Leicester Riders came from behind to defeat Plymouth Raiders on the road as they joined London Lions on 14 league wins.
Rob Paternostro's side move to 14-4 after extending their win streak over the Raiders to 25 consecutive games with the home side now at 10-10.
Turning point – The hosts led by 11 points at the end of the first quarter, but the Riders gradually battled back and took the lead on a 10-0 run late in the fourth. Down 79-86 ahead of the final minute, Plymouth hit back-to-back threes to apply late pressure before Williams sealed the win with an open dunk.
Key stat – The Riders were efficient on the offensive end after a slow start and finished with 72% shooting from inside the arc.
Game hero – Williams was huge for the Riders as he continues to make an instant impact since his arrival – a game-high 34 points on an impressive 16 of 19 shooting, whilst adding five boards and three assists.


text:
Tag Archives: leapfrog
How to Help Microinsurance Spread
May 28, 2019 Lauren Gore	Leave a comment
Microinsurance is an industry that keeps building momentum. Changes in the global economy have created an emerging middle class that has been underserved by traditional insurance models — and microinsurance offers a needed solution.
For people in developing countries, who in many cases live on just a few dollars a day, traditional insurance is too costly. Constrained finances and limited awareness act as a significant deterrent for purchasing traditional, risk-mitigating insurance products. However, when loss events like those stemming from Hurricane Maria or workplace injury occur, insurance is necessary to rebuild communities and individual lives. Considering that nearly 6.5 billion residents live in emerging and developing countries like Ghana, the Philippines and Vietnam, the scale of this opportunity exceeds virtually any other single opportunity in mature insurance markets.
Much of the (re)insurance market's recent attention has centered on global natural-catastrophe losses, which have exceeded $500 billion since 2017. Many communities around the world were dramatically affected by these losses, forcing prominent insurers to understand the best way to serve those communities.
Why Micro Makes Sense
The increased buying power within these developing communities confirms there's an opportunity for microinsurance to grow. A World Bank study found that, from 1985 to 2017, Vietnam's per-capita GDP jumped by nearly 10 times from $230 to $2,343. Such gains encourage significant interest and investment specifically focused on microinsurance product development.
Allianz, for example, has doubled down on its commitment to the field by joining forces with FPT Group to build insurance products for Vietnam and purchasing micro insurer BIMA for $290 million. In addition, LeapFrog raised $400 million for microinsurance product development and distribution, proof that sophisticated parties believe in the value of microinsurance products.
For new markets where skepticism toward high-premium private products exists, microinsurance offers a low-cost option to mitigate risk and grow trust with corporate insurance brands. However, when viewed in the aggregate, there remains a mismatch between high-growth areas in terms of population and income — Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and Oceania and Africa — and insurance penetration in these areas, which currently sits at only 7%.
See also: Microinsurance: A Huge Opportunity
The challenge for investors and the insurers they support is simple: educating communities, developing relevant products and establishing trust in these products; all of which is typically expended before the first premium dollar is collected. The challenge is exaggerated by the high-volume, low-margin nature of individual products, which, in some communities, carry average microinsurance product annual premium of $14.
While the economics of microinsurance will continue to challenge penetration and premium capture, insurers can overcome significant hurdles related to education and distribution by presenting simplified and relevant products to prospective insurance customers, and developing and executing a distribution strategy through a multidisciplinary team.
How Insurers Can Solve the Microinsurance Quandary
Insurers can position themselves for success in the microinsurance market through a couple of different approaches.
Chief among those is to streamline their services. Microinsurance is a product of its time. Technology allows all kinds of consumer services to provide hyperpersonalized care, which means insurers need to offer products that are as simple and relevant as possible.
To accomplish this goal, insurers must keep the end user in mind during all phases of product creation. Companies need to understand what customers need, how they prioritize those needs, and where their gaps in coverage lie. By identifying these factors, insurers can offer products that clearly spell out the relevant advantages to customers. This clarity can help engage customers and increase the odds that consumers will purchase the coverage.
Customers don't want to pay for coverages they don't need. Insurers, therefore, must seize any opportunity to create granular products that are simple and affordable. Not only does this approach provide more useful products to buyers, but it also helps insurers limit how much information they must collect during underwriting.
Additionally, insurers should build cross-functional teams internally to assist with distribution. Getting the right insurance product to the right customer at the right moment takes a coordinated team of experts. Those who distribute these products need to understand the environments in which they sell and have a stake in the profitability of the product.
See also: Microinsurance and Insurtech
These distribution partners must also learn to describe to consumers the differences among products. It is not enough to sell: Distributors must be educators who teach customers that insurance can be as trusted as the local brands they know and rely on. To do that, the distributors and the people they serve must be supported through association with charitable and regulatory organizations.
Finally, technology must be leveraged to effectively monitor and mobilize the distribution force and insureds alike. To that end, software developers must build and test features on the basis of real customer feedback and adapt quickly to optimize the products. When the back-end team gives distributors a product that people want, distributors can sell a product that brings clear and tangible benefit to the developing world.
Microinsurance will continue to grow as the needs of the global population continue to evolve. Everyone in the insurance industry, from distributors to developers, is responsible for overseeing the growth of this new niche. Only by collaborating to offer a relevant product will insurers successfully earn their share of this new and burgeoning market.
Allianzghanainnovationinsuranceinsurance contentInsurTechitlleapfrogmicroinsurancethe philippinesthought leadershipvietnam
Wellness Isn't the Only Scam in Healthcare
September 12, 2017 Al Lewis	Leave a comment
Healthcare meets Network.
That is the one-sentence summary of Dave Chase's new book, A CEO's Guide to Restoring the American Dream: How to Deliver World-Class Healthcare to Your Employees at Half the Cost.
Dissecting the title, the "restoring the American Dream" reference is as follows: While wages have barely budged in the last 20 years, employee compensation has risen quite a bit — with most of the increase being the health benefit. Dave's observation is that if the health benefit were managed much more tightly, wages could climb noticeably for the workforce without increasing the total employee compensation budget.
As for "half the cost," that number may be overstated…but not by much. For instance, I just saw a wellness vendor send 2/3 of a company's employees to the doctor because they have "conditions" they didn't know about, that this vendor "discovered" by — you guessed it — screening the stuffing out of them by flouting clinical guidelines. This employer could save about 3% simply by firing the vendor and not consigning all those employees to the treatment trap. (Of course, there has been no measurable improvement in outcomes from all these doctor visits.)
This employer and others could save another 0.5% simply by not insisting that their employees and spouses get annual checkups (and "well-woman" visits) because as readers of this site know, they have no value. The good news is that checkups are not likely to harm employees, which is more than can be said for many wellness programs.
See also: Wellness Vendors Keep Dreaming
So we are already saving 3.5%, and we haven't even done anything hard yet, where "hard" is defined as "something that does not delight employees, like getting rid of 'pry, poke and prod' programs." In other words, "hard" isn't really hard.
Slightly harder opportunities
In addition to an expose on wellness, Dave Chase exposes some scams that make wellness look like child's play. (Wellness is child's play, in the sense that any fifth-grader knows more arithmetic than a wellness vendor. And a 14-year-old knows more about BMI.)
In no particular order, we'll start with PBMs. Their stock prices have exploded — literally, 300-fold — in the last 30 years. You think they achieved that growth honestly? They make wellness vendors look like Boy Scouts. They obfuscate everything, with "rebates" and "formularies" and under-the-table payments from drug companies, and all sorts of other things that we probably don't even know about. Here is a New York Times article that casts just a little light on the subject…but more than enough light to indict the entire industry.
It isn't easy to ditch a PBM, but increasing numbers of alternatives are popping up. A good rule of thumb is, the thicker the contract with your PBM, the more you are getting ripped off. I invite folks who offer one of these new alternatives to add a comment at the bottom of this posting or on LinkedIn following this posting.
Then there are the carriers, who typically make more money, the more money gets spent. The number of scams is mind-boggling. For example, consider Dave's explanation of what happens when a claim is overbilled:
Another fee opportunity is so-called "pay and chase" programs,
in which the insurance carrier doing your claims administration
gets paid 30-40 percent for recovering fraudulent or
duplicative claims. Thus, there is a perverse incentive to tacitly
allow fraudulent and duplicative claims to be paid, get paid as
the plan administrator, then get paid a second time for recovering
the originally paid claim.
Good luck trying to ferret your own claims data out of carriers so that you can do your own analysis on them and change policy accordingly. I do quite a bit of work for top-flight carriers, measuring their wellness-sensitive medical events. They always seem to have the data at their fingertips. We can complete the analysis for the year within weeks after claims run-out ends, meaning sometime in April. Meanwhile, I've got a Fortune 50 client whose carrier, Optum, still hasn't managed to provide them (at an extra fee!) with their own event rates for 2016, a delay which more than coincidentally will make it impossible to implement any cutbacks in Optum's services for 2018 if the event rates show that — hang onto your hats — Optum didn't achieve anything.
Don't get Dave started on providers, who find highly creative ways to snooker employers and employees. Like staffing in-network facilities with out-of-network doctors, who then bill patients ridiculously high charges. You need to re-contract with your carrier and put that one on them. Or, if you're large enough, recontract with the hospital.
And speaking of hospitals, why have Leapfrog D- and F-rated hospitals in your network at all? If a geographic necessity, then at a minimum educate your employees that it might be worth the extra drive to avoid some major complications.
Providers also bill companies what they think they can get away with, rather than what a buyer would expect to pay given what others in the area are charging. Because the company is generally not the decision-maker (the employee or doctor generally decides where to go, not based on price), providers often get away with it. An entire chapter is devoted to provider pricing scams and the importance of transparency.
See also: A Wellness Program Everyone Can Love
Or, my own personal favorite provider scam, disguising emergency rooms as urgent care centers. (A rather naively idealistic Colorado legislator tried to make freestanding ERs disclose that they are not urgent care centers, but the provider lobbyists prevailed.)
A sidebar: Quizzify trains employees to be on the lookout for these scams, which is helpful for the 0.1% of the 150,000,000 commercially insured employees who actually have access to the quizzes. The other 99.9% are on their own.
And yet it all comes back to wellness
Employer obsession with wellness has caused them to take their eyes off these many other balls, because wellness was supposed to solve everything (including industrial waste, according to HERO stalwart Bruce Sherman). Truly, wellness has been the Maginot Line of healthcare cost containment strategies. While a vastly disproportionate share of resources has gone into wellness, PBMs, carriers, providers and various middlemen simply circumvented these efforts, to dig right into your pocketbooks.
I can only scratch the surface here — just go out and buy the book, and then you'll understand both why when it comes to scamming employers and employees, wellness vendors have a lot to learn, and also why you should be mad as hell and not take it any more.
a ceo's guide to restoring the american dreamal lewisbruce shermandave chasehow to deliver world-class healthcare to your employees at half the costleapfroglewisoptumpbmpharmacy benefits managerQuizzifywellness
Why Healthcare Must Be Transparent
November 18, 2016 Leah Binder	Leave a comment
The economics of American healthcare is undergoing a profound shift. Employers, policymakers and other purchasers are increasingly paying healthcare providers based on the benefit to the patient. For instance, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, (CMS) the agency that runs Medicare, adjusts payments to hospitals based on how well they perform on measures of patient experience, readmissions and patient safety. Private payers, too, are increasingly negotiating contracts tied to quality and safety performance.
Understandably, the changes to payment heighten sensitivity among hospitals and doctors about how their performance is measured. Even measures that have been exhaustively tested and validated face new levels of scrutiny when money is on the table. Many providers even call for delaying the changes in payment until measures can be perfected even more.
But employers and other purchasers of healthcare are determined to move forward with new payment standards without delay and will not await measurement perfection. After decades of enormous investment in healthcare with little or no accountability for quality, purchasers place a high value on understanding quality and don't intend to reverse course and continue simply paying for everything. Employers and purchasers do not intend to return to the days when consumers had no information to make an all-important decision about which hospital to use, and purchasers paid the bill regardless of the quality of the patient experience. Purchasers want numbers, figures and rates on safety, quality and cost, calculated with vigilance, responsibility and respect for science. After decades of hard work and research, this is finally available to them.
See also: Not Your Mama's Recipe for Healthcare
Transparency has been the key to change. According to a multi-stakeholder roundtable convened by the Lucian Leape Institute of the National Patient Safety Foundation in 2015, "During the course of healthcare's patient safety and quality movements, the impact of transparency – the free, uninhibited flow of information that is open to the scrutiny of others – has been far more positive than many had anticipated, and the harms of transparency have been far fewer than many had feared." The effect is so dramatic, the report concluded, that "if transparency were a medication, it would be a blockbuster."
The report cited my organization Leapfrog's first-ever reporting of a measure of maternity care, early elective deliveries. These are deliveries scheduled early without a medical reason, and they pose risks to the mother and the baby, and frequently result in babies unnecessarily starting life in the neonatal intensive care unit. There had been many efforts in the past to curtail these unsafe deliveries, but it wasn't until Leapfrog publicly reported rates by hospital that significant progress was made. In just five years, the national mean dropped from 17% to 2.8%.
Transparency has also accelerated reductions in errors and accidents that kill or harm patients in hospitals. The 2014 estimates from the federal Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Medicare Patient Safety Monitoring System, which reports patient safety indicators, show progress in reducing hospital-acquired conditions, including a drop from 28,000 inpatient venous thromboembolisms in 2010 to 16,000 in 2014. This means 12,000 fewer patients in 2014 developing potentially fatal blood clots. It is very unlikely that we would have achieved a reduction of this magnitude without transparency.
Measurement and transparency do not have to be perfect to achieve remarkable progress in quality improvement. We see this in more transparent industries outside of healthcare every day. For instance, researchers studied the recent initiative in Los Angeles to issue safety grades rating the hygiene of restaurants and found it associated with a nearly 20% decline in hospitalizations from foodborne illness in the program's first year. The composite grade used in LA was fairly rudimentary by the standards of measurement scientists in the healthcare industry, but the grade was nonetheless effective in educating consumers and galvanizing improvement.
Providers and health care executives sometimes point to flaws in their medical record and billing systems as problems that should delay the use of certain measures. However, public reporting is often necessary to break logjams in data collection. For instance, New York state's public release of surgical mortality data for coronary artery bypass grafting procedures jump-started the movement to define and more carefully collect the procedure outcome data. Providers will get better at data collection when the data is used.
See also: Is Transparency the Answer in Healthcare?
Current healthcare performance measures may not be perfect, but good people are working hard to steadily improve their validity – and that work should be done in the sunlight of transparency. Employers will gladly work collaboratively toward that end, as long as the work continues without delay. We have all waited too long for transparency and sensible payment, and the cost in human lives and suffering is already too high.
agency for healthcare research and qualitybindercenters for medicare and medicaid servicescmsleah binderleapfroglucian leape institutemedicare patient safety monitoring systemnational patient safety foundationtransparencyvenous thromboembolisms
A Hospital That Leads World on Transparency
August 13, 2014 Leah Binder	Leave a comment
Jeremy Hunt, secretary of state for health in Britain, recently toured the Virginia Mason Medical Center in Seattle. He said the visit was "inspirational" and announced plans to have the British National Health Service (NHS) sign up "heart and soul" to a similar culture of safety and transparency. Hunt wants doctors and nurses in NHS to "say sorry" for mistakes and improve openness among hospitals in disclosing safety events.
I had a similar reaction to my tour of Virginia Mason. The hospital appears impressive—and truly gets impressive results. My nonprofit, the Leapfrog Group, annually takes a cold, hard look at the hospital's data and named Virginia Mason one of two "top hospitals of the decade" in 2010. Every year, it ranks near the top of our national ratings.
Virginia Mason's success is rooted in its famous application of the principles of Japanese manufacturing to disrupt how it delivered care, partly at the behest of one of Seattle's flagship employers, Boeing. There are numerous media stories and a book recounting the culture of innovation Virginia Mason deployed to achieve its great results, so I won't belabor the point here. But at its essence is Virginia Mason's unusual approach to transparency. Employees are encouraged to "stop the line" – that is, report when there's a near miss or error. Just as Toyota assembly workers are encouraged to stop production if they spot an engineering or safety problem, Virginia Mason looks for every opportunity to publicly disclose and closely track performance.
It is not normal for a hospital to clamor for such transparency. Exhibit A: the Leapfrog Hospital Survey, my organization's free, voluntary national survey that publicly reports performance by hospital on a variety of quality and safety indicators. More than half of U.S. hospitals refuse the invitation of their regional business community to participate in Leapfrog, suggesting that transparency isn't at the top of their agenda. But for Virginia Mason and an elite group of other hospital systems, not only is the transparency of Leapfrog a welcome feature, but they challenge us to report even more data, faster.
I hope the British health care system takes Virginia Mason's model and runs with it, but, more than that, I hope the model takes hold here in the U.S. Too many hospitals in the U.S. avoid disclosing their performance instead of welcoming transparency as an opportunity to build trust with the patients in their care.
The movement toward transparency has a long way to go. We do not have publicly disclosed accreditation reports, even though those reports are tickets for hospitals to obtain public funding through Medicare. We do not yet know enough about infection rates, sentinel events, medication errors and outcomes including death rates from many common (or uncommon) procedures. Price transparency is also rare, according to a report by the Catalyst for Payment Reform.
The ultimate example of our tendency toward non-disclosure came last week, when USA Today reported that CMS quietly removed from public disclosure the incidence of certain "never" events, like objects left in after surgery. Experts disagree on the merits of how CMS counts these "never" events, and CMS—no doubt influenced by lobbyists—believes that they aren't fair to hospitals. Yet, in a culture of transparency, CMS would do the opposite: first err on the side of reporting the "never" events, then let the experts refine the measure over time. Indeed, as the Virginia Mason experience demonstrates, the very act of reporting can accelerate improvement and transformation.
It's time for the U.S. to ignite its passion for free speech and lead the world in applying it to health care.
binderbritish national health servicecatalyst for payment reformcmshuntjeremy huntleah binderleapfrogleapfrog groupleapfrog hospital surveymedicarenever eventsnhssecretary of state for healthusa todayvirginia masonvirginia mason medical center
Three Surprising Hazards of Worksite Wellness Programs
February 11, 2014 Leah Binder	Leave a comment
Here's a proposal for the plot of a new comic book.
Perry White summons Clark Kent and Lois Lane into his office one day in Metropolis.
"I have bad news," White barks. "Health costs at the Daily Planet are through the roof. And it's all your fault. You're unhealthy!"
White tells Clark and Lois to fill out a questionnaire, which he assures them will be kept "private." Once they complete it, they will receive free advice on running their personal lives better. "And we're docking your pay $1,200 if you don't fill it out and see a doctor," White warns.
The questionnaire asks about smoking, exercise, weight, feelings of depression, financial problems, marital problems and stress. Clark's questionnaire asks whether he examines his testicles regularly. Lois must answer whether she plans to get pregnant. And they get lots of valuable guidance on their misguided lifestyles. Eat your vegetables. Cheer up. Calm down. Don't smoke. Pay your bills on time.
Though he can leap tall buildings in a single bound, Clark, according to the questionnaire, needs a number of tests and screenings to rule out serious health problems.
I probably couldn't sell this comic book proposal because the scenario sounds too preposterous, even for a guy with X-ray vision who flies. Surely, in real life it would be illegal or at least politically incorrect for your boss to demand to know your most private information, obtained under the threat of a pay cut.
Sorry to say, this plot isn't entirely fictional for thousands (if not millions) of Americans. Not only is it actually legal for your employer to require you to answer intrusive personal questions, it's encouraged by a little-known provision in Obamacare, which is embraced by a surprising mix of people and interests on both sides of the aisle. That provision allows employers to promote "worksite wellness" programs and require their employees to pay up if they don't participate.
A multibillion-dollar industry has grown up overnight, selling wellness programs to well-meaning employers. More than 90% of all large employers report offering one for employees. Some of these programs are excellent and welcomed by employees. It's nice for an employer to support exercising and quitting smoking.
But badly designed programs are not so nice, as Matthew Woessner learned. He received an email from his employer on July 17, 2013, instructing him to take the online questionnaire called a "Health Risk Assessment," reporting on his personal life and habits akin to Perry White's grilling of Clark and Lois. Like the Daily Planet employees, if Woessner refused, he would lose $1,200.
This could happen to you, according to Al Lewis and Vik Khanna in a disturbing new book, "Surviving Workplace Wellness…with Your Dignity, Finances, and (Major) Organs Intact." The book is so laugh-out-loud funny you may wonder if it's really serious, but actually it's a sobering exposé of hazards in the worksite wellness trend in American business. Think of the book as Dave Barry meets Rachel Carson.
The authors agree that the worksite wellness movement is not only a privacy hazard, but a health hazard and business hazard to boot. While some of us might be willing to tolerate a certain amount of privacy loss if we thought it would improve our health and save some money, Lewis and Khanna make a compelling case that poorly designed wellness programs don't help at all. In fact, these programs in the wellness business: 1) dismay and alienate employees, 2) fail to reduce health costs and 3) harm employee health.
How is this possible? Let's look at each in turn.
1. Dismaying and Alienating Employees
Bad wellness programs send the message that your boss thinks you're an idiot. This typically isn't a good strategy for improving morale, though it does improve motivation to update your resume.
Woessner's employer is a good example. That employer tells employees who smoke that tobacco use is not healthy. This implies that employee smokers are not educated enough to recall the Surgeon General's warnings or the mountains of studies over the past 50 years. Woessner's employer also believes that a good number of workers are too simple-minded to understand they should eat their vegetables and get some exercise.
What kind of company employs such a dim workforce? In Woessner's case, it is Penn State, which employs some of the world's leading researchers in science, technology, social sciences, humanities and health care. Despite their apparent stunning lack of knowledge about the most fundamental aspects of their health, a disproportionate number of them managed to earn PhDs.
Of course, the reality is that public health is a complex enterprise for which it is very easy to condescend and coerce when you mean to encourage. Bad wellness programs focus on the former.
2. Bad Programs Don't Save Money
Lewis and Khanna show examples of wellness vendors inventing savings numbers to sell their services to your employer. (I dare anyone to get through this section of the book without laughing.) Wellness marketers make claims that literally don't add up, such as proclaiming savings exceeding 100% (mathematically impossible) or, similarly, suggesting an employer saved more money than he spent in the first place.
Fundamentally, Lewis and Khanna make a compelling case that bad wellness programs don't save money because the programs themselves cost money, and the added cost of screenings and education and other services aren't free, either.
3. Potential Harm to Employee Health
Even if wellness programs may cost a bit more money in the short run, surely they improve health in the long run…right? Unfortunately, that's not evident either, the book argues.
Lewis and Khanna give us a case study of the state of Nebraska, which touts the success of an employee wellness program that won the national C. Everett Koop Award. The book shows convincingly that, not only are the proclaimed savings numbers impossible, but Nebraska's employees may have been exposed to hundreds of unnecessary and invasive tests. Many resulted in false positives that demanded even more invasive tests and treatments, which can scare patients for no reason and even lead to additional risk and harm.
I recommend this book because your employers – and the vendors and consultants that sell to them – aren't going to change without your input. Employees and business leaders need to do what the Penn State staff did and push back on poorly designed programs. In the process, they will be supporting, not undermining, the economic wellbeing of their employer.
Many of us may be reluctant to question the design of our company's wellness program because it sounds like we are challenging Mom and apple pie. How can you oppose something as pure-sounding as employee wellness? But what this book warns is that poorly designed wellness programs can violate the very essence of good management practice: namely, that management should focus on employee performance, not employees' personal lives. The latter can do much more harm than good.
A well-designed wellness program does not threaten to dock Superman's pay if he doesn't get a cholesterol test. A good one might instead add a salad bar to the Daily Planet cafeteria. The latter doesn't sound like something Perry White would do, but after all the Chief has never been the model of a good boss.
I don't come to this conclusion about the problems with wellness programs lightly. I worked in public health and dedicated much of my career to promoting prevention. My belief in the importance and the difficulty of prevention is precisely why I believe we must call out poorly designed programs that prey on well-meaning employers and other purchasers. Those programs apply equal measures of coercion and disparagement toward the people they are supposed to help. That discredits employer benefits programs and undermines employee loyalty and trust. Employers deserve better for the investment they make in the wellbeing of their employees.
This article first appeared on Forbes.com.
binderhealth careleah binderleapfrogleapfrog groupprivacywellnessworkplace wellness

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The (Practical) Book on Full-Stack Web Application Development How to develop robust web applications in less time while focussing on accessibility, usability, security, speed & testability!... EBOOK #PDF Fullstack Vue: The Complete Guide to Vue.js EBOOK Click button below to download or read this book. Description Ready to Master Vue.js?
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text:
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "cocos2d.h"

/**
 CCSprite9Slice will render an image in nine quads, keeping the margins fixed and stretching the center quad to fit the content size.
 The effect is that the image's borders will remain unstretched while the center stretches.
 */
@interface CCSprite9Slice : CCSprite {
}

/// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
/// @name Setting the Margin
/// -----------------------------------------------------------------------

/**
 Sets the margin as a normalized percentage of the total image size.
 If set to 0.25, 25% of the left, right, top and bottom borders of the image will remain unstretched.

 @note Margin must be in the range 0.0 to below 0.5.
 */
@property (nonatomic, assign) float margin;

/// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
/// @name Individual Margins
/// -----------------------------------------------------------------------

/** Adjusts the margin only for this border.
 @note The sum of the this border's margin plus its opposing border's margin must not be equal to or greater than 1.0! */
@property (nonatomic, assign) float marginLeft;

/** Adjusts the margin only for this border.
 @note The sum of the this border's margin plus its opposing border's margin must not be equal to or greater than 1.0! */
@property (nonatomic, assign) float marginRight;

/** Adjusts the margin only for this border.
 @note The sum of the this border's margin plus its opposing border's margin must not be equal to or greater than 1.0! */
@property (nonatomic, assign) float marginTop;

/** Adjusts the margin only for this border.
 @note The sum of the this border's margin plus its opposing border's margin must not be equal to or greater than 1.0! */
@property (nonatomic, assign) float marginBottom;

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Mohamed Salah: Jamie Carragher says Liverpool owners would never be forgiven if "club legend" left | football news
Jamie Carragher warned Liverpool owners that they would never be forgiven if they allowed club legend Mohamed Salah to leave the club.
The Egyptian representative Salah, whose current treaty in Liverpool is valid until the summer of 2023, has constantly expressed his desire to remain at Anfield amid ongoing talks on a new treaty.
In a recent interview with GQ During talks with Liverpool, Salah said he "did not ask for the crazy things" that Reds chief Jurgen Klopp said were "in the right place."
Salah, who is out of service with the African Cup with Senegal, was missing because Liverpool failed to beat the 10-member Arsenal in the Carabao Cup semifinals on Thursday.
It was a speech that Carragher felt heightened their importance to Liverpool, as well as the need to urgently address Salah's future.
The best of the first semi-final match of the Carabao Cup between Liverpool and Arsenal.
"The two players [Salah and Mane] "They're obviously a big girl, and this talk about the Salah Treaty is probably going to intensify, because when he's not there, you can see the effect," Carragher said. Sky Sports after Arsenal's draw 0-0 at Anfield.
"As a Liverpool fan, you should be careful [Salah's contract situation] is dragging. Other big Liverpool players have signed contracts in the last three or four months, the goalkeeper [Alisson Becker], Trent [Alexander-Arnold], Virgil van Dijk, huge figures in this team.
"Salah wants to be paid as well as any top player in the Premier League or World Cup, and why shouldn't he? He deserves it, we're talking about one of the best players in the world."
5 – It was the fifth time Liverpool and Arsenal have drawn a 0-0 draw against each other in the League Cup, more than any other match in the history of the competition. Sparse. pic.twitter.com/iU1xXC3dul
– OptaJoe (@OptaJoe) January 13, 2022
"The problem and the point of view from which Liverpool can look at this is where would Salah go? The Spanish giants." [Real Madrid and Barcelona] They are now really out of the equation due to the financial problems they have. Would Salah leave and destroy his legacy by going to Manchester City or Manchester United? Probably not, so that's probably Liverpool's argument.
"I would like this agreement to be concluded as soon as possible. You cannot forget the price at which Liverpool signed Salaha. It was not as if they went and spent £ 100 million, they did what they were great at and they did a great deal." The money they had already invested in him – the transfer fee and wages – were sketchy.
"This is not a case where players give exactly what they want, but to Liverpool Football Club and the owners, I don't think they would be forgiven if Salah left the club in the summer or in 18 months.
"It's a legend of Liverpool, one of the greatest players the club has ever had, and it needs to be addressed sooner."
Paul Merson and Jamie Carragher admit that Liverpool is not the same team without the attacking duo Mohamed Salah and Sadio Mane.
"Big drop without Salah & Mane"
Liverpool got a numerical advantage at 71 minutes when Granit Xhaka got his second red card of the season – and fifth since arriving at Arsenal – but below-average Reds failed to take the initiative in the first game and Gunners goalkeeper Aaron Ramsdale was forced to save only one.
"There is no team that does not lack Sadio Mane, Mo Salah and Naby Keita," Klopp admitted after the stalemate. "Could we have been better prepared? I don't think so. That's the situation."
Jamie Carragher says that Granit Xhaka fully deserves to be expelled after his "ridiculous" challenge against Diogo Jota in the Carabao Cup match between Liverpool and Arsenal.
Carragher reiterated Klopp's assessment, saying that a drastic loss without Salah and Mane would give Liverpool's upcoming rivals room for optimism.
"It's a matter of Liverpool, it has a great 13 or 14 players they can really count on," Carragher said.
"It's great not only their abilities and the fact that they've never been hurt in Salah and Mane. They play every game."
"With Brentford over the weekend, retaliation and a Premier League match at the Palace, the opposition will look to Liverpool without Salah and Mane and think it is a big drop."
Jurgen Klopp admits that his Liverpool team had problems in a 0-0 draw against Arsenal.
Sky Sports scientist Paul Merson added: "The biggest concern tonight if I'm a Liverpool fan? Salah and Mane. If they play tonight, it's a different story."
"You can take two Manchester City players, it really doesn't matter. Take two from Chelsea, you really don't. Take two from Liverpool, it's completely different."
Arteta greets the "brotherhood" of Arsenal
Arsenal boss Mikel Arteta said Granit Xhaka's expulsion greatly complicated his tactics against Liverpool.
Arsenal manager Mikel Arteta praised his team's defensive efforts in a goalless draw against Liverpool in the first semi-final of their Carabao Cup – but fears it could call into question Sunday's derby in North London.
With Xhaka now suspended, Cedric Soares and Bukayo Saka questioning injuries after limping, four other players injured or leaving with Covid and four in the African Cup of Nations, Arteta may be without 11 players on the way to Tottenham – live Sky Sports.
Live Renault Super Sunday
Sunday 16 January 16:00
"I'm really proud of what the boys did today, in a tough stadium against a great opponent and playing 70 minutes with 10 men," he said. "It was about the fight, the spirit and the commitment and the quality to play the game.
"When you come to a stadium like this, you have to choose players who are happy to go to war because you have to fight, you will experience difficult times when you will suffer. You are willing to accept that you are not going." play the game you want.
"When you play with this spirit and fight and fraternity around the team, you get a reward, and I think it happened."
But on how domino effects can affect this weekend's Premier League match, Arteta added: "I don't know. It's a possibility in every match, on our part, on the opponent's side, due to a lot of problems." everyone has and because it happens every week.
"We try to prepare games by playing them. If something happens along the way, that's right."
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text:
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Divergence Geopotential Logarithm of surface pressure Ozone mass mixing ratio Specific humidity Temperature U component of wind V component of wind Vertical velocity Vorticity (relative)
levtype: ml, pl, sfc
year: 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023
type: 4i, 4v, ab, af, ai, an, ea, ef, fb, fc, fg, gai, go, ia, im, me, mfb, ob, ofb, oi, oldim, sim, ssd, tf


Plenty of companies hire a video production company as a part of their marketing strategy. Using video as a part of your marketing strategy helps you reach out to more people. In addition to this, it allows you to convey a lot of information in a format that is easily understood, and entertaining at the same time.
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text:
Q: How to do login and register with php and mysql in fragment? how to do login and register with PHP and MySQL in fragment?
I need sample code, hope someone can help me
here is my loginfragment code:
Package com.example.administrator.mosbeau;

import android.app.Fragment;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.annotation.Nullable;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;

/**
 * Created by Administrator on 9/1/2015.
 */
public class LoginFragment extends Fragment {
  @Nullable
  @Override
  public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    return inflater.inflate(R.layout.loginlayout, container, false);
  }
}

and here is my loginlayout:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<ScrollView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="fill_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content"
    android:orientation="horizontal"
    android:fillViewport="false">
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent"
    >

    <ImageView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:id="@+id/imageView4"
        android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
        android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
        android:src="@drawable/logo"
        android:maxHeight="54dp"
        android:maxWidth="322dp"
        android:layout_marginTop="20dp"
        android:layout_marginLeft="100dp"
        android:layout_marginRight="100dp" />

    <ImageView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:id="@+id/imageView5"
        android:layout_below="@+id/imageView4"
        android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
        android:src="@drawable/lock"
        android:layout_marginLeft="150dp"
        android:layout_marginRight="150dp"
        android:layout_marginTop="-60dp" />

    <EditText
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:id="@+id/txtEmail"
        android:layout_below="@+id/imageView5"
        android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
        android:layout_marginLeft="30dp"
        android:layout_marginRight="30dp"
        android:hint="Email"
        android:background="#ffeeeeee"
        android:padding="10dp"
        android:layout_marginTop="-30dp"
        android:textColor="#ff6d6e71" />

    <EditText
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:inputType="textPassword"
        android:ems="10"
        android:id="@+id/txtPassword"
        android:layout_below="@+id/txtEmail"
        android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
        android:layout_marginLeft="30dp"
        android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
        android:layout_marginRight="30dp"
        android:textColor="#ff6d6e71"
        android:background="#ffeeeeee"
        android:padding="10dp"
        android:hint="Password" />

    <Button
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Sign in"
        android:id="@+id/btnSignin"
        android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
        android:layout_marginLeft="30dp"
        android:layout_marginRight="30dp"
        android:textColor="#ff6d6e71"
        android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
        android:layout_below="@+id/txtPassword"
        android:longClickable="false"
        android:clickable="true"
        android:background="#fffed4d4" />

    <TextView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Forgot your Password ?"
        android:id="@+id/textForgot"
        android:layout_below="@+id/btnSignin"
        android:layout_alignLeft="@+id/btnSignin"
        android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
        android:textColor="#ff607d8b"
        android:textSize="18dp"
        android:clickable="true" />

    <TextView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Sign Up"
        android:id="@+id/textSignup"
        android:layout_alignBottom="@+id/textForgot"
        android:layout_alignRight="@+id/btnSignin"
        android:textColor="#ff607d8b"
        android:textSize="18dp"
        android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
        android:clickable="true" />

    <Button
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Login with facebook"
        android:id="@+id/btnLoginfb"
        android:layout_below="@+id/textForgot"
        android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
        android:layout_marginLeft="30dp"
        android:layout_marginTop="20dp"
        android:layout_marginRight="30dp"
        android:background="#ff2385ff"
        android:textColor="#ffffffff"
        android:clickable="true"
        android:focusableInTouchMode="false" />

    <Button
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Help"
        android:id="@+id/btnLoginhelp"
        android:layout_below="@+id/btnLoginfb"
        android:layout_alignLeft="@+id/btnLoginfb"
        android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
        android:background="#fffed4d4"
        android:textColor="#ff6d6e71"
        android:clickable="true"
        android:layout_marginBottom="20dp"
        android:focusableInTouchMode="false" />

    <Button
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Skip"
        android:id="@+id/btnLoginskip"
        android:background="#fffed4d4"
        android:textColor="#ff6d6e71"
        android:layout_alignTop="@+id/btnLoginhelp"
        android:layout_alignRight="@+id/btnLoginfb"
        android:clickable="true"
        android:layout_marginBottom="20dp"
        android:focusableInTouchMode="false" />

</RelativeLayout>
</ScrollView>

I'm new to android so I really don't know how to do that.
I already develop login and register with PHP and MySQL by following tutorials, but it uses activity.

A: Here is good example for the
http://www.androidhive.info/2012/05/how-to-connect-android-with-php-mysql/
Overall steps to do :

*

*Create Web-service for login in PHP

*Call that Web-service form android Fragment

*Get response and parse it

*Show the Result to User

see this link for working with Fragments

A: You asked kind of an involved question, especially without being able to see your server side code.
Since you mentioned needing source code, here is the official Android Developers training with source code examples, http://developer.android.com/training/basics/network-ops/connecting.html
I'll copy the relevant code in here,
public void myClickHandler(View view) {
    ...
    ConnectivityManager connMgr = (ConnectivityManager)
        getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
    NetworkInfo networkInfo = connMgr.getActiveNetworkInfo();
    if (networkInfo != null && networkInfo.isConnected()) {
        // fetch data
    } else {
        // display error
    }
    ...
}
public class HttpExampleActivity extends Activity {
    private static final String DEBUG_TAG = "HttpExample";
    private EditText urlText;
    private TextView textView;

    @Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.main);
        urlText = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.myUrl);
        textView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.myText);
    }

    // When user clicks button, calls AsyncTask.
    // Before attempting to fetch the URL, makes sure that there is a network connection.
    public void myClickHandler(View view) {
        // Gets the URL from the UI's text field.
        String stringUrl = urlText.getText().toString();
        ConnectivityManager connMgr = (ConnectivityManager)
            getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
        NetworkInfo networkInfo = connMgr.getActiveNetworkInfo();
        if (networkInfo != null && networkInfo.isConnected()) {
            new DownloadWebpageTask().execute(stringUrl);
        } else {
            textView.setText("No network connection available.");
        }
    }

     // Uses AsyncTask to create a task away from the main UI thread. This task takes a
     // URL string and uses it to create an HttpUrlConnection. Once the connection
     // has been established, the AsyncTask downloads the contents of the webpage as
     // an InputStream. Finally, the InputStream is converted into a string, which is
     // displayed in the UI by the AsyncTask's onPostExecute method.
     private class DownloadWebpageTask extends AsyncTask<String, Void, String> {
        @Override
        protected String doInBackground(String... urls) {

            // params comes from the execute() call: params[0] is the url.
            try {
                return downloadUrl(urls[0]);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                return "Unable to retrieve web page. URL may be invalid.";
            }
        }
        // onPostExecute displays the results of the AsyncTask.
        @Override
        protected void onPostExecute(String result) {
            textView.setText(result);
       }
    }
    ...
}
// Given a URL, establishes an HttpUrlConnection and retrieves
// the web page content as a InputStream, which it returns as
// a string.
private String downloadUrl(String myurl) throws IOException {
    InputStream is = null;
    // Only display the first 500 characters of the retrieved
    // web page content.
    int len = 500;

    try {
        URL url = new URL(myurl);
        HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
        conn.setReadTimeout(10000 /* milliseconds */);
        conn.setConnectTimeout(15000 /* milliseconds */);
        conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
        conn.setDoInput(true);
        // Starts the query
        conn.connect();
        int response = conn.getResponseCode();
        Log.d(DEBUG_TAG, "The response is: " + response);
        is = conn.getInputStream();

        // Convert the InputStream into a string
        String contentAsString = readIt(is, len);
        return contentAsString;

    // Makes sure that the InputStream is closed after the app is
    // finished using it.
    } finally {
        if (is != null) {
            is.close();
        }
    }
}
...
    InputStream is = null;
    ...
    Bitmap bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(is);
    ImageView imageView = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.image_view);
    imageView.setImageBitmap(bitmap);
...
// Reads an InputStream and converts it to a String.
public String readIt(InputStream stream, int len) throws IOException, UnsupportedEncodingException {
    Reader reader = null;
    reader = new InputStreamReader(stream, "UTF-8");
    char[] buffer = new char[len];
    reader.read(buffer);
    return new String(buffer);
}

Having done this a few times, though, I'd like to point out some things that will likely bite you when you try to implement this

*

*Android requires you to do anything that calls a web server in a background thread. http://developer.android.com/training/multiple-threads/index.html

*You are probably going to need some kind of authentication, especially if PHP side you used e.g. Drupal . I would find out if your PHP framework requires e.g. Session auth with a CRLF token or OAuth or a similar scheme. Authentication will involve three steps :
** Sign in
** Retrieve a cookie or token
** Send the token in along with your content in your headers

*

*Finally you are going to need some sort of data encapsulation layer. I like JSON, some folks like XML. The GSON library, which you can learn more about here, https://google-gson.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/gson/docs/javadocs/com/google/gson/Gson.html , is the most user and beginner friendly JSON library I know of. In practice I usually use Android's built-in JSONArray and JSONObject though.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Watch the song 'Deva Tujha Deulat' from Marathi movie 'Truckbhar Swapna' starring Makrand Deshpande.' Deva Tujha Deulat' is sung by Adarsh Shinde. Music and Lyrics of 'Truckbhar Swapna' song 'Deva Tujha Deulat' are written by Shreyashh. To know more about 'Deva Tujha Deulat' song from Makrand Deshpande starrer 'Truckbhar Swapna' watch the video.


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Journal Home About Issues in Progress Current Issue All Issues Feature Issues
Vol. 12,
Issue 16,
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.12.003737
All-fiber photon-pair source for quantum communications: Improved generation of correlated photons
Xiaoying Li, Jun Chen, Paul Voss, Jay Sharping, and Prem Kumar
Center for Photonic Communication and Computing, ECE Dept., Northwestern University, 2145 N. Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Xiaoying Li, Jun Chen, Paul Voss, Jay Sharping, and Prem Kumar, "All-fiber photon-pair source for quantum communications: Improved generation of correlated photons," Opt. Express 12, 3737-3744 (2004)
Endnote (RIS)
Citation alert
Measurement of co- and cross-polarized Raman spectra in silica fiber for small detunings
Xiaoying Li, et al.
Opt. Express 13(6) 2236-2244 (2005)
1.5-μm band quantum-correlated photon pair generation in dispersion-shifted fiber: suppression of...
Hiroki Takesue, et al.
Opt. Express 13(20) 7832-7839 (2005)
Ultra stable all-fiber telecom-band entangled photon-pair source for turnkey quantum communication...
Chuang Liang, et al.
Table of Contents Category
The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Amplified spontaneous emission
Nonlinear optical fibers
Quantum communications
Previously assigned OCIS codes
Nonlinear optics, fibers (190.4370)
Nonlinear optics, parametric processes (190.4410)
Quantum optics (270.0270)
Original Manuscript: May 14, 2004
Revised Manuscript: July 21, 2004
Manuscript Accepted: July 24, 2004
PDF Article
We demonstrate greatly improved results for the production of correlated photon-pairs using the four-photon scattering process in silica fiber. We achieve a true-coincidence-count to accidental-coincidence-count ratio greater than 10, when the photon-pair production rate is about 0.04/pulse. This represents a four-fold improvement over our previous results. The contribution of spontaneous Raman scattering, the primary cause of uncorrelated photons that degrades the fidelity of this source, is reduced by decreasing the wavelength detuning between the correlated photons and the pump photons and by using polarizers to remove the cross-polarized Raman-scattered photons. Excess Raman scattering could be further suppressed by cooling the silica fiber. Even without cooling the fiber, the achieved 10 to 1 ratio of true-coincidence to accidental-coincidence makes the fiber source of correlated photon-pairs a useful tool for realizing various quantum-communication protocols.
©2004 Optical Society of America
Entangled photon-pairs are a critical resource for realizing the various quantum information processing protocols such as quantum teleportation [1][2] and quantum cryptography [3]. Because of the requirement of distributing entangled photons over long distances and the difficulty of coupling entangled photons produced by χ (2) nonlinear crystals into optical fibers, a source emitting entangled photon-pairs in the low-loss 1550-nm telecommunication band of silica fiber that could be directly spliced to the existing fiber network is desirable. Such a source has been recently developed by exploiting the χ (3) (Kerr) nonlinearity of the fiber itself [4][5]. When the pump wavelength is close to the zero-dispersion wavelength of the fiber, phase-matching is achieved and the probability amplitude for inelastic four-photon scattering (FPS) is significantly enhanced. In this process, two pump photons at frequency ω p scatter through the Kerr nonlinearity of the fiber to create energy-time entangled Stokes and anti-Stokes photons at frequencies ωs and ωa , respectively, such that 2ωp =ωs +ωa . Because of the isotropic nature of the Kerr nonlinearity in fused-silica-glass fiber, the scattered correlated-photons are predominantly co-polarized with the pump photons. By coherently adding two such orthogonally-polarized parametric processes, polarization entanglement can be created as well [5]. Following this approach, all four Bell states can be prepared, and a violation of Bell's inequalities by up to 10 standard deviations of measurement uncertainty has been demonstrated [5]. However, in previous experiments with this source, the number of measured total-coincidences exceeded the number of accidental-coincidences by only a factor of 2.5 [4]. In this paper, we show that spontaneous Raman scattering accompanying FPS causes this problem. By reducing the detuning between the Stokes and pump photons and by using polarizers, we demonstrate that the accidental coincidences can be made less than 10% of the true coincidences at a production rate of about n̄=0.04 photon-pairs/pulse. Further improvement could be obtained by cooling the silica fiber.
Fig. 1. Experimental setup: scattered Stokes and anti-Stokes photons emerging from the port labelled "Out" are detected; FPC, fiber polarization controller; PBS, polarization beam splitter; G, gratting; QWP, quarter-wave plate; HWF, half-wave plate; "Signal-In" port is blocked during photon-counting measurement.
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Our experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1. Stokes and anti-Stokes photon-pairs at frequencies ωs and ωa , respectively, are produced in a nonlinear-fiber Sagnac interferometer (NFSI). We have previously used this NFSI to generate quantum-correlated twin beams [6], correlated photon-pairs [4], and polarization entanglement [5]. The NFSI consists of a fused-silica 50/50 fiber coupler spliced to 300m of dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) with a zero-dispersion wavelength at λ 0=1535±2nm. The efficiency of FPS in DSF is low because of the relatively low magnitude of the Kerr nonlinearity; only about 0.1 photon-pair is produced by a typical 5-ps-duration pump pulse that contains approximately 10 8 photons. To reliably detect the scattered photon-pairs, a pump to photon-pair rejection ratio in excess of 100 dB is required. We achieve this by first exploiting the mirror-like property of the NFSI [7], which provides a pump rejection greater than 30 dB, and then sending the transmitted scattered photons along with the leaked pump photons through a free-space double-grating spectral filter (DGSF) that provides a pump-rejection ratio in excess of 75 dB. The filter consists of three identical diffraction gratings (holographic, 600 grooves/mm), G1, G2, G3, whose diffraction efficiencies for the horizontally and vertically polarized light are 90% and 86%, respectively. The doubly-diffracted Stokes and anti-Stokes photons are then re-coupled into fibers. The passbands for the Stokes and anti-Stokes channels are determined by the numerical apertures of the fiber and the geometrical settings of the optical elements composing the spectral filter.
The pump is a 5-ps-duration mode-locked pulse train with a repetition rate of 75.3 MHz, obtained by spatially dispersing the output of an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) (Coherent Inc., model Mira-OPO) with a diffraction grating; its central wavelength can be tuned from 1525 to 1536 nm. To achieve the required power, the pump pulses are then amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). Photons at the Stokes and anti-Stokes wavelengths from the OPO that leak through the spectral-dispersion optics and from the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from the EDFA are suppressed by passing the pump through a 1nm-bandwidth tunable filter (Newport, model TBF-1550-1.0). For alignment purposes, weak signal pulses at the Stokes wavelength, which are temporally synchronized with the pump pulses, are injected into the NFSI. During photon counting measurements, however, the input signal is blocked.
Photon counters consisting of InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes (APD, Epitaxx, model EPM 239BA) operated in a gated-Geiger mode are used to count the Stokes and anti-Stokes photons [4]. The 1-ns-wide gate pulses arrive at a rate of 588 kHz, which is 1/128 of the repetition rate of the pump pulses. The quantum efficiency for one detector is 25%, that for the other is 20%. The total detection efficiencies for the Stokes and anti-Stokes photons are about 8% and 6%, respectively, when the efficiencies of the NFSI (82%), 90/10 coupler, double grating filter (45% and 50% in anti-Stokes and Stokes channel, respectively), and other transmission components (about 90%) are included.
For the FPS occurring in the DSF, the scattered correlated photon-pairs are predominantly co-polarized with the pump photons. An investigation into the origin of the low ratio between the total coincidences and the accidental coincidences illustrates this point. A polarization beam splitter (PBS) is placed in both the Stokes and anti-Stokes channels. With proper settings of the half-wave-plate (HWP) and the quarter-wave-plate (QWP), which are placed in front of the double grating filter, the Stokes and anti-Stokes photons that are either co-polarized or cross-polarized with the pump photons can be rejected. We measure the number of scattered photons per pump pulse, co-polarized and cross-polarized with the pump, respectively, that are detected in the anti-Stokes channel, Na , as a function of the number of pump photons per pulse, Np , and the coincidence rate between the detected Stokes and anti-Stokes photons as a function of Na . In both co- and cross-polarized cases, we fit the measured data with Na =s 1 Np +s 2 Np2, where s 1 and s 2 are the linear and quadratic scattering coefficients, respectively. Figure 2 shows the data obtained when the detuning Ω/2π of the Stokes (anti-Stokes) photons is 1.25 THz, where Ω=ωp -ωs =ωa -ωp , and the full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of the DGSF is 0.8 nm. As shown in the inset of Fig. 2(a), for the photons co-polarized with the pump, the quadratic scattering owing to FPS dominates over the linear scattering when Np >0.4×108 photons/pulse, whereas the opposite is true when Np <0.4×108 photons/pulse. The main body of Fig. 2(a) shows that the total-coincidence rate of the Stokes and anti-Stokes photons produced by the same pump pulse is much higher than the accidental-coincidence rate. The latter is obtained by measuring the coincidence rate between the Stokes and anti-Stokes photons produced by two adjacent pump pulses and fits the theory curve for two independent light sources very well [4]. Comparing the coincidence-measurement results in Fig. 2(a) with our previous results in [4], the ratio between the total coincidences and the accidental coincidences is improved. The results for the photons cross-polarized with the pump are shown in Fig. 2(b), where we find no difference between the total-coincidence rate and the accidental-coincidence rate. The linearly-scattered photons contribute much more than the quadratically-scattered photons, as shown in the inset of Fig. 2(b). Absence of true coincidences, which is quantified by the difference between the total-coincidence rate and the accidental-coincidence rate, implies that the Stokes and anti-Stokes photons that are orthogonally polarized with the pump are not correlated. We note that a small number of quadratically-scattered photons are observed; however, these come mainly from the leakage of the quadratically-scattered photons co-polarized with pump owing to imperfect rejection by the PBS. We corroborate this by making classical parametric-gain measurements in the low-gain region. When the polarization of the injected weak signal is perpendicular to that of the pump, the four-wave-mixing (FWM) gain is measured to be 20 dB less than the gain when the signal and pump are co-polarized.
Fig. 2. Measured coincidence rates as a function of the number of scattered photons per pump pulse (labelled Single Counts/Pulse) in the anti-Stokes channel for (a) scattered photons co-polarized with the pump and (b) scattered photons cross-polarized with the pump. In both cases λp =1536nm and Ω/2π=1.25THz; the diamonds represent the total-coincidence counts produced by a single pump pulse, the triangles represent the accidental-coincidence counts produced by two adjacent pump pulses, and the line represents the calculated coincidence counts for two independent light sources. The insets show the number of scattered photons per pump pulse detected in the anti-Stokes channel as a function of the number of photons in the pump pulse (hollow circles). A second-order polynomial, Na =s 1 Np +s 2 Np2, is shown to fit the experimental data (dot-dashed line). The contributions of linear scattering, s 1 Np , (dashed line) and quadratic scattering, s 2 Np2, (dotted line) are plotted separately as well. For the inset in (a): s 1=0.00436 and s 2=0.01046; for the inset in (b): s 1=0.00381 and s 2=0.00033.
Fig. 3. Same as in Fig.2, except λp =1525nm. For the inset in (a): s 1=0.00688 and s 2=4.38×10-5; for the inset in (b): s 1=0.005 and s 2=0.
The linear dependance of the scattering rate of the Stokes and anti-Stokes photons on Np , which is proportional to the pump power, indicates that the uncorrelated photons cross-polarized with respect to the pump are caused by spontaneous Raman scattering. This has also been verified experimentally and theoretically in the context of the noise-figure of parametric amplifiers made with fused-silica fiber [8, 9, 10]. To further confirm this point, we tune the central wavelength of the pump to 1525 nm, which is in the normal dispersion region of the DSF, where the phase-matching condition for FPS is not satisfied, and, therefore, no correlated photon-pairs are expected to be produced by the FPS process. Setting the detuning ω/2π of the Stokes and anti-Stokes channels to 1.25 THz, we make the same measurements again. For the photons co-polarized with the pump, linear scattering dominates in this region, though we measure a very small probability of quadratic scattering (less than 150 times that of linear scattering), as shown in the inset of Fig. 3(a). For the coincidence measurements shown in the main body of Fig. 3(a), we find no difference between the total-coincidence rate and the accidental-coincidence rate. Within the error bars of our experimental data, the true coincidence rate between the co-polarized photons in the Stokes and anti-Stokes channels is at most 10-6/pulse. For the photons cross-polarized with the pump, as shown in Fig. 3(b), we also find no difference between the total-coincidence rate and the accidental-coincidence rate, and the number of the scattered photons in the Stokes and anti-Stokes channels depends linearly on the pump power.
Fig. 4. Optical transmission spectrum of the double-grating filter. The pump at 1536 nm is rejected by more than 75 dB compared to the peak transmissions in the Stokes and anti-Stokes channels.
It is well known that in the low-gain low-detuning region, the number of Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman-scattered photons in a given time interval is proportional to n th+1 and n th, respectively, where n th=1/[exp(ℏω/kT)-1] is the Bose population factor and the resultant Raman-gain coefficient gR (Ω/2π) is very small [11, 12]. When the detuning Ω/2π is less than 1.5 THz, the co-polarized Raman-gain coefficient in pure-silica fiber follows g R (Ω/2π)=0.02(Ω/2π)+0.04(Ω/2π)3, where the peak of the Raman-gain coefficient is normalized to one [13]. It is then clear that at the frequency detuning we are interested in, the probability of Raman scattering depends on the detuning and the temperature; the lower the detuning and the temperature, the lesser the probability of Raman scattering. Therefore, to improve the fidelity of our photon-pair source, suppression of the Raman scattering is essential. So, to further improve our results we reduce the detuning Ω/2π to 0.5 THz. The passband spectrum of the DGSF is shown in Fig. 4, wherein the isolation of the pump is still greater than 75 dB and the FWHM is about 0.8 nm, which is obtained by adjusting the DGSF. At this reduced detuning, the improved measurement results are shown in Fig. 5. Comparing the results with those in Fig. 2, for the Stokes and anti-Stokes photons co-polarized with the pump, as shown in the inset of Fig. 5(a), the quadratic-scattering coefficient is increased, the linear-scattering coefficient is decreased, and the ratio between the total-coincidence rate and the accidental-coincidence rate is improved. Taking into account the total detection efficiency of 6% in the anti-Stokes channel, at the production rate of about n̄=0.04 photon-pairs/pulse, the ratio between the total coincidences and the accidental coincidences is 13. For the scattered photons cross-polarized with the pump, as shown in Fig. 5(b), the results are similar to those in Fig. 2(b), except that the linear-scattering coefficient is reduced. These improved results imply that when using this fiber source of correlated photons for creating polarization entanglement, a visibility of two-photon interference greater than 85% would be obtained without subtracting the accidental-coincidence counts.
In principle, further reduction of the detuning will further reduce the contribution of the Raman-scattered photons, which are proportional to (n th+1) gR (Ω/2π) on the Stokes side and n th gR (Ω/2π) on the anti-Stokes side. Although it is hard to bring the frequencies of the correlated Stokes and anti-Stokes photons closer to the pump frequency while maintaining the necessary isolation of the pump photons with use of the DGSF presently employed in our setup, such reduction in detuning is possible by employing array-waveguide gratings or similar dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) filters that are used in modern fiber-optic communication systems. Ultimately how small a detuning can be achieved is limited by the spectral bandwidth of the Gaussian-shaped pump pulse. The detuning should be large enough to make sure that the number of pump photons leaking into the Stokes and anti-Stokes channels is negligible. Since the Raman-gain coefficient gR (Ω/2π) may vary from fiber to fiber, a detailed investigation of the Raman gain in the low-detuning regime, which we are presently conducting, is necessary before one can determine the optimal detuning for generating correlated photons with the highest true-coincidence to accidental-coincidence ratio.
Fig. 5. Same as in Fig.2, except Ω/2π=0.5THz. For the inset in (a): s 1=0.00317 and s 2=0.0132; for the inset in (b): s 1=0.00259 and s 2=0.00025. In (a), taking into account the detection efficiency of 6% in the anti-Stokes channel, at a photon-pair production rate of 0.04 (0.067) per pulse the ratio between the total coincidence rate and the accidental coincidence rate is 13:1 (7.5:1).
In conclusion, we have demonstrated a four-fold improvement over our previous results for the production of quantum-correlated photon pairs using the four-photon scattering process in silica fiber. This was achieved by suppressing the creation of Raman-scattered photons by reducing the detuning of the Stokes and anti-Stokes photons from the pump and by placing a PBS in both the Stokes and anti-Stokes channels. At a production rate of about n̄=0.04 photon-pairs/pulse, the accidental coincidences measured are less than 10% of the true coincidences. Further improvement could be achieved by cooling the fiber.
An additional feature of our fiber-based source of quantum-correlated photon pairs is that it is integrable with the modern fiber-optic technology. The OPO used for obtaining the pump pulses could be replaced by a mode-locked fiber laser, leading to the possibility of repetition rates well over 10 GHz. Moreover, the DGSF could be replaced by fiber-pigtailedDWDMfilters that have lower loss. We also emphasize that the spatial profile of the photon-pair generated is the well characterized, guided, transverse mode of the optical fiber. Thus the main advantage of a fiber source of quantum-correlated photon pairs is the almost perfect coupling efficiency (0.01dB fiber-to-fiber splice loss) that is possible from the source to the transmission fiber in long-distance quantum communication applications. In contrast, fiber coupling of correlated photons from a χ (2)-crystal based source is very delicate; the best result to date is a coupling loss of 2.4 dB [14]. The main disadvantages of the fiber source are the existence of Raman scattered photons and the loss incurred in filtering of the pump, which, in principle, could be made very small by use of fiber Bragg-grating filters. Finally, the coupling efficiency advantage of the fiber source would become even more significant when it is used for realizing complex quantum networks involving multiple entangling operations. Thus, our improved results show that an all-fiber source of entangled photon pairs can be a very promising tool for realizing various quantum information processing protocols.
This research was supported in part by the U.S. Army Research Office under a collaborative MURI grant DAAD190010177.
1. D. Bouwmeester, J.-W. Pan, K. Mattle, M. Eibl, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, "Experimental quantum teleportaion," Nature 390, 575–578 (1997). [CrossRef]
2. I. Marcikic, H. de Riedmatten, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, "Long-distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths," Nature 421, 509–512 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, "Quamtum cryptography," Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 145–195 (2001). [CrossRef]
4. M. Fiorentino, P. L. Voss, J. E. Sharping, and P. Kumar, "All-fiber photon-pair source for quantum communication," Photon. Technol. Lett. 27, 491–493 (2002).
5. X. Li, P. L. Voss, J. E. Sharping, and P. Kumar, "Optical-fiber source of polarization-enangled photon pairs in the 1550nm telecom band," arXiv: quant-ph/0402191 (2004).
6. J. E. Sharping, M. Fiorentino, and P. Kumar, "Observation of twin-beam-type quantum correlation in optical fiber," Opt. Lett. 26, 367–369 (2001). [CrossRef]
7. D. B. Mortimore, "Fiber Loop Reflectors," J. Lightwave Technol. 6, 1217–1224 (1988). [CrossRef]
8. P. L. Voss, R. Tang, and P. Kumar, "Measurement of the photon statistics and the noise figure of a fiber-optic parametric amplifier," Opt. Lett. 28, 549–551 (2003). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. P. L. Voss and P. Kumar, "Raman-noise-induced noise-figure limit for χ(3) parametric amplifiers," Opt. Lett. 29, 445–447 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. P. L. Voss and P. Kumar, "Raman-effect induced noise limits on χ(3) parametric amplifiers and wavelength converters," to appear in J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 6 (2004).
11. R. H. Stolen and M. A. Bosch, "Low-Frequency and Low-Temperature Raman Scattering in Silica Fibers," Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 805–808 (1982). [CrossRef]
12. M. Hass, "Raman spectra of vitreous silica, germania, and sodium silicate glass," J. Phys. Chem. Solids 31, 415–422 (1970). [CrossRef]
13. D. J. Dougherty, F. X. Kaertner, H. A. Haus, and E. P. Ippen, "Measurement of the Raman gain spectrum of optical fibers," Opt. Lett. 20, 31–33 (1995). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. F. A. Bovino, P. Varisco, A. M. Colla, G. Castagnoli, G. D. Giuseppe, and A. V. Sergienko, "Effective fiber-coupling of entangled photons for quantum communication," Opt. Commun. 227, 343–348 (2003). [CrossRef]
Article Order
D. Bouwmeester, J.-W. Pan, K. Mattle, M. Eibl, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, "Experimental quantum teleportaion," Nature 390, 575–578 (1997).
[Crossref]
I. Marcikic, H. de Riedmatten, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, "Long-distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths," Nature 421, 509–512 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, "Quamtum cryptography," Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 145–195 (2001).
M. Fiorentino, P. L. Voss, J. E. Sharping, and P. Kumar, "All-fiber photon-pair source for quantum communication," Photon. Technol. Lett. 27, 491–493 (2002).
X. Li, P. L. Voss, J. E. Sharping, and P. Kumar, "Optical-fiber source of polarization-enangled photon pairs in the 1550nm telecom band," arXiv: quant-ph/0402191 (2004).
J. E. Sharping, M. Fiorentino, and P. Kumar, "Observation of twin-beam-type quantum correlation in optical fiber," Opt. Lett. 26, 367–369 (2001).
D. B. Mortimore, "Fiber Loop Reflectors," J. Lightwave Technol. 6, 1217–1224 (1988).
P. L. Voss, R. Tang, and P. Kumar, "Measurement of the photon statistics and the noise figure of a fiber-optic parametric amplifier," Opt. Lett. 28, 549–551 (2003).
P. L. Voss and P. Kumar, "Raman-noise-induced noise-figure limit for χ(3) parametric amplifiers," Opt. Lett. 29, 445–447 (2004).
P. L. Voss and P. Kumar, "Raman-effect induced noise limits on χ(3) parametric amplifiers and wavelength converters," to appear in J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 6 (2004).
R. H. Stolen and M. A. Bosch, "Low-Frequency and Low-Temperature Raman Scattering in Silica Fibers," Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 805–808 (1982).
M. Hass, "Raman spectra of vitreous silica, germania, and sodium silicate glass," J. Phys. Chem. Solids 31, 415–422 (1970).
D. J. Dougherty, F. X. Kaertner, H. A. Haus, and E. P. Ippen, "Measurement of the Raman gain spectrum of optical fibers," Opt. Lett. 20, 31–33 (1995).
F. A. Bovino, P. Varisco, A. M. Colla, G. Castagnoli, G. D. Giuseppe, and A. V. Sergienko, "Effective fiber-coupling of entangled photons for quantum communication," Opt. Commun. 227, 343–348 (2003).
Bosch, M. A.
Bouwmeester, D.
Bovino, F. A.
Castagnoli, G.
Colla, A. M.
de Riedmatten, H.
Dougherty, D. J.
Eibl, M.
Fiorentino, M.
Gisin, N.
Giuseppe, G. D.
Hass, M.
Haus, H. A.
Ippen, E. P.
Kaertner, F. X.
Kumar, P.
Li, X.
Marcikic, I.
Mattle, K.
Mortimore, D. B.
Pan, J.-W.
Ribordy, G.
Sergienko, A. V.
Sharping, J. E.
Stolen, R. H.
Tang, R.
Tittel, W.
Varisco, P.
Voss, P. L.
Weinfurter, H.
Zbinden, H.
Zeilinger, A.
J. Lightwave Technol. (1)
J. Phys. Chem. Solids (1)
Opt. Commun. (1)
Opt. Lett. (4)
Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)
Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)
Rev. Mod. Phys. (1)
to appear in J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. (1)
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In Part 1 of our blog on the new laws governing director duties and fraudulent phoenix activity, we addressed the financial impact phoenix activity has had on employees and the economy, as well as outlining the objectives of the Commonwealth government's new scheme which is specifically designed to reduce phoenix companies by ensuring that directors will be held personally liable for company debts.
In part 2 of our blog on phoenix companies and directors liability, we now turn our focus to the key features of the Commonwealth government scheme and how the new laws impose stricter obligations on directors to ensure that statutory entitlements are paid to employees.
Directors are personally liable for their company's unpaid PAYG withholding amounts, including estimates of PAYG withholding liabilities.
In addition to liability for PAYG withholding amounts, directors are now personally liable for their company's unpaid superannuation guarantee charge.
New directors can be liable for outstanding debts if they fail to arrange for the company to take necessary action within 14 days of becoming a director.
A new director is not liable to a director penalty for company debts until 30 days after they become a director.
An estimate can only be made in relation to a company's PAYG withholding liabilities.
In addition to estimating unpaid PAYG withholding liabilities, the Commissioner can now estimate unpaid superannuation guarantee charge.
The Commissioner may seek to recover a director penalty by issuing a director penalty notice and may commence proceedings to recover 21 days after the notice was issued.
In addition to the requirement that the Commissioner serve notice on a director, the Commissioner may now also serve a copy of a director penalty notice on the director at his or her tax agent's address.
beginning the winding up of the company.
The current law continues to apply.
However, where three months has lapsed after the due day for the company liability, and the liability remains unpaid and unreported, the director penalty is not remitted as a result of placing the company into administration or beginning to wind it up.
New directors are not subject to these restricted remission options until three months after they become a director of a company, rather than three months after a debt arose.
A director has a defence in relation to a director penalty if the director had an illness that prevented him or her participating in the management of the company, or if the director took all reasonable steps to ensure compliance.
In addition to these defences, a director that becomes liable to a director penalty for not causing its company to comply with its superannuation obligations is not liable to a director penalty if the company treated the Superannuation Guarantee (Administration) Act 1992 (SGA Act 1992) as applying to a matter in a way that was reasonably arguable and the company took reasonable care in applying the SGA Act 1992 to the matter.
Company directors and their associates are entitled to PAYG withholding credits withheld by the company from a withholding payment made to them, such as salary, regardless of whether the company has paid the PAYG withholding amounts to the Commissioner.
Company directors and their associates who are entitled to a credit attributable to a payment made by a company that has failed to pay amounts withheld under PAYG withholding to the Commissioner, can be liable to pay PAYG withholding non‑compliance tax.
Contact the friendly team at Dooley & Associates if you need legal advice.


Through school-based learning and visits to 92Y, students in grades K-5 explore the works and artistic media featured in our Weill Art Gallery exhibitions. Students participate in a private, interactive tour of the gallery led by professional museum educators. Following the tour, students join in a visual art workshop at 92Y.


Nature Spot - Recording the Wildlife of Leicestershire and Rutland.
Nature Spot – Recording the Wildlife of Leicestershire and Rutland.
'Help to record the wildlife of Leicestershire and Rutland'. Submit any sighting of an animal, plant or fungus – with or without a photo – to put your dot on our species distribution maps. All records are passed on to local and national recording schemes. All wildlife records are valuable, common or rare, and whether from your garden, local park or a nature reserve.
Nature Spot Recording the Wildlife of Leicestershire and Rutland.


The Government has resolved on a new board for VTI for the period 1 January 2008 to 31 May 2009.
The new chairman of the board will be Anna Grönlund Krantz. Anna Grönlund Krantz is an economist by profession and is on the board of LFV and The Bothnia Line. At present she is working as a communications consultant.


In 2013, the MVNO market will see increased market fragmentation as new models that could not be previously supported are developed. As new MVNO sectors, including consumer brands, media, financial services and charities, are formed, we will increasingly witness the leveraging of brand identity and, in turn, the development of a more in-depth relationship between brands and customers.
2013 is also likely to see new market niches open up that were previously unidentified as having profitable potential. The lowered cost and ready availability of the technology necessary to exploit this potential is, however, now available. By leveraging pre-existing and integrated operational relationships, sharing bureau services and taking 'off the shelf' white-label solutions, MVNOs can be brought to market quicker, leaner and cheaper than ever before.


text:
Railtrack offers carrot, or stick, to consultants
Bonuses of up to 20% are on offer, but professionals may lose profit if they fail to perform well.
Consultants working on Railtrack construction projects are to be offered bonuses if they hit performance targets, or be penalised for poor performance.
Under the incentive scheme, firms such as quantity surveyors might earn an extra 10-20% of their basic fee, says contract and supply director David Meek.
Those that fail to hit targets risk losing the profit on a job and possibly a proportion of overheads.
Railtrack, which is believed to spend more than £100m a year on consultants, has piloted the incentive scheme on the £2bn-plus West Coast Main Line project. The formula is to be extended to construction projects from this month, including the station renewal programme. It will not be used on safety-related work.
The bonuses can be earned on large individual schemes or new-style "portfolio management" work, where, for example, a consultant is jointly responsible for implementing a signalling system in an area over 12 months.
The consultants are up for this approach. This is the way the market's moving
David Meek, Railtrack
Meek said: "We are committed to a philosophy of continuous improvement. The consultants are all up for this approach. They all say this is the way the market's moving."
He said a quantity surveyor, for example, working on a year-long programme of improvements to 100 stations that helped to bring the package within budget, would be eligible for a bonus. Any overruns might lead to penalties.
One QS who works for Railtrack welcomed the scheme. He said: "Given how low quantity surveyors' fees are these days, we have got to look at any opportunity to boost our income. There's an obvious risk if we fail to reach our targets, but we have to back ourselves.
"Railtrack is a demanding, some would say difficult, client, but it is being very fair over this. If you think the consultants are under pressure, you cannot begin to imagine what it is like for the guys at the client end."