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Fellow Americans: Do You Get How Blessed You Are?
maryramirez / June 30, 2017
I remember seeing a music video once where, as the song starts, it pans to a scene where one of the guys holds up his U.S. passport and says, "As long as I have this … it really doesn't matter."
Meaning—his U.S. passport was his most important possession.
That idea was running through my mind as a friend shared some devastating news with his listeners. His name is Jonathan Dunne, and he's been working for years to educate Americans about our unlikely history, the tenants that made us great, and ultimately— how to protect that gift.
Amazingly, he's not American. He's Irish, and becoming an American has been his dream for over 20 years.
This year—with a job offer in hand—he was just some paperwork away from achieving it.
Without getting into the minutia of immigration law, it boils down to this: he doesn't meet the qualifications for any work visa. And with that, Dunne's dream died. Through tears, he begged his listeners not to suggest he come here illegally, because "I'd never, ever ever disrespect the country I love so much."
What a concept. And what love of a country that's not even his—and may never be.
I can't help but think about this as we approach another anniversary of our nation's birth. Do we get how blessed we are?
Let me ask that again.
Do we get it?
Do we understand what a precious gift we hold? Do you understand how blessed we are to have been born here, invited in, allowed to stay here (despite some of you having broken the law to do so)? Do we understand that we—rich and poor, powerful and lowly—are the possessors of one of the greatest inheritances ever bestowed on mankind?
There's a reason John Winthrop and later Ronald Reagan called this country a "shining city on a hill."
We were something different in the world.
"Were," because we're straying from that (as we'll discuss in a moment); and "different," because this nation's Founders did something unlike anything that had been done before.
A few months back, I wrote that what they did was buck the entire system the world had by and large followed for millennia. It was the idea that government (and whoever ran it) was the ultimate power. Rights came from that leader's government, and everybody else could just deal. It also usually meant tons of intrigue and bloodshed and death by people who wanted to topple those leaders—not necessarily to change the government approach, but to in fact sit on the top themselves.
Instead, our Founders believed that our rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness came from our Creator, not man—which meant that those rights were non-negotiable. It means your life is yours, you've got a freedom to live as you please (so long as you hurt no one), and you've got a right to your possessions.
This idea started flickering in "modern" history hundreds and hundreds of years before the Founders lived, at the signing of the Magna Carta (which boldly declared that even the king was subject to the law, among other revolutionary ideals). But it would take hundreds of years before people would effectively take these kinds of ideas and turn them into the premise for a new country. Other nations (especially in the Western world) later emulated parts of what we did, but largely retained the concepts of an all-powerful government.
I know, I know—you're dozing off. So here's the gist of it: we are so blessed because America is so different.
And as we celebrate our nation's birthday once again, I want you to realize that we don't always take the time to appreciate what we here. And how we are—by turning away from these ideas in exchange for what we think makes us feel good—throwing that away that heritage.
We're throwing it away when we celebrate people who come here illegally, while turning away the Jonathan Dunnes of the world who ask permission to come in the front door. That, simply put, destroys the rule of law.
We're throwing it away when we celebrate government involvement in things like providing healthcare (yes, I'm talking to you repeal and replace Republicans). That gives the government immense power over our most precious gift: our lives. Look no further than the awful case of Charlie Gard, a sick infant whose fate was decided by a collective European court which decided it is better him to be taken off life support in a U.K. hospital, than to allow his parents save his life.
We're throwing it away when we celebrate collectivism over the individual. One of the MAIN things that set us apart from the rest of the world was the idea that each person has value. (Yes, even Thomas Jefferson and others realized the disparity between this belief and the practice of slavery.) And yet today, we tear down individualism by making it nearly impossible to do anything without the government. With prophet-like accuracy, 19th century French observer of the American experiment Alexis de Tocqueville wrote: "It is easy to foresee that the time is drawing near when man will be less and less able to produce, by himself alone, the commonest necessaries of life. The task of the governing power will therefore perpetually increase, and its very efforts will extend it every day."
(Sound familiar?)
Government is not a terrible idea. (It simply has a great tendency towards terribleness.) We need order, which we get through laws, which we enforce through government. And yes, from time to time people genuinely need aid from the government. It just so happens we've gone too far, because we've sold individualism down the river in exchange for a collectivist system that provides all things, cradle to grave. Just remember, nothing is free. There's a cost to everything—and when the government takes a majority of what you make, it owns you.
We are quickly becoming exactly what so many people come here trying to escape.
So as you watch the fireworks, eat your burgers and grab another slice of that apple pie, just remember what you have, how blessed you are to have it … and most importantly, that its fate rests in your hands.
June 30, 2017 in Founding Principles, Freedom. Tags: Alexis de Tocqueville, Charlie Gard, Collectivism, Founders, Founding Fathers, Fourth of July, Health Care, Independence Day, Individualism, John Winthrop, Jonathan Dunne, Magna Carta, Ronald Reagan, Thomas Jefferson
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One thought on "Fellow Americans: Do You Get How Blessed You Are?"
FritzCast says:
Excellent post, and I was just thinking amid Friday morning Tweet-fests that we, here in America, in fact do not realize, do not appreciate, take extreme granted of a lot of the things that apparently get lost in the grinding through of day-to-day life.
Just the other day, before I went to work (I work 4pm thru midnight), I was out in my back yard, laying in my hammock, reading "The Killer Angels." A thought came in my mind, reading this book, which is about the battle of Gettysburg…I was laying in my hammock. Literally passing time, in my hammock, with a cold home-brewed tea, outside my air-conditioned house, not really caring or worrying about anything else.
How selfish a luxury is that if you don't realize that right now in the world, there are places where you can't even dream of that?


Appointing a professional to enhance the inside decoration of your home can be a way costly. And for the homeowners with inflexible finance, it might be impossible.
You do not have to be a qualified designer to decor your home as you want. You just have to be determined, committed and with the help of some guidance you will be able to set the interior of your home just like a pro.
So, if you are looking to design your new room or settle the things up in your present home, here is our pick on some of the most important details to follow when planning for your place. From bold colors to non-traditional items, here are seven ways for the betterment of your interior design.
It always has been a good practice to follow a theme while decorating your room. But always remember that never urge overdo it. Exaggerating the theme inside your room will produce a dull texture. Like if you choose a rosy red theme for your room. Then you have to avoid going all-in with bright red color and pink shades with floral themed accessories. Always try to mix the things up with several touches. Small changes will work for you. Never try to copy others, be unique in yourself. Use your creativity and develop the theme of your dream.
If you want to set the interior of your room like a pro, then must have to create a focal point there. You may use some colorful or designed blankets by just hanging them on the blank spaces of the walls around the room. You may also consider a catchy couch inside your room as a focal point. Accessories like luxurious smart clocks, beautiful lights, table lamps, paintings, original table plants or an artistic bed head can be the source of attraction in the room. Always remember that the focal point of your room will always be the primary attraction of your place, all the other things will play the secondary role.
The paint inside your room is the most important aspect of choosing. Let me reveal a psychological fact that red color can excite your mood. So always avoid applying this color in such circumstances where you have to spend the most of your time. You may choose the paint off the walls according to your furniture, but it doesn't mean that you must have to bind yourself in any way. Never be afraid to apply bold colors. All you have to do is, must consider the additional accessories that you have planned to decor in your room. After all, World also exists beyond the dull white color.
Do you ever imagine that how the professional designers just transform an odd room to an amazing place? They always follow a pattern while aligning the things. Just try it yourself; forming a pattern while decorating your room is not a big deal. For this purpose, you may use the similar pattern of duvet and square pillowcases. It will be more efficient if you go the cases with linings. Such covers will ease to from the patterns more quickly.
If you have a small and narrow room, then it will be the ideal practice to let your furniture to breath. If you are unable to see the floor base of your room, then your room is already overstuffed. Try to produce some space within your room. Enhancing the place within your room will not only increase the breath-ability of your room but also tend your room to be feeling wider. Moreover, you can't fancy a decor room with a bulk of the load. The more the things gathered there, the more effort will be required to overcome. So, always try to add most appropriate things to your living room.
RubbyWilliam is author at LeraBlog. The author's views are entirely his/her own and may not reflect the views and opinions of LeraBlog staff.


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Q: Running a cron job in Elastic Beanstalk So I have a functionality in a Django Elastic Beanstalk app that works like so:

*

*Download a file

*Parse the file, run some calls to API's with the data from the file

*Update the database of the EB instance with the new data

In testing instances where I just set up a local cron job. I just called wget on a specific URL of my Django application and it will run the command.
My problem is how to handle this in a multi-instanced Elastic Beanstalk application. Only one instance of my EB application should run this command. I want to avoid race conditions on the database and redundant calls to external API's from multiple instances. i.e. only one instance should be writing to the databe.
However, Googling around shows setting up cron jobs is awkward, particularly if your new to EB like I am. The most promising sounding method seems to be the cron.yaml method, but there does not seem to be an example of setting up a cron worker environment anywhere on the web from what I can see.
My understanding is:

*

*You include a cron.yaml file in the root of your EB project.

*Deploy the project

*The cron jobs are automatically set up in a worker environment (?).

*The command you defined is ran at the specified time(s).

