Objective To provide a clear terminology and classification of muscle injuries in order to facilitate effective communication among medical practitioners and development of systematic treatment strategies.
Methods Thirty native English-speaking scientists and team doctors of national and first division professional sports teams were asked to complete a questionnaire on muscle injuries to evaluate the currently used terminology of athletic muscle injury. In addition, a consensus meeting of international sports medicine experts was established to develop practical and scientific definitions of muscle injuries as well as a new and comprehensive classification system.
Results The response rate of the survey was 63%. The responses confirmed the marked variability in the use of the terminology relating to muscle injury, with the most obvious inconsistencies for the term strain. In the consensus meeting, practical and systematic terms were defined and established. In addition, a new comprehensive classification system was developed, which differentiates between four types: functional muscle disorders (type 1: overexertion-related and type 2: neuromuscular muscle disorders) describing disorders without macroscopic evidence of fibre tear and structural muscle injuries (type 3: partial tears and type 4: (sub)total tears/tendinous avulsions) with macroscopic evidence of fibre tear, that is, structural damage. Subclassifications are presented for each type.
Conclusions A consistent English terminology as well as a comprehensive classification system for athletic muscle injuries which is proven in the daily practice are presented. This will help to improve clarity of communication for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and can serve as the basis for future comparative studies to address the continued lack of systematic information on muscle injuries in the literature.
What are the new things Consensus definitions of the terminology which is used in the field of muscle injuries as well as a new comprehensive classification system which clearly defines types of athletic muscle injuries.
The fact that a male elite-level soccer team with a squad of 25 players can expect about 15 muscle injuries each season with a mean absence time of 223 days, 148 missed training sessions and 37 missed matches demonstrate their high relevance for the athletes as well as for the clubs.1 The relevance of muscle injuries is even more obvious if the frequency is compared to anterior cruciate ligament-ruptures, which occur in the same squad statistically only 0.4 times per season.14 Each season, 37% of players miss training or competition due to muscle injuries1 with an average of 90 days and 15 matches missed per club per season from hamstring injuries alone.15 Particularly in elite athletes, where decisions regarding return to play and player availability have significant financial or strategic consequences for the player and the team, there is an enormous interest in optimising the diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitation process after muscle injuries, to minimise the absence from sport and to reduce recurrence rates.
However, little information is available in the international literature about muscle injury definitions and classification systems. Muscle strain presents one of the most frequently used terms to describe athletic muscle injury, but this term is still without clear definition and used with high variability.
In football/soccer, 92% affect the four major muscle groups of the lower limbs: hamstrings 37%, adductors 23%, quadriceps 19% and calf muscles 13%.1 As much as 96% of all muscle injuries in football/soccer occur in non-contact situations,1 whereas contusions are more frequently encountered in contact sports, like rugby, American football and ice hockey.11 ,13 The fact that 16% of muscle injuries in elite football/soccer are re-injuries and associated with 30% longer absence from competition than the original injury1 emphasises the critical importance of correct evaluation, diagnosis and therapy of the index muscle disorder. This concerted effort presents a challenging task in light of the existing inconsistent terminology and classification of muscle injuries.
The objective of our work is to present a more precise definition of the English muscle injury terminology to facilitate diagnostic, therapeutic and scientific communication. In addition, a comprehensive and practical classification system is designed to better reflect the differentiated spectrum of muscle injuries seen in athletes.
To evaluate the extent of the inconsistency and insufficiency of the existing terminology of muscle injuries in the English literature a questionnaire was sent to 30 native English-speaking sports medicine experts. The recipients of the questionnaires were invited based on their international scientific reputation and extensive expertise as team doctors of the national or first division sports teams from the Great Britain, Australia the USA, the FIFA, UEFA and International Olympic Committee. The included experts were responsible for covering a variety of different sports with high muscle injury rates including football/soccer, rugby, Australian football and cricket. Qualification criteria also included long-term experience with sports team coverage which limited the number of available experts since team physicians often tend to change after short periods.
The questionnaire (see online supplementary appendix 1) was divided into three categories: first, the experts were asked to individually and subjectively describe their definitions of several common terms of muscle injuries and to indicate if the term is a functional (non-structural) or a structural disorder/injury. In the second category, they were asked to associate synonym terms of muscle injuries such as strain and tear. In the final category, the experts were asked to list given number of muscle injury terms in the order their increasing injury severity.
Following the completion of the survey, the principal authors (H-WM-W, LH and PU) organised a consensus meeting of 15 international experts on the basic science of muscle injury as well as sports medicine specialists involved in the daily care of premier professional sports and national teams. The meeting was endorsed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the UEFA.
During the 1-day meeting, the authors performed a detailed review of the structural and functional anatomy and physiology of muscle tissue, injury epidemiology and currently existing classification systems of athletic muscle injuries. In addition, the results of the muscle terminology survey were presented and discussed. Based on the results of the survey muscle injury terminology was discussed and defined until a unanimous consensus of group was reached. A new classification system empirically based on the current knowledge about muscle injuries was discussed, compared with existing classifications, reclassified and approved. After the consensus meeting, iterative draft consensus statements on the definitions and the classification system were prepared and circulated to the members. The final statement was approved by all coauthors of the consensus paper.
Nineteen of the 30 questionnaires were returned for evaluation (63%). (Eleven experts did not respond even after repeated reminders.) Even though, this is a limited number, the responses demonstrated a marked variability in the definitions for hypertonus, muscle hardening, muscle strain, muscle tear, bundle/fascicle tear and laceration, with the most obvious inconsistencies for the term muscle strain (see online supplementary appendix 2). Relatively consistent responses were obtained for pulled muscle (Layman's term) and laceration.
Marked heterogeneity was also encountered regarding structural versus functional (non-structural) muscle injuries. Sixteen percent of expert responders considered strain a functional muscle injury, whereas 0 percent considered tear a functional injury (see online supplementary appendix 3). Sixteen percent were undecided to both terms, 68 percent considered strain and 84 percent tear a structural injury (see online supplementary appendix 3).
This confirms that even among sports experts considerable inconsistency exists in the use of muscle injury terminology and that there is no clear definition, differentiation and use of functional and structural muscle disorders. The results emphasised the need for a more uniform terminology and classification that reflects both, the functional and structural aspects of muscle injury.
The following consensus statement on terminology and classification of athletic muscle injuries is perhaps best referred to as a position statement based upon wide-ranging experience, observation and opinion made by experts with diverse clinical and academic backgrounds and expertise on these injuries.
Acute indirect muscle disorder 'without macroscopic' evidence (in MRI or ultrasound (for limitations see Discussion)) of muscular tear.
Often associated with circumscribed increase of muscle tone (muscle firmness) in varying dimensions and predisposing to tears. Based on the aetiology several subcategories of functional muscle disorders exist.
Any acute indirect muscle injury 'with macroscopic' evidence (in MRI or ultrasound (for limitations see Discussion)) of muscle tear.
Further definitions reached in the consensus conference are presented in table 3 together with the classification system.
Muscle injury terms with highly inconsistent answers in the survey were strain, pulled-muscle, hardening and hypertonus.
Strain is a biomechanical term which is not defined and used indiscriminately for anatomically and functionally different muscle injuries. Thus, the use of this term cannot be recommended anymore.
Pulled-muscle is a lay-term for different, not defined types or grades of muscle injuries and cannot be recommended as a scientific term.
Hardening and hypertonus are also not well defined and should not be used as scientific terminology.
The structure of the comprehensive classification system for athletic muscle injuries, which was developed during the consensus meeting, is demonstrated in table 2.
A clear definition of each type of muscle injury, a differentiation according to symptoms, clinical signs, location and imaging is presented in table 3.
The main goal of this article is to present a standardised terminology as well as a comprehensive classification for athletic muscle injuries which presents an important step towards improved communication and comparability. Moreover, this will facilitate the development of novel therapies, systematic study and publication on muscle disorders.
As stated by Jarvinen et al17 current treatment principles for skeletal muscle injury lack a firm scientific basis. The first treatment step is establishment of a precise diagnosis which is crucial for a reliable prognosis. However, since injury definitions are not standardised and guidelines are missing, proper assessment of muscle injury and communication between practitioners are often difficult to achieve. Resultant miscommunication will affect progression through rehabilitation and return to play and can be expected to affect recurrence and complication rate. Studies in Australian Football League players have shown a high recurrence rate of muscle injuries of 30.6%.29 Other studies demonstrated recurrence rates of 23% in rugby30 and 16% in football/soccer.1 One plausible cause for recurrent muscle injures, which are significantly more severe than the first injury1 ,30 is the premature return to full activity due to an underestimated injury. Healing of muscle and other soft tissue is a gradual process. The connective (immature) tissue scar produced at the injury site is the weakest point of the injured skeletal muscle,17 with full strength of the injured tissue taking time to return depending on the size and localisation of the injury. (Note: mature scar is stiff or even stronger than healthy muscle.) It appears plausible, that athletes may be returning to sport before muscle healing is complete. As Malliaropoulos et al10 stated 'it is therefore crucial to establish valid criteria to recognise severity and avoid premature return to full activity and the risk of reinjury'.
The presented muscle injury classification is based on an extensive, long-term experience and has been used successfully in the daily management of athletic muscle injuries. The classification is empirically based and includes some new aspects of athletic muscle injuries that have not yet been described in the literature, specifically the highly relevant functional muscle injuries. An advanced muscle injury classification that distinguishes these injuries as separate clinical entities has great relevance for the successful management of the athlete with muscle injury and represents the basis for future comparative studies since scientific data are limited for muscle injury in general.
In accordance with Askling et al31 ,32 and Jarvinen et al,17 we recommend to start with a precise history of the occurrence, the circumstances, the symptoms, previous problems, followed by a careful clinical examination with inspection, palpation of the injured area, comparison to the other side and testing of the function of the muscles. Palpation serves to detect (more superficial and larger) tears, perimuscular oedema and increased muscle tone. An early postinjury ultrasound between 2 and 48 h after the muscle trauma24 provides helpful information about any existing disturbance of the muscle structure, particularly if there is any haematoma or if clinical examination points towards a functional disorder without evidence of structural damage. We recommend an MRI for every injury which is suspicious for structural muscle injury. MRI is helpful in determining whether oedema is present, in what pattern, and if there is a structural lesion including its approximate size. Furthermore, MRI is helpful in confirming the site of injury and any tendon involvement.31 However, it must be pointed out, that MRI alone is not sensitive enough to measure the extent of muscle tissue damage accurately. For example, it is not possible to judge from the scans where oedema/haemorrhage (seen as high signal) is obscuring muscle tissue that has not been structurally damaged.
Our approach is to include the combination of the currently best available diagnostic tools to address the current deficit of clinical and scientific information and lack of sensitivity and specificity of the existing diagnostic modalities. Careful combination of diagnostic modalities including medical history, inspection, clinical examination and imaging will most likely lead to an accurate diagnosis, which should be definitely mainly based on clinical findings and medical history not on imaging alone, since the technology and sensitivity to detect structural muscle injury continues to evolve. For example, the history of a sharp acute onset of pain, experience of a snap and a well-defined localised pain with a positive MRI for oedema but indecisive for fibre tear strongly suggest a minor partial muscle tear, below the detection sensitivity of the MRI. Oedema, or better the increased fluid signal on MRI, would be observed with a localised haematoma and would be consistent with the working diagnosis in this case. The diagnosis of a small tear (structural defect) that is below the MRI detection limit is important in our eyes, since even a small tear is relevant because it can further disrupt longitudinally, for example, when the athlete sprints.
Ekstrand et al26 described a significantly and clinically relevant shorter return to sports in MRI negative cases (without oedema) compared to MRI grade 1 injuries (with oedema, but without fibre tearing). Similar findings are published also by others.33 However, muscle oedema is a very complex issue and in our opinion too little is known so far. Therefore, we decided to mention in the classification system that several functional disorders present 'with or without' oedema (table 3). This is in our eyes the best way to handle the currently insufficient data. We think that discussion of the phenomenon of oedema at this point is premature but will be a focus of high level studies in the future, with more precise imaging and with studies which are based on a common terminology and classification.
An aspect that may contribute to a high rate of inaccurate diagnosis and recurrent injury is that terminology of muscle injuries is not yet been clearly defined and a high degree of variability continues to exist between terms frequently used to describe muscle injury. Since it has been documented that variations in definitions create significant differences in study results and conclusions,34–38 it is critically important to develop a standardisation.
Hagglund et al34 defined 'muscle strain' as 'acute distraction injury of muscles and tendons'. However, this definition is rarely used in the literature and in the day-to-day management of athletic muscle injuries. Our survey demonstrates that the term strain is used with a high degree of variability between practitioners. Strain is a biomechanical term; thus, we do not recommend the use of this term. Instead, we propose to use the term tear for structural injuries of muscle fibres/bundles leading to loss of continuity and contractile properties. Tear better reflects structural characteristics as opposed to a mechanism of injury.
According to Fuller et al28 a sports injury is defined as 'any physical complaint sustained by an athlete that results from a match/competition or training, irrespective of the need for medical attention or time loss from sportive activities'. That means also irrespective of a structural damage. By this definition, functional muscle disorders, irrespective of any structural muscle damage, present injuries as well. However, the term disorder may better differentiate functional disorders from structural injuries. Thus, the term functional muscle disorder was specifically chosen by the consensus conference.
