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Expiration Dating and Stability Testing for Human Drug Products
Home > Dating > Expiration Dating and Stability Testing for Human Drug Products
Such rules shall include, but not be limited to, requirements for the storage and handling of prescription drugs and for the establishment and maintenance of prescription drug distribution records. Access from outside the premises must be kept to a minimum and be well controlled. The outside perimeter of the premises must be well lighted. Entry into areas where prescription drugs are held must be limited to authorized personnel. An alarm system to detect entry after hours; however, the department may exempt by rule establishments that only hold a permit as prescription drug wholesale distributor-brokers; and 2. A security system that will provide suitable protection against theft and diversion. When appropriate, the security system must provide protection against theft or diversion that is facilitated or hidden by tampering with computers or electronic records. This examination must be adequate to reveal container damage that would suggest possible contamination or other damage to the contents.
What About Expiration Dates
January 21, The medical gas industry has widely different expiration date practices. Expiration dating a To assure that a drug product meets applicable standards of identity, strength, quality, and purity at the time of use, it shall bear an expiration date determined by appropriate stability testing described in Sec. So the regulation says that we must use expiration dates and that we must have a stability study to justify the expiration date.
(ii) Six months after the expiration date of the drug product if the expiration dating period of the drug product is more than 30 days. (3) For an OTC drug product that is exempt for bearing an expiration date under , the reserve sample must be retained for 3 years after the lot or batch of drug product is distributed.
A copy of the draft Agenda is available at http: The increase in unit-dose repackaging has led to questions regarding stability studies and appropriate expiration dates for these repackaged products. This revised draft guidance describes the conditions under which FDA does not intend to take action regarding required stability studies for these repackaged products and the expiration date to assign under those conditions.
Through this notice, FDA is hoping to decrease the regulatory burdens of drug regulations on manufacturers of these products, while at the same time ensuring patient safety. Although you can comment on any guidance at any time see 21 CFR VerDate Sep You may submit comments as follows: Electronic Submissions Submit electronic comments in the following way: Follow the instructions for submitting comments. Comments submitted electronically, including attachments, to https: Please note that if you include your name, contact information, or other information that identifies you in the body of your comments, that information will be posted on https: All submissions received must include the Docket No.
You should submit two copies total. Submit both copies to the Dockets Management Staff.
What Is The Latest FDA Thinking About Expiration Dates
Each drug product may be a unique article because of, for instance, differences in 1 chemical and physical properties of the active ingredients or the excipients, 2 manufacturing procedures, 4 containers and closures, 5 proposed storage conditions, and 6 the stability of the article to maintain its quality or purity through the use of antioxidants or preservatives.
Because of the uniqueness of each drug product, it is virtually impossible to provide one set of rules that can apply to all situations. The CGMPs were purposely written broadly to allow for such unique differences. Absence of an Expiration Date The absence of an expiration date on any drug product packaged after September 29, , except for those drugs specifically exempt by
Law Library. Sec. Requirements for Expiration Dating and Stability Testing (CPG a) for drug products for which the shelf life was determined by accelerated studies. 9. Lack of assurance of the effectiveness of any preservatives used throughout the labeled shelf life.
Medically reviewed on Jun 11, by L. Anderson, PharmD Patients often have questions about drug expiration dates: Can I safely take a medication if it has reached the drug expiration date? Are there recommendations about the best way to store my medications? Which drugs should never be used past their expiration date? For many patients, these questions arise because medications can be expensive and it is costly to frequently replace expired but unused medications.
What does an expiration date mean? The expiration date is the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication. Drug expiration dates exist on most medication labels, including prescription, over-the-counter OTC and dietary herbal supplements. For legal and liability reasons, manufacturers will not make recommendations about the stability of drugs past the original expiration date.
In all actuality, the stability of the drug may be much longer, but no one tests it. The expiration date of a drug is estimated using stability testing under good manufacturing practices as determined by the Food and Drug Administration FDA. Drug products marketed in the US typically have an expiration date that extends from 12 to 60 months from the time of manufacturer.
Local apples were used for pie. Baking powder came in different strengths single, double acting. Did you know some culinary historians say we Americans measure with objects as opposed to weight because of our pioneer heritage? Family recipes specifying "5 tins" of sugar are among the most challenging.
The absence of an expiration date on any drug product packaged after September 29, , except for those drugs specifically exempt by (e), (f), and (g), is cause to initiate regulatory.
This is a question we fielded frequently at the end of Our answer at the time: Enforcement of the FCA, although slightly less active during than , shows little signs of a long-term letup. To the contrary, the FCA remains a significant source of government-facing and private-plaintiff litigation. To put that in historical context, each of those marks had been reached only once before this most-recent eight-year stretch.
Although federal recoveries dipped from , this past year also marked the fourth-highest yearly haul ever for the federal government. And despite hints from isolated elements of the Trump Administration that there may be some interest in reigning in perceived overreach with the FCA, top DOJ officials have reaffirmed their dedication to stringent enforcement of the statute. On the case law front, the U.
United States ex rel.
Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes : Online Sunshine
The information required to be disclosed under such subparagraph— A shall be made available by July 1 each year to enrolled students and prospective students prior to the students enrolling or entering into any financial obligation; and B shall cover the one- year period ending on August 31 of the preceding year. If such number is not sufficient for such purposes, then the institution shall note that the institution enrolled too few of such students to so disclose or report with confidence and confidentiality.
In developing such recommendations, the group of representatives shall consider the mission and role of two-year degree-granting institutions of higher education, and may recommend additional or alternative measures of student success for such institutions in light of the mission and role of such institutions. C Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prohibit an institution of higher education from utilizing electronic means to provide personalized exit counseling.
The Secretary may, by regulation, waive the requirement that an employee or employees be available on a full-time basis for carrying out responsibilities required under this section whenever an institution in which the total enrollment, or the portion of the enrollment participating in programs under this subchapter at that institution, is too small to necessitate such employee or employees being available on a full-time basis. No such waiver may include permission to exempt any such institution from designating a specific individual or a group of individuals to carry out the provisions of this section.
(ii) Six months after the expiration date of the drug product if the expiration dating period of the drug product is more than 30 days. (3) For an OTC drug product that is exempt for bearing an expiration date under § , the reserve sample must be retained for 3 years after the lot or batch of drug product is distributed.
Scott Gavura on May 10, Shares Consider this scenario: You use the following remedies occasionally: Excedrin for the rare migraine Arnica 30CH for bumps and bruises Echinacea capsules, when you feel a cold coming on Today you look in your cupboard, and notice all three products expired last year. Would you still consider taking any of them? Why or why not? Your answer is probably influenced by a number of factors, including perceptions of risk and benefit.
The first is to develop a SBM -oriented resource for common questions and misconceptions about the mechanics of modern medicines.
GMP Quality Documentation – Control, Tracking and Distribution In this SOP you will find mainly the role of document control officer during the initiation, creation, circulation and approval of new quality related documents. It also describes the procedure of modification and review of existing document using a documentation database.
Management of existing and superseded documents is also a part of this procedure. You will see all the forms referred during the instruction are attached at the end of the procedure.
["best before" date] of food products is defined by the Canadian Food and Drugs Act and Regulations. 1 Durable life is the period, starting on the day a food is packaged for retail sale, that the food will retain its normal wholesomeness, palatability, and nutritional value, when stored under conditions appropriate for that product. Dating.
Contains Nonbinding Recommendations Draft — Not for Implementation The nature of drug dispensing within hospitals in particular has made such unit-dose packaging useful and convenient in helping to ensure that medications are properly administered to patients. However, questions have arisen concerning the appropriate expiration dating for drug products repackaged into unit-dose containers. This is to ensure the drugs' safety and efficacy over their intended shelf life. Pharmacopeia USP contains standards on expiration dating and beyond-use dating in its General Notices and Requirements section.
The beyond-use date cannot be later than the expiration date on the manufacturer's container. For nonsterile solid and liquid dosage forms that are packaged in single-unit and unit-dose containers, the beyond-use date shall be one year from the date the drug is packaged into the single-unit or unit-dose container or the expiration date on the manufacturer's container, whichever is earlier, unless stability data or the manufacturer's labeling indicates otherwise.
FDA believes that under certain specified conditions, it may be possible to assign appropriate expiration dating without conducting new stability studies on the nonsterile solid and liquid oral dosage forms repackaged into unit-dose containers. Therefore, FDA does not intend to take action against any nonsterile unit-dose repackaging firm including shared services repackaging operations or drug product in a unit-dose container solely on the basis of the failure of the repackaging firm to have stability studies supporting the expiration dates used, provided that the repackager meets all other regulations applicable to repackaged drug products and: The expiration date does not exceed a 1 year from the date of repackaging or b the expiration date on the container of the original manufacturer's product, whichever is earlier, unless stability data or the original manufacturer's product labeling indicates otherwise.
The repackaging and storage of the drug product are accomplished in a controlled environment that is consistent with the conditions described in the labeling for the original drug product and the repackaged drug product. Where no temperature is specified in the labeling of the original drug product, a controlled room temperature as defined in the General Notices and Requirements section of the USP should be maintained during repackaging and storage of both solid and liquid oral dosage form drug products.
Where no humidity is specified in the labeling of the original drug product, the relative humidity should not exceed 75 percent at 23 degrees Celsius for the repackaging and storage of solid oral dosage forms.
Massachusetts law about prescription medication
Selected cases Commonwealth v. Bishop , 78 Mass. Gerhardt , Mass.
Federal regulations require a "Use-By" date on the product label of infant formula under inspection of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Consumption by this date ensures the formula contains not less than the quantity of each nutrient as described on the label.
No person required to be registered shall engage in any activity for which registration is required until the application for registration is granted and a Certificate of Registration is issued by the Administrator to such person. The expiration date of the registrations of all registrants within any group will be the last date of the month designated for that group. In assigning any of these business activities to a group, the Administration may select a group the expiration date of which is less than one year from the date such business activity was registered.
If the business activity is assigned to a group which has an expiration date less than three months from the date of which the business activity is registered, the registration shall not expire until one year from that expiration date; in all other cases, the registration shall expire on the expiration date following the date on which the business activity is registered. The expiration date of the registrations of all registrants within any group will be the last day of the month designated for that group.
In assigning any of the above business activities to a group, the Administration may select a group the expiration date of which is not less than 28 months nor more than 39 months from the date such business activity was registered. After the initial registration period, the registration shall expire 36 months from the initial expiration date. Application for each registration shall be made on the indicated form, and shall be accompanied by the indicated fee.
Fee payments shall be made in the form of a personal, certified, or cashier's check or money order made payable to the "Drug Enforcement Administration". The application fees are not refundable. Any person who engages in more than one group of independent activities shall obtain a separate registration for each group of activities, except as provided in this paragraph under coincident activities. A single registration to engage in any group of independent activities listed below may include one or more controlled substances listed in the schedules authorized in that group of independent activities.
21 CFR
Existing law generally regulates deadly weapons. This bill would reorganize without substantive change the provisions of the Penal Code relating to deadly weapons, to be operative January 1, Possession of ammunition on school grounds is governed by Section Section k of the Penal Code is repealed.
FDA sometimes receives questions from consumers and industry, asking about shelf life and expiration dates for cosmetics. Here are answers to some common questions on this subject.
In general, pharmacists are obligated, through the DPRA, to monitor the expiry dates of drugs and natural health products, and to remove these from pharmacy stock. While it may be useful for a consumer to know the expiry date related to their dispensed medication, there is no legal obligation for a pharmacist to add the expiry date on a prescription label. Comply with GMP and Food and Drugs Regulation Product tested to maintain potency to the documented date on label Product tested under controlled conditions Requirement of the legislation By definition, the products expire at the end of the month unless a date is specified Food and Drug Regulations C.
Expectations regarding labeling Expiry dates on Rx labels, in general, are not a mandatory requirement and may be requested by patients Expiry dates on Rx labels are a requirement on certain compounded products by policy or guidelines When expiry dates are placed on Rx label, pharmacists are expected to explain relevance of the expiry date Rationale for Not Using Expiry Dates Misleading to Public: Most obvious examples to use are ophthalmics which expire 30 days after opening or reconstituted antibiotics that expire in days after mixing with water.
Gives false sense of security to the patient Requirements to Comply with Standards A system or method implemented to ensure expired drugs are not dispensed and that drugs will not expire before the patient completes their normal course of therapy. The systems or methods are the responsibility of the pharmacist and manager and may vary between pharmacies. The systems should be developed keeping the principles of the standards in mind and not the actual expiry dates.
FDA Weighs Updating Its Bar
So, you find a bottle of aspirin only to see the expiration date passed two years ago. Can you still take it? Will the moon fall on you if you do? Well, here is some news for you… expiration dates mean little to nothing! We have the military to thank for this news.
(c) If the drug product is to be reconstituted at the time of dispensing, its labeling shall bear expiration information for both the reconstituted and unreconstituted drug products. (d) Expiration dates shall appear on labeling in accordance with the requirements of of this chapter.
The increase in unit-dose repackaging has led to questions regarding stability studies and appropriate expiration dates for these repackaged products. This revised draft guidance describes the conditions under which FDA does not intend to take action regarding required stability studies for these repackaged products and the expiration date to assign under those conditions. Through this notice, FDA is hoping to decrease the regulatory burdens of drug regulations on manufacturers of these products, while at the same time ensuring patient safety.
Specifically, the draft guidance describes chemistry, manufacturing, and controls CMC postapproval manufacturing changes that the Agency generally considers to have a minimal potential to have an adverse effect on the identity, strength, quality, purity, or potency of the product as they may relate to the safety or effectiveness of the product. Under FDA regulations, such minor changes in the product, production process, quality controls, equipment, facilities, or responsible personnel must be documented by applicants in an annual report.
This meeting will focus on regulatory and industry experiences with approaches to structured benefit-risk assessments, approaches to incorporating patient perspectives into structured benefit-risk assessment, and exploration of methods to advance structured benefit-risk assessment.
A Discussion of Drug Expiration Dating
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Home Page | History of hand painted bollywood posters
Origins & appeal of hand painted Bollywood posters
Although the exact origins of hand painted Bollywood movie poster art are relatively unknown, it is widely believed that the art form was born in the 1920s. The use of printed literature for film publicity dates back all the way to the first full-length Indian feature film, Raja Harishchandra, which was released in 1913. Newspaper adverts and handbills were the predominant forms of print publicity in the silent films era. The use of hand painted Bollywood posters in film publicity gradually began to take shape in the 1920s. The oldest surviving hand painted movie poster in Indian cinema is of the 1924 Marathi movie, Kalyan Khajina. The alluring art of hand painted Bollywood posters has traveled a long way since then – from serving as the primary advertising medium in the golden era of Indian cinema to the present day, where it serves as a subject of much curiosity for art lovers, historians, vintage & antique collectors, Bollywood movie poster aficionados, interior decorators, art galleries, museums and commercial premise owners.
Hand painted Bollywood posters were designed with the sole purpose of grabbing eyeballs and they did precisely that. Loud, over-the-top, unnatural colors typified the kitschy, bohemian appearances of most vintage hand painted Bollywood posters. Another striking characteristic was the use of broad visible brush strokes and 3D styled typography, seen in most hand painted Bollywood posters.
Talented, self taught Bollywood poster artists of the past such as Baburao Painter are credited with inventing the art of designing Bollywood posters completely by hand. Although hand painted Bollywood poster art was no doubt a commercial art stream, several world renowned artists such as India's Picasso M.F. Hussain made their humble beginnings in this field.
Their brilliant brush strokes infused hand painted Bollywood posters with raw energy and emotion. Sadly, most of the early work of these legendary Bollywood movie poster artists from the 1930s – 1940s has perished.
Very few authentic, original vintage hand painted Bollywood movie poster prints have survived the onslaught of time. Most surviving old Bollywood movie posters have been discovered lying neglected in dingy warehouses, where they were stored decades ago and forgotten.
The visual treat of hand painted Bollywood movie posters was earlier available only via museums and exhibitions. Today, through our online store Bollywood Movie Posters (BMP), we aim to make this beautiful vintage art form accessible to people from around the world. On the BMP store, you will find hundreds of original vintage hand painted Bollywood posters which can be proudly displayed in homes or commercial establishments such as restaurants, cafes, hotels, coffee shops, stores, salons, dance studios, art galleries, etc.
To summarize, the magical old world art of hand painted Bollywood posters has come full circle – from being plastered on walls outside cinema halls in the distant past to being framed and artistically displayed as the center of attention in luxury homes, restaurants, hotels, cafes, etc. today.
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Bulundi
Old Indian film poster of the classic Hindi crime drama Bulundi (1980) for sale.
This is an actual surviving hand painted Bollywood film poster of the classic Hindi movie Bulundi that featured actor Raaj Kumar in the lead role along with Danny Denzongpa, Raj Kiran, Kim Yashpal, Asha Parekh and Jeevan as the supporting cast.
Raaj Kumar was one of the most stylized stars that Indian cinema ever produced and is fondly remembered for his deep baritone voice and flawless dialogue delivery. In a career that spanned over four decades. Raaj Kumar, a former police officer, went on to star in over 60 Indian films.
Printed and circulated during the original first release of the film (1980), this old Indian film poster was originally designed for publicity of the film but never ended up being used.
This vintage Indian film poster was originally designed on a hand painted canvas by a leading art studio based in Bombay and features superbly hand painted portraits of the key characters from the film. A fabulous hand painted portrait of star Raaj Kumar is seen in flames on the top of this old Indian film poster. A smaller portrait of Danny Denzongpa in a karate pose is seen at the bottom. Raj Kiran is seen in a hand painted avatar alongside Danny in this old Indian film poster for sale.
Directed by Esmayeel Shroff, Bulundi's music was composed by Bollywood's greatest music director, RD Burman. The film was remade in Tamil as Nermai.
Hand painted original vintage Bollywood poster of the cult Hindi film Guide (1965) for sale.
This is an actual surviving handmade Bollywood poster of the 1965 film that featured the evergreen superstar of Indian cinema, Dev Anand in the lead role opposite Waheeda Rehman.
Guide is the first film in the history of Indian cinema to sweep the Filmfare Awards by wining all major award categories (Best Movie, Best Director, Best Actor and Best Actress), making this very rare hand drawn Bollywood poster highly collectible!
Printed and circulated several years after the first release of the film (somewhere in the 1970s), this hand drawn Bollywood movie poster was printed for publicity of the re-release of the film in the 1970s but never ended up being used.
This poster was originally designed in hand painted oil on canvas format by an art studio in Kolkata, using a line drawing technique to paint the faces of the actors. Bright colors (a combination of orange and red) along with line drawn faces of the stars give this original handmade Bollywood poster a very striking appearance.
In this hand drawn Bollywood poster, the artist depicts actress Waheeda Rehman in her iconic dancing pose on the right and in a more serious brooding pose on the left. The intricate details of her jewelry appear striking with the line drawing technique used by the artist in this hand painted Bollywood poster.
Guide is a 1965 cult Hindi film starring Dev Anand and Waheeda Rehman in lead roles. The film is an adaptation of the critically acclaimed novel, The Guide, by R. K. Narayan and is widely considered to be one of the finest masterpieces of Indian cinema.
Guide was initially planned to be an Indo-American co-production – to be shot simultaneously in Hindi and English. The lead actress Waheeda Rehman was reportedly even tutored on her diction of English in preparation for the same.
The music for this film was composed by ace music composer Sachin Dev Burman. Songs of the film went on to become the biggest blockbusters of the decade and find place among the greatest soundtracks ever made in Indian cinema till today.
"Aaj Phir Jeene Ki Tamanna Hai" and "Piya Tose Naina Laage Re" sung by Lata Mangeshkar went on to become a rage throughout the nation. "Gaata Rahe Mera Dil" sung by Kishore Kumar is a timeless classic and continues to be played till today.
A shortened 120-minute US version of the film was screened at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, 42 years after the original release of Guide.
Apradh
Hand drawn Bollywood poster for sale of the classic Hindi film Apradh (1972).
This is an actual surviving vintage Bollywood movie poster of the 1972 classic action thriller produced and directed by Feroz Khan. The film starred Feroz Khan, Mumtaz, Prem Chopra, Iftekhar, Helen and Madan Puri.
Feroz Khan was often referred to as the "Clint Eastwood of the East" and the "Steve McQueen of India." Apradh was Feroz Khan's debut as a producer and a director and was the first Indian movie to depict car racing in Germany, making this hand drawn Bollywood poster highly collectible!
The film is famous for the Indian funk-rock song composed by Kalyanji Anandji and sung by Asha Bhosle, "Ae Naujawan Hai Sab." This song is believed to be the basis of inspiration for the Grammy award winning hit released by The Black Eyed Peas in 2005, "Don't Phunk with My Heart."
Printed and circulated during the first release run of the film (somewhere in the early 1970s), this hand drawn Bollywood movie poster was originally designed for publicity of the film but never ended up being used.
Feroz Khan is seen kissing actress Mumtaz on her cheek on the center of this hand drawn Bollywood poster. A doodled car racing sequence is seen in the background. The use of bright shades of yellow, red and blue give this retro hand drawn Bollywood poster a very catchy appearance.
Meri Adalat
Rajinikanth movie poster for sale of the classic Hindi film Meri Adalat (1984).
This is an actual surviving Rajinikanth movie poster of the 1984 Hindi film that featured the "highest paid actor in Asia," superstar Rajinikanth in the lead role.
Printed and circulated during the first release run of the film (somewhere in the early 1980s), this Rajinikanth movie poster was originally designed for publicity of the film but never ended up being used.
Superstar Rajinikanth is seen wearing a police uniform pointing animatedly in a brilliant hand painted avatar in this Rajinikanth movie poster. A line drawn portrait of actress Zeenat Aman and a black and white photographic cut paste of Mohnish Behl and Sonia Sahini is seen at the bottom. This Rajinikanth movie poster is set against a blue background, giving it a very catchy appearance.
Ab Dilli Dur Nahin
Original vintage hand drawn Bollywood movie poster of the Raj Kapoor film, Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (1957) for sale.
This is an original Bollywood poster of the 1957 film produced by the "Showman of Indian cinema" Raj Kapoor, starring Motilal, Jagdeep, Nand Kishore, Yakub, Anwar Hussain and Amjad Khan.
The soundtrack of Ab Dilli Dur Nahin is fondly remembered for the popular song "Chun Chun Karti Aayi Chidiya" sung by legendary singer Mohammed Rafi and composed by Hasrat Jaipuri.
Amjad Khan (Gabbar Singh of Sholay fame) made his debut at the age of 17 in the film Ab Dilli Dur Nahin.
Printed and circulated during the first release run of the film (late 1950s), this rare Raj Kapoor movie poster was originally designed for publicity of the movie but never ended up being used.
This hand painted Bollywood poster features hand drawn portraits of the actors set against prominent landmarks of Delhi sketched at the bottom.
Old Amitabh movie poster of the hit Hindi film Bunty Aur Babli (2005) for sale.
This is an actual surviving Amitabh Bachchan poster of the 2005 Hindi movie that was based along the lines of the great American classic, Bonnie and Clyde.
Bunty Aur Babli was the first film to feature Amitabh Bachchan and his son Abhishek Bachchan together, making this poster highly collectible!
Printed and circulated during the original first release of the film (somewhere in the 2000s), this matt Bunty Aur Babli poster was originally designed for publicity of the film but never ended up being used.
Superstar Amitabh Bachchan is seen holding two wanted photographs of Abhishek Bachchan and Rani Mukerji in this Bollywood movie poster.
One of the songs from the film, "Kajra Re" featuring Amitabh Bachchan, Abhishek Bachchan along with a stunning guest appearance by Aishwarya Rai became a rage throughout the nation. Penned by master lyricist Gulzar and sung by Alisha Chinoy and Shankar Mahadevan, the song is fondly remembered and played till today.
Reissue Bollywood movie poster of the epic Hindi film Sholay (1975) for sale.
Featured here for sale is a reissue Sholay film poster circulated during a very recent screening of the greatest film ever made in Indian cinema. Printed and circulated very recently, this Sholay film poster was originally designed for publicity of a recent re-release of the film but never ended up being used.
Sholay has an unbeaten record for running for over five consecutive years after being released. The film enjoys a cult following in India and its dialogues are often quoted in various media. It is widely believed that Sholay is the highest grossing Indian film of all time when adjusted for inflation, making this Sholay film poster highly collectible!
Yeh Dosti (This Friendship) was one of the most popular songs from the epic Bollywood movie Sholay. This Sholay movie poster features a photo still from the song. Amitabh Bachchan & Dharmendra who play the characters of Jai and Veeru respectively, are seen riding on the iconic Sholay sidecar motor bike in this Bollywood movie poster.
Sholay is the highest grossing film of all time in Indian cinema and unanimously regarded as the greatest film ever made in Bollywood. Declared as the "Film of the Millennium" by BBC India in 1999, Sholay is an unforgettable classic that has become almost synonymous with 'masala' in Indian cinema. Its characters such as Jai, Veeru, Basanti, Thakur & Gabbar Singh have been etched into history.
Sholay holds a record of 60 golden jubilees across India, and was the first film in India to celebrate a silver jubilee at over 100 theaters. Sholay was the longest running film in Indian cinema until Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) broke its record of 286 weeks in 2001. In January 2014 a 3D version of Sholay was released.
The soundtrack of the film composed by R. D. Burman became a stellar success. Songs such as "Yeh Dosti" and "Mehbooba Mehbooba" are fondly remembered and played till today.
Reissue Bollywood poster of the historical Hindi film, Noor Jehan (1967) for sale.
Featured here for sale is a reissue Bollywood movie poster circulated during a very recent screening of the old Hindi film Noor Jehan (1967). Printed and circulated very recently, this Bollywood poster was originally designed for publicity of a recent re-release of the film but never ended up being used.
Noor Jehan featured Meena Kumari in the lead role. Popularly known as the "Tragedy Queen of Bollywood," Meena Kumari starred in over 90 films in her career that spanned three decades and is often remembered as the Cinderella of Indian cinema.
This Bollywood poster for sale features a stunning hand painted rendition of Meena Kumari holding a rose. A large hand panted side profile of actor Pradeep Kumar is seen in the background. The title of the film is seen in interesting 3D typography at the bottom of this reissue Bollywood poster.
Shubh Din
Vintage Bollywood poster for sale of the old Indian snake movie Shubh Din (1974).
This is an actual surviving vintage Bollywood poster for sale of the 1974 old Hindi movie that starred Shashi Kiran in the lead role.
Printed and circulated during the original first release of the film (somewhere in the early 1970s), this vintage Bollywood poster was printed for publicity of the film but never ended up being used.
This vintage Bollywood poster was originally designed using a combination of both hand painted as well as photographic techniques.
Set against a light gradient background hand painted with broad visible brush strokes, this Bollywood poster features a woman lying on a bed folding her hands in front of a snake. A small black and white photographic still of a man with a mustache is seen on the bottom right hand corner of this vintage Bollywood poster.
Rootha Na Karo
Vintage Bollywood poster for sale of the old Hindi film Rootha Na Karo (1970).
This is an actual surviving old Bollywood poster for sale of the 1970 Hindi film that starred Shashi Kapoor and Nanda in lead roles.
Printed and circulated during the original first release of the film (somewhere in 1970), this vintage Bollywood poster was printed for publicity of the film but never ended up being used.
Rootha Na Karo was a romantic thriller that featured the most handsome actor in Bollywood, Shashi Kapoor as the lead protagonist.
This old Bollywood poster was originally designed in hand painted oil on canvas format by one of the most sought after Bollywood poster artists of his time, C. Mohan, making it highly collectible.
Bollywood poster artist C. Mohan's signature style of using minimalist design techniques coupled with stunningly realistic hand painted portraits of the actors is seen in this vintage Bollywood poster. Set against a plain white background, the poster creates an immediate visual impact owing largely to its minimalist design.
Artist C. Mohan's original signature appears on the bottom right of the poster.
Veer Arjun
Bollywood poster for sale of the old Indian mythology movie Veer Arjun (1977).
This is an actual surviving original Bollywood poster of the 1977 Hindi film that was based on the legendary story of Prince Arjuna from the ancient Indian epic of the Mahabharata.
Printed and circulated during the first release of the film (somewhere in the late 1970s), this old Bollywood poster was printed for publicity of the film but never ended up being used.
This old Indian mythology poster features an interesting combination technique in the design of its artwork. Still photographs have been over painted with deep colors, giving this old Bollywood poster a vivid appearance.
In this Bollywood poster, Arjuna is seen taking the blessings of Lord Shree Krishna while a battle ensues in the background.
1942: A Love Story
Bollywood poster for sale of the highly acclaimed Hindi film, 1942: A Love Story (1994).
This is an actual surviving old Hindi movie poster of the 1994 film directed by Vidhu Vinod Chopra starring Anil Kapoor, Manisha Koirala, Jackie Shroff, Anupam Kher, Danny Denzongpa and Pran in pivotal roles.
Printed and circulated during the initial first release of the film (early 1990s), this old Hindi film poster was originally designed for publicity of the film but never ended up being used.
This old Hindi film poster features a stunning image of actor Jackie Shroff engaged in battle.
1942: A Love Story is a landmark film in Indian cinema, making this old Hindi movie poster highly collectible!
The period film was set in the year 1942, at a time when India was under British rule. The award winning, timeless music of the film was composed by one of the greatest music directors in the history of Indian cinema, Rahul Dev Burman (RD Burman aka Pancham Da).
1942: A Love Story was released after the demise of master music composer RD Burman. He was awarded posthumously for his brilliant compositions in the film, winning his third and last Filmfare Award. The film was the first Bollywood movie to use Dolby Sound and became a milestone in sound engineering, paving the way for use of the format in subsequent films.
The film's highly acclaimed music composed by music director R.D. Burman with lyrics by Javed Akhtar bagged several Filmfare Awards. Songs from the film, most notably "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh" and "Kuch Na Kaho" are fondly remembered and played till today.
1942: A Love Story was one of the first Bollywood films to be given a U/A rating as it featured a kissing scene, which was deemed by the censor board as inappropriate for young children.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Month: Sep 2022
(W.E. Talk) China Mirrors America's Decline! (30.9.2022)
(ECNS)– The world now is in the toil of profound changes unseen in a century combined with a once-in-a-century pandemic. Grey rhinos and black swans have emerged one after another, flooding the world with uncertainties. Looking into the future, people have expectations and confusion.
However, when the world is itching for cooperation and solidarity, some Western countries put their own interest first by resorting to unilateral sanctions and long-arm jurisdiction, advocating decoupling and chain-breaking, thus building high walls around their small bloc.
Is globalization, which improved the lives of billions worldwide, really coming to an end? What is the prospect of Sino-U.S. relations which is key to the world situation? In the latest W.E. Talk, Gal Luft, co-director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security (IAGS) and also senior adviser for the U.S. Energy Security Council was invited to talk with Di Dongsheng, Professor and deputy dean of the School of International Studies of Renmin University of China and Ding Yifan, former deputy director and senior fellow at the Development Research Center of the State Council.
Ceremony Marking 2,573rd Anniversary of the Birth of Confucius Held in Qufu – East China! (29.9.2022)
A ceremony marking the 2,573rd birth anniversary of Confucius is held at Confucius Temple in Qufu, east China's Shandong Province, Sept. 28, 2022. An educator and philosopher, Confucius (551-479 B.C.), who founded a school of thought known as Confucianism, profoundly influenced later generations of Chinese society. He was also the first to set up private schools in China that enrolled students from different social classes. (Xinhua/Li Ziheng)
New 'Third' Fossilized Skull of "Yunxian Man" (Homo Erectus) Found in Central China! (29.9.2022)
In 1989 and 1990, the first and second such skulls, dating from 800,000 to 1.1 million years ago, were unearthed at an early Paleolithic period site in central China's Hubei Province. The fossil skulls are believed to belong to Homo Erectus and were named "Yunxian Man."
The new fossil, named "No. 3 Skull of Yunxian Man," was discovered about 35 meters from the excavation location of the first two skull fossils, with similarities in terms of burial environment and the technical characteristics of their companion stone artifacts.
Archaeologists have carried out systematic excavations at the site since 2021, which led to the new discovery. Part of the new skull has been unearthed, with no obvious deformation visible so far.
Experts said that the new discovery will provide important evidence showing the evolution of Homo Erectus and its origin and development in China and East Asia.
'Silent' Restaurant Provides Livelihood to the Deaf, Mute! (28.9.2022)
When asked why she insisted on only providing jobs to the deaf-mute for 12 years, Li said she had witnessed the difficulties they experience as a child, with six of her family members both deaf and mute, and facing limited job opportunities, etc.
I chose to open a hot pot restaurant and make it easier for the disabled to prepare and serve dishes, with gas stoves replaced with induction equivalents, which are safer for deaf employees to use, Li said.
Xinxiang City is home to more than six million residents, of which more than 40,000 are deaf and mute, and with only one school for them to attend.
Li's parents used to study at this school, meaning the employees in the hot pot restaurant are mainly their classmates. Now deaf people who are applying for work often take the initiative to ask Li for a job.
I hope that the deaf and mute can work and live normal lives, using their strength to earn a reasonable living, Li said.
China: Foreign Ministry Decries Racism of West! (28.9.2022)
The US, UK and EU all follow a US-derived anti-Socialist agenda that developed in the post-1945 era. Indeed, the EU is a direct product of US Neo-Imperialism throughout Western Europe – which is now spreading into Eastern Europe – using the ideology of 'Neo-Nazism' to propagate its anti-Russian racist agenda and move the boundaries of NATO up to the limitations of geographical Russia (the world will never forget the 78-days of the continuous blanket-bombing of 'Socialist' Yugoslavia in 1999)! This policy can be clearly seen in the Ukraine, Poland, Estonia and many other such countries. In the meantime, the US declared decades ago that it will not 'accept' the democratically arrived at ('international') status quo if such a status quo does not recognise the hegemony of the US or the dominance of US notions of free market economics! The US and its post-colonial minians seek regime change in China and so the US media, education and political systems all act in accordance with this agenda – all churning-out 'false' agendas, lies and general misinformation to the younger generation. The US bourgeoisie 'fears' a homegrown 'Socialist' movement which would see Americans of ALL ethnicities 'uniting' around their 'working-class' background and reaching out to their brothers and sisters in China – voluntarily putting an end to US racism!
Email: Stanford Internet Observatory – Unheard Voice! (27.9.2022)
Russia, China, North Korea, Cuba and Iran are the main victims – with the behaviour of the US, UK, Israel and EU countries (regardless of how 'barbaric' or 'destructive') being presented as 'normal' and 'natural'. Neo-Nazi Ukraine has now been added to this table of the inherently 'preferred'!


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Keep Me Safe is the first in a new series from Daniela Sacerdoti and is set on the fictional Scottish Hebridean island of Seal. Having loved all her Glen Avich books I was really delighted when Frances Gough of Headline Books offered me an advance copy and smiled when I spotted a few references to characters who I knew from Glen Avich. Since I was going to a real Hebridean island, Lewis, for the school half term break I made sure I took my copy with me. Although we had amazing weather for February there was, of course, a very rainy day so I took advantage and curled up to enjoy this book. And enjoy it I most certainly did!
Anna is a newly qualified nurse working in London and living with her partner, Toby, and their young daughter Ava. When Toby decides he is leaving the relationship he tells Ava while Anna is at work. Traumatised, Ava doesn't speak for three days but when she finally does she asks Anna for her mum, her real mum. Trying to help her daughter through this, Ava discovers the place her daughter is talking about is a real place, Seal Island, and arranges to go there for a few weeks. She hopes that staying on the island will help her find clues which might explain what Ava is experiencing.
Daniela Sacerdoti's beautiful, heartfelt writing pulls you into the story and tugs at your emotions. As with the Glen Avich books, there is an element of the mystical in the story, perhaps even more so in this book. As you will no doubt have surmised, possible reincarnation is a theme in Keep Me Safe. The author is very skilled at weaving the mystical elements into the story so that, whether you believe in reincarnation or people who see spirits or not, it all seems very convincing and plausible.
The island setting was just wonderful and reading it while on an island seemed particularly apt. I was a little confused at first as I thought the island was the real Seil Island which does have a bridge over the Atlantic as mentioned in the book. However, when a ferry to the island was mentioned I realised I was mistaken! The power and strength of nature and the sea is vividly described. It seemed to me that the condition of the sea mirrored the raging grief, or the calmness of the characters. The positives and negatives of an island community were also well depicted. There are few secrets in such a small community but equally there is much support for each other.
Keep Me Safe is a compelling story about people who have loved and lost in different ways and who are afraid to love fully again. It's a book about the healing power of learning to love and trust again. Daniela Sacerdoti has written another book I was completed immersed in, with characters I loved and a setting I am very much looking forward to visiting again.
When Anna's partner walks away from their relationship, she is shattered. But it is her little girl Ava who takes it hardest of all. The six year old falls silent for three days. When she does speak, her words are troubling. Ava wants to go home. To a place called Seal.
Over one million copies of Daniela Sacerdoti's novels have been sold in eBook: her debut novel Watch Over Me was the eighth bestselling Kindle book of all time in 2015.
Daniela was born and raised in Italy. She studied Classics, then lived in Scotland for fourteen years, where she married and taught in a primary school.
Daniela, her husband and their two sons make their home in a tiny village in the Alps. To discover more about Daniela and her world, visit http://www.danielasacerdoti.com.
I'm reading this at the moment so I haven't read your review too closely but glad you enjoyed it.
Hope you enjoy it too then.