My question is how do you make sure that only one instance will run this command? Do I have the right idea on how cron.yaml works or is there something I'm missing

A: Only one instance will run the command because the cron job does not actually run in a cron daemon per-se.
There are few concepts that might help you quickly grok amazon's Elastic Beanstalk mindset.

*

*An elastic beanstalk environment must elect a leader instance of which there must only ever be one (And it must be a healthy instance etc).

*A worker environment allocates work via an SQS (Simple Queue Service) queue.

*Once a message has been read from the queue it is considered 'in-flight' until the worker returns 200 or the request times out/fails. In the first scenario the message is deleted, and in the latter scenario it re-enters the queue. (Redrive policies can determine how many times a message can fail before it is sent to the Dead Letter Queue)

*In flight messages cannot be read again (Unless returned).

A message in the queue is picked up only once by one of the instances in the worker environment at a time.
Now the cron.yaml file actually just tells the leader to create a message in the queue with special attributes, at the times specified in the schedule. When it then finds this message, it's dispatched to one instance only as a POST request to the specified URL.
When I use Django in a worker environment I create a cron app with views that map to the action I want. For example if I wanted to periodically poll a Facebook endpoint I might have a path /cron/facebook/poll/ which calls a poll_facebook() function in views.py
That way if I have a cron.yaml as follows, it'll poll Facebook once every hour:
version: 1
cron:
 - name: "pollfacebook"
   url: "/cron/facebook/poll/"
   schedule: "0 * * * *"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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And 'snow it begins' for active winter
Snowmobilers were out in force on Thanksgiving — the unofficial kickoff for winter recreation season. photo by Bill Bartlett
By Bill Bartlett
Thanksgiving day is the unofficial start of the snowmobile season. This fourth Thursday of the month, the caravan from points east snakes through downtown before light breaks and heads out Three Creek Road the 11 miles to the Upper Sno-Park. By 6:15 a.m. there are already 13 rigs being unloaded. Within an hour, some 50 are packed up in the plowed lot. The later arrivals I am told needed a thermos refill at Dutch Bros, who strained to keep up with orders.
Among the first are Ty Walker, 39, and his 16-year-old son, Cody, from Bend. I ask them why Sisters when they have so much terrain closer to home?
"Less crowded, more friendly," Ty tells me.
They explain further that there is less conflict between cross-country skiers and snowshoers, or with people like me, just out romping with my dog.
"Folks over here are just more laid back," Cody says. "It's a tradition for us every Thanksgiving."
Not every rig was headed to Three Creek. A good number were driving to the Benson Sno-Park virtually at the summit of the Santiam Pass. There is vast and more open terrain which translates to more sledders. When Hoodoo resort is open, traffic is an issue and even more reason why Three Creek and its neighboring 6,500-foot surroundings are so desirable.
Ty had his first ride when he was 11 and Cody soloed at 8 — much to his mother's chagrin.
The gate at the Upper Sno-Park closed three weeks ago. There are barely two feet of cover, but that doesn't deter the diehards. The riders inform me that they only need six inches, especially if it's at all packed. I am also surprised to learn that you can get from Three Creek to Dutchman and even Wanoga on the Bend side of the Cascades. It's Wanoga that is like a freeway, Cody tells me, in defense of the longer drive from Bend.
That's a long slog even on a powered machine. Today, sledders will be content to range 20-30 miles. The desire is to get an early start, like skiers wanting to make first tracks. And while there are plenty of signed trails, everybody seems keen on getting off the beaten path and into virgin snow, dodging trees and hunting natural moguls and drops for added thrills.
There's an obvious fellowship among the sledders, otherwise strangers to each other. Lots of help in offloading machines, map sharing, and the frequent boasting of how much air was caught on the last outing; plenty of advice, usually unsolicited, in getting a cranky machine started or what kind of lubricant to use; what kind of clothing or goggles to wear.
It's a balmy 20 degrees by 7 a.m., but the sun's out and everybody's stoked. A light dusting last night makes the ground sparkle. It's a Norman Rockwell painting of sorts for the era. The pristine morning scene is broken only by the sound of a horde of 800cc, 150hp beasts eager to take off.
The Warrens' only regret they claim is that Sisters coffee shops and watering holes are not open for apres sledding during the pandemic.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Attic has three members of staff overseen and assisted by board of trustees
Jonathan Humphreys
Artistic Director and joint CEO
Jonathan is a theatre director. He develops the future shows and projects which Attic make as well as guiding the strategy of the company.
He trained at Drama Centre London before working as an assistant director at the National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company. Since then he's directed work all over the UK for companies including the Sheffield Crucible, Manchester Royal Exchange and the Watermill Theatre and is the Associate Director for National Theatre Connections.
→ Website
Victoria Hibbs
General Manager and joint CEO
Victoria trained as a stage manager at Bretton Hall College in Yorkshire. She then spent 12 years working nationally in a variety of stage management roles ranging from small scale touring companies, No. 1 commercial UK tours, International circus acts (De La Guarda at the Roundhouse, Camden and the Rio, Las Vegas) and large scale events such as the Millennium Dome and the Manchester Commonwealth Games in 2002. She was awarded Stage Manager of the Year award in 2003.
Victoria joined Attic as a stage manager in 2002, then diversified into producing, administration and finance and has been Attic's General Manager for well over a decade. Prior to the Covid-19 pandemic she spent 5 years as General Manager/Head of Finance and Development, and supported the organisational development of the award winning Omnibus Theatre in Clapham. She is also General Manager for Achates Philanthropy Ltd, a creative consultancy providing strategic and fundraising support.
Bryony Farrant-Davis
Creative Engagement Producer
Bryony has worked across artforms as a producer and project manager to create opportunities for people to experience creativity and culture for the last decade. She is responsible for Attic's engagement programmes, making sure each project is open and inclusive, delivered in strong partnerships with local organisations, and that they meet the interests and needs of local communities.
Beginning her career working in visitor services and then developing a passion for arts participation and engagement, Bryony has previously worked for a diverse range of organisations such as East London Dance, Children & the Arts, The Wellcome Collection, Turner Contemporary, The Barbican, and Fine Cell Work.
Peter Shore
Peter is an HR consultant by profession and has spent many years involved in charitable organisations and in amateur theatre.
Nicci Allt
Nicci is Marketing Account Director for Ambassadors Theatre Group.
Paul Baynton
Paul is a General Manager with over 15 years experience in leading businesses (both domestic and global) in the media audience measurement industry.
Robin Belfield
Robin is a theatre director, writer and educator and currently is Principal Lecturer at the Institute for Contemporary Theatre in Brighton.
Angela Caldara
Trustee, Treasurer
Angela is a local Merton resident and Chartered Accountant.
Abigail Graham
Abigail Graham is a freelance theatre director.
Jenny is an actor, director and founder of Attic Theatre Company.


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Shelby Lee Adams' photography has been publishd in three previous monographs — Appalachian Portraits (1993), Appalachian Legacy (1998) and Appalachian Lives (2003) — and has received numerous grants and awards. His photography is also represented in over sixty permanent collections including the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York; Victorial and Albert Museum, London, England; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, New York. Most recently, Adams was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2010. His newest body of work, Salt & Truth, will be exhibited at the Ogden Museum of Southern Art in October 2012.
Posted on Saturday, July 21, 2012.