Functional muscle disorders present a distinct clinical entity since they result in a functional limitation for the athlete, for example, painful increase of the muscle tone which can represent a risk factor for structural injury. However, they are not readily diagnosed with standard diagnostic methods such as MRI since they are without macroscopic evidence of structural damage, defined as absence of fibre tear on MRI. They are indirect injuries, that is, not caused by external force. A recent UEFA muscle injury study has demonstrated their relevance in football/soccer.26 This study included data from a 4-year observation period of MRI obtained within 24–48 h after injury and demonstrated that the majority of injuries (70%) were without signs of fibre tear. However, these injuries caused more than 50% of the absence of players in the clubs.26 These findings are consistent with the clinical and practical observations of the experienced members of the consensus panel.
Functional muscle disorders are multifactorial and can be grouped into subgroups reflecting their clinical origin including 'overexertional' or 'neuromuscular' muscle disorders. This is important since the origin of muscle disorder influences their treatment pathway. A spine-related muscle disorder associated with a spine problem (eg, spondylolysis), will better respond to treatment by addressing not only the muscle disorder but also the back disorder (ie, including core-performance, injections). One could argue, that this presents mainly a back problem, with a secondary muscle disorder. But, this secondary muscular disorder prevents the athlete from sports participation and will require comprehensive treatment that includes the primary problem as well in order to facilitate return to sport. Therefore, a broader definition and classification system is suggested by the consensus panel at this point which is important not only because of the different pathogenesis, but more importantly because of different therapeutic implications.
Muscle fatigue has been shown to predispose to injury.39 One study has demonstrated that in the hind leg of the rabbit fatigued muscles absorb less energy in the early stages of stretch when compared with non-fatigued muscle.40 Fatigued muscle also demonstrates increased stiffness, which has been shown to predispose to subsequent injury (Wilson AJ and Myers PT, unpublished data, 2005). The importance of warm up prior to activity and of maintaining flexibility was emphasised since a decrease in muscle stiffness is seen with warming up.40 A study by Witvrouw et al41 found that athletes with an increased tightness of the hamstring or quadriceps muscles have a statistically higher risk for a subsequent musculoskeletal lesion.
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) has to be differentiated from fatigue-induced muscle injury.42 DOMS occurs several hours after unaccustomed deceleration movements while the muscle is stretched by external forces (eccentric contractions), whereas fatigue-induced muscle disorder can also occur during athletic activity. DOMS causes its characteristic acute inflammatory pain (due to local release of inflammatory mediators and secondary biochemical cascade activation) with stiff and weak muscles and pain at rest and resolves spontaneously usually within a week. In contrast, fatigue-induced muscle disorder leads to aching, circumscribed firmness, dull ache to stabbing pain and increases with continued activity. It can—if unrecognised and untreated—persist over a longer time and may cause structural injuries such as partial tears. However, in accordance with Opar et al39 it has to be stated, that it remains an area for future research to definitely describe this muscle disorder and other risk factors for muscle injuries.
Two different types of neuromuscular disorders can be differentiated: a spinal or spinal nerve-related (central) and a neuromuscular endplate-related (peripheral) type. Since muscles act as a target organ their state of tension is modulated by electrical information from the motor component of the corresponding spinal nerve. Thus, an irritation of a spinal nerve root can cause an increase of the muscle tone. It is known that back injuries are very common in elite athletes, particularly at the L4/5 and the L5/S1 level43 and lumbar pathology such as disc prolapse at the L5/S1 level may present with hamstring and/or calf pain and limitations in flexibility, which may result in or mimic a muscle injury.44 Orchard states that theoretically any pathology relating to the lumbar spine, the lumbosacral nerve roots or plexus, or the sciatic nerve could result in hamstring or calf pain.44 This could be transient and range from fully reversible functional disturbances to permanent structural changes, which may be congenital or acquired. Several other studies have supported this concept of a 'back related' (or more specifically lumbar spine related) hamstring injury15 ,33 ,45 although this is a controversial paradigm to researchers.44 However, this multifactorial type of injury would logically require variable forms of treatment beyond simply treatment of the muscle–tendon injuries.46 Thus, it is important that assessment of hamstring injury should include a thorough biomechanical evaluation, especially that of the lumbar spine, pelvis and sacrum.15 Lumbar manifestations are not present in all cases; however, negative structural findings on the lumbar spine do not exclude nerve root irritation. Functional lumbar disturbances, like lumbar or iliosacral blocking can also cause spine-related muscle disorders.47 The diagnosis is then established through precise clinical-functional examination. The spine-related muscle disorder is usually MRI-negative or shows muscle oedema only.44 Many clinicians also believe that athletes with lumbar spine pathology have a greater predisposition to hamstring tears,33 ,44 although this has not been prospectively proven. Verrall et al33 showed that footballers with a history of lumbar spine injury had a higher rate of MRI-negative posterior thigh injury, but not of actual structural hamstring injury.
For anatomic illustration of the location and extent of functional muscle disorders see figure 1.
Anatomic illustration of the location and extent of functional and structural muscle injuries (eg, hamstrings). (A) Overexertion-related muscle disorders, (B) Neuromuscular muscle disorders, (C) Partial and (sub)total muscle tears (from Thieme Publishers, Stuttgart; planned to be published. Reproduced with permission.). This figure is only reproduced in colour in the online version.
The most relevant structural athletic muscle injuries, that is, injuries 'with macroscopic' evidence of muscle damage, are indirect injuries, that is, stretch-induced injuries caused by a sudden forced lengthening over the viscoelastic limits of muscles occurring during a powerful contraction (internal force). These injuries are usually located at the muscle–tendon junction,17 ,40 ,49 since these areas present biomechanical weak points. The quadriceps muscle and the hamstrings are frequently affected since they have large intramuscular or central tendons and can get injured along this interface.50 ,51 Theoretically, a tear can occur anywhere along the muscle–tendon–bone–chain either acutely or chronically.
Exact knowledge of the muscular macro- and microanatomy is important to understand and correctly define and classify indirect structural injuries. The individual muscle fibre presents a microscopic structure with an average diameter of 60 μm.52 Thus, an isolated tear of a single muscle fibre remains usually without clinical relevance. Muscle fibres are anatomically organised into primary and secondary muscle fascicles/bundles. Secondary muscle bundles (flesh–fibres) with a diameter of 2–5 mm (this diameter can vary according to the training status according to hypertrophy) are visible to the human eye.52 Secondary muscle bundles present structures that can be palpated by the experienced examiner, when they are torn. Multiple secondary bundles constitute the muscle (figure 2).
Anatomic illustration of the extent of a minor and moderate partial muscle tear in relation to the anatomical structures. Please note, that this is a graphical illustration, there are variations in extent. (From Thieme Publishers, Stuttgart; planned to be published. Reproduced with permission.). This figure is only reproduced in colour in the online version.
Most indirect structural injuries are partial muscle tears. Clinical experience clearly shows that most partial injuries can be assigned to one of two types, either a minor or a moderate partial muscle tear, which ultimately has consequences for therapy, respectively for absence time from sports. Thus, indirect structural injuries should be subclassified. Since previous graduation systems23 ,24 refer to the complete muscle size, they are relative and not consistently measurable. In addition to this, there is no differentiation of grade 3 injuries with the consequence that many structural injuries with different prognostic consequences are subsumed as grade 3.
We recommend a classification of structural injuries based on anatomical findings. Taking into account the aforementioned anatomical factors and as a reflection of our daily clinical work with muscle injuries, we differentiate between minor partial tears with a maximum diameter of less and moderate partial tears with a diameter of greater than a muscle fascicle/bundle (see figure 2).
In addition to the size, it is the participation of the adjacent connective tissue, the endomysium, the perimysium, the epimysium and the fascia that distinguish a minor from a moderate partial muscle tear. Concomitant injury of the external perimysium seems to play a special role: This connective tissue structure has a somehow intramuscular barrier function in case of bleeding. It may be the injury to this structure (with optional involvement of the muscle fascia) that differentiates a moderate from a minor partial muscle tear.
Drawing a clear differentiation between partial muscle tears seems difficult because of the heterogeneity of the muscles that can be structured very differently. Technical capabilities today (MRI and ultrasound) are not precise enough to ultimately determine and prove the effective muscular defect within the injury zone of haematoma and/or liquid seen in MRI which is somewhat oversensitive at times17 and usually leads to overestimation of the actual damage. It will remain the challenge of future studies to exactly rule out the size which describes the cut-off between a minor and a moderate partial muscle tear.
The great majority of muscle injuries heal without formation of scar tissue. However, greater muscle tears can result in a defective healing with scar formation17 which has to be considered in the diagnosis and prognosis of a muscle injury. Our experience is that partial tears of less than a muscle fascicle usually heal completely while moderate partial tears can result in a fibrous scar.
Complete muscle tears, with a discontinuity of the whole muscle are very rare. Subtotal muscle tears and tendinous avulsions are more frequent. Clinical experience shows that injuries involving more than 50% of the muscle diameter (subtotal tears) usually have a similar healing time compared with complete tears.
Tendinous avulsions are included in the classification system since they mean biomechanically a total tear of the origin or insertion of the muscle. The most frequently involved locations are the proximal rectus femoris, the proximal hamstrings, the proximal adductor longus and the distal semitendinosus.
Intratendinous lesions of the free or intramuscular tendon also occur. Pure intratendinous lesions are rare. The most frequent type is a tear near the muscle–tendon junction (eg, of the intramuscular tendon of the rectus femoris muscle). Tendinous injuries are either consistent with the partial (type 3) or (sub)total (type 4) tear in our classification system and can be included in that aspect of the classification.
For anatomic illustration of the location and extent of structural muscle injuries see figure 1.
In contrast to indirect injuries (caused by internal forces), lacerations or contusions are caused by external forces,53 ,54 like a direct blow from an opponent's knee. Thus, muscle contusions are classified as acute direct muscle injuries (tables 2 and 3). Contusion injuries are common in athletes and present a complex injury that includes defined blunt trauma of the muscular tissue and associated haematoma.53 ,54 The severity of the injury depends on the contact force, the contraction state of the affected muscle at the moment of injury and other factors. Contusions can be graded into mild, moderate and severe.55 The most frequently injured muscles are the exposed rectus femoris and the intermediate vastus, lying next to the bone, with limited space for movement when exposed to a direct blunt blow. Contusion injury can lead to either diffuse or circumscribed bleeding that displaces or compresses muscle fibres causing pain and loss of motion. It happens that muscle fibres are torn off by the impact, but typically muscle fibres are not torn by longitudinal distraction. Therefore, contusions are not necessarily accompanied by a structural damage of muscle tissue. For this reason athletes, even with more severe contusions, can often continue playing for a long time, whereas even a smaller indirect structural injury forces the player often to stop at once. However, contusions can also lead to severe complications like acute compartment syndrome, active bleeding or large haematomas.
This consensus statement aims to standardise the definitions and terms of muscle disorders and injuries and proposes a practical and comprehensive classification. Functional muscle disorders are differentiated from structural injuries. The use of the term strain—if used undifferentiated—is no longer recommended, since it is a biomechanical term, not well defined and used indiscriminately for anatomically and functionally different muscle injuries. Instead of this, we propose to use the term tear for structural injuries, graded into (minor and moderate) partial and (sub)total tears, used only for muscle injuries with macroscopic evidence of muscle damage (structural injuries). While this classification is most applicable to lower limb muscle injuries, it can be translated also to the upper limb.
Scientific data supporting the presented classification system, which is based on clinical experience, are still missing. We hope that our work will stimulate research—based on the suggested terminology and classification—to prospectively evaluate the prognostic and therapeutic implications of the new classification and to specify each subclassification. It also remains definitely the challenge of future studies to exactly rule out the size which describes the cut-off between a minor and a moderate partial muscle tear.
. Rule violations as a cause of injuries in male Norwegian professional football: are the referees doing their job? Am J Sports Med 2004;32:62S–8S.
. Injuries to kickers in American football: the National Football League experience. Am J Sports Med 2010;38:1166–73.
. Profile of an American amateur rugby union sevens series. Am J Sports Med 2012;40:179–84.
. The epidemiology of US high school basketball injuries, 2005–2007. Am J Sports Med 2008;36:2328–35.
. Epidemiology of National Football League training camp injuries from 1998 to 2007. Am J Sports Med 2008;36:1597–603.
. Muscle injuries: biology and treatment. Am J Sports Med 2005;33:745–64.
. Hip and groin injuries in athletes. Am J Sports Med 2001;29:521–33.
. Muscle strain injury: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1999;7:262–9.
. Gastrocnemius vs. soleus strain: how to differentiate and deal with calf muscle injuries. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2009;2:74–7.
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. Quadriceps strain, rupture and charlie horse. Med Sci Sports 1969;1:106–11.
. Sonographic findings in muscle strain injury: clinical and MR imaging correlation. J Ultrasound Med 1995;14:899–905.
. MRI in orthopaedics and sports medicine. 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott, 2007.
. Consensus methods: characteristics and guidelines for use. Am J Public Health 1984;74:979–83.
. The influence of methodological issues on the results and conclusions from epidemiological studies of sports injuries: illustrative examples. Sports Med 2006;36:459–72.
. Influence of definition and data collection on the incidence of injuries in football. Am J Sports Med 2000;28:S40–6.
. Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Dtsch Arztebl 2002;99:372–77.
. A pilot study of the prevalence of lumbar disc degeneration in elite athletes with lower back pain at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Br J Sports Med 2003;37:263–6.
. Diagnostik und Therapie von Muskelzerrungen und Muskelfaserrissen. Sportorthop Sporttraumatol 2001;17:17–20.
. Physiologische Grundlagen und sportphysiologische Aspekte. In: Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Ueblacker P, Haensel L, eds. Muskelverletzungen im Sport. Stuttgart, Germany, New York: Thieme, 2010:73–4.
. Incomplete, intrasubstance strain injuries of the rectus femoris muscle. Am J Sports Med 1995;23:500–6.
. Atlas of Anatomy. Stuttgart, Germany, New York: Thieme, 2005.
. Muscle contusion injuries: current treatment options. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2001;9:227–37.
. Diagnosis and management of quadriceps strains and contusions. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2010;3:26–31.
. Quadriceps contusion. West Point update. Am J Sports Med 1991;19:299–304.
Contributors H-WM-W: member of Conference, senior author of final statement, responsible for the overall content; LH: member of Conference, senior co-author of final statement; KM: member of Conference, co-author of final statement; JE: member of Conference, co-author of final statement; BE: member of Conference, co-author of final statement; SM: member of Conference, co-author of final statement; JO: member of Conference, co-author of final statement; NvD: member of Conference, co-author of final statement; GMK: member of Conference, co-author of final statement; PS: member of Conference, co-author of final statement; DB: member of Conference, co-author of final statement; LS: member of Conference, co-author of final statement; EG: member of Conference, co-author of final statement; PU: member of Conference, executive and corresponding author, responsible for the overall content.
Funding The Consensus Conference was supported by grants from FC Bayern Munich, Adidas and Audi.


The U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary Flotilla 1-8, "Guardians of the Blackwater" will offer a boating safety class in Milton on Sept. 13.
"About Boating Safety," will be held at the Milton Fire Department on Sept. 13 starting at 9 a.m.
The eight hour class covers basic legal requirements for boaters, boating safety, elements of boat handling, as well as how to handle some common boating emergencies.
There is a test at the end of the class. A passing score will make the boater eligible for a State of Florida Boating ID card, which is a requirement for boaters younger than 26 years of age to operate a boat on state waters.
The coast of the class is $35 per person or a family of four sharing a book.
For more information call FSO-PE Jerry Damico at 791-1266.
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text:
What makes minority ethnic teachers stay in teaching, or leave?
Tereshchenko, A; Mills, M; Bradbury, A; (2021) What makes minority ethnic teachers stay in teaching, or leave? Centre for Teachers & Teaching Research, UCL Institute of Education: London, UK.
What makes minority ethnic teachers stay in teaching or leave.pdf
This briefing note considers the findings of the BA/Leverhulme-funded research project 'Retention of teachers from minority ethnic groups in disadvantaged schools' on the retention factors for teachers from minority ethnic groups and outlines some implications for schools. There is a gap between the proportion of teachers and students from ethnic minority backgrounds in England. In 2019, 86% of all teachers were from a White British background, compared to 65% of pupils (UK Government, 2020). While efforts to recruit new teachers from minority ethnic backgrounds are important, these alone will not resolve the shortage. Nationally, retention is lower for minority ethnic teachers than for White British teachers (DfE, 2018). Understanding the retention of minority ethnic teachers is vital in addressing the imbalance between the proportion of teachers and pupils from minority ethnic backgrounds in teaching. The findings are based on interviews with 24 teachers, including 14 Black teachers, two mixed White and Black heritage teachers and eight teachers from different Asian backgrounds. Thirteen of these teachers were in the profession for over five years and nine for five or less years. Nine participants worked in primary and 15 in secondary schools (for details see Tereshchenko et al., 2020). Some of the factors affecting minority ethnic teacher retention are the same as those affecting teachers of majority background. Unsurprisingly, teachers are happiest in those schools where they feel valued, respected, have autonomy, connection with, and support from, colleagues and senior leaders, and clear paths for career progression. Our research has shown that some experiences affecting retention apply specifically to minority ethnic teachers.
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https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioe/departments-and-centres/...
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Education
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Education > UCL Institute of Education
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Education > UCL Institute of Education > IOE - Curriculum, Pedagogy and Assessment
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Education > UCL Institute of Education > IOE - Curriculum, Pedagogy and Assessment > Centre for Teachers and Teaching Research
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Education > UCL Institute of Education > IOE - Education, Practice and Society
https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10127240
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Our portfolio company Mancx Secures $3 Million In Financing and Opens US Headquarters.
SAN FRANCISCO AND STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, June 12, 2012 — Mancx, the only trusted community for business answers that allows for private individuals to securely buy and sell their knowledge with others, announced today it has secured $1.65 million in financing led by Almi Invest and Chalmers Innovation Seed Fund bringing the total money raised to $3 million. The money will be used to expand the world's first community for paid business answers through social networks such as LinkedIn and Viadeo. The patent-pending Mancx platform matches incoming questions with the right person's expertise while managing all aspects of the transaction. This ensures that the questioner gets the information he or she needs while the answering party gets fairly paid for his or her efforts.
With dual headquarters in San Francisco, CA and Stockholm, Sweden,Mancx.comis the only trusted community for business answers that allows for private individuals to securely buy and sell their knowledge with others. Winner of the "Hottest Startup in the Nordics/Baltics" at the Arctic15, Mancx is the world's first network for business questions and answers through networks such as LinkedIn and Viadeo. The patent-pending technology behing the Mancx Business Answers™ community matches incoming questions with the right person's expertise while managing all aspects of the transaction. This ensures that the questioner gets the information he or she needs while the answering party gets paid for their efforts.
The founder of BootstrapLabs, Nicolai Wadstrom, has been nominated and accepted to the board of directors for SACC San Francisco. Nicolai Wadstrom will through SACC continue his work and ambition to build a bridge and help Swedish entrepreneurs tap into global entrepreneurial eco-system that is San Francisco Bay area and Silicon Valley.


If I suspect cases of child abuse that have not been previously reported. This includes physical harm, emotional harm and sexual abuse/exploitation. In this case I am required by law to report to the Ministry for Children and Families.
If you threaten to harm yourself or another. In this case I am required by law to report to the proper authorities.
Your file will always be kept in a locked cabinet.


True to her Nashville roots, Brittany Poole, 29, got her start as a soprano, receiving a classical music degree in vocal performance, before eventually landing a job as a copywriter at Crispin Porter + Bogusky in Boulder. And as CP+B celebrated its tenth year deemed Ad Age's Interactive Agency of the Year, Brittany worked across brands like Applebee's, Window's Phone, Burger King, and JELL-O. She also picked up several accolades, including a couple Gold Pencils, before heading off to Saatchi & Saatchi London.
Brittany believes her general naiveté about technology, when surrounded by the right people, has led to some of her best digital work, as it allows you to blissfully think outside of what's possible—even if what's possible is yet to be invented. This "naiveté" inevitably pioneered several new technologies, including facial-recognition software that could deny free pudding to children, and a cube of JELL-O that dances to the beat of any song.
Since arriving in the UK, Brittany's worked across several global accounts, including Toyota, Visa, Guinness, HSBC, Cadbury, and Trident. She and her partner won a Youtube's Agency Film Hack Competition in 2013 with a piece that premiered at Cannes that year.


This project evaluated the Community-based Learning Collaborative model, which targeted both clinical and non-clinical professionals in the child welfare and mental health service sectors as a way to build and strengthen inter-professional relationships and improve delivery of evidence-based mental health treatment services. The project capitalized on an on-going implementation project, aiming to generate evidence about implementation strategies needed to make EBTs more accessible to children. This mixed-methods study involved participants from two ongoing CBLCs in South Carolina and examined data collected pre/post, weekly, and monthly over the 12 month active implementation period. Participants were recruited for an 18 month follow-up period to examine whether inter-professional relationships, inter-organizational relationships, and use of EBTs were sustained over time.


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Markets are ignoring the idea of a bigger conflict
January 8, 2020 by Eze Paul Chidiebere
Iranian Revolutionary Guards drive speedboats in front of an oil tanker at the port of Bandar Abbas
Atta Kenare | AFP | Getty Images
Global financial markets shrugged off U.S.-Iran tensions because they are not expected to escalate into a larger military conflict or seriously impact the global economy — at least for now.
U.S. stocks were sharply higher Wednesday and oil prices plunged, even though Iran attacked U.S. military bases in Iraq overnight. Stocks moved even higher later Wednesday, with the S&P 500 powering to a new all-time high and West Texas Intermediate oil futures breaking below $60 per barrel, after President Donald Trump defused some of the concerns by saying Iran "appears to be standing down" and that he doesn't want to have to use military force.
Stocks initially plummeted globally and oil shot higher right after Iran's missile strikes, shortly after the U.S. market close Tuesday.
The attacks largely resulted in infrastructure damage, and no human casualties were reported. Iran had warned Iraq about the assault ahead of time, and also announced the missile strike had "concluded proportionate measures" against the U.S., in retaliation for the American killing of Iranian Gen. Qasem Soleimani.
"I think the markets are more rational about this particular subject than a lot of subjects. …There's not a lot of belief the Iranian leaders would want to do things that would seriously make this conflict a lot worse," said Don Townswick, director of equities strategies at Conning, which provides services for the insurance industry and other clients. "All that really does is give the administration the ability to treat Iranian leaders like they did Soleimani. I just think the market isn't worried about it. I also think the threat to the oil supply is not as dramatic as it was because of increased U.S. production."
Townswick said he is more concerned about fourth-quarter earnings results.
"It seems to be all about economics," Townswick said. "There doesn't seem to be a big threat to world growth. I think it comes back to the old saying, 'the markets overreacted to headline news.'"
Oil falls sharply
Overnight Tuesday as stocks sold off, West Texas Intermediate crude shot higher, reaching $65.65 per barrel, but it retraced those gains and was trading down 4.6% at $59.76 per barrel Wednesday. Brent crude futures reached $71.75 after the Iran attack, but were at $65.79 per barrel, down 3.79% Wednesday. Oil was also weighed down by U.S. inventory data, released midmorning, which showed a large buildup in gasoline supplies and other refined products.
U.S. oil production was at 12.9 million barrels a day in the last week, according to government data, and 3 million of those barrels were exported each day. The focus in the oil market has been on Iran's ability to disrupt oil supplies in two ways — by interfering with ships in the Strait of Hormuz, a key artery for oil transport from the Persian Gulf, or by hampering Iraq, Saudi Arabia, or any other producer's ability to produce and export oil.
"Not a single barrel of oil was lost or affected. As long as the oil supply doesn't get affected, the oil market rapidly removes the security risk from these events," said John Kilduff, partner with Again Capital. He noted that price spikes were quickly over after the attack on Saudi Aramco's Abqaiq facility in September and after the attack on Soleimani late last week.
"There's less of a chance of $100 oil because of it, and more of a chance of $75 oil because of supply and demand. That level of the oil price is perceived by everyone as a brake for the market," said Townswick. "A lot of people see $100 as the GDP slowing level around the world, and a lot of the estimates I've seen say if you disrupt some of the flow through the Straits of Hormuz you're going to see $75 oil, not $100 oil."
Jens Nordvig, CEO of Exante Data, said there was a minor flight-to-safety trade in the dollar but it was fleeting.
"We had it on Friday for 12 hours. There was a flight to the dollar and then we digested it and recovered into the close and had one hour of it last night and we're coming back," he said. "It definitely affected things last night, and the retaliation was a symbolic retaliation. It looks like it was meant for domestic political purposes, as opposed to inflicting any damage.
"There was a forewarning. That's not normal. It's obviously a serious issue but it really seems like a political symbolic move. It was a face-saving operation, and that's how the market is interpreting it."
Not a 'persistent driver'
Nordvig said the dollar index was higher Wednesday because the euro was lower on heavy bond issuance in Europe, but the dollar has been lower against the Chinese currency and other emerging market currencies on trade-related news.
"If we were going to have retaliation to the retaliation, there would be reprisal. … That looks like it's not going to be the case," Nordvig said. "I don't think it's going to be a persistent driver of equities markets. It's different because shale oil provides a cushion. The oil market is not as sensitive as it used to be. I think the risk premium on the oil market will be somewhat higher but it's not like it's totally game changing."
He said hedge fund investors and others are less willing to position against major risk-off events.
"I think the lesson from the last couple of years is it's quite dangerous to get trapped in these risk-aversion news cycles because they don't tend to last very long," Nordvig said. "I think macro funds are reluctant to get too bearish."
In the bond market, strategists say investors were waiting for confirmation that the situation was not going to escalate, and the 10-year Treasury yield has already given back half of what it lost after the U.S. killed Soleimani. The 10-year had hit 1.94% on Thursday.
"The series of events led to a 24 basis point rally," said Jon Hill, senior strategist at BMO, adding the majority of that move reversed. "The data and the Fed and anything but the Iranian situation is pointing to higher rates in the near term."
He said Trump's comments were viewed as "de-escalatory," and the market will now focus on other factors.
Categories News Tags bigger, business news, conflict, Earnings, idea, ignoring, Market Insider, Markets, Wall Street Leave a comment Post navigation
ISL 2019-20: FC Goa ease past NorthEast United
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Martyn Hilbert's Railway Photography - Last additions - A60 5119 at Chesham.
A wintry scene at Chesham on January 15th 1984. A 4-Car A60 set in original condition has just arrived at the branch terminus following a 3.89 mile run from the bay platform at Chalfont & Latimer on the Metropolitan Main line from Baker Street to Amersham. The nearest car is DM 5119. The station still retained its platform canopy, water tower and disused bay platform.


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Getting a puppy is a huge responsibility , and not many would know what they're going to experience while it grows. When they're small, t...
Woman Raises Puppy For Over A Year, Turns Out To Be Something Else
by creepyworld March 23, 2020 0 commentaires
Getting a puppy is a huge responsibility, and not many would know what they're going to experience while it grows. When they're small, they have to be housetrained, leash trained and know basic tricks like sit, wait, or no. Teaching a pup how to behave is very important if you want a healthy and happy dog without weird incidents. And when a woman purchased an adorable Japanese Spitz, she was ready to teach him everything and give him all he needed. She was a devoted dog owner. However, it turned out that she wasn't actually a dog owner…
20. Adorable Pup
When Ms. Wang, who lives in China, saw an adorable white pup, she immediately fell in love. She bought him and took him to his new home. But while the pup started to grow, things started to look weird.
19. He's a Great Pup!
All was well until her pup reached the age of three months. Then, her tiny ball of fluff started to change into something that didn't really look like a Japanese Spitz. You won't believe what she says next!
18. A Pointy Face, A Longer Tail…
'The fur got thicker when it reached three months old. Its face became pointy and its tail grew longer than that of a normal dog,' said Ms. Wang. Then, she noticed one more thing that made her look for an expert's advice.
17. Dogs Didn't Like Him
'Other pet dogs seemed to be scared by my pet, so I walked it on a leash,' explained the owner. It's tough to train a pup on your own, especially when it's only a baby. But this baby dog wasn't really a dog!
16. The Japanese Spitz
animalchannel.co
On the internet, many guides explain how different breeds of dogs behave or look. The Japanese Spitz is very intelligent, loyal and a loving companion. Wang's pup was exactly like that, but he wasn't a Spitz…
15. Breed Standards
ladbible.com
Many breeds of dogs vary in size. The Spitz has a thick and fluffy coat and slanted eyes. They love to run a lot, but will also enjoy curling in their owners' laps. All the information on the Spitz didn't explain this pup's behavior!
14. Getting Help
Ms. Wang finally took her dog to see an expert in animals. She went to a local zoo, and a staff member couldn't believe his eyes. This woman was actually walking what was supposed to be a wild animal.
13. This Is Not a Puppy
When the staff member at the zoo saw her, he said: 'Based on the size, it is a domesticated fox. It carries a smell in their body and the smell can get stronger as it grows older.' How did this woman end up with a fox?
12. The White Fox Versus the Fluffy Spitz
How can you not know when you buy a dog that it's not actually a dog? Well, in this case, the white fox pup really looks like a Spitz puppy, but when it grows, its tail gets longer, and it starts to smell weird. And that's not all!
11. A Common Issue in Asia
Many pet shops sell foxes in Asia. Some shops sell them as foxes, while others tell customers they're dogs. So, unsuspecting pet owners like Ms. Wang end up raising foxes instead of fluffy dogs…
10.Hoping to Get a Cute Pup?
Looking at this young fox, it's obvious Ms. Wang tried her best to take care of him. She loved him a lot and wanted to make sure he doesn't miss anything. But he wasn't so happy with the food he was getting.
9. Dog Food
You see, before Ms. Wang didn't know her dog was a fox, the pup was less inclined to eat his chicken and dog food. After finding out he was a fox, she knew he wouldn't lead a good life in a house. He needed freedom and friends…
8. What's Best For Him
A true animal lover like Ms. Wang knew a fox wasn't going to be pleased with living inside a house. The best home for a domesticated fox would be in a zoo, with others like him. Fortunately, she knew the perfect place!
7. Taking a Chance
Ms. Wang went back to the zoo where she found out she owned a fox instead of a dog. The zoo agreed to take the fox in, put him in quarantine for a while to make sure he is healthy. He was going to live a great life.
6. A Real Home
Finally, the young fox found a home, where he lived with others like him. He was going to make a lot of friends, and he also had a proper diet and veterinary care. Ms. Wang was very sad, but she had to let him go…
5. Smelly Fox… Smelly Fox!
Keeping a fox indoors is a bad idea. It needs a lot of space to roam, so Ms. Wang would have come home one day to see her house destroyed after her pet fox grew into an adult. Moreover, they can be very smelly!
4. The Great News
However sad was Ms. Wang to part with her fox pup, she knew she made the right choice. And the great news is that the zoo has allowed Ms. Wang to visit her fox whenever she misses it.
3. A Better Home
This fox has a better life in the zoo, free to run in the outdoors and to socialize with other foxes. He gets a proper diet and he is also safe. Moreover, Ms. Wang can always go back and see him as he grows older.
2. Looking for a Pet?
If Ms. Wang wants to have another try at getting a pup, she should take a better look at the next dog and make sure it's not a different kind of pup! We think she'll look for a different type of breed next time, just to be sure…
1. Check Twice!
If you're thinking of getting a Japanese Spitz and you live in Asia, consider taking a dog expert with you to avoid any problems. Or take a better look and know the difference between a fox pup and a little pooch!


If you follow me on Instagram you've already seen most of these photos. But, I just had to share on the blog, too. A couple of months ago I upgraded to the Samsung Galaxy S4, which comes equipped with a 13MP camera (pretty much equivalent to a good point-and-shoot). I just couldn't get the default camera app to do what I wanted, so I started hunting around for something better. The Camera FV-5 app had good reviews, and only cost $3.95, so I figured I'd give it a try.
I am so impressed! I'm not going to go into all the techie details, but I will tell you that my favorite features are the ISO sensitivity (which goes from 100 to 1600 — basically this is what controls the brightness of your photo), and the touch focus which allows you to tell the camera exactly what to focus on just by touching that area on the display. The default camera app does allow you to do "macro" type shots, but the touch focus on the Camera FV-5 app makes gives you so much creative control and allows you to take full advantage of the camera's fixed aperture (f2.2) to create nice depth of field. I'm still trying to learn how to control shutter speed to take better pics of the kids.
I'm not going to be trading in my DSLR anytime soon, but this just proves that technology has progressed to the point where you can get really good photos with just your phone and a couple of apps (we've come a long way from the flip phone days). The final frontier is figuring out how to get better photos in low lighting. The phone still can't do that without a ton of grain or a flash.


These first 18 homes are warm, modern and architecturally-designed stand-alone homes, made up of 12 three-bedroom homes selling for $579,000 and six four-bedroom homes selling for $649,000. The ballot runs for four weeks.
Jacinda Ardern says KiwiBuild is restoring the Kiwi dream of home ownership to thousands of families who have been priced out of the housing market in Auckland and around the country.
"KiwiBuild is the major plank in our Government's plan to make housing more affordable. We have also changed the law to stop overseas speculators pricing New Zealanders out of the market.
Phil Twyford said another 12 properties already under construction at the McLennan development will be completed before Christmas, including seven terraced two-bedroom homes and five four-bedroom homes. Next year a further 58 mainly three bedroom homes will be built at the Papakura location.
Phil Twyford urged anyone considering entering the ballot for KiwiBuild homes at McLennan to get a thorough understanding of the property first and speak to their bank manager.


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Man Believed to be "Hipster Bandit" Strikes Again: FBI
Authorities are asking for the public's help to find a suspect who robbed a Union Bank and attempted to rob a Wells Fargo Bank
By Jaspreet Kaur	• Published May 18, 2016 • Updated on May 18, 2016 at 10:11 pm
Authorities are asking for the public's help to find a suspect who robbed a Union Bank and attempted to rob a Wells Fargo Bank Wednesday.
The man is believed to be the "Hipster Bandit," who is suspected of robbing two banks on July 2, 2015, according to the FBI.
They dubbed him the "Hipster Bandit" because of the clothes and sunglasses he wore during his robberies last year.
The FBI says the "Hipster Bandit" walked into a Vons grocery store on College Boulevard near the 76 Freeway just north of Frazee Road in Oceanside and attempted to rob a Wells Fargo Bank around 2:12 p.m.
San Diego High School 1 hour ago
He gave the teller a demand note asking for cash but the teller refused to give him any money. The suspect then left the bank.
Around 2:20 p.m., the FBI says he went to the Ralphs grocery store on Old Gove Road just west of Mission Avenue. The suspect robbed the Union Bank located inside the store and took off.
He is described to be in his mid-20s or early 30s, approximately five foot three inches tall, with brown hair and a tattoo on his left upper arm. He is believed to have been driving a black motorcycle, wearing a black jacket and black helmet.


Celebrities from Bollywood attended the special screening of the movie 'Ae Dil Hai Mushkil' in Mumbai on October 25, 2016. The attendees of the event included Anushka Sharma, Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt, Sidharth Malhotra, Zoya Akhtar, Shabana Azmi, Javed Akhtar, Arjun Kapoor, Karisma Kapoor, Kiran Rao, Dino Morea, Sanjay Kapoor, Chunky Pandey, Karan Johar, Neha Dhupia, Manish Malhotra and others.
The movie has Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Ranbir Kapoor and Anushka Sharma in lead roles and hit the theatres on October 28, 2016.
'Ae Dil…' is directed and produced by Karan Johar and also features Lisa Haydon and Iran Abbas in supporting roles.


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Инашвили () — грузинская фамилия.

Известные носители
 Инашвили, Авраам Ильич (1901—1960) — звеньевой колхоза «Шрома» Лагодехского района Грузинской ССР, Герой Социалистического Труда.
 Инашвили, Александр Иович (1887—1958) — грузинский оперный певец (лирико-драматический баритон), театральный режиссёр, педагог.
 Инашвили, Ирма (род. 1970) — грузинский тележурналист и политик

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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A Tree Swallow Brings the Species Total to 42 at the Blue Ridge Center
July 27, 2021 Posted by Sheila Ferguson Field Trips, Wildlife News
Fourteen birders joined Joe Coleman and Michael Sciortino for the July 24 walk at the Blue Ridge Center for Environmental Studies. It was a relatively mild day with decent temperatures to start and slight overcast skies. In other words, it wasn't your typical hot and humid July morning, although the humidity did creep up as the morning wore on. The walk took place at the southern section of the property near Sawmill and Butterfly Alley, an area that we hadn't visited in a while. We were excited to get started and see what we could find.
Overall, the birds were quite active, and we recorded 42 species in total including a few species recorded at the visitor center area before we made our way to the Sawmill location. As we traveled, the group spent a lot of time discussing and testing the merits of the new sound identification capabilities in the latest version of the Merlin mobile application.
Photo by Michael Sciortino
We started at the parking lot area and followed the tree line towards Butterfly Alley. There were a good variety of species along the path with Eastern Bluebirds feeding on the ground up ahead of the group as we walked, numerous Common Yellowthroats, Field Sparrows, and Indigo Buntings singing and calling from the meadow on the left. We did get to see one of the three Red-tailed Hawks recorded on that day as it was sitting on a power line piling watching us form a distance. The field was active with American Goldfinches as they flew from the tree line into the field and back again. We recorded four Ruby-throated Hummingbirds feeding at plants and flying straight and fast over the meadow.
While at Butterfly Alley we began to hear Yellow-Throated and Red-eyed Vireos on the edges of the tree line but we were not able to get any good visuals or photographs. Hearing the two songs so frequently and so close together did help some of the members of the group distinguish between the two songs. We heard and saw eight Red-bellied Woodpeckers flying into and calling from the woods as well.
We carefully fording Sweet Run as it crosses Butterfly Alley and then checked each other for ticks as we did start to see some of the pests showing up on our clothes. The group then ducked into the woods to see what woodland species we could find. We crossed Sweet Run again and continued along the full length of the Sweet Run Loop trail. We heard and recorded a lone Louisiana Waterthrush calling near the Little Turtle Trail and heard a single Ovenbird in the vicinity of Arnold Lane. We recorded approximately eight Acadian Flycatchers, seven Eastern Wood Pewees and one Scarlet Tanager while on the loop. We also heard two Wood Thrushes calling from deep in the woods in two different locations of the woodland area.
The group made its way back along the tree line path to the parking area and got good views of a Pileated Woodpecker as it flew west over the meadow. One participant spotted a Mississippi Kite flying from right to left over the meadow. We returned to a packed parking lot as our own cars, combined with the recently arrived horse trailers, made for a congested parking area. Finally, while we were tallying our bird observations, our first and only Tree Swallow appeared and made it onto our list at the last minute.
For a complete list of our bird sightings, visit e-Bird at https://ebird.org/checklist/S92222679.
Loudoun Wildlife Conservancy schedules three regular bird walks most months, one at the Blue Ridge Center for Environmental Stewardship on the fourth Saturday of the month except in December, one at the Banshee Reeks Nature Preserve on the second Saturday of the month, and one at Bles Park on the third Sunday of the month. These are free events, and everyone is welcome, although registration is requested.
Tags: bird walkBlue Ridge Center for Environmental Stewardship


As a lifelong resident of New Jersey, I have experienced the Jersey Shore from Sea Bright to Cape May. Growing up in Middlesex county, weekly trips and weeklong vacations to the beaches of Monmouth and Ocean Counties were the staple of our family travel. It was only natural that after graduating from college in Southern New Jersey, that I would move to Ocean County and eventually Monmouth County.
Earning an MBA from Monmouth University and working for a Fortune 1000 company that has offices throughout Monmouth and Ocean counties in various management and executive positions has provided me with extensive knowledge of almost every town within the area.
My expertise in the home improvement field along with vast experience in customer service, negotiations and finance enable me to provide my clients the highest level of service possible. I pledge to my clients, full access, 24/7 to meet their needs and help them achieve their real estate goals.
If you are looking for a realtor that is dedicated to his clients, focused on the details and is committed to excellence, then look no further. I welcome any inquiry and am thankful for all opportunities to serve your real estate needs.


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Under the Abaya: Saudi's first fashion book - Daily News Egypt
Lifestyle Under the Abaya: Saudi's first fashion book
Under the Abaya: Saudi's first fashion book
The untold sisterhood between Saudi heroines and their wafting allies
Nayera Yasser March 14, 2018 Be the first to comment
Browsing through mass media, images of women covered in utter blackness would regularly pop up as an answer to any search associated with Saudi women. Stereotypes such as walking a certain distance behind men and never being able to freely choose a profession are salt and pepper to outdated, biased horror stories told about the seaside kingdom.
With that said, the abaya is often described as the most elaborate tool of oppression. While Japanese kimonos are often celebrated worldwide, their Saudi equivalent is repeatedly disparaged by global media.
Marriam Mossalli is a Saudi entrepreneur, who felt obliged to share her companionship with abayas in a time when social media is finally giving a credible voice to the unheard.
The fashion aficionado decided to stop the one-sided stories and shallow murmurs of empowerment with a visual love letter addressed at abayas and the women under them.
Her fashion book is not only a window into the true tales of inspiration found across the country, it is also a transparent representation of that particular piece of wardrobe. Under the abaya is Saudi Arabia's first fashion book, which harbours impactful images of women flaunting strength and inspiration as must-have accessories.
From casual strolls around the country's urban districts to mastering a motorbike while holding on to the burqa, the women captured in Mossalli's book are not afraid to show their faces nor their confidence.
Daily News Egypt spoke with Mossalli to discuss the recent milestones Saudi women have achieved and the untold sisterhood shared by those unsung female heroines with their wafting allies.
What was the main incident/event that encouraged this project?
Having worked in the fashion industry for over a decade, I have always wanted to do something to highlight the diverse and insanely up-to-trend fashion scene in Saudi Arabia.
Yet, being a Saudi woman, I also knew that I wanted to do something for female empowerment even more. So when the Misk Art Institute invited me to participate in the first art books fair in Saudi Arabia, I felt it was just as good a time as any try to break the stereotypes of Saudi females often portrayed in Western media.
As a Saudi woman that often travels to Europe and the US, what is the most common stereotype that you are often faced with?
That I am filthy oil-money rich! I think the cities like London, Paris, Los Angeles, and New York are used to the "Ramadan rush" of Saudis invading their cities during summers to shop and go to Disneyland, so we kind of did this to ourselves.
But, I am hoping that as the demographics of our country shifts to a younger, more millennial generation (70% of our population is under the age of 30), that this stereotype will be replaced with a more fitting one; perhaps "every Saudi walks around with two phones and is constantly on Snapchat?"
What was the main message that you wanted to communicate through this project?
It is no secret that the media's biased depiction tends to show an outdated version of us Saudi women, and I wanted to change that. I have always had that intention in everything I do, even in every trivial post on my social media.
I want to show the world that Saudi women are more than these unknown black figures you see on CNN. We are dreamers, pioneers, mothers, doctors, restaurateurs, students, and everything in between. We have opinions and ideas; meanwhile, we are making changes accordingly.
The book will also help create awareness around the long-term ambition of our ongoing online platform: www.undertheabayaksa.com, which is inspired by Humans of New York, where people submit their own pictures and tell us who they are, what they do, or their story.
Our hope is to create positive connotations around women and Saudi Arabia in order to counteract the negative stereotype of the Saudi female, who is "all covered in black without a voice and is forced to walk five feet behind her man."
What were the main concerns women had regarding sending their images?
As I mentioned earlier, the concept of the book had always been something I dreamed of doing, but, two years ago, we were met with hesitation when women were wearier of having their faces published.
From a single post on Instagram, we had over 1,000 submissions in a week and in the release form, 95% of the submitters noted that not only would they be willing to show their faces, they actually preferred it!
I think Saudi Arabia is going through a transitional phase, when women are being given the identity they deserve. We are no longer identified in reference to our relationship to a man, such as um [mother of] or uhkt [sister of] so-and-so; rather, we are known by our own names and faces.
Now you turn on the local news are see HRH Princess Reema Bint Bandar speaking confidently to world leaders in Davos, or Sarah Attar running alongside her fellow Olympians.
That in turn affects us women. It shows that our identity and individualism is no longer a taboo!
The abaya is often stigmatised as a tool of oppression. As a woman, who has been wearing it for a lifetime, to what extent does it present a part of your identity?
I live in my abaya. It is the Saudi equivalent to Juicy Couture sweats; anyone who wears them should probably lie about how much they love to wear them!
I believe that it is the equivalent of men's white thobe; a garment of national identity that allows me the freedom to focus on my work and not my appearance.
I really feel the abaya has helped women in the Arab Gulf become more confident in their intellect and achievements versus their appearance.
Do you still remember your first abaya?
I got my first abaya way too late; I was a tall, lanky girl with no curves. Accordingly, I basically got away with looking like an 11-year-old until I was 16. But, my first abaya—which I still have—is a custom-made abaya, which my mom passed down to me from Milan.
It was a Versace abaya. I definitely felt proud to wear it because it meant I was no longer an adolescent, but rather, a woman.
It did not have connotations of oppression—it was marking a young girl's passage into womanhood.
In your opinion, if abayas are no longer a mandatory dress code, would the majority of Saudi women still choose to wear them on a daily basis?
I think the questions is when not if. And yes, I anticipate that many will still wear the abaya; much like the Emiratis in the UAE.
It is important to have the choice, and that is key. Yet, it will definitely stay a wardrobe staple for me, as I have even made my international friends sport it as a fashion statement!
The trend is quickly being picked up by millennials: ripped jeans, a crop top and an abaya in summer is becoming more Coachella than Native American feathered headpieces!
Topics: Abaya Fashion saudi arabia
Nayera Yasser
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https://wwww.dailynewssegypt.com/2018/03/14/abaya-saudis-first-fashion-book/
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US companies keen to increase investments in Egypt: Nasr
March 14, 2018 Breaking News


As you know we try very hard to keep parents regularly informed about what is going on at the school, however, sending paper letters home can be rather 'hit and miss' with letters often going astray on the way!
Because of the substantial cost and environmental impact associated with paper letters we communicate with parents and guardians using the online service, ParentMail. If you do not have easy access to a computer the school will arrange for your daughter to receive paper copies via their form register.
It is very important that you register ParentMail to ensure you stay in touch with your daughter's activities at school and can receive any urgent messages. Messages from the PTA are also sent to parents using ParentMail.
To use ParentMail you will need to contact the school to ask for a registration code which will be sent home with your daughter admin@ladymargaret.lbhf.sch.uk.
ParentMail messages will be sent from messages@parentmail.co.uk. Please add this address to your email address books (or approved sender list) to prevent messages from being blocked by your SPAM/JUNK filters.
Since our move to ParentMail X in September 2015, you can also download a useful Parent Mail X app which will store all the messages sent by the school.


text:
All Blog Entries, Christian Finnegan, Comedy, Family & Life, NYC
Last Dance, Last Chance
Tonight marked the end of "Eating It" at Luna Lounge. The former moves to the Zipper (love that place!) and the latter gets demolished and turned into condos.
But I can't really think about that.
We did it. We took the plunge. We signed a lease for a new apartment. No more turning back now.
We literally went from making the single most important jointly made decision together to the Lower East Side to an alternative comedy show in a dive bar and promptly got drunk. The bar even gave out champagne to mark the occasion. Well, technically it was for the end of "Eating It", but whatever…
Pictures coming soon!


text:
Il Torneo Kurowashiki 2014 si è svolto dal 1° al 6 maggio 2014: al torneo hanno partecipato sedici squadre di club, universitarie e scolastiche giapponesi e la vittoria finale è andata per la prima volta alle .

Regolamento
La competizione prevede che vi prendano parte 16 squadre. Sono previsti due fasi: nella prima si svolge un turno preliminare a gironi, mentre nella seconda si svolgono quarti di finale, semifinali e finale.

Partecipanti

Competizione

Prima fase

Gruppo A

Gruppo B

Gruppo C

Gruppo D

Squadre qualificate

Seconda fase

Quarti di finale

Semifinali

Finale

Premi individuali

Collegamenti esterni

Pallavolo nel 2014
Torneo Kurowashiki (femminile)


I am currently working on my essay and I am not too sure whether deeply or extremely fascinated is correct. It would be nice if somebody explained this to me because I think these two adverbs sound perfectly fine since they both mean or elucidate the same.
...And hence, I am (deeply/extremely) fascinated by Musk's career and personality.
Both of those words work fine as intensifiers for the verb "fascinate". They carry the same general connotation when used that way, and both have proper levels of formality for an essay. The choice is purely aesthetic, use whichever you think sounds better.
In general, intensifiers do not carry vital meaning. They exist to emphasize the verb, which carries the meaning. You can almost always substitute a intensifier with "very" and at worst sound only a little odd, but you won't lose any meaning. For example, you could say "I am very fascinated by Musks's career and personality," and it still makes perfect sense grammatically and logically, it's just lacking in flair.
"How deep" or "How deeply"?
When are you "fascinated with" something, and when are you "fascinated by" it?
Can something be "extremely mediocre"?
"However, I hated it extremely" vs "However, I extremely hated it," when telling a flashback?


On this three-day, three-night experience of the West Bank visitors will stay with local host families and experience local culture and tradition firsthand. Travelers will experience a combination of engagement with geopolitical tours of the area to understand the facts on the ground and connect deeper with this land as they have the opportunity to be present in religious and historical places unlike anywhere else on earth all while enjoying local traditional food and culture.
The group will be picked up in Jerusalem and from there we will journey to its sister city, Bethlehem. We will start out our day in the area of Rachels Tomb after which we will engage in a geopolitical tour of the Separation Wall and a local Refugee Camp. The Walled Off Hotel will follow where we will experience the power work of famed artist, Banksy. From here we will journey to Manger Square where we will visit the Church of the Nativity and experience the Old City of Bethlehem. Lunch will be held at Makhrour Valley where we will eat traditional Palestinian Zarb before meeting our host families where we will spend our evening sharing dinner and resting for the night.
After breakfast we will hike to St. George Monastery and on the way see the valley of Shadow of death. After our visit to this beautiful monastery built into the side of a mountain, we will hike to Jericho City where we will see where Zacchaeus climbed the Sycamore Tree to see Jesus as he came into Jericho. Afterwards we will see the Mount of Temptation and enjoy a cook-out style lunch at the local water park. After a fun afternoon we will head back to Bethlehem for dinner and to stay the night with our host families.
Today we will experience the two sides of Hebron. After breakfast with our host families our trip will begin in the Old City of Hebron where we will walk what was once a vibrant market and gain a perspective on daily life by having lunch with a local family. From lunch we will transition over to the Jewish side of Hebron which lies in the center of the city. On our way back to Bethlehem we will stop at the glass factory in Hebron and experience this beautiful tradition that has been passed down for generations. We will then enjoy another evening having dinner with our host families in Bethlehem and stay with them one last night.
We will start the day enjoying one final breakfast with our host families before heading back to Jerusalem where you will enjoy the rest of your journey in this Holy Land.
Any other services unspecified in tour program.


text:
package org.apache.nutch.protocol.okhttp;

import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Predicate;

import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

/**
 * Optionally limit or block connections to IP address ranges
 * (localhost/loopback or site-local addresses, subnet ranges given in CIDR
 * notation, or single IP addresses).
 *
 * IP filter rules are built from two Nutch properties:
 *

 *
http.filter.ipaddress.include defines all allowed IP ranges.
 * If not defined or empty all IP addresses (and not explicitly excluded) are
 * allowed.
 *
http.filter.ipaddress.exclude defines excluded IP address
 * ranges.
 *

 *
 * IP ranges can be defined as
 *

 *
IP address, e.g. 127.0.0.1 or ::1 (IPv6)

 *
CIDR notation, e.g. 192.168.0.0/16 or
 * fd00::/8

 *
localhost or loopback applies to all IP
 * addresses for which {@link InetAddress#isLoopbackAddress()} is true

 *
sitelocal applies to all IP
 * addresses for which {@link InetAddress#isSiteLocalAddress()} is true

 *

 *
 * Multiple IP ranges are separated by a comma, e.g. loopback,sitelocal,fd00::/8
 *
 */
public class IPFilterRules {

  protected static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory
      .getLogger(MethodHandles.lookup().lookupClass());