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Problem-focused research, executive and professional development, corporate membership and student education.
The intersection of real life and academia – now in your living room.
The Center for Services Leadership (CSL) in the W. P. Carey School of Business at Arizona State University is a ground-breaking research center within the W. P. Carey School of Business at Arizona State University that concentrates on expanding service innovation by combining the latest scientific insights from the academic world with the best of business strategy in the real world. We encourage you to explore our website for resources and information for the science of service.


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The commentary features contributions from AMP Capital. The views expressed are not necessarily the views of the Board of Trustees of the National Provident Fund.
Political issues remained front and centre in the September quarter as the trade dispute between the United States and China continued to escalate, fears rose of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union in March 2019 without a deal, and the deadline approached for new populist government in Italy to pull their 2019 budget together.
Trade wars continue to present the greatest threat to the global economic outlook. Tensions rose further over the quarter, though new tariffs implemented towards the end of the period were less than feared. Furthermore, there have been reports that China is planning a broad cut to its tariffs, which provides scope for a negotiated settlement.
The risk of a 'hard Brexit' rose over September as the European Union rejected the British Government's latest Brexit plan, with the "four freedoms" and the Irish border the key sticking points. A hard 'Brexit' risks throwing the UK into a recession and time is running out.
Fiscal policy is again a key focus in Europe as the new populist government in Italy attempted to pull a Budget together that delivers on their election promises but stays within EU-determined Budget limits. This simply serves to highlight again the need for a Eurozone-wide fiscal framework.
Economic data among the key developed economies has been generally positive over the quarter. That said, we continue to believe that Europe and Japan are past the peaks of their respective growth cycle, but that growth will remain sufficiently robust to absorb spare capacity in their economies and put upward pressure on inflation. Activity in the UK economy continues to suffer from the uncertainty around the Brexit process.
The European Central Bank has signalled it will end its quantitative easing (asset purchase) programme at the end of 2018. However, they have also signalled that any move higher in interest rates is unlikely until the second half of 2019. In the UK, the Bank of England has been raising interest rates in response to the tighter labour market, but are now likely on hold until Brexit uncertainty diminishes. The Bank of Japan continues to ease aggressively.
Growth remains most robust in the United States where late cycle fiscal stimulus is continuing to support activity. The labour market continues to tighten and wage growth continues to move higher. The US Federal Reserve delivered its eighth interest rate hike of this cycle in September and signalled a continuation of the gradual approach to further interest rate increases. We expect their next move in December.
As US monetary policy has tightened and the US dollar has risen, emerging markets have come under pressure. As a whole, emerging markets are better placed than they have been during previous periods of market stress. In particular, growth is higher, inflation is lower and external imbalances are in better shape. However, some countries such as Argentina and Turkey have poor structural settings that have seen their financial markets punished during the last few months.
Concerns about the slowdown in China resurfaced over the quarter. We have been expecting China to continue slowing and we believe the downside risks in the economy are manageable. The authorities have shown they have the willingness and resources to support the economy should it be needed.
Australian GDP growth has been on a rising trajectory over the last 12 months. Annual growth now sits at 3.4% following a better than expected June quarter result and upward revisions to earlier data. However, we expect growth to soften again over the period ahead given the current debilitating drought and the slowdown in the housing market that will constrain consumer spending.
After spending the first half of 2018 in an uncertain mode, global share markets managed a vigorous rebound in the third quarter, gaining 4.5% in US dollar terms over the three month period. Gains were paced by the US market, which rallied 7.2% as corporate earnings continue to be strong, lifted by healthy domestic demand and corporate tax cuts. However, Europe and emerging markets were weaker, with Europe rising by just 0.3% and emerging markets ending the period unchanged.
We remain moderately cautious regarding the more expensive asset classes and market sectors. In the key US equity market, while earnings growth has been supportive, periods of market strength have become more dependent on a narrow set of major global technology and energy companies, although the last quarter saw the rally broadening to the healthcare and industrials sectors, which both outperformed technology. The Japanese index' gain unusually exceeded that of the US, with yen softness supporting an 8.1% quarterly gain in local currency terms.
In New Zealand, which has outperformed, much momentum relies currently on our commodity exporters and on sectors benefiting from a weaker New Zealand dollar (NZD).We currently see no catalysts for a significant NZD rebound, given divergent interest rate paths, so New Zealand equities may continue their resilience for some months despite slowing growth and record-high valuations. A dovish monetary policy update from the RBNZ at the end of the quarter accompanied by a move lower in New Zealand bond yields reinforced the perception that domestic equities still face no threat from the direction of New Zealand interest rates. However, valuations remain stretched considering the slowing domestic economy, which will begin impacting earnings before long.
In global fixed interest, in contrast to New Zealand continued weakness in major country bonds' performance is particularly notable. The willingness of investors to switch in to longer-duration debt securities at times of turmoil has clearly diminished this year. Cash has been preferred as the safe-haven asset to hold immediately following market shocks, while awaiting clarification and re-building confidence in the continuing case for growth assets. The US 10 year bond yield has again risen above 3.0%, and returns from US corporate credit also remain subdued.
We expect the final quarter of 2018 to see a resumption of volatility, as geopolitical (tariff and US electoral) risks add to tightening global monetary conditions as a challenge to equities. European issues may again come to the fore, with Brexit complications rising and the Italian fiscal picture deteriorating. However, because other developed market economies remain strong and inflation is gradually turning upwards, we expect limited diversification benefits from global bonds and continue to prefer cash. For New Zealand bonds the outlook is better with softer growth ahead and a decoupling from US bond yields persisting, allowing us to restore more neutral weightings to domestic bonds in order to access their interest rate advantage over cash.
The NZD fell -2.2% against the US dollar over the third quarter, enhancing returns from global equities somewhat. We think that the NZD correction phase will now pause for a period, but may resume in the event of any sharp deterioration in international equity markets, bad news from China, or weakening in agricultural commodity prices.
There was no change in the Official Cash Rate (OCR) as expected as the RBNZ continues with its "on hold" message. The RBNZ continues to have a balanced view on whether the next move will be up or down, but the market has reduced its expectations of a cut.
90 day bank bill rates were down 9 basis points (bps) in the last three months, falling back nearer to the lows experienced at the start of the year after initially bouncing back above 2%.
Government bond rates decreased for all maturities and there was a flattening of the government bond curve. New Zealand government bond rates outperformed global government bond rates, with the US 10 year rate increasing by 20 bps over the same period.
Swap rates were lower for all maturities. This was against the move in US markets and other global markets, which saw swap rates widen as growth in the US continues to strengthen.
Swap spreads widened for longer dated maturities as the flattening of the New Zealand government bond curve was not reflected in the New Zealand swap curve.
Break even inflation rates were lower by 4 bps, which was in line with Australia and Japan markets, but under performed relative to the US and UK.
Global government bond yields drifted higher for the majority of July, with trade tensions continuing to influence financial markets. In August, global bonds experienced a moderate rally across most markets, as geopolitical factors appeared to supersede economic data during the period, with trade negotiations between the US and Mexico, ongoing trade friction between the US and China and emerging market risks dominating headlines.
September saw global bond yields rise as bond markets sold off on the back of positive economic data releases which outweighed geopolitical influences, in particular ongoing trade tensions which continued to occupy the attention of market participants. The US 10-year bond yield ended the quarter at 3.06%, while the German 10-year bond yield and its Japanese counterpart ended at 0.47% and 0.13% respectively.
Global shares, particularly those in developed markets, were up strongly in the September quarter. The MSCI World ex Australia Net Index finished the period higher by 5.39%.
In the US, decidedly positive sentiment lingered from good corporate earnings growth, combined with continued strong economic growth and low unemployment. The S&P 500 total return index ended the period up a scorching 7.71%, touching record highs in the process. Trade-related developments, while providing a source of volatility (both on the positive and negative side) were again a feature. While there was much negative media surrounding the war of words leading up to the thrashing out of new deals, most developed markets seemed not overly concerned.
There was also a marked change in top-performing sectors. Technology stocks came under some pressure, while some of the more traditionally defensive segments of the market, such as REITs, did well, which was perhaps a little surprising given rising bond yields.
The New Zealand dollar (NZD) was weaker over the September quarter.
The US federal funds target rate is now above the New Zealand Official Cash Rate, meaning the positive interest rate differential which has supported the NZD has now reversed into a negative differential in the United States' favour. The RBNZ has signalled that it is unlikely to lift domestic interest rates until 2020, while the US Federal Reserve could potentially raise rates by over 1% within that timeframe.


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Global Digital Humanities Symposium, Michigan State University, March 22-23, 2018.
Our (Digital) Humanity: Storytelling, Media Organizing, and Social Justice, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, April 20-22, 2018.
HILT (Humanities Intensive Learning & Teaching), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, June 4-8, 2018.
Digital Humanities Research Institute, Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY June 11-20, 2018.
Keystone Digital Humanities Conference. Penn State University, State College, PA, July 16-18 2018.
Digital Pedagogies Institute Conference, Brock University, St. Catherines, Ontario, August 9-10, 2018.
For more events on a global scale, check out the Digital Library Federation's Crowd-Sourced Google Calendar.
Rebecca S. Krawiec, (Religious Studies & Theology), Editor and Encoder/annotator, Translator.
Jonathan Lawrence, (Religious Studies & Theology), Creator.
Przemyslaw Moskal, (Digital Media Arts) New Media, Digital & Gaming Artist.
co-directed by Barbara Irwin and Jamie O'Neil (Digital Media Arts).
Thomas Banchich, co-founder and contributor.
Claudio Saunt's Invasion of America.
Art Feminism Group's Wikipedia Edit-A-Thons.
Alex Wellerstein's NukeMap: a nuclear weapons simulator using Google Maps GIS Data.
Historypin: a collaborative, geographic archive of historical photography.
Biblion: an iOS app by New York Public Library, featuring interactive presentation of library collections.
True Size Of: an interactive map that shows the relative size of nation-states, adjusted on a Mercator.
slavevoyages.org: a database of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade.
Voyageur Contract Database: includes around 35,900 New French and Canadian fur trade contracts created between 1714 and 1830.
PRDH: biographic/demographic database of New French colonists, compiled from surviving documents, primarily Catholic parish registers.
Dougherty, Jack, and Kristen Nawrotzki, Writing History in the Digital Age. 2013. An open-access, peer-reviewed volume of essays.
There are plenty of examples of computational literacy analysis at the Stanford Literary Lab.
Create Caribbean: a Research Institute at Dominica State College, supporting digital projects in Caribbean History.
Digital Mitford: Online scholarly edition of the works of Mary Russell Mitford. Also source for learning TEI/XML for literary study.
Six Degrees of Sir Francis Bacon: Digital depiction and analysis of Sir Francis Bacon's social connections.
Homer Multitext: Exploring the "evolution and the resulting multiformity" of Homer's Illiad and Odessey, in historical contexts.
James Monroe Museum Political Cartoons: Undergraduate Student Project, built in Omeka. Digitized political cartoons with historical context.
Urban Humanities Initiative at UCLA: Incorporating humanities interpretive approaches and urban design practices.
American Panorama: a digital atlas series created at the University of Richmond's Digital Scholarship Lab.
SNCC Digital Gateway: digital exhibition and archive exploring the history of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a major organization within the African American civil rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s.
Hear UR: Student Podcasting at University of Rochester.
Migration Trail: using digital, dynamic maps, video, audio, and social media to tell immigration stories.
Matthew G. Kirschenbaum, "What is Digital Humanities, and What's it Doing in English Departments?"
Anne Burdick, Johanna Drucker, Peter Lunenfeld, Todd Presner, and Jeffrey Schnapp, Digital_Humanities. (Link to Full Text).
a paper copy is available in Bouwhuis Library.
the final, summative section of this book is available here: A Short Guide to the Digital_Humanities).
Debates in the Digital Humanities. This project, initially a paper collection of essays, is now an online, open-access "social reading platform."
William G. Thomas, What is Digital Scholarship? A Typology.
A skeptical view of the Digital Humanities: Daniel Allington, Sara Brouillette, David Golumbia, "Neoliberal Tools (and Archives): A Political History of the Digital Humanities."
Various responses to the Allington, Brouillette, Golumbia piece, rounded up by Digital Humanities Now, here and here.
Timothy Brennan, "The Digital Humanities Bust," The Chronicle of Higher Education 64 (October 2017). The Chronicle requires a subscription to view this article, so it is Permalinked at ProQuest (login required).
Response by Sarah Bond, Hoyt Long, and Ted Underwood: "'Digital' is not the Opposite of Humanities," Chronicle of Higher Education (November 2017). The Chronicle has this available on the web for those without a subscription.
Omeka for web-based publishing (via Linux).
Sharemap - free online Geographic Information System for mapmaking.
MapStory - storytelling through maps.
WikiEdu - Resources for learning and teaching about and with Wikipedia.
Comic Life - application for developing comics, available for desktop (Computers) and mobile (tablets). 30-day trials, academic discounts available for full versions.
Import Spreadsheet (or Google Forms) data into Google My Maps. Great for getting simple geospatial data quickly into Google Maps.
For students, faculty and staff, Canisius College has available on PCs in OM 111 (Financial Markets Lab) ArcGIS, a powerful Geographic Information System (GIS).
Canisius College Faculty have access to Adobe Create Cloud Suite, which includes a variety of powerful media tools including Photoshop, Illustrator, and Premier. Contact the Help Desk (x8340) for details.
Google News Archive: Historical newspaper runs. In the 2000s, Google scanned in microfilmed editions of newspapers from around North America, and possible some from Europe. Google stopped this project, but have left the archive in place.
Chronicling America: Historical U.S. newspaper runs at the Library of Congress.
dp.la: Digital Public Library of America. Search and access digital collections (images, texts, artifacts, video) at many public libraries around the United States. Includes API.
Voyant: Web-based toolset for text analysis and Computer-Assisted Interpretation in the Humanities.
Google n-Gram viewer: language statistics across Google Books.
Gapminder: Visualization of global economic, social, and other development data.
Explain Everything: a tablet based whiteboarding tool. Produce video or slideshow presentations featuring markup of raster images or video. Collaborate with several creators simultaneously.
JSTOR Datasets: text mine publications held at JSTOR.


text:
Q: Laptop running super slow all of a sudden?
Possible Duplicate:
What are the first steps for diagnosing a slow machine?

Can anyone help, my laptop has started running very slow! things take forever to open, especially outlook and internet explorer. however its generally slow all around. i have run many spyware and malware scans and all were clean. i have tried disabling certain startup software, but still isnt helping that much!
Any thoughts, and help would be killer!

A: The question is vague, and can have multiple reasons for the slow response.
My first thought, in the past I have some bad experiences with Windows 7, after installing SP1 on some machines (not all) everything feels "slow", could this be happening to you ?
In that case, the only solution I can come up until now is reinstall the O.S.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Danish Yearbook of Musicology is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal related to musical research in the widest sense. It is supported by the Danish Council for Independent Research | Humanities.
Each issue presents articles, book reviews, reports on research projects and conferences as well as a bibliography on literature related to Danish music or musicology. The journal is published by the Danish Musicological Society (Dansk Selskab for Musikforskning) and has been published since 1961.
As of volume 40 (2016) Danish Yearbook of Musicology is published on the website www.dym.dk.
Proposals for articles, reviews, or reports are welcome and should be sent to the editors' e-mail. The main language for publication is English, but articles in German and in the Scandinavian languages are also accepted. Notes and references follow British practice as indicated in the Oxford Style Manual, with use of the author–title system for repeated citations. Please consult the latest issue of the yearbook for style, citation practice, and general approach.
Vol. 41 will be published continously during 2017 – submissions are welcome any any time.
The website contains the free online archives of the journal. All contributions will be available on this site.
For purchase of printed copies of older issues, please contact Aarhus University Press.
Danish Yearbook of Musicology (digital issues: ISSN 2245-4969; printed issues: ISSN 1604-9896, formerly 0416-6884) was until vol. 30 published as Dansk Årbog for Musikforskning.


The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center (CPC) is forecasting a 35% chance of above-normal hurricane activity in the Atlantic for the 2018 hurricane season (June 1 – November 30). The disastrous 2017 hurricane season had companies scrambling to position themselves for a piece of the "recovery" pie.
I make widgets. Why should I care about cybersecurity?
It happens every day. The news fills with words like botnets, malware, ransomware, heartbleed, phishing, and sniffing. We are told we must make passwords "long and strong," avoid "unsafe" websites, and keep computers "up to date." We wonder what hackers could ever want with us.
Mostly, we just wonder what is safe and what we should do to protect ourselves.
Iowa manufacturers have been slow to take proven steps toward improving their businesses—and now face a widening technology gap and workforce challenges that are placing increasing pressure on smaller companies, according to a recent CIRAS review of the state of Iowa manufacturing.
CIRAS' 2017–2018 Iowa Manufacturing Needs Assessment Report, a document based on comments derived from six public forums and a survey of leaders at 228 manufacturers across Iowa, shows Iowa companies continuing to sort themselves onto one side or another of a widening profitability gap.
Cary J. "C.J." Osborn joined CIRAS earlier this summer as a Newton-based project manager leading our growth services on the Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) team.
Kay Park Recreation was born in 1954 because its founder, Keith Borglum, was in the right place at the right time.
Steve Belland and Moe Abu-Nameh have gone the extra mile to give federal government agencies and their prime contractors a reason to work with the duo's Hiawatha trucking company.
Now, the Iowans just need to find the right match.
Samantha Ferm has joined CIRAS as a government contracting specialist with the Procurement Technical Assistance Program (PTAP). She will be based out of Iowa City and will serve the southeast portion of the state.


text:
Home / Unlabelled / At 88, Pastor Sheffield Gets Degree 58 Years After Starting, Didn't Want to Meet Jesus Without It
At 88, Pastor Sheffield Gets Degree 58 Years After Starting, Didn't Want to Meet Jesus Without It
Sheffield ditched his studies in 1965 because his daughters were about to start college around the same time, a Shorter University report explained.
Some 58 years after the 88-year-old retired pastor started his degree in Christian Studies at Shorter University in 1961; he finally graduated from the college earlier this month with his hard earned degree in hand fueled by the desire not to meet Jesus without it.
Photo credit: Shorter University/Dawn Tolbert
Sheffield's neighbour, Amanda Brannock, who helped him finish what he started so many decades ago said; "I saw him write until his hands couldn't write anymore, and I've seen him focus so hard to the point where his vision wasn't normal".
After reading a magazine article about senior citizens attending some colleges and universities without paying tuition, Sheffield decided it was time for him to finish the degree he started.
Sheffield said "I didn't care about having a diploma back then, but I'm getting my degree this time," he said of his attitude when he made the decision to build on the 115 hours he had already dedicated toward the degree.
Brannock, who is an early literacy teacher at a primary school in Lamar County, explained that she helped him get his degree because he had helped her family so much.
"I moved to Georgia five years ago, and Horace was one of the first people I met here. He came to my home to talk to my family about accepting the Lord and becoming members of the church. It's because of Horace I was able to see my husband and my son baptized," Brannock told the Rome News-Tribune.
"When he approached me about going back to college, he said it was the only thing in life he had never finished, and he did not want to meet the Lord without that degree.
"He said he knew nothing about computers let alone own one. So I said, 'Pop, I've got a computer and a printer, and I'll get you internet. Let's go for a ride.' He gave me the gift of God in my husband and son; I could do no less than help him get an education. We are so proud of him," she explained.
With the majority of his family in attendance on graduation day, Brannock walked with Sheffield as he pushed his walker across the stage according to the News.
Jubilant whistles and screams erupted from his supporters as soon as school officials announced Sheffield's name, and he never wavered until he finally walked off stage.
"It's a thrill of a lifetime," said Sheffield after the event. "I finally made it."


Almost every part of your computer produces heat when you are using it. In fact, some parts such as the graphics card and CPU can get really, really hot.
Now, if your computer is properly configured, the majority of this heat goes out of the computer's case thanks to a number of fans.
In the case that the hot air isn't being removed quickly enough, the temperature can rise to the point when the PC can shut itself down or in a worst-case scenario even endure fatal damage. Therefore, it goes without saying that keeping your computer cool is essential.
As we have established, the fans in your computer have the task of keeping it cool. Are you aware of the number one factor that slows the fans down until they stop? It's dirt. One way or the other (especially if you are keeping your computer's case open), it's bound to find its way inside and get stuck in the fans.
A cooler PC is the best solution for making sure it has a long lifespan.
If you want your PC to run at a cool temperature, you should clean the internal fans regularly. Look for the fans inside the power supply, on top of the CPU, and one that is either on the front or the back of the case. Makes sure the computer is turned off and unplugged, open it up, and remove the dirt with a compressor or a compressed air can.
The default settings of your fans can be a reason for too much heat. It is possible that they are simply running too slowly to cool down certain parts of your PC. As for GPUs, some of them show that they are at a high temperature because the driver software only starts up the fans when there is a particular load range. Therefore, you need to take control of your fans, by using a program such as MSI Afterburner.
Up to 20% is the optimal speed for your fans when the conditions are idle. Of course, you can go up to 100% with every fan by clicking on the up arrow but that is hardly ever necessary. So, if your PC is under a heavy load, you may want to tweak your fan speeds with this program so that it remains at a safe temperature.
When looking at your CPU, it is not just, often, the most expensive, but also the most delicate part of your PC. It's also the part that tends to overheat the most. Your processor originally comes with a low-quality fan which basically cools it down enough for it to work accordingly, and does so only when it's running at full speed. So, browse online or visit a computer shop in order to find a larger CPU fan which is made to keep the CPU temperature lower than a default one can.
The simplest solution for your PC's temperature is to give it some breathing room. You can do this by making sure that nothing is obstructing the air flow. This especially goes for the back, because most of the hot air flows out of there. There should be at least 5 cm of open space on both sides of the PC, and the back needs to be completely open. Also, if your computer is inside a desk, make sure that there is at least one open side so that the air can flow optimally. If it's closed, hot air will recycle inside your desk, and increase the PC's temperature.
While good quality thermal solutions are important for keeping your computer temperatures under control, ambient temperatures play a good part in it as well. Puget Systems research found out that the higher the ambient temperature is, the higher the CPU temperature gets as well. In places where outside temperatures reach 30+ degrees Celsius, it is important to have proper air-condition solutions such as Climacool in order to prolong the lifespan of your equipment, as well as your computer.
It goes without saying that you want your PC to be at an optimal temperature. Overheating not only leads to your computer randomly shutting down but can eventually do permanent damage to its parts. A cooler PC is the best solution for making sure it has a long lifespan.
Sonia is an Australian blogger writing about latest tech and startup buzzes. Her passions are books and movies.


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Q: What can I do to solve "No more handles [gtk_init_check() failed]" on Oracle Linux for PDI Spoon? The error I get is
org.eclipse.swt.SWTError: No more handles [gtk_init_check() failed] at org.eclipse.swt.SWT.error(SWT.java:4621) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Display.createDisplay(Display.java:1038) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Display.create(Display.java:1025) at org.eclipse.swt.graphics.Device.<init>(Device.java:179) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Display.<init>(Display.java:590) at org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Display.<init>(Display.java:581) at org.pentaho.di.ui.spoon.Spoon.main(Spoon.java:668) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498) at org.pentaho.commons.launcher.Launcher.main(Launcher.java:92)
If I run it with root user there is no problem but when I try to run it with pentaho user I get this error. According to my research on google it is about display parameter but I could not find a way to fix it. What can I do to solve this problem?
Thanks in advance.


We prioritize funding for our doctoral students during the first three years of study, but these depend on department funding and satisfactory academic progress and are thus not guaranteed from year to year. In future years, research assistantships (RAs) or teaching assistantship (TA) might be available. RAs vary from year to year and are assigned by individual faculty members from their funded grants.
Appointment as a teaching assistant (TA) or assistant instructor (AI) may involve assisting in academic or laboratory class preparation, in grading and lecture presentation, or in clinical supervision.
Appointment as a graduate research assistant (GRA) may involve research design, data collection and analysis, and manuscript preparation. The specific duties will be determined by the supervising faculty member based on the student's level of expertise. These assignments will partially meet the requirements for participation in teaching and research.
Must not have more than two grades of X, I, NC, D, or F in any combination.
Assistant instructors are employed to meet instructional needs at the undergraduate level, primarily in lower-division areas. Approval for an assistant to teach an upper-division course may be requested by petition to the Associate Dean of the Graduate School and must be approved before the assistant is assigned to the upper-division course.
The Graduate School at The University of Texas at Austin provides a number of fellowships and editorial assistantships in addition to coordinating many externally funded fellowships and awarding college and departmental fellowships based on nominations from departments.
Professional Development Awards provide support for students to attend major professional meetings at which they present an original paper based on their research. The Graduate School allocates travel funds to each program at the beginning of each academic year.
These awards provide partial support for students to attend professional meetings to present their research. Priority is given to doctoral students who are in candidacy and who can used attendance at the meetings to explore career opportunities. The recommended minimum award is $250 and the maximum awards allowed per trip is $1,000.
Awards not submitted by the appropriate deadlines will not be accepted. Students can be nominated for an award as soon as they have an accepted abstract.
One half-time appointment (or 20 hours a week) as a TA, AI, or Graduate Research Assistant qualifies out-of-state residents and their spouses for resident tuition as long as their appointment is current. Under this provision, the tuition is the same as for a Texas resident.
Students employed as teaching assistants (TAs), assistant instructors (AIs), and graduate research assistants (GRAs) are eligible for a tax-exempt Tuition Reduction Benefit related to their student academic employment. Please note: The Tuition Reduction Benefit REDUCES your tuition bill; it does not pay this amount to you. If you have a Zero balance tuition bill, you will not receive a tuition reduction benefit.
The assistance amount varies based on the number of hours of the appointment and the availability of funding, and the benefit is not always available to GRAs.
Graduate students assigned to work in a student academic title for at least 20 hours a week for at least 4.5 months (135 calendar days) are eligible for the university's employee group insurance benefits.


Prince Charmless is a zany fairy tale comedy about a charmless prince who favors baking and creating culinary masterpieces to fencing, rescuing damsels in distress, and other typical charming prince activities. His concerned family makes every attempt to cure him of his lack of charm, including hiring the flamboyant and loquacious pageant consultant, Madame Muzette, to give him a crash course on charm. His home is soon invaded by a passel of putrid princesses, summoned to a ball, including Princess Prunella who is allergic to everything, the accident prone Princess Pandora, and others. But tragedy strikes as an ogre abducts the princesses. Will Charmless be able to save the day?


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Q: Read Moment Full Timezone Name MomentJS provides out-of-the-box an array of great functionality.
One of it via the timezone add-on is to show the string abbreviation of timezone, like CET:
const locationName = moment.tz.guess(true)                       // "Europe/Berlin"
const timezoneInitials = moment.tz(locationName).format('zz')    // "CET"

Is it possible to get the full timezone name string for CET (i.e. Central European Time) from a moment object?
If not, what are the alternatives?
As of today, such parsing is not available/documented. Mapping and deduping from a list like List of time zone abbreviations doesnt seem optimal also.

A: Moment doesn't offer this functionality directly.
However, most modern browsers support the ECMAScript Internationalization API, allowing you to write a function like the following:
function getTimeZoneLongName(date, locale, timeZone) {
  const f = Intl.DateTimeFormat(locale, { timeZone, timeZoneName: 'long' });
  return f.formatToParts(date).find(x => x.type === 'timeZoneName').value;
}

Example usages:
// current date/time, current locale and time zone
getTimeZoneLongName(new Date()) //=> "Pacific Standard Time"

// current date/time, specific locale, current time zone
getTimeZoneLongName(new Date(), "fr") //=> "heure normale du Pacifique nord-américain"

// current date/time, specific locale, specific time zone
getTimeZoneLongName(new Date(), "fr", "Asia/Tokyo") //=> "eure normale du Japon"

// specific date/time, current locale, specific time zone
getTimeZoneLongName(new Date(2020, 5, 1), undefined, "Europe/London") //=> "British Summer Time"

(Example output is from Chrome 78 on Windows 10, English, US Pacific time zone)
Note that this gives the name for either the standard time or the daylight time, depending on what is in effect for the date given.  There isn't currently a way to retrieve the generic name.
In other words, for English and Europe/Berlin, it will return either "Central European Standard Time" or "Central European Summer Time", but not just "Central European Time".


Redmond, WA (USA) -- Life isn't always smooth sailing - whether you're feuding with airport security to keep your tweezers or battling it out for a parking spot at the mall.
But don't let petty aggravations get you down: We've found a fast and easy meditation technique to help you rise above them. All you need are five mantras, or phrases to repeat whenever a snafu strikes, and inner peace will be yours.
The situation: The pilot just announced that you're number 40 in line for takeoff. The hotel overbooked. Your taxi driver ripped you off! In other words, you're seeing red.
Your mantra: "My anger is my teacher."
Why it works: The Buddha teaches that life is dukkha: one problem after another. The cure for anger is not fixing the world; it is fixing ourselves. Anger is our best teacher because it reveals what is wrong with us, and those who annoy us actually make us better people. To paraphrase the 7th-century Chinese monk Yongjia Xuanjue, when you understand the real value of abuse, your worst critic becomes your truest friend.
The situation: Your car is glued in gridlock. Your connecting flight was canceled. Let's face it, you're stuck.
Your mantra: "Waiting is living, too."
Why it works: The Dhammapada, a compilation of Buddhist wisdom, tells us that attention is living; inattention is dying. The goal is to get the most out of every moment. Start by looking outside yourself: Airports are people-watching heaven. In the car with friends, you have an opportunity to plan tomorrow's itinerary—or to talk about each other's hopes and dreams. And if you're alone? Well, remember that "just one minute of peace" you're always craving?
The situation: That kid is kicking your seat—again. Your waiter went AWOL. And your friends are yelling at you because they overslept. In short, others are driving you nuts.
Your mantra: "I am more than this."
Why it works: The Buddha teaches interdependence: All of nature depends on patterns of energy for its existence, everything is tied to everything else, and no individual can survive without the support of others. You, that kicking kid, and your anger are not separate. To be angry at him is to be angry at yourself. And why stay angry at yourself? Instead, breathe deeply, close your eyes, and remind yourself that you are the anger, you are the breathing, you contain it all.
The situation: It's raining on your luau. The beach is full of jellyfish. Your luck just seems to stink.
Your mantra: "This problem is like a pleasure to me."
Why it works: Again, remind yourself that dukkha—problems cropping up, plans going awry—is inevitable. You can't always control what goes wrong, but you can always control how you deal with it. So relax, and remember: Problems during a vacation are still happening during a vacation. To really appreciate travel—and life—you need to let go of your attachments and simply enjoy what happens along the way.
The situation: Your friend has been in this museum forever. Now you're beyond bored.
Your mantra: "When you're bored, you're boring."
Why it works: Dogen, the founder of Japanese Soto Zen, taught that if you find one thing boring, you'll find everything boring. We feel tedium when we don't find anything to engage our interest, not necessarily because that experience is inherently dull. Acknowledging the reasons behind that mental block—often unspoken frustrations or unexpressed resentments—can make it easier to stay in the moment.


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Romance & Cigarettes DVD
Emmy Award(r)-winner James Gandolfini (All The King's Men, TV's "The Sopranos"), Oscar(r)-winner Susan Sarandon (Shall We Dance, Stepmom), Oscar(r)-nominated Kate Winslet (Titanic, Finding Neverland), Steve Buscemi (Fargo, Reservoir Dogs), Mandy Moore (Chasing Liberty, The Princess Diaries), Emmy Award(r)-winner Bobby Cannavale (Snakes on a Plane, The Bone Collector), Golden Globe Award(r)-winner Mary-Louise Parker (Red Dragon, Fried Green Tomatoes), Aida Turturro (Deep Blue Sea, Sleepers), Emmy Award(r)-winner Eddie Izzard (My Super-Ex Girlfriend, Ocean's Twelve) and Oscar(r)-winner Christopher Walken (Click, The Wedding Crashers) lead an all-star cast in this down-and-dirty modern day musical set which tells the story of one man's journey into infidelity and redemption. Nick (Gandolfini) is an ironworker who builds and repairs bridges. He's married to Kitty (Sarandon), a dressmaker, a strong and gentle woman with whom he has three daughters and must struggle to cope with her husband'
Director : John Turturro
Media Format : AC-3, Closed-captioned, Color, Dolby, NTSC, Subtitled, Widescreen
Release date : February 12, 2008
Actors : James Gandolfini, Susan Sarandon, Kate Winslet, Steve Buscemi, Bobby Cannavale
Subtitles: : English, Spanish, French, Portuguese
Language : English (Dolby Digital 5.1), Unqualified
Studio : Sony Pictures Home Entertainment


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Gravitational force equation
What is the formula of gravitational force?
We can do this quite simply by using Newton's equation: forcegravity = G × M × mseparation2 . Suppose: your mass, m, is 60 kilogram; the mass of your colleague, M, is 70 kg; your centre-to-centre separation, r, is 1 m; and G is 6.67 × 10 –11 newton square metre kilogram–2.
What is gravitational force?
Gravity, also called gravitation, in mechanics, the universal force of attraction acting between all matter. On Earth all bodies have a weight, or downward force of gravity, proportional to their mass, which Earth's mass exerts on them. Gravity is measured by the acceleration that it gives to freely falling objects.
What is the equation for universal gravitation?
In symbols, the magnitude of the attractive force F is equal to G (the gravitational constant, a number the size of which depends on the system of units used and which is a universal constant) multiplied by the product of the masses (m1 and m2) and divided by the square of the distance R: F = G(m1m2)/R2.
What is SI unit of gravitation?
In SI units, G has the value 6.67 × 10–11 Newtons kg–2 m2. The direction of the force is in a straight line between the two bodies and is attractive. Thus, an apple falls from a tree because it feels the gravitational force of the Earth and is therefore subject to "gravity".
What is the G in physics?
In the first equation above, g is referred to as the acceleration of gravity. Its value is 9.8 m/s2 on Earth. That is to say, the acceleration of gravity on the surface of the earth at sea level is 9.8 m/s2. There are slight variations in the value of g about earth's surface.
Who discovered gravity?
You might be interested: Equation for an ellipse
Is gravity a force?
Gravity is a force of attraction that exists between any two masses, any two bodies, any two particles. Gravity is not just the attraction between objects and the Earth. It is an attraction that exists between all objects, everywhere in the universe.
What is gravitational force example?
Some examples of the force of gravity include: The force that holds the gases in the sun. The force that causes a ball you throw in the air to come down again. The force that causes a car to coast downhill even when you aren't stepping on the gas.
What are the 3 laws of gravity?
Newton's Three Laws of MotionEvery object in a state of uniform motion will remain in that state of motion unless an external force acts on it.Force equals mass times acceleration [ ].For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
How many laws of gravity are there?
He developed the theories of gravitation in 1666, when he was only 23 years old. Some twenty years later, in 1686, he presented his three laws of motion in the "Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis." The laws are shown above, and the application of these laws to aerodynamics are given on separate slides.
Is gravity a universal law?
Gravity is universal. This force of gravitational attraction is directly dependent upon the masses of both objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance which separates their centers.
Why is gravity 9.81 ms 2?
A: Gravity (or the acceleration due to gravity) is 9.81 meters per second squared, on the surface of Earth, because of the size of Earth and the distance we are on its surface from its center. Throughout space, gravity actually is constant.
Linear equation
Voltage divider equation
Depreciation equation
What are the 3 depreciation methods? There are three methods for depreciation: straight line, declining balance, sum-of-the-years' digits, and units of production. What do you mean by depreciation? Definition: The monetary value of an asset decreases over time due to use, wear and tear or obsolescence. This decrease is measured as depreciation. How do you […]
Polar to cartesian equation calculator wolfram
How do you convert polar to Cartesian? Summary: to convert from Polar Coordinates (r,θ) to Cartesian Coordinates (x,y) 😡 = r × cos( θ )y = r × sin( θ ) How do you find the polar Cartesian equation? Convert the polar equation r = 2sec θ to a rectangular equation, and draw its corresponding […]