text:
How is infrastructure for bicyclists designed, and how does it evolve?
Question: How is infrastructure for bicyclists designed, and how does it evolve?
Related questions to prompt more detailed answers:
When is the right time to build bicycle roads?
How is the budget evaluated for new bicycle facilities?
Is there some way to verify the budgeting premises for bicycle projects?
How are different facilities evaluated?
Are there stages which a city goes through to get a superb bicycle infrastructure?
Longer term considerations:
Suppose the fundamental city plan for cargos and cars is to produce a smooth flow of traffic. Is it easier to plan long-term bicycle road investments together with other roads?
You cannot take every point into account at the start, so how do we make improvements to existing facilities?
How do we make sure progress doesn't stop or reverse?
Is there a way to avoid only reactive fixes (something gets improved only after fatal accident)?
Is the improvement chaotic or a linear progression?
There's no one answer for this. It depends on every level of government, and it's changed over time.
I'm having trouble finding a "practical, answerable question based on actual problems that you face" in there.
I took a stab at focusing this a little bit -- mostly formatting and updating the title to reflect the text. But it could still gain a bit from being more focused and shorter. This could possibly produce some decent answers, although they'd be fairly long and extensive. Just a thought, but perhaps asking how this happened in a specific city would be more answerable?
– Goodbye Stack Exchange
@Neil Fein: I am not surprised that this question may be found confusing my majority of users, users who cannot understand a word about stochastic processes or real options. I have only ideas how policy makers may implement this kind of things but they are more greek. Actually, the latter topic is getting now more researched. I still find this question answerable by professional or professionals, I know how to model this kind of issues and how to plan to some extent but I have no empirical experience so very interested how city planners actually do it -- so how does bicycle infra evolve?
@hhh: I think your examples don't really apply to the question and could be removed. Having dealt with the bicycle infrastructure planning process in two (similar) countries, I don't think it's evolution in the "linear prgression through a series of goals" sense that you appear to be misusing it, but more of the classical evolution "apparently random changes that sometimes make things better" sense. Especially since some of the most dramatic changes are unexpected side effects of other projects (the new motorway may be an example of this)
– Мסž
In most places the answer to your main question is "very bureaucratically", usually involving multiple government departments and a lot of competing interests. It's a part of town planning, which is itself contentious in most places. Even without the sort of natural input that, for example, Christchurch is currently experiencing.
My experience is that even when national governments are involved detailed planning tends to be done at a very local level. This contrasts with major roads where there is usually a government department who is responsible for them. So national funding ends up in the hands of local government who design, build and maintain bicycle facilities in their area.
Ideally the work is overseen by someone with both qualifications and experience in designing good cycle facilities, with public involvement during the scoping and design stages. This is when cycling organisations can be very influential both in terms of what route is chosen and the detailed design that can make it a stunning success or a miserable failure.
Budget works two ways. The "how much do we have to spend" is usually a political question and is influenced primarily by lobbying your government representatives. The "how much does it cost" is in theory an engineering question, but is often determined by political considerations, specifically the "it must be able to support heavy maintenance vehicles" requirement that can mean a cycle facility costs the same as a standard roadway instead of less than 1/4 as much. Local government and roading engineers are usually very keen on this for two reasons: it gives them a "free" access route (they don't pay for it, cyclists do), and it pushes up the apparent cost of cycle facilities (so they have to deal with fewer of them per dollar in the budget). In some situations this does work the other way, where the builders go "cycleways are cheap, let's put them everywhere". Smart property developers do this as they can still call them roads (and they look like roads on the plans), but they're cheap to build.
Evaluation is complex because there are many different ways a cycle facility can be evaluated. From how good it is to ride on, to accident rates or population health, to maintenance costs, to political benefit (or cost), just about everyone will have their own way to evaluate a cycle facility. This is a contentious issue that my local BUG addresses with our local council almost every year. Even though we have a cycling team in the council infrastructure department we have to fight to keep them as well as maintain existing facilities and build new ones.
The broad progression that I'm used to is:
no cycle facilities.
national government makes funds available to local councils for cycle facilities, and local government wants those funds.
they paint "cycle facilities" onto existing roads and build a few recreational facilities to get that money.
local cyclists are pressing for better facilities.
Eventually council appoint a part-time "cyclist appeasement officer" to deal with them, who also has a budget. This gets spent on making cyclists more visible, usually by printing maps of the facilities and flyers saying how good cycling is.
Over time the budget increases and the focus changes to off-road facilities that actually go places.
a council employee in the road-making department is designated as something to do with bicycles ("cycle facilities coordinator" or similar),
eventually this office gets onto the list of "people who have to be consulted before road changes happen".
Around this time cycling becomes something that politicians mention during elections
over time politicians settle more onto the pro-cycling side.
a mayor/governor who is a cyclist is elected and suddenly a key question for every single transport project becomes "how does this help cyclists?"
Over time this becomes the dominant paradigm across the nation,
eventually Dutch is legislated as one of the national languages.
(note that places move both up and down the list over time - it's not all win-win-win)
A few local examples. This is my councils transport page featuring bicycles and pedestrians with their own headings. If you read the strategy you can see that the local BUG had some effect. Also note the "sustainable transport" menu of the left of that page. In Sydney where I used to live they now have a "Manager, Cycling Strategy" and a heap of content on their web site.
МסžМסž
Nice answer! A bit sprawling, like the question, but it gets my upvote. (Modded up, as @Mathew would put it.) It would be even better if you had a few examples from specific cities. #13 made me laugh!
@Neil: specific examples would just pad out the answer even more :)
The "mayor/governor who is a cyclist is elected" I was specifically thinking of Garry Moore in Christchurch, NZ, who was mayor for a decade and saw a major expansion in cycle facilities, partly just by responding to every transport proposal with "how does this help cyclists" :) Unfortunately not a lot on the web about him that I can find.
Nice answer. From what I've seen where I am (city in california, US) it's very similar here as well, with the possible addition extra intermediate levels of bureaucracy/politics (national, state, multi-county transportation district, county, and local city). Also, our step 12 was more like "one cycling-related project with some very vocal opponents creates political pressures that lead to an anti-cycling majority on next city council and all cycling infrastructure projects suffer and/or die for at least a couple years".
@freiheit: the original was longer and had a lot more negativity in it. I've fought those battles way too often. All you can do is regroup (and restack the council the other way :) We struggle to find people who are willing to be elected because it's a lot of work and hassle for very little (personal) reward, but it really does have to be done. Getting the votes is in some ways the easy part.
"How is bicycle infrastructure designed and how does it evolve?"? Well, as the other answerers have suggested, the answer is "that depends."
When I worked for the Bureau of Land Management, here in the U.S., I did recreation management for a broad scattering of federal public lands. Some of these lands were adjacent to cities. In the cases where we built bicycle infrastrucutre, it was mostly in reaction to noisy demand.
Since dispersed recreation is more difficult for agencies to quantify and measure than straight-up vehicle traffic, accident rates, levels of congestion, or visitation at a specific site, there is a bit of guesswork involved. Ideally, agencies ask for public involvement--in the form of town meetings, or public planning meetings and open houses--and respond to public input. If the people ask for bicycle infrastructure, we give it to them. Or, if agencies managing lands adjacent to ours build bicycle infrastructure, we may build similar infrastructure to create connectivity (in the instance of "money from heaven", the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act, for instance).
My point here is this. Those who demanded bicycle infrastructure in the areas around Coloma, California, may not have been the majority of residents or even the majority of attendees at our open-houses. Those who demanded bicycle infrastructure, though, CONSISTENTLY attended the meetings and CONSISTENTLY voiced their opinions--both loudly and coherently. They came to the meetings with a vision and the broad outlines of a plan. They left the last meeting with a committment from my agency to flesh out the plan and build the bike paths.
We did not build bike trails as a whim or just to use up some money. We built them to satisfy a small but vocal constituency that responded effectively to all of its detractors.
DC_CARRDC_CARR
One last note... the laws in the U.S. which require agencies to seek public input are sometimes vague. We need public input but that requirement may be satisfied in a variety of ways. A similar vocal minority can demand a public meeting... but often the combination of personalities at the agency involved will be the deciding factor in what sort of public input opportunities are provided...
– DC_CARR
The questioner is asking how does a town/city get its bicycle infrastructure. As I write I can feel the moderators cursor hanging over the 'close' button, so I will be brief...
The Wikipedia page is a good place to start:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle-friendly
The 'carbusters.org' site might also be of interest to the questioner, particularly the back issues:
http://carbusters.org
Also of interest is the current situation in London where the old 'New Labour' government barked on about yet more public transport with little consideration for the wonderful bicycle, as if everyone really wants to travel by bus. This has changed with the 'Conservative' Mayor who really does enjoy cycling, and not just for the cameras. Allegedly London is to get 'bike motorways'.
P.S. I do think that there is scope on this site for such questions because cycling is not just about the bike.
ʍǝɥʇɐɯʍǝɥʇɐɯ
I wish your observation about London changing were true. Boris has indeed created a lot of hot air (and blue paint) but nothing's really changed (see the current issues around Blackfriars Bridge and Elephant&Castle for proof that TfL still prioritises the car over all other forms of traffic).
– Unsliced
..I know, comical isn't it. I am no Conservative myself but I much prefer knowing that who-ever-is-in-power actually cycles rather than just promote cars blatantly (or moan about more buses). Looks like we are getting some good answers on this question though.
– ʍǝɥʇɐɯ
It's also worth noting that it was the previous mayor, Ken Livingstone ("Red Ken"), that initiated the London cycle hire scheme despite the rubbish Boris comes out with.
– Tom Hawtin - tackline
Looking at the Cycling Strategy for my local town, the intended evolution of infrastructure is:
ensure that alterations to the highway network are designed to increase utility for cyclists or, at the very least, to not degrade the cycling environment
enhance routes to schools and town and local centres
ensure that cycle facilities are considered in all new development proposals
a network of roads, dedicated routes and facilities throughout the Borough which enable cycling to be a safe, attractive and enjoyable mode of transport
Tom77Tom77
do cycle facilities piggyback on roads for autos?
In Toronto the main types of bike route are:
Bike lanes and/or 'shareways' painted on a few of the second-largest roads: so that a few of the major roads have bike lanes
Recommended (mapped and sign posted) bike routes through minor, low-traffic, residential streets (which have lots of stop signs but little car traffic)
Apart from those there are mixed bike/pedestrian paths, paved but forbidden to motor vehicles - through parks, along rivers, and along the lake shore ... and, in one place, along a railway line.
non-car-related bicycle facilities
There's some cooperation with rail. There's a railway system that brings commuters from nearby towns and suburbs into the city. The most important, central station is in the downtown core. One of the more recent bits of bike infrastructure is a bike storage room in the central rail station, intended presumably to let commuters store their bikes there: to live outside the city, take the (crowded during rush-hour) train without their bikes, and to have their bikes when they arrive (to get from the station to wherever they work).
As for public transport within Toronto, you're not allowed to take a bike on the subway during rush-hour; but the buses (all the buses, I think) have convenient bike racks.
(See also bike paths, mentioned above).
how does it happen
Here's a link to Toronto's published bike plan: including the plan, the consultation proess, etc.
There are disputes in city council (published in the local papers) about whether to have a bike lane on one particular street in the downtown core: some people would prefer to reserve it for a higher flow of cars. It seems to me that there are enough bike routes everywhere except in the downtown core, where there are few or none (enough for me, though the majority of other people don't cycle, perhaps partly because they find it too scary).
FWIW there are occasionally similar disputes (which local residents and apparently especially local shop-keepers get involved with) on various other streets, about routing tram lines, and about whether to allow on-street parking.
The current mayor is said to be anti- or at least not pro-bike, but isn't going to remove the controversial bike lanes. There have been bikes in Toronto for much longer than there has been a bike plan (the plan is recent as far as I know: someone must have said, "we need a plan"). I think the current plan pre-dates the current mayor, but I'm not sure.
ChrisWChrisW
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Am trying to figure out how to make the slide show from last year's class of 2010 presentation work in a non glitchy way. The new powerpoint and keynote on my new flashy big presentation...makes things easier to work with. Another day of rain here.