  List<Predicate<InetAddress>> includeRules;
  List<Predicate<InetAddress>> excludeRules;

  public IPFilterRules(Configuration conf) {
    includeRules = parseIPRules(conf, "http.filter.ipaddress.include");
    excludeRules = parseIPRules(conf, "http.filter.ipaddress.exclude");
  }

  public boolean isEmpty() {
    return !(includeRules.size() > 0 || excludeRules.size() > 0);
  }

  public boolean accept(InetAddress address) {
    boolean accept = true;
    if (includeRules.size() > 0) {
      accept = false;
      for (Predicate<InetAddress> rule : includeRules) {
        if (rule.test(address)) {
          accept = true;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    if (accept && excludeRules.size() > 0) {
      for (Predicate<InetAddress> rule : excludeRules) {
        if (rule.test(address)) {
          accept = false;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    return accept;
  }

  private static List<Predicate<InetAddress>> parseIPRules(Configuration conf,
      String ipRuleProperty) {
    List<Predicate<InetAddress>> rules = new ArrayList<>();
    String[] ipRules = conf.getStrings(ipRuleProperty);
    if (ipRules == null) {
      return rules;
    }
    for (String ipRule : ipRules) {
      switch (ipRule.toLowerCase()) {
      case "localhost":
      case "loopback":
        rules.add((InetAddress a) -> a.isLoopbackAddress());
        break;
      case "sitelocal":
        rules.add((InetAddress a) -> a.isSiteLocalAddress());
        break;
      default:
        try {
          CIDR cidr = new CIDR(ipRule);
          rules.add((InetAddress a) -> cidr.contains(a));
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
          LOG.error(
              "Failed to parse {} as CIDR, ignoring to configure IP rules ({})",
              ipRule, ipRuleProperty);
        }
      }
    }
    if (rules.size() > 0) {
      LOG.info("Found {} IP filter rules for {}", rules.size(), ipRuleProperty);
    }
    return rules;
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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E.R. physician Dr. Travis Stork demonstrates how both soft and firm mattresses affect your spine and your sleep.
Is Your Memory Foam Mattress Good for Your Back?
Does Your Relationship Need a 'Sleep Divorce'?
Can Taping Your Mouth Improve Sleep Quality?
Is Being a Night Owl Harmful for Your Health?


text:
Numerical Ability for SBI Clerk Prelims Exam 2018: 28th March 2018
Numerical Ability for SBI Clerk Prelims 2018
Numerical Ability Section has given heebie-jeebies to the aspirants when they appear for a banking examination. As the level of every other section is only getting complex and convoluted, there is no doubt that this section, too, makes your blood run cold. The questions asked in this section are calculative and very time-consuming. But once dealt with proper strategy, speed, and accuracy, this section can get you the maximum marks in the examination. Following is the Numerical Ability quiz to help you practice with the best of latest pattern questions.
Q1. The population of vultures in a particular locality is decreases by a certain rate (compounded annually). If the current population of vultures be 29160 and the ratio of population after second year to after 3rd year be 10 : 9. What was the population of vultures 3 years ago?
(a) 30000
(b) 35000
(c) 40000
(d) 50000
(e) 55000
Q2. Dutta Ram lends equal sum of money at the same rate of interest to A and B. The money lends to A becomes twice of the original amount in just four years at simple interest. While Dutta Ram lends to B for the first two years at compound interest and amount obtained after two years from B (principal+C.I.) is again lent to B at same rate of interest for the rest two years at simple interest. If the difference between the amount of A and B after 4 years is Rs. 2750. What is the amount of money that Dutta Ram lends to each one?
(a) Rs. 40000
(b) Rs. 6000
(c) Rs. 8000
(d) Rs. 80000
(e) Rs. 8400
Q3. Rohit can do a piece of work in 12 days, Roshan can do the same work in 8 days, and Ritesh can do the same job in 4/5th time required by Rohit and Roshan both to complete the work together. Rohit and Roshan work together for 3 days, then Ritesh completes the job. How many days did Ritesh work?
(a) 51/25
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 36/25
(e) 86/25
Q4. Ram sells onions as part time business. Due to recent shortfall in the supply of onions, he doubles his selling price despite the cost price remains same for him due to a fixed contract. He realizes that his profit has tripled. Find the original profit percent.
(a) 200/3%
(b) 100%
(c) 120%
(d) 316/3%
(e) None of these
Q5. Bahu is as much younger than Bhalla as he is older than Veer. If the sum of the ages of Bhalla and Veer is 50 years, what is the difference between Bhalla and Bahu's age?
(d) Cannot be determined
Directions (Q.6-10): Study the given graph carefully to answer the questions that follow.
The graph shows the number of people using mobile services of three different companies.
Q7. The total number of people using all the three mobile services in the year 2017 is what per cent of the total number of people using all the three mobile services in the year 2018? (rounded off to two digits after decimal)
(a) 89.72%
(b) 93.46 %
(c) 88.18%
(d) 91.67%
(e) 79.46%
Q8. The number of people using mobile service of Jio in the year 2016 forms approximately what per cent of the total number of people using all the three mobile services in that year?
(a) 18%
(b) 26 %
(c) 11%
(d) 23%
(e) 29%
Q9. What is the ratio of the number of people using mobile service of Verizon in the year 2015 to that of those using the same service in the year 2014?
(a) 8 : 7
(b) 3 : 2
(c) 19 : 13
(d) 15 : 11
(e) 7 : 8
Q10. What is the total number of people using mobile service of Loop in the years 2018 and 2019 together?
(a) 35,000
(b) 30,000
(c) 45,000
(d) 25,000
(e) 40,000
Directions (Q.11-15): What should come in place of question mark (?) in the following questions?
Q11. 56% of 225 + 20% of 150 = ? – 109
(b) 103
(e) 265
Q12. 68% of 625 + ? % of 185 = 499
(e) 32
Q15. 36% of 245-40% of 210=10- ?
(a) 4.2
(b) 6.8
(c) 4.9
(d) 5.6
(e) 5.8
Check the detailed solution here...
Download Free Topic-wise and Mock Test PDF
Quantitative Questions for upcoming Banking and Insurance Examinations
Study Notes of Quantitative Aptitude
Practice More Data Interpretation Questions
Quantitative Aptitude Section Strategy
Numerical Ability for SBI Clerk Prelims Exam 2018: 28th March 2018 Reviewed by Kamal Thakur on March 28, 2018 Rating: 5
Quantitative Aptitude Quiz


There are various types of exercises that public safety, community organizations, schools, businesses and other employers perform each year in our community to better prepare for the unexpected. Some of these exercises focus on communication systems, specific capabilities or functions. Exercises can be in a variety of formats including tabletops, functional or full scale depending on what plan or aspects of the plan are to be exercised. Experience has shown that even a well designed exercise for an individual aspect of a planned response can be very beneficial to the participants. Having a number of smaller exercises can yield greater value than a single complex exercise that is rarely conducted.


Hello . I have set # 7471 Mars exploration rover and I would like to try to trade it . The set is NIB though as you can see in the photos two side seals were opened by me at first because I thought they looked sketchy at first when I bought it . After opening the two side seals I realized that it had two more in the front that were clean so I left it sealed. This you can also see in the photos.
Things I'm interested in .
I would also be interested in groups of exclusives etc. Pretty much open to interesting or rare offers. I am willing to verify contents of the box upon shipping if that's what you want . I also have a strong feedback history in a trading sub on another website I can share with curious parties by PM. Thanks for reading and sorry if you have to paste the links, it's my first time posting a trade here.


Beauty Old Postcard Issue 3.
old postcards. In this issue we choose the postcards that feature the same woman - Ja Yu-Wen, a well-known courtesan who lived in the early 20th century in Tianjin, China. We have researched her story and relate it in this card.
The hairpin museum-- Here are a lot of beautiful antique jewelry and hair ornaments from China.


text:
Katie Couric breaks silence on Matt Lauer firing: 'This was not the Matt we knew'
Sara M Moniuszko
Katie Couric is breaking her silence on former Today show co-host Matt Lauer more than a month after his firing.
Couric, 61, who co-hosted the show with Lauer for 15 years until she left in 2006, said the "whole thing" has been "very painful" for her during an interview with People Saturday.
"The accounts I've read and heard have been disturbing, distressing and disorienting and it's completely unacceptable that any woman at the Today show experienced this kind of treatment," she told the magazine.
She added that she had "no idea this was going on" during or after her tenure.
"I think I speak for many of my former colleagues when I say this was not the Matt we knew. Matt was a kind and generous colleague who treated me with respect," she continued. "In fact, a joke I once made on late-night television was just that, because it was completely contrary to our brother-sister relationship. It's still very upsetting."
Couric also praised Today's Savannah Guthrie and Hoda Kotb, who has taken Lauer's place on the show, for how they have dealt with the situation.
"I really admire the way Savannah and Hoda and the entire Today show staff have handled a very difficult situation," she added.
More:After Matt Lauer firing, NBC gets ratings boost
More:Replacing Matt Lauer: Is the era of the big-name TV news anchor over?
Lauer, 60, who co-anchored the NBC talk show for more than 20 years, was ousted from the company Nov. 29 following sexual harassment accusations against him.
A day after his firing, NBC News' Stephanie Gosk said there were as many as eight accusers while appearing on Megyn Kelly Today.
Lauer released a statement the same day, apologizing to the people he hurt.
"There are no words to express my sorrow and regret for the pain I have caused others by words and actions," he said. "To the people I have hurt, I am truly sorry. As I am writing this I realize the depth of the damage and disappointment I have left behind at home and at NBC."