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Misleading Misandry…
Colosouleditor - March 28, 2014 October 25, 2016
By Karen Hansord
The Feminist Movement has changed a lot over the years; generations of women have fought over their rights to be seen as equal to men and their efforts were hard won. But somehow the word 'feminism' started to mean something completely different to what it once was. Somehow, someone started to think that feminists were these groups of harpy-like women who vomited hate and misandry. This idea permeated throughout society, and even though it was not an entirely new idea, it has now become the widespread opinion of what feminism and feminists stand for.
The truth is however, that any woman who campaigns towards the hatred of men is not a feminist, but a sexist, a point that is forgotten by all who think that feminists are bad people.
21st Century feminists believe in equality for all, and to break down the social stigmas and double standards that quietly oppress society every day. There are some who believe that women have nothing more to complain about and that they are no longer being oppressed. But this idea is dangerous, for it forces people to become blind to the remarks, ideas, opinions and double standards that hurt society as a whole.
There are people who still believe that when a woman has multiple sexual partners they are 'sluts', 'whores' and 'skanks', while their male counterparts are revered by their peers. There are people who believe that when a woman wears a short skirt she is 'inviting' men to sexually harass or to rape her. And there are people who still think that a female protagonist in a movie, television series or book will never become popular with the wider audience.
But this is not all that 21st Century feminists fight against.
There are people who still believe that when a young boy wants to play with dolls and wear skirts there is something 'wrong' with him. There are people who still believe that a man who does not possess traditional masculine qualities is weak, 'a pussie' and 'gay'. And there are people who still believe that men cannot be raped.
There are people who still believe that those in the LGBTQIA (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning, intersex, and asexual) community choose their sexual orientation. There are people who still believe that using the word 'gay' as a slur, or to mean 'stupid' is funny and not offensive. And there are people who still believe that marriage equality is wrong and will bring forth the ruin of modern society.
21st Century feminists fight for everyone, they fight for the equality of all. It is not about building a matriarchal society, it is not about hating men, it is not about judging others and it is not about putting people into neat little categories for the benefit of ourselves.
Feminism is equal rights and people need to remember that.
If you want to read more, have look at these blogs:
http://whoneedsfeminism.tumblr.com/
http://theineedfeminismproject.tumblr.com/
http://www.gurl.com/2014/01/10/male-celebrities-who-have-talked-about-feminism-quotes-support-women/#4
The Standover Man @ Subiaco Arts Centre
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Whither Early American Intellectual History?
November 8, 2013 By Benjamin Park in Academia, Conferences, Methodology Tags: Frederick Douglass, intellectual history, Jonathan Edwards, Margaret Fuller, Phillis Wheatley, Ralph Waldo Emerson, S-USIH, Sarah Osborn, Thomas Jefferson	12 Comments
Last week, I attended the annual conference for the Society of United States Intellectual History, this year held in Irvine, CA. It was a fun time, and I learned enough and met enough people to consider the conference a success (and worth the 12 hour flight from London!). Yet one thing struck me the entire weekend, and was reinforced by Mark Peterson who gave words to my thoughts during his session response: why is there a paucity of work on early America within the recent surge of interest in US intellectual history? Or, to ask a different, but still related, question, why do so few historians of early America do work on intellectual history, or self-identify as intellectual historians?
First, a few specific points on the S-USIH conference. The paucity of papers on early American history is not a one-time deal, as it has been the case throughout the handful of conferences so far (see also schedules for 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012). Every year has seen a small number of sessions devoted to issues preceding 1900, and even fewer preceding the nation's founding; by my count, out of the 183 panels in the Society's six years, there have been 18 panels that fit the former category, and 5 papers to fit the latter. (It is tragically ironic that the only presenter scheduled to speak on a pre-1776 paper this year had to pull out at the last minute, thus making it a literal fact that each paper could take the American nation-state as fact.) Historical figures who used to dominate American intellectual history, like Jonathan Edwards, Thomas Jefferson, and Ralph Waldo Emerson, are absent, as are currently in-vogue figures like Phillis Wheatley, Margaret Fuller, Frederick Douglass, and Sarah Osborn. The Federalists who so captured the republican thesis historians of the 1970s and 1980s are not engaged, and neither are the Anti-Federalists who captured the cultural historians in the 1990s and 2000s. The importance of religion continues to gain prominence in intellectual histories, as seen in this year's program, but religion prior to pragmatism is unaccounted for, despite the upswing in scholarship on religion in the colonial, revolutionary, and antebellum periods. This is all to say that there are topics and interests aplenty in early American history to justify engagement with the field of intellectual history, yet the connection doesn't seem to be there at this moment.
Typical attendance for a panel on early US intellectual history.
Now let me be clear that I don't think the fault is with S-USIH, at least not primarily. (A case could perhaps be made that an association often takes the form and interest of the founding members, and this particular organization was founded on the work of a group of bloggers who focus on the twentieth century; a similar complaint could be that I organized The Junto around my interests of revolutionary and antebellum American cultural and religious history. But I don't think that these are determinative factors.) These conferences depend on proposals and submissions, and I bet (at least, I hope) that they would be the first to plead for more papers on early American history. Indeed, the fact that they have now accepted a proposal from me on two separate occasions shows how desperate they must be! And at past conferences they have had plenary sessions devoted to the work of early Americanists, like a plenary address by Pauline Maier. So no, I don't think the Society is to be blamed, which means we should look elsewhere.
The first pragmatic, and boring, answer is that historians of early America already have a variety of venues at which they can present—the Omohundro Institute, the McNeil Center, SHEAR, associations for the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, etc.—which perhaps outnumber those available to 20th century Americanists. These conferences feature, in a given year, a broad number of papers that would fit the parameters of S-USIH, so a major component of this issue might just be one of institutional priorities.
An approximation of what may happen to a presenter who "outs" him/herself as an intellectual historian at an early Americanist conference.
But there may still be more "there" there. For starters, at least for the revolutionary period, early American historians today still frame their work in opposition to the quintessential works in intellectual history like Wood and Bailyn. (Perhaps the same could be said for colonial historians and Perry Miller.) If the post-social and post-cultural turn historians continue to define their field as contra-republican-thesis, both in content as well as form, then those concomitant categories may also be eschewed. This is the case, I argue, even for those who are appropriating many of the tools of intellectual history. So an early Americanist might do work that could be categorized as "intellectual history," but they will be quite reticent to admit it because of the continued negative connotations of the category within the field.
But more importantly, I think the field of early American history has done a respectable job in recent years of incorporating aspects of intellectual history into the general narrative that the specialized field is no longer seen as pertinent. For instance, I would say that the New New Political History movement proved successful at incorporating, as one example, both political thought and political practice. In religious history, scholars have followed the example of David Hall by incorporating the latest principles from cultural, book, social, and intellectual theory into an impressive synthesis. Or, to take one more example, Brett Rushforth's recent, and multiple-award-winning, book on French and indigenous slavery in the new world shows how the various disciplines that were previously seen as distinct are becoming quite blurred.
There are a few other ideas I could bring up—that intellectual history's increasingly dominant "globalization" theory does quite fit the same Atlantic framework used by early Americanists, the lack of non-elite white men to fit the intellectual history category in early America when compared to the larger number of possibilities in the 20th century, etc.—but I hope these can get the conversation started. So, I conclude with two questions and a request: first, does the S-USIH conference astutely represent a chronologically truncated field of intellectual history? If so, why? And finally, whether there is a problem or not, I'd encourage more early Americanists to get involved with S-USIH, both through the blog—where I hear they are looking for more contributors—as well as their annual conference, which, I should again emphasize, put on an enlightening and engaging experience last weekend.
Regardless, I hope to see more Junto-ers at next year's conference in Indianapolis!
NB: I have been intentionally vague when it comes to defining "intellectual history." This is partly because I think the field is best when it is elastic enough to accommodate a broad number of people and approaches (especially in early America, so as to not be rooted only in Dead White Men), and partly because I am still suffering jet lag, need to hurry this up and get back to finishing a dissertation chapter, and otherwise unable/unwilling to engage an issue that requires anything more than superficial thinking.
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Jonathan Wilson says:
Great questions, Ben. And they're questions I suspect anybody who works before the Gilded Age has asked herself after going to USIH.
I think you're right about the role of self-contained early-American-studies research centers and journals. I think you're also right about the lingering importance of Bailyn and Miller, but this has a double effect: The works that USIH people still think they have to assimilate/engage/challenge are positively ancient from the perspective of early American studies, and conversely, when early Americanists try to tackle questions of USIH interest, they often struggle to transcend an antiquated whiggish political frame. People in both groups are still writing as if the liberalism-republicanism debate is the state of the art in early American intellectual history, even though neither USIH people nor early-Americanists seem to find that debate especially interesting any more. (I engage in gross generalization here, obviously.)
Also, there's the Atlantic problem, which you've mentioned. I'm coming to think that this is a huge difficulty for people who want to bridge the gap–specifically because we're talking about U.S. intellectual history rather than American intellectual history.
As I recall, S-USIH got started, thanks largely to Tim Lacy, through the H-Ideas email list. It was a reaction to the overwhelming European focus of most self-identified intellectual historians. In other words, USIH exists to free intellectual history from the assumption that "intellectual history" is the study of European thinkers. So it was very important, from the beginning, that USIH be a United States project, not a project about European thought in the western hemisphere. I totally understand that impulse, and it has a lot of great implications (including a populist implication that gets us away from certain smug assumptions about what "thought" is). But it's had two big problematic implications: First, it skewed USIH discussions toward topics that were (supposedly) relatively indigenous, like Pragmatism and American religious movements. And second, it makes it very difficult for us to connect today's studies of early American print, religion, education, or even politics to USIH. It's just not possible to engage in state-of-the-art early American scholarship and yet write as if the U.S. is the right context for most early American intellectual life–certainly before 1776, but actually for decades after that, too.
This doesn't have to be a big problem; I don't think there are any border police at USIH conferences or publications to make sure you don't start talking about London or Brazil. In fact, in my experiences, USIH audiences love transnational scholarship. But I suspect that defining the overall scholarly conversation as a discussion of the United States has a pretty powerful indirect effect, if only by making it difficult to prove that early Americanists doing intellectual history are actually engaged in the same sort of thing as modern Americanists doing intellectual history.
Tim Lacy says:
Ben, Jonathan, Michael, and Others:
As Dan said below, thanks for the shout out! It's great to see the conference discussed here—even if I wasn't at this year's event in Irvine (my first miss!). I'll be back at the conference next year in Indianapolis.
On Jonathan's reference to me above, and the start of the conference and society, he is largely correct—but makes an crucial error, an error of extension, that I want to emphatically correct.
When I started the USIH blog, I did indeed desire for more study of *U.S.* intellectual history, and more coordination of existing study, on U.S. soil. I asked for this because it seemed that the ISIH meetings were often out of the country, and therefore expensive and inaccessible. There seemed to be little or no organization of study in the U.S. itself. So the call for a U.S.-based conference was about economy and affordability. Given those practical considerations, I never intended for the blog and conference (nor the then-distant, hazily-imagined 'society) to be about ideas that grew out of the U.S. alone. Not at all. And I don't think those attracted to the blog ever intended that, and I don't think it's borne out over the blog and society's existence. That kind of myopia was never explicitly called for in the early CFPs or advocated at the blog.
I put the "U.S." moniker on the blog because I wanted to acknowledge that ideas and intellectuals operated differently in the context of the U.S. as a nation state. The "U.S." designation was also made out of humility. I didn't want—and I don't think the other bloggers wanted—anyone thinking that we were speaking for The Americas generally—not South, Central, Latin, or North America. So "U.S." gave us focus, specificity, and humility, to my mind.
But I want to reiterate the crucial point: in my view, the blog and the early conferences were never ever intended to be limited to discussions of indigenous ideas, nor even just American-born intellectuals. And this just isn't my assertion. I think proof that this was not the case would come out of an examination of early posts, where we were happy to discuss all sorts of European ideas and thinkers as they were received in the United States.
As Jonathan noted at the end of his comment, the conference—from the beginning—is noteworthy for its acceptance of a broad range of panels, ideas, and areas of study. And, as he noted, we've been open to transnational scholarship. This only makes sense because of the practical issues with ISIH that I noted above. Some can't make those out-of-country meetings, so they should be able to confer with us—at affordable rates!
Thanks again for bringing a bit of the conference here to Junto. Hot tip: Tomorrow at USIH I will be discussing M.J. Adler's potential connection to 18th-century Scottish sentimentalism!
Thanks very much for the correction, Tim. I was working entirely from memory, and I'm not surprised I got that wrong; I really should have dug up some of those early discussions before commenting. (It's possible that I was conflating your work with what I was thinking about at the time, or perhaps what someone else said in some other context.)
So, to emphasize what I got right: I've never seen S-USIH, or the people who affiliate with it, do anything except encourage discussions that cross borders and boundaries. I do think the "U.S." in the moniker is a bit tricky for early Americanists, but that's not because of any deliberate choice on the part of people working with S-USIH.
Michael D. Hattem says:
Fantastic post, Ben! I should start with the caveat that I helped put together one of the early American panels at USIH in 2012 (which sadly was canceled due to hurricane). I think you've nailed two of the ways that I also think about this issue.
"So an early Americanist might do work that could be categorized as "intellectual history," but they will be quite reticent to admit is as such because of the continued negative connotations of the category within the field."
THIS. Unfortunately, even after all these years, there still exists a view by many historians that intellectual history is an antiquated and, more pointedly, inherently elitist methodology. So much so that, you are right, historians who do engage with ideas are loathe to call themselves intellectual historians or even to label their work as intellectual history. I primarily identify myself as a historian of political culture, yet most of my work has dealt with ideas in some form or other. I think the sort-of post-cultural turn notion that I work from is that intellectual history (when not done in the pre-1950s mode) IS cultural history, in a sense. Many critics are responding to intellectual history as if all intellectual historians are still working from the same methodology as Perry Miller. Most critiques I've seen of intellectual history in this vein are not based on any kind of broad reading in the field but on these outdated (and, it must be said, largely uninformed) perceptions of the actual work in the field.
"But more importantly, I think the field of early American history has done a respectable job in recent years of incorporating aspects of intellectual history into the general narrative that the specialized field is no longer seen as pertinent."
I think this is true to some extent. Contrary to the critiques, the best intellectual history of the past two decades, for me, is less focused on transmission of ideas than on the dissemination of ideas and its consequences. That is, if you're studying ideas that were powerful enough to have been broadly disseminated and therefore to have become important to the lexicon and perspective of a given society or group, then you have, in effect, cultural history. For a recent early American example of this, see Michal Jan Rozbicki, Culture and Liberty in the Age of the American Revolution (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011. But I also I think a lot of Pauline Maier's work provides examples of this. From Resistance to Revolution contains perhaps the best explication of radical Whig thought in the colonies but unlike Bailyn, Maier showed how those ideas played out on the ground.
Michael's comment about dissemination brings to mind something else I wanted to say. In modern-American scholarship, the arguably tautological concept of the public intellectual has come into wide use lately as a tool both for fending off charges of obscurantist elitism and for hand-waving away a lot of uncomfortable questions about reception and influence. (Russell Jacoby popularized it as a foil for purely academic intellectuals; the "public" intellectual is a thinker who doesn't just talk to other thinkers.) This has helped open up the field to a lot of research on figures who had less stupendous academic qualifications. In other words, it's helped to further differentiate intellectual history from the history of ideas, making the field more congenial to historical scholarship generally.
But the public intellectual is problematic from the standpoint of early American intellectual history because the concept implies a certain kind of communications-media context. The term was developed for discussing intellectual life in the twentieth century, and it's hard to adapt it for a setting where we can't assume some kind of mass print circulation, where popular authorship was typically anonymous or pseudonymous, where cheap print was typically pirated from Britain, etc. Some of the most interesting recent early-American work on communications, like Trish Loughran's Republic in Print, in fact, is specifically aimed at making it difficult for us to make any sort of blithe assumptions about how far American writing usually traveled. So one of the tools that has helped reconcile US intellectual history to modern-American historical writing in general isn't really available to us.
In addition, the public intellectual is almost always understood as a dissident, a thinker working against the grain of modern life. That assumption usually doesn't work very well for early American print culture until, again, some point well into the nineteenth century, because it assumes mass media and the hegemony of industrial capitalism more generally.
As one possible piece of evidence, I'd submit the trajectory of Harvard's smaller annual Conference on Public Intellectuals, which has foregrounded the public intellectual as a cultural figure—and, after a couple of years of virtually no pre-20th century presence, has started explicitly limiting its CFPs to the 20th and 21st centuries. There are a lot of reasons for that, I'm sure—some of them related to the conference's explicit political purpose—but I suspect it doesn't help that it's so hard to assume pre-20th-century (or at least pre-railroad) intellectual life is compatible with the concept of the public intellectual at all. (I think it is, sort of, but it takes all kinds of extra work to address the relationship.)
Dan Wickberg says:
Thanks for the promotion of SUSIH, and glad you enjoyed our conference. One of my concerns as president of the organization has been to expand the presence of non-20th c. people in the organization and its conference, so this is timely and very much to the point. As you point out, there are institutional reasons why early Americanists might be less inclined to identify as intellectual historians–unlike scholars of twentieth-century thought, they have some place to go (e.g. SHEAR, Omohundro etc.) rather than being swamped at the OAH. And for intellectual reasons–e.g. the dominance of the republicanism-liberalism debate and the centrality of figures like Gordon Wood and Joyce Appleby well into the 1980s–intellectual history was in crisis and despair throughout the 1980s and 90s in nineteenth and twentieth century historiography, but in early American it still remained prominent. But I do think there is something of a revival of interest in early American intellectual history–I take historians like Caroline Wintererer and Eric Slauter (I know, he's trained in literature, but we'll take intellectual history wherever we find it!), and recent books like Margaret Abruzzo's Polemical Pain and Drew Maciag's book on Edmund Burke in America as indicative of a vibrant renewal of intellectual history outside the old and stale debates about republicanism and political ideology. I do hope that when the CFP for next year's conference (Indianapolis October 9-12) comes out, some of the readers of The Junto will send in papers and panels. I think we all benefit when we see the broader issues of the history of thought outside of narrowly specific chronological periods.
