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P&H HC | Reservations to be applied at final stage of selection
Punjab and Haryana High Court: Amit Rawal. J. dismissed the writ petition where the language of the advertisement clearly indicated the instruction for the selection.
A petition was made to quash the result of the Ex-Serviceman under BCA Category and Ex-Serviceman category as the same were not in accordance with instructions.
Sachin Jain and Naman Jain, Counsels for the petitioner submitted that the petitioner was retired from the Indian Army under Short Service Commission and had a disability of 20 percent and belonged to OBC (Non-Creamy Layer). An advertisement was made by HPSC for recruitment of the Ex-Serviceman and preferences were given to disabled Ex-serviceman having disability between 20 percent to 50 percent. The petitioner applied for the same post with all the requisite documents. The petitioner has been sanguine of selection was flabbergasted noticing the result that he was not selected. An Ex-serviceman suffering from a disability between 20% to 50% was to be given preference against dependents of those killed/disabled beyond 50% and thereafter, other Ex-servicemen can be considered for appointment.
Kanwal Goyal, counsel for the HPSC submitted that the decision of HPSC for not shortlisting the names of the petitioner in the written examination was correct as marks secured in the preliminary exam was less than cut off marks. It was also submitted that the reservation was to be applied at the time of final selection and not prior to that and thus urged for the dismissal of the writ petition.
The court opined that the language of instructions reveals that reservation to be applied for recruitment not to be made through competitive examination. Preliminary examination is not a competitive examination and thus the contention of the petitioner that violation of non-application of reservation at the time of preliminary examinations failed and the writ petition was dismissed. [Deepak Vaishnav v. HPSC, CWP No. 16637 of 2019 (O&M), decided on 01-08-2019]
Published on August 9, 2019 August 9, 2019 By Devika
Leave a comment705 views
P&H HC | Courts not to interfere in decision taken by Recruitment board when qualification clearly prescribed in advertisement
Punjab and Haryana High Court: Ranjan Gupta, J. dismissed the writ petition on the ground that petitioners do not possess the requisite qualification as prescribed by the Recruitment Board.
The facts of the case were that the respondent-department issued an advertisement for recruitment of Intelligence Assistant in the rank of constable in the Intelligence Wing of Punjab Police. Prescribed physical standards and the selection process was thereafter issued. A petitioner, being eligible for the post was called for the physical test and admit card was also issued. Thereafter, the petitioner received the information that his candidature was not accepted as he was found not eligible. Thereafter he appeared before the Recruitment board in order to represent but no action had been taken thereon. Thus, this petition.
H.S. Saini, Counsel for the state submits that the petitioner does not possess the necessary qualification as per the advertisement and thus prayed for the dismissal of the present petition.
The court observed that a candidate should be a graduate from a recognized University or Institution and should also possess an 'O' Level Certificate of Information Technology from Department of Electronics Accreditation of Computer Course (DOEACC) or National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) or its equivalent institution recognized by Government of India or any State Government. The selection board found that qualification possessed by the petitioner was not equivalent to that prescribed in the advertisement. The court thus held that "the emphasis in the advertisement is on "equivalent institution" recognized by Government of India or any State Government. None of the petitioners claim to have a qualification from such "equivalent institution". Thus the petition was dismissed. [R.K. Harshvir Singh v. State of Punjab, 2019 SCC OnLine P&H 791, decided on 06-06-2019]
Published on June 17, 2019 June 19, 2019 By Devika
Pat HC | Writ not to be accorded by Court on basis of hypothetical situation or probability as canvassed by petitioner
Patna High Court: Mohit Kumar Shah, J. entertained a writ petition which sought relief against Bihar Public Service Commission to re-advertise by the way of corrigendum for the post of Dental Doctor and to be allowed to participate in the selection process.
The petitioner prayed for declaring the advertisement of 2015 issued by the Commission contrary to the Reservation Rules, 1991. The petitioner contended that she completed BDS course in 2016. It was stated that 617 posts in dental services were created by a notification of 2013, thus total sanctioned strength in the dental services became 700, out of which a few were earmarked for promotions and a few were already occupied, leaving 558 posts vacant. The Government of Bihar, enacted the Bihar Dentist Service Rule, 2014 for regulating appointments and service conditions in the dentist service. The commission issued an advertisement of 2015, for respective vacant posts and applications were invited from the eligible candidates. Further, it was stated that only 16 posts were earmarked for the backward class female.
The learned counsel for the petitioner, Kripa Nand Jha, submitted that the eligibility criteria in the advertisement of 2015 was BDS degree from a recognized University and should had been registered under the Bihar and Orissa Medical Act, 1916. The counsel brought to the notice of Court that since all the vacant posts were advertised and the last date of submission of the form was in 2015, the petitioner who received his degree in 2016, and similar aggrieved students would be precluded from obtaining employment for years to come.
The learned counsel for the respondent Commission, Zaki Haider, submitted that upon a requisition sent by the Department of Health, the Commission has published the advertisement for appointment as the post of basic grade Dental Surgeon under the Department of Health, Government of Bihar. He referred to the requisition sent by the Government in 2015, it had been submitted that the roster clearance was obtained from the General Administration Department and only thereafter, the vacancies were advertised, category wise. He further submitted that earlier also the Bihar Dentist Rules, 2014, issued vide notification in 2014, which was challenged before the High Court and the learned Division Bench of Court had dismissed the said writ petition.
It was contended by the other respondents, that proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution of India, conferred the powers to said State and specifically stated that as far as the prayer of the petitioner regarding issuance of a direction upon the respondents to re-advertise the post of Dental Surgeon and 35% horizontal reservation to the female candidates was permitted. They further contend that the petition was misconceived and bereft of any merit as to the aforesaid notification of the Department of 2016, and was not effective retrospectively. The requisitions were made by the Health Department and, accordingly, the Commission had issued the advertisement taking into consideration the rules of reservation i.e. the Bihar Reservation for Vacancies in posts and Services for Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Classes Act, 1991.
The Court observed that, all adverting to the issue of applicability of the notification issued by the Department, admittedly the same is not applicable retrospectively and moreover, the roster clearance has been taken by the Health Department from the General Administration Department after which requisition was sent and thereafter, the advertisement has been published immediately in 2015, in pursuance to the Bihar Dental Service Rules, 2014. Hence, the Court held that the said notification of the General Administration Department in 2016 cannot be applied for the recruitment process under consideration in the present writ petition. The contention of the petitioner regarding the Rules, 1991 being contrary to the advertisement of 2015 was also declared void. The Court noted submission made by the learned counsel for the petitioner to the effect that since the petitioner passed in the year 2016 and the advertisement had been issued in 2015, the petitioner was pre-empted from applying for the post of Dental Doctor in the Health Services of the Government of Bihar, and rejected the same as the petitioner was not eligible to apply in pursuance to the advertisement of 2015, hence she had no locus standi to challenge the eligibility conditions. Hence, the petition was dismissed.[Pragya v. State of Bihar, 2019 SCC OnLine Pat 689, decided on 17-05-2019]
Published on May 24, 2019 May 27, 2019 By Devika
J&K HC | Court cannot direct appointment when Govt. has cancelled the advertisement for engagement
Jammu and Kashmir High Court: Ali Mohammad Magrey, J. dismissed a Writ Petition on the basis of formal closure of 'Rehbar-e-Taleem Teachers' (ReT) scheme by Government's order.
A writ petition was filed by the petitioner requesting the High Court to issue a Writ of Mandamus commanding the respondents to select the petitioner and appoint him on the basis of merit eligibility against the post of ReT in a newly opened school. Respondent 7, who was placed at Serial 1, got less percentage than the petitioner, who was placed at Serial 3, and also her certificate was not certified by the University Grant Commission. The petitioner raised an objection to that.
The learned senior Additional Advocate General, entering on the behalf of the respondents, submitted that the government has formally sanctioned the closure of the ReT scheme vide Government Order No. 919-Edu of 2018, and therefore no indefeasible right has accrued to the petitioner claiming her appointment.
The Court held that since the government had formally withdrawn the appointment under ReT scheme, the Court could not direct the respondent to appoint the petitioner against a non-existing position. The Court was of the view that when the Government had taken a policy decision canceling all the advertisements for engagement of ReT, the Court could not direct appointment against such post.
Hence, the writ petition was held to be devoid of any merit and dismissed in limine. However, the petitioner was granted liberty to challenge the Government Order No. 919-Edu of 2018.[Rayees Qadir Padder v. State of J&K, 2019 SCC OnLine J&K 418, decided on 07-05-2019]
Case BriefsSupreme Court
Courts can't do interpretive rewriting of the advertisement thereby changing the conditions of eligibility
Supreme Court: Stating that the essential qualifications for appointment to a post are for the employer to decide, the bench of Arun Mishra and Navin Sinha, JJ said,
"The court cannot lay down the conditions of eligibility, much less can it delve into the issue with regard to desirable qualifications being at par with the essential eligibility by an interpretive rewriting of the advertisement. Questions of equivalence will also fall outside the domain of judicial review."
The Court further held that if the language of the advertisement and the rules are clear, the Court cannot sit in judgment over the same. If there is an ambiguity in the advertisement or it is contrary to any rules or law the matter has to go back to the appointing authority after appropriate orders, to proceed in accordance with law.
"In no case can the Court, in the garb of judicial review, sit in the chair of the appointing authority to decide what is best for the employer and interpret the conditions of the advertisement contrary to the plain language of the same."
The Court was hearing the appeal filed against the order of the High Court holding that candidates possessing the requisite years of experience in research and development of drugs and testing of the same, are also eligible to be considered for appointment to the post of Assistant Commissioner (Drugs) and Drug Inspectors under separate advertisements dated 04.01.2012 and 31.03.2015.
It was submitted before the Court that the academic qualifications coupled with the requisite years of practical experience in the manufacturing and testing of drugs were essential qualifications for appointment. Research experience in a research and development laboratory was a desirable qualification which may have entitled such a person to a preference only. The latter experience could not be equated with and considered to be at par with the essential eligibility to be considered for appointment. It was argued that the High Court erred in misreading the advertisement to redefine the desirable qualification as an essential qualification by itself.
The Court said that the plain reading of the advertisement provides that a degree in Pharmacy or Pharmaceutical Chemistry or in medicine with specialization in Clinical Pharmacology or Microbiology from a University coupled with the requisite years of experience thereafter in manufacturing or testing of drugs were essential qualifications. Preference could be given to those possessing the additional desirable qualification of research experience in the synthesis and testing of drugs in a research laboratory.
The Court also said that
"an expert committee may have been constituted and which examined the documents before calling the candidates for interview cannot operate as an estoppel against the clear terms of the advertisement to render an ineligible candidate eligible for appointment."
[Maharashtra Public Service Commission v. Sandeep Shriram Warade, 2019 SCC OnLine SC 652, decided on 03.05.2019]
Published on May 4, 2019 May 17, 2019 By Prachi Bhardwaj
Ker HC | Political parties directed to use only eco-friendly material for election campaigns – not to use PVC flex boards and other non-bio-degradable material
Kerala High Court: The Division Bench of Hrishikesh Roy and A.K. Jayasankaran Nambiar, JJ. allowed a civil writ petition praying for a direction to use only eco-friendly materials for the purpose of advertisement during the ongoing election campaign in Kerala.
The instant PIL was filed seeking prohibition on the usage of Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) flex boards in the upcoming Lok Sabha elections, by political parties/ candidates. Submission of learned counsel Mr M.Kannan, appearing for the petitioner, was that PVC is a major pollutant and its use for flex boards would negate the Environment (Protection) Act 1986, Plastic Waste Management Rotes, 2016, and also the rights of citizens to a clean and safe environment under Articles 21 and 48-A of the Constitution of India.
Learned counsel Mr Murali Purushothaman representing the Election Commission of India produced a copy of communication dated 26-02-2019, whereby all recognised National/State political parties were directed to make the forthcoming election eco-friendly, and opt for the elimination of single-use plastic materials in the election campaign.
The Court took note of submissions on behalf of both the counsels and also noted that this Court, in a separate proceeding, had issued direction for removal of unauthorised PVC flex boards within the limits of various local authorities in the State. In view thereof, the Court directed all candidates and National/State political parties to strictly adhere to the guidelines of the Election Commission and not use PVC flex boards and other such non-bio-degradable material during the election campaign.[B.S. Syamkumar v. State of Kerala, WP(C) No 7193 of 2019 (S), Order dated 11-03-2019]
Published on March 16, 2019 March 16, 2019 By Devika
Bombay HC explains law regarding disparagment through TV commercials while deciding dispute between Kwality Walls and Amul
Bombay High Court: The Division Bench comprising of B.R. Gavai and Riyaz I. Chagla, JJ. partly allowed an appeal filed against the judgment allowing notice of motion restraining appellant from inter alia (i) telecasting or broadcasting or otherwise howsoever communicating to the public or publishing two Television Commercials (impugned TVCs) or any part thereof or any other advertisement of a similar nature in any language or in any manner causing the impugned TVCs or any part thereof or any other advertisement of a similar nature to be telecast or broadcast or communicated to the public or published in any manner and (ii) disparaging or denigrating the plaintiff's KWALITY WALL'S products or the plaintiff's business in any manner whatsoever.
Factual matrix of the case states that, plaintiff-Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) are one of India's well-known and reputed company in the FMCG sector. Plaintiff states that "KWALITY" has been a well recognised brand in India, having been in the market for over 70 years and was acquired by the plaintiff before entering into the business of ice creams and desserts in India and KWALITY has been used along with plaintiff's own global brand WALL'S as KWALITY WALL'S.
"KWALITY" enjoys a special status in the eye of public being a very popular trade mark.
Plaintiff's state that the two impugned Television Commercials (TVCs) advertised by defendant 1 and 2 had an effect of disparaging the frozen desserts, majority of which are manufactured and marketed by the plaintiff. In the said TVCs, it is shown that the product of Defendant 1 is manufactured by using 100% milk whereas frozen desserts are manufactured by using Vanaspati. The point of concern placed by the plaintiff is that Vanaspati is considered to be having bad effects on the health of the consumers and plaintiff is not using Vanaspati, in fact it uses edible vegetable oil in its products. Further, the plaintiff has stated that as far as frozen desserts are concerned, they contain a small amount of edible vegetable oil. However, the impugned TVCs depict that frozen desserts contain 100% Vanaspati oil. The said TVCs are not permissible in law.
Defendants stand:
According to the defendants, the advertisements did not show product of the plaintiff, however only a comparison between the product of the defendants and the frozen desserts. The contention of the defendants was that at least 30% of the manufacturers of the frozen desserts use Vanaspati.
Learned Single Judge's decision:
It had granted an order of injunction, due to which the aggrieved filed the present appeal.
Detailed contentions of the parties:
Learned Counsel Mr Kadam on behalf of Appellant/Defendant 1 stated that as far as the first TVC was concerned, the word used by the defendants was 'Vanaspati', and since plaintiff had an objection to use the word 'Vanaspati', the same was omitted in subsequent advertisement with the word 'Vanaspati tel' meaning 'edible vegetable oil'.
Perusal of the complaint made by the plaintiff to ASCI i.e. Advertisement Standard Council of India would show that the objectionable word for them was 'Vanaspati'. Therefore, it was submitted that defendants omitted the word 'Vanaspati' and substituted the same with 'Vanaspati tel', which is in fact used by the plaintiff in its product, the grievance could not survive. To determine whether a particular TVC disparages the product, Court needs to apply the "test of an ordinary person with reasonable intelligence", but the procedure adopted by learned Single Judge was not permissible in law.
"While considering the advertisement, rival is not expected to be hypersensitive to the advertisement."
Injunction passed also bars the appellant from even airing similar advertisement without defining the scope thereof. At the most, injunction passed should have been in respect of the TVCs which were impugned in the suit. It has been stated that the learned Single Judge has gone far ahead and granted injunction in the widest possible terms.
Counsel for the respondent Mr Chinoy stated that if TVCs are seen in its entirety, the impression that the ordinary person with reasonable intelligence would get is that, the product of the appellant is manufactured by using only milk whereas, frozen dessert, in which market, the Respondent 1/plaintiff holds majority shares, is manufactured by using 'Vanaspati'. Further, it was stated that, "Insofar as puffing up of the product of the appellant is concerned, nobody could have objection, even if an untrue statement is made. However, the advertisement carrying the message which disparages the product of the competitors, would not be permissible in law."
The present appeal is an appeal against the grant of injunction in favour of the plaintiff.
Decision of the High Court in the instant matter with in-depth analysis on the aspect of 'disparagement':
The bench stated that first impression upon seeing the advertisement one would get is that the product of the appellant, ice cream is manufactured by using 100% milk, whereas frozen desserts are manufactured by using 100% Vanaspati or Vanaspati tel.
"For deciding the question of disparagement, Court will have to take into consideration intent of the commercial, manner of the commercial and storyline of the commercial and the message sought to be conveyed by the commercial."
Further, it was noted that it is clear on perusal of the TVCs that the manner in which the advertisement is aired, message that is sought to be given is that the frozen desserts are manufactured by using only Vanaspati tel which is harmful for the health. Therefore, the appellant cannot be permitted to air the advertisement which disparages the product of its competitors.
"While hyped-up advertising may be permissible, it cannot transgress the grey areas of permissible assertion, and if it does so, the advertiser must have reasonable factual basis for the assertion so made."
Bench opined that the view taken by the learned single judge bench stating the TVCs to be disparaging in nature requires no interference. Though blanket injunction is not required as the entire TVC is not of objectionable nature. The appeal was thus partly allowed. [Gujarat Co-Operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. v. Hindustan Unilever Ltd., 2018 SCC OnLine Bom 7265, decided on 13-12-2018]
Published on December 31, 2018 January 2, 2019 By Devika
Question of compassionate appointment does not arise when a family member already working in a corporation
Patna High Court: A Single Judge Bench comprising of Shivaji Pandey, J. dismissed a petition as the denial of compassionate appointment was justified on the part of the respondents.
The petitioners challenged an order wherein their services were terminated on the ground that their family members were already in service when they were appointed on compassionate ground. It was contended by their counsel Md. Shahnawaz Ali that one of the family members shall be given the benefit of compassionate appointment when the only bread earner of the family dies.
The Court placed reliance on the fact that when the family members of the petitioners were working in the Corporation, the question of their appointment on compassionate appointment does not arise and thus termination of the petitioners was not erred on the part of the respondents.
Accordingly, the petition was dismissed but if an advertisement was published in future, the respondents shall be at liberty to consider the case of the petitioners on sympathetic grounds. [Pradeep Kumar Ram v. State of Bihar, 2018 SCC OnLine Pat 2268, decided on 21-12-2018]
Published on December 26, 2018 December 27, 2018 By Devika
1 Comment929 views
Candidates appearing for an exam cannot be allowed to question the terms and conditions of the advertisement at a later stage
Jammu & Kashmir High Court: A Single Judge Bench of Sanjeev Kumar, J., dismissed a writ petition whereby the petitioners assailed the order of selection of medical officers, which was passed by the respondent authorities.
The main issue that arose before the Court was whether the order passed by the respondent authorities was good in law.
The Court observed that the petitioners had applied for the post of medical officers but couldn't qualify, however, it is pertinent to mention that the petitioners had read the advertisement and after accepting all the terms and conditions therein, applied for the position of medical officer. It was specifically mentioned in the advertisement itself that the total no. of seats for general candidates was 14 out of 30, however, the petitioners did not raise any objection at the time of applying for the said posts. The petitioners challenged the advertisement and order of selection only after they could not qualify for the said posts. They participated in the selection process with their eyes wide open and took chance in the selection. The Court referred to the Supreme Court judgment of Ashok Kumar v. State of Bihar, (2017) 4 SCC 357 wherein it was held that those candidates who had taken part in the selection process knowing fully well the procedure laid down therein were not entitled to question the same.
The Court held that the petitioners had participated in the process of recruitment after reading the terms and conditions of the advertisement and hence they cannot be allowed to challenge the advertisement at a later stage. Accordingly, the petition was dismissed by the Court. [Sheetal Sharma v. State of J&K,2018 SCC OnLine J&K 707, decided on 05-10-2018]
Published on October 12, 2018 October 16, 2018 By Devika
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Home Technology News
"Acoustic Tweezers" Use Sound Waves to Control Items
TOPICS:BiochemistryBiomedical EngineeringHealthInside Science News ServicePenn State UniversityPopular
By Charles Q. Choi, Inside Science News Service June 26, 2012
A schematic showing how the acoustic tweezers work. The interlocking golden combs represent the acoustic tweezers. These devices generate surface acoustic waves represented by the blue ripples. Image credit: Xiaoyun Ding, Sz-Chin Steven Lin, Stephen J. Benkovic, Tony Jun Huang
Scientists have developed "acoustic tweezers" that use sound waves to control items regardless of their optical, electrical or magnetic properties, making them noninvasive and very versatile.
(ISNS) — By using sound waves to push and pull matter like science fiction tractor beams, scientists have developed "acoustic tweezers" that can manipulate blood cells and microscopic worms on a platform the size of a dime. The dexterous control this device could give researchers tinkering with organisms in microchip-sized laboratories could potentially lead to a wide range of medical insights, the inventors proposed.
Scientists are miniaturizing beakers, eyedroppers and other scientific implements to fit in labs-on-chips with the aim of running thousands of experiments at the same time, which could help find life-saving cures more quickly. Researchers would like to grasp items within such miniature labs with as much dexterity as they have in their hands, and to a certain extent they can do so with so-called "optical tweezers," which use laser beams to hold and move objects.
The problem with optical tweezers is that lasers can burn organisms, and in any case are expensive, bulky and difficult to operate. Alternatives to optical tweezers each have their own drawbacks as well — for instance, magnetic tweezers require targets covered in magnetic materials, which can damage cells.
Now scientists reveal acoustic tweezers can use sound waves to control items regardless of their optical, electrical or magnetic properties, making them more versatile than their counterparts.
"The manipulation is achieved in a touchless way, like being controlled by a virtual hand," said researcher Tony Jun Huang, a bioengineer at Pennsylvania State University.
The acoustic waves are generated using electrodes made of gold that resemble combs with tines 25-50 micrometers — or millionths of a meter — wide. These were deposited on crystals of lithium niobate, a material that converts electricity into vibrations. The design of the electrodes enables them to produce a range of sound frequencies with the crystals.
The sound generators were positioned around a square chip of silicone rubber measuring 2.5 millimeters on each side. By carefully tuning what frequencies they used, the scientists could force items around within the area where the acoustic waves overlapped.
In experiments, the researchers could move micrometer- to millimeter-scale objects, including plastic beads, cow blood cells, and even whole animals, such as the millimeter-long worm Caenorhabditis elegans — trapping it still, moving it to and fro, and even stretching it out.
"It totally blew me away that they could trap a whole organism like C. elegans," said biomedical engineer Eric Pei-Yu Chiou at the University of California, Los Angeles, who did not take part in this research. "I don't see any other technology able of doing that in such a biocompatible way."
Compared with optical tweezers, acoustic tweezers can get integrated onto chips without any expensive and bulky laser or optical components. They can also in principle manipulate up to tens of thousands of objects simultaneously, a challenging task for optical tweezers. In addition, they are significantly safer to live organisms because the power density brought to bear on targets is 10 million times lower.
"The acoustic tweezers are as noninvasive as many low-power ultrasonic technologies," Huang said. He added that ultrasound imaging, used on pregnant women, is one example.
Acoustic tweezers could help researchers see how cells respond to changing environments by moving them from one setting to another, and the ability to see how cells change and respond to physical pressure could also shed light on the activity of vital tissues such as heart muscle and blood vessels.
"This could, for instance, help show how cells respond to a series of pharmaceutical treatments, or to pulses of a drug as opposed to a continuous gradient," said researcher Stephen Benkovic, a biochemist at Pennsylvania State University. "We could learn more about high blood pressure or muscles under tension this way.".
One advantage that optical tweezers have is that they are currently capable of controlling smaller items than acoustic tweezers, down to a few nanometers or billionths of a meter in size. The researchers expect they might be able to reach such fine levels of manipulation with acoustic tweezers by using higher-frequency acoustic waves, "although we have to be very careful, since higher frequencies could damage cells," Huang said.
The scientists detailed their findings online June 25 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Image: Xiaoyun Ding, Sz-Chin Steven Lin, Stephen J. Benkovic, Tony Jun Huang
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Advice on refactoring Scala - can I eliminate vars that are being used in foreach loops Looking for some advice on how I can refactor some Scala code to make it more elegant, more idiomatic Scala.
I have a function
def joinDataFramesOnColumns(joinColumns: Seq[String]) : org.apache.spark.sql.DataFrame

that operates upon a Seq[org.apache.spark.sql.DataFrame] by joining them together on joinColumns. Here is the function definition:
implicit class SequenceOfDataFrames(dataFrames: Seq[DataFrame]){
    def joinDataFramesOnColumns(joinColumns: Seq[String]) : DataFrame = {
      val emptyDataFrame = SparkSession.builder().getOrCreate().emptyDataFrame
      val nonEmptyDataFrames = dataFrames.filter(_ != emptyDataFrame)
      if (nonEmptyDataFrames.isEmpty){
        emptyDataFrame
      }
      else {
        if (joinColumns.isEmpty) {
          return nonEmptyDataFrames.reduce(_.crossJoin(_))
        }
      nonEmptyDataFrames.reduce(_.join(_, joinColumns))
    }
  }
}

I've got some unit tests that all succeed:
class FeatureGeneratorDataFrameExtensionsTest extends WordSpec {
  val fruitValues = Seq(
    Row(0, "BasketA", "Bananas", "Jack"),
    Row(2, "BasketB", "Oranges", "Jack"),
    Row(2, "BasketC", "Oranges", "Jill"),
    Row(3, "BasketD", "Oranges", "Jack"),
    Row(4, "BasketE", "Oranges", "Jack"),
    Row(4, "BasketE", "Apples", "Jack"),
    Row(4, "BasketF", "Bananas", "Jill")
  )
  val schema = List(
    StructField("weeksPrior", IntegerType, true),
    StructField("basket", StringType, true),
    StructField("Product", StringType, true),
    StructField("Customer", StringType, true)
  )
  val fruitDf = spark.createDataFrame(
    spark.sparkContext.parallelize(fruitValues),
    StructType(schema)
  ).withColumn("Date", udfDateSubWeeks(lit(dayPriorToAsAt), col("weeksPrior")))

  "FeatureGenerator.SequenceOfDataFrames" should {
    "join multiple dataframes on a specified set of columns" in {
      val sequenceOfDataFrames = Seq[DataFrame](
        fruitDf.withColumnRenamed("weeksPrior", "weeksPrior1"),
        fruitDf.withColumnRenamed("weeksPrior", "weeksPrior2"),
        fruitDf.withColumnRenamed("weeksPrior", "weeksPrior3"),
        fruitDf.withColumnRenamed("weeksPrior", "weeksPrior4"),
        fruitDf.withColumnRenamed("weeksPrior", "weeksPrior5")
      )
      val joinedDataFrames = sequenceOfDataFrames.joinDataFramesOnColumns(Seq("basket", "Product", "Customer", "Date"))
      assert(joinedDataFrames.columns.length === 9)
      assert(joinedDataFrames.columns.contains("basket"))
      assert(joinedDataFrames.columns.contains("Product"))
      assert(joinedDataFrames.columns.contains("Customer"))
      assert(joinedDataFrames.columns.contains("Date"))
      assert(joinedDataFrames.columns.contains("weeksPrior1"))
      assert(joinedDataFrames.columns.contains("weeksPrior2"))
      assert(joinedDataFrames.columns.contains("weeksPrior3"))
      assert(joinedDataFrames.columns.contains("weeksPrior4"))
      assert(joinedDataFrames.columns.contains("weeksPrior5"))
    }
    "when passed a list of one dataframe return that same dataframe" in {
      val sequenceOfDataFrames = Seq[DataFrame](fruitDf)
      val joinedDataFrame = sequenceOfDataFrames.joinDataFramesOnColumns(Seq("basket", "Product"))
      assert(joinedDataFrame.columns.sorted === fruitDf.columns.sorted)
      assert(joinedDataFrame.count === fruitDf.count)
    }
    "when passed an empty list of dataframes return an empty dataframe" in {
      val joinedDataFrame = Seq[DataFrame]().joinDataFramesOnColumns(Seq("basket"))
      assert(joinedDataFrame === spark.emptyDataFrame)
    }
    "when passed an empty list of joinColumns return the dataframes crossjoined" in {
      val sequenceOfDataFrames = Seq[DataFrame](fruitDf,fruitDf, fruitDf)
      val joinedDataFrame = sequenceOfDataFrames.joinDataFramesOnColumns(Seq[String]())
      assert(joinedDataFrame.count === scala.math.pow(fruitDf.count, sequenceOfDataFrames.size))
      assert(joinedDataFrame.columns.size === fruitDf.columns.size * sequenceOfDataFrames.size)
    }
  }
}

This was all working great until it started erroring due to this Spark bug: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-25150 which can cause an error under certain conditions when the join columns have the same name.
The workaround is to alias the columns as something else so I rewrote the function like so which aliases the join columns, does the join, then renames them back:
  implicit class SequenceOfDataFrames(dataFrames: Seq[DataFrame]){
    def joinDataFramesOnColumns(joinColumns: Seq[String]) : DataFrame = {
      val emptyDataFrame = SparkSession.builder().getOrCreate().emptyDataFrame
      val nonEmptyDataFrames = dataFrames.filter(_ != emptyDataFrame)
      if (nonEmptyDataFrames.isEmpty){
        emptyDataFrame
      }
      else {
        if (joinColumns.isEmpty) {
          return nonEmptyDataFrames.reduce(_.crossJoin(_))
        }

      /*
      The horrible, gnarly, unelegent code below  would ideally exist simply as:

      nonEmptyDataFrames.reduce(_.join(_, joinColumns))

      however that will fail in certain specific circumstances due to a bug in spark,
      see https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-25150 for details
       */
      val aliasSuffix = "_aliased"
      val aliasedJoinColumns = joinColumns.map(joinColumn => joinColumn+aliasSuffix)
      var aliasedNonEmptyDataFrames: Seq[DataFrame] = Seq()
      nonEmptyDataFrames.foreach(
        nonEmptyDataFrame =>{
          var tempNonEmptyDataFrame = nonEmptyDataFrame
          joinColumns.foreach(
            joinColumn => {
              tempNonEmptyDataFrame = tempNonEmptyDataFrame.withColumnRenamed(joinColumn, joinColumn+aliasSuffix)
            }
          )
          aliasedNonEmptyDataFrames = aliasedNonEmptyDataFrames :+ tempNonEmptyDataFrame
        }
      )
      var joinedAliasedNonEmptyDataFrames = aliasedNonEmptyDataFrames.reduce(_.join(_, aliasedJoinColumns))
      joinColumns.foreach(
        joinColumn => joinedAliasedNonEmptyDataFrames = joinedAliasedNonEmptyDataFrames.withColumnRenamed(
          joinColumn+aliasSuffix, joinColumn
        )
      )
      joinedAliasedNonEmptyDataFrames
    }
  }
}

The tests still pass so I'm fairly happy with it but I'm looking at those vars and the loops that assign a result back to that var on each iteration ... and find them rather inelegant, rather ugly, especially compared to the original version of the function. I feel that there must be a way to write this so that I don't have to use vars, but after some trial and error this is the best I can do.
Can anyone suggest a more elegant solution? As a novice Scala developer it would really help me to become more familiar with idiomatic ways of solving problems like this.
Any constructive comments on the rest of the code (e.g. the tests) would also be welcome

A: Thank you to @Duelist whose suggestion to use foldLeft() led me to How does foldLeft in Scala work on DataFrame? which in turn led me to adapting my code like so to eliminate the vars:
  implicit class SequenceOfDataFrames(dataFrames: Seq[DataFrame]){
    def joinDataFramesOnColumns(joinColumns: Seq[String]) : DataFrame = {
      val emptyDataFrame = SparkSession.builder().getOrCreate().emptyDataFrame
      val nonEmptyDataFrames = dataFrames.filter(_ != emptyDataFrame)
      if (nonEmptyDataFrames.isEmpty){
        emptyDataFrame
      }
      else {
        if (joinColumns.isEmpty) {
          return nonEmptyDataFrames.reduce(_.crossJoin(_))
        }

        /*
        The code below  would ideally exist simply as:

        nonEmptyDataFrames.reduce(_.join(_, joinColumns))

        however that will fail in certain specific circumstances due to a bug in spark,
        see https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-25150 for details

        hence this code aliases the joinColumns, performs the join, then renames the
        aliased columns back to their original name
         */
        val aliasSuffix = "_aliased"
        val aliasedJoinColumns = joinColumns.map(joinColumn => joinColumn+aliasSuffix)
        val joinedAliasedNonEmptyDataFrames = nonEmptyDataFrames.foldLeft(Seq[DataFrame]()){
          (tempDf, nonEmptyDataFrame) => tempDf :+ joinColumns.foldLeft(nonEmptyDataFrame){
            (tempDf2, joinColumn) => tempDf2.withColumnRenamed(joinColumn, joinColumn+aliasSuffix)
          }
        }.reduce(_.join(_, aliasedJoinColumns))
        joinColumns.foldLeft(joinedAliasedNonEmptyDataFrames){
          (tempDf, joinColumn) => tempDf.withColumnRenamed(joinColumn+aliasSuffix, joinColumn)
        }
      }
    }
  }

I could have taken it further by combining two statements into one and thus eliminating val joinedAliasedNonEmptyDataFrames but I preferred the clarity brought by using that interim val.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Get ready, for the 25th edition of Nextstep!
Nextstep is the annual career fair at Jönköping University arranged by students since 1994. Whereas local, national and international companies exhibit during the day, with the purpose to present their business and attract the most talented students at the university. During the career fair interesting meetings will be combined among with exciting guest lectures, workshops and contact calls.
The fair reflects the international & entrepreneurial spirit of the school and all the companies that attend should feel that this is a recruiting event of an exceptionally high caliber.
Before the career fair, students have the chance to apply for contact calls. This service offers a personal conversation in a separate room between the company and the student, in order to communicate individual benefits and possibilities. The applications will be reviewed on beforehand of the companies, where they choose those students that are most suitable for its business. Nextstep will then schedule so that students are able to attend to several contact calls.
The fair is arranged among with various lectures that follows Nextstep's theme of the day, with purpose to create inspiration and future possibilities for the students. The lectures will be held by companies during the fair at the International Business School.
All exhibitors will be exposed in the magazine of Nextstep, where there will be information about each exhibitor as well as inspiring readings about the upcoming events. Everyone will also be exposed on Nextstep's webpage and through Nextstep's social medias.
The banquet will conclude the entire Nextstep-day, guest invitation will be sent to both companies representatives, the team of Nextstep and of course students from the university. A three-course dinner with entertainment and pleasant company is promised to be held in one of Jönköping's most festive premises. The banquet will entertain and celebrate the success of the day as well as the future opportunities.
At PwC we want everyone to have the opportunity of a lifetime. Whether you are an accomplished professional or a promising new talent, you will be challenged by the work, the people on your team, and the clients we serve, from the rocket fueled startups to the worlds leading organizations.


text:
Pacific Office Automation San Francisco Offers MFP Network Support Services for Functionality and Security Management
Pacific Office Automation San Francisco has announced that it will offer Multifunction Printer (MFP) network support services to businesses in need of increased functionality and security. The MFP network support services allows for employees to utilize a number of functions, helping to streamline office workflow.
Pacific Office Automation
"We believe that it is vital for a company's management team to set and manage access controls to help maintain the network's security," said a representative with Pacific Office Automation.
San Francisco, CA (PRWEB) January 21, 2014
The need for increased data security continues to increase as the methods through which information is moved and shared continue to rapidly change. Although cloud-based computing helps ease the issues of connectivity and security, it is important to ensure that there are support services in place to manage the functionality of the network while also enhancing its security. Pacific Office Automation San Francisco has a viable solution.
"We believe that it is vital for a company's management team to set and manage access controls to help maintain the network's security," said a representative with Pacific Office Automation. "Data is essentially the same thing as currency to a business, so its protection is paramount. Of course, data security is not the only benefit to using MFP network support services."
MFP refers to Multifunction Printer, something that Pacific Office Automation San Francisco believes can benefit a company in any number of ways, specifically mentioning the simplicity with which it allows workers to share, create and edit documents from a variety of locations.
"The great benefit of the MFP network support services is that it allows for employees to accomplish all of those important tasks in a secure environment," said the representative. "When data is accessed, when it is created or shared, when it is edited, the network support services will prevent any external hacks from occurring."
Pacific Office Automation San Francisco also recognizes that the increased use of tablets and mobile devices will continue to impact the way that companies conduct their business.
"We have a number of mobile applications," said the representative. "These apps allow users to perform a number of functions from the cloud, such as printing from the cloud, scanning to the cloud and allowing for connectivity to other workflow processes and documents. There is a seemingly endless array of possibilities for its uses."
About Pacific Office Automation
Pacific Office Automation (http://www.pacificoffice.com) is a leader in managed print services and office solutions. Since 1976, Pacific has grown to become the industry's largest independent dealership with over twenty locations throughout Washington, Oregon, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah and Colorado. The company is also one of the world's largest dealers for Konica Minolta, Canon, Ricoh, Sharp, Lexmark, Toshiba, and HP copiers, printers, faxes and multifunctional devices, as well as Muratec faxes. At Pacific, we believe the best way to serve local clients is to focus our attention and energy on helping customers until we can say, "Problem Solved."
Richard Milson
Emory Marketing Systems


Sizzling Hot czy Book.Nadzieja na wysoką wygraną Najbardziej wciągającym czynnikiem gry w automaty wrzutowe (lub inne gry hazardowe) jest nadzieja na wysoką wygraną.Najbardziej znane automaty do gier Na świecie najbardziej popularne są obecnie maszyny online Playtech, ale to głównie ze względu na Wielką Brytanię, gdzie to oprogramowanie dominuje wśród producentów.Gdy..
Dans une boîte, Marissa découvre Luke en train d'embrasser Holly Fischer.Nel frattempo a casa Cohen, Sandy e Kirsten, con lo scontento del primo, passano una serata con Jimmy e Hailey, che si erano dati appuntamento.Le lendemain, Luke tente à son tour de lui faire entendre raison mais sans succès.Seth et..
6 Wyświadcz przysługę Kowalowi (mimo, iż w misji jest inaczej) Strażnik Miejski 6 Pusta butelka Handlarka Różności 7 Kolejna przysługa Kowal Idź do Kowala.40 4 Bestial Archer Bakra, Bokjung, Valley of Seungryong, Yayang.171 Half.Earth Resistance 98 2 Red Thief Executioner Cape Dragon Fire Nephrite Bay Thunder Mountains.488 Animal Wind Resistance..
Today, the entire city within the walls is battle of monte cassino bear pedestrian-only.
However, the festival was cancelled in 2011 due to lack of funds, and has not been renewed since.
Luxury yachts dominate marina berths during the summer, overshadowing small fishing vessels owned by the locals.European Casino Association and unlv/UNR Executive Development Program Announces Cross-Atlantic Partnership with Launch of Gender Diversity Scholarship with ECA, Clarion Gaming and agem.Tourism edit See also: Budva Riviera (region) Tourism is the main driver of the economy of Budva.Budva marina, nestled to the north of the Old Town city walls, contributes to the image of Budva as a nautical tourism destination.Mogren beach is arguably the best known and most attractive of the Budva city beaches, nested beneath the cliffs of the Spas hill, between cape Mogren and the Avala hotel.Stadion Lugovi, the home lotto ace black sneakers ground of FK Mogren, will probably be relocated in the near future, as it is situated on a very valuable land lot, right next to the Slovenska beach.This line services a large portion of the Budva urban core, as well as some small towns between Budva and Sveti Stefan.
During the 2013, Budva recorded 668,931 tourist visits, and 4,468,913 overnight stays, thus accounting for 44,8 of tourist visits to Montenegro, and 47,5 of its overnight stays.
Miller, Emmanuel Miller, Paris, imprimé par ordre.M.
The Old Town suffered extensive damage in 1979 earthquake ; repair and reconstruction took eight years (until 1987 but traces of the damage are bingo beata kozidrak chomikuj now hardly noticeable.Budua ; in Albanian as, budua and in ancient, greek as Bouthoe.This follows its ongoing support of the UN Global Compact, an initiative promoting sustainable business since 2015 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals.Thus, large parts of Budva are connected with an irregular grid of narrow streets, and have overall inadequate infrastructure.The Code, which has been developed in conjunction with a large number of industry stakeholders courtesy of Clarions Ampersand group, sets out the standards that exhibitors and individuals are required to uphold at all Clarion Gaming events and covers gender representation and dress codes for.It is a mostly undeveloped island with some beautiful beaches.Illyrian helmet from Budva (4th century BC).


text:
Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › District Courts › Texas › Eastern District of Texas › 2011 › Uniloc USA, Inc. et al v. Engrasp, Inc. et al › Filing 163
Uniloc USA, Inc. et al v. Engrasp, Inc. et al, No. 6:2010cv00591 - Document 163 (E.D. Tex. 2011)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER. The parties shall submit agreed Docket Control and Discovery Orders to the Court by 5-31-2011. Signed by Judge Leonard Davis on 05/20/11. cc:attys 5-20-11(mll, )
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS TYLER DIVISION UNILOC USA, INC., ET AL. Plaintiffs, vs. SONY CORPORATION OF AMERICA, ET AL. Defendants. UNILOC USA, INC., ET AL. Plaintiffs, vs. DISK DOCTORS LABS, INC., ET AL. Defendants. UNILOC USA, INC., ET AL. Plaintiffs, vs. NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS CORP., ET AL. Defendants. UNILOC USA, INC., ET AL. Plaintiffs, vs. ENGRASP, INC., ET AL. Defendants. § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § CASE NO. 6:10-CV-373 PATENT CASE CASE NO. 6:10-CV-471 PATENT CASE CASE NO. 6:10-CV-472 PATENT CASE CASE NO. 6:10-CV-591 PATENT CASE UNILOC USA, INC., ET AL. Plaintiffs, vs. BMC SOFTWARE, INC., ET AL. Defendants. UNILOC USA, INC., ET AL. Plaintiffs, vs. FOXIT CORPORATION, ET AL. Defendants. SYMANTEC CORPORATION, ET AL. Plaintiffs, vs. UNILOC USA, INC., ET AL. Defendants. § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § CASE NO. 6:10-CV-636 PATENT CASE CASE NO. 6:10-CV-691 PATENT CASE CASE NO. 6:11-CV-33 PATENT CASE MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER Uniloc asserts U.S. Patent No. 5,490,216 ( the 216 patent ) in these seven cases ( the Uniloc cases ), which cumulatively name 95 Defendants.1 The Court set a status conference on April 26, 1 Uniloc Uniloc Uniloc Uniloc Uniloc Uniloc The seven current Uniloc cases were filed as follows: USA, Inc. et al. v. Sony Corp. of Am. et al., 6:10cv 373, filed in July 2010 naming 9 Defendants; USA, Inc. et al. v. Disk Doctors Labs, Inc. et al., 6:10cv471, filed in September 2010 naming 18 Defendants; USA, Inc. et al. v. Nat l Instruments Corp. et al., 6:10cv472, filed in November 2010 naming 20 Defendants; USA, Inc. et al. v. Engrasp, Inc. et al., 6:10cv591, filed in November 2010 naming 20 Defendants; USA, Inc. et al. v. BMC Software, Inc. et al., 6:10cv636, filed in September 2010 naming 7 Defendants; USA, Inc. et al. v. Foxit Corporation et al., 6:10cv691 filed in December 2010 naming 19 Defendants; and 2 2011 for all seven cases to discuss case management and to hear the parties suggestions to streamline discovery. The Court has previously expressed concern about cases where a plaintiff asserts questionable patent claims against a large number of Defendants to extract cost of defense settlements. See Raylon, LLC v. Complus Data Innovations, Co. et al., 6:09cv355 Docket No. 147 at 5 ( [T]his Court has some concerns about plaintiffs who file cases with extremely weak infringement positions in order to settle for less than the cost of defense and have no intention of taking the case to trial. Such a practice is an abuse of the judicial system and threatens the integrity of and respect for the courts. ). In some cases, Defendants are faced with a Hobson s choice of spending more than the settlement range on discovery, or settling for less than their cost of defending the case, regardless of the merits of the case. See Parallel Networks, LLC v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co. et al., 6:10cv111 Docket No. 338. In those situations the Patent Rules, with their quick discovery deadlines, may not provide the most efficient case management schedule, and the Court has modified its Docket Control and Discovery Orders to level the playing field. See id.; see also Adjustacam LLC v. Amazon.com, Inc. et al., 6:10cv329 Docket No. 426 (implementing agreed modifications to the Docket Control Order to streamline discovery and potentially lead to early resolution of dispute). This however is not one of those cases. Although Uniloc asserted the same patent in multiple cases against numerous Defendants and previous cases settled before proceeding to the Markman Symantec Corporation et al. v. Uniloc USA Inc et al., 6:11cv33 is a declaratory judgment action filed by Symantec and XtreamLok that was transferred from the Central District of California . 3 hearing,2 Uniloc is distinguished by its litigation history. The 216 patent has already undergone extensive scrutiny. Through a jury trial and numerous appeals Uniloc s patent has been found infringed and not invalid by both a jury and the Federal Circuit.3 Thus, Uniloc has demonstrated its willingness to pursue its case through trial. Here, Uniloc s preparation for the status conference, readiness to provide detailed infringement disclosures, and in camera information regarding the reasonableness of its settlements does not raise the Hobson s choice concerns that other cases have raised for the Court. However, given the size of these cases, the Court set a special status conference to address case management. Here, the parties suggested specific modifications to the Court s standard schedule that would promote efficient and economical streamlining of the cases. As a preliminary matter, the Court sua sponte raised consolidating these cases during the status conference. Uniloc opposed consolidation at this time, stating that it organized the cases to group like-sized Defendants 2 In the Eastern District of Texas, Uniloc previously filed three cases asserting U.S. Patent No. 5,490,216 ( the 216 patent ): Uniloc USA, Inc. et al. v. Abbyy Software, Inc. et al., Case No. 6:09cv538 (filed in November 2009 naming 14 Defendants); Uniloc USA, Inc. et al. v. BCL Technologies et al., Case No. 6:10cv18 (filed in January 2010 naming 14 Defendants); and Uniloc USA, Inc. et al. v. Cyberlink.com Corp. et al., Case No. 6:10cv69 (filed in March 2010 naming 16 Defendants). Uniloc settled with all Defendants in these cases before any of the cases reached claim construction . Likewise, Uniloc asserts Defendants infringe the 216 patent in the seven current litigations. 3 Uniloc first asserted the 216 patent in the District of Rhode Island against Microsoft Corporation in September 2003. Uniloc USA, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., Case No. 03-440. In October 2007, the Rhode Island Court granted summary judgment of non-infringement. Uniloc appealed in August 2008 and the Federal Circuit reversed and remanded the summary judgment finding of non-infringement. Uniloc, 290 Fed. Appx. 337, 2008 W L 3539749 (Fed. Cir. 2008). In April 2009, the case proceeded to trial in Rhode Island where the jury returned a verdict of infringement and no invalidity of claim 19 of the 216 patent. The jury also found Microsoft s infringement was willful and awarded Uniloc $388 million in damages. In September 2009, the district court denied Microsoft s posttrial motion for judgment as a matter of law ( JMOL ) of invalidity, but granted JMOL of non-infringement, granted JMOL of no willfulness, granted a new trial on damages, and, in the alternative, a new trial on infringement and willfulness. See Uniloc, 640 F. Supp. 2d 150 (D.R.I. 2009). Again, Uniloc appealed, and the Federal Circuit recently reversed the JMOL of non-infringement, affirmed the JMOL of no willfulness, affirmed the district court s grant of a new trial on damages, vacated the district court s grant of an alternative motion for new trial on infringement, and affirmed the district court s denial of JMOL of invalidity of claim 19. Uniloc, 632 F. 3d 1292 (Fed. Cir. 2011). 4 into the same case, and Defendants did not argue that consolidation would be beneficial to case management. Accordingly, the cases will not be consolidated at this time, but as the cases progress the Court may reconsider consolidation. At the status conference, Uniloc presented several concise, case-specific suggestions: prompt disclosure of Infringement Contentions; early production of accused product sales data; an additional early mediation deadline after the exchange of Infringement Contentions and sales data; a voluntary option for early disclosure of source code; deferring P. R. 3-3 and 3-4 disclosures until after the early mediation deadline; a consolidated claim construction process and Markman hearing; and an additional management conference after the Markman ruling to discuss trial timing and structure. Uniloc also proposed specific due dates for the disclosures and proposed time schedules for the remaining suggestions. Defendants size and potential liability exposure differs; as such, they presented a variety of suggestions. Several Defendants urged their motions to change venue and requested a 60-day stay while the Court considers the transfer motions. Other Defendants similarly suggested a stay while the 216 patent reexamination is pending. In response to Uniloc s suggestions, several Defendants requested the Infringement Contentions comply with P.R. 3-1 and that the Court entertain an early summary judgment motion on infringement. Defendants also identified two terms, previously construed by the Rhode Island Court and addressed by the Federal Circuit, that they believe would be important to determining infringement in these cases. The Court adopts several of the parties suggestions. The Court will not depart from the Patent Rules early disclosure of Uniloc s Infringement Contentions; however, the Court will implement an early production of Uniloc s licenses and Defendants accused product sales data. 5 These disclosures will help identify Defendants potential liability exposure and provide both sides with additional information that may further facilitate meaningful settlement discussions. As such, the Court also sets an early mediation deadline, and the Court shall defer P.R. 3-3 and 3-4 disclosures and all other disclosures under Fed. R. Civ. P. 16 until after the early mediation deadline. However, if Defendants voluntarily disclose their source code, Uniloc shall be obligated to amend its P.R. 3-1(c) chart to incorporate the source code disclosure. The Court encourages Defendants to make such disclosures that further facilitate meaningful infringement and settlement discussions before the first mediation deadline. The Court hopes these modifications will promote early dismissal of non-infringing Defendants before they are encumbered with the cost of discovery. Accordingly, for each of the Uniloc cases, the parties shall submit agreed Docket Control Orders and Discovery Orders with the following modifications and additions: ¢ June 3, 2011: Comply with P.R. 3-1 and P.R. 3-2 Disclosure of Asserted Claims and Infringement Contentions due. In response, by June 30, 2011, Defendants may choose to disclose their source code related to the operation of the accused instrumentality identified by Uniloc s P.R. 3-1(c) chart. Should a Defendant disclose its source code, Uniloc shall amend its P.R. 3-1(c) chart to incorporate the provided source code within 30 days.4 After this amendment, or if a Defendant does not participate in the early disclosure of its source code, Uniloc must obtain leave of Court to add and/or further amend its infringement contentions, pursuant to P.R. 3-6. 4 If necessary, Uniloc may request leave to extend this deadline depending on the source code disclosure upon showing good cause (e.g., the number of Defendants choosing early disclosure of source code, the volume of source code to review, whether the disclosed source code is printed or produced on a stand-alone a computers with limited access, the number of corresponding cites to incorporate in to the P.R. 3-1(c) chart). 6 ¢ June 3, 2011: Plaintiff shall produce all prior licenses related to the patent-in-suit. ¢ June 24, 2011: Defendants Production of Accused Product Sales Data Defendants shall provide limited sales disclosures regarding the accused products (e.g., quantity of accused devices sold in the United States and revenue from those sales). ¢ June 30, 2011: Deadline for Early Disclosure of Source Code. ¢ July 30, 2011: First Mediation Deadline. ¢ August 15, 2011: Comply with P.R. 3-3 and 3-4 Invalidity Contentions due. Thereafter, it is necessary to obtain leave of Court to add and/or amend invalidity contentions, pursuant to P.R. 3-6. ¢ August 1, 2011: Exchange of Disclosures according to the Court s Discovery Order. ¢ August 15, 2011: Exchange of Additional Disclosures according to the Court s Discovery Order. Although the cases are not consolidated at this time, the Court will hold one, consolidated Markman hearing. The Court notes that many claim terms have been previously construed and appealed to the Federal Circuit. While the Court understands the parties need to preserve their rights for appeal, the Court prefers to minimize the time spent on previously construed terms. Accordingly, before the parties file a Joint Claim Construction and Prehearing Statement, the parties shall meet and confer regarding preserving the parties arguments for appeal by stipulation rather than resubmitting previously construed terms for construction. The parties must seek leave and show good cause to submit previously construed terms for construction. The parties shall coordinate to file one Joint Claim Construction and Prehearing Statement applicable to all the Uniloc cases. In addition, within 15 days of the Court s Memorandum Opinion setting forth the claim 7 construction, the parties shall meet and confer and jointly file in each case a notice that the cases are ready for a management conference. The notice shall include a list of any pending motions and contain specific, viable suggestions for efficient trial management. The cases are set as follows:5 Markman Hearing: October 19, 2011 at 9:30 a.m. Pretrial Conference: October 18, 2012 at 9:00 a.m. Jury Selection: November 5, 2012 at 9:00 a.m. Jury Trial: November 13, 2012 at 9:00 a.m. The parties shall submit agreed Docket Control and Discovery Orders to the Court by May 31, 2011.6 If the parties are unable to resolve their disagreements concerning the Docket Control and Discovery Orders, the parties shall submit to the Court their competing proposals along with a summary of their disagreements. The Court appoints Robert W. Faulkner as the mediator for these cases. The Court will defer ruling on the motions to transfer for 60 days to allow all briefing to be filed on the motions. 5 As it is premature to address the specific logistics of trial, the following dates apply across all cases, but may be modified after the parties post-Markman management conference. 6 The Court s standard Docket Control Order and Discovery Order are available on the Court s website at http://www.txed.uscourts.gov/Judges/Davis/Orders&Forms.htm. 8 So ORDERED and SIGNED this 20th day of May, 2011. __________________________________ LEONARD DAVIS UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 9


Clara is enjoying the summer, guarding against any wayward birds and other critters, that would also include the human kind. She might not appreciate me dressing her in lizard skin (or whatever the heck it is). There are no beans ripe yet so she gets to help me pull weeds..
Who are the thugs, anyway?


text:
2021 – our Centennial year!
DeKalb Rotary – District 6420 – Club 3063
DeKalb Rotary Club Facts & Figures
The DeKalb Rotary Club was organized with 21 charter members on January 22, 1921 under the sponsorship of the Joliet Rotary Club. The Club's founding officers were President – Willard W. Wirtz, Vice President – EA Shetter, Secretary – EE Woods, Treasurer – CW Whitten and Sargent at Arms – Dr O.W. Nelson.
In 1923, one of the club's first projects was the construction of an outdoor swimming pool built on South Malta Rd (Taylor St). The pool was located at the present day site of Lions Park. At the time the Chicago Tribune called it the "world's largest outdoor swimming pool."
In September 1926, John McQueen of Kirkland donated land to the club. It was located north of Kirkland on the Kishwaukee River and was given in trust to be used to establish a campground for Boy Scout and Girl Scout organizations in DeKalb County. Totaling 27 acres, the club built and maintained an outdoor swimming pool, six cottages, a mess hall, an administration building, a halfway house and six wooden screened-in shelters. The club, under the leadership of Cy Kallal, who joined the club in 1936, our club spent many hours each year on maintenance projects at the site until it was handed over to the Scouts Two Rivers Council in St. Charles, who sold the property in 1980 to the DeKalb County Forest Preserve. The Scouts are still enjoying the use of those facilities today.
There are two achievements of which our club is particularly proud. The first was our sponsorship of the Sycamore Rotary Club in May of 1944. And the second being our joint sponsorship with Sycamore of the Kishwaukee Sunrise Rotary in 1991.
Our participation in the Polio Plus campaign is notable, with Jim Forster being involved at the International level and our club being recognized by Rotary International as one of the top 50 clubs in the world in giving for the initial fund raising effort. Our club has donated more than $100,000 to the polio eradication program.
Our club has had 3 district governors (Herman Cortelyou, DeWitt Osgood and James Forster) and 2 members with over 50 years of perfect attendance (Cy Kallal (59) and Del Shafer (60)). Our first female member was Diane Leifheit.
In 2016/2017 we completed a Rotary International Centennial Project. In cooperation with the DeKalb Park District, we purchased and placed a flagpole and shelter at Rotary Park, off State Street in DeKalb.
We welcome you to join our club for dinner on Monday evenings at The Ellwood House Visitor's Center. Our meeting begins at 6:00 pm (currently meeting via Zoom due to Covid. Join us online!).
Follow us on Facebook! https://www.facebook.com/dekalbrotary


text:
CATALYST TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Specialty Chemical and Natural Ingredients Distributor
Cosphatec is a leading supplier of innovative and effective Multifunctionals. We develop and produce alternative preservatives that combine antimicrobial protection from natural origin with additional functions. In addition, we offer a selected range of high-quality Thickening Agents, Antioxidants, Emulsifiers and Actives. Our headquarters and in-house laboratory are located in Hamburg, Germany.
R&D is the core of our technical expertise
Highest technical and regulatory service level
Support with frame formulations and challenge tests
Trademarks: Cosphaderm® and Cosphagard®
See the product list: Cosphatec Products
Visit the website: Cosphatec Website
Wide range of exotic butters, oils and antioxidants which are based on raw materials sourced globally for the finest quality possible. We can provide the options of having our oils and butters as conventional, organic and internally stabilized which solves oxidation problems and enhances the shelf life of the products. All ICSC products are Hydrogenation Free.
See the product list: ICSC Products
Visit the website: ICSC Website
Christopher Lesko
After 20+ years in the Personal Care industry I have decided to start a new distribution company, Catalyst Technologies, Inc., that is focused on what I call, The Triangle of Development. By focusing our efforts on this three-point sales process we are sure to bring success to our Suppliers, our Customers and our Industry.
At Catalyst Technologies, Inc. we are focused on facilitating a meaningful connection and relationship between our Suppliers and our Customers through a working transparency model. At the pillar of our philosophy I go back to one of my favorite authors and speaker, Zig Ziglar: "You can get everything in life you want if you will just help enough other people get what they want." An old friend introduced me to this philosophy while I was a lab technician at Con Agra Foods about 25 years ago and I cannot be more grateful. That brief encounter and the birth of my daughter Cheyenne Rossetti Lesko, 27 years ago gave me the motivation to look beyond myself and make that first sales call at a small lab down in Oceanside, California.
Catherine Hoang
My career in the Personal Care, Cosmetic and HI&I Industries started in 2008 shortly after I graduated from college. Upon earning my degree in Biology, I joined Coast Southwest and worked there for four years before joining Chemtec Chemical Company in 2012. Five years later, in 2017, I joined E.T. Horn and spent three years there before coming to Catalyst Technologies.
I've spent my entire career in raw material distribution specializing in Personal Care collaborating directly with brands, beauty incubators, product developers, formulators, and contract manufacturers. It's an honor to bring ingredients from premier global manufacturers to our clients to help spark creativity & innovation and bring stand-out products to market. I currently serve on the Board of Directors for Beauty Industry West (BIW), an LA-based non-profit, mutual-benefit organization serving the beauty industry and have also served as a committee member for the California Society of Cosmetic Chemists and You Be the Chemist program, the Chemical Education Foundation's academic competition that celebrates the science of chemistry and elevates STEM careers.
I'm an Orange County native, proud Cal State Fullerton alum (B.S. Biological Sciences, Cell Biology) where I was a member of Gamma Phi Beta sorority as well as a President of the Order of Omega Honor Society. I currently live in Anaheim with my fiancé Brian and our two rescue kitties Ginger and Coco.
27762 Antonio Parkway, L1-520
Ladera Ranch, CA 92694 USA
orders@cattech.com
samples@cattech.com
Catalyst Technologies is a leading Specialty Chemical and Natural Ingredients Distributor laser focused on serving the personal care and cosmetic CPG industry.
"You can get everything in life you want if you will just help enough other people get what they want." – Zig Ziglar
© 2019 Catalyst Technologies, Inc.


Every age has its own errors, says Fr. Lawrence Farley, and in every age, therefore, the Church faces a different set of challenges, distortions, and lies. Today voices are raised calling for the landmarks regarding the nature of gender and sexuality to be moved.


text:
package io.bit3.jsass.adapter;

class NativeFileContext extends AbstractNativeContext {
  protected NativeFileContext(String inputPath, String outputPath, NativeOptions options) {
    super(inputPath, outputPath, options);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
About Foo Fighters
Dave Grohl, Taylor Hawkins, Nate Mendel, Chris Shiflett, Pat Smear
New video 'Run': http://smarturl.it/FFRUNv
FOO FIGHTERS | SUPER SATURDAY NIGHT
We can't wait to jam Atlanta and to play with Run The Jewels.
And if you didn't find a way to sneak into Atlantic Station Saturday nimore
Posted by Foo Fighters
Bellahouston Park
Belfast, United Kingdom
Vital Festival
RDS Arena
Leeds, United Kingdom
Bramham Park
Reading, United Kingdom
Richfield Avenue
Live Photos of Foo Fighters
Horsens, Denmark@
Faengslet
1st ever Foo Fighters concert. Great show. Grohls vocal seemed a bit hoars during the first two songs - but eventually came around and sounded good. Good showmanship and good Setlist - only missed Something from Nothing. Neck, head and throat all feel very much used here some 24 hours after the concert. Tells me I had a great time last night! 🤘🏻
San Bernardino, CA@Glen Helen Regional Park
I love the Foo Fighters, but once Krist Novaselic announced he was going to be there I had a suspicion and that was 7 months ago. So when tbe revamped Nirvana came out, I admit tears welled up in my eyes. I wanted to see Butch Vig come out too but didn't, Garbage played at sundown. I always loved Shirley Manson and she didn't disappoint. I missed Tenacious D but was there for Iggy. His band was great but Iggy should either go back to heroin or retire. I never thought I would see the day when Iggy looked tired but he did. My disappointment was the ho hum, too laid back, boring as fuck crowd, but I have been watching shows in San Bernardino since 1978 and they haven't changed much. Please guys, don't do the tired reunion The Who, Can Hale n, Journey, Inxs yawn!! Tour. Don't cheapen this show!!
Kansas City, MO@Sprint Center
Didn't get to this show but saw them last year in November, in Wichita, Ks. My son took me for my 54th Birthday. It was a 4 hr Show as the last time around, Dave was in his Throne with Broken leg. He more than made up for any time he felt he owed. The Foos LIVE and LOVE to Perform. They never disappoint despite your age; young or old. Had the night of my life with my son. No Voice when we left. ✌🏼🤟🏼🤘🏼✊🏼 just as it should be!!! Wanted to have made KC a double concert weekend with the Foos on Oct 12th and Ed Sheeran on the 13th. Sheeran was AMAZING!!! No Voice when leaving his show either. Again got to go with my son and "like a son"! Made it all the more Special and Fun!!!
Phoenix, AZ@
The growl of Grohl was on full display as the Foo Fighters took the stage last night in front of a capacity crowd. Leader Dave Grohl lead the Foos through a 2 hour and 15 minute set of high intensity hits from a 20+ year career. From the self titled debut album through the current Concrete & Gold release not one hit was left off the set list. The crowd roared its approval all night and sang along to most of the bigger hits to Grohl's approval. Taylor Hawkins rising drum kit was reminiscent of Peter Criss and Tommy Lee with Hawkins leading the rhythm section like few of today's rock drummers can. This band delivers a tremendous live set . It's no wonder they continue to draw enormous crowds all over the world. If you've never seen them live, go. If you have then we'll see the next time around.
Amazing !! They never disappoint . I have been to 12 shows and everyone of the shows have been equally impressive ! I love everything about the Foo Fighters! I took my 17 year old daughter last night and there was many others there with their teenage kids. They listen to rap , they don't know what real music is , but after last night , they will forever have a great understanding and appreciation for real music and real musicians!! Thank you Foos for giving us a life changing , extraordinary , over the top performance once again .. you guys rock !!
Kenik
Seattle, WA@Safeco Field
I thought last year's Gorge show couldn't be topped. WRONG. The Safeco Field show was utterly amazing. While Dave's vocals were stronger last year, this concert took showmanship to a new level. They played the audience like an instrument. The set list was a composition until itself, rising, falling, hitting amazing crescendos, with pauses for effect, all perfectly timed. I've seen some amazing bands over 30 years, but I'm not sure anyone has mastered balancing the music with the "show" like Foo Fighters.
The Smashing…


text:
// Copyright 2017 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

using System;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;

namespace Google.Cloud.EntityFrameworkCore.Spanner.IntegrationTests
{
    public class SpannerFixture
    {
        public readonly IServiceProvider ServiceProvider;

        public SpannerFixture() => ServiceProvider = new ServiceCollection()
            .AddEntityFrameworkSpanner()
            .BuildServiceProvider();
    }
}


text:
Mineralogy, geochemistry, and (40)Ar-(39)Ar geochronology of lunar granulitic breccia Northwest Africa 3163 and paired stones: Comparisons with Apollo samples
J. A. Hudgins, S. P. Kelley, R. L. Korotev, J. G. Spray
School of Geosciences
The lunar meteorites Northwest Africa (NWA) 3163, 4881, and 4483 are paired stones classified as granulitic breccias. At 2.4 kg, these three stones constitute one of the largest known lunar meteorite masses. Here we describe the petrography, mineralogy, and chemistry of NWA 3163, 4881, and 4483, and present (40)Ar-(39)Ar data for two of the meteorites. Two-pyroxene thermometry indicates that the rocks equilibrated at 1050 +/- 50 degrees C, which represents the high-temperature, low-pressure event that generated their characteristic recrystallization textures and reset their Ar systematics. Stepped-heating, in situ infrared laser microprobe (40)Ar-(39)Ar geochronology yields a mean age of 3327 +/- 29 Ma for NWA 3163, and a more disturbed release spectrum for NWA 4881. NWA 4881 shows an upward-trending pattern, suggesting that it may have had a (40)Ar-(39)Ar age of >3.0 Ga, but that it was partially reset at similar to 2.6 Ga. NWA 3163 et al. exhibit shock effects, including maskelynitized plagioclase, shock veins, and melt pockets, which are absent in the Apollo granulitic breccias. Although the Apollo and meteorite samples are texturally similar and have comparable bulk compositions and equilibration temperatures, their trace and siderophile element contents point to distinct parental lithologies derived from different regions of the Moon. Based on mineralogical and geochemical differences between the Apollo and meteorite samples, we conclude that the parent rock(s) of the paired NWA meteorites came from an area outside the Imbrium region and that they underwent high-temperature (granulite event) metamorphism long after the Late Heavy Bombardment. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.035
10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.035
Dive into the research topics of 'Mineralogy, geochemistry, and (40)Ar-(39)Ar geochronology of lunar granulitic breccia Northwest Africa 3163 and paired stones: Comparisons with Apollo samples'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Thermometry Chemical Compounds 100%
Geochemistry Chemical Compounds 96%
breccia Earth & Environmental Sciences 74%
geochronology Earth & Environmental Sciences 69%
Crystalline Texture Chemical Compounds 67%
mineralogy Earth & Environmental Sciences 59%
geochemistry Earth & Environmental Sciences 55%
Hudgins, J. A., Kelley, S. P., Korotev, R. L., & Spray, J. G. (2011). Mineralogy, geochemistry, and (40)Ar-(39)Ar geochronology of lunar granulitic breccia Northwest Africa 3163 and paired stones: Comparisons with Apollo samples. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75(10), 2865-2881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.035
Hudgins, J. A. ; Kelley, S. P. ; Korotev, R. L. ; Spray, J. G. / Mineralogy, geochemistry, and (40)Ar-(39)Ar geochronology of lunar granulitic breccia Northwest Africa 3163 and paired stones : Comparisons with Apollo samples. In: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 2011 ; Vol. 75, No. 10. pp. 2865-2881.
@article{22ca35447bf14f9d968b1d196c0f4f1f,
title = "Mineralogy, geochemistry, and (40)Ar-(39)Ar geochronology of lunar granulitic breccia Northwest Africa 3163 and paired stones: Comparisons with Apollo samples",
abstract = "The lunar meteorites Northwest Africa (NWA) 3163, 4881, and 4483 are paired stones classified as granulitic breccias. At 2.4 kg, these three stones constitute one of the largest known lunar meteorite masses. Here we describe the petrography, mineralogy, and chemistry of NWA 3163, 4881, and 4483, and present (40)Ar-(39)Ar data for two of the meteorites. Two-pyroxene thermometry indicates that the rocks equilibrated at 1050 +/- 50 degrees C, which represents the high-temperature, low-pressure event that generated their characteristic recrystallization textures and reset their Ar systematics. Stepped-heating, in situ infrared laser microprobe (40)Ar-(39)Ar geochronology yields a mean age of 3327 +/- 29 Ma for NWA 3163, and a more disturbed release spectrum for NWA 4881. NWA 4881 shows an upward-trending pattern, suggesting that it may have had a (40)Ar-(39)Ar age of >3.0 Ga, but that it was partially reset at similar to 2.6 Ga. NWA 3163 et al. exhibit shock effects, including maskelynitized plagioclase, shock veins, and melt pockets, which are absent in the Apollo granulitic breccias. Although the Apollo and meteorite samples are texturally similar and have comparable bulk compositions and equilibration temperatures, their trace and siderophile element contents point to distinct parental lithologies derived from different regions of the Moon. Based on mineralogical and geochemical differences between the Apollo and meteorite samples, we conclude that the parent rock(s) of the paired NWA meteorites came from an area outside the Imbrium region and that they underwent high-temperature (granulite event) metamorphism long after the Late Heavy Bombardment. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",
author = "Hudgins, {J. A.} and Kelley, {S. P.} and Korotev, {R. L.} and Spray, {J. G.}",
note = "Hudgins, Jillian A. Kelley, Simon P. Korotev, Randy L. Spray, John G.",
doi = "10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.035",
journal = "Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta",
Hudgins, JA, Kelley, SP, Korotev, RL & Spray, JG 2011, 'Mineralogy, geochemistry, and (40)Ar-(39)Ar geochronology of lunar granulitic breccia Northwest Africa 3163 and paired stones: Comparisons with Apollo samples', Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 75, no. 10, pp. 2865-2881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.035
Mineralogy, geochemistry, and (40)Ar-(39)Ar geochronology of lunar granulitic breccia Northwest Africa 3163 and paired stones : Comparisons with Apollo samples. / Hudgins, J. A.; Kelley, S. P.; Korotev, R. L.; Spray, J. G.
In: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 75, No. 10, 2011, p. 2865-2881.
T1 - Mineralogy, geochemistry, and (40)Ar-(39)Ar geochronology of lunar granulitic breccia Northwest Africa 3163 and paired stones
T2 - Comparisons with Apollo samples
AU - Hudgins, J. A.
AU - Kelley, S. P.
AU - Korotev, R. L.
AU - Spray, J. G.
N1 - Hudgins, Jillian A. Kelley, Simon P. Korotev, Randy L. Spray, John G.
N2 - The lunar meteorites Northwest Africa (NWA) 3163, 4881, and 4483 are paired stones classified as granulitic breccias. At 2.4 kg, these three stones constitute one of the largest known lunar meteorite masses. Here we describe the petrography, mineralogy, and chemistry of NWA 3163, 4881, and 4483, and present (40)Ar-(39)Ar data for two of the meteorites. Two-pyroxene thermometry indicates that the rocks equilibrated at 1050 +/- 50 degrees C, which represents the high-temperature, low-pressure event that generated their characteristic recrystallization textures and reset their Ar systematics. Stepped-heating, in situ infrared laser microprobe (40)Ar-(39)Ar geochronology yields a mean age of 3327 +/- 29 Ma for NWA 3163, and a more disturbed release spectrum for NWA 4881. NWA 4881 shows an upward-trending pattern, suggesting that it may have had a (40)Ar-(39)Ar age of >3.0 Ga, but that it was partially reset at similar to 2.6 Ga. NWA 3163 et al. exhibit shock effects, including maskelynitized plagioclase, shock veins, and melt pockets, which are absent in the Apollo granulitic breccias. Although the Apollo and meteorite samples are texturally similar and have comparable bulk compositions and equilibration temperatures, their trace and siderophile element contents point to distinct parental lithologies derived from different regions of the Moon. Based on mineralogical and geochemical differences between the Apollo and meteorite samples, we conclude that the parent rock(s) of the paired NWA meteorites came from an area outside the Imbrium region and that they underwent high-temperature (granulite event) metamorphism long after the Late Heavy Bombardment. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
AB - The lunar meteorites Northwest Africa (NWA) 3163, 4881, and 4483 are paired stones classified as granulitic breccias. At 2.4 kg, these three stones constitute one of the largest known lunar meteorite masses. Here we describe the petrography, mineralogy, and chemistry of NWA 3163, 4881, and 4483, and present (40)Ar-(39)Ar data for two of the meteorites. Two-pyroxene thermometry indicates that the rocks equilibrated at 1050 +/- 50 degrees C, which represents the high-temperature, low-pressure event that generated their characteristic recrystallization textures and reset their Ar systematics. Stepped-heating, in situ infrared laser microprobe (40)Ar-(39)Ar geochronology yields a mean age of 3327 +/- 29 Ma for NWA 3163, and a more disturbed release spectrum for NWA 4881. NWA 4881 shows an upward-trending pattern, suggesting that it may have had a (40)Ar-(39)Ar age of >3.0 Ga, but that it was partially reset at similar to 2.6 Ga. NWA 3163 et al. exhibit shock effects, including maskelynitized plagioclase, shock veins, and melt pockets, which are absent in the Apollo granulitic breccias. Although the Apollo and meteorite samples are texturally similar and have comparable bulk compositions and equilibration temperatures, their trace and siderophile element contents point to distinct parental lithologies derived from different regions of the Moon. Based on mineralogical and geochemical differences between the Apollo and meteorite samples, we conclude that the parent rock(s) of the paired NWA meteorites came from an area outside the Imbrium region and that they underwent high-temperature (granulite event) metamorphism long after the Late Heavy Bombardment. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
U2 - 10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.035
DO - 10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.035
JO - Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
JF - Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
Hudgins JA, Kelley SP, Korotev RL, Spray JG. Mineralogy, geochemistry, and (40)Ar-(39)Ar geochronology of lunar granulitic breccia Northwest Africa 3163 and paired stones: Comparisons with Apollo samples. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 2011;75(10):2865-2881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.035


On a day when many people in the U.S. gather with family and friends to give thanks for all the good in our lives, we at Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth pause to give thanks to you — the best supporters in the world!
For the past nine years we have been able to further our cause only because of your steadfast commitment. Well-heeled donors and flush foundations don't exactly line up to support our work. Instead, we are a people-powered organization, fueled by your conviction that we can right the course of history and humbled by your faith in what we do.
WTC 7 Evaluation — Just announced yesterday! The first transparent and unbiased computer modeling of World Trade Center Building 7.
Beyond Misinformation — Our recently published 50-page guide to the WTC evidence. Over 50,000 copies distributed . . . and counting.
Firefighters Architects Engineers: Expose 9/11 Myths — Our recently released DVD of a landmark presentation by Erik Lawyer and me.
AIA Resolution Campaign — Fifty-five members sponsored a resolution calling for the AIA to support a new WTC 7 investigation.
Speaking and film tours raising awareness across Europe, the Southwest United States, and, just last week, the Northeast U.S.
Visits to NJIT, the Structural Engineering Summit, and ABX, where we gained 49 new co-sponsors for next year's AIA Resolution.
Mailing 1,200 packets of WTC research papers to A&E faculties at four Ivy League schools and the University of Virginia.
A six-part article on NIST's WTC 7 report and Fran Shure's series Why Do Good People Become Silent — Or Worse — About 9/11?
Raising funds for Dr. Niels Harrit to bring a libel suit against Danish newspaper Weekendavisen and present the WTC evidence in court.
Last but not least, our September 2015 New York Times billboard, seen by three million passersby and one million Facebook users.
On behalf of the staff and volunteers at AE911Truth, we thank you from the bottom of our hearts.


text:
Culex axillicola är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Wallace A. Steffan 1979. Culex axillicola ingår i släktet Culex och familjen stickmyggor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Stickmyggor
axillicola

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia