's tradition and starting a new journey made important arrangements, which pointed out the direction for us to carry out a good party history study and education, and provided a fundamental follow-up. The group should quickly unify their thoughts and actions into the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speech, further improve their ideological understanding and political position, and in accordance with the unified deployment of the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal SASAC, take party history learning and education as an important political throughout the year. The task is well grasped. Zhang Chun emphasized that the group should follow the requirements of "learning history to be clear, learning history to increase credit, learning history to respect morality, and learning history to practice" requirements, and earnestly fulfill the main responsibility, and quickly form a strong work force for party history learning and education. It is necessary to make scientific and overall planning, effectively strengthen the organizational leadership of party history learning and education, and ensure that the party history learning and education achieve fruitful results. It is necessary to innovate methods and methods to form a strong atmosphere of knowing history, loving the party, and knowing history and loving the country. We must focus on applying what we have learned, and closely integrate the study and education of party history with the high-quality development of the group to ensure that the "14th Five-Year Plan" starts well and starts well, and celebrates the 100th anniversary of the founding of the party with excellent results.
Agricultural Development Group welcomes a good start
Mianmian like the rain and it is so crispy. On January 26, two container trucks were loading bags of seeds in the storage area of Hongqi Seed Company of Taizhou Agricultural Development Group. This is the first batch of 900 tons of hybrid rice seeds that the company exported to Southeast Asia this year. These seeds will be sent to the Philippines via Taizhou Port in the near future. In 2020, the company overcame the impact of the new crown pneumonia epidemic and shipped 500 tons of rice seeds to Pakistan in time to help Pakistan, which suffered a severe locust plague, to supplement the summer with autumn and contribute to the strength of Taizhou to ensure the food security of the "Pakistan Railway". The company exported more than 3,600 tons of hybrid rice seeds throughout the year, earning more than 10 million US dollars in foreign exchange. In recent years, Hongqi Seed Industry has actively responded to the severe situation of the seed market, continuously deepened foreign cooperation, actively integrated into the "Belt and Road" construction through the "going out" strategy, and conducted trials and demonstrations in the Philippines, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Pakistan, Myanmar, Indonesia and other countries. Planting, many varieties have passed the import quality certification of the host country. At present, the company's hybrid rice seed exports are mainly for Southeast Asia and Africa markets, which are expected to account for 20%-30% of the country's hybrid rice seed exports.
The flower of state-owned enterprises is about to bloom on the snow-covered plateau
On April 15, the "Taizhou Qushui Aid Construction Cooperation Project" was formally signed with Suzhong Horticultural Company. He Ming, Member of the Standing Committee of Qushui County Party Committee and Deputy County Mayor of Lhasa City, Tibet; Jiayong Rezhu, Director of the Management Committee of the National Modern Agriculture Demonstration Zone in Caina Township, Qushui County; Liu Linjing and Yu Bin, leaders of the Municipal Agricultural Development Zone, Municipal Agricultural Development Group Chairman Zhang Chun attended the signing ceremony. For the contracted project, the two parties will cooperate in the construction of an 8,000-square-meter high-quality flower gardening factory cultivation demonstration area and a 2,000-square-meter display center for horticultural products and facilities in Tibet's Qushui Caina Agricultural Park. The project adopts the "EPC+O" method of construction, uses the advanced technology and operation management experience of Suzhong Horticultural Company, and combines the natural resource endowment and market demand of Lhasa Qushui to jointly develop the Lhasa market to radiate Tibet, promote the industrial upgrading of both parties, and promote each other's three The integration of production will drive farmers (herdsmen) to increase their incomes and become rich. After the project is completed, it will meet the needs and experience of the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet for flower consumption, provide a model for the standardized production of plateau flowers and organic fruits and vegetables, and provide a scientific and technological platform for citizens to visit modern horticultural technology, attracting the younger generation and new farmers (herd husbandry). ) The people are concerned about the development of modern agriculture. The project uses the "61069" large-scale ultra-energy-saving and high-efficiency greenhouse system developed by Suzhong Horticulture Company. The system has the advantages of strong structure, long life, low operating cost, and high technology integration, which is at the domestic level. In the next step, Suzhong Horticulture will use the valuable experience of going out of Jiangsu and entering Tibet to accelerate the integrated application and demonstration and promotion of this technology, and strive to grow into a collection of horticultural seedling research and development, production and sales, as well as smart greenhouse design and construction. , Management as an integrated operator.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Light up your game room with this colorful and popular DreamWorks license!
Tower of Tickets Re-Load has a new, hair-tastic look! The classic 4-player rotary redemption game is now available as an officially licensed Trolls version; an instantly recognizable title that appeals to players young and old!
Players time the release of the moving arm just right to skillfully knock the pucks off the rotating playfield and onto the RFID scoring platform. The pucks are read and returned to the playfield for 100% contained play. The targets with tufts of Troll hair on them are worth big tickets!
For added flexibility in game room placement, the game can now be powered from above via ceiling power drop, as well as from a floor outlet below.
Push excitement to the edge with this top-earning game and make sure no Troll is left behind!


text:
Kahn-e Shah Salim (, also Romanized as Kahn-e Shāh Salīm; also known as Chāh Salīm and Shāh Salīm) is a village in Zaboli Rural District, in the Central District of Mehrestan County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 329, in 58 families.

References

Populated places in Mehrestan County

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
by Wendy Helfenbaum
If your brood craves outdoor adventures and Instagram-worthy views of Mother Nature up close, join the more than 330 million visitors who head to our national parks each year. In addition to tons of family-friendly hiking and biking trails and fishing spots, your kids can spy elk, bison and eagles, along with towering rock formations, awesome waterfalls and crystal-clear lakes. Sign children up to become Junior Rangers, so you can download activity workbooks before you leave and earn merit badges during your trip. Also take advantage of onsite ranger services for guided walks and talks.
Already been to the Grand Canyon? Put one of these must-see national parks on your list for a memorable family vacation.
1. Everglades National Park, FL
Located about 45 miles west of Miami, Everglades National Park covers 1.5 million acres of tropical wetland, accessible through entrances in three different cities. Kids will love seeing turtles, herons and more than 350 species of birds along the Anhinga trail. Paddle your way over Florida Bay, fish for saltwater and freshwater species, or take an airboat tour and to see manatees, dolphins or crocodiles. You can rent bikes at the Shark Valley welcome center and pedal the 15-mile loop around the pinelands. Or, if you're up for some off-trail slogging—and some wet feet!—let a ranger guide you through the cypress dome.
Recommended Hotel: JW Marriott Marco Island Beach Resort
2. Joshua Tree National Park, CA
So breathtaking that U2 named an album after it, Joshua Tree National Park sits on 800,000 acres where the Mojave and Colorado desert ecosystems meet. Created by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936, the park features the famous trees made popular by Dr. Seuss in The Lorax. Long popular with rock climbers, the area also features 501 archeological sites and a variety of animals and wildflowers. One of the best ways to explore is by horseback—there are 253 miles of equestrian trails that cross canyon bottoms and open land. Family-friendly hikes include Skull Rock Nature Trail, Hidden Valley Nature Trail and Wall Street Mill Trail. Kids age 10 and up will enjoy the ranger-led Keys Ranch Tour. Tip: Don't miss the sunsets at Keys View.
Recommended Hotel: BEST WESTERN Joshua Tree Hotel & Suites
3. Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, CA
Just outside Visalia, California, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park houses the biggest tree in the world—it's a 275-foot tall, 60-foot wide General Sherman. Because more than 80-percent of the park is only accessible by foot or on horseback, this magical forest is best explored by wandering through these awe-inspiring sequoia trees. Take the kids onto the half-mile loop trail to check out Crystal Cave. Guided tours are available to learn about this mystical world under the giant trees. Or hike the granite Moro Rock—there's a stone stairway with 350 steps up to the top, where you'll be able to see the view above the forest's canopy of lush trees. You might even see the peregrine falcons nesting there!
Recommended Hotel: Wuksachi Lodge
4. Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN
Straddling the border between Tennessee and North Carolina, Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the most visited park in the U.S., thanks to its ancient mountains and diverse animal and plant life; the park features more than 1,660 varieties of flowering plants! Check out Clingman's Dome, where a 50-foot observation deck looks out over the breathtaking natural beauty. Some of the most popular hikes include Kephart Prong Trail, where children can learn about the logging era; Porters Creek, where they can explore historic buildings; and Andrews Bald, where the kids will likely find patches of blueberries or raspberries to eat right off the bush. Or, grab some bikes and pedal your way through Cades Cove. The Institute at Tremont also hosts a five-day Family Camp every summer with crafts, wildlife demonstrations, swimming and campfires.
Recommended Hotel: RiverStone Resort & Spa
5. Arches National Park, UT
With more than 2,000 natural arches—formed from millions of years of sandstone erosion—scattered across 120 square miles, Arches National Park is an aptly named must-see destination for families who appreciate gorgeous landscapes. Take a scenic drive or easy hike to Balanced Rock or The Windows. Young children will love the Rock Art Panel at Wolfe Ranch. Up for a challenge? Kids 5 and up can try the maze-like Fiery Furnace hike. If your kids are growing up in a big city, chances are they haven't done much stargazing. Well, dark night stars are aplenty at this park, where you'll see up to 2,500 of them on a moonless night. Check out the park's night sky programs, which list the best spots for staring up at the Milky Way.
Recommended Hotel: Holiday Inn Express & Suites Moab
6. Zion National Park, UT
Want to see red rocks, tropical waterfalls, Navajo sandstone cliffs and massive deserts, all in the same place? Zion National Park has all that, plus a 15-mile canyon. Take a free ride on the Zion Canyon Shuttle or venture out on horseback to see the highlights. Some easy hikes for little legs include the fully paved River Walk; Emerald Pools, which leads to a waterfall; and Weeping Rock, which is short but steep. Water levels along the river are low, so feel free to wade in and cool off! Drive through the mile-long Zion-Mt. Carmel Tunnel; kids love it! Or sign on for one of the free ranger-led children's programs to learn about geology, history, plants and animals.
Recommended Hotel: Majestic View Lodge
7. Olympic National Park, WA
Spanning nearly a million acres, Olympic National Park features a temperate rain forest, rugged coastline, active tide pools and glacier-capped mountains. The views from Hurricane Ridge are jaw dropping, and kids will love hiking the Ozette Loop, where you'll stroll through forests, then along the beach. Kayaks and canoes are great ways to explore the backcountry, and there's plenty of fishing to do, too. Check out the tide pools at Kalaloch's Beach 4 and Mora's Hole in the Wall at low tide, where you'll see incredible creatures like anemones and sea stars. Hug the world's largest Sitka spruce tree in the Quinault Rain Forest, and take a dip at Lake Crescent or in one of the park's three mineral hot springs at the Sol Duc Hot Springs Resort.
Recommended Hotel: Sol Duc Hot Springs Resort
8. Badlands National Park, SD
Housing one of the world's richest fossil beds, Badlands National Park sprawls across 244,000 acres. Some of the animals residing here include bighorn sheep, bison, pronghorn antelope and prairie dogs. Visit the Fossil Preparation Lab in the Ben Reifel Visitor Center, and learn about fossils and the paleontologists working there. While you're there, pick up the GPS Adventure Activity book, which outlines interesting spots to visit. Using your GPS device, hike the Fossil Exhibit Trail and you may even find ancient dinosaur bones (just don't take them home)!
Recommended Hotel: Circle View Guest Ranch
9. Acadia National Park, ME
Is your gang up for exploring stone bridges, carriage roads, beaches, forests,125 miles of hiking trails and seven mountain peaks towering above 1,000 feet? If so, Acadia National Park—the largest tourist attraction in Maine—should be on your list. Take in the fabulous panoramic views of Frenchman Bay, the Porcupine Islands, Somes Sound and Bar Harbor from atop Cadillac Mountain. Kids will love Acadia Quest, which includes free, family-oriented activities that encourage everyone to explore and protect national parks. Take a ranger-guided boat cruise and touch sea life that come up from the ocean floor—you may spot porpoises, seals and aquatic birds, too.
Recommended Hotel: The Claremont Hotel
10. Glacier National Park, MT
With its mountains and lakes formed by—you guessed it—glaciers, Glacier National Park stretches more than a million acres across Montana, British Columbia and Alberta. See up to 25 active glaciers while riding the Red Bus, take a horseback ride through the incredible scenery at Cracker Flats with kids ages 7 and up, or book a raft tour that will take your family on the Flathead River's Middle Fork and North Fork, after which you can all jump in for a swim. The Glacier Institute provides field-based learning experiences for visitors of all ages, where your family can learn about birds of prey, photography or wildflowers.
Recommended Hotel: Many Glacier Hotel
What to Pack on Your Trip
Girl's Hiking Outfit
Long Sleeve Graphic Tee
The Active Running Short
20 Pack Hair Scrunchies
Explorer Backpack
Chameleon 7 Access Mid Waterproof Boot
Boy's Hiking Outfit
Deluxe Dual Compartment Insulated Lunch Cooler Bag
Darn Tough Katahdin Hiker Crew Socks
Glacial™ Fleece Half Zip
Adventure Pro Pants
Waterproof Trail Model Hikers
Mom's/Women's Hiking Outfit
Explorer 4000 Internal Frame Backpack
TETON Sports
Quest Hiking Boots
Graphic Trucker Hat
Aster Tunic
Comfort Trail Shorts
Dad's/Men's Hiking Outfit
Mountainside Trail Shirt
Allagash Cargo Shorts
Dolomite™ 2.0 Interchangeable Sunglasses
Tifosi Optics
Garrison Field Mid Waterproof Hiking Boots
Montreal-based Wendy Helfenbaum is a journalist, content strategist and TV producer who writes for dozens of digital and print magazines, as well as many brands. Wendy loves cruising, adventure travel and venturing off the beaten path with her husband and teenage son, and she can pack a carry-on bag like nobody's business. Follow her @WendyHelfenbaum.


text:
Original Editors - Yves Demol, Aurelie Ackerman
Top Contributors - Aurélie Ackerman, Sue Safadi, Houpe Maureen, Johnathan Fahrner and Demol Yves
1 Definition/Description
2 Clinically Relevant Anatomy
3 Epidemiology /Etiology
4 Characteristics/Clinical Presentation
6 Diagnostic Procedures
7 Outcome Measures
9 Medical Management
9.1 Surgical Management
10 Clinical Bottom Line
Definition/Description
Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is a common knee injury that usually presents with pain and/or tenderness on palpation of the lateral aspect of the knee, superior to the joint line and inferior to the lateral femoral epicondyle.[1]. It is considered a non-traumatic overuse injury and is often concomitant with underlying weakness of hip abductor muscles.[2] Overuse is thought to be caused by repetitive knee flexion and extension movements frequently seen in cyclists and runners [1][3]. This repetitive motion causes excessive friction between the lateral femoral epicondyle and the iliotibial tract. Studies have described an 'impingement zone' occurring at, or slightly below, 30° of knee flexion during foot strike and the early stance phase of running. During this impingement period in the running cycle, eccentric contraction of the tensor fascia latae muscle and of the gluteus maximus causes the leg to decelerate, generating tension in the iliotibial band.[4]
Clinically Relevant Anatomy
The iliotibial tract is a thick band of fascia that runs on the lateral side of the thigh from the iliac crest and inserts at the knee.[5] It is composed of dense fibrous connective tissue that appears from the m. tensor fasciae latae and m. gluteus maximus. It descends along the lateral aspect of the thigh, between the layers of the superficial fascia, and inserts onto the lateral tibial plateau at a projection known as Gerdy's tubercle[2]. In its distal portion the iliotibial tract covers the lateral femoral epicondyle and gives an expansion to the lateral border of the patella. While the iliotibial band does not have any boney attachments as it courses between the Gerdy tubercle and the lateral femoral epicondyle, this absence of attachment allows it to move anteriorly and posteriorly with knee flexion and extension.
Histologic and dissection study of the iliotibial band at the lateral femoral epicondyle and gluteus maximus and fascia lata suggest a mechanosensory role acting proximally on the anterolateral knee. Figure [1] This mechanosensory role may affect the interpretation of the ligament versus tendon function of the ITB from hip to lateral femoral epicondyle.
Epidemiology /Etiology
The etiology of Iliotibial Friction Syndrome is often multifactorial. ☃☃When the knee is positioned in extension the iliotibial band lies anterior to the lateral femoral epicondyle. When the knee is positioned in 30° of flexion the band moves posteriorly to the lateral femoral epicondyle. Friction can therefore occur between the posterior edge of the iliotibial band and the underlying lateral femoral epicondyle.
Activities with repetitive flexion and extension of the knee can cause the iliotibial band to rub repeatedly along the lateral femoral epicondyle producing irritation and eventually an inflammatory reaction of the iliotibial band. Long distance running is a common cause of ITBS, especially if running on slightly banked ground, as the subtle drop of the outside of the foot stretches the ITB, increasing the risk of injury, Sudden increases in activity levels can also lead to ITBS
Muscle weakness of the hip abductors is also be associated with iliotibial band syndrome as this causes increased hip internal rotation and knee adduction. This was found as a significant issue for athletes with iliotibial band syndrome. [5][6] Other proposed etiologies for IT band syndrome include compression of the fat and connective tissue that is deep the the IT band, as well as chronic inflammation of the IT band bursa.[7]
ITBS is one of the most common injuries in runners presenting with lateral knee pain, with an incidence estimated to between 5% and 14%. [8] Further studies indicate that ITBS is responsible for approximately 22% of all lower extremity injuries.[1]
Characteristics/Clinical Presentation
In many instances the subjective assessment will already provide an excellent basis for suspicion of this syndrome. Activities that require repetitive activities involving knee flexion-extension are usually reported, as well as a burning pain at the level of (or just underneath) the lateral femoral epicondyle. The diagnosis in patients with this syndrome is based on different symptoms.[9]
The main symptom of ITBS is a sharp pain on the outer aspect of the knee, particularly when the heel strikes the floor, that can radiate into the outer thigh or calf.[10] The pain tends to be worse when running or coming down stairs. There may be an audible snapping sensation the knee bends due to the band flicks over the bony tubercle. There may also be some swelling on the outer side of the knee.
Among the characteristics, we find an exercise-related tenderness over the lateral femoral epycondyle.[9] The patient may experience, on a regular basis, an acute, burning pain when pressure is applied on the lateral femoral epycondyle with the knee in flexion and in extension.[3] Sign of inflammation due to the friction between tract and the lateral epicondyle during extension and flexion of the knee can also be found.[1][9] There is pain on the lateral aspect of the knee during running, increasing in intensity while running down hill. Pain is also exacerbated when running a long distance.[11]
The first well documented cases of ITBS were performed by Lieutenant Commander James Renne, a medical corps officer who documented on 16 ITBS cases out of 1000 military recruits. The onset occurred most frequently at the lateral knee after 2 miles of running, or hiking over 10 miles. Walking with the knee extended relieved the symptoms. All of the patients had focal tenderness over the lateral femoral epicondyle at 30 of flexion, and 5 patients had an unusual palpation described as "rubbing of a finger over a wet balloon." [12]
The prevalence of ITBS in women is estimated to be between 16% and 50% and for men between 50% and 81%. [8]
Biceps femoris tendinopathy, degenerative joint disease, lateral collateral ligament sprain, lateral meniscus repair, myofascial pain, patellofemoral stress syndrome, popliteal tendinopathy, referred pain from lumbar spine, stress fractures, and superior tibiofibular joint sprain.[13]
Knee osteochondritis dissecans, meniscal injury, overuse injury, peroneal mononeuropathy, trochanteric bursitis.[14]
There are different provocative tests:
Renne test
Noble's test
Ober's test
Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS)
The 11-point numeric pain rating scale from Gunter and Schwellnus [15]
Figure [2]
Force of hip abduction:
The force of hip abductors can be decreased. These muscles should thus be tested.[9]
Treadmill test:
This test is described in several studies as a valid, effective, and sensitive method of evaluating the effects of treatments for running related pain and is used to measure the amount of pain that subjects experience during normal running. If this includes pain to the lateral side of the knee, the test is considered positive[15].
Noble compression test:
This test starts in supine posture and a knee flexion of 90 degrees. As the patient extends the knee the assessor applies pressure to the lateral femoral epicondyle. If this induces pain over the lateral femoral epicondyle near 30-40 degrees of flexion, the test is considered positive.[3] A goniometer is used to ensure the correct angle of the knee joint[15].
Ober test:
The patient is lying on his side with the injured extremity facing upwards. The knee is flexed at 90 degrees and the hip in abduction and extension, the thigh is maintained in line with the trunk. The patient is invited to adduct the thigh as far as possible. The test is positive if the patient cannot adduct farther than the examination table. A positive Ober test indicates a short / tense ilio-tibial band or tensor fasciae latae, which is frequently related to the friction syndrome.[1][16]
Both the Noble compression test and the Ober test can be use to examine a patient with a suspicion of Iliotibial friction syndrome. The result will be more obvious when we combine the two into one special test. For this, the position of the Ober test is adopted and compression is applied on the lateral epicondyle during passive knee extension and flexion. Moving the knee can produce more strain on the injured structures and can help to reproduce the symptoms of the patient if the combination does not. Medial patellar glide can also increase the symptoms (by tending the patellar expansion of the iliotibial band) and can reveal the precise localization while lateral glides reduces them. An internal rotation of the tibia when the knee is moved from flexion to extension can also produce the symptoms. A combination of the Nobel and Ober tests with an unloaded knee or in a weight bearing position can also be done the reproduce the symptoms.[3]
Medical Management
Physical Therapy Management
The treatment of ITBS is usually non-operative, and physiotherapy should be considered the first and best line of treatment.
Treatment of the acute inflammatory response
Activity modification to prevent further aggravation of the patient's symptoms should be the first area to be addressed in treatment. If it is an athlete their training program should be reviewed and modified as needed. Decreasing the intensity of the trainings, especially the activities that cause pain such as running.Promoting an active rest period is critical with athletes. Patients should be advised to participate in other physical activities, such as e.g. swimming, that do not aggravate their symptoms but all them to maintain their conditioning.
Modalities to provide pain relief include ice (cryotherapy) or heat.[1][7] Some authors[1][3] suggest complete rest from athletic activities for at least 3 weeks; other authors[2] suggest that it is best to rest a period from 1 week to 2 months, but this rest period depends on the severity of the condition and the reproduction of pain during clinical examination.
If no improvement of symptoms occurs and inflammation persists, the following other treatment techniques might be considered:
Ultrasound therapy[7], providing thermal or non-thermal treatment of the injured tissue at a frequency range of 0.75 to 3 MHz (depending on the depth of the soft tissue to be treated)[17]
Muscle stimulation[7]
Iontophoresis or phonophoresis[7], techniques in which medication is administered into the injured tissue through ion distribution driven by an electric field or passed through the skin using ultrasound waves, respectively.
Iontophoresis with dexamethasone may be useful as an anti-inflammatory modality. [5]
Phonophoresis has been used in an effort to enhance the absorption of topically applied analgesics and anti- inflammatory agents through the therapeutic application of ultrasound. One study evaluated the efficacy of two ITBS treatments: phonophoresis using ultrasound to transport 10% hydrocortisone into subcutaneous tissues, and knee immobilization; the outcome suggests that receiving phonophoresis is a better treatment than just knee immobilization.[18]
An alternative treatment strategy is radial shockwave therapy. RSWT is considered safe as it results in minor adverse effects including worsening of symptoms over a short period of time, reversible local swelling, redness and hematoma. RSWT is believed to stimulate healing of soft tissue and to inhibit nociceptors. Thus, it increases the diffusion of cytokines across vessel walls into the painful area and stimulates the tendon healing response. Shockwaves also reduce the non-myelinated sensory nerve fibres and significantly reduce calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), and substance-P release. Finally shockwave treatment may stimulate neo-vascularisation in the tendon-bone and bone junction, thus promoting healing.
The shockwave treatment uses energy generated when a projectile in a handpiece is accelerated py pressurized air and hits a 15-mm-diameter metal applicator. The energy is then transmitted from the applicator via ultrasound gel to the skin, where the shockwave disperses radially into the tissue to be treated.
Radial shockwave therapy is shown to be really effective as rehabilitation program for runners with iliotibial band syndrome[15].
Exercises to stretch the iliotibial band and related structures.The best exercises to start the physical treatment of ITBS are passive or static stretching exercises.[19] This will lengthen the iliotibial band and will reduce friction with the lateral epicondyl of the femur. However, not only the iliotibial band needs stretching, but also the glutea. If the lateral gluteal muscles are found to be weak or functioning improperly, this will result in other muscles - including the iliotibial band - to have to compensate, which will cause contraction of the iliotibial band.[11] Furthermore, if the glutea is too short, it will also provoke a rotation of the leg and this will again create an abnormal stress on the iliotibial band, resulting in ITBS.[20] Stretching exercises need to be performed at least 3 times a day. [8]
The following exercices will stretch and lengthen the iliotibial band, tensor fascia latae, the gluteus medius and the related structures. Fredericson et al. compared the relative effectiveness of 3 common standing stretches for the iliotibial band. This study found that a particular stretch B – with the athlete standing, placing the affected foot adducted and behind the other, and laterally flexing away from the affected side with the arms stretched overhead – created the greatest lengthening of the band.[21]
Myofacial treatment is ideal in acute phase, when pain and inflammation in the insertion is felt. The triggerpoints in Biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, gluteus maximus, and tensor fascia latae muscles will be addressed by a myofascial treatment.[5]
Frequently, soft tissue treatment through massage and triggerpoint therapy of the affected area by the physiotherapist decreases the pain and definitively treats the condition. The use of a foam roller on the tight muscles could also be beneficial.[11] The patient can also perform exercises using a foam roller at home to create deep transversal friction, self myofascial release (massage) and stretching of the muscles. A possible exercise is to lie on the side with the foam roller positioned perpendicular to the bottom leg, just below the hipbone. The upper leg should be positioned in front for balance. Using the hands for support, roll from the top of the outer thigh down to just above the knee, straightening the front leg during the movement. Pause over any spots where the tissue feels especially tight or knotted, and hold for at least 10 seconds. Reverse the motion, rolling from the knee back up to the hip.
Deep tissue procedures, such as the Graston Technique (manual therapy that utilizes specially designed devices) and Active Release Technique (a patented manual therapy technique), to break up scar tissue and restore soft tissue motion [22]
Exercises to strengthen the abductor muscles and stabilize the hip.
A next important phase in the physical treatment of the ITBS is to perform exercises to strengthen the muscles in the affected area. Since ITBS is often associated with hip abductor weakness, strengthening and stabilizing of the hip will be beneficial in the treatment of ITBS.[2]
Some examples of useful exercises: Hip hikes to strengthen the gluteus medius help stabilize the hip. Stand on the edge of a step with the majority of the body weight on the unaffected side. Lower the hip of the involved hip and bring it back to neutral. Repeat the exercise: first 2 sets of 10 repeats, lateron 3 sets of 15 repeats.[9] Another example is the side-lying hip abduction (Figure [3]) exercise with the back against a wall and the leg held at approximately 30° of hip abduction with slight hip external rotation and neutral hip extension. This exercise can be made more stenuous by placing a 1-metre-long band between the ankles.[2]
Other exercises that are recommended, given the relationship of lowering body weightonone leg and neuromuscular control, are the 'single-leg step down' (Figure [4]), the 'single-leg wall squat' (Figure [5]) and the 'single-leg dead lift' (Figure [6]). [16]
Figure [4] Figure [5]
Hip/knee coordination and running/cycling style modification through the increase of neuromuscular control of gait.[1][11]
Going to the next phase of physical therapy, the physiotherapists will give training and instructions on multidimensional movement patterns, eccentric muscle contractions and integrated movement patterns. The main goal is to work with combinations of running, jumping, agility and balance exercises and that all with a clear emphasis on using the proper technique.
Cyclist are also at risk for ITBS if they tencto pedal with their toes turned in, which can cause abnormal stretching of the iliotibial band at the knee, so being aware of correct pedaling technique may minimize the risk of developing symptoms.[11]
These sorts of exercises need a strictly defined position so that they can be performed correctly. Follow the clear instructions and advice from a physiotherapist. The exercises should be performed slowly until that the patient feels the sensation of stretching. But the prolonged stretching that may causes pain, will decrease the possibility of longer maintenance of the stretching, it also increases the possibility of the muscle contraction that is triggered by a reflex, and it may eventually cause damage to these muscles.
On the other hand, keeping the stretching at the "initial" point will enable a complete relaxation of these muscles and the maintenance of the position for a longer period of time. The patient should keep the stretching at the point of the initial stretching for 15s , and then should he increase the time gradually to a maximum of 25s.[19]
Surgical Management
In some cases in which conservative treatment and physical therapy remain uneffective, it might be necessary to apply surgery.During surgery, a small piece of the posterior part of the iliotibial band that covers the lateral femoral epicondyle will be resected.[7]There are also a number of case series[1] reporting resolution of ITBS from the surgical excision of a bursa, cyst, or portion of a lateral synovial recess.
Surgical intervention is not indicated for ITBS except in rare cases in which prolonged conservative treatment has failed to either alleviate the patient's symptoms or resolve the ITBS.
Before considering surgery, the physician should investigate other possible sources of lateral knee pain. Lateral meniscus tears and chondromalacia can also cause lateral knee pain. Diagnostic arthroscopy should accompany any surgical procedure for ITBS.
Several procedures have been reported to be effective, most of which involve removing a portion of the ITB where it comes into contact with the lateral femoral epicondyle. Z- lengthening of the ITB at the level of the lateral epicondyle has also been proposed.[23]
Research has confirmed that oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or corticosteroid injections in the bursae or trigger points can be used to reduce the acute inflammatory response and pain. However, NSAIDs alone have not been found to be effective in providing symptom relief. Yet, in conjunction with other nonsurgical modalities and modification of activities, they can be beneficial in the short term for the therapy management.[7][7][11]The corticosteroid injections is proved to contribute to a rapid increase in mileage. [5]
Clinical Bottom Line
Due to the variety of potential causes of IT band syndrome, it is important for the clinician to consider areas that may be contributing to abnormal body mechanics. Especially with knee conditions, the joints above (hip) and below (ankle/foot) should be assessed to determine if they are contributing to the problem.
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Lavine R. Iliotibial band friction syndrome. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 2010; 3(1-4) :18–22
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Fairclough J, Hayashi K, Toumi H, Lyons K, Bydder G, Phillips N, Best TM, Benjamin M. The functional anatomy of the iliotibial band during flexion and extension of the knee: implications for understanding iliotibial band syndrome. Journal of Anatomy, 2006; 208(3): 309-316
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Michael D. Clinical Testing for Extra-Articular Lateral Knee Pain: A Modification and Combination of Traditional Tests. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 2008; 3: 107–109.
↑ van der Worp MP, van der Horst N, de Wijer A, Backx FJ, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW. Iliotibial Band Syndrome in Runners. Sport Medicine, 2012; 42(11):969-92
↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Baker RL, Fredericson M. Iliotibial Band Syndrome in Runners : Biomechanical Implications and Exercise Interventions. Physical médicine and réhabilitation clinics of North America, 2016; 27(1):53-77
↑ Mucha MD, Caldwell W, Schlueter EL, Walters C, Hassen A, Hip abductor strength and lower extremity running related injury in distance runners: A systematic review., Journal of Science Medicine in Sports, 2017;20(4):349-355 .
↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Strauss EJ, Kim S, Calcei JG, Park D. Iliotibial band syndrome: evaluation and management. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopedic Conditions. 2011;19(12):728-36.
↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 van der Worp MP, van der Horst N, de Wijer A, Backx FJ, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW. Iliotibial Band Syndrome in Runners. Sport Medicine, 2012;42(11):969-92.
↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Fairclough J, Hayashi K, Toumi H, Lyons K, Bydder G, Phillips N, Best TM, Benjamin M. Is iliotibial band syndrome really a friction syndrome? Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2007; 10:74-76
↑ Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation for Iliotibial Band Syndrome Differential Diagnoses. 2016.https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/307850 (accessed on 26th of Jul 2018)
↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Wong M. Pocket Orthopaedics, Evidence-Based survival guide. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2009 .
↑ Seijas R, Sallent R, Galán M, Alvarez-Diaz P, Ares O, Cugat R. Iliotibial Band Syndrome Following Hip Arthroscopy: An unreported complication, Indian Journal of Orthopaedics, 2016; 50(5): 486–491. doi: 10.4103/0019-5413.18959.
↑ Khaund R, Flynn SH. Iliotibial band syndrome: a common source of knee pain. American Family Physician. 2005;71(8):1545-1550.
↑ Bischoff C, Prusaczyk WK, Sopchick TL, Pratt NC, Goforth HW. Comparison of phonophoresis and knee immobilization in treating iliotibial band syndrome, Journal of Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation, 1995, 6(1):1-6.https://doi.org/10.1080/15438629509512030
↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Weckström K, Söderström J. Radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy compared with manual therapy in runners with iliotibial band syndrome, Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 2016; 29(1):161-70. doi: 10.3233/BMR-150612.
↑ 16.0 16.1 Gajdosik RL, Sandler MM, Marr HL. Influence of knee positions and gender on the Ober test for length of the iliotibial band. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 2003;18(1):77-9
↑ Speed CA. Therapeutic ultrasound in soft tissue lesions. British Society for Rheumatology, 2001; 40(12): 1331–1336. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/40.12.1331
↑ Gunter P, Schwellnus MP. Local corticosteroid injection in iliotibial band friction syndrome in runners: A Rrandomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2004; 38(3):269-72;
↑ 19.0 19.1 Pécina MM, Bojanic I. Overuse injuries of the musculoskeletal system. CRC press, 2004. p 222 – 228
↑ Krista Simon; Iliotibial Band Syndrome; Nysportsmed, 2015.
↑ Fredericson M. Quantitative analysis of the relative effectiveness of 3 iliotibial band stretches. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2002; 83(5): 589-592
↑ Jerold M. Stirling et al., Iliotibial Band Syndrome Treatment & Management. Sports Medicine, 2015.https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/91129 Accessed on 30 Jul 2018
↑ Schwellnus MP, Theunissen L, Noakes TD, Reinach SG. Anti-inflammatory and combined anti-inflammatory/analgesic medication in the early management of iliotibial band friction syndrome: A clinical trial. South-Africa Medicine Journal, 1991;79(10):602-6.
Retrieved from "https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Iliotibial_Band_Syndrome&oldid=215051"


Sri Lanka Tropical Island is the perfect place to go for your holiday as it has excellent beaches. It is a place that you can rejuvenate yourself from your busy schedule. This Island is well known because of its great destinations and natural surroundings which create a unique environment to spend your vacation. Some of a few locations which you should not miss going are Negombo, Trincomalee, and Galle to access these beautiful beaches.
The West C oast is the most developed and modernized area of the country. Due to this, most places in this town have been developed to encourage more tourists to visit this Island. In this Island, it is guaranteed that there is everything for everyone; whether you are going for a family vacation or a honeymoon you will have fun. The beaches here include Negombo, Kalutara, Colombo and Beruwala which are the perfect locations for packed adventure picnics.
In this part of the Island, you will get the most stunning beaches in the world. These sites are not crowded and not affected by human civilization, and they exhibit the best quality of natural sceneries. This side of the Island has high-end hotels and resorts that were built after the civil war to encourage more tourists to this side. This Island has breathtaking beaches like the Bay, Nilaveli, Uppuveli and Arugam where you can have lots fun if you visit.
The Southern Coast Island is another place you should visit while in Sri Lanka. It is the excellent home for the most exquisite beaches with lovely scenery of the golden sands, and the sun fall is a graphic scene to enjoy. You will get a pleasant feeling by the peaceful relaxation this beach will create to you. There are many fun activities you can do like whale watching, scuba diving and snorkeling and much more activities. Unawatuna, Galle, Bentota and Hikkaduwa are some of the best beaches you can visit.
Getting the best limo service for your wedding is not any easy task. One needs to look at many different services to know their terms and conditions so as to settle on the best limo that can offer you the best service during your big day. Do not go the first limo service you contact, just check on many different services as it is possible to get a better deal but after checking settle for the one that had good terms. There may be various limo companies in the area you came from, but the following are factors to consider before selecting a limo service to your wedding.
It is important to know the exact things you want before booking a limo for your wedding. It is good to know the number of people who will be using the limo and the type of limo you would like before embarking on the search for the limo. It is not easy to book or look for a service when you are not sure about the capacity and what exactly do you want.
It is always important to book everything as soon as you can so that you cannot be surprised by the last minute rush as it can mess with all your wedding plans. It is advisable to book early especially when it is summer wedding season or prom time. If you do not make early reservations, you may not get the particular kind of limo that you wanted to use for your wedding.
It is always important to talk to the limo service providers directly despite the fact that they can be contacted online. Get to see the limo personal and let them confirm your reservation, the time and date to avoid any misunderstanding. It is important to make sure that everything is planned properly before the big day.
It is important to understand the costs so that you can not get what you did not expect to be the cost when it is time to pay. It is advisable to ask for all the information before even selecting that limo company to use for your event.


text:
Q: How to push to new view controller from modal view that implements UITabBarController A view is presented modally:
[self presentModalViewController:modalNavController animated:YES];

This view uses a UITabBarController with 4 elements.  One of these elements, "Info" has a button that's only visible if its available.  If the button is clicked, it needs to push to another view controller, but I'd also like to maintain the tab bar from it's parent view.  I haven't been able to figure out how to do this with or without keeping the tab bar.  Ive tried pushing and presentingModally in all the places that I could image.  How should this be done properly?
Creating tab bar:
    infoController.title = @"Info";
    streetViewController.title = @"Street View";
    reviewController.title = @"Reviews";

    streetViewController.tabBarItem.image = [UIImage imageNamed:@"flag.png"];
    infoController.tabBarItem.image = [UIImage imageNamed:@"openMarker.png"];
    reviewController.tabBarItem.image = [UIImage imageNamed:@"reviews.png"];

UITabBarController *tabBarController = [[UITabBarController alloc] init];
    tabBarController.view.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, 320, 460);

    UINavigationController *infoNC = [[[UINavigationController alloc] initWithRootViewController:infoController] autorelease];
    infoNC.navigationBarHidden = YES;

[tabBarController setViewControllers:
    [NSArray arrayWithObjects:infoNC, streetViewController, reviewController, nil]];

[self.view addSubview:tabBarController.view];

A: When you add the view controllers to the tab bar controller you need to do this:
MyCustomViewController *vc1 = [[MyCustomViewController alloc] initWithNibName:nil bundles:nil];
UINavigationController *nc1 = [[[UINavigationController alloc] initWithRootViewController:recipesRootView] autorelease];
[vc1 release];

then add nc1 instead of your custom view.
Then in MyCustomViewController to push another view controller do:
[self.navigationController pushViewController:(UIViewController *)page animated:YES];

That should work for you, and keep the tab bar controller.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Since the launch of the new PayPal RESTful APIs, the development teams have been hard at work to provide the development community with new features and ways of working with our new initiatives.
With that said, I am happy to announce the launch of the new Node.js SDK for the RESTful APIs. As a Node.js developer myself, I am always happy to see how much eBay and PayPal support the Node.js community.
PayPal Github account. What makes this approach excellent for the community is that all issues and enhancements that users may want to contribute can be done directly through the Github project itself, meaning that the progress and work that the teams are doing to enhance the projects are completely transparent.
To find samples for working with the SDK, you can also take a look through the Node.js SDK sample repository. This is an excellent place to get started.
Using the SDK There are a few steps that we need to go through in order to integrate the SDK into a Node.js application.
1. Create the package.json file To start out an integration, we first need to create our package.json file that will give our application all of its configuration information.
The easiest way to get started is to copy the sample package.json file from the PayPal Node.js SDK Github repository. Once copied to your application folder, open it up for editing.
* host: The API host to use, api.sandbox.paypal.com for the PayPal sandbox, or api.paypal.com for live requests.
* port: The port to use.
* client_id: Your PayPal application client id.
* client_secret: Your PayPal application client secret.
SDK lib itself at the end of the file in the return structure, or see the API methods on the PayPal Developer site.
If you want to see what other SDKs are available, you can explore this earlier SDK announcement post.


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www.RCTCBC.gov.uk
Home>Newsroom>Press Releases>2019>January
Nos Galan 2018 - What A Night!
The world-famous Nos Galan Road Races marked its 60th anniversary in style, with thousands of people filling the town of Mountain Ash for an athletic extravaganza that has been hailed "the best one yet."
1750 competitors, including professional and fun runners, registered for the races and an estimated 10,000 to 12,000 spectators filled the town of Mountain Ash on New Year's Eve after all of the race places sold out within hours of the three days of registration, which formed part of a phased approach to allow more people the opportunity to register.
Already acclaimed as one of the best sporting events of its kind in the UK, the 2018 edition of the Nos Galan Road Races certainly exceeded all expectations.
Nos Galan 2018 Race Results
Councillor Ann Crimmings, RCT Council's Cabinet Member for Environment, Leisure and Heritage Services and Chair of the Nos Galan Organising Committee, which coordinates and drives the efforts of Council staff, partners and the community to organise the event, said: "We knew that the Nos Galan Road Races 2018 would be special as it was the 60th Anniversary of the races and, every year, it gets bigger and better.
"We planned for more mystery runners, a bigger fireworks display and an exceptional family atmosphere because of the special anniversary.
"But our expectations were exceeded. All places for all runs were sold out within hours of being released, meaning that we had a record number of runners; whilst we had 10,000 to 12,000 spectators flock to Mountain Ash to enjoy the event and support the competitors.
"We have been told by so many who were at the event that it was an exceptional evening, with a very special atmosphere that meant that it was a fitting way to celebrate the New Year.
"People were thrilled to see not one, but three mystery runners.
"Crowds cheered as champion athlete and London Marathon stalwart David Bedford OBE, Wales rugby star Sam Warburton OBE and Tonypandy's Rhys Jones who has competed in two Paralympic games and plans to represent Team GB at more, made their way into town with the iconic Nos Galan torch.
"They represented the past, present and future of not only the Nos Galan event itself, but of the wealth of sporting talent we are proud to have in RCT.
"Competitors of all ages were incredible and put on a show for the spectators. It truly was a magical evening and one which could not have been possible without the efforts of the Nos Galan Organising Committee, RCTCouncil and its partners, the runners and, most importantly, the incredible spirit of the communities of Mountain Ash."
Councillor Andrew Morgan, Leader of RCT Council and member of the Nos Galan Committee, added: "We know we have something special here in RCT.
"We have a rich cultural and sporting history that is filled with legends such as Guto Nyth Bran, once the fastest man in the world and the inspiration for the Nos Galan races.
"We also have an incredible crop of sporting talent here in Rhondda Cynon Taf, which is something we celebrate at Nos Galan in order to inspire more people to follow in the footsteps of the Mystery Runners and go for gold.
"This, combined with the passion and spirit of our Valleys communities means that we have a unique offer for visitors, which is why so many people once again flocked to Mountain Ash on New Year's Eve and had a night to remember. We look forward to welcoming them back for next year's event.
"I would like to thank all of our event sponsors - Prichards, Amgen Cymru and Trivallis; our partners, and the dedicated volunteers and Council staff who all helped to support the Nos Galan event. I would also like to extend thanks to South Wales Police for ensuring that the event could be enjoyed safely and smoothly by all."
Nos Galan 2018 saw a record 1750 athletes register to take part in elite and fun run events, whilst thousands more spectators than last year headed to the town to enjoy the celebrations and soak up the atmosphere.
Results for the 60th anniversary of the Nos Galan Road Races can be found via www.nosgalan.co.uk, and if you don't already, follow us via Twitter and Facebook to find more pictures and feedback from the event.
Posted on Thursday 3rd January 2019
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Cabinet Members to consider draft Budget Strategy for 2020/21
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What are the subject requirements for banking and finance and account and is it possible to study account, banking and finance with maths, eng, economics and account / commerce?
oou accepts English,maths/economic and any other social science subject for accounting.
for banking and finance oou accepts English,maths and any other two social science subject.
For Accounting OOU requires English, Mathematics, Economics and any other social science subject.
For Banking and Finance English,maths and any other two social science subject.
Yes your combination is good for the both courses.


text:
ABOUT CATONLINE
CATONLINE PRICING
OUR TEAMadmin2020-10-07T12:49:31+08:00
CATonline was established in 2015 by four passionate individuals with a vision for curtailing the expression of racism through cultural intelligence training.
Our dedicated team believe education and understanding are the keys to creating social cohesion in cross-cultural situations in the workplace and the wider community.
Closing the gap means changing hearts and minds for a more tolerant and inclusive world for everyone.
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Todd Russell, belongs to the Yamatji Wadjari people from the Murchison region of Western Australia.
As the owner and manager of The Digital Factory, a premium production facility, Todd specialises in filming and creating high quality digital media.
Todd has over 25 years' experience in the audio visual recording industry.
Robert Eggington
Robert Eggington, a Nyoongah man from Perth, is the executive officer of the Dumbartung Aboriginal Corporation where he works as curator and manager, co-ordinating projects and initiatives.
Robert delivers cross-cultural workshops and lectures, and has published an extensive body of literature on cultural matters in print and audio-visual media.
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Justine Kinney, a Yawaru woman from Broome, is the managing director of Cultural Creative Agency.
Drawing on her people's view of the world that all things are connected, Justine uses innovative ways to produce communication strategies with creative elements flowing across multiple platforms.
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Tania Watts is our IT support and web developer specialist. Tania graduated from the University of Western Australia with a double major in IT and Mathematics.
Tania has over 25 years' experience in the commercial development of Information Technology products and has worked in Australia, the UK and Switzerland.
CATonline is the cornerstone of every Reconciliation Action Plan.
With a strong spirit and a strong mind, we all make better decisions.
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Racial discrimination is covered under the Equality Act 2010 and is illegal in UK workplaces.
Research also shows a culturally diverse workforce is good for your organisation. When employees acknowledge differences and learn about others' experiences, productivity and performance increase (Ely & Thomas 2005).
Racial discrimination happens when an employee feels disadvantaged because of their nationality, colour or ethnic origin. When a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race or descent, this is classed as racial discrimination.
The Racial Discrimination Act 1975 makes it against the law to treat employees unfairly because of their race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status.
Direct racial discrimination happens when an employee receives poor treatment because of their race or perceived race. It can be a one-off occurrence, or a situation that continues over time. If the working environment is consistently hostile, offensive or degrading to that employee, that's racial harassment.
However, companies sometimes also disadvantage certain racial groups through their policies or procedures. For example, they might require educational qualifications that are not available outside the UK. This is indirect discrimination, even when the bias is unconscious.
Sometimes, the problem doesn't go away once it's been reported or addressed. If an employee is badly treated because they've made a complaint about racial harassment, this is victimisation.
Employees who have been subjected to discrimination will not always come forward, especially if the problem is subtle and they feel it cannot be 'proved'. It's therefore important that staff at all levels know how to recognise when racial discrimination occurs, and can support the affected employee.
Training courses that educate employees about the importance of racial and cultural diversity are a good place to start.
At times, your company might need to make rules or decisions that appear to discriminate against certain racial groups — but are allowed under UK law.
For example, a casting company might request that actors auditioning for a black character are of the same ethnic origin. This is an exception from racial discrimination, as long as your company can prove a genuine need.
If an employee believes they are the subject of racial discrimination — either from your company as a whole, or from another employee — the first step is to try and deal with the conflict internally. Use your formal grievance and disciplinary procedures to investigate, document and hopefully resolve the issue.
If you can't resolve the problem, it may go to an employment tribunal. It's best to try and avoid this because it reflects poorly on your company, and also means the employee has to pay fees.
The police may become involved if the complaint includes violence.
Line managers should be the first port of call for racial discrimination problems. They should be trained to understand and tackle the problem in a sensitive way, and to give the affected employee relevant advice. This can be an informal conversation, or the employee can follow your grievance procedure.
In larger companies, dedicated diversity networks can provide support.