mattcrow says:
I think legal history is where intellectual history is alive and well, even thriving, both in and out of the early American field. I didn't go into graduate school with any particular interest in the law or its history, but I went in that direction because I kind of unwittingly followed where the history of thought was happening. The study of natural history and the history of science in the Atlantic world is also a place where intellectual history is going on (think of Iannini's Fatal Revolutions, etc).
Part of the problem, I think, is a native anti-intellectualism in the field of early american history. As a result, we've exported a lot of the workload for the subjects of legal and political thought in particular. Eric Slauter and Jason Frank, for example, are exceptional, but its not a coincidence that they are literary and political theory scholars, respectively. Sarah Knott, Catherine O'Donnell Kaplan, and Drew Cayton are notable exceptions here, but they are very much in conversation with the great literary scholarship that has been doing a lot if not quite all of the intellectual history in the field of early American studies, broadly speaking.
On the issue of Bailyn, Wood, maybe even Miller, I would hasten to add Pocock and Skinner, etc, I think we owe our colleagues in other fields a little more respect than we are giving them in this discussion, as if they were just not keeping up with us. They stay engaged with those questions and concepts, if not those debates and the terms they were held in, because there are live issues there in a lot of other areas of inquiry. The origins of liberalism and its trajectories are still a big deal for early modern europe, for latin america, for a host of other fields, and really good work is being done. Think of Jennifer Pitts, Annabel Brett, or James Tully just to throw out a few names from the study of empire and political thought. Economics and in particular the history of economic theory and political economy is another place where if you were looking to engage with early American stuff, you would need to turn to some older books. Walking away from sets of questions in the history of thought is a different thing than putting them to bed.
Brian Connolly says:
I agree with the above that there is a kind of anti-intellectualism in early American history, and that much of what we might think of an intellectual history in early America has been carried out by literary critics and others, Slauter and Frank being two fine examples. In that sense, the trade gap between history and literary criticism that Eric Slauter identified in early American studies find the history of ideas located mostly in literary criticism, with historians, with some notable exceptions, slow to pick up on it.
The state of early America history and its relation to intellectual history can be seen, I think, in the 1993 state of the field focus published in William and Mary Quarterly. There, Kathy Brown, Michael Meranze, and Saul Cornell, all in different ways, suggested that the future of early American history could be found in an engagement with various forms of critical theory, post-structuralism, feminist theory, and postmodernism. While this would not necessarily have translated into intellectual history is obvious, but that it would have encouraged greater engagement with critique and the history of ideas would have been likely. That their predictions were (sadly) inaccurate is, I think, rather obvious. Especially now, as too many of us pat ourselves on the back for a newfound fascination with empiricism.
I would also say that the invocations of Wood and Bailyn and the liberalism-republicanism debate are symptomatic of this. While I don't think we need to engage that debate in the terms set by Wood, Bailyn, Pocock, Appleby, etc., I also think it is entirely problematic that we tell ourselves a story in which we have moved beyond such issues, again, patting ourselves on the back for seeing more than they did, or not being misled by such facile debates. This seems a misguided investment in progress, that our histories get better and more refined with time. We can't possibly believe that, can we?
As a way of thinking about how to reengage such ideas, one could do worse than look at Carroll Smith-Rosenberg;s recent book, This Violent Empire, which is engaged with both liberalism and republicanism but does so in a critical manner, where she refuses to be determined by the liberalism-republicanism binary. And to get to the original point of your post, why don't we think of Smith-Rosenberg's book as a kind of intellectual history?
Completely agree on these points. We've replaced "neo-whig" histories with an absurdly whiggish historiographical self-understanding. Also agree on Smith-Rosenberg's work.
Eric Nelson is another political theorist/historian of political thought doing early American intellectual history, among other things, and doing it provocatively well, albeit in a different vein.
Tom Van Dyke says:
Ben, thx for your essay/challenge. i attribute the lack of interest in early American intellectual history to simply not being "modern." It's more the product of the classical and medieval–as well as Protestant theology–and few are fluent in Aristotle, Aquinas or Calvin.
Attributing it to the "Enlightenment" is facile, but doesn't help much, since the Christian-friendly Scottish Common Sense Enlightenment has not a lot in common with the Continental Enlightenment of the more modern-ist philosophes. We know and like Rousseau, but Thomas Reid and Francis Hutcheson are quite obscure.
unfortuantely the original is no longer online, but I excerpted the delightful Allen Guelzo's [Gettysburg College]
http://americancreation.blogspot.com/2009/06/is-there-american-mind.html
Some years back. I think it addresses the ghettoization of "traditional" intellectual history touched on here.
Do Americans have minds?
Of course not. "The greater part of the public, and a greater part even of the intelligent and alert public, is simply non-intellectual," declared Richard Hofstadter in his bluntly titled Anti-intellectualism in American Life in 1963. Of course not, agreed Daniel Boorstin, Hofstadter's contemporary and (in many ways) nemesis. "When," Boorstin asked, "has a culture owed so little to its few 'great' minds or its few hereditarily fortunate men and women?" Of course not, chortled Henry Louis Mencken, the king of the debunkers, in the 1920s. Precisely because America was the great engine of democracy, it was also the ruthless engine of populism, the land of what Mencken snarlingly called "the booboisie," "boobus Americanus," or the "boobocracy."
We could, in fact, create quite a long list of testimonies about American mindlessness, and it would include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Frederick Jackson Turner, James Fenimore Cooper, and Alexis de Tocqueville (who was dismayed to find that "there is no country in the civilized world" with "fewer great artists, illustrious poets, and celebrated writers").
"When foreigners accuse us of extraordinary love for gain, and of practical materialism, they fail to see how largely we are a nation of idealists," complained the Harvard philosopher Josiah Royce in 1897. We wouldn't know this, however, if we judged by the way the history of American ideas is usually taught. Take, as a recent instance, William Goetzmann's new Beyond the Revolution: A History of American Thought from Paine to Pragmatism (Basic, 480 pp., $35).
The America of Tom Paine "was a country of diversity and vastness," but also of "vagueness." This "vagueness" Goetzmann assumes to be a virtue in its own right, since it permitted Americans "to constantly redefine themselves" for a century after Paine "in search of an ideal — freedom." At last, in the 1890s, Americans invented Pragmatism, which turned this incessant reinvention into a philosophy of its own, whose chief accomplishment was to abolish any "moral guides" on reinvention. The chief accomplishment of American thought is thus to free itself — from thought.
This is not entirely Goetzmann's fault, since Goetzmann is only following what I'll call, for simplicity's sake, the "Harvard Narrative" of American intellectual history, a pattern laid down since the 1920s…The Harvard Narrative proceeds like this: Begin with the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay in the 1630s. Touch, if you like, on the fact that these Puritans possessed a university-trained leadership and organized themselves around a university-trained clergy, sunk deeply in theology and medieval scholasticism. But be sure to dismiss this as little more than some very dense holy-rolling, and simply note in passing that the Puritans founded Harvard College only six years after settling Boston.
Move as quickly as decency permits to Jonathan Edwards. Not that Edwards is all that interesting as a thinker, but treat him as undoubtedly the last example of whatever thinking the Puritans did. Dwell at length on his role as a hell-fire preacher during the Great Awakening of the 1740s. But dwell even more on the fact that the Awakening died out by 1742, and that Edwards was fired from his job as pastor of his church in 1750 and died just as he was assuming the presidency of Princeton in 1758. Let him stand as a sign of how badly America treats its thinkers, but somehow simultaneously make him out to be not much of a thinker at all.
This is the last time you will actually need to worry about ideas in this history of American ideas, because you are now ready for an introduction to Benjamin Franklin, the model American and proto-Pragmatist — practical, commonsensical, businesslike, and born with an eye to the main chance. There is room, within the Harvard Narrative, to talk a little bit about the ideology of the American Revolutionaries —–but let Franklin stay at front stage. Jump from there to Ralph Waldo Emerson and the Transcendentalists, a few New England Renaissance novelists (Melville, Hawthorne), and then you're prepared to herald the arrival of William James and John Dewey, and the triumph of Pragmatism as the first, true, and only American philosophy — precisely because it is a philosophy that sees no intrinsic use for ideas, and uses them only as instruments for obtaining results.
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Work Life Balance (WLB) &
Time-use Analysis
According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary 2017, work can be defined as-
§ An activity in which one exerts strength or faculties to do or perform something;
§ A sustained physical or mental effort to overcome obstacles and achieve an objective or result;
§ The labor, task, or duty that is one's accustomed means of livelihood
§ A specific task, duty, function, or assignment often being a part or phase of some larger activity;
If we try to summarize all these definitions of work, it may be defined as the task which is essential for living. If some one is not working, he or she might be sick or have a disability or are simply not alive. Work can be physical or mental. Work is anything you do that is not leisure. Work can be paid or unpaid labor. The opportunity to earn a living for yourself/family. We put our professional abilities or opinions to use to benefit a firm/business's daily operations or profitability. Work also gives you the ability to enjoy the finer things in life (hobbies, travel and/or interests).
The work can be defined into two categories, one being domestic work such as household chores, cleaning, gardening and so on for one's own pleasure. The other definition of work to me is society's view of working for a wage. The idea of employment and having citizens work not only from pleasure but for an incentive. For instance, the work I do at home like cleaning the house or gardening outside in the backyard is for my own pleasure, compared to the work I do for the public that may be for labour or community service.
Therefore, work is significant in life and makes you active. Now. If we consider the evolution of working time and how it evolved during the course of time, we should relate the analogy of work from the hunter gatherers to the workers of the Industrial Revolution.
Hunter-gatherer societies worked very few hours compared to modern industrial and agrarian societies (i.e. 6-8 hours of work per week compared to 40+ now).
The current paper will rely on the qualitative work of gathering material from the sources obtained from the journal articles, books, and articles from magazines. The work-leisure dichotomy was invented in the mid-1800s. Paul Krassneer remarked that anthropologists use a definition of happiness that is to have as little separation as possible "between your work and your play". The expression "work–life balance" was first used in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s to describe the balance between an individual's work and personal life. In the United States, this phrase was first used in 1986.
Most recently, there has been a shift in the workplace as a result of advances in technology. Employees have many methods, such as emails, computers, and cell phones, which enable them to accomplish their work beyond the physical boundaries of their office. Researchers have found that employees who consider their work roles to be an important component of their identities will be more likely to apply these communication technologies to work while in their non-work domain.
Many authors believe that parents being affected by work-life conflict will either reduce the number of hour's one works where other authors suggest that a parent may run away from family life or work more hours at a workplace. This implies that each individual views work-life conflict differently.
What is Work Life Balance?
Work-life balance is about effectively managing the juggling act between paid work and the other activities that are important to people. It's not about saying that work is wrong or bad, but that work shouldn't completely crowd out the other things that matter to people like time with family, participation in community activities, voluntary work, personal development, leisure and recreation.
The 'right' balance is a very personal thing and will change for each person at different times of his or her lives. For some people the issue is being able to get into work or find more work rather than having too much work. There is no 'one size fits all' solution.
A balanced life is one where we spread our energy and effort - emotional, intellectual, imaginative, spiritual and physical – between key areas of importance. The neglect of one or more areas, or anchor points, may threaten the vitality of the whole.
What is the Main Issue?
Work-life balance is increasingly an issue for any country. Jobs, the workplace and the workforce are changing as:
Ø More women and sole parents go into work.
Ø More people juggle more than one job.
Ø The workforce ages and is increasingly diverse.
Ø Businesses continue to compete globally to hire skilled workers.
Ø Technology changes the way we work - e.g. cell phones and PCs blur the distinction between work and personal time.
For any country, the two biggest work-life balance problems are:
ü People with not enough work or income
ü People who have too much work: the low paid who need to work long hours to earn enough and the higher paid who may feel trapped into working more hours than they want to.
Through the consultation, employers told that they wanted to address work-life balance issues in their workplaces, and that they wanted practical tools to implement work-life balance initiatives. Workers, families, and individuals told us that the key issues for them in achieving work-life balance concerned their caring responsibilities, workplace practices and cultures, and the need to earn sufficient income.
Drivers for change
Work-life balance has become increasingly important for a number of social and economic reasons that are making:
Ø organizations think about how they work
Ø Government think about how people balance paid and unpaid work and care
Ø Individuals think about the role work has and will have at different stages of their lives.
Broadly, this shift is influenced by changes to markets, ways of working, the labour market and expectations of work. In the public sector, these drivers mean:
Ø Pressures to increase efficiencies while at the same time responding to the demands of service users, creating more flexible and responsive public services.
Ø That there is a need to understand better and respond to customer requirements in a population that is becoming older and more ethnically diverse. Therefore, people who possess these skills and relationships are crucial to helping organizations understand new customer segments, promote creativity and cope with increasingly complex business models.
Effects of WLB
The case for work-life balance tends to be made on two counts.
v First, that work-life balance improves individuals' health, wellbeing and job satisfaction.
v Second, that business can benefit from work-life balance because these policies:
Ø improve productivity and worker commitment
Ø reduce sickness absence
Ø increase retention rates for talented workers and reduce replacement costs
Ø allow organizations to recruit from a wider pool of talent
Ø Enable organizations to offer services beyond usual business hours by employing workers on different shifts that fit in with caring responsibilities.
Ø Work Life Balance Business Benefits.
Ø Not constant, comes and goes with life changes
Ø It takes WORK
Ø The process of seeking balance can be deeply rewarding
Work Life Balance benefits as
Ø Attracts new employees
Ø Helps to retain staff
Ø Builds diversity in skills and personnel
Ø Improves morale
Ø Reduces sickness and absenteeism
Ø Enhances working relationships between colleagues
Ø Encourages employees to show more initiative and teamwork
Ø Increases levels of production and satisfaction
Ø Decreases stress and burnout
Some reasons for WLB
A review of public holidays and paid holidays across a sample of countries, including Australia, China, France, Germany, Singapore, the US and the UK shows that India is actually quite comparable in terms of the number of days of vacation and holidays provided by law and general practice. It would, therefore, be fair to assume that the intent of law as well as the espoused values of organizations seems to be in favor of providing a fair amount of leisure and balance. Whether it has translated into reality is another matter.
Ø Gender Concerns
Ø Young Generation
Ø Identity Through Work
Gender concerns
Similar discrimination is experienced by men who take time off or reduce working hours for taking care of the family.
For many employees today—both male and female—their lives are becoming more consumed with a host of family and other personal responsibilities and interests. Therefore, in an effort to retain employees, it is increasingly important for organizations to recognize this balance.
Young generation
Per Kathleen Gerson, Sociologist, young people "are searching for new ways to define care that do not force them to choose between spending time with their children and earning an income" and " are looking for definition of personal identity that do not pit their own development against creating committed ties to others readily. Young adults believe that parents should get involved and support the children both economically and emotionally, as well as share labor equally. Young people do not believe work-life balance is possible and think it is dangerous to build a life dependent on another when relationships are unpredictable. They are looking for partners to share the house work and family work together. Men and women believe that women should have jobs before considering marriage, for better life and to be happy in marriage. Young people do not think their mother's generations were unhappy. They also do not think they were powerless because they were economically dependent.
Sometimes these identities align and sometimes they do not. When identities are in conflict, the sense of a healthy work-life balance may be affected. Organization members must perform identity work so that they align themselves with the area in which they are performing to avoid conflict and any stress.
A study of the Employment Standards in Ontario
These are the general rules in Ontario about hours of work and overtime pay. There are exceptions and special rules for some employees under the Employment Standards Act, 2000 (ESA). To see if your occupation is subject to special rules or exemptions see the Special Rule Tool.
Your employer cannot intimidate you, fire you, suspend you, reduce your pay, punish you in any way or threaten any of these actions for exercising your ESA rights.
The maximum daily and weekly limits on hours of work are:
§ 8 hours a day (or the number of hours in your regular work day, if it is more than 8).
§ 48 hours a week.
Rest periods and eating periods
§ Your employer must give you at least:
§ 11 consecutive hours off work each day (a "day" is a 24-hour period – it does not have to be a calendar day);
§ 8 hours off work between shifts (unless the total time worked on the shifts is 13 hours or less, or you and your employer have otherwise agreed in writing); and
§ 24 consecutive hours off work each work week (or 48 consecutive hours off every two work weeks).
§ You must also get a 30-minute eating period after no more than five hours of work. You can agree with your employer to split this eating period into two shorter breaks.
For every hour you work over 44 hours a week, your employer must pay you at least 1½ times your regular rate of pay ("time and a half").
§ Excess hours of work and overtime averaging.
§ You do not have to but if you choose to, you can agree with your employer in writing to.
§ Work more than 8 hours a day (or the number of hours in your regular work day, if it is more than 8).
§ Average the hours you work over periods of two or more weeks to calculate overtime pay.
§ You can cancel an agreement to work excess daily or weekly hours by giving your employer two weeks' written notice. Your employer can also cancel an agreement by giving you reasonable notice.
§ Overtime averaging agreements must have an expiry date and cannot be cancelled unless both you and your employer agree.
§ Generally, if you are represented by a union your union would make agreements with your employer on your behalf.
Now the question is, do you think a shorter work week is good for workers and businesses?
A top public health doctor recently said that long working hours was a big cause of mental ill health, and a big 2015 study linked long working hours with an increased risk of stroke and heart disease.
Less time at work would mean more time to care for children and family, be a school governor, look in on elderly neighbors, or organize a game of football. It would mean more time to create the community spider web of connections and favors and reciprocation that keeps the world going round.
Binnewies, C. (2016). Current perspectives on work–life balance: Moving toward a resource-oriented framework. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 224(1), 1-2.
The current source is useful in time analysis project because it highlights the identity through work processes. According to Binnewies (2016) by working in an organization, employees identify, to some extent, with the organization, as part of a collective group. Organizational values, norms and interests become incorporated in the self-concept as employees increase their identify with the organization. However, employees also identify with their outside roles, or their "true self". Examples of these might be parental/caretaker roles, identifications with certain groups, religious affiliations, align with certain values and morals, mass media etc. Most employees identify with not only the organization, but also other facets of their life (family, children, religion).


text:
Q: Symlink that runs a script when accessed (Linux) I would like to make a symbolic link that refers to a file and runs a script every time it is accessed (specifically one that shows a notification and logs to a file). After a quick search of Google and various Stack Exchanges, I am no closer to an answer. What would be the best way to go about this?

A: You can create a symlink with ln -s /target/script /link/path.
Then set the default application for the script to your default shell, e.g. /bin/bash. How you do that depends on your desktop environment.
For example on KDE, you would right-click the script, select open with -> other application

Then check the box at remember application association, enter /bin/bash in the input field and click OK.

To test if it works, you can create a script with the following contents:
#!/bin/bash
logger "symlink works"

Then watch the output of your syslog with journalctl -f for the line username[id] symlink works


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Burglary Takes Family's Keepsakes of Son Battling Leukemia
Arnet and Leandra Givargiznia were victims of a home burglary last Friday.
Their son's computer games, two televisions, jewelry, and a safe weighing over 100 pounds were taken in the break in.
What will be missed most are the mementos of their 10 year old son Dylan. Included in the safe were Dylan's birth videos, a lock of hair, and other family keepsakes.
Dylan has been battling leukemia every since he was diagnosed with at 6 years old.
Dylan has been undergoing treatment at the University of California at San Francisco Medical Center. His chemotherapy sessions and experimental treatments have not been able to help him become eligible for a bone marrow transplant.
After returning home from San Francisco on Friday, Arnet Givargiznia found the items missing.
According to a neighbor, a white cargo van or pickup with a camper shell was seen in front of the home just before 4pm and could be the suspected vehicle used in the burglary.
The break-in occured through the back sliding glass door.
Turlock Police received the report of burglary from a family member at around 6pm on Friday.
The Givargiznia's are looking to get the keepsakes of their son back with no questions asked. Arnet is asking whoever has the safe to contact him to make arrangements to return the items with no questions asked.
60 Year Old Woman Beaten/Carjacked
One Juvenile Arrested as Suspect in Carjacking
Stanislaus County Fair 2014
Attendance, Sales Up at Stanislaus County Fair this Year
Photos Stanislaus County Fair 2014
Ezequiel Peña
Joan Jett and the Blackhearts Draw Masses, Fair-goers Love Rock 'N' Roll
Fun at the Fair


To find hotels near Rahim Yar Khan airport, paste in search form the name of the city of (Rahim Yar Khan), then select the dates of Check In and Check Out, select the number of guests and click Search.
RYK airport Rahim Yar Khan transcript or RYK which airport?
The name of the airport: Rahim Yar Khan. The airport is located in the country: Pakistan. The city location of the airport in Rahim Yar Khan. IATA airport code Rahim Yar Khan: RYK. The IATA airport code is a 3 letter unique identifier, assigned airports world International air transport Association (IATA). ICAO airport code Rahim Yar Khan: OPRK. The ICAO airport code is a 4 letter unique identifier that is assigned to the airports by the International civil aviation organization (ICAO).
The geographic coordinates of the airport Rahim Yar Khan.
The latitude at which the airport is located: 28.383900000000, the longitude of airport: 70.279572000000. Geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude define the position of the airport on the earth's surface. To fully define the position of the airport in three-dimensional space, we should also know the third coordinate is the height. The height of the airport above sea level is 83 meters. The airport is located in the time zone: +5.0 GMT. The airline always indicates local time of departure and arrival airport according to the time zones.


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Discover our villas
The magazine »
Costa Brava, on the land side
Written on : 06 April 2022
By : Gwénaëlle Simon
Famous for its small coves of turquoise water and seaside towns where you can enjoy the summer season, the Costa Brava also possesses a hinterland full of charm. Historic towns, authentic villages, volcanic landscapes, forests and medieval castles: so many treasures to discover during a holiday in Spain.
>>> Cities and villages not to be missed on the Costa Brava
Known as the second capital of Catalonia, Girona is a city steeped in medieval history with a vibrant atmosphere. Whether it's the walls of the Barri Vell, the old town, the banks of the Onyar river lined with colourful houses, or famous religious buildings such as the Basilica of Saint Felix, Girona is a fascinating city with a reputation for good living.
If you are a Game of Thrones fan, you must visit the filming locations of the cult series. Food tip: try a xuixo, a local speciality of traditional cream fritters.
>>> Our luxury villas on the Costa Brava
Medieval villages
The Costa Brava is not only a first-class seaside destination but also a land rich in history. The many medieval villages scattered throughout its territory, such as Palau Sator, a picturesque town surrounded by a medieval wall, or Peratallada, out time, bear witness to this. La Bisbal d'Empordà, the capital of pottery and antique dealers, is a network of narrow streets, charming squares and old houses built around the bishop's palace. Or Pals, with its unique view of the Catalan countryside and the sea on the horizon. Or Besalù and its historic-artistic complex are considered one of the best-preserved in Catalonia.
>>> Where to rent a villa on the Costa Brava?
The Garrotxa Volcanic Zone Natural Park boasts a range of magnificent landscapes, with over forty volcanoes hidden in the vegetation. Thanks to its colourful hues, which change from one season to the next, La Garrotxa is pleasant to visit. It is a territory of high mountains, calm and great beauty. Be sure to visit the picturesque villages of Oix and Beuda. The area is part of the Natura 2000 network, a European initiative to protect unique natural sites.
Peralada Castle
The region of Peralada, in the Alt Empordà, is renowned for its centuries-old wine-growing traditions and quality wines. In the heart of this wine-growing region stands a medieval castle, a master's property, surrounded by a beautiful park. The former Carmelite convent, built in the 14th century, houses a museum and a well-stocked library, including over a thousand editions of Don Quijote de la Mancha.
>>> Discover our luxury villas in Bégur


text:
List Of Science Fiction And Fantasy Publishers Looking
#list
A majority of the members of Congress signed the brief authored by Stephen Halbrook advising that the case be affirmed overturning the ban on handguns not otherwise restricted by Congress. Vice President Dick Cheney joined in this brief, acting in his role as President of the United States Senate, and breaking with the George W.
In later years Pusey lived on a farm in Dickerson, Maryland. He was a member of the American Political Science Association, the Cosmos Club, and the National Press Club. After publishing Ripples of Intuition, a book of poetry in 1984, he died of cancer in 1985.
Union des Francophones. The Union of Francophones (, UF) is a Belgian electoral list which participates in regional, provincial and municipal elections in the Flemish Province of Flemish Brabant. In the 1980s the Groupement des francophones de la Périphérie (GFP) was created, grouping French-speaking elected officials from the Flemish communes of the Brabant province.
Bionic Woman (2007 TV series) Bionic Woman is an American science fiction television drama that aired in 2007, which was created by David Eick, under NBC Universal Television Group, GEP Productions, and David Eick Productions.
Nonetheless, contemporary sources described the Bates organ as 'ugly-looking' and as occupying the whole north transept. Funds were sought to provide a case and pipe decoration, but Alexander Morden Bennett desired an instrument more worthy of the church and attention quickly turned to the idea of a new organ.
Hooper was assistant to the chief registrar of John Lewis Partnership between 1960–961 and editor in current law of Sweet & Maxwell, Law Publishers between 1961–62. From 1962–67, she was information officer, to the Winchester City Council and from 1967–72, assistant solicitor with Taylor and Humbert.
Fantasy Wars. Fantasy Wars (; formerly Mythic Wars ) is a fantasy turn-based tactical video game developed by Ino-Co and published by 1C Company. The game was released through GamersGate on October 2, 2007.
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Architects and roof designers choose copper roofing for its timeless elegance and durability.
The S-5-B ("B" for "Brass") allows architects to maintain that theme with all equipment and accessories that must be mounted to the roof with permanence and durability consistent with the roof itself. This clamp is specifically designed for double-folded copper standing seam panelling and batten profiles. Installation is as simple as placing the clamp on the seam and tightening the patented round-point setscrews to the specified tension. Then, affix ancillary items using the bolt provided.


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title: "Patrick Ryan"
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keywords: "Patrick Ryan,CU,Boulder"
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#### TEACHING INFORMATION

**College**: College of Engineering and Applied Science

**Classes taught**: TLEN 5190, TLEN 5210, TLEN 5600

#### TLEN 5190: STANDIZATION/STAND WARS

**Terms taught**: Spring 2007

**Instructor rating**: 5.0

**Standard deviation in instructor rating**: 0.0

**Average grade** (4.0 scale): 3.64

**Standard deviation in grades** (4.0 scale): 0.0

**Average workload** (raw): 3.57

**Standard deviation in workload** (raw): 0.0

#### TLEN 5210: Principles of Telecommunications Policy

**Terms taught**: Spring 2011

**Instructor rating**: 0.0

**Standard deviation in instructor rating**: 0.0

**Average grade** (4.0 scale): 3.83

**Standard deviation in grades** (4.0 scale): 0.0

**Average workload** (raw): 0.0

**Standard deviation in workload** (raw): 0.0

#### TLEN 5600: TELECOM SEMINAR

**Terms taught**: Fall 2006, Spring 2007, Fall 2007

**Instructor rating**: 4.35

**Standard deviation in instructor rating**: 0.13

**Average grade** (4.0 scale): 3.54

**Standard deviation in grades** (4.0 scale): 0.21

**Average workload** (raw): 2.01

**Standard deviation in workload** (raw): 0.1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


To supply our customer with suitable and economical ventilation equipment for this multi-storey apartment development. The job included everything from the small individual kitchen and bathroom extraction units, to the outside air fans for the air conditioning through to the carpark extraction system.
We looked at this project and compiled suitable products and lead times to suit the client's needs and requirements. We supplied a complete package of high quality, economical ventilation equipment to suit these requirements on time and budget.
We saved our client time and money by providing the best products for each of the specific needs. Our ventilation products and systems for these apartments were installed on or under budget and with minimal work and stress for our client.


