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What will it take to rid our store shelves of BPA?
Despite insistence from regulatory agencies of the ubiquitous chemical's safety, some companies are shifting to alternatives.
Photo courtesy of Lynne Peeples
Writer Lynne Peeples
@lynnepeeps Freelance science journalist
December 10, 2019 — Editor's note: This story is part of a four-part investigation by Environmental Health News (EHN) and is republished here with permission.
A percussion of metal-on-metal echoes through the lab as empty food cans drop one by one off a conveyor belt and into rounded pockets of a rotating blue cogwheel.
As the cog circles counterclockwise, the can spins rapidly. Two spray guns blast a liquid lining inside before the can falls onto another conveyor belt and then shoots up a chute to a final belt that carries it down into a large curing oven.
These now freshly baked cans, their interiors a toasted brown, are part of a series of validation tests at the coatings company Valspar, recently acquired by Sherwin-Williams. For more than a decade, Valspar has worked to develop safe and effective replacements for food and beverage can linings historically made with bisphenol A.
Until about a decade ago, a layer of BPA-based epoxy about 20 times thinner than a human hair coated the inside of nearly all food and beverage cans. This shield excelled at preventing corrosion and, therefore, protecting us eaters and drinkers from deadly spoilage. But evidence has piled up that bits of the substance can leach from that lining and into soda, soups, Spam and sardines, among other canned products. And studies from academic laboratories show that BPA may mimic and mess with our hormones even at the tiniest of doses — increasing risks of cancer, diabetes and infertility, as well as derailing the normal development of a child's brain. That science suggests that our bodies are so sensitive to this compound that the use of BPA needs to be eliminated, not just reduced, to protect our health.
"The regulatory agencies are saying BPA is just fine," Tom Mallen, global director of packaging regulatory affairs at Sherwin-Williams, says. "But there is a large voice contradicting that."
Despite this insistence from regulatory agencies of BPA's safety, some companies have been moving ahead with alternatives. With help from developments in green chemistry, and driven largely by consumer demand and policy-making outside of Washington, they are beginning to remove BPA and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals from store shelves. Still, progress is slow as the stakes are high. The global BPA market continues to grow and is predicted to surpass 7 million tons (6 metric tons) by the end of 2023. In addition to cans, the chemical is found in cash register receipts, dental sealants and the polycarbonate plastic used in reusable water bottles, among other products. Adding to the challenge: A safe and effective BPA replacement for one product may not be a suitable swap for others. And many of the alternatives that allow a manufacturer to proclaim a product "BPA free" show health effects that are just as bad, if not worse, than BPA. What will it take to ensure only our natural hormones are running the show in our bodies?
An investigation by EHN has uncovered details of a standoff between academic scientists and federal regulators that intensified with the launch in 2012 of a multimillion-dollar government-led project called Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity, or Clarity. Academics had increasingly voiced disagreement with the actions, or lack thereof, of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with regard to the hormone imposter. The methods used by FDA regulators to assess the safety of chemicals, they have argued, remains decades behind the science. Clarity aims to help these critics and regulators reach a consensus on BPA's potential health harms, and to inform future testing and regulation of BPA and hundreds of other endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including BPA replacements such as bisphenol S, or BPS.
So far, no such luck. As EHN detailed — via hundreds of emails obtained through Freedom of Information Act requests, along with dozens of studies and reports, and more than 50 conversations with scientists, regulators and other stakeholders — the FDA appears to have made up its mind on BPA before Clarity even began. "They already put a stake in the ground and they don't want to budge," Heather Patisaul, a professor of biology at North Carolina State University and a Clarity investigator, says.
Here at Sherwin-Williams' Packaging Global Technical Center in Pittsburgh, the tone is more positive. The company is among those actively pursuing BPA alternatives that won't disrupt our hormones. Mallen and four others sit around a table in the center's conference room, a short walk from the building with the Rube Goldberg–like can machinery. This room's walls display collections of consumer products that Valspar has coated over the decades, grouped by color of the brand's label.
There is the red assemblage: a metal bottle of Budweiser Select, a can of Campbell's Chunky BBQ seasoned pork, a Coca-Cola can. Further down the wall are shelves showcasing cans of San Pellegrino Limonata, Bumblebee solid white albacore tuna and Friskies Shreds with ocean whitefish and tuna — all with varying shades of yellow. Nearly every product displayed is lined with BPA. The substance has been an integral component of modern commerce for decades. Yet a major shift is underway for the half a billion or so food and beverage cans currently made each day in North America.
Over a lunch of sandwiches, chips and blue cans of water, Mallen goes on to describe his company's decision to not wait on regulators and to enlist the help of some of the staunchest BPA critics in the development of their next generation of BPA-free can linings. Starting in 2008, through a process they call "safety by design," Valspar went looking for a high-performing chemical compound that was not only less likely to leach from the inside of a can but also lacked the hormone-mimicking behavior of BPA or BPS. The winning compound: tetramethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF).
Until about a decade ago, a layer of BPA-based epoxy coated the inside of nearly all food and beverage cans. Photo courtesy of Lynne Peeples
Academic scientists have tested the compound for a range of endocrine disruptive activities — effects that regulators do not typically consider in their safety assessments — and Valspar is now using TMBPF as the basis for ValPure V70, its newest family of can linings. The BPA-free epoxy lines those oven-cured cans, our blue cans of water and a small but increasing share of the food and beverage can market across the United States. Sherwin-Williams is applying for approval in the European Union.
"The industry's thinking was to not talk to critics, and to marginalize them," says Mallen. "We decided that wasn't a productive approach."
Not Kicking the Can Down the Road
Thomas Zoeller, a biologist at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, recalled his surprise when Valspar sought his collaboration. "This is the only time I've seen a company reach out to people with expertise," he says, applauding Valspar's recognition of the modern toxicity testing techniques used by academics.
When evaluating a chemical that will come into contact with food, federal regulators generally look for obvious health effects such as changes in the weight of the brain and other organs in laboratory animals, or a fast-growing tumor. Academics search for more subtle changes that can be induced by small fluctuations in hormones such as attention deficit disorders or infertility. Such impacts may not even appear for years or until subsequent generations.
Not only was Zoeller free to use his modern scientific methods to evaluate TMBPF, but he was free to report whatever his science uncovered — even if it was unwelcome news for the company. "They were big on none of this work being private," he says. "I didn't have to sign an agreement."
Zoeller's collaboration with the government as part of the Clarity project, however, has not elicited the same warm feelings. "I don't think they have dealt with us in good faith," he says. An integrated Clarity report that pulls together findings from the government's study and studies conducted by participating academics is underway and expected to be completed by the end of 2019. Zoeller says that he doesn't anticipate the report will inspire any significant moves by the FDA to increase protections for public health.
The agency's website poses and answers the seemingly simple question: "Is BPA safe?" The agency goes on: "Yes. Based on FDA's ongoing safety review of scientific evidence, the available information continues to support the safety of BPA for the currently approved uses in food containers and packaging."
Linda Birnbaum, former director of the NIEHS and the National Toxicology Program, which are leading Clarity alongside the FDA, notes that knowledge of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their actions has expanded in recent years — including just how a tiny dose of a chemical could affect the body even while a higher dose might do little or nothing. "I think we have to understand that science changes and advances and we need to be open to those changes," Birnbaum says.
EHN's investigation has uncovered various signs of deficiencies in the FDA's science on BPA, including in its handling of Clarity, that seem to have stalled any chance of progress. There was the agency's insistence on aspects of Clarity's design that limited the study's robustness to detect health effects and its premature public statements downplaying evidence of BPA's effects in the study. But while the FDA doesn't appear to be budging, industry responses to consumer concerns may signal a paradigm shift. Michael Hansen, a senior scientist for Consumer Reports, points to growing public awareness and demand for products free of BPA as well as phthalates, another family of endocrine-disrupting chemicals we encounter every day. Phthalates are used to soften the plastics in food packaging and as solvents in cosmetics, fragrances and other personal-care products.
"The market is starting to respond to that," he says. "But more action has to be taken."
Most BPA replacements currently used in cash register receipts and plastics were created by rapidly tweaking the BPA molecule to form similar compounds such as BPS. The focus was on functionality, as opposed to looking at safety. And only after BPS was on the market did independent researchers began to find that it has endocrine-disrupting effects very similar to, or possibly even greater than, BPA.
A similar scenario has played out for some of BPA's other chemical cousins. A 2017 study found that six BPA substitutes — all used in products promoted as "BPA free" — had as much, if not more, of an estrogen-mimicking effect on human breast cancer cells as BPA.
"'BPA free' is a fantastic marketing tool, but it is not evidence to the consumer of a safe product." –Pat Hunt
And it's not only replacement bisphenols that are of concern. A bisphenol-free material called Tritan, developed by the company Eastman Chemical, is now widely used in plastic water bottles and food containers. The material is marketed as not having any hormone-related effects, yet some tests have found that stuff leaching from Tritan products — including products made for babies — could interfere with our hormones.
Kristin Parker, a spokesperson with Eastman, stated in an email to EHN that tests conducted by the company and by other third parties confirm that "Tritan is safe for its intended uses."
One of the studies that called Tritan's safety into question also found that some BPA-free plastic products didn't show any endocrine-disrupting properties. Those products contained BPA alternatives such as glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate or cyclic olefin polymer.
But George Bittner, a neurobiologist at the University of Texas at Austin and lead author on the paper, is not among those expressing optimism. He did not identify what specific products contained those alternatives, noting that companies are constantly changing their formulations and may well be using different chemicals now. Bittner blames a weak-to-nonexistent regulatory and consumer push on the lack of motivation for companies to prioritize getting endocrine activity out of their products.
Companies seem content with just "BPA free." "It is like if Johnson & Johnson were selling a bandage that says it doesn't have Staph. aureus," says Bittner, who also founded CertiChemi, a company that tests products for endocrine activity, and PlastiPure, a company involved in making plastics without estrogenic chemicals. "That's nice. But how about Streptococcus or E. coli? And their response is only, 'There is no Staph. aureus.'"
"'BPA free' is a fantastic marketing tool, but it is not evidence to the consumer of a safe product," says Pat Hunt, a geneticist at Washington State University in Pullman.
BPA has been an integral component of modern commerce for decades. Yet a major shift is underway for the half a billion or so food and beverage cans currently made each day in North America. Photo courtesy of Lynne Peeples
Of course, TMBPF, the basis for ValPure V70, is itself a bisphenol. This fact has made convincing people of its safety an uphill battle, according to Mallen. He underscored that Valspar has taken a novel approach, assessing the compound's safety alongside functionality throughout the entire process.
Some researchers seem to vet his stance that we may not need to immediately toss out every BPA relative. "Are all bisphenols bad? Maybe the answer is yes, until you can show certain ones are better," Joel Tickner, a pioneer in green chemistry at UMass Lowell, says. Terrence Collins, another green chemist at Carnegie Mellon University, added that ValPure V70 is a "step in the right direction."
"They are providing a model for changing the chemical enterprise to deal more adequately with endocrine disruption," he says. Still, Collins says that he is waiting on further data regarding the compound's potential endocrine-related activity: "I'm optimistic, but I want more convincing."
Can-do Attitude
In a lab upstairs from the conference room, chemist Nusrah Hussain wears a pink and black headscarf and blue lab coat. She stands over a 5-liter (1-gallon) glass vessel, mixing an epoxy resin and other ingredients together to formulate a new polymer. If all goes well, the polymer could ultimately be used in a can coating for a new recipe of Campbell's Chunky soup.
Valspar is developing various versions of its ValPure V70 coating with specific characteristics for various foods and beverages. "Different end uses need different properties," Hussain says. The expanding variety of products sold in cans today — from water to wine, even coffee and cannabis-infused alcoholic drinks — has added to the challenge.
Of course, cans are just one of the many sources of BPA in our everyday lives. And, unfortunately, ValPure V70 doesn't make a good polycarbonate for that array of other bisphenol-loaded plastics on the market, notes Collins. Beyond BPS and Tritan, few alternatives are in the works for plastics. A Korean research team is currently investigating a glucose-derivative bioplastic, for example.
Just how well a material serves its intended purpose, along with affordability, is requisite for replacements pushing out toxic predecessors. And that's a central challenge with all BPA substitutes.
Although, to date, bioplastics haven't proven to be a panacea. Martin Wagner, a biologist at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, says that he found "strong and abundant" toxic effects in the bioplastics he recently tested.
And bioplastics may provide lower quality at a higher cost.
The first beverage can was made back in 1935, shortly after the end of Prohibition. That can of red Krueger Beer was composed of three steel pieces with a solvent-based PVC coating supplied by Valspar. But it wasn't long before BPA emerged as the superior substance for protecting the quality and flavor of whatever was inside a can. By the late 2000s, the majority of food and beverage cans were lined with BPA epoxy.
Consumer concern over BPA had begun escalating by that time — a result of accumulating research by academic scientists. In 2015, California responded by adding BPA to its Proposition 65 list of chemicals known to cause cancer or reproductive harm. That same year, France banned the use of BPA in all food packaging and containers. Because it's inefficient for manufacturers to use different products for different markets, industry was motivated to look for alternatives, says Jeff Niederst, marketing director for beverage at Valspar.
As makers of plastics looked to BPS and other chemical cousins, most can-coating companies, including Valspar, initially sought non-bisphenol alternatives such as polyesters and acrylics. But those materials have significant performance limitations. Niederst wanted a better solution. He convinced his upper management that they had to look back to bisphenols, and work from the ground up to find one that did not have endocrine-disrupting characteristics.
Valspar scientists started by screening hundreds of molecules, searching for a bisphenol that would not physically fit into hormone receptors. One strong candidate, TMBPF, emerged. They then began working with environmental health advocates and academic scientists, including Zoeller, to determine how much of the compound might migrate from coated cans and make sure that whatever did make it into our bodies wouldn't scramble our hormones.
Although there are well-established tests for signs of a chemical causing cancer, there is "no widely accepted tests for androgen or estrogen activity and so forth," says Mallen. "We had to depend on people in academia to help educate us and guide us."
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Scientists found that very little TMBPF could leach out of a can and into food: less than the 0.2 parts per billion that their testing method could even detect. Ana Soto, another Clarity participant and an endocrinologist at Tufts University, however, suggests that the more pertinent information came in testing endocrine activity of can extracts. It's not necessarily a single compound but rather a chemical cocktail that could leach out of a can lining. The additional substances may, too, have endocrine activity. So, she tested samples of the can extracts, for estrogenic activity. None.
Further tests, included in a paper published in October, looked to see if TMBPF could disrupt the delicate levels of androgen and aromatase, an enzyme that converts testosterone to estrogen, in the body. Some subtle anti-androgenic activity was seen at the highest dose studied; otherwise, all appeared clear.
"I don't eat anything canned," says Soto. "But I understand people do that. And a person who eats canned food is better off, in principle, with this one than the conventional one."
Bigger Changes Needed
Companies that are shifting away from BPA, such as Coca-Cola and Campbell's Soup, still reference FDA's continued assurance of its safety. Mallen, too, is hesitant to suggest that more regulation is needed from the government on BPA. And he never said that low-dose BPA exposures actually pose a threat to public health. "The problem with the whole endocrine thing is there is no consensus," says Mallen. "We have to, as a society, get to a consensus on that first. Then the regulators would be able to do something with that."
Nevertheless, Valspar appears motivated to phase out BPA and avoid its equally troublesome cousins. The company is responding to consumer demand, much like the Campbell Soup Company. "Although the FDA has determined that BPA is safe to use in food packaging, we understand that some people would prefer to avoid it," Amanda Pisano, a spokesperson with Campbell's, wrote in an email.
As more companies follow their lead, scientists hope they will also do the extra legwork to ensure any replacement is not just another endocrine disruptor. Rachel Simon, a researcher at the Lowell Center for Sustainable Production at UMass Lowell, is optimistic. "We're seeing companies move more quickly to trying to find innovative solutions. It doesn't matter what the driver is — regulatory or consumer demand," she says. "Previously, people spent energy trying to fight about whether it is or it isn't safe. By focusing on innovation, we're able to find solutions faster than if trying to defend the legacy incumbent. I think we're seeing a shift."
Simon and Tickner are working to propel that shift, developing methods for chemists and toxicologists to evaluate potential substitutions for chemicals of concern, including the other thousand or so chemicals on the market that are believed to have endocrine-disrupting properties. Multiple strategies exist for creating chemical substitutes.
"You can look at less hazardous, structurally similar molecules, or you could look at totally new molecules that achieve the same function, or you could make process changes that eliminate the need for a chemical," says Tickner. "Or you could just find another way to get the service that the chemical provides."
"It takes a lot of time and resources, but eventually you end up with chemicals that you know right from the start are not toxic." –Martin Wagner
For example, there are efforts to bypass plastics in packaging, such as Tetra Brik, the paper-based liquid cartons used for various soups and beverages. A substitution toolbox has been expanding over the last several years. In 2013, a team of biologists, chemists and toxicologists developed a "Tiered Protocol for Endocrine Disruption" to help industrial scientists detect endocrine-disrupting tendencies early in the chemical development process. (Editor's note: Pete Myers, CEO and chief scientist of Environmental Health Sciences, was involved in the development of the protocol. He is also the founder of EHN, though the publication is editorially independent.)
Among the most useful tests to detect potential effects on the human endocrine system, according to the 23 authors, involves zebrafish. The tiny fish are fast to develop, transparent and absorb compounds through water. "It's a very powerful assay for signaling a lot of effects. And it's not expensive," says Collins, one of the authors of the protocol. "It is now possible to the highest levels of contemporary science to say whether or not you've got an endocrine disruptor." A separate nonprofit, Advancing Green Chemistry, helps connect people wanting to have chemicals tested and the experts to do the appropriate testing.
"Using this framework, chemists could refine chemicals and design toxicities out of those molecules," says Wagner of the protocol. "It takes a lot of time and resources, but eventually you end up with chemicals that you know right from the start are not toxic."
In addition to bioplastics, Wagner's recent paper analyzed the chemical mixtures in a range of plastics products and found that most showed some potential toxicity. His team found far more androgen-blocking effects across chemicals than the more well-known estrogenic impacts associated with BPA. The usual suspects, bisphenols and phthalates, played only a minor role. In fact, many of the suspect chemicals were unknown. Of the 1,400 substances they detected in a sample of plastic products, his team could identify only 260 compounds. "It's impossible for consumers to know what plastic contains what chemicals, and what's safe," he added. "It should be on the producers' responsibility to make sure their products are safe."
Wagner acknowledged that manufacturers are unlikely to start doing that by themselves given the added costs. Pressure is needed from the public and from regulators. "Industry has to strive to prevent the problem, but we will always need the regulatory part," added Soto. "The way the FDA does regulation has to change."
Tickner and Simon are among those arguing that the federal government should take advantage of the tools now available to build a regulatory framework for industry that includes the appropriate assays to detect low-dose endocrine-disrupting effects. Meanwhile, Europeans are already starting to employ assays very similar to those detailed in the tiered protocol. And they're creating incentives for its use. The EU's Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation states that endocrine disruptors can be identified as substances of very high concern alongside chemicals known to cause cancer, mutations and toxicity to reproduction.
In July, the General Court of the European Union confirmed that BPA must be listed as such a substance, potentially subjecting the chemical to further regulation and restrictions under REACH. The implications could reach back to the U.S., much like how California's stricter rules impact markets across the country. "EU's regulations shape the world's regulations," says Simon.
Collins underscored the urgency, calling for a global movement with regard to endocrine disruptors that parallels the one for climate change. As machines continue to print cash register receipts, mold hard plastic bottles and spin metal cans, we remain part of a massive experiment with far greater implications than any designed by Rube Goldberg.
"It's just as bad as the climate in terms of its impact on living things," he says. "It's arguably faster acting, and hardly anyone knows about it."
Read the entire four parts of the EHN series here, as well as EHN's comic "Clouded in Clarity."
Feature10 things you need to know about the new U.S. chemicals law
FeatureOne by one, states are giving consumers the right to know about chemicals in products
FeatureWhat are we doing to our children's brains?


Biff and Smith are two crude dudes, living in a run-down apartment located squarely in the centre of Neo Los Metro Angeles. By day they work as gym instructors, pumping out Xtreme exercise videos and trying to make a living from selling bad fitness products and even worse time-shares.
However when a secret vial of Powerton Chemicals were accidentally hidden amongst the Gym's power drink supplies Biff and Smith were transformed into the dynamic duo, the Viper Twins! Assuming their alter-egos Acid and Sting, the two fight evil and keep the streets of Neo Los Metro Angeles clean of criminals and villainy.
Of course with these new superheroes come the arrival of new super-villains, and one cunning and obsessive mastermind known only as "The Fanboy" has found a way to lock our heroes inside of their own television! Will they ever find a way out of their Mega-HD, 105 inch television, or will they be glued to their sets for the rest of time?
*Note* - Right now for the Jam submission the game doesn't support Online netplay or it's Adventure mode equivalent, the game WILL get these modes and additional levels, content, etc but since this was made within the Jam constraints I wanted to post up what I got done and ready so far for LD31.
Control your characters and try to knock each other out by blasting towards them. Holding the jump button will allow you to charge up a blast, pressing a direction shortly after this will set you launching off towards that direction.
*Note* The game has controller support, but I'm unfortunately unable to test the second controller, if the second controller doesn't work properly, Joy2Key will work in the meantime whilst I get around to fixing these issues. Sorry guys!
Global Confirm - Enter is always Confirm, regardless what menus you are in.
Player One - You can customize your controls on the Customize Control menu by pressing Confrm/Jump whilst Player One is selected on this menu. The controls below are default controls.
Arrow Keys - Move through the menus & move the player. Left and Right will scroll through the Level select for Battle Mode and which controls are to be edited in the Configure menu.
Right Control - Will Jump and Charge up your Blast, it will also confirm on menus.
Player Two - You can customize your controls on the Customize Control menu by pressing Confrm/Jump whilst Player Two is selected on this menu. The controls below are default controls.
WASD Keys - Move through the menus & move the player. Left and Right will scroll through the Level select for Battle Mode and which controls are to be edited in the Configure menu.
Space - Will Jump and Charge up your Blast, it will also confirm on menus.
There's a few things I wish I could have nailed down and finished up before the end of Jam. The theme threw me for a loop for a while but I think I managed to get a prototype down and dusted that actually feels a LOT of fun when you have two people together to play it. There's definitely more coming with this, cutscenes, additional levels, online multiplayer and more but for now this is what managed to achieve and get done/dusted for the Jam, I hope you guys enjoy it :D. If there's any bugs or issues you find throw them my way and I'll fix them up for post Jam releases.
http://studio-anjin.co.uk/ - A list of our games and updates on our projects.
Overall this LD was a blast like always, I really loved working on this and it's obviously something that will continue until it's completed and finished in it's entirety. Thanks for checking this out guys, I'll be seeing you around soon ;).
great art, brings me back to my youth!
YES, YES AND YES ! This is a good game, i love it :3 Congratulation, my friend !
Interesting, the artwork reminds me of old Arcade games.
This is some quality spriting. The game feels really good to play as well, and the SNES sampled music is great.
Hey this looks great, sadly i played with myself but that seemed very fun! Also it reminds me megadrive era badly, and music/sfx are ultra nice!
I want this to be more.


Welcome! It's that time of the year again where everyone is getting prepped and ready to head back to school.
We head back to formal learning in just 5 short days. I have been busy prepping our school room and printing and planning lessons. You can peek at our Plan of Study and see what we are learning.
My older two girls are ready to go by 7AM and this year I will also be transitioning Mikayla into an earlier start too. Still trying to see how that will work though because of her training hours but school comes first so we will make it work. My younger girls do not do school this entire time, they are usually complete with their studies before lunch if we are on task. However, it takes me all of this time to teach, correct, and read aloud to Mikayla, Montana, and McKenzie. I will be honest here and say that my brain is done most days by 3PM and I need a break before the evening activities start.
Homeschooling might seem difficult at times, but so are a lot of things in life, in the end it will be a lifetime reward. Maybe you didn't have the best year last year or you missed some goals. Don't be too hard on yourself, it's OKAY! I encourage you to embrace this time of the year, as it offers new beginnings and a fresh start.
I have seen my girls excel within our homeschooling adventures Even when we have had hard days, and there will be hard days. Days when you may shed a few tears. Just remember that it all comes down to having faith. No, not my baby Faith, but FAITH-Faith is the confident belief or trust in the truth of or trustworthiness of a person, idea, or thing. Got Faith? We do, and the Lord will guide your teaching. We just have to be obedient and follow his guidance. That is the only way we will succeed.
I am excited to pass along a few duplicate books I found while preparing our school rooms. I have four books to pass along to one of my readers, Family-Time Bible, Blueberries for Sal, The Year at Maple Hill Farm, and Little Bear. I hope these books bless your home school as they have for us. All of the books are in used, like new condition. To enter to win just follow the Rafflecopter.
Gena @ I Choose Joy!


text:
Q: Which (contravariant) tensor does represent the rate of contravariant components with respect to covariant basis? The rate of covariant basis with respect to contravariant components may be expressed as
$$\frac{\partial \mathbf{Z}_{i}}{\partial Z^{j}} = \Gamma_{ij}^{k}\mathbf{Z}_{k}.$$ The inverse, i.e., $\frac{\partial {Z}^{i}}{\partial \mathbf{Z}_{j}}$, seems to be a contravariant tensor, but, for those non-zero $\Gamma_{ij}^{k}$, can one further simplify what follows?
$$\frac{\partial {Z}^{i}}{\partial \mathbf{Z}_{j}} = (\frac{\partial \mathbf{Z}_{i}}{\partial Z^{j}})^{-1} = (\Gamma_{ij}^{k}\mathbf{Z}_{k})^{-1}$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Trump administration ends DACA, San Diego dreamers vow to fight
California has the most people under DACA protection, representing 29 percent of the total DACA-eligible population.
By Kate Morrissey
While supporters of President Donald Trump quietly celebrated the end to a program that protected unauthorized immigrants who came to the U.S. as children from deportation, dreamers and their allies in San Diego County vowed to fight to stay and work in the country.
Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced early Tuesday that the deferred action for childhood arrivals program, or DACA, created by former President Barack Obama's administration about five years ago, will end in six months. Trump indicated on Twitter that the window is meant to allow Congress time to pass legislation, like the Dream Act, that would give a way for dreamers to live in the U.S. permanently.
RELATED: Employers concerned about diminished labor pool with DACA phaseout
San Diego dreamers criticized Trump for not delivering the message himself, and many took issue with Sessions' rhetoric during the announcement.
Vianey Martinez from Normal Heights is recipients of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), and came out to show support for today's rally at the County Administration building on Tuesday.
(Nelvin C. Cepeda / San Diego Union-Tribune)
Supporters for DACA listened to various guest speakers during a rally held on the steps of the County Administration building. (Nelvin C. Cepeda / San Diego Union-Tribune)
Christian Ramirez spoke to the crowd at the County Administration building before turning over the rally to DACA recipients. (Nelvin C. Cepeda / San Diego Union-Tribune)
Standing on the step to the County Administration building, several groups address the crowd during a rally to show support for DACA. Included in the group were many individual recipients of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). (Nelvin C. Cepeda / San Diego Union-Tribune)
Sophie Thompson from Clairemont came out to support for DACA at Tuesday's rally held in front of the County Administration building. (Nelvin C. Cepeda / San Diego Union-Tribune)
Brisa Johnson shared a song during Tuesday's rally for DACA at the County Administration building.
Supporters made signs before the start of Tuesday rally for DACA in front of the County Administration building. (Nelvin C. Cepeda / San Diego Union-Tribune)
Stephanie Garper recipients of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), and came out to show support for today's rally at the County Administration building on Tuesday.
People protest President Trump's decision to end the DACA program while on Via Rancho Parkway in front the Westfield North County shopping mall. (Hayne Palmour IV / San Diego Union-Tribune)
Diana Solano holds a sign as she and other people protest President Trump's decision to end the DACA program while on Via Rancho Parkway in front the Westfield North County shopping mall in Escondido. (Hayne Palmour IV / San Diego Union-Tribune)
Melinda Nieto uses a loudspeaker to yell chants as she and other people protest President Trump's decision to end the DACA program while on Via Rancho Parkway in front the Westfield North County shopping mall. (Hayne Palmour IV / San Diego Union-Tribune)
A motorist gives a thumbs up in support of people protesting President Trump's decision to end the DACA program. (Hayne Palmour IV / San Diego Union-Tribune)
A motorist gives a thumbs down in disagreement of people protesting President Trump's decision to end the DACA program. (Hayne Palmour IV / San Diego Union-Tribune)
A cyclist shows his support for people protesting President Trump's decision to end the DACA program. (Hayne Palmour IV / San Diego Union-Tribune)
Christine Jackson uses a loudspeaker as she and other people protest President Trump's decision to end the DACA program while on Via Rancho Parkway. (Hayne Palmour IV / San Diego Union-Tribune)
Kelsey Sportsman holds a sign as she and other people protest President Trump's decision to end the DACA program while on Via Rancho Parkway. (Hayne Palmour IV / San Diego Union-Tribune)
People protest President Trump's decision to end the DACA program while on Via Rancho Parkway. (Hayne Palmour IV / San Diego Union-Tribune)
When Dulce Garcia, 34, an immigration attorney and DACA recipient, heard the Attorney General's announcement, she said, she was furious.
"Every statement just broke me down more and more," she said after a news conference. "The administration could have just done nothing, and it would be better than what they did to us today."
She said that Sessions was wrong when he described DACA recipients as benefiting from things like the social security program.
"We contribute to the social security program without getting any benefit from it," Garcia said. "I don't expect to see that money ever."
She hopes that the six-month window will push Congress to act though it hasn't passed similar legislation in previous sessions.
"We're exposed. We have an expiration date," Garcia said. "Congress knows it can't leave us in limbo anymore."
Osmar Abad Cruz, 29, who was brought from Mexico when he was five, works as a human resources professional for a local nonprofit. He had been quiet about his immigration status in the past, and he decided he needed to speak up after the DACA announcement.
"DACA has helped me realize my full potential here in the country I call home," Abad Cruz said after a news conference. "I used to be in the shadows, and I refuse to go back into the shadows."
Nestor Venegas, spokesman for the San Diego Dream Team, a group that advocates for dreamers and their families, said that the group had already received many messages Tuesday morning from members of San Diego's immigrant communities wanting to know what this would mean for them.
"There are a lot of people that are angry, and there are a lot of people that are scared," Venegas said. "A lot of people are asking, 'What do we do right away?' We can all come together and find some way of supporting each other."
The DACA program was created under former President Barack Obama, and it allowed dreamers to get renewable, two-year deferrals on deportation along with work permits. To be eligible, dreamers had to be in school or already graduated and had to pass a background check.
A 10-state coalition led by Texas threatening a lawsuit against the program gave Trump a deadline of Tuesday to get rid of DACA. Over the weekend, Tennessee pulled out of the coalition.
Peter Nunez, a former U.S. attorney for the Southern District of California and who views the DACA program as an unconstitutional amnesty, said he thought Trump's choice was the best way for him to go.
"The pro-dreamers, the pro-illegal alien crowd, whatever he did they were going to be opposed to. You will hear over the next few days the anguished cries from all of these people going crazy about the dreamers. That was inevitable," Nunez said. "What you don't hear so much about is the people who voted for Trump in the first place are probably real happy that something has been done to end the program and force Congress to do its duty."
Nunez hopes that Congress will include other legislation that increases immigration enforcement with any bill that gives dreamers permission to stay in the U.S., he said.
"I want Congress to fix our immigration system comprehensively," Nunez said, listing examples like making e-verify mandatory and funding more border agents. "If that includes dealing with these dreamers, so be it."
Ted Hilton, president of the Taxpayer Revolution Foundation, said that he didn't believe dreamers were taking full advantage of the educational opportunities offered to them under DACA. He believes that the system should prioritize American workers, including helping the homeless and those receiving public assistance find jobs, before it makes room for dreamers, he said.
"If we have a real need for these workers, then it's a closed discussion," Hilton said. "We have to find a way to incorporate them, legalize them. But, I know that there's a huge population of Americans who need to be transitioned into work."
Employers who employ dreamers will now have to decide whether and when to replace them. As DACA recipients' permits expire, they will no longer be legally allowed to work in the U.S. A study from the left-leaning Center for American Progress estimated that more than 30,000 people will lose their jobs each month as DACA work authorizations expire.
Dreamers had to be at least 15 years old to apply for DACA, so those affected the soonest by Tuesday's announcement will be dreamers who turn 15 in the next several months and are now not able to apply.
No new applications will be accepted, but first-time applications submitted by Tuesday will still be processed. Recipients whose permits expire before the six-month cut off will be allowed to renew if they apply within the next month.
Richard Barrera, president of the San Diego Unified School Board, said that the end of the program could deter high school students from achieving their potential.
"A few days ago, every student in each of those classrooms was preparing for their future," Barrera said at a news conference. "Today, many students in each of our classrooms are left in a situation where they don't know if they work hard, if they do all the right things that their classmates on one side or the other of them are doing, that they're going to be able to move forward and go to college and work and contribute to this society."
Dreamers at colleges and universities will have to figure out how they're going to pay for school once their work permits expire. Even if they are able to find under-the-table jobs, their incomes will likely decrease significantly.
Ignacio Hernandez, 21, a DACA recipient and president of the Associated Students Government at San Diego City College, said he was worried the end of the program would mean that he can't transfer to UC Los Angeles. He currently works five jobs, he said, and he wouldn't be able to pay for school without work authorization through DACA. He has friends who recently transferred from community colleges to universities who might have to drop out, he said.
"I have a lot of goals. Now I might not even get to reach any of them," Hernandez said. "I still want to continue with school. I still want to work. All of the things I have planned, it's on Congress to decide."
Ginger Jacobs, an immigration attorney in San Diego, advised DACA recipients to renew if they can and not to panic because the final outcome could still change.
"The silver lining of this horrible news is that they may end up with a more lasting benefit if this makes Congress pass the Dream Act," Jacobs said.
At Palomar College in San Marcos, more than 100 people attended a rally in support of DACA on Tuesday afternoon.
"Today, I'm pretty frustrated," said Nedy Velazquez, 20, a DACA student who attend the rally organized by the campus club Supporting, Empowering, Engaging Dreamers, more commonly known as SEED. "I'm angry. But at the same time, sad."
Velazquez graduated from Palomar College in May and is studying political science at UC San Diego. She said her parents came to the United States when she was young, then overstayed their visa.
DACA became law when she was about 15, around the age when she was ready to drive and thinking about work, she said.
"It was kind of the opportunity for me to say, 'I can do those things now,' she said. "It was awesome to know I could immigrate into the nation."
Mixed in with her feelings of sadness and frustration on Tuesday, Velazquez said she also had a feeling of empowerment.
"There's still hope, and we can still fight it," she said. "The community as a whole, we have a voice. I feel strength and resilience."
San Diego's congressional delegation split along party lines in their reactions to the end of DACA.
"The President and his Administration are betraying the values that make America great and turning the lives of families across the country into a nightmare. Congress must act and pass legislation that will protect these young people from a President who is attempting to put an end to their American dream," Rep. Juan Vargas, D-San Diego, said.
Republicans said Trump's decision fixes an overreach in executive power taken by the Obama administration, but they too said that Congress must now act on immigration legislation.
"The Administration's decision today puts the onus on Congress to address this challenge in the right way: for the long-haul, with respect for our nation's laws, a desire to enhance the integrity of our borders, and a sense of compassion for those who were brought here in their childhood years ago and wish to stay as productive members of our communities," Rep. Darrell Issa, R-Vista said.
Activists planned to protest the decision at 6 p.m. Tuesday evening both in downtown San Diego at Waterfront Park and in North County at Westfield Mall.
Alliance San Diego will host information sessions across the county in the coming weeks for dreamers.
Gary Warth and Josh Stewart contributed to this report
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Grandmother separated from 2-year-old when released into U.S. after being in 'Remain in Mexico' program
Telma Chavarria took her granddaughter to immigration court while her daughter, the child's mother, stayed behind in Tijuana working two jobs to support the family while they waited for their asylum case to proceed
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Open Access Repository of the FIBRESHIP project
Retention of Mechanical Properties After Water Immersion for Glass-Fibre Polymer Composite Laminates with Thermoset & Thermoplastic Infusible Resins
Glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GRP) composite materials are the most widely adopted amongst fibrereinforced polymer composites globally, with approximately 1 million tons produced annually in the EU alone. GRP's find very wide use and application in a number of industrial sectors (e.g. land & waterborne transport1 , marine, construction) due to their excellent balance between good performance and low cost compared to fibre reinforced polymers utilising other commercially available fibres (e.g. carbon, aramid). Particularly in marine applications, durability of composites and their ability to exhibit unchanged performance and stability in a marine context and environment is a crucial factor in order to select the most appropriate combination of polymer matrix and reinforcement. Ideally, a composite would retain its mechanical and thermo-mechanical profile even when exposed to a marine environment for extended periods. In this work, we conducted an extensive comparative study of the water absorption behavior and retention of mechanical properties of a group of GRP composite laminates manufactured with a range of infusible thermosetting and thermoplastics resins. Sample preparation for water immersion studies was according to ASTM D5229. This study was part of a comprehensive down-selection of commercially available resins in terms of their suitability for shipbuilding applications, as part of the EU H2020 project FIBRESHIP2 . All laminates were manufactured by Vacuum-Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM; the most relevant manufacturing technique in shipbuilding) with a range of state-of-the-art thermosetting resins (Urethane acrylate Crestapol 1210, Epoxy SR1125, Bio-epoxy Supersap CLR, Phenolic Cellobond J2027X) and a novel infusible acrylic thermoplastic resin (Acrylic Elium 150). The reinforcement of choice for each laminate was a unidirectional glass fabric of 996 gsm. A selection of relevant properties of the laminates with different resin systems is presented in this paper including fibre volume fraction, apparent interlaminar shear strength (dry and wet condition), flexural strength (dry and wet condition) and flexural modulus (dry and wet condition). For the wet condition, samples were immersed in distilled water for 28 days at 35 oC (wet state) in accordance with classification society guidelines. The quality of the laminates (void content, fibre-matrix adhesion) was examined by scanning electron microscopy on fracture surfaces. The effects of water absorption on the microstructure, mechanical, thermal & thermomechanical properties of the laminates were studied. The average water absorption percentage varied across all resins systems from 0.19 to 1.37% in the interlaminar-shear specimens, and from 0.25 to 1.59% in the flexure specimens. The phenolic laminate was the one absorbing most water in both cases but the mechanical properties were relatively unaffected. Fibre volume fraction was in the range 0.56 to 0.6 for all of the laminates. The majority of the tested GRP laminates showed good retention of their flexural properties and interlaminar shear strength under the testing conditions. The laminate that appeared to be most adversely affected was the infusible thermoplastic, showing a reduction in flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength of 17.3% and 37.5%, respectively (in comparison to the dry state values). However, the water absorption for the Elium 150 was not excessive, ranging from 0.40 to 0.42% for the ILSS and flexure samples, respectively.
References: 1 Summerscales J, Marine applications of advanced fibre reinforced composites, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 2016 2 H2020 project FIBRESHIP, funded by the European Commission under GA 723360 (www.fibreship.eu)
Glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GRP) composite materials are the most widely adopted amongst fibrereinforced polymer composites globally, with approximately 1 million tons produced annually in the EU alone. GRP's find very wide use and application in a number of industrial [...]


A protest in Tel Aviv with a sign reading "Bibi go home, will pay for fuel." AP.
TEL AVIV--The Israeli people delivered a resounding response to the government Saturday night after a week of attempts by Benjamin Netanyahu's government to contain the growing protest movement here. Between 300,000 and 400,000 people took to the streets under the banner of demanding "social justice," doubling the numbers from the week before and rivaling the largest protests the country has ever seen.
In Tel Aviv alone, around half the city's population turned out in front of the Defense Ministry to listen to speeches from community leaders that span the political spectrum. Proportionally speaking, the numbers that turned out Saturday would be the equivalent of 14 million people protesting in the United States.
What's now clear is that the secular plurality of Israel is seeking to reclaim the political power it has lost in the last decade-plus. It is an "awakening"--a word now common in the protest parlance--of historic proportions that comes after a period of political apathy by secular Israelis. That apathy was attributed by many here to society-wide post-traumatic stress following the collapse of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, the second Palestinian intifada, the 2006 Lebanon War, the 2008-09 Gaza War, and the resulting desire to escape the grind of daily conflict.
In part, that escapism produced what Israelis refer to as "the Tel Aviv bubble"--a world-class city with a hi-tech corridor that is dedicated to the proposition of enjoying life and ignoring the conflict around it. But it also led to the secular plurality ceding much political power to a group of around 20 exceedingly wealthy families, the ultra-Orthodox, and the West Bank settlers, all of whom were far more politically organized and determined to transform Israel in their image.
Just how much of that power secular Israel can reclaim remains to be seen. On Sunday, Netanyahu announced the formation of a special committee comprised of leaders from the government, business, and academia to look into measures to reduce the burden on the middle class. An emergency session of the Knesset will take place later this week.
Netanyahu himself comes from the ranks of secular Israel that is disenchanted and as a result of that, and the movement's desire to maintain unity, the protest to date remains largely free of explicitly anti-Netanyahu rhetoric. But it is difficult to see how the prime minister will be able to deliver on the chief demands of the movement for three reasons.
First, his government coalition cannot survive without the participation of the religious and settler parties, each of which stands to lose from any reorganization of government priorities.
Second, Netanyahu is a firm believer in neo-classical economics. It was during his tenure as prime minister and treasury minister that most of Israel's market liberalization and privatization was enacted. Redistributing wealth and boosting social programs runs against his beliefs.
Third, the prime minister remains distinctly aloof from the struggle, and has had moments of treating participants of the movement with the disdain he normally reserves for political opponents and foreigners he considers ignorant of Israel's complex realities. Indeed, last week, he derisively referred to the protests as a "populist wave" that threatened to engulf the country, alienating many, including right-wingers who express affinity for the protest causes.
"First they called us 'communists,' then they called us 'fascists,' 'anarchists,' 'radicals,' 'sushi-eaters,' and even 'ugly people,'" protest leader Stav Shaffir said, referring to a series of comments made by members of the Netanyahu government toward the protesters. "After three weeks of seeing the government mocking our demands I'm not really sure we can go into negotiations with them" at the current time.
But if the Likud-led government cannot at least partially mollify the protestors soon, the building pressure on the political coalition may cause it to crack, paving the way for early elections. As the popular columnist Nachum Barnea wrote in Israel's largest newspaper, Yidiot Acharonot, Sunday: "The general sense is that the government is out of touch with the difficulties faced by the average citizen, has failed to provide adequate services and has taken an unjust approach in terms of the division of the burden and the division of privileges. Netanyahu and his ministers won't be able to ignore this outcry. Not because they believe that that outcry is justified, but because it reflects a force that threatens their continued hold on power."
The job for Netanyahu got even harder on Sunday as the Tel Aviv stock market plunged seven percent in response to a global market downturn. While he now says "enormous changes" are coming in the Israeli economy, the prime minister is also insisting that Israel continue to curb overall spending and reduce its debt.
In the meantime, the ranks of the protest movement continue to swell. The crowd in Tel Aviv on Saturday was much more diverse in terms of age and ethnicity than the crowds in the last two demonstrations. And since last week, smaller but significant protests by students, doctors, dairy farmers, retirees, parents, and many others have become a daily occurrence around the country. This adds to the sense that a popular, non-violent revolt against the status quo has been joined by nearly all of secular Israel.
In addition to its sheer size and popularity, the mood of the protest is also far different than others in Israeli history. "Israel has had sad demonstrations, angry demonstrations and demonstrations that radiated a show of force and determination. I don't think Israel has ever had a demonstration of this size that evinced so much happiness, positivity and solidarity," Barnea wrote.
In essence, Tel Aviv is now a potent mix of joie de vivre and political activism. It is a combination that has spontaneously galvanized an entire generation of Israelis and is presenting a forceful challenge to the social and political paradigm that has dominated the Jewish state for the last decade.
Rafael D. Frankel is a Ph.D. candidate at Georgetown University and has written about the Middle East and Southeast Asia for the Christian Science Monitor, the Boston Globe, and the Chicago Tribune.


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Home | News + Events | Events | Round the World Roundtable: Safer Roads for all in Bangladesh
Round the World Roundtable: Safer Roads for all in Bangladesh
On Sunday 27 October 2019, Nirapad Sarak Chai (We Demand Safe Road) hosted a Round the World Roundtable in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Last year in Dhaka, an unlicensed bus driver was speeding in a race against another bus and drove into a bus stop, killing two high school students and injuring 12 others. The tragic incident sparked a series of passionate student protests advocating for safer roads and stricter traffic laws. The demonstrations rapidly spread throughout Bangladesh and led to the new Road Transport Act, which was passed in September 2018.
To support implementation of the Act, Nirapad Sarak Chai held a Round the World Roundtable, hosted by Ilias Kanchen, Chairman of the NGO and a well-known Bangladeshi campaigner and actor. At the roundtable, Nazrul Islam, Secretary of Road Transport and Highway Division on behalf of the Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges, signed a commitment to eliminate the number of drivers without licences and drivers with fake licences by 2025.
By 2025, 500,000 existing drivers will have their driving licences properly classified, and zero tolerance will be shown if any person breaks any associated laws. Additionally, Nirapad Sarak Chai is partnering with five other organizations, including the Bangladesh Army, as well as the government, to provide training to 400,000 drivers in order to reduce the number of road traffic crashes and ensure greater road safety for all.
In addition to the commitment, the following rules apply under the new Road Transport Act, which was implemented from 1 November 2019:
Reckless or negligent drivers who cause death or injury will face five years in prison or a fine of Tk 500,000, or both.
Drivers who deliberately kill another person, or who do not avert a killing in a road incident, will face either life in prison or the death penalty, depending on whether the offense was found to be murder or culpable homicide.
Unlicensed drivers will not be permitted to drive a vehicle.
Drivers must have an education of eighth grade or above, be at least 18 years old to get a drivers' licence, and at least 21 years old to get a professional licence.
Drivers will be assigned 12 demerit points, each of which can be deducted for committing driving offences. When the points come down to zero, the driver's licence will be cancelled.
The government can regulate the number of motor vehicles for a person, family, organization, or area. It can also set working hours for drivers, conductors, helpers and other staff.
Maintenance authorities will be held accountable for any incident which occurs as a result of faults in design, manufacturing, and road maintenance.
Action can be taken against any government official if his or her negligence or fault causes an incident which results in death or injury.
The government will raise funds for the injured or family members of those killed in road traffic crashes.
During his speech at the roundtable event, Nazrul Islam stated that implementation of the Act will not be possible unless citizens also commit to abiding by it, as laws cannot be enforced with police action alone.
Read more about Nirapad Sarak Chai on their website HERE or visit their Facebook page HERE.
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After huge hail and wind damage across Deep South on Saturday, further rounds of heavy weather and flood cuts will target these areas and expand eastward toward Monday.
Two separate storm currents pushing northeast across the Deep South and Tennessee River Valley can cause severe weather to be clustered in two specific areas.
"The first cluster of severe weather is expected to push through South Texas and threaten communities from Laredo to McAllen and Corpus Christi on Sunday morning," AccuWeather Senior Meteorologist Kristina Pydynowski said.
These storms will move northeast northeast like an intense squall line this afternoon, rumbling through Houston and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, before sunset.
More isolated storms can fire both in front and behind this organized line across the lower Mississippi Valley and eastern Texas.
"The Second Area of Seven It is possible to light the weather around Little Rock and Memphis on Sunday morning before pushing north over parts of Tennessee and the Ohio River valleys for the rest of the day," Pydynowski added.
These storms are likely to lose some of their intensity at the time they come to Nashville, Tennessee, and Louisville, Kentucky, on Sunday afternoon, but will still be able to produce short, powerful downsides and strong winds.
NEW YORK, March 22, 2018: Photo taken March 21, 2018 shows the Statue of Liberty seen in snow in New York, USA. Thousands of flights were canceled and public schools were closed when the fourth snow storm for three weeks hit New York City and its adjacent areas on Wednesday.
The biggest threats from all rounds of severe weather will be harmful wind, hail and flood.
There may also be isolated tornadoes, especially in connection with storms in Texas and Louisiana.
By Sunday evening, the severe breathing will change east into Mississippi and eastern Louisiana and return to western Tennessee.
"The severe weather risk after dark will make it important for residents to keep their cell phones on and charge with audible severe weather alerts enabled all night," according to AccuWeather Meteorologist Renee Duff.
"Motorists along stretches of interstates 10, 20, 30, 35, 49, and 55 may face sudden reductions in visibility and an increased risk of hydroplaning during transport at highway speeds," according to Pydynowski.
When the soil becomes saturated due to the repetitive downpours, the wind blows low as 40 to 50 mph may suffice to knock down trees and power lines.
Gases of 60 to 70 mph will be possible in the most intense storms and wind of this magnitude can cause damage to property and transform loose objects into dangerous projectiles.
Download the free AccuWeather app to find out when there is severe weather in your community.
Although the threat to severe weather will be less severe than Sunday's, a few cases of wind and hail damage cannot be ruled out.
But the biggest threat from the storms this Monday will be a river flood triggered by heavy precipitation in a short time.
Floods of low-lying and poor drainage areas as well as small currents and streams are likely.
In areas hit by the hardest downs, streits and roadways can be temporarily immersed by larger rivers that leave their banks.
Motorists should avoid flooded roads. It only takes 1 to 2 feet of moving water to make most vehicles stop or get swept away.
In addition, the prolonged period of wet, stormy weather will only worsen and worsen the ongoing flood problems on the Mississippi River and its tributaries.
On Monday night, the highest rainfall of 3 to 6 inches is expected to extend from eastern Texas and western Louisiana in southeastern Arkansas, northern Mississippi, and western parts of the Tennessee Valley.
In these areas, an AccuWeather Local StormMax ™ of 10 inches will be possible.
Outside these ranges, rainfalls of 1 to 3 inches will be most common.
Although dry weather is expected to return during the middle of the week, weather patterns will remain favorable for several rounds of thunderstorms and heavy rainfall over at least the third week of April.
How much of America's eastern coast against the rain, wind up strengthening coastal storm next week?


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Legal Dating Age In Michigan
Among other requirements, the policies must allow parents to object to and withdraw a child from an activity, class or program. The policies must also include a procedure for notifying parents at least two weeks before any activity, class or program with content involving human reproduction or sexual matters is provided to a child. Sex education, human reproduction education and human sexuality education curriculum and materials must be approved by the school board and available for parents to review. In addition, sets requirements for those who teach sex education, human reproduction education or human sexuality education. Arizona SB Amends existing law to allow school districts to provide sex education instruction unless a parent provides written permission for a student to opt out of instruction. Requires that school districts provide sex education that is medically accurate and age and developmentally appropriate in grades kindergarten through Education requirements also include information to support students in developing healthy relationships and skills such as communication, critical thinking, problem solving and decision making. Requires the Department of Education, among other things, to develop list of appropriate curricula and create rules for instructor qualifications. HB Amends existing law to allow school districts to provide sex education instruction unless a parent provides written permission for a student to opt out of instruction.
Weird Laws in Michigan
Joseph, Michigan, it was the first time they had seen him in two and half months. But she admitted to police that was a lie. She was really
The Age of Majority. The age of majority is the birthday that ushers you into adulthood. Exactly when it came to be 18 rather than 21 is a good question without a clear answer, but it may have been when the 26th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed giving the right to vote to 18 year olds.
A Detroit judge told a year-old from Indiana on Wedneday that he would consider a request for a new sentence, months after ordering the teen to register as a sex offender in both states and refrain from having a computer or smartphone because he had consensual sex with a year-old Michigan girl he met online who said she was The life of year-old Zach Anderson, who was ordered to register as a sex offender in two states, is "ruined," according to CBS News legal analyst Rikki Klieman.
The Indiana teen was convicted of criminal sexual conduct for having sex with a year-old girl. The two met on a dating app and the girl told Anderson she was But after serving 73 days of a day sentence in jail, the Indiana teen appeared in court Wednesday afternoon in order to withdraw his guilty plea. A judge told him he would consider the request for a new sentence.
Under the law, Anderson could be considered to have committed statutory rape, but this case has several mitigating factors: But the judge didn't see it that way. He mandated Anderson remain on the offender registry for 25 years.
Michigan Legal Ages Laws
These rules and regulations were passed by the Michigan state legislature, or in an individual in Michigan city, and for one reason or another, were never overturned, remaining active on the books until this day. Almost every city and state has some outdated, old-fashioned or even nonsensical laws on the books, and they can come about for a variety of reasons. Most frequently, the laws appeared in the books following a court ruling on a specific case, that then set a common law precedent from that point on.
Strange or unnecessary laws have become a popular source for humor, online and more generally in popular culture. TV shows like "The Simpsons" have had a lot of fun with the notion of small towns having peculiar regulations on the books. In one episode, Mayor Quimby is surprised to find out the town charter mandates that all ducks wear long pants.
Nov 14, · Online dating a minor in michigan solicitation of a minor is form of solicitation of a minor, and through the during which the solicitation charged with online solicitation of a minor, a defendant should understand the charge and its .
Philosophy of law "But what, after all, is a law? Normative jurisprudence asks "what should law be? The concept of "natural law" emerged in ancient Greek philosophy concurrently and in connection with the notion of justice, and re-entered the mainstream of Western culture through the writings of Thomas Aquinas , notably his Treatise on Law. Hugo Grotius , the founder of a purely rationalistic system of natural law, argued that law arises from both a social impulse—as Aristotle had indicated—and reason.
Bentham and Austin argued for law's positivism ; that real law is entirely separate from "morality". While laws are positive "is" statements e.
What You Can Legally Do When You're 18
Michigan What is the Michigan Age of Consent? The Michigan Age of Consent is 16 years old. In the United States, the age of consent is the minimum age at which an individual is considered legally old enough to consent to participation in sexual activity. Individuals aged 15 or younger in Michigan are not legally able to consent to sexual activity, and such activity may result in prosecution for statutory rape.
Michigan statutory rape law is violated when a person has consensual sexual intercourse with an individual under age The age of consent is raised to 18 when the older party is an authority figure.
Is it legal to marry your cousin? There are specific laws surrounding marriage between various levels of cousins. What Are the Cousin Marriage Laws in Your State? By Sheri Stritof. Updated 07/14/ Pin Share Email First cousins, yes, only if they are over a certain age or cannot bear children, or if they get genetic counseling.
Age of Consent in Korea Dear Korean, I noticed that the official age of consent in South Korea is thirteen, and wondered why the age was so low. Is this just a remnant of a Korea that used to be a third-world country, or is there another reason? I was puzzled because I thought that generally, Koreans tended to be socially conservative, especially in terms of sexual relations.
There is actually a very simply explanation. Why is the age of consent 13 in Korea? Because that is the age of consent in Japan. Korea's age of consent has almost nothing to do with Korean culture, and has everything to do with the legal history of Korea. Korea first implemented a modern legal code in , borrowing much from the Japanese code. This code, however, was short-lived, as Imperial Japan annexed Korea in and imposed its own laws.
Korea would become independent in , and proceeded to eliminate Imperial Japan's vