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This shop for all your super spy needs hides an educational secret.
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Just when you thought you knew the Windy City, it finds new ways to surprise you.
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A small industry of themed glassware was launched solely for the enjoyment of this hot winter punch.
One of the world's least-loved liquors calls Chicago home.
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One of our most popular monthly events returns for the 2019 season!
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Taste your way through a delightfully strange sampling of craft beers paired with a five-course meal inside a former fire station.
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Learn about the surprisingly suburban history of Edgewater in this brand new summer scavenger hunt.
Race to discover the Chicago locales featured in famous Hollywood films as we act as location scouts and travel to places near, far, and in-between during this thrilling, star-studded scavenger hunt.
Join our event mailing list for opportunities to explore strange, wondrous, and hidden places around you. Join our event mailing list and explore wondrous places all around you.
Experience the thrill of multiball mayhem and the agony of a double drain.
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text:
Old Age and Survivor's Insurance
SSR 81-2: SECTION 216(d)(2) (42 U.S.C. 416(d)(2)) WIDOW'S INSURANCE BENEFITS -- SURVIVING DIVORCED WIFE -- DURATION OF MARRIAGE REQUIREMENT
20 CFR 404.336(a)(2)
SSR 81-2
The claimant, an applicant for surviving divorced wife's benefits, and the decedent were married on November 28, 1940; and on the petition of the decedent, a decree of divorce was entered by a Court of Common Pleas in Pennsylvania on April 17, 1950. The claimant filed an appeal form that decree; but on July 30, 1951, the Superor Court of Pennsylvania affirmed the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas. Under Pennsylvania law, however, the claimant remained married to the decedent until July 30, 1951, when the Superior Court made final disposition of her appeal. Held, because the claimant was married to the decedent for at least ten years immediately before the date on which the divorce became effective, she is his "surviving divorced wife" as defined in section 216(d)(2) of the Social Security Act.
The only question for determination in this case is whether the claimant was married to the decedent for the requisite period of time which would entitle her to benefits under the Social Security Act (the Act).
The claimant filed an application for surviving divorced wife's benefits on the earnings record of the decedent on February 13, 1979. She and the decedent were married on November 28, 1940. A decree from a Court of Common Pleas in Pennsylvania shows that the claimant and the decedent, on his petition, were divorced on April 17, 1950. On June 7, 1979, the Social Security Administration (SSA) issued Social Security Notice of Disapproved Claim advising the claimant that she was not entitled to benefits because she and the decedent were not married for at least 10 years before the date of their divorce. On June 20, 1979, the claimant filed a request for reconsideration indicating that she had filed an appeal from the decree of divorce and that the divorce was not final until July 30, 1951, when the Superior Court of Pennsylvania affirmed the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas. On July 23, 1979, SSA issued a Social Security Notice of Reconsideration affirming the prior determination that the claimant was not entitled to surviving divorced wife's benefits on the earnings record of the decedent. Dissatisfied with this determination, the claimant then filed a request for hearing on August 6, 1979. She argued that where there is an appeal from a decree of divorce, until disposition is made by the Appellate Court, the parties remain married and reciprocal obligations remain intact, citing Commonwealth v. Scott, 17 Adams Law Journal 12 (1975) and Appleton vs. Appleton, 9 Chester 126 (1959).
Section 216(d)(2) of the Act provides:
The term "surviving divorced wife" means a woman divorced from an individual who has died, but only is she had been married to the individual for a period of 10 years immediately before the date the divorce became effective.
Under Pennsylvania case law, an appeal from a divorce decree to the Superior Court suspends the effect of that decree. In a case involving alimony during litigation, the Superior Court stated:
"When the court of common pleas has entered a decree of divorce an appeal to this court is [a] right which, until it is disposed of, suspends for all purposes the operation of the decree of the court below. The parties are still husband and wife, and the action remains pending. There does not seem to be any valid reason for holding that the necessity for the maintenance of the wife ceases before the proceeding is finally disposed of, merely because the court below has entered a decree which has been absolutely superseded by the appeal." Ponthus v. Ponthus, 70 Pa. Super. 39, 41-2 (1918). And in Commonwealth v. Scholl, 156 Pa. Super. 136, 39 A.2d 719 (1944), the court also stated that an appeal "suspends for all purposes the operation of the decree." (Both of these cases are cited as precedent in Commonwealth ex. rel. Brown v. Brown, Pa. Super. 386A.2d 15.)
In Commonwealth v. Kissinger, 4 D.&C. 109, 110, 111 (1923), the court stated:
"We think it follows that when in this case an appeal was taken, which appeal operates as a supersedeas, the judgment or decree in divorce against Ina W. Kissinger was suspended, and that, therefore, the parties still remain, in law, husband and wife. Literally speaking, 'supersedeas' means a setting aside of the thing superseded; in this case that would be a decree in divorce. Or if it is not technically set aside, it is at least suspended, that is, prevented from going into effect, until the matter is disposed of by the appellate court. To regard it otherwise would be treating the appeal as virtually a nullity, so far as it affected the legal relationship of the parties, and either party would be free to marry again, even though the decree in divorce is suspended. While we know of no Pennsylvania case on this point, we think no lawyer would advise his client to incur the risk of a charge of bigamy by contracting a second marriage while the appeal from a decree in divorce was pending; yet, if the logic of the counsel for the respondent, Raymond Kissinger, in this case is correct, either Kissinger or his wife would be free to marry at the present time. If they are not free to marry, they are not divorced; if they ar not divorced, they are husband and wife; if they are husband and wife, the order of the Court of Quarter Sessions upon Raymond Kissinger, the husband, for the support of his wife, Ina W. Kissinger, is still in full force and effect. . . . We think the correct view of the situation is that the Common Pleas judgment of divorce is suspended. As in a criminal case, when an appeal operating as a supersedeas is taken, the judgment of the court below cannot be carried out, and the legal rights of the parties affected remain practically as they were before judgment was rendered. (See also Commonwealth vs. Huston, 31 D.&C. 167)."
Under Pennsylvania law, the legal rights and responsibilities of marriage continue until final disposition is made of an appeal from a divorce decree. Therefore, the claimant and the decedent remained married until July 30, 1951, when the Superior Court made final disposition of the appeal from the divorce decree of the Court of Common Pleas. Accordingly, the claimant was married to the decedent for more than the requisite 10 years (from November 28, 1940 to July 30, 1951), and is his "surviving divorced wife" as defined in the Act.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Used this as a stop over on a cycling tour. The staff, (who I think was called Mark) was amazing. He made me feel like the only guest despite being ridiculously busy. He was friendly and helpful. Would stay again if in need of accommodation out that way.


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Go to the Green Card through Other Categories section for information on other eligibility categories for diplomats.
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text:
Church Organizational Structure/
The Ecumenical Patriarch/
The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A Brief note on its history and its role in the world today
The Ecumenical Patriarchate is also known as the Patriarchate of Constantinople or the Great Church of Christ in Constantinople. Its creation goes back to the year 38, the year in which the Church was founded in the ancient city of Byzantium by Saint Andrew, the "First-called among the Apostles".
Located for centuries next to the great and masterful Cathedral of Saint Sophia (and for this reason also called the Great Church), the Patriarchal See was moved to various parts of the city following the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Since 1601, the headquarters of the Patriarchate have been in the ancient district of the Phanar.
The Patriarchate of Constantinople is the spiritual center of the Orthodox Church. It is seen as the Mother Church by the ancient Patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, by the younger autocephalous Churches of Russia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Georgia, Cyprus, Greece, Poland and Albania,and by the autonomous churches of Czechoslovakia, Finland and Estonia.
The Patriarch of Constantinople is considered as the highest authority of the Orthodox Church. Since the sixth century he bears the title of Archbishop of Constantinople, the New Rome, and Ecumenical Patriarch. As "primus" (first) bishop of the Orthodox Church, the Ecumenical Patriarch undertakes various initiatives of Pan-Orthodox character, while coordinating relations between the other Churches of the Orthodox Communion, as well as relations between Orthodoxy as a whole and other Christian Churches or World Religions. Thus, he convokes and presides over councils and Pan-Orthodox meetings; consecrates the Myrrh (chrism) for all Orthodox Churches; grants autocephalous status to local churches which have become mature enough to be elevated to that ecclesiastical rank.
The ecumenicity of the Patriarchate of Constantinople has been ratified by two Ecumenical Councils: the second (Constantinople, 381) and the fourth (Chalcedon, 451). The primatial privileges of the Patriarch of Constantinople were also solemnly reconfirmed by the Council of Trullo in 691. These primatial prerogatives grant the Patriarchate of Constantinople the jurisdiction over all Orthodox Christians who live in countries where there is not a canonical, autonomous or autocephalous, Orthodox jurisdiction.
Other than the Archdiocese of Constantinople, the Ecumenical Patriarchate today comprises four other dioceses in Turkey (Chalcedon, Derci, Princes' Isles, Imbros and Tenedos). In Greece, the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate extends today over the Islands of the Dodecanese, Crete, Mount Athos and, spiritually, over the dioceses of Northern Greece. Moreover, following the recent emigration of Orthodox Christians from their native countries, this jurisdiction extends over various new dioceses created in Western Europe, the Americas, Australia and New Zealand.
The Ecumenical Patriarchate has performed a notable missionary task over the centuries, stretching from the conversion of Kievan Russia in the tenth century to the many missionary initiatives undertaken in the Far East during this century.
The Ecumenical Patriarchate is one of the most active centers of the modern ecumenical movement. As soon as 1902, it took the initiative of inviting all Orthodox Churches to take a stand on the possibility of renewing their contacts with other Christian bodies, including the Church of Rome, the Anglican Church and other Protestant denominations. As of then, contacts between the Patriarchate of Constantinople and non-Orthodox Churches have become both numerous and frequent. This attitude of openness culminated in the historic Encyclical of 1920 sent by the Ecumenical Patriarchate to all Christian Churches, calling their leaders to establish a closer relationship with each other. The concrete aim of this Encyclical was to promote the cause of Church unity by creating an organism called the League of the Churches of Christ, modelled after the League of Nations. It is generally recognized that the Encyclical of 1920 constituted one of the major factors which later brought to the creation of the World Council of Churches in 1948.
In the last decades the Ecumenical Patriarchate has promoted in particular the dialogue with the Church of Rome. Thus, today the Patriarchate, among other dialogical initiatives, leads the theological dialogues in progress with the Ancient Oriental Churches, the Church of Rome, the Churches of the Anglican Communion, the Churches of the World Lutheran Federation, the Reformed Churches, as well as with the monotheistic Religions of Judaism and Islam.
Moreover, the Ecumenical Patriarchate performs an intense activity within the framework of the recent ecological-environmental movement through the promotion of noteworthy Pan-Orthodox and ecumenical initiatives aiming at sensitizing its own faithful, and the world as well, on this important issue.
Church Organizational Structure
The Ecumenical Patriarch
Return of the Relics
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese
Local Church Hierarchy
List of Patriarchs
Patriarchal Addresses
Biography of His All Holiness Patriarch Bartholomew
Frequently Asked Questions about the Ecumenical Patriarch
His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew: 25 Years of Faithful Ministry
Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony Honoring His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew
The Church of Hagia Sophia
Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew Head Of The Holy Orthodox Church, World Leader For Peace And Reconciliation


text:
Q: Does "digital crafting agency" sound good and is it meaningful for a company's description? There are some web development studios who call themselves a "digital agency".
For our small team we're going to take a similar tagline, "digital crafting agency".
Does this sound okay to native speakers? Is it descriptive of a company who makes websites and (maybe) some other media things like games or apps?

A: As a native speaker, I wouldn't really know what to think of a "digital agency".  It doesn't convey any meaning, other than the assumption that the company is a web based company.
If someone where to tell me that Amazon was digital agency, I would convey the same meaning as if they had told me Mozilla was a digital agency.  The assumption being that all their business is conducted online (ie no brick and mortar stores).

A: "Digital Crafting Agency" Is only slightly better in conveying what it is your company does over "Digital Agency".
"Digital Agency" could mean any sort of company that works with computers (Not even necessarily web-based, because every electronic display device this day with few exceptions is a "digital device").
Adding the word "Crafting" only further expands upon this description by saying you create some sort of product that is digital, which is quite a broad range of objects, even if we assume it is only a web-based product (and if we do assume that, then it encompasses every single web product that exists).
You would be better off advertizing your company by stating clearly the exact product that you offer.  If you offer a broad range of web-based services, you could call your company a "Web Development" company.  Or if you produce digital interactive devices such as mobile phones, you could refer to the precise object that you produce.
Depending on what your company actually makes, you have a plethora of different options for how to advertize your services.  But neither "Digital Agency" nor "Digital Crafting Agency" offers much in the way of explaining what it is your company does.

A: Crafting sounds too close to the word "Grafting", and if this is going to be something you say over the phone or on your voicemail "Thanks for calling Blark, the Digital Crafting Agency! Make it a great day!" people might mishear it and think you are a digital Grafting agency - not good.

A: Agencies are understood to employ Cratives to consult in the realization of your idea.
Digital is a horrid buzzword in this context, unless your company is being presented alongside  Modeling / Talent agencies, and Detective Agencies.
Crafting does something useful, iff you are akin somehow to Etsy.com
If not, it should be put in your motto.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


These examples give a feel for basic systemtap syntax and control structures.
This script prints the primes between 0 and 49.
This script demonstrates recursive functions.
Any larger number may exceed the MAXACTION or MAXNESTING limits, and result in an error.
To list the probeable functions in the kernel, use the listings mode.


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text:
Court freed Somali suspect with chemicals, syringe
New Somali Government, Somali Police Commissioner Gen. Ali Hassan … VoA Voice of America Interview AMISOM commander African Union peacekeeping forces in Mogadishu Who Made The Discovery
MOGADISHU, Somalia – In a setback for U.S. investigators probing links to the attempted attack on a Detroit-bound airliner, a Somali official said Thursday that another suspect who tried to board a plane with chemicals already had been freed.His release earlier this month will hamper efforts to learn if the incident in Mogadishu was linked to the attempted attack against the U.S.-bound plane on Christmas Day. Terrorism analysts had said the arrest in Somalia could prove highly valuable to the U.S. investigation.Somali Police Commissioner Gen. Ali Hassan Loyan said a Somali court released the suspect Dec. 12 after ruling that officials hadn't demonstrated he intended to commit a crime. The man, whose name has not been released, said the chemicals were for processing camera film.In light of the attempted attac k on the Detroit-bound plane, Loyan said Somali authorities would share information and the confiscated materials with U.S. officials."Somalia's federal government affirms that it is ready to double its cooperation with the countries in the world, particularly with America, for it is clear that the incident that happened in Mogadishu and the one that happened in a region in America are similar," Loyan told a news conference in the Somali capital.The Somali case drew little attention before the attempted attack on the U.S.-bound plane. The Homeland Security Department did not learn of the November incident at Mogadishu's international airport until Wednesday, when U.S. officials began investigating for links between it and the Detroit case.State Department spokesman Ian Kelly said Wednesday that linking the case to the Christmas attack "would be speculative at this point."A Nairobi-based diplomat, though, said the incident has similarities to the attempted attack on the Detroit-bound plane. The Somali was said to have a syringe, liquid and powdered chemicals — tools similar to those used by the Nigerian suspect on Northwest Airlines Flight 253. The diplomat spoke on condition of anonymity because he wasn't authorized to release the information.The Somali suspect was arrested by African Union peacekeeping troops before boarding the Daallo Airlines plane bound for the northern Somali city of Hargeisa. The plane was then headed to Djibouti and Dubai. Officials on Wednesday said he was arrested Nov. 13; Loyan said he was arrested Nov. 6. The reason for the discrepancy wasn't clear.A Somali security official involved in the Mogadishu arrest said the suspect had a 1-kilogram (2.2-pound) package of chemical powder and a container of liquid chemicals, items that Loyan displayed on Thursday.A government-appointed expert concluded that the materials could not have brought down the commercial airliner. Loyan said the expert did conclude though that the materials were a danger to the aircraft.For the Amsterdam-to-Detroit flight, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab allegedly hid explosive PETN in a condom or condom-like bag just below his torso. In the Somali case, the powdered material smelled strongly of ammonia.Michael Stock, the president of Bancroft, an organization that advises AMISOM, the African Union peacekeeping force in Mogadishu, said after officials discovered the chemical materials on the Somali suspect the materials were provided for analysis to Western embassy officials involved in supporting AMISOM.U.S. investigators say Abdulmutallab, the Nigerian suspect held in the Detroit case, told them he received training and instructions from al-Qaida operatives in Yemen, which Western officials say is a jumping-off point for foreign fighters slipping into Somalia. Large swaths of Somalia are controlled by an al-Qaida-linked insurgent group, al-Shabab.Abdulmutallab is charged with trying to destroy an aircraft. U.S. authorities allege he tried to ignite a two-part concoction of PETN and possibly a glycol-based liquid explosive, setting off popping, smoke and some fire but no deadly detonation.If the Somali suspect was planning anything similar, it wasn't known what his specific target might have been. Most passengers on Daallo's Mogadishu route are Somali. The carrier's Web site calls it the national airline of Somalia's neighbor, Djibouti.Some 1,800 U.S. troops are stationed in Djibouti, while Dubai would offer the greatest range of West-bound flights along the route in question.http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091231/ap_on_re_af/af_somalia
Somali arrested at airport with chemicals, syringe


Premier American physical theater, fusing dynamic art forms such as text, drama, movement, acrobatics, dance and music. Synetic's productions have earned 116 Helen Hayes nominations, winning 27 Helen Hayes Awards, garnering praise for both its Wordless Shakespeare repertoire (Hamlet…the rest is silence, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Antony and Cleopatra, Othello, King Lear, The Taming of the Shrew, Twelfth Night) and its dialogue- and movement-based pieces. Synetic redefines theater by blending innovative techniques and movement.
Expressing classical texts and modern stories without words, Synetic gives audiences unforgettable visceral experiences through its stunning physicality.
New shows in Arlington provide even more reasons to make going to the theater part of your capital area vacation.
Weather whims don't mean you have to stop the fun. Just the opposite. In Arlington, Virginia, you can go, go, go: May this list be just the beginning of your indoor fun!


"Misinformation is indeed a weapon of mass destruction". A powerful quote from journalist Gil Noble who passed away April 5, 2012. He was an American television reporter as well as the producer and host of New York City television station WABC-TV's weekly show, 'Like It Is' for from 1968 to 2011.
Filed Under: Nation of Billions Tagged With: adam clayton powell jr., african american, alex haley, black history, civil rights, documentary, educational, gil noble, harlem, joe lewis, like it is, malcolm x, marcus garvey, media, NYC, politics, porkchop davis, racism, society, thinking, TV, u.s.


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Pregnenolone: The Most Important Hormone You Haven't Heard About
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Video Download: Pregnenolone The Most Important Hormone You Havent Heard About Part 1
Video Stream: Pregnenolone The Most Important Hormone You Havent Heard About Part 1
Pregnenolone: The Most Important Hormone You Haven't Heard About
Undoubtedly, you have heard of Human Growth Hormone (HGH); Testosterone, the hormone responsible for males developing masculine characteristics. Estrogen, the female counterpart to testosterone; oxytocin, often referred to as "the love hormone."
Progesterone, which is a significant contributor to the body's support for pregnancy. Dehydroepiandrosterone/ Dehydroepiandrostenedione, also known as DHEA, an essential endogenous steroid hormone that is known to have anti-aging properties, and cortisol, the so-called "stress hormone."
All of these hormones (and much more, too numerous to list) play a vital role in maintaining and regulating our body's internal functions.
But there is one hormone that is considered a "precursor" (a substance from which another is formed, in particular by a metabolic reaction) to all of these hormones.
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Without this "Mother Hormone," your body couldn't produce other hormones like estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).
But why is this?
What is so crucial about pregnenolone that it would often be referred to as "the most important hormone you haven't heard about"?
The answer is simple.
Because pregnenolone is the precursor of the more-familiar hormones like cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and DHEA, it seems to have been ignored and overlooked.
But, the research on this hormone is incredibly compelling. Over the years, many researchers have come to regard it as an adaptogen that can transform itself into whatever your body needs, hormone-wise.
Research has discovered that pregnenolone performs several vital functions...and this information was unknown until recently. Here are a few of them...
Enhanced cognitive function. Pregnenolone has been proven to raise the brain's level of acetylcholine. This is important since this substance is the neurotransmitter that is necessary for normal brain activity.
Acetylcholine is usually low in Alzheimer's patients. Additionally, pregnenolone also helps keep our memories sharp and helps us get to sleep, which is also a significant memory boost.
Acetylcholine is not only necessary for thought and memory; it also controls sleep cycles, including the phase of sleep that is connected to memory (called the random eye movement [REM] period). Scientists have discovered that it dramatically increases memory-enhancing sleep.
Pregnenolone has been found to be 100 times more efficient for memory enhancement than other steroids or steroid precursors in laboratory mice. Pregnenolone appears to be one of the most potent memory enhancers yet reported in animals and has been shown to not only make people smarter but boost their moods as well.
Relief from anxiety. Two University of California, San Francisco studies have demonstrated that pregnenolone is effective in lessening the debilitating effects of depression and anxiety. Anxiety is a common symptom of schizophrenia, a severe mental illness, and patients suffering from schizophrenia quite often have low levels of pregnenolone.
Easing joint pain. Scientists have concluded that pregnenolone can reduce joint pain and arthritis and gout, even after prescribed treatments have come up short.
Helping women deal with the headaches of PMS and menopause. Pregnenolone is especially useful in dealing with hot flashes and lack of sex drive.
Reducing stress. Pure and straightforward: stress can be a savage killer if not handled correctly. Here, again, pregnenolone can help.
Combating chemical dependency and alcohol and drug addiction. Addiction is a severe and life-threatening condition that needs to be eradicated immediately in the addict's life. A study published in the Journal of Pharmacological Science reports that pregnenolone can play a role in fighting these demons. Also, a study conducted at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill uncovered evidence that pregnenolone plays a crucial role in alcohol tolerance and withdrawal.
Lower cholesterol. The hits just keep on coming! In one study, pregnenolone lowered average cholesterol levels from 263.5 mg/dl to 187.9 mg/dl. This is compelling evidence that sufficient pregnenolone levels are a safe, useful tool in the battle against excess cholesterol.
Fighting Alzheimer's Disease. Evidence suggests that pregnenolone may offer significant neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease. When researchers introduced the destructive amyloid-beta protein into animal brains, the level of progesterone (a neurohormone synthesized from its direct precursor, pregnenolone) dropped precipitously.
In humans, Alzheimer's disease patients have lower levels of pregnenolone, allopregnanolone (a pregnenolone metabolite) and DHEA-sulfate (DHEAS) in all the main memory-related areas of their brains, compared with control patients.
DHEA Precursor. Pregnenolone promotes anabolic activity (building or synthesis of tissues); is a precursor to testosterone (a male hormone), and estrogen (a female anabolic hormone); strengthens immune system by reducing cortisol levels, thereby lowering stress and improving resistance to several diseases; prevents osteoporosis; gives cardiovascular protection by reducing total cholesterol and LDL levels; increases muscle and decreases body fat.
To help you understand pregnenolone and why it is so important, here is a brief history of the hormone, an explanation of how it works, and why you need to make sure your levels of pregnenolone are average.
What is Pregnenolone?
Pregnenolone, like DHEA, is a steroidal hormone manufactured in the body.
Pregnenolone is a precursor hormone synthesized from cholesterol, mostly in the adrenal glands, but also in other parts of the body such as the liver, skin, brain, testicles, ovaries, and retina of the eyes.
Research on pregnenolone, as well as usage of pregnenolone, dates back as far as the 1930s.
Human studies were conducted in the 1940s on factory workers to test the effect of pregnenolone on fatigue and autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis.
The results were promising. However, even though pregnenolone was proving to be both efficient and safe, it was discarded when Merck's newly introduced pharmaceutical agent, cortisone, was announced to be a cure-all for rheumatoid arthritis in 1949.
Soon after cortisone and cortisol came into use, the synthetic steroid hormones dexamethasone, and later prednisone, were introduced.
Remember, these steroids are hundreds of times stronger than pregnenolone (or DHEA).
Because they could be patented, it was far more financially beneficial for pharmaceutical companies to focus on these drugs rather than pregnenolone.
Additionally, these steroids were very fast-acting compared to pregnenolone.
Users and doctors preferred the quick fix. However, these steroidal compounds proved to have serious side effects: compromising the immune system, causing osteoporosis, and other serious complications.
Even though cortisone and cortisol are stress hormones that are natural to the body, they are prescribed in pharmacological doses rather than amounts natural to the body.
The pharmacological levels at which cortisone and cortisol are administered give them a risk profile similar to that of synthetic hormones.
In spite of this, pregnenolone is still overlooked for these dangerous but profitable synthetics.
Scientists have been studying the impact of hormones on learning and memory for decades.
Various studies have found that pregnenolone boosts motivation, learning, and long-term memory.
A research group of industrial psychologists researched in the 1940s to test pregnenolone on students and workers for the ability to improve job performance.
They found that the students/workers had a markedly improved ability to learn and remember difficult tasks.
As previously mentioned, despite favorable results, research on pregnenolone halted in the 1950s when cortisone became available as an immediate cure-all.
Because pregnenolone, unlike cortisone, couldn't be patented, pharmaceutical companies (Big Pharma) had no financial incentive to pursue the research.
Regrettably, pharmaceutical companies must answer to their shareholders, and at times this hurts patients. For any substance to be profitable, it must be patentable.
If there were half as many studies done on pregnenolone as the patented drugs, pregnenolone's healing potential would be well-known and used far more than it currently is.
Our Levels of Pregnenolone Drop as We Age
As is the case with so many of our life-giving hormones, aging rears its ugly head again when we look at pregnenolone.
People with lower pregnenolone levels are more likely to suffer from memory deficits, mood disorders, and even some mental illnesses...and all of these afflictions affect elderly people far more than younger age groups.
As a result of regular aging, critical hormone levels decline, resulting in a detrimental impact on memory and cognitive function.
Scientists believe that the hormone pregnenolone has vast potential for maintaining healthy cognitive function and may be "the most potent memory enhancer yet reported."
Increasing cognitive function is a crucial goal for any aging baby boomer.
As natural levels of pregnenolone fall, ensuring optimal levels may represent an essential addition to every adult's cognitive wellness program.
Substantial evidence from animal studies suggests that neurosteroid levels, including pregnenolone, diminish with advancing age.
As pregnenolone is the parent compound of other vital neurosteroids such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), declining levels of pregnenolone could leave brain cells increasingly vulnerable to damage, such as overstimulation by neurotransmitters like glutamate.
In fact, scientists have proposed that levels of neurosteroids such as pregnenolone could serve as biological "markers" of cognitive aging in laboratory animals, allowing us to examine the age-related impact of each neurosteroid on learning and memory.
Some human studies have also shown a link between neurosteroid levels (especially DHEA) and cognitive function, although more research is still needed.
Many physicians and scientists believe that the restoration of pregnenolone to youthful levels is a significant step in the treatment of aging and symptoms of aging.
Pregnenolone may be one of the most critical hormones because it seems to have a balancing effect. It is a precursor to many other hormones and may be able to bring the levels of other hormones up or down as needed.
As with DHEA, pregnenolone levels naturally peak during youth and begin a long, slow decline with age.
While our youth-giving hormones are diminishing, the disease of aging begins to make its unwelcome presence known.
The symptoms of this uninvited guest? Fatigue, brain fog, visual and hearing impairment, joint aches and pains, cardiovascular disease, and erectile dysfunction in men and loss of libido in both sexes, just to name a few.
Supplementing small amounts of these neurohormones may slow these age-related processes, improving one's quality of life by returning the body to its more youthful state.
By the age of 75, our bodies produce 60% less pregnenolone than the levels produced in our mid-thirties.
For this reason, pregnenolone is one of the biomarkers of aging.
Like counting the rings of a tree, by measuring the level of pregnenolone at any given point of a person's life, it is often possible to make an educated guess as to his or her age.
Some other hormones that decline with age are DHEA, the estrogens, testosterone, progesterone, and growth hormone.
These are considered biomarkers of aging as well. Since pregnenolone provides the initial raw material from which all the other steroid hormones are made, some of our other hormones will decline similarly.
How Pregnenolone Works
Pregnenolone is the first hormone in the pathway that generates a host of the main neurohormones in the brain that affect nerve cell growth and control various moods.
Pregnenolone thus has an impact on a broad range of nervous system functions. This has been proven in research that has demonstrated pregnenolone's ability to reduce the risk of dementia and improve memory, while also relieving anxiety and fighting depression.
The formation of memory is still one of the fascinating functions of the brain.
Pregnenolone is an essential molecule in this process since it is a critical hormone that is (as mentioned above) the precursor of many other vital hormones in the body.
There is substantial evidence that pregnenolone levels diminish with advancing age and that restoring these levels may help improve deteriorating brain function.
Before we review how pregnenolone boosts memory, let's start with a look at the physiology of this essential hormone.
The conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone is the first step in the synthesis of some of the body's essential hormones.
Pregnenolone is a vital building block, being the very first (and arguably the most versatile) hormone in a cascade of molecular events.
Pregnenolone's final products fill many essential roles in the body, from stimulating memory via excitatory pathways to easing anxiety through inhibitory mechanisms.
Pregnenolone was initially thought to be produced only in the adrenal glands and gonads (ovaries and testes).
It was unexpectedly discovered that the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) also synthesizes this hormone.
The discovery that certain steroids are produced and act in the central nervous system has led to the term "neurosteroids."
Another term, "neuroactive steroids" is often used for hormones that may be made elsewhere in the body but have potent actions in the nervous system.
Neurosteroids and neuroactive steroids can have potent effects on how individual nerve cells function.
In fact, researchers are learning that these complex little molecules can act in ways similar to the more common neurotransmitters: the chemical messengers between nerve cells.
Absence or reduced concentrations of neurosteroids during development and in adults may be associated with psychiatric, or behavioral disorders.
To get a superb feel for just how vital a role pregnenolone plays in the nervous system, let's take a quick tour of the mysteries of memory and emotion.
To keep things simple, remember this: brain cells, or neurons, are either being stimulated or suppressed.
Most memory formation happens due to stimulation of nerve cells.
Stimulation usually results in the production of nerve branches, which connect to new neurons, making the brain's "switchboard" larger and more complex.
These structures are formed by activating select "switches" in the brain. While there are many excitatory switches, the category called NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) channels (or receptors) comprises the most influential group.
These channels must be activated for learning and memory to occur.
Now, here's the fun stuff! The most common excitatory brain chemical that activates those memory-enhancing NMDA receptors is the amino acid glutamate, which is present throughout the brain.
While glutamate is essential for normal learning, too much excitation by glutamate over time can damage neurons.
In fact, overstimulation, or excitotoxicity, by glutamate is thought to be one of the underlying factors in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease...a classic example of "too much of a good thing."
What makes pregnenolone so important is that it seems to trigger the NMDA channels through a mechanism independent of glutamate, which in turn may account for the observed neuroprotective effects of pregnenolone on brain cells.
The bottom line of all this is that pregnenolone may play a pivotal role both in laying down memories in the first place and then preventing their loss by directly protecting the nerve networks that store them.
These complementary and versatile actions of pregnenolone are sending shock waves of interest through the scientific community because of the enormous implications for treating many age-related disorders of memory.
A decline in cognition as seen in Alzheimer's disease is associated with decreased neurosteroid levels.
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a build-up of harmful amyloid-beta plaques in the brain that block communication between nerve cells and disrupt the activities that brain cells need to survive.
Therefore, it seems reasonable to speculate that as natural levels of pregnenolone and other neurosteroids fall with aging and the appearance of neurodegenerative diseases, supplementing with these compounds could have a neuroprotective effect.
This is precisely what researchers have found.
French scientists have paved the way in this field with their study of the consequences of pregnenolone on cognitive aging. In fact, the results have been startling, with pregnenolone sulfate (the form found in brain tissue) completely reversing memory deficits in older, memory-impaired rats.
Together with previous findings that pregnenolone increases nerve cell growth (neurogenesis), researchers have concluded that pregnenolone can improve cognitive function in older animals by increasing acetylcholine levels, which stimulate new nerve cell growth in the brain areas most closely associated with memory and learning.
Scientists from the VA Medical Center in St. Louis explored pregnenolone's benefits in memory retention in animals that involved learning to avoid a mild electric shock to the foot.
Surprisingly, they discovered that pregnenolone displayed beneficial effects in improving memory retention at almost incredibly small doses.
They also found the response to pregnenolone was much faster than expected than if the supplement been working as a typical neurosteroid, leading to the conclusion that something much more dramatic was going on.
A Team of French Researchers Found the First Key to Pregnenolone's Swift Action
They studied the effect of pregnenolone sulfate in mice after the administration of a drug called scopolamine, which prevents the formation of memories by blocking receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain.
They discovered pregnenolone could quickly prevent the learning deficit induced by scopolamine.
Such a rapid effect of pregnenolone on memory processes led the team to conclude that it may be acting directly at receptor sites that are known to be active in memory formation.
In other words, the researchers had confirmed that pregnenolone has both neurosteroid-like and neurotransmitter-like activities...a huge breakthrough in the treatment of memory impairment.
Another group of French researchers may have uncovered another role of pregnenolone in learning.
They found that pregnenolone stimulated construction of ultramicroscopic structures called microtubules in brain cells.
Microtubules are mostly tiny intracellular "muscles" that nerve cells use to rearrange their structures, making the new connections that form the "structure" of memory.
In fact, pregnenolone's dramatic effect on "bulking up" nerve cells' internal muscles brought interest in the hormone to a fever pitch in France, where, in 2004, a new private company was started to develop pregnenolone derivatives as pharmaceutical drugs for memory enhancement and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Pregnenolone Can Both Excite and Inhibit Brain Cell Activity
Pregnenolone and its family members both stimulate and suppress brain cell activity in a fashion that maintains tight control over brain function.
Why is this important? Keep reading.
Discoveries of memory improvement by stimulating brain cells have led to the realization that overstimulating these pathways can also cause anxiety.
Also, many anti-anxiety drugs in everyday use today have an unpleasant side effect: they also impair memory and learning.
Generally speaking, substances that enhance memory have the risk of increasing anxiety, whereas those that relieve stress pose the threat of reducing memory. Talk about a vicious circle!
Where Pregnenolone Fits Into This Apparent Paradox
Again, there's remarkably good news that's related to the speed with which pregnenolone acts on nerve cells, and in its role as the "parent" hormone that quickly gives rise to other hormones to counter any adverse effect of overstimulating neuronal pathways.
By providing a reserve of raw material, sufficient pregnenolone levels allow brain cells to manufacture just the right chemical (excitatory or anti-anxiety) at just the moment when each is needed.
Here's how it works: just as pregnenolone itself acts at excitatory receptors in the brain to stimulate nerve cell activity and enhance learning, other neurohormones produced from pregnenolone (such as allopregnanolone) act on inhibitory brain receptors, called gamma-aminobutyric acid (A) (GABA(A)) receptors, which suppress brain cell activity to produce a calming, anti-anxiety, and sleep-inducing effect.
Talk about perfect balance!
The possibility that thousands of older adults may suffer from low pregnenolone levels is real...very real.
However, there is evidence supporting pregnenolone supplementation to prevent or lessen memory loss and a wide array of other mental and emotional health issues.
One caution: some cancers may grow faster in the presence of sex hormones derived from pregnenolone. Therefore, you must discuss pregnenolone supplementation with your doctor to be sure that supplementation is safe for you.
Many people do great on small doses of this supplement, and this is especially the case when estrogen levels need a boost.
Raising low estrogen levels naturally (synthetic hormones are not handled well by many women) has been very challenging.
Pregnenolone has shown the ability to help with this troublesome problem.
Remember, Pregnenolone is made from cholesterol.
In the laboratory, it is derived from wild yam, and therefore it's a perfectly natural product.
This explains why we are seeing a growing trend among health professionals recommending it as a natural alternative to other types of hormone replacement.
A recommended dose is to start with one tablet of 5 milligrams of pregnenolone per day and slowly progress up to two per day.
Our knowledge of pregnenolone is at an exciting early stage.
What we know is that this powerful hormone exerts beneficial effects on vital brain structures, improving how we think, learn, and remember.
And, countless new studies are now in progress that will allow us to find out more about how pregnenolone can help protect and promote healthy brain operation.
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Pregnenolone: The Most Important Hormone You Haven't Heard About was last modified: December 24th, 2018 by Professor Tom Henderson
Word Count: 3466
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Himantura uarnak врста је раже из породице жутуља. Насељава воде Индо-Пацифика од Јужне Африке до Тајвана и Аустралије, а време углавном проводи на пешчаном дну. Досеже до 2 м у ширину, тело има диск који је у облику дијаманта, док су пераја прстенаста, а реп дуг и без набора.

Током дана бораве на дну и хране се правим кошљорибама. Као и остале раже, ова врста је живахна, ембриони у развоју се хране жуманцем, а касније хистотрофом односно материчним млеком. Женке носе до пет младих углавном током лета. Himantura uarnak се лови у југоисточној Азији и деловима Индијског океана, користи се део њеног меса, кожа и хрскавица. Веома је подложна исцрпљивању због прекомерног риболова и ниске стопе репродуктивности, а прети јој и деградација станишта. Сходно томе, Међународна унија за заштиту природе оценила је ову врсту као рањиву.

Таксономија и филогенија

Карстен Небур објавио је 1775. године књигу под називом Descriptiones animalium – avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium: quæ in itinere orientali observavit, дело његовог пријатеља, шведског природњака Питера Форскала. У овој књизи Форскал је описао врсту Himantura uarnak и није је сврстао у родове или породице. Након њега, многи природњаци су писали о овој врсти, укључујући Дејвида Џордана и Бартона Ворена, који су је сврстали у породицу Dasyatidae, 1896. године.

Himantura uarnak доста је слична са другим врстама ража, које су морфолошки сличне и налазе се у истим породицама. Постоје неке таксономске и физичк разлике, које Himantura uarnak разликују од других врста, као што су мрље по телу.

Опис

Диск ове врсте има дијамантски облик, шири је од дискова других ража, са глатким ивицама. Код младих примерака диск је изузетно дугачак у односу на њихово тело. Очи су им мале и прате их спирални отвори за дисање, између који се налази кожни набор. Уста су релативно мала у односу на њихово тело, са плитким браздама на угловима. На гоњој вилици имају од 26 до 00 зуба, док је на доњој од 27 до 44 зуба. Карлична пераја Himantura uarnak су мала и троугласта. Реп је у облику бича, изузетно танак и дужу од 3,3 до 5 пута од диска. Одрасли примерци Himantura uarnak имају тамносмеђе или жутосмеђе флеке по телу, које је сиве боје поред кичме. Доња страна тела је бледа и без туфни. Мали примерци ове врсте су жутосмеђе боје са густо распоређеним мрљама. Ова врста просечно има ширину диска до 2 м, дужину до 6 м, а може да буде тешка и до 120 килограма.

Распрострањеност и биологија

Himantura uarnak настањује Индо-Пацифик, у распону од источних вода Јужне Африке до Арабијског полуострва, преко западне обале индијског потконтинента до југоистичне Азије,  Тајвана, острва Риуки и северних вода Аустралије. Ова врста мигрирала је источно из Средоземног мора преко Суецког канала. Данас је ова врста уобичајена у водама југоисточног Средоземља.

Himantura uarnak углавном настањује пешчана дна у близини обале у лагунама и око коралних гребена, на водама дубине до 50 м. Ова врста толерантна је на слану и слатку воду, често из мора улази у мочварна подручја и реке. Иако су записи о овој врсти у слаткој води предпоставке, природњаци и научници сложили су се да ова врста има толеранцију и на слатку воду. Преферира воде тепмпература од 23 до 26 °C.

Током дана ова врста је углавном неактивна и проводи време одмарајући се непомично на морском дну, понекад затрпана у песку. У заливу Шарк у западном делу Аустралије ова врста се одмара појединачно или у малим групама у изузетно плиткој води. Угланом се хране раковима, шкампама, медузама и правим кошљорибама. У западним водама Индијског океана отрпилике две трећине ових примерци се храни рибом, а другу најчешћу храну чине шкампи и ракови. Супротно томе, ова врста у водама Аустралије храни се само раковима. Познати паразити ове врсте су Anthrobothrium loculatum, Dendromonocotyle colorni, Halysiorhynchus macrocephalus, Monocotyle helicophallus, M. multiparous, M. spiremae, Thaumatocotyle australensis и Tylocephalum chiralensis.

Као и друге раже, ова врста је живахна. Ембрион који се развија у почетку се храни жуманцем, а касније хистотрофом односно материчним млеком. Женке роде до пет потомака током лета, након једногодишњег гестацијског периода. У водама Јужне Африке тек рођене јединке имају од 28 до 30 цм, а сексуално сазревају када им ширина ди ска буде до 1 м, што одговара узрасту од 4 до 5 година. У Аустралији тек рођени примерци су ширине од 21 до 28 цм, а зрели мужјаци у тим водама просечно су ширине од 82 до 84 цм. Млади примерци ове врсте значајно се разликују од других младих примерака ража по величини и облику диска и пегавости.

Контакт са људима

Himantura uarnak снажно се бори када се упетља у мрежу или закачи на удицу, а популаран је код рекреативних риболоваца, који га обично пуштају назад у воду. Ова врста се интезивно лови само у југоистичном делу Азије и у деловима Индијског океана на мреже, парангале и удице. У водама Индонезије, ова врста лови се у великим количинама. Искоришћавају се месо, кожа и хрскавица, мада њено место није превише цењено у кулинарству. Такође има примену у кинеској медицини, а њен реп се такође продаје.

Међународна унија за заштиту природе категорисала је ову врсту као рањиву због мале репродуктивне стопе, нестанка станишта и нерегулисаном риболову. Иако не постоје поуздани подаци, претпоставља се да је број примерака Himantura uarnak значајно опао у Тајландском заливу, а да их је 30% мање у водама Индонезије од 1980. године.

Галерија

Референце

Литература

 Collette, BB (2010) "Reproduction and development in epipelagic fishes" In: Kathleen S Cole,  Reproduction and Sexuality in Marine Fishes: Patterns and Processes, pp. 21–64, University of California Press. .
 Freon, Pierre (1998) Dynamics of Pelagic Fish Distribution and Behaviour: Effects on Fisheries and Stock Assessment, Wiley-Blackwell. .
 {{cite journal | last1 = Johnsen | first1 = S | year = 2003 | title = Lifting the Cloak of Invisibility: The Effects of Changing Optical Conditions on Pelagic Crypsis1 | journal =
Kinzer, J. (1983) Aquarium Kiel: Beschreibungen zur Biologie der ausgestellten Tierarten. Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel. pag. var.
Koli, L. (1990) Suomen kalat. [Fishes of Finland] Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. Helsinki.  (in Finnish).
Laffaille, P., E. Feunteun and J.C. Lefeuvre (2000) Composition of fish communities in a European macrotidal salt marsh (the Mont Saint-Michel Bay, France) Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 51(4):429-438.
Landbrugs -og Fiskeriministeriet. (1995). Fiskeriårbogen 1996 Årbog for den danske fiskerflåde Fiskeriårbogens Forlag ved Iver C. Weilbach & Co A/S, Toldbodgade 35, Postbox 1560, DK-1253 København K, Denmark. p 333–338, 388, 389 (in Danish).
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae secundum Classes, Ordinus, Genera, Species cum Characteribus, Differentiis Synonymis, Locis 10th ed., Vol. 1. Holmiae Salvii.
Munroe, Thomas, A. / Collette, Bruce B., and Grace Klein-MacPhee, eds. 2002 Herrings: Family Clupeidae. Bigelow and Schroeder's Fishes of the Gulf of Maine, Third Edition. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. 111–160. .
Muus, B., F. Salomonsen and C. Vibe (1990) Grønlands fauna (Fisk, Fugle, Pattedyr) Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag A/S København, (in Danish).
Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen (1999) Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book Hedehusene, Denmark.
Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlström (1974) Collins guide to the sea fishes of Britain and North-Western Europe Collins, London, UK.
 Reid RN, Cargnelli LM, Griesbach SJ, Packer DB, Johnson DL, Zetlin CA, Morse WW and Berrien PL (1999) Atlantic Herring, Clupea harengus, Life History and Habitat Characteristics NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-126, NOAA.
Robins, Richard C., Reeve M. Bailey, Carl E. Bond, James R. Brooker, Ernest A. Lachner, et al. 1991 Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada, Fifth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 20. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 183. .

 Pepperell J (2011) Fishes of the Open Ocean: A Natural History and Illustrated Guide University of New South Wales Press, .
 Salvanesa AGV and Kristoffersen JB "Mesopelagic Fishes" In: Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, pp. 1711–1717.
 Scientists IDs genesis of animal behavior patterns PhysOrg.com
 One fish, two fish: New MIT sensor improves fish counts PhysOrg.com

Спољашње везе

Himantura uarnak, Honeycomb stingray at FishBase
Himantura uarnak (Reticulate Whipray, Honeycomb Stingray, Leopard Stingray, Marbled Stingray) at IUCN Red List

Жутуље
Рањиви таксони
Рибе Мадагаскара
Рибе Аустралије
Рибе Африке
Рибе Азије

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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