text:
Ft McMurray's HomepageWorldSuper Tuesday: 5 things to watch for in the U.S. races
Super Tuesday: 5 things to watch for in the U.S. races
Super Tuesday, the most anticipated day of the U.S. primary season, has arrived.
A dozen states and one territory hold their primaries and caucuses today, with hundreds of delegates at stake. Whoever gets the most delegates wins the nomination, so Super Tuesday is super important.
Here are five things to watch on the big day:
1. Who comes second?
Donald Trump is heading into Super Tuesday in a comfortable position and is poised to emerge with an even stronger frontrunner title for the Republicans. Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio are fighting to be the anti-Trump alternative and both are counting on Super Tuesday for at least a win or two and some second-place finishes in order to claim that title.
After Rubio went on the attack against Trump for the first time in last week's debate, he hasn't let up on the campaign trail and the war of words between him and Trump has dominated headlines.
Republican presidential candidate, Sen. Marco Rubio, campaigning in Virginia on Sunday, has gone on the attack against Donald Trump in recent days. (Don Petersen/Roanoke Times/Associated Press)
Whether his new campaign strategy pays off on Tuesday will be something to watch. Rubio is looking for a strong performance on Super Tuesday to generate momentum ahead of the March 15 primary in his home state of Florida.
Cruz is also counting on Super Tuesday to catch up to Trump in the delegate count, to knock down Rubio and to change the narrative so the story is about him and Trump — not Rubio and Trump.
2. Ted Cruz's Texas is at stake
The Lone Star state is critical on Tuesday. It has the most Republican delegates up for grabs by far (155) and it's Cruz's home state. Cruz hasn't had a win since Iowa and he needs a victory in Texas, not only to avoid embarrassment but to secure the delegates. If he loses to Trump in his own backyard, he will have a hard time convincing Republicans that he should be the alternative, anti-Trump candidate over Rubio.
Cruz landed the endorsement of Texas Gov. Greg Abbott and former governor Rick Perry, who was in the race initially and dropped out early. Those were important endorsements. But polls have indicated that Trump is making it a competitive race in Texas and he would love to beat Cruz on his home turf. Texas is a must-win for Cruz.
3. How badly will Clinton beat Sanders?
Super Tuesday could be a tough day for Bernie Sanders. Hillary Clinton, fresh off a blowout victory in South Carolina on Saturday, is favoured to win a majority of the states. She has double-digit leads in polls in states like Virginia, Arkansas (where Bill Clinton was governor) and Texas.
Supporters of Democratic presidential candidate Sen. Bernie Sanders cheer at a rally in Colorado on Sunday, Feb. 28, 2016. Colorado is one of the states where Sanders has a chance to win over Hillary Clinton. (Jacquelyn Martin/Associated Press)
Sanders can count on one win for sure — his home state of Vermont — and there are four other states where he has cut into Clinton's support and the races could be tight: Colorado, Massachusetts, Minnesota and Oklahoma are the ones to watch for a Sanders surge.
Even if Sanders doesn't win those states, finishing close to Clinton could still give him some momentum — and likely some money. His fundraising could get a boost, like it did when he won the New Hampshire primary. Strong performances will also give him some delegates but if Clinton meets expectations on Super Tuesday and wins most of the states, her overall count will be difficult for Sanders to match.
Several of the states voting Tuesday have large black populations and Clinton gets their support over Sanders, as South Carolina clearly showed. That voting group's continued support will be a factor in her wins Tuesday.
4. Evangelical voter support
Several of the Super Tuesday states are in the south and have large populations of evangelical Christian voters. Who wins them is something to watch. Their support is a factor in states like Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee and Arkansas.
Cruz and Rubio are the more natural fits for evangelical Republican voters but Trump is getting surprising support. Virginia, which votes Tuesday, is home to two influential Christian colleges, including Liberty University, founded by the late televangelist Jerry Falwell. Its current president, Falwell's son Jerry Jr., endorsed Trump, which gave him credibility among evangelicals across the country.
Cruz counted on evangelical support to help him win Iowa, but didn't get it in South Carolina. Trump did. Cruz's campaign strategy has banked heavily on getting evangelical support in the southern states on Tuesday. Where these voters put their support will be telling.
A supporter of Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump holds a sign at a rally in Arkansas on Feb. 27, 2016. Trump is getting solid support from evangelical Christian voters. (John Bazemore/Associated Press)
5. Kasich and Carson still hanging in
Ohio Gov. John Kasich predicted Monday that Trump will sweep Super Tuesday. He's not expecting to pull off any upset wins but is trying to stay viable. Kasich will weather the Super Tuesday storm and his focus is on Michigan, which votes March 8, and then his home state on March 15. Kasich could pull some support away from Rubio and Cruz on Tuesday in states like Massachusetts, eating into their delegate count.
Ben Carson, despite finishing at the bottom of the pack in all of the early-voting states so far is vowing to stay in the race, regardless of what happens on Super Tuesday. But with a poor showing expected, it will be increasingly hard for Carson to justify sticking around.
Source:: http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/super-tuesday-5-things-to-know-1.3469255?cmp=rss


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22nd September 2016 30th December 2018 Brian
De Palma isn't a documentary so much, it's more of a cheerful stroll down memory lane – a reminiscence by its central figure. There's no real conflict or opposing viewpoint, as the film involves Brian De Palma sitting, and talking to camera, punctuated with appropriate clips and images. And to be fair to it, there's nothing wrong with that. Directors Noah Baumbach and Jake Paltrow are old friends of the director and just wanted to get him talking on the record.
As a raconteur Brian De Palma is a personable presence, and this chronological look at his entire filmography is entertainingly candid. He doesn't shy away from explaining why something didn't work, or why the remakes of his most famous films (Carrie in particular) are so awful. He has a thick skin and with as many critical brickbats to his name as plaudits it seems necessary to keep bothering to make movies. He is from a generation of directors that includes Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese and George Lucas, people it is often forgotten who were experimental independent film-makers when they first started out. De Palma was cut from the same cloth of filmmaker, and indeed of all of them is the one who still holds on to that independent status more than others. He has had some critical and financial hits over the years, namely The Untouchables, Carrie, Scarface and Mission: Impossible, but running through his career has been a dogged desire to keep making movies, trying new techniques. And to keep making movies despite the fact that the money men and banks were now in charge.
What's interesting in a movie which essentially has one viewpoint is De Palma's preparedness to talk about accusations against him. It's often said that he relies too much on Alfred Hitchcock's techniques in his storytelling, and he discusses this with great openness, as well as the accusations of misogyny (lots of his thrillers involve naked or near naked women coming to a nasty end). He acknowledges his debt to Hitchcock because Hitch knew what he was doing, and frames the exploitative schlocky horror of his earlier work in the context of the time they were made. Basically -they seemed like a good idea at the time. The way he holds his hands up to it is kind of refreshing, if not a desperately satisfying answer.
Brian De Palma has made some great films, and he's also made some pretty bad ones too, and as such this two hour look at his work is never not interesting. He doesn't shy away from the stuff which failed and there is something peculiarly fascinating in watching someone laugh about his previous work. He has made an astonishing amount of work over the years, and it's likely that this will send you to his back catalogue with more appreciative eyes.
De Palma is out in cinemas on Friday 23rd September, and for fans of films and film-making in particular, it is a fascinating and unexpectedly funny watch.
Cinema review, Reviews Blood Sisters, Blow Out, Body Double, Brian De Palma, Bruce Springsteen: Dancing in the Dark, Carlito's Way, Carrie, Casualties of War, Dionysus in '69, Dressed to Kill, Femme Fatale, Francis Ford Coppola, George Lucas, Get to Know Your Rabbit, Greetings, Hi, Home Movies, Jake Paltrow, Martin Scorsese, Mission to Mars, Mission: Impossible, Mom!, Murder à la Mod, Noah Baumbach, Obsession, Passion, Phantom of the Paradise, Raising Cain, Redacted, Scarface, Snake Eyes, The Black Dahlia, The Bonfire of the Vanities, The Fury, The Untouchables, The Wedding Party, Wise Guys permalink


text:
Le province della Corea del Nord costituiscono la prima suddivisione territoriale del paese. Esse si affiancano alle città speciali e alle regioni speciali come primo livello di suddivisione del paese. Esistono nove province. Tali province discendono dalle province della Corea risalenti al 1895, durante il regno di Gojon. Inoltre ciascuna di queste province appartiene a una delle storiche regioni della Corea, senza valore amministrativo. Tale sistema è in rimasto in vigore anche in Corea del Sud, tanto che alcune regioni sono divise tra i due stati.

Lista delle province

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
FEEL BETTER IN 4 MINUTES OR LESS
info@metroexpresscarwash.com
Wash Services
Metro Express Lube
Our family has been in the business of washing cars and helping our guests feel good while protecting their investment for over 50 years. Since our founder started, beginning in 1969, we have continually tried to find new and better ways to provide quick, efficient service and a great VALUE PROPOSITION for our guests.
Our success can be attributed to our fantastic associates and operating partners. Our family has built and operated car washes in California, Arizona, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, Idaho, Washington and Montana. Serving our guests at our car washes is our passion.
Metro Express has been a leader in the car washing industry for many years because we listen to our customers. We are continually innovating and refining our wash because we believe that it's important to be a role model in the car washing industry. We're grateful for our loyal customers and rely on their "word of mouth" recommendations that have kept our business growing. We're committed to giving you not just a car wash, but a delightful car washing experience.
We led the International Car Wash Association to adopt Associate Training programs for car wash staff.
Our founder has been inducted into The Car Wash Hall of Fame.
Metro was historically one of the first car washes to offer a touchless option for our customers, and we've been a pioneer in improving wash efficiency.
We were among the first car washes to offer free vacuums.
We were one of the earliest adopters of health coverage and retirement benefits for all our associates.
We've been awarded by the city of meridian for our environmentally-friendly wash process.
Our Mission is Simple: Give your car the attention to detail of a hand wash, with the low price and efficiency of an automated wash.
We think the communities we serve are just swell. Visit our Community & Fundraising page to find out more about how we get involved!
Metro Express utilizes environmentally friendly water systems and gentle washing solutions. Visit our Environment & Innovation page to learn more about our cutting-edge technology and water-saving systems.
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