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The Mountain Village is a small town that appears in Underworld: Evolution. It is located somewhere in the Carpathian Mountains.
In 1202, the Vampire Elders and their army of Death Dealers are able to track the first Werewolf, William Corvinus, to this sleepy village. By the time the Vampires arrive on the scene, William has killed all of the villagers. The Death Dealers immediately begin burning the bodies of the deceased humans, while the Vampire Elders watch over them. Before they can burn many of the bodies, the deceased humans begin to turn into Werewolves. Within minutes, the Vampires are overwhelmed by the sheer number of newly turned beasts and several Death Dealers are killed.
William is discovered in the nearby woods just outside of the village, and Vampire Elder Amelia rides to capture him. Despite the attempts of Viktor to keep him in the dark, Marcus Corvinus becomes aware of his twin brother's capture, and he angrily confronts the other two Elders. At that point, Viktor and Amelia betray Marcus, turning back on their promise that William would be unharmed and would be placed into Marcus's care. William is locked away in a prison for the rest of his life, while the village is presumably burned to the ground once the Vampires are able to defeat and contain the Werewolves presence. Whether any of the villagers survived in their Werewolf form is unknown.
That night has a resounding impact on the relationship between the Vampire Elders, marking the start of Viktor's removal of power from Marcus.
According to the film maker's commentary, the village was actually filmed near a ski resort.
Behind the Scenes pictures reveal that Kraven and Soren are also involved in the fight with William's spawn.


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Чемпионат Европы по конькобежному спорту 1910 года — 18-й чемпионат Европы, который прошёл 26 по 27 февраля 1910 года в Выборге, Россия. Чемпионат проводился на четырёх дистанциях: 500 метров — 1500 метров — 5000 метров — 10000 метров. В соревнованиях принимали участие только мужчины — 20 конькобежцев из 5 стран. Победителем чемпионата Европы стал Николай Струнников (Россия) призёрами — Магнус Йохансен (Норвегия) и Оскар Матисен (Норвегия). Россию на чемпионате представляли 14 конькобежцев. Николай Струнников стал первым русским чемпионом Европы.

Результаты чемпионата

Ссылка
 Результаты конькобежного спорта с 1887 года и по наши дни, анг.

1910
Спортивные соревнования в Выборге
Февраль 1910 года
Спорт в России в 1910 году
Чемпионаты Европы в России
Международные соревнования по конькобежному спорту в Российской империи
Чемпионаты Европы в 1910 году
1910 год в Ленинградской области

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ATOM RPG 0.5.3.5 (MacOS) file
Add file ATOM RPG 0.5.3.5 (MacOS)
This demo has been archived by the uploader because it is out of date and no longer supported. We recommend you browse the file list for the latest demo.
atom_mac.zip
atomrpg
Apr 21st, 2017
745.02mb (781,213,179 bytes)
83a02c0e970eb54e40519638b3df5bd5
0.5.3.5 for (MacOS) ATOM RPG is a classic role-playing game with some adventure game mechanics. It is a respectful nod towards the games, books and movies which inspired us through the years, but with enough original ideas to keep the players interested in exploring our world.
ATOM RPG is a classic role-playing game with some adventure game mechanics. It is a respectful nod towards the games, books and movies which inspired us through the years, but with enough original ideas to keep the players interested in exploring our world.
We try to put as much detail as we can into our world, our stories, and our characters. Our main goals include creating unique portraits and dialogues for each NPC. The role-playing process is skill-driven, meaning dialogue options and ways to solve a quest depend on the set of abilities the player has. Making the game non-linear is a priority to: you can visit any location on the world map at any time. You can even kill key characters, and still have the possibility of beating the game.
The current alpha version includes: 21 quests, 37 characters, 16 kinds of random encounters (3 of which are unique), 5 major locations and more than 2000 lines of dialogue.
ATOM RPG: Post-apocalyptic indie game Role Playing
Atom Team Developer
turnbase

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text:
Affordable Solar Panel Services in Plant City FL
Residential and Commercial Solar Panel Services in Plant City FL
Top Rated in Plant City FL
Lightning Fast Quote!
Solar Panels Plant City, Florida
Why Choose Florida Solar Energy Group
In Plant City, Florida Solar Energy Group is a certified solar system installer. We take pride in our solar services, offering the best solar panels, solar roofs, solar pool heating, and solar battery storage systems to the residents of Plant City in Florida. We offer industry-leading solar warranties on both residential and commercial solar services.
Our objective has been to supply the greatest quality solar panels to the state of Florida since we were founded. We believe in sustainable energy and the benefits that solar panels can provide to people's lives. Hundreds of our customers now benefit from lower energy costs, more valuable properties, and, most significantly, the ability to contribute to the environment by using clean, renewable energy.
Our team of solar installation experts is enthusiastic about what they do. Each member of our staff works tirelessly to meet the energy requirements of each and every client. They've been in the solar energy industry for a long time, and we're convinced that they'll be able to assist you with all of your energy demands as well.
Best Solar Panel Company in Plant City, Florida
Benefits of Solar Panels in Plant City FL
Solar Panels Are Eco-friendly
Solar energy has a low carbon footprint. Solar panels do not pollute the environment, but they do cost the environment in the manufacturing and construction process. However, these environmental costs are insignificant when compared to the damage caused by conventional energy sources: fossil fuel combustion emits around 21.3 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year.
Solar Panels Can Save (and Make) You Money
Solar panels not only benefit the environment by lowering greenhouse gas emissions, but they also allow you to keep more money in your bank account month after month. You save money by using less electricity, and savings really kick in once you've reduced your electricity bills enough to cover the installation costs.
Also, solar energy makes use of net metering, which is the practice of compensating homeowners for the electricity they generate and return to the grid. As part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, public electric companies are required to provide net metering to their customers. This method benefits homeowners who have solar panels (or wind turbines or fuel cells) that provide more energy than their homes demand at times. Excess energy can be stored in batteries if net metering is not an option.
When you sell your property, you're also more likely to make more money. Bringing us to…
Solar Panels Increase Home Value
Another benefit of home solar panels is that they raise the value of your home. Solar panels increase the value of a home by 4.1% on average across the United States. That means a $500,000 home may see a $20,500 rise in value.
Although specific figures vary depending on the installation and location, current studies show that each kilowatt of solar panels added increases the resale value by $4,020 to $5,911 on average.
The cost of a typical solar panel installation and battery is typically recouped in the sale price of a home. Additionally, homeowners that invest in solar are rewarded with lower energy bills and favorable tax advantages that can pay the cost of the system multiple times throughout the warranty period.
The amount of time a solar-powered home is on the market varies greatly depending on the geography of the country. Homes with solar panels will sell faster than homes without solar panels.
The stats say it all: solar panels for your home are a wise investment. Property values often improve dramatically whether you're remodeling your home for a future sale or making it your lifelong home.
Plant City FL Solar Tax Incentives
Residents in Plant City, Florida are eligible for the federal government's hefty 26% tax credit. The solar investment tax credit (ITC) allows you to claim a federal tax credit for up to 26% of the entire cost of your solar energy system (including labor and equipment). The best thing is that if your tax credit exceeds your tax payment, the difference is carried forward to the following tax year.
This solar incentive, however, will not endure indefinitely, as it will only be available until the end of December 2022. Following that, the solar incentive will be reduced to 22% by the end of 2023, and then it will be completely disabled, unless the Congress renews it. In our honest opinion, seeing the trajectory of solar energy in the entire country, this may very well happen.
Plant City Solar Sales Tax Exemption
State governments frequently designate solar sales tax exemptions as a financial incentive. According to the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), solar sales tax exemptions are now available in 25 states.
What about Florida? Consumer purchases in Florida are taxed with a rate of 6%. This tax is avoided on purchases of solar panels, solar batteries, and other types of solar equipment with a solar sales tax exemption. Naturally, this can lower the entire purchase price by hundreds of dollars, making a solar investment more reasonable.
Property Tax Exemption for Plant City FL Solar Panels
As we've discussed earlier, solar panels add value to your home. Usually, any additional value added to a property would mean more taxes, but not with Plant City solar panels. Value that solar panels add to your home will not be taxed.
Our Plant City FL Solar Services
Solar Panel Installation Plant City FL
We hope that the information above has helped you realize how much potential there is in solar – the power of solar power – not only for you and your wealth but also for the wealth of the environment of the Plant City, the state of Florida, and the entire country.
Florida Solar Energy Group's premiere solar panel installation service in Plant City, Florida involves, as the name suggests, an installation of a solar energy system, which includes solar panels, solar inverter, and a solar monitoring system.
How many solar panels do I need?
Examine previous utility bills to establish your home's usual energy usage. You can figure out how many solar panels you'll need by calculating your household's hourly energy demand by your area's peak sunlight hours and dividing by the wattage of each panel. To create a range, use a low-wattage (150 W) and a high-wattage (370 W).
Florida Solar Energy Squad will gladly do all of these calculations for you. Just give us a call and we'll set you up for success with solar energy in no time!
Solar Panel Maintenance Plant City FL
You'll want to keep your solar panels in good shape once they've been placed in your Plant City house so that they can work efficiently for as long as possible. Fortunately, solar panels are pretty simple to maintain. Florida Solar Energy Group will gladly help you with solar panel maintenance.
Do solar panels require regular maintenance and if so, how often?
The most common type of Plant City solar panel maintenance is solar panel cleaning. Your solar panels should be cleaned at least once a year, to ensure there isn't any dirt or debris affecting their performance.
An annual inspection of your solar panels is another form of maintenance you should consider doing. During a solar panel check, a professional from Florida Solar Energy Group will visit your home and inspect your panels, simply to make sure everything is working properly.
Most common problems affecting solar panel performance include birds nesting underneath your panels, oxidation, corrosion, and roof issues.
Solar Roof Plant City FL
Solar roofs are a new technology made of solar shingles which are solar panels that are designed to look and function like traditional roofing tiles while also producing electricity. Building-integrated photovoltaics, or BIPVs, are a form of solar energy solution that includes solar shingles.
Which are better, solar roofs or solar panels?
While being more expensive due to the nature of installation and less manufacturing competition, Plant City solar roofs save money almost as well as the solar panels and give your home an aesthetic look. Solar roofs are the best choice for people looking to replace their existing roof.
On the other hand, Plant City solar panels are an older, more trusted technology that offers a shorter payback period. Best for homeowners looking to get their return on investment as fast as possible.
You'll benefit from free, renewable energy for your house, cutting your energy expenses and carbon emissions, whether you choose solar tiles or solar panels in Plant City, Florida. Keep in mind that solar energy is a long-term investment for both your family and the environment.
Solar Pool Heating Plant City FL
Solar pool heating is the most cost-effective method of pool heating. The sun's energy is pure, unrestricted, and limitless. And plentiful all year in Plant City.
Is solar pool heating worth it in Plant City FL?
Installing a solar pool heater can save you a lot of money. Solar pool heaters are affordable compared to gas and heat pump pool heaters, and they offer low annual operating costs. The majority of solar pool heaters are also as efficient as gas heaters. You may expect a warm and comfortable pool virtually every day if you have solar panels connected to your pool's heater.
Solar Battery Storage Plant City FL
Storms and winds in Florida can be quite unpredictable, so don't be caught off guard. Our clean and affordable home Plant City solar battery storage system can put you in charge.
Solar batteries enable us to conserve the energy created by our solar panels or solar tiles for times when our solar system is not providing energy (the most basic example being nighttime).
Are solar storage batteries worth it in Plant City?
There are several reasons why solar batteries are worth it in Plant City, Florida:
Instead of being forced to export excess electricity generated, you have the ability to store it for future consumption.
Utility bill reductions
Solar energy can be stored and exported to the grid, generating a little profit for the owner.
Ability to be self-sufficient in terms of electricity
A little bit about Plant City, Florida
Plant City is an incorporated city in Hillsborough County, Florida, United States, approximately midway between Brandon and Lakeland along Interstate 4. The population was 34,721 at the 2010 census.
Despite many thinking it was named for flora grown at plant nurseries (especially vegetables and fruits, as well as tropical houseplants) in its tropical Gulf Coast climate, it was named after prominent railroad developer Henry B. Plant (see Plant System). Plant City is known as the winter strawberry capital of the world and hosts the annual Florida Strawberry Festival in the late winter (usually in February or early March), which is attended by people from all over the United States as well as many people from around the world.
More Info About Plant City
Learn More About Solar
Are Solar Panels Worth it in Florida?
Do Solar Panels Need Regular Maintenance?
Solar Panels vs Solar Roof – What's Better?
Do You Need Solar Batteries?
Is Solar Pool Heating Worth it in Florida?


Fermentation is arguably the most important part of the whole beer making process. This is where the beer is really made – the yeast are doing their work to make the alcohol and all the flavour compounds that make beer, beer. Happy yeast will mean happy beer drinkers. Yeast that are not in their comfort zone will mean unexpected/undesired results. Also, different yeast can drastically change your beer, selecting the right one is important, but can also be a fun place to experiment.
So, what then will make yeast happy? In addition to the sugary wort, temperature, a lot of its friends, and oxygen.
Temperature can be easy to control, but it also can easily get out of control. All yeast have a range of temperatures they like best. In that range the yeast will preform normal, but there will be flavour differences from one end to the other. This is due to the different stresses on the yeast creating different compounds. That's not to say this is a bad thing, some beers do well with some of these flavour and are actually desired. For example, English beers are fruitier than American styles—these flavours are ester compounds that are formed by yeast at a bit higher temperature and can be subdued by lowering the ferment temperature.
or some Belgian strains that are happy up to 28 C (82 F).
If the temperature is too low the yeast will get sleepy. The yeast may decided to finish fermenting early and fall out. This can leave beer that is overly sweet and possibly with some off flavours that the yeast didn't clean up before they went to sleep.
The health of the yeast that goes in the wort is important. If dying yeast go in, how can they do their job? They will die and decay (call autolysis), rupturing and releasing off flavours into the beer. That wouldn't be good.
When yeast first get in the wort it takes up the available oxygen to help aid in building up the cells and reproduce (a process called budding). There has to be available oxygen in the wort, if not the yeast will be sluggish and very stressed out – this will create flavours that aren't desirable and the yeast may not be able to complete their job to ferment the wort properly. The result can be overly sweet, bad tasting beer. The most common and easiest way to get oxygen into the wort is to shake the carboy or bucket. A few minutes is probably enough. Shaking only gets so much oxygen in. If the beer is a strong one the only way to get enough oxygen dissolved in is to use pure oxygen—using a stainless steel diffusion stone, a flow of about one liter/minute for about a minute or so is a good place to start.
Note: the only time that adding oxygen to the wort/beer is advised it before fermentation has started. Once there fermentation starts, adding oxygen will cause staling or promote the growth of bacteria that can make the beer change to vinegar or worse. When oxygen is added before fermentation the yeast clean it all out before bad things happen in the wort.
The right amount of (healthy) yeast is important too. If there aren't enough cells then the yeast will struggle to ferment the wort. This will result is stress in the yeast and off flavours in the beer. If there is too much yeast then the yeast may not produce the flavours expected, making a very clean and one-dimensional beer. It is most common to under pitch (to pitch is to add the yeast) rather than over pitch, which is a bit harder to do.
Now, that sounds like a lot of yeast. The right amount is important, but there is a bit of leeway.
The two major manufactures of liquid yeast in North America (Wyeast and White Labs) both have about 100 billion cells in their most popular packs. Both claim to be directly patchable, but really that would be for an ale wort that's below 1.040 or so, above that and a yeast starter should be used.
A yeast starter is like an small, unhopped beer. Usually made with dry malt extract (DME) to a gravity of about 1.030-1.040, it is best to use continuous aeration, easily achieved with a magnetic stir-plate (using a flask with a magnetic bar in the wort, it's placed over another spinning magnet that causes the bar in the wort to spin and stir the wort).
There's lots of good information on the web on yeast; MrMalty.com is a great resource with a downloadable pitch rate calculator (for a cost) or from Northern Brewer there are lots of resources including this pitch rate document which includes quick calculations on pitch rates and starter sizes. There are a lot of other great resources on the web that are a quick search away.


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Edward Kwiatkowski (ur. 11 lipca 1926 w Fitowie, zm. 11 lipca 1976) – polski działacz polityczny, poseł na Sejm PRL V kadencji (1969–1972).

Życiorys
W czasie II wojny światowej został wywieziony na roboty przymusowe do Niemiec. Po 1945 roku pracował w Zarządzie Miejskim w Łasinie. Studiował na Akademii Medycznej w Gdańsku oraz na Wydziale Zootechnicznym Wyższej Szkoły Rolniczej w Olsztynie. Jednocześnie pełnił obowiązki prezesa zarządu Gminnej Spółdzielni "Samopomoc Chłopska".

W 1957 roku wstąpił do Stronnictwa Demokratycznego, był członkiem jego Miejskiego Komitetu i Powiatowego Komitetu w Grudziądzu. Zasiadał w Powiatowej Radzie Narodowej, działał w Ochotniczej Rezerwie Milicji Obywatelskiej i Towarzystwie Przyjaźni Polsko-Radzieckiej. W wyborach w 1969 roku uzyskał mandat posła na Sejm PRL V kadencji z okręgu Grudziądz, był członkiem Komisji: Handlu Wewnętrznego i Handlu Zagranicznego.

Został pochowany na cmentarzu komunalnym w Łasinie.

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 (red. Wiktoria Beczek, Andrzej Rajewski, Władysław Witold Spychalski), Stronnictwo Demokratyczne w Polsce Ludowej. T. 4. Nasi przedstawiciele: noty biograficzne posłów SD w sejmie PRL w kadencjach V, VI, VII, Warszawa 1980, s. 55
 Strona sejmowa posła V kadencji

Absolwenci Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego
Członkowie Miejskich Komitetów SD (1944–1989)
Członkowie Powiatowych Komitetów SD (1944–1989)
Członkowie Ochotniczej Rezerwy Milicji Obywatelskiej
Deportowani na roboty przymusowe przez nazistowskie Niemcy w Polsce 1939–1945
Działacze spółdzielni "Samopomoc Chłopska"
Działacze Towarzystwa Przyjaźni Polsko-Radzieckiej
Ludzie związani z Łasinem
Posłowie z okręgu Grudziądz (PRL)
Radni Powiatowych Rad Narodowych
Urodzeni w 1926
Zmarli w 1976


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Q: Can't open Monodevelop with unity I can't open MonoDevelop when I double-click on a script absolutely nothing happens, nothing shows up on the taskbar or in the task manager, I looked up all the processes in the task manager put I can't find any processes for MonoDevelop. I tried deleting MonoDevelop folder on the Unity installation folder and reinstalled unity which automatically reinstalled MonoDevelop but still, MonoDevelop won't launch. I also tried to uninstall unity itself and reinstall, but still, MonoDevelop won't open. I made sure that Monodevelop (Built-in) is selected from external tools on unity, but no luck.
I know I can use Visual Studio and it's working but I really got used to MonoDevelop and I can't get my head around visual studio.
Please help. what can I do?

A: Go into into task manager, and kill any background processes related to Monodevelop. If you cannot see background processes press more details at the bottom left of the task manager, and they'll show up. If that doesn't do it you can also try sync Monodevelop project from the assets menu up top. Also, make sure Monodevelop is selected as your external script editor under edit >> preferences >> external tools. If those three options don't fix the issue I usually just restart and when I get back up click sync Monodevelop before attempting to open a script.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The TK-450 Black Toner Cartridge is manufactured to deliver the highest in printing standards. The 1TO2J50EU0 provides up to a 15000 page yield. This original 1TO2J50EU0 Toner also provides crisp and sharp output for the production of high quality images and documents.


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The Girl Is Mine (film)
The Girl Is Mine is a 1950 British drama film directed by Marjorie Deans and starring Patrick Macnee, Pamela Deeming and Lionel Murton.[1]
The Girl Is Mine
Marjorie Deans
Freda Stock
Ralph Stock
Pamela Deeming
Lionel Murton
Burt Rhodes
Ben R. Hart
Touchstone Films
British Lion Films
Patrick Macnee as Hugh Hurcombe
Pamela Deeming as Betty Marriott
Lionel Murton as James Rutt
Arthur Melton as Pringle
Richard Pearson as Sergeant
Ben Williams as Policeman
Leonard Sharp as Watchman
^ Chibnall & McFarlane p.42
BibliographyEdit
Chibnall, Steve & McFarlane, Brian. The British 'B' Film. Palgrave MacMillan, 2009.
The Girl Is Mine on IMDb
This article related to a British film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Girl_Is_Mine_(film)&oldid=986904836"
This page was last edited on 3 November 2020, at 17:55 (UTC).


"How can you be so happy on a Monday morning?!"-you ask. Because it's the last work day for me before Thanksgiving break! I'm looking forward to spending time with my extended family, traveling and preparing for holiday season with some Black Friday deals.
I'm wearing a Calvin Klein suit jacket, a Mexx top for a pop of pink, H&M skinny denim and Bianco footwear shoes. Finished my look with a Nine West tote.
What are your plans for the holiday? Do you have your eyes on something special this Black Friday? Let me know below!


text:
Sebelius Resigns; Obama Names OMB Chief Burwell To Head HHS
By Mary Agnes Carey April 11, 2014
President Barack Obama Friday officially announced the resignation of Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, praising her efforts to implement the federal health overhaul and predicting that it would "benefit our families and our country for decades to come."
In a White House ceremony, the president also announced that he plans to nominate Sylvia Mathews Burwell, the director of the Office of Management and Budget, to replace Sebelius. News of the transition had leaked Thursday night.
Sebelius, a former Kansas governor and insurance commissioner, was an early supporter of Obama's, endorsing him during his hard-fought Democratic primary campaign against Hillary Rodham Clinton. The president turned to her to run the massive federal agency after his first choice for the job, former Sen. Tom Daschle, ran into confirmation problems. Sebelius became the face of the administration's relentless campaign to reform the country's health care system, appearing regularly before Capitol Hill panels and traveling the country seeking to win converts to the effort.
But she also became the face of the health law's troubled rollout last October when the federal online insurance marketplace, healthcare.gov, suffered numerous technological problems that stymied enrollments and frustrated millions of potential customers. The administration eventually had to call in technology experts, who spent more than a month working around the clock to retool the site, which was relaunched in early December. But the catastrophic rollout threatened to undermine Obama's legacy program. It also spurred numerous congressional oversight hearings at which Sebelius was called in to explain what went wrong to both exasperated Republicans and Democrats.
Still, after the recovery of the website, Obama was able to announce this month that more than 7 million people had enrolled in health plans on the marketplaces, the same number that the Congressional Budget Office had predicted before the website problems. Sebelius said Thursday enrollment had grown to 7.5 million.
During Friday's Rose Garden ceremony, the president acknowledged those troubled days when both he and Sebelius were "bumped" and "bruised."
"Yes, we lost the first quarter of the open enrollment period with the problems with healthcare.gov and there were problems," the president said. Under Sebelius's leadership "her team turned the corner, got it fixed, got the job done and the final score speaks for itself," he said.
The website's recovery did not diminish Republican complaints. Sebelius testified before the Senate Finance Committee Thursday, and Republicans expressed frustration over her inability to provide more data about the people who have signed up for coverage through the marketplaces, or exchanges, and they were angry at the administration's decision to postpone key implementation deadlines. Some Republicans, including Sen. Pat Roberts, from her home state of Kansas, have demanded she resign.
Comedians took aim as well, including Daily Show host Jon Stewart. In an Oct. 7 appearance – when the website was faltering, Stewart pulled a laptop out onto his desk and told Sebelius: "We're going to do a challenge. I'm going to try and download every movie ever made and you are going to try to sign up for Obamacare — and we'll see which happens first."
Obama said Sebelius told him last month she intended to leave HHS after the open enrollment period ended March 31. In addition to her work on the health law, he praised her effort on a variety of other health care issues, including improving children's and maternal health care, expanding mental health care, reducing racial and ethnic disparities, and promoting women's health. Sebelius handled these and other challenges, "often without fanfare, often unacknowledged, that have been critical to the health and welfare of the American people," Obama said.
During her remarks at the Rose Garden ceremony, Sebelius thanked Obama for giving her "the opportunity of a lifetime" and noted that both critics and supporters of the law were benefitting from its provisions. "Throughout the legislative battles, the Supreme Court challenge, a contentious reelection and years of votes to turn back the clock, we are making progress," she said. "At the end of the day, health is personal. It's personal to all of us. Family illnesses and personal health challenges touch us to our core."
"The personal reward for me, at the end of the day, are the folks who approach me … at a meeting, or they pass me a note on a plane or hand me a phone with someone on the other end saying thank you," Sebelius said. "Their stories are so heartening, about finally feeling secure and knowing they can take care of themselves and their families."
Burwell, Obama's nominee to succeed Sebelius, helped the administration navigate the government shutdown in October. She served in the Clinton administration, worked for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and is the former president of the Walmart Foundation.
Almost one year ago, the Senate voted 96-0 to confirm Burwell, which may help her chances for Senate confirmation to head HHS. In a tweet, Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., said that Burwell "is an excellent choice to be the next #HHS Secretary." A recent change in Senate rules allows confirmation of presidential nominees with 51 votes, almost assuring that Burwell be the next HHS secretary since Democrats control the chamber. Burwell, nonetheless, is sure to draw tough questions during her confirmation hearings where Republicans will be eager to point out what they view as flaws in the health law.
Republican reaction to Sebelius' departure was mixed. Some lawmakers said the secretary's task was difficult from the start while others welcomed her exit.
"Anybody put in charge of Obamacare would be set up to fail. Secretary Sebelius was asked to promote something unready, poorly structured, and unpopular," said Sen. Charles Grassley, R-Iowa. "She was given a law that was just about written in pencil the way the deadlines changed all the time. That put her in a position of having a strained relationship with Congress. It's disingenuous for the White House to distance itself from the problems and attribute them to partisan sniping at one member of the Administration. The next secretary might have a fresh start with the public and Congress but the flawed law is still the law."
Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., said, "Secretary Sebelius may be leaving, but the problems with this law and the impact it's having on our constituents aren't. Obamacare has to go, too."
But her service was applauded by Democrats. In a statement Thursday night, Sen. Jay Rockefeller, D-W.Va., said, "For the past five years, I have marveled at Secretary Sebelius's grace under pressure. She never backed down from the tremendous responsibilities of her position, which were of a magnitude no other cabinet secretary has ever had to face with regard to domestic policy. … Not once did she let attacks from both the left and the right deter her from the goal of bringing health care to millions of uninsured Americans, and working to improve the health of people across the nation."
This is an updated version of a story originally posted April 10.
The Health Law


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U.S. ORDERS NEWS BLACKOUT OVER CRIPPLED NEBRASKA NUCLEAR PLANT
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Hartmann: Nuclear Power – We almost Lost Nebraska
After the Fukushima nuclear catastrophe in Japan – a lot of people wondered out loud just what the hell the Japanese were doing building nuclear power plants along the coast of an area prone to earthquakes and tsunamis. It's as though they were just asking for this to happen – who could have been so stupid?? Surely – here in the United States we're a lot more careful with where we build OUR nuclear plants right?? Well…no. The Fort Calhoun Nuclear Plant just outside Omaha, Nebraska is completely surrounded by water. But I suppose that's what happens when you build a nuclear plant right in the middle of the flood plain of the Missouri River. Flood waters from the rising Missouri River have settled at a foot and a half ABOVE where the plant sits – and the only thing stopping Fort Calhoun from flooding just like Fukushima flooded is a six-foot high rubber wall surrounding the plant. But that's not the only nuclear power plant in danger. Just down the river in southeast Nebraska – the Cooper Nuclear Plant – is also on the verge of flooding out.
RT — Much of the mainstream media has passed by the case of a nuclear plant in Nebraska that suffered from a fire two weeks ago. Officials there say it was extinguished in about 20 minutes, but now there is cause for a new concern – water in the river is rising and specialists believe it could pose a whole new problem. There has been an ongoing no-fly zone there as well, but the officials say it has nothing to do with potential radiation, yet the public remains skeptic. Tyson Slocum, director of the Public Citizen's Energy Program, explains whether Americans should be suspicious about the
nuke plant.
A shocking report prepared by Russia's Federal Atomic Energy Agency (FAAE) on information provided to them by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) states that the Obama regime has ordered a "total and complete" news blackout relating to any information regarding the near catastrophic meltdown of the Fort Calhoun Nuclear Power Plant located in Nebraska.
According to this report, the Fort Calhoun Nuclear Plant suffered a "catastrophic loss of cooling" to one of its idle spent fuel rod pools on 7 June after this plant was deluged with water caused by the historic flooding of the Missouri River which resulted in a fire causing the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) to issue a "no-fly ban" over the area.
Located about 20 minutes outside downtown Omaha, the largest city in Nebraska, the Fort Calhoun Nuclear Plant is owned by Omaha Public Power District (OPPD) who on their website denies their plant is at a "Level 4" emergency by stating: "This terminology is not accurate, and is not how emergencies at nuclear power plants are classified."
Russian atomic scientists in this FAAE report, however, say that this OPPD statement is an "outright falsehood" as all nuclear plants in the world operate under the guidelines of the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) which clearly states the "events" occurring at the Fort Calhoun Nuclear Power Plant do, indeed, put it in the "Level 4" emergency category of an "accident with local consequences" thus making this one of the worst nuclear accidents in US history.
Though this report confirms independent readings in the United States of "negligible release of nuclear gasses" related to this accident it warns that by the Obama regimes censoring of this event for "political purposes" it risks a "serious blowback" from the American public should they gain knowledge of this being hidden from them.
Interesting to note about this event was the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Chief, Gregory B. Jaczko, blasting the Obama regime just days before the near meltdown of the Fort Calhoun Nuclear Power Plant by declaring that "the policy of not enforcing most fire code violations at dozens of nuclear plants is "unacceptable" and has tied the hands of NRC inspectors."
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It has always been my policy to require payment in advance for a variety of situations. If the job requires me at 4AM, if the caller tried to be "vague", even if the job is very distant and requires extensive travel. PAID – sounded nice, but it really is a construct when using PayPal that does not include absoluteness. The payer can "bounce" the payment. The PP system is designed to protect the buyer not the merchant. That is a good thing, but can have unexpected implications.
On the good side, I tried to buy a camera from an individual overseas. I made the payment but the item never arrived, nor was it shipped. PP stepped in and returned my funds rather quickly. The seller could not provide a tracking number, big mistake on seller side. PP wants proof of events, not opinions or statements.
On the not so good side (for me) this works against the provider of services; even when the service was delivered perfectly. Over the past decade I have had exactly three contested charges. They were all for the same reason. Simply put the client forgot my name and questioned the charge with their bank. That starts a lengthy process that initially gives my client a refund from my account. All they have to do is "ask" – when their bank asks PP they credit my client and debit me.
And, it's a long procedure. Even when my client is "reminded" (from assignment email, airbill images, etc), and they tell their bank the charge was valid – it takes PP about 100 days to restore funds to me!
I'm in the car, "Unknown Title" calls with a challenging assignment, as described above. I tell them they need to pay my fee in advance. Historically about a third of them agree, though it's not their usual business procedure. That's the problem. When they review their credit card statement they totally forgot what the payment to me "kenneth-a-edelstein.com" was all about. This probably happened many times without a "bounce". Most probably looked up the web site and recalled that I did indeed work for them and they were satisfied with the results. However, some others do not think to do that, they ask their bank "what's this all about".
My regular readers will be disappointed with this installment. Normally I first dwell on the problem then provide a solution. I have none. The good news that in many hundreds of PP payments this has only happened 3 times. Also good news is that I have avoided "duds" that are problem collections. I no longer have the last Monday of the month devoted to "dun the turds".
PayPal remains an excellent tool to secure advance payment. But you must keep the email history, especially your scan of the return tracking number as factual evidence that PP accepts. I will continue my policy, for example of requiring 4AM callers with an "emergency" to prepay – during the initial call. It stops them from putting you in a position of obligation while they make additional phone calls trying to trim ten dollars from the mobile notary fee. Once a payment is made few "shop around". Why during the initial 4AM call? I don't want to be woken up twice for the same assignment. I tell them honestly my cell will be turned off if payment is not received in the next 10 minutes. They "mind" their "business" and I "mind my own business".


Discussion in 'Digital & Modeling Gear' started by Joe_Guitar, Apr 26, 2016.
I'm not sure I should just get an Axe fx?
Listened to a lot of demos of both on YouTube, they all sound great.
Looks like the Amplifire is easier to get great sounds out of easily... While the Axe will do anything if you're willing to dig into it, not to mention the better effects.
What do you guys that have both think?
I'm just a home recording dude. Got a ton of amps and effects, but am looking at these units for low volume high quality sound.
Had both. Still have the AmpliFIRE. Best sounding modeler to my ears.
iam_krash and paulfrench like this.
One is not better than the other. Price difference is substantial.
Haven't touched my AmpliFIRE since I got my Axe-FX.
Neither are hard to dial in.
MetalGuitard and patriot7 like this.
I preferred the Axe FX. And I should hope I would since I paid about $2100 more for the setup! IMO the Axe FX sounds better and it can obviously do alot more. It's nice to have one unit (well, 2 counting the MFC101) that can do it all. To someone new to both, I imagine the Amplifire would be easier to dial in.
But really, if you're choosing between the Amplifire and the Axe FX, you might as well consider the Helix, AX8 and Kemper since it sounds like price is no object.
If you have a ton of amps you might look at the Kemper because you could simply profile your amps and be done with it.
I don't see how the OP could go wrong with either modeler. It's really just a matter of cost and footprint. To get the most out of the modelers, you should run them through an FRFR cab.
I haven't touched my Axe Ultra, and returned a Helix since buying the Amplifire. They are all great, and I don't think any of them are better than the other, it's just a matter of works best for your needs. The amp modeling on all three were all fantastic, the Amplifire was the one that sounded the best running into a tube power amp and cab for live gigging. For me ,that is where the Amplifire excelled over the others.
Greatdane, iam_krash and JiveTurkey like this.
Had the Axe FX II. It is a great effects unit. Amp modeling is good too. However, I decided to sell it since it is overkill for me. I am currently using S-Gear at home and am completely happy with the sound I get. I am seriously considering the Amplifire. I thought about the AX8, but the reality is I am likely to exploit only about 30% of any devices capabilities. It is unlikely I will play songs that will each require a completely different amp or effect. With that said, for only $599, you get a very capable great sounding system in the Amplifire.
This is where i am at too....Tried the helix...was going to get ax8....but i realized its overkill as well for me....45 amps? 200+ a,mps? I get the variety but for me i just need things simple with 3-6 great basic tones..and good basic effects.The amplifire would be my choice for sure over the others 2-4x more cost.
The Axe used to be my go to travel rig... First the Ultra then the II. I can dial it so it does anything if ever need. Up until recently it was rather cumbersome to make it cranky enough. It was too smooth for my taste. Then has been addressed.
The AmplifiRE feels awesome, as all products from Atomic I Have used over the years, the Reactor cabs and wedges, power amps even the baby Marshall that was never released.
It now is my travel rig, it fits I the gig bag...total no brainer.
The answer would change daily. But I do not compare by $ figure. If it works I use it. And if it costs less and I dig as much, even better.


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