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Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
UK Public General Acts
1988 c. 48
Effect of filing international...
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25U.K.For section 89 of the M1Patents Act 1977 (effect of filing international application for patent) substitute—
"89 Effect of international application for patent.
(1)An international application for a patent (UK) for which a date of filing has been accorded under the Patent Co-operation Treaty shall, subject to—
section 89A (international and national phases of application), and
section 89B (adaptation of provisions in relation to international application),
be treated for the purposes of Parts I and III of this Act as an application for a patent under this Act.
(2)If the application, or the designation of the United Kingdom in it, is withdrawn or (except as mentioned in subsection (3)) deemed to be withdrawn under the Treaty, it shall be treated as withdrawn under this Act.
(3)An application shall not be treated as withdrawn under this Act if it, or the designation of the United Kingdom in it, is deemed to be withdrawn under the Treaty—
(a)because of an error or omission in an institution having functions under the Treaty, or
(b)because, owing to circumstances outside the applicant's control, a copy of the application was not received by the International Bureau before the end of the time limited for that purpose under the Treaty,
or in such other circumstances as may be prescribed.
(4)For the purposes of the above provisions an application shall not be treated as an international application for a patent (UK) by reason only of its containing an indication that the applicant wishes to obtain a European patent (UK), but an application shall be so treated if it also separately designates the United Kingdom.
(5)If an international application for a patent which designates the United Kingdom is refused a filing date under the Treaty and the comptroller determines that the refusal was caused by an error or omission in an institution having functions under the Treaty, he may direct that the application shall be treated as an application under this Act, having such date of filing as he may direct.
89A International and national phases of application.
(1)The provisions of the Patent Co-operation Treaty relating to publication, search, examination and amendment, and not those of this Act, apply to an international application for a patent (UK) during the international phase of the application.
(2)The international phase of the application means the period from the filing of the application in accordance with the Treaty until the national phase of the application begins.
(3)The national phase of the application begins—
(a)when the prescribed period expires, provided any necessary translation of the application into English has been filed at the Patent Office and the prescribed fee has been paid by the applicant; or
(b)on the applicant expressly requesting the comptroller to proceed earlier with the national phase of the application, filing at the Patent Office—
(i)a copy of the application, if none has yet been sent to the Patent Office in accordance with the Treaty, and
(ii)any necessary translation of the application into English,
and paying the prescribed fee.
For this purpose a "copy of the application" includes a copy published in accordance with the Treaty in a language other than that in which it was originally filed.
(4)If the prescribed period expires without the conditions mentioned in subsection (3)(a) being satisfied, the application shall be taken to be withdrawn.
(5)Where during the international phase the application is amended in accordance with the Treaty, the amendment shall be treated as made under this Act if—
(a)when the prescribed period expires, any necessary translation of the amendment into English has been filed at the Patent Office, or
(b)where the applicant expressly requests the comptroller to proceed earlier with the national phase of the application, there is then filed at the Patent Office—
(i)a copy of the amendment, if none has yet been sent to the Patent Office in accordance with the Treaty, and
(ii)any necessary translation of the amendment into English;
otherwise the amendment shall be disregarded.
(6)The comptroller shall on payment of the prescribed fee publish any translation filed at the Patent Office under subsection (3) or (5) above.
89B Adaptation of provisions in relation to international application.
(1)Where an international application for a patent (UK) is accorded a filing date under the Patent Co-operation Treaty—
(a)that date, or if the application is re-dated under the Treaty to a later date that later date, shall be treated as the date of filing the application under this Act,
(b)any declaration of priority made under the Treaty shall be treated as made under section 5(2) above, and where in accordance with the Treaty any extra days are allowed, the period of 12 months specified in section 5(2) shall be treated as altered accordingly, and
(c)any statement of the name of the inventor under the Treaty shall be treated as a statement filed under section 13(2) above.
(2)If the application, not having been published under this Act, is published in accordance with the Treaty it shall be treated, for purposes other than those mentioned in subsection (3), as published under section 16 above when the conditions mentioned in section 89A(3)(a) are complied with.
(3)For the purposes of section 55 (use of invention for service of the Crown) and section 69 (infringement of rights conferred by publication) the application, not having been published under this Act, shall be treated as published under section 16 above—
(a)if it is published in accordance with the Treaty in English, on its being so published; and
(b)if it is so published in a language other than English—
(i)on the publication of a translation of the application in accordance with section 89A(6) above, or
(ii)on the service by the applicant of a translation into English of the specification of the application on the government department concerned or, as the case may be, on the person committing the infringing act.
The reference in paragraph (b)(ii) to the service of a translation on a government department or other person is to its being sent by post or delivered to that department or person.
(4)During the international phase of the application, section 8 above does not apply (determination of questions of entitlement in relation to application under this Act) and section 12 above (determination of entitlement in relation to foreign and convention patents) applies notwithstanding the application; but after the end of the international phase, section 8 applies and section 12 does not.
(5)When the national phase begins the comptroller shall refer the application for so much of the examination and search under section 17 and 18 above as he considers appropriate in view of any examination or search carried out under the Treaty.".
Marginal Citations
M11977 c. 37.
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text:
Let Them Eat Cakes
Posted on February 1, 2017 by john mcadam
Back when I was wearing a red apron at the newly opened Omaha location of a national retail chain, they had just returned to Omaha after a six-year absence, my primary responsibility was to introduce different world foods and beverages to customers and talk about their traditions and history. The holiday season was the obvious time to introduce the flavours of Christmas cookies, cakes, and fruitcakes from around the globe; stollen from Germany, mincemeat tarts and fruitcake from England, ginger snaps from Sweden, and panettone from Italy. And I shared my enjoyment and memories of mum's fruitcake and nanna's plum pudding with the shoppers gathered around the displays of Dunedin and Welsh fruitcake, European light fruitcake, boxes of Walkers mince pies and tarts, plum puddings, tins of Cadbury Jumper Biscuits, and jars of mincemeat; and they shared the memories and family traditions of their holiday season. Fruitcake has been one of my favourites ever since I was a young lad. Sometimes on mum's sift, blend, mix, beat, stir, whip, and bake Sunday's, she would make a fruitcake. It was always a light fruitcake; rich and luscious, and we would take slices of it for the next week wrapped in greaseproof paper, in our school lunches.
When I offered samples of fruitcake and shared its heritage and history with all of the shops Christmas patrons I presented bite-size pieces of Dundee and European fruit cake, paired with samples of Winter Spice Tea. I cut small bite-size chunks from the cellophane-wrapped cakes and put each moist sampling into a plastic portion cup, and the cups were arranged in straight lines on clear trays on a mobile wooden demonstration cart. I gestured and motioned toward the plastic portion cups and greeted the Christmas shoppers approaching me with fruitcake just like what was served when Princess Diana married Charles. Most of the shoppers when they caught sight of the moist fruitcake chunks turned down the sample by telling me: Americans don't like fruitcake. The more I've mused over Americans dislike for fruitcake the more I have come to the conclusion that Americans just don't like cake. I think it's safe to say that Americans like pies more than cakes; pies served with ice cream, pie a la mode.
image source:johnmcadam
And I think that this is indeed unfortunate because most countries can be identified with a cake that they call their own.
Italy; Tiramisu. Layers of ladyfingers dipped in coffee and heaped with mascarpone whipped with eggs and sugar.
England; Victoria Sponge Cake. Jam and double whipped cream sandwiched between two sponge cakes.
France; Galette de rois. Round cake with flaky puff pastry layers with a dense centre of cream made from sweet almonds.
Greece; Baklava. Rich, sweet layers of crispy golden brown phyllo, filled with chopped nuts and sweetened with syrup or honey.
Germany; Black Forest Cherry Cake. Four layers of chocolate sponge cake, cherries, and whipped cream flavoured with cherry schnapps.
Australia; Lamington. Squares of sponge cake coated in an outer layer of chocolate sauce and rolled in desiccated coconut.
United States; And I struggled to think of an iconic cake that the world identifies with America.
image source:aaronmaree.blogspot.com
America's cake list comes down to red velvet cake, American cheesecake, and angel food cake; I don't think of chocolate brownies and doughnuts as cakes. Red velvet cake is not really inspiring; it's a simple chocolate layer cake with cream cheese on top, and it's only red, bright red or a reddish-brown colour because of food colouring. And angel food cake is a type of sponge cake made with egg whites, flour, and sugar, but no butter; how can a cake be admirable if it doesn't contain butter. Besides, angel food cake never seems to stand alone. It's always served with cream or some berry fruit; a great cake should be able to stand alone. And American cheesecake is a cake made only with cream cheese, sugar and eggs; but it isn't uniquely American. There are Australian, Brazilian, Colombian, Bulgarian, French, German, Greek, Dutch, Belgium, Polish, Russian, Swedish, and United Kingdom and Irish style cheesecakes. So I don't think America has a national cake, a cake to call its own, a cake that could stand alongside the bald eagle, the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the White House, Independence Hall, the Liberty Bell, the Statue of Liberty, or the Great Seal.
image source:tabletopplanner
As well as lamingtons, Australia is also known for its vanilla slices, matchsticks, butterfly cakes, jam-filled swiss rolls, jam tarts, coffee scrolls, and cream puffs. Either cake would not be out of place alongside any of Australia's well-known icons; the big red kangaroo, emu, golden wattle tree, Akubra hat, or Sydney Opera House. Unlike America, you're going to find a large collection of cake shops in most of The Land Down Under's cities and towns.
Acland Street is nestled in the heart of St Kilda; a short tram ride from Melbourne's CBD. It's known for the consummate cake shops that own the footpaths. I still have sweet memories of wandering Acland Street, and with all the other shoppers smudging the outsides of the cake laden windows. If it was creamy, sticky, crunchy, smooth, sweet, zesty, or tangy it would be either a cheesecake, eclair, meringue, macaron or a pie or tart, from one of the street's famous five European cake shops.
image source:ieatthereforeiam.blogspot.com
After it was wasn't okay to hold your mum's hand in public but it was still okay to be seen with her I would sometimes go into Melbourne with mum and nanna on one of their shopping days; most times it was just a window shopping day. They always stopped in at the Hopetoun Tea Rooms in the Block Arcade for sandwiches, or if it was later in the day, scones and a cup of tea. The main room seated about 50 people and you just walked in and found yourself one of the empty, small, marble top tables amongst the other window shopping ladies. The room always hummed with conversations and the clinking of stirring spoons in teacups. The days of the shopping ladies, the well-heeled and fashionable matrons, and the genteel old-world ambience has mostly gone; now roped off queues form outside the Tea Rooms and wait for a table. And the cake choice has grown from scones, lamingtons, sponges, and vanilla slices to a bewildering choice of forty-five delectable cakes and tarts. The bulging Hopetoun Tea Rooms window display is said to be the most photographed window in Melbourne.
I probably first drifted into Carlton when I was still at Footscray Tech; around when college first started to interfere with my learning. Carlton is an inner-city residential neighbourhood of Melbourne; it was and still is, populated with students, Italian immigrants, artists, and aspiring hipsters. And it was there that I was introduced to the mysterious lattes, espressos, and cappuccinos that were produced by the Faema espresso machines. Carlton brought a culinary and cafe culture to Melbourne; some of the first wave Italian restaurants, coffee shops, and delicatessens are still colonising the streets and laneways. Brunetti's is still a small piece of Italy and is now nestled in Lygon Court; a small shopping arcade. Banks of illuminated display cabinets overflowing with cakes, pastries, éclairs, and macarons welcome you to the magical land of cakes.
Beechworth is Victoria's best-preserved historic gold mining town. The town is cradled in the foothills of the Australian Alps in north east Victoria and is a comfortable three-hour drive from Melbourne. Built during the riches of the early gold-rush days the town's attractive two main streets are lined with elegant buildings and historic shop-fronts; more than 32 buildings are listed by the National Trust. Walking into the Beechworth Bakery gives you a taste of yesteryear; the glass-fronted display cases are crammed with custard tarts, coffee scrolls, apple squares, lamingtons, jelly slices, vanilla slices, date scones, beestings, lemon slices, orange & almond cakes, and jam tarts; just to name a few. The cakes, pastries, and pies carry you back to your kitchen on mum's Sunday baking day; when you waited to lick the wooden spoon that she used to mix the batter for her butterfly cakes.
Yea is a scenic township about 60 miles north of Melbourne; the suburbs of Melbourne are relentlessly moving in on the town and transforming the surrounding rural countryside into bedroom communities. Many of Yea's historical buildings are heritage sites and there are still gorges and fern gullies close by; a reminder of what the area was thousands of years ago. And Yea is no exception to the rule: Every small town and suburb of Melbourne has a cake shop. It could be a pie or a sandwich shop but you know you can always treat yourself by just ordering a flat white coffee and lamington. My grandad lived for a while in Yea during the early 1900s. He was probably one of many who smudged the glass with their face when coveting the lamingtons, fruit scones, and vanilla slices in the windows of the bakeries lining the main street.
Omaha is nestled into Nebraska and is the 42nd largest city in the United States. The city and its metropolitan area is home to over 900,000 people. Omaha claims to be the mother of Butter Brickle Ice Cream, the Reuben sandwich, Raisin Bran, the frozen TV dinner, the first Duncan Hines cake mix, and the Eskimo pie; each one of these delicacies is not only a rich addition to the American national food menu but an influence on the way the world eats. For as long as I can remember Omaha has always had the Delice European Bakery and Cafe; a Xanadu of gateaus, tortes, tarts, rich cream-filled cakes, scones and cookies. And more recently the Le Petit Paris French Bakery; a rich source for mousses, tarts and macaroons, and classic pastries. So maybe Omaha is the American exception to the adage: Unlike America, you're going to find a large collection of cake shops in most of The Land Down Under's cities and towns.
The Cheesecake Factory is at the WestRoads Mall; they claim to have 50 signature cheesecakes and desserts. I think I will stop by The Cheesecake Factory and suggest a lamington cheesecake as a dessert option.
Hopetoun Tea Rooms
Beechworth Bakery
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2 thoughts on "Let Them Eat Cakes"
on February 8, 2017 at 10:04 pm
My dear Mr. Mac,
Are you telling me that those delicious red velvet cakes are nothing more than red-colored Hersey? Is there no honestly in USA baking? I'm headed to Delice for a…
jmcadam says:
on February 11, 2017 at 5:09 pm
USA baking has been offering alternative facts to the populace for many years. Bad. Red velvet cake is delicious and you should be eating it. Tremendous.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Biden calls on Congress to pass legislation to block railroad strike
Freight train cars sit in a Norfolk Southern rail yard on Wednesday, Sept. 14, 2022, in Atlanta. A fifth rail union has approved its deal with the freight railroads to secure 24% raises and $5,000 in bonuses and a sixth ... more >
By Jeff Mordock - The Washington Times - Monday, November 28, 2022
President Biden on Monday urged Congress to impose a labor agreement brokered by his administration on railroad companies and unions to avert a potentially crippling strike at the height of the holiday season.
Mr. Biden said he would usually side with the right to strike, but a railroad strike presented a special case.
"As a proud pro-labor president, I am reluctant to override the ratification procedures and the views of those who voted against the agreement. But in this case — where the economic impact of a shutdown would hurt millions of other working people and families — I believe Congress must use its powers to adopt this deal," Mr. Biden said in a statement.
The Biden administration negotiated the deal in September, but four influential railroad workers unions rejected it, giving the two sides less than two weeks to avoid a strike before Dec. 9 deadline.
Union officials have warned that an agreement is increasingly unlikely and said the proposed deal is unfair. They said they wouldn't approve the Biden-backed agreement because it lacks sick days and continues to penalize workers for taking sick time.
A strike could devastate the U.S. economy by disrupting the supply chain, halting passenger travel and delaying critical materials from reaching water treatment plants during the height of the holiday season.
The momentum has been building behind Congress' intervention in the railroad union dispute, with few political benefits for either party in allowing a strike at Christmas time.
Mr. Biden said he didn't want to lean on Congress to solve the crisis but didn't have a choice. He warned that a rail strike would "hurl this nation into a devastating rail freight shutdown."
"My economic advisers report that as many as 765,000 Americans — many union workers themselves — could be put out of work in the first two weeks alone. Communities could lose access to chemicals necessary to ensure clean drinking water. Farms and ranches across the country could be unable to feed their livestock," he said.
White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre told reporters that Mr. Biden was engaged with House lawmakers to prevent a strike. She noted that Congress has acted in the past to avoid rail strikes.
"The president is directly involved in the process and has been engaged with his team and also has had conversations with members of Congress on this particular issue in case resolving the issue falls to them as it has 18 times in the last 60 years," she said.
Under federal law, Congress can intervene to stop a strike. The last time Congress intervened in a railroad strike was in 1994.
Congress also could force negotiations to continue, which would push the strike deadline past the holidays, or could force both sides to enter arbitration with a third-party mediator.
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, California Democrat, said Monday that the House would consider legislation this week to avoid the rail strike.
"The House will take up a bill adopting the Tentative Agreement — with no poison pills or changes to the negotiated terms — and send it to the Senate," she said in a statement.
Ahead of Mr. Biden's plea, some union groups have been lobbying Congress to add paid sick days to the deal before approving it. Other groups representing a variety of business interests have pushed Congress to approve an initial proposal by the Biden administration that excluded paid sick days for workers.
By pressing Congress to act, it is clear that Mr. Biden is feeling the heat to resolve the dispute. On Monday, a coalition of more than 400 business groups sent a letter to congressional leaders urging them to intervene and revive talks.
The groups, which included the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the National Association of Manufacturers and the National Retail Federation, warned that even a short-term strike could wreak havoc across the economy. They said the impact would be felt before the Dec. 9 strike deadline because some railroads would stop hauling hazardous materials beforehand, fearing those products would be stranded on the tracks.
"A potential rail strike only adds to the headwinds facing the U.S. economy. A rail stoppage would immediately lead to supply shortages and higher prices," the letter said.
The groups estimated that halting passenger services, including Amtrak and commuter rail lines, would disrupt up to 7 million travelers per day. Many businesses' sales would be disrupted in the middle of the critical holiday shopping season.
A similar group of businesses sent Mr. Biden a letter last month urging him to take a more active role in the negotiations.
Four of 12 unions that represent the majority of U.S. rail workers voted down the tentative agreement. The sticking point remains paid sick time and attendance policies.
Mr. Biden insisted that the deal brokered by his administration was a good one. It provided a 24% pay raise by 2024 for rail workers, annual bonuses of $1,000 and a cap on health care premiums. It also granted conductors and engineers up to three unscheduled sick days each year for routine doctor appointments.
In September, when the deal was announced, Mr. Biden said labor and business leaders "hailed it as a fair resolution of the dispute."
The unions said it wasn't good enough. They say they deserve paid sick time and more they will receive under the Biden plan.
SMART Transportation Division, a 36,000-member union representing rail conductors, said recent events, including the pandemic, underscore the need for increased sick time. The union underscored its point by noting the death of a 51-year-old engineer who had a heart attack after delaying a doctor's appointment.
SMART Transportation Division is among the four unions that rejected the deal. Roughly 51% of its members rejected it.
Railroad workers do not receive paid sick time, and it is difficult for them to take time off on short notice. The freight carriers have insisted that those policies are necessary to keep rail lines well staffed and that workers have paid vacation time they can use.
All 12 unions need to approve the agreement for it to be ratified. If one union moves to strike, then all 12, which combined represent more than 115,000 rail workers, would likely vote in solidarity, triggering a nationwide work stoppage.
• This article is based in part on wire service reports.
• Jeff Mordock can be reached at jmordock@washingtontimes.com.


Welcome to Amsterdam, Clear your emigration and Meet your driver at Arrival area An proceed to Amsterdam hotel, on Arrival at hotel, check to your room, Evening at Leisure for your own activities, Overnight at Amsterdam hotel.
Breakfast at hotel , later check out from hotel and processed to Train station by your own , Board Train to Brussels (3 hr ) , on arrival at Brussels reach hotel by your own , Check in to hotel , Later explore city by your own in the evening.
Breakfast at hotel, later proceed to Train station by your own, Board Train to Zurich (4.5 Hr ) , reach hotel and Check in to hotel , Speed Evening Exploring Zurich city by your own , Overnight at Zurich hotel.
Breakfast at hotel, later proceed to train station and board a train to Venice (7 hr ) , on arrival at Venice reach hotel by your own , Check in to hotel , spend Evening at leisure.
Breakfast at hotel, later Proceed to Venice lsland and join walking tour of Venice Explore the famous sites and hidden charms of Venice on this walking tour, followed by a ride through the city's canals on an iconic gondola. Admire the splendor of St Mark's Square, and then follow your local guide through a romantic maze of surrounding backstreets to discover some of Venice's lesser-known gems. Learn the fascinating history of Venice as you wander through narrow alleys and over stone footbridges, and then hop aboard a Venetian gondola for a leisurely ride along the Grand Canal. evening spend quality time exploring island by your own , back to hotel and overnight at Venice hotel.
Breakfast at hotel, later check out from hotel and Proceed to Venice Train station, and board Train to Rome (4 hr ) on Arrival at Rome Reach hotel by your own , Check in to hotel , Evening at leisure , overnight at Rome hotel.
Breakfast at hotel,Later proceed to hop on hop off sightseeing tours for the Explore Rome at your own pace and without hassle from the comfort of one of our open-topped, double-decker buses. You can hop on and off whenever you feel like it and discover the city the way that suits you best with the same ticket and enjoy spectacular views while you learn about the fascinating history of the eternal city. You can now enjoy free WIFI on board the City Sightseeing buses in Rome, so we encourage you to blog, tweet and upload photos along the way. Evening back to hotel , Overnight at Rome hotel.
Daily Breakfast at hotel, later you will be Transfer to Rome airport by private cab for your onward flight.


If you're reading this and think you might recognize yourself, you probably know who you are. If you're reading this and wonder why I'm writing this about you because this should be common sense, you probably know who you are. If you're reading this and know I'm writing about you… I'm probably not.
I'm a person with a visible disability. You are somehow part of my life. You could be a colleague, a teacher, a friend, a stranger in line at a coffee shop… less commonly, you could be a family member or a romantic partner. Your life could've intersected mine in a hundred different ways. Before meeting me, you've usually had little to no experience with the day to day realities of living with a disability.
And yet… you get it.
You get it in ways I can never put into words until I fumble and falter and try and thank you for just understanding so I don't have to explain at all. When I stammer out the words of joy and gratitude I feel from deep in my soul, more often than not, you remain still for a moment, eyebrows raised, and ask me with all seriousness what the big deal is. Because more people should understand. You think that more people should stop asking intrusive questions. You believe that nobody should grab my body when "trying to help". You think I belong at the table just like everyone else, and you'll quietly move heaven and earth to level the playing field so I'm part of your group and not just a token participant. You understand why some ideas are so harmful. You may not know what my life feels like, but you leave me plenty of open space so that I can fill in the gaps – not because I owe you an explanation, but because you know that so few people leave their agendas at the door.
You may be a new friend, or a colleague who got to know me on that project one time. You may be a stranger who offered assistance when I was standing in line at a coffee shop and just knew how to help and let me be when it was no longer required. You may be a random group of people who regularly play board games. You may be a part of a group of musicians. You may be a member of a sports team or other club. You could literally be anybody. Often times, you intrinsically understand me – and my life with disability – better than many of my family members, partners, or friends. As much as we love them, there's always been a growing experience, an adjustment period, a drawing of boundaries. With you… that's never once been there. You've always just… known. You've never called attention to my disability, but you've never neglected its presence either. You've never asked questions unless they directly flowed out of a conversation we've been having. You've understood – with no input from me – why little things that many people say shouldn't "get to me"… get to me. You're furious on my behalf at intrusions into my privacy, and yet you've given me space to fight the battles myself. You've presumed me competent when I've spent so much time trying to convince people that I'm not just a child in an adult body. For all of this, you have my undying gratitude.
And you're right, more people should. But maybe, just maybe, if more people did… I wouldn't be so aware of the rare and precious mystical belonging places. It's more than the absence of negatives; you've given me something that so few people have… the gift of true acceptance. Thank you, from the bottom of my heart.
Go ahead, raise those eyebrows. If you think I might be talking about you – if you remember some stammered, incoherent conversation about thankfulness and gratitude toward you – I probably am. If you don't remember this conversation… that's OK. I'm probably not writing about you directly right now. But I could be… or someone else could be down the line. Read this post again. And again. And again. And let it sink in. It's not hard to "get" disability; it's a leaving behind of preconceptions, a listening to what's being said, an opening to a change in script. I'm eternally thankful for people who intuitively "get it", and also for those who want to get it, own their missteps, and don't lay all the emotional labour on me. It's never too late to move forward, to be that person that doesn't understand how something so simple can be so profound.
And yet, it is profound.
And these fumbling, faltering words are the only ones I can come up with to adequately express myself. But maybe, just maybe, they are enough.
This is one of the most beautiful posts you've ever written!
Thanks for posting this wonderfully crafted letter.


text:
Disorders & Issues
DEPRESSION: MAJOR DEPRESSION & UNIPOLAR VARIETIES
CHILDHOOD MENTAL DISORDERS AND ILLNESSES
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET ADDICTION
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE SPECTRUM DISORDERS
SOMATIC SYMPTOM AND RELATED DISORDERS
ALZHEIMERS DISEASE AND OTHER COGNITIVE DISORDERS
WELLNESS AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
STRESS REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
BULLYING AND PEER ABUSE
WHAT IS ADDICTION
SIGNS, SYMPTOMS, & EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
WHAT CAUSES ADDICTION?
MENTAL HEALTH, DUAL-DIAGNOSIS, & BEHAVIORAL ADDICTIONS
INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC DRUGS
ALTERNATIVE MENTAL HEALTH MEDICINE
Self-Help Phone Numbers
Health Research News
Need help breaking free from addiction?
Need help breaking free from addiction? 1-888-993-3112 Call 24/7 for treatment options. Who Answers?
Call 24/7 for treatment options. Who Answers?
Obsessive-compulsive-spectrum
Similarities And Differences Between Hoarding Disorder And OCD
As previously mentioned, the disorders in the OCRDs category have both similarities and differences. Although all the disorders in this category have intrusive thoughts, these obsessional thoughts manifest somewhat differently. Some disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are characterized by classic obsessions. Obsessions are repetitive, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts that trigger anxiety. In other disorders, such as BDD and hoarding disorder, the intrusive thoughts could be more aptly described as a persistent and unrelenting preoccupation. In the case of BDD, this preoccupation focuses on personal appearance and attractiveness. In the case of hoarding disorder, the preoccupation centers around possessions.
The intrusive thoughts of people with hoarding disorder are associated with their preoccupation regarding their possessions; specifically, parting with, or losing these possessions. Unlike spontaneous OCD obsessions, intrusive hoarding thoughts and resultant anxiety are not usually activated until faced with the prospect of losing or parting with possessions.
People also report intrusive and repetitive thoughts surrounding the "need" to acquire a possession, and experience anxiety until that object is acquired. Ordinary, everyday situations can trigger someone's obsessional desire to acquire something (i.e., a free promotional give-away, a newspaper advertisement, etc.). Moreover, individuals with hoarding often describe their acquisition behavior as a compulsion, experienced as strong urges. They feel driven to acquire the desired items and experience significant anxiety if they do not. A difference between OCD and hoarding disorder is that in hoarding disorder the compulsive acquisition of items results in a "pleasurable" feeling. This is not the case for compulsions in OCD.
Like OCD and BDD, hoarding disorder has an insight specifier to further refine the diagnosis. While it is true that obsessions and compulsions are based on inaccurate or irrational beliefs, people differ in terms of whether they recognize this fact. In other words, some people readily recognize and accept their obsessions are not sensible. Nonetheless, this insight is insufficient to prevent the obsessions and compulsions. Other people lack this insight. They firmly cling to their distorted beliefs, despite evidence that refutes the validity of such beliefs. This lack of insight is important with respect to treatment. In general, people with poor or absent insight have a poorer prognosis for a full and complete recovery.
There are three insight specifiers: 1) good/fair, 2) poor, or 3) absent/delusional. An insight specifier rates a person's degree of insight about their disorder-related beliefs. With respect to hoarding disorder, the insight specifier indicates how fixed or rigid the disorder-related beliefs are. It also indicates whether or not someone understands their beliefs and behaviors are problematic. Of note, animal hoarding is associated with poorer insight.
Unlike people with OCD, people with hoarding disorder may interpret their disorder-related beliefs and behaviors as sensible ideas that reflect their overall value system. For instance, many people value the importance of being thrifty and avoiding wastefulness. If such a person develops a hoarding disorder, they may interpret their hoarding behavior as sensible and consistent with the need to be thrifty and avoid wastefulness. Therefore, as with BDD, insight into the nature of their problem is often a significant treatment obstacle. This is because people are not motivated to "fix" something that does not strike them as problematic.
It is often difficult for an outside observer to understand how people with a hoarding disorder do not grasp the severity or magnitude of the problem. One reason for this difficulty is they often minimize the harmful impact to themselves, or to their loved ones. People with particularly poor insight often shift the blame for the problem to others, or attempt to rationalize the reasons for the problem (i.e., but not their problem). Therefore, traditional cognitive-behavioral treatments need to be modified. Like BDD, treatment may need to include cognitive restructuring of dysfunctional and inaccurate beliefs. Motivation for change may need to be developed or strengthened before treatment can proceed.
Treatment for hoarding disorder does not usually progress as smoothly or quickly as treatment for OCD. Notwithstanding these differences, there is often a higher comorbidity rate between OCD and hoarding disorder as compared to other mental disorders. Like OCD, there is also evidence of a familial link.
obsessive-compulsive-spectrum Related Pages
Biological Explanations of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRDs)
Cognitive Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Diagnosis: The Signs and Symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
Diagnosis: The Signs and Symptoms of Hoarding Disorder
Diagnosis: The Signs and Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Facts about Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Group Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Maintenance of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Marc: An Example of the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Medications for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Versus Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Panic Attacks in Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRDs)
Psychological Explanations of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRDs)
Similarities and Differences Between OCD and BDD
Similarities and Differences Between Skin-Picking (Excoriation Disorder) and Other Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Similarities and Differences Between Trichotillomania and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Sociocultural Explanations of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRDs)
Symptoms of OCD and Tic Disorders
Treatment Obstacles for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Treatment Recommendations Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
Treatment Recommendations for Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder
Treatment Recommendations for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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What Are Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders?
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The Southern Philippines was recently thrown in the basket of evils now standardized by a primitive White House, which will not be without consequences on an already fragile health care system across the U.S.
The Filipino nursing population is the largest provider of foreign nurses by any country. WIth a shortage of nurses that continues to dangerously widen throughout all States, they will soon consist of 250,000 qualified workers, or almost 8 % of the entire U.S. nurses. Most of them also share an interesting attribute: most come from the southern part of The Philippines.
In California, they even make up 20% of all hospital nurses, yet the State still only produces 50 % of nurses needed in hospital. The State of New York shows similar dependence.
Who will replace the retiring nurses to care for a growing Senior population when Filipino health workers, protected by the US Pensionado Act of 1903, may no longer work in the U.S. ?
South Philippines.....Where is the official border?
Curiously, The government of The Philippines has not defined an official "borderline" that separates the North from the South as the Mason Dixon line did during the US civil war. For an American president to ban the "southern part" of country that is only divided into multiple regions would be more idiotic than if China chose to break economic ties with the northern US states only, though in the mind of millions, that imaginary line still divides the USA, both geographically and culturally.
Would American citizens visiting family or living in the "southern Philippines" be banned from returning to the US ?
The White House did not provide a clear reason for adding the southern portion of the country, but it should be noted that President Duterte of the Philippines had requested the removal of U.S. troops from the island of Mindanao, located at the southernmost tip of the archipelago. The Filipino President claimed that foreign military presence stirs tension within rebel groups and may hinder on-going negotiations with Manila.
Could the exclusion of the American troops in The Philippines have also fueled tension with Washington?
But being a native of the island of Mindanao, will the President of the Philippines need a special waiver to meet with the President of the United States on American soil?
Warning US tourists to avoid certain dangerous areas in PH, does not compare to banning half that country to prevent Filipinos to enter the US, and possibly US citizens.
Do you think US hospitals will be affected, though?
The island of mindanao is southern PH. But the terrorists are located in North Catobato and Zamboanga, The Embassy has always warned Americans to avoid these areas.
Will President Duterte allowed in The U.S. since he is from Southern Philippines?


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★ CPI Inflation Calculator
U.S. inflation rate in 1847: 6.49%
$1 in 1850 → 1847
Inflation rate in 2021
Future inflation calculator
Inflation in 1847 and its effect on dollar value
$1 in 1846 is equivalent in purchasing power to about $1.06 in 1847. The dollar had an average inflation rate of 6.49% per year between 1846 and 1847, producing a cumulative price increase of 6.49%. Purchasing power decreased by 6.49% in 1847 compared to 1846. On average, you would have to spend 6.49% more money in 1847 than in 1846 for the same item.
This means that prices in 1847 are 1.06 times higher than average prices since 1846, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics consumer price index.
The 1846 inflation rate was 1.32%. The inflation rate in 1847 was 6.49%. The 1847 inflation rate is higher compared to the average inflation rate of 2.01% per year between 1847 and 2021.
Inflation rate is calculated by change in the consumer price index (CPI). The CPI in 1847 was 8.20. It was 7.70 in the previous year, 1846. The difference in CPI between the years is used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to officially determine inflation.
Inflation by Country
Inflation by Spending Category
Formulas & How to Calculate
Inflation from 1846 to 1847
Average inflation rate 6.49%
Converted amount ($1 base) $1.06
Price difference ($1 base) $0.06
CPI in 1846 7.700
Inflation in 1846 1.32%
$1 in 1846 $1.06 in 1847
USD Inflation since 1635
Annual Rate, the Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI
Inflation can also vary widely by country. For comparison, in the UK £1.00 in 1846 would be equivalent to £1.12 in 1847, an absolute change of £0.12 and a cumulative change of 12.37%.
Compare these numbers to the US's overall absolute change of $0.06 and total percent change of 6.49%.
CPI is the weighted combination of many categories of spending that are tracked by the government. Breaking down these categories helps explain the main drivers behind price changes. This chart shows the average rate of inflation for select CPI categories between 1846 and 1847.
Compare these values to the overall average of 6.49% per year:
Avg Inflation (%)
Total Inflation (%)
Food and beverages 0.00 0.00 1.00
Housing 0.00 0.00 1.00
Apparel 0.00 0.00 1.00
Transportation 0.00 0.00 1.00
Medical care 0.00 0.00 1.00
Recreation 0.00 0.00 1.00
Education and communication 0.00 0.00 1.00
Other goods and services 0.00 0.00 1.00
For all these visualizations, it's important to note that not all categories may have been tracked since 1846. This table and charts use the earliest available data for each category.
Inflation rates of specific categories
Medical Care · Housing · Rent · Food · More
Inflation-adjusted measures
S&P 500 price · S&P 500 earnings · Shiller P/E
How to Calculate Inflation Rate for $1, 1846 to 1847
Our calculations use the following inflation rate formula to calculate the change in value between 1846 and 1847:
CPI in 1847 CPI in 1846
1846 USD value
Then plug in historical CPI values. The U.S. CPI was 7.7 in the year 1846 and 8.2 in 1847:
$1 in 1846 has the same "purchasing power" or "buying power" as $1.06 in 1847.
To get the total inflation rate for the 1 years between 1846 and 1847, we use the following formula:
CPI in 1847 - CPI in 1846CPI in 1846
Cumulative inflation rate (1 years)
Plugging in the values to this equation, we get:
8.2 - 7.77.7
News headlines from 1846
Politics and news often influence economic performance. Here's what was happening at the time:
Mexican-American war begins over conflict about the Texas border.
Smithsonian Institution established by an Act of Congress.
American dentist Dr William Morton used anaesthetic for the first time, while extracting a tooth.
Michigan abolishes the death penalty for all crimes except treason.
Data Source & Citation
Raw data for these calculations comes from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Consumer Price Index (CPI), established in 1913. Inflation data from 1665 to 1912 is sourced from a historical study conducted by political science professor Robert Sahr at Oregon State University.
You may use the following MLA citation for this page: "Inflation Rate in 1847 | Inflation Calculator." Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance, 18 Jan. 2021, https://www.officialdata.org/inflation-rate-in-1847.
Special thanks to QuickChart for their chart image API, which is used for chart downloads.
in2013dollars.com is a reference website maintained by the Official Data Foundation.
Ian Webster is an engineer and data expert based in San Mateo, California. He has worked for Google, NASA, and consulted for governments around the world on data pipelines and data analysis. Disappointed by the lack of clear resources on the impacts of inflation on economic indicators, Ian believes this website serves as a valuable public tool. Ian earned his degree in Computer Science from Dartmouth College.
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Can Pregnant Women Eat Hummus and Tahini? Is It Safe?
Written by Gina Waggott, Medically Reviewed by Janet Gordon RD, MBDA in Fresh Food,Deli & Prepared Food,Snack Food
Hummus (also known as houmous, homos or hommos) frequently appears as a recommended snack during pregnancy. The jury has been out a long time on whether pregnant women can eat hummus and tahini, as the advice is conflicting.
Can pregnant women eat hummus and tahini? The high water, low acidity nature of hummus makes it particularly susceptible to contamination with salmonella or listeria bacteria. Sesame seeds in tahini can also be affected. In pregnancy, it's safest to eat hummus and tahini that you've made yourself, at home.
Of the many foods we investigate for this website, hummus has been one of the most difficult. I've researched the advice in different countries, looked at previous recalls of store-bought hummus and checked medical journals to give a comprehensive answer as to whether hummus and/or tahini are safe in pregnancy.
Is Hummus Pasteurized?
Is Shop or Store-Bought Hummus Safe in Pregnancy?
What Do National Food Authorities Say About Hummus in Pregnancy?
Is Home-Made Hummus Safe for Pregnant Women?
Tips on Safely Storing Home-Made Hummus
Can I Eat Hummus Dip if I'm Pregnant?
Is Tahini Safe To Eat in Pregnancy?
Is Hummus (and Tahini) Good For You in Pregnancy?
Most commercial hummus is pasteurized, but that doesn't mean it's automatically safe for expectant mothers to eat. This is due to its high water content and low acidity, which is an environment where harmful bacteria tend to thrive.
Contamination can often occur during storage (source: Journal of Food Protection). Hummus is frequently used as a dip, which makes cross-contamination more likely, too.
The bottom line is that pasteurizing hummus doesn't automatically mean it's safe to eat.
Tahini, on the other hand, is rarely pasteurized. It's essentially a seed butter, and its composition also might allow bacteria to survive (source: International Journal of Food Microbiology)
The same journal article states that roasting sesame seeds before grinding them may reduce the risk of salmonella. It's hard to tell from labels if the seeds are roasted or not.
Much of the caution in pregnancy regarding hummus is because of the tahini. More on this below.
As discussed above, hummus is particularly susceptible to contamination with bacteria. This can happen at any stage. For example, in the raw ingredients, at the factory during manufacture, when being packaged, or more commonly, in storage (even under refrigeration).
The overall risk of contamination is low, due to strict food standards in many countries. However, store-bought hummus has been the subject of significant food recalls over the past few years.
These recalls have happened in Canada (source: Canadian Food Inspection Agency), in the USA involving popular brand Sabra (source: FDA) and Pita Pal (source: FDA), with the Georgatti brand in New Zealand (source: MPI) and more recently, over 80 brands were pulled from UK supermarkets after a similar recall (source: Food Standards Agency)
Due to the frequency and nature of these recalls, I would caution against eating store-bought hummus during pregnancy. Another good reason is that hummus is essentially a garbanzo bean (chick-pea) pâté / spread. Pâté and spreads (even veggie ones) are foods that pregnant women should avoid (source: NHS).
Tip: You can zap store-bought hummus in the microwave until steaming hot, or warm it in a pan until bubbling. This will greatly reduce the risk of listeria or salmonella. Just let it cool down before storing it in the fridge, and eat it within a couple of days. In some countries, hummus is served warm with bread or dips, so you could do this too.
One of the main sources of confusion about hummus lies in the fact that different countries give different advice to pregnant women. The National Health Service in the UK lists hummus as a "healthy snack" in pregnancy, but it doesn't state whether this is home-made or store-bought.
The NSW Food Authority in Australia and New Zealand changed its advice in 2021, now stating that pregnant women should avoid all types of hummus, any any other dips that contain tahini (source: Food Safety News).
However, if you treat hummus as a spread or "refrigerated pâté" (albeit a veggie one), then most advice worldwide says to avoid eating it during pregnancy (for example, the FDA advice on spreads).
Whenever there's conflicting advice like this, I'd err on the side of caution and avoid eating hummus in pregnancy. There are, however, ways of lowering the risk significantly, and that's by making it yourself at home.
If you can control the ingredients in hummus and the way it's stored, you can significantly reduce the risk of contamination with bacteria. If you also make the tahini yourself, or buy a pasteurized version, even better. It sounds like a huge amount of work but it's fairly simple – and many people swear that home-made tastes much better.
Below is a video Inspired Taste on making your own hummus, and there's a link to their homemade tahini recipe, too.
Two things can contribute further to the safety of hummus. Roast sesame seeds before blending into tahini, and ensure the garbanzo beans/chickpeas are 'freshly boiled.' Canned beans are fine since they're sterilized at a high temperature.
If you've made a batch of home-made hummus, the following food safety tips will minimize the risk of it becoming contaminated:
Always store the hummus in the fridge (and check your fridge is running at a safe, cool temperature. You'll need a thermometer for this).
Eat it within two days of making it
Don't leave hummus out for long at room temperature. The 'danger zone' for food is leaving it for more than an hour if the temperature is above 90F or more than two hours at 40-140F (source: FDA). Bacteria multiply rapidly at these temperatures.
Always keep the hummus well wrapped in an airtight container
In some countries, hummus is served warm or hot. You can make it even safer by heating it up, though this affects the texture. Never put warm hummus in the fridge, as this brings your fridge temperature up too high.
Follow the guidelines below when using it as a dip.
When hummus is used as a 'dip' it's far more susceptible to contamination, even if you've made it yourself – or if someone else has. Pregnant women should avoid any hummus (homemade or otherwise) that is:
Served at a buffet, salad bar or similar situation where it's left out or is self-serve (or in an open container in a deli fridge)
At a party or similar event where multiple people can 'dip' into the same hummus or help themselves
At home in your own fridge if you're dipping multiple items in the hummus still in its container (I know, even I do it sometimes, but it's better to use a clean spoon to scoop out the hummus you need, and THEN dip it, not contaminate the whole container).
The above guidelines should help you to enjoy hummus in the safest way possible in pregnancy, if you choose not to 'take the risk' and buy it from a store or shop.
Finally, I'll address tahini as a separate ingredient, since it's not just in hummus. Tahini sauce is also a common condiment, as is tahini dressing. In pregnancy safety, the same rules for hummus also apply to tahini – as it's rarely pasteurized, it's safer to make your own and use it straight after you've made it.
In fact, tahini is the ingredient that causes much of the concern with hummus. It's susceptible to salmonella, and is "raw", so there's no heat to kill the pathogens. Some pasteurized versions are coming on to the market, but they're quite hard to find. Like hummus, it's safer to make your own.
Many people think tahini is somehow complicated, since it's usually pretty expensive to buy decent tahini. However, it's just sesame seeds, salt and oil. Yes, really!
If you're familiar with nut butter – tahini is very similar. It's a seed butter. Subsequently, it's VERY easy to make. Below is a recipe from Inspired Taste.
Hummus is a 'nutrient-dense' food containing many vitamins and minerals needed in pregnancy. It's high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, iron, potassium, magnesium and vitamins A, C and E (source: PubMed). Tahini on its own is a particularly good source of copper and selenium, too (source: FoodData Central).
If you've followed all the points in this article, making your own hummus is both the safest and the most nutritious option, as it won't have any fillers or other unwanted ingredients like commercial hummus sometimes does. You can also eat it with or alongside other healthy foods, like veggie sticks, in wraps or with salads, too!


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The Club Bungalows are built with flexible configurations between one and three bedrooms. Indoor/outdoor living blends the verdant surroundings seamlessly with these stylish homes.
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The Club Villas are the largest and most contemporary homes of the three Club neighborhoods. These four bedroom residences feature a one-bedroom detached 'ohana, expansive grounds, private pools, outdoor kitchens and elegant appointments.
The Club at Kukui'ula is home to the island's finest collection of amenities exclusively provided for Members and Lodge guests. At the heart of the community is the Clubhouse where island dining boasts farm fresh menus at `Umeke Kitchen + Bar and the poolside Makai Grill + Bar. Saltwater and freshwater pools are met with a sandy surround and an endless great lawn. Our Huaka`i Outfitters create custom adventures on land or sea and the 18-hole Tom Weiskopf golf course boasts ocean views from almost every hole. Hi`ilani Spa + Fitness pampers with a custom treatment touch and entices participation in 30+ fitness classes weekly. The upcountry Farm & lake provide a unique refuge unlike any other.


text:
The presence and quantification of splenic ice in the McMurdo Sound Notothenioid fish, Pagothenia borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902)
Kim Præbel, Ben Hunt, Luke H. Hunt, Arthur L. DeVries
Molecular and Integrative Physiology
Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior
Survival of some polar fishes is associated with high levels of circulating antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs). AFGP prevent ice growth giving rise to thermal hysteresis. The inhibiting action of AFGPs implies that polar fish contain ice to which AFGPs adsorb. Cryopelagic Pagothenia borchgrevinki, inhabiting the ice-laden waters of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, were assayed for ice and ice was found on skin, gills, in the intestine, and in the spleen. Two methods used to assess the number of ice crystals in spleens gave comparable results (12.1 +/- 1.9 and 22 +/- 3.8 per spleen). Attempts were made to measure the rate of uptake of ice by P. borchgrevinki held in cages immediately beneath the sub-ice platelet layer in McMurdo Sound; uptake was sporadic. Introduction of ice into fish by spray freezing a small patch of the integument resulted in detection of splenic ice after 1 h, illustrating that a mechanism exists for ice transport from the periphery to the spleen. Splenic ice did not seem to be eliminated from fish held in ice-free water at - 1.6 °C for approximately two months. The relatively small number of splenic ice crystals and the slow rate of ice uptake suggest efficient ice barriers exist in P. borchgrevinki.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.005
Adsorption-inhibition
Antifreeze glycoprotein
Antifreeze potentiating protein
Freeze avoidance
Notothenioidei
10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.005
Library availability
Discover UIUC Full Text
Dive into the research topics of 'The presence and quantification of splenic ice in the McMurdo Sound Notothenioid fish, Pagothenia borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902)'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Ice Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Fishes Medicine & Life Sciences 76%
Antifreeze Proteins Medicine & Life Sciences 37%
Glycoprotein Chemical Compounds 23%
Spleen Medicine & Life Sciences 16%
Antarctic Regions Medicine & Life Sciences 7%
Water Medicine & Life Sciences 6%
Gills Medicine & Life Sciences 6%
Præbel, K., Hunt, B., Hunt, L. H., & DeVries, A. L. (2009). The presence and quantification of splenic ice in the McMurdo Sound Notothenioid fish, Pagothenia borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 154(4), 564-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.005
The presence and quantification of splenic ice in the McMurdo Sound Notothenioid fish, Pagothenia borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902). / Præbel, Kim; Hunt, Ben; Hunt, Luke H. et al.
In: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Vol. 154, No. 4, 12.2009, p. 564-569.
Præbel, K, Hunt, B, Hunt, LH & DeVries, AL 2009, 'The presence and quantification of splenic ice in the McMurdo Sound Notothenioid fish, Pagothenia borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902)', Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology, vol. 154, no. 4, pp. 564-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.005
Præbel K, Hunt B, Hunt LH, DeVries AL. The presence and quantification of splenic ice in the McMurdo Sound Notothenioid fish, Pagothenia borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology. 2009 Dec;154(4):564-569. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.005
Præbel, Kim ; Hunt, Ben ; Hunt, Luke H. et al. / The presence and quantification of splenic ice in the McMurdo Sound Notothenioid fish, Pagothenia borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902). In: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology. 2009 ; Vol. 154, No. 4. pp. 564-569.
@article{1524f38bd0f24506a27a3acf30675087,
title = "The presence and quantification of splenic ice in the McMurdo Sound Notothenioid fish, Pagothenia borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902)",
abstract = "Survival of some polar fishes is associated with high levels of circulating antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs). AFGP prevent ice growth giving rise to thermal hysteresis. The inhibiting action of AFGPs implies that polar fish contain ice to which AFGPs adsorb. Cryopelagic Pagothenia borchgrevinki, inhabiting the ice-laden waters of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, were assayed for ice and ice was found on skin, gills, in the intestine, and in the spleen. Two methods used to assess the number of ice crystals in spleens gave comparable results (12.1 +/- 1.9 and 22 +/- 3.8 per spleen). Attempts were made to measure the rate of uptake of ice by P. borchgrevinki held in cages immediately beneath the sub-ice platelet layer in McMurdo Sound; uptake was sporadic. Introduction of ice into fish by spray freezing a small patch of the integument resulted in detection of splenic ice after 1 h, illustrating that a mechanism exists for ice transport from the periphery to the spleen. Splenic ice did not seem to be eliminated from fish held in ice-free water at - 1.6 °C for approximately two months. The relatively small number of splenic ice crystals and the slow rate of ice uptake suggest efficient ice barriers exist in P. borchgrevinki.",
keywords = "Adsorption-inhibition, Antifreeze glycoprotein, Antifreeze potentiating protein, Freeze avoidance, Ice, Notothenioidei, Spleen",
author = "Kim Pr{\ae}bel and Ben Hunt and Hunt, {Luke H.} and DeVries, {Arthur L.}",
note = "Funding Information: We thank Anne Kettunen Pr{\ae}bel for advice on the statistical analysis of the number of ice crystals in the spleen. This research was supported by a National Science Foundation/Office of Polar Programs grant to ALD. ",
doi = "10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.005",
journal = "Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -Part A : Molecular and Integrative Physiology",
T1 - The presence and quantification of splenic ice in the McMurdo Sound Notothenioid fish, Pagothenia borchgrevinki (Boulenger, 1902)
AU - Præbel, Kim
AU - Hunt, Ben
AU - Hunt, Luke H.
AU - DeVries, Arthur L.
N1 - Funding Information: We thank Anne Kettunen Præbel for advice on the statistical analysis of the number of ice crystals in the spleen. This research was supported by a National Science Foundation/Office of Polar Programs grant to ALD.
N2 - Survival of some polar fishes is associated with high levels of circulating antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs). AFGP prevent ice growth giving rise to thermal hysteresis. The inhibiting action of AFGPs implies that polar fish contain ice to which AFGPs adsorb. Cryopelagic Pagothenia borchgrevinki, inhabiting the ice-laden waters of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, were assayed for ice and ice was found on skin, gills, in the intestine, and in the spleen. Two methods used to assess the number of ice crystals in spleens gave comparable results (12.1 +/- 1.9 and 22 +/- 3.8 per spleen). Attempts were made to measure the rate of uptake of ice by P. borchgrevinki held in cages immediately beneath the sub-ice platelet layer in McMurdo Sound; uptake was sporadic. Introduction of ice into fish by spray freezing a small patch of the integument resulted in detection of splenic ice after 1 h, illustrating that a mechanism exists for ice transport from the periphery to the spleen. Splenic ice did not seem to be eliminated from fish held in ice-free water at - 1.6 °C for approximately two months. The relatively small number of splenic ice crystals and the slow rate of ice uptake suggest efficient ice barriers exist in P. borchgrevinki.
AB - Survival of some polar fishes is associated with high levels of circulating antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs). AFGP prevent ice growth giving rise to thermal hysteresis. The inhibiting action of AFGPs implies that polar fish contain ice to which AFGPs adsorb. Cryopelagic Pagothenia borchgrevinki, inhabiting the ice-laden waters of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, were assayed for ice and ice was found on skin, gills, in the intestine, and in the spleen. Two methods used to assess the number of ice crystals in spleens gave comparable results (12.1 +/- 1.9 and 22 +/- 3.8 per spleen). Attempts were made to measure the rate of uptake of ice by P. borchgrevinki held in cages immediately beneath the sub-ice platelet layer in McMurdo Sound; uptake was sporadic. Introduction of ice into fish by spray freezing a small patch of the integument resulted in detection of splenic ice after 1 h, illustrating that a mechanism exists for ice transport from the periphery to the spleen. Splenic ice did not seem to be eliminated from fish held in ice-free water at - 1.6 °C for approximately two months. The relatively small number of splenic ice crystals and the slow rate of ice uptake suggest efficient ice barriers exist in P. borchgrevinki.
KW - Adsorption-inhibition
KW - Antifreeze glycoprotein
KW - Antifreeze potentiating protein
KW - Freeze avoidance
KW - Ice
KW - Notothenioidei
KW - Spleen
U2 - 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.005
DO - 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.005
JO - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -Part A : Molecular and Integrative Physiology
JF - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -Part A : Molecular and Integrative Physiology


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The pistol that killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand
It wasn't just Bonnie and Clyde that were killed with Browning's weapons. It was Browning who invented the pistol, with the shots from which, in fact, the First World War began …
"In the Belgian Browning, the bolt has no grip on the
barrel, but while it is under the pressure of powder gases, and then by inertia
together with the sleeve will begin to move back, the bullet will have time to leave the barrel …"
(V. L. Kiselev "Thieves in the House")
Weapons and firms. It's always nice to talk about the weapon that you, at least, held in your hands. So I was recently lucky to hold one completely unique pistol in my hands: the Browning M1910, noted for the fact that it was from it that the terrorist Gavril Princip shot at the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which ultimately became the reason for the First World War. That is, of course, not this particular pistol. But … this type. So I could well imagine its application and features of use.
However, this was not the first pistol of a famous gunsmith. Therefore, it is worth starting the story about his pistols from the very beginning. Namely, since 1895, when John Moses Browning decided to design, in addition to guns, a self-loading pistol. And as he decided, he did so!
Browning showed the first prototype of his self-loading pistol to Colt's Patent Firearms on July 3, 1895.
Its automation was unusual for that time and worked according to the scheme of removing part of the powder gases from the barrel. It was planned to use.38 caliber cartridges (9 mm). However, in January 1896, Browning proposed a new version of the design of the pistol, with automatic equipment operating on the principle of using the recoil energy of a free breechblock, which locked the barrel only due to the force of the return spring and the mass of the bolt, successfully combined with the barrel casing.
This version became the first pistol in which the bolt and barrel casing were a single piece. This pistol used relatively low-power cartridges of.32 caliber (7, 65 mm). However, the Colt company needed a military order from the US government, and the army and navy needed a powerful weapon with high firing efficiency. And this pistol seemed rather weak to them.
In just one year, 1896, Browning managed to create two more variants of a self-loading pistol for the company's requirements. The automatics of both worked by using the recoil force with a short stroke of the barrel, which in the first moments of the shot was coupled with the shutter-casing. In one of the options, the barrel was locked by lowering it, and in the other - by turning. But in the end, a pistol with locking with a descending barrel was adopted into production.
But the design with a free shutter also did not remain unclaimed.
This pistol interested the Belgian arms company Fabrique Nationale d'Armes de Guerre (National Military Weapons Factory) in Erstal. At the end of the 19th century, this enterprise was one of the most advanced in Europe, so it was very easy to repeat someone's interesting design. It was important to find the target audience for sales. But here the Belgians, apparently, calculated everything in advance. Because already on July 17, 1897, they signed a contract with Browning for the production of his self-loading pistol caliber 7, 65 mm, which was named FN Browning model 1900.
Moreover, Browning improved the original design of the pistol and received a Swiss patent No. 16896 dated April 29, 1898 for it. And on March 21, 1899, he already received American patent No. 621747.The firing mechanism underwent the greatest changes: instead of the hammer, a drummer was installed. Moreover, the return spring also simultaneously performed the function of the mainspring, acting on the drummer using a special lever. True, due to the gradual weakening, such a system did not become widespread.
The FN 1900 was produced from 1899 to 1912. And it was the first pistol to use 7.65mm cartridges (ammunition known in the United States as.32).
The 1900 model was adopted by the Belgian army in March 1900, and then in many other armies and the police. It was a great commercial success. So, from 1899 to 1910, more than 725,000 copies of pistols of this model were produced.
The pistol was handy. Firstly, the weight is only 625 grams without cartridges. Secondly, seven rounds instead of six in most revolvers of the time. Well, and of course, the sizes that made it easy to carry it in a jacket pocket.
The 1903 FN pistol of the year was the result of a request from the military for a powerful army pistol chambered for 9 mm (9x20 mm SR Browning Long) cartridges. The pistol turned out to be larger and heavier (weight without cartridges 930 g), but the magazine also had 7 rounds.
The M1903 was the second pistol in the FN line. It was developed by John Moses Browning in 1902 and patented in 1903. Also known as Browning No. 2, its design was heavily inspired by the old FN M1900. At the same time, Browning for the "Colt" company finalized the 1900 model, which was produced in the States under the name "Colt M1903 pocket pistol" chambered for.32ACP (7, 65 mm).
Both firms produced this pistol until 1930.
In Europe, the FN M1903 became the favorite pistol of the police and was adopted by the armies of Germany, Turkey, and Sweden. It was also produced under license in Sweden by Husqvarna Vapenfabriks from 1917 to 1942 under the name 9mm M / 1907. In the United States, the Colt M1903 has become a popular civil defense weapon, as well as among high-ranking officers and generals. FN produced just under 60,000 M1903 pistols as standard self-defense weapons. And 94,000 units were produced by Husqvarna.
The success of previous models of pistols pushed Browning to the idea of a "lady's pistol". This is how portable models of 1906 appeared chambered for 6, 35-mm caliber, only 114 mm long and weighing 350 grams. The pistol had a six-round magazine. Automation - free shutter. Until 1940, more than 4,000,000 copies were produced, which were then replaced by the Baby model.
Another four years passed. And Browning again pleased his fans with a very good pistol FN 1910. The pistol was produced in two versions: chambered for 7, 65 mm and 9 mm. The store, as before, was designed for seven rounds, but then many considered a large capacity for a pistol to be excessive. It was also adopted by the police forces of many states and was a significant commercial success.
History should remind us that it was with this pistol that Gavrilo Princip killed Archduke Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo, which was the reason for the outbreak of the First World War. The pistol was sold to a gunsmith in Ostend, who, in turn, probably sold it to the Serbian terrorist organization Black Hand.
And then this gun, which appeared in the court as evidence, was simply lost.
Lost, but was found in Austria in 2004, 90 years after the fatal shots fired from it. It just so happened that in October 1914, after the trial of the conspirators, the 1910 Browning with serial number 19074 was handed over to the Jesuit priest Anton Pantigam, the confessor of Franz Ferdinand, who decided to organize his museum. But then the war began. Then the empire itself collapsed. And in 1926 the priest died. And the gun hit the Jesuit community. And it was she who gave it as a gift to the state.
Princip's Browning is now on display at the Vienna Museum of Military History.
By the way, the big drawback of the pistol was the magazine latch at the end of the handle. Of course, such an attachment was absolute, from the point of view of reliability. But to me personally, the latch seemed very tough. That is, it is very difficult to squeeze it out and remove the store.Reloading my copy would not be easy at all, it would have to be tried.
In general, the pistol left an ambiguous impression: some kind of imperfection in terms of ergonomics and design, although outwardly - yes, it looks very elegant.
All other photographs, except copyright ones, were provided by Alain Daubresse.


text:
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Exclusive Interview with 'Mabinogi Duel' Developers
by Zac Phoenix on June 9, 2015
Read our review of Mabinogi Duel here!
Here at TradingCardGames.com, we have graciously been given an exclusive interview with Dong-Gun Kim, Director at devCat Studio (of NEXON Korea).
Mr. Kim's team are the developers of Mabinogi Duel, a hugely-anticipated mobile TCG expected to launch globally later this year. The Closed Beta that happened back in March and was extremely popular, with many players eager for more.
Read the interview after the jump!
QUESTION: With such a large card pool of over 1000 cards at launch, how extensive has your play testing and balancing been?
As you know, balancing cards in a trading card game (TCG) is a truly challenging task. We're going through tons of balance tests now to polish the game's card balance before launch. Luckily for us, all our team members also play the game, so they are also proving to be wonderful testers to help us with balance testing.
QUESTION: Will balancing be an on-going process even after players have cards in their collections? Could we see players' cards changing after release in order to fix balancing issues, such as in Blizzard's Hearthstone?
We will make sure users don't suffer from any possible inconveniences while playing the game. The same applies to changes in game balance as well. In case we do have to make changes to card balance after launch, we'll try our best to compensate players for such inconveniences. However, there might be some inevitable and unlikely cases in which we may have to balance overpowered cards, or strengthen some weaker cards, possibly by adding other cards which can create synergy.
Editor's Note: This is fantastic to hear, as I personally agree with retroactively changing cards in digital games if it results in a much more healthy, robust meta-game. Of course, some players may be upset to know that their prized, powerful cards may be changed after they've pulled them from packs, but I feel this is a sacrifice worth making if it means we get a more balanced, dynamic meta as a result.
QUESTION: In your testing, has there been deck "archetypes" showing up such as tempo, aggro, control, etc.?
The types that we call "aggro," "control," and "combo" might be the most basic archetypes. Among them, Generation 1 – the first batch of cards planned for launch in the game – mainly work with a combo-based style, resulting in lots of users using this type of deck. The basis of the combo strategy is slashing the enemy with huge blows, before summoning your deck's finisher to finish your enemy off. We believe such a simple combo strategy would even work for newcomers to the trading card game genre.
We believe there should be plenty of archetypes in the game, but at the same time, we believe that balance among such archetypes is important. Hardcore TCG players tend to set up more of a control type of deck, but we've placed hurdles in the way of creating such decks in Generation 1. This is to avoid newcomers facing control decks right away, which they may find too challenging to defeat consistently and leave the game in frustration. If you've constructed your own awesome archetype during the beta, you'll get the chance to test it out in PvP against players from all over the world!
Editor's Note: This is an interesting decision to make, given that a lot of hardcore TCG players were immediately drawn to the game as they were interested in the less random, more strategic aspects of gameplay that the game offers. However, it is an understandable decision if we consider the developers' wider goal here, which is to draw in as big a player base as possible upon launch. Control often confuses and frustrates newer players who don't understand the higher level strategy required to play around control decks. Fans of control (myself included) will have to hang tight for future sets before we can fully explore the control strategies that will hopefully be available.
Players of the Beta were instantly hooked by the game's addictive gameplay and have been crying out on social network sites for the game to be released as soon as possible.
QUESTION: With such a small amount of cards in a players' deck, how can players be prepared for countering a range of possible deck strategies while also focusing on playing their own?
Having a smaller amount of cards in your deck definitely means more challenge in setting up your strategy – including which cards you'll use for attack, and which you will use for defense, and how you deal with your opponents' decks. We believe all those challenges and variety will make the game more fun, more varied, and less predictable. We wanted it to be less likely that players can find a single, unstoppable deck archetype that can beat any other kind of deck, and limiting deck size helps in this regard.
Editor's Note: It will be interesting to see over time how the smaller deck size affects a player's ability to be prepared against a range of deck types that they might come up against. This will be something that we'll just have to see how it works before we can make a judgement call on whether the deck size is too small or not.
QUESTION: We saw some footage from a tournament in South Korea and that was very exciting – what are the developers plans for competitive play? Can we expect to see in-person tournaments as well?
It's a little too early to talk about the future of tournament play – but we definitely hope to expand competitive gameplay beyond just the basic player-versus-player (PvP) modes in the game. Several members of the devCAT team are longtime fans of card battle games and veteran tournament players, and we can't wait to start putting together some serious competition of our own!
Editor's Note: This is an exciting indication of where the game might go, if it manages to drum up enough player support. For those who missed it, you can view the mentioned videos on the devCat Studio YouTube account below. (Note that the videos are, obviously, entirely in Korean, but the matches are still worth watching!)
Please enter the url to a YouTube video.
QUESTION: How will a free-to-play distribution model work for players with limited funds to put into the game? Will they be at a significant disadvantage competitively?
An excellent question. And we feel the answer is "no" – free players will not be at a significant disadvantage. While paying players can use their funds to purchase card packs, this is by no means the only way to acquire new cards, since players can also acquire new cards for free through regular play. We want to make sure Mabinogi Duel has a large, vibrant player community, so our goal is to develop and balance the game in such a way that non-paying players can be competitive with everyone else.
Editor's Note: This is extremely good news to hear, but it will remain to be seen just how slow the card acquisition is for free-to-play players. Hopefully it feels fair enough that free players will happily endure the slower grid, while players who are willing to pay can speed up the process by buying more packs.
QUESTION: With the randomized Charge mechanic, does this punish three-color decks over using two colors by spreading your chances of getting the right resources you need for a three-color deck?
The three-resource deck is the most basic, and arguably the strongest deck. The fewer colors you have, the less randomness you have in your deck, so you might have a firmer strategy – but at the same time, you would face more difficulty at the end of the game due to a lack of resources. However, I think it can be amazing to build up a strong deck that only has a single color. It'd be difficult, but would be truly interesting at the same time. I look forward to seeing how creative players can be with their deck composition!
Editor's Note: Mono-colored decks were my favorite to experiment with during the Beta — how about all of you? Did you create a single color deck that worked well? Tell us about it in the comments below!
QUESTION: Will we see more cards utilizing the digital space in a way that would be impossible with a physical card game? Can you tell us about some cards that will do this?
This one's an interesting question! Since we're at the early stage of launching the game, we tried to make the card mechanics feel like actual physical playing cards during a game. However, as Generations progress, we hope to add some more interesting features which physical cards cannot provide – for example, there could be cards that change shape or text continuously during a battle.
Editor's Note: Hopefully the developers can take some notes from Cryptozoic's HEX: Shards of Fate regarding the creative use of the digital design space for some truly crazy effects. However, I am intrigued by Mr. Kim's ideas here about cards changing shape or text during battle. We'll have to see what they have in mind as the Generations are released!
QUESTION: The drafting method of deck creation was a pleasant surprise in the Beta. We'd never seen anything like it before. What was the inspiration behind this drafting mode?
We've been discussing with our team how newcomers could easily create a deck while having fun – and we thought of holding cards in video poker games! This is possible since decks in Mabinogi Duel consist of 12 cards. During the testing phase, we included the full 12 cards, including mismatching colors. However, we are planning to remove some cards in the launch version. Players will have to really put on their thinking caps to build better decks!
The drafting mode resembled a poker slot machine in a delightful way that we hadn't seen used in a card game before.
QUESTION: Many players have expressed a concern about the way in which the multiplayer modes online focus heavily on automated deck matches and playing against AI. Are there any plans to implement live online tournaments with real players on both ends of a match?
Of course, playing with real players is more exciting. However, we're trying to approach this carefully due to some other issues. One of the most common problems with online games is when users leave the game in the middle of a real-time battle ("rage-quitting"). This is always a bad experience for everyone involved and our current system helps mitigate this issue. The game's Soul Link features lets you play with your friends nearby, but if we're friends, it's not going to matter as much whether we win or lose, right? We do value real-time battles online. We hope to include real-time battles (internet duel mode) in the future, and real-time arenas when we're ready.
Editor's Note: We understand Mr. Kim's response to the question and hope that it will satisfy the many Beta players who despaired over the lack of a truly online PvP mode. I think there will be a benefit to playing with the current system as well, especially regarding the reasons that Mr. Kim states.
QUESTION: How will the rarity system of cards work in terms of the rare cards' "drop rates"? How difficult will it be for collectors to get a complete collection at each level of rarity?
Rare cards will, by definition, be harder to find, but maybe not impossible, thanks to Soul Link. Unlike most other card battle games out there, Mabinogi Duel has a trading feature that lets you swap cards with other players in your vicinity. So save up those extra cards and hit up your friends to trade!
Editor's Note: We'll have to wait and see exactly what the rate of rare cards appearing in packs is, and whether this will be affected by whether you are earning the packs for free or paying for them.
QUESTION: Can you tell us about any extra game modes or features that we didn't see in the Closed Beta?
We have tons of new stuff coming. As you know, we intended to update the game regularly with "Generations," which will be major content updates patterned after the update system in our massively multiplayer online (MMO) game Mabinogi, which was part of the inspiration for this game. Generations will bring with them tons of new cards, story content, and possibly more new game modes. Stay tuned.
QUESTION: Are there any plans to create any physical card games linked to Mabinogi Duel, either as a direct port of the mobile game into physical cards or a new TCG using the same intellectual property?
That's a really interesting idea. If Mabinogi Duel takes off and becomes a huge success, a physical, tabletop version of the game would be a really cool direction to go in. It may be a bit too early to say if we'll end up going in this direction, though.
Editor's Note: Hopefully this question planted a seed which will grow into an exciting reality in the future. Remember guys, if this happens in the future, it started right here with us. 😉
QUESTION: Are there any plans for a PC/Mac version of the game? If so, will the servers be cross-platform?
Currently, we're focusing on the mobile versions of the game for iOS and Android. It's part of NEXON Korea's major push into mobile gaming – as you know, Mabinogi Duel is the first new mobile game we've announced as part of this new initiative. However, in the future, we do hope to allow players play across platforms, but at the moment we don't have detailed plans for cross-platform support. We will try our best to deliver our game to as many as users possible.
Editor's Note: This is exciting news for the game's future as PC/Mac players were keen to not be left out of the action — could we even see a release on the current generation of consoles, too? Fingers crossed.
QUESTION: When can we expect to see the game launch, after the very successful and popular Closed Beta? Has the game been delayed, as we were expecting a May launch?
We are focusing on having a solid, balanced game experience first and foremost, so we will launch Mabinogi Duel when we feel the game is ready. We'd also like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to everyone who participated in beta for your valuable time and feedback to help us make this the best game we can. Thank you!
I hope all of our readers join me in extending a heartfelt 감사합니다 ('thank you very much' in Korean) to Mr. Kim for spending his invaluable time responding to our questions regarding Mabinogi Duel.
Interesting Articles, Interviews, Mabinogi Duel, News
Zac Phoenix
Zac Phoenix graduated with First Class Honors in Philosophy, Religion and Ethics and has been playing strategy card games since childhood. He has a keen interest in the underlying mechanics and player interactions of trading card games, as well as tabletop game design in the digital space. He also designs card games in his spare time.
Interesting ArticlesMabinogi DuelNews
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We are so used to seeing those of Impala, Nyala, Suni, Duiker, Gennet, Mongeese, Monkeys that we don't always appreciate them anymore.
We believe it is a Leopard that normally lives at Phinda Game Reserve which is just down the road from us. Now we are just deciding where to sit out and wait to spot it tonight, if we see it we will post photos!


Don't Make These Mistakes In The Philippines!
A busy day ... but we find time to play still Join Net and I as we share our journey through the daily challenges and blessings of living a #SimpleLife on our farm in the #Philippines. We greatly appreciate all the support of those who like, comment, share, and subscribe to our channel, thank you!


To address these growing concerns, Black state legislators have introduced legislation targeting eyewitness misidentification to limit the number of Black males wrongfully accused and convicted.
Misidentifications were most often discovered by clinicians (44.
Many members of the legal community have recognized that eyewitness misidentifications pose a significant problem.
7) They were primarily concerned about the high occurrence of misidentification by eyewitnesses as a result of deliberate or accidental suggestion during lineups and showups.
However, two misidentifications were also reported during this reevaluation.
In some cases, these misidentifications included Members of Congress (e.
TEI rejects that rationale and submits that the temporary and proposed rule inappropriately penalizes misidentifications caused by good faith disputes about whether a position constitutes a hedge.
Arrojo's position neglects the fact that the underlying reason for erroneous convictions continues to be that of eyewitness misidentifications.
Colon, told the judge in their opening statements that their clients had been wrongly accused based on misidentifications.
FDLE Commissioner Gerald Bailey, a member of the commission, said: "You inferred we lead the country in misidentifications.
Undergeneralizations are added to the list of oversimplifications, obsolete concepts, terms, misidentifications, and flawed research.
Pexhibits a variant of Capgras syndrome, a type of delusional misidentification syndrome in which a person believes other people are not their true selves but have been replaced by identical imposters (Table).
A case of the body snatchers: Mrs. P believes spirits that reside within her are continually replacing her body parts. She demands exorcism, not antipsychotics. How can she be helped?


Gill Horitz has been published in various magazines, (including Writing Women, Mslexia, Smiths Knoll, Frogmore Papers, Tears in the Fence), and a short story in Cheatin' Heart—Women's Secret Stories Anthology (Serpents Tale 1998).
Her writing has been performed in community projects: as lyrics for Common Ground's Confluence project, (Otter: Lutra Lutra on the Stour) and for Wimborne Community Theatre, which she co-founded.
She was short-listed in the Bridport Prize, 2011. She attends a regular poetry group in Dorset, led by Paul Hyland.
Gill worked in the Arts for many years with different organisation and communities, including programming and running literature projects and writing workshops.
In the '80s, she programmed a series of poetry events in Poole, Dorset, with Michael Horovitz, Frances Horovitz, Roger McGough, Jeff Nuttall, Brian Patten and Ivor Cutler. She founded and edited a quarterly national magazine to showcase women's creative work: Women Live—a magazine of writing and artwork by women about their lives, featuring work by established and new writers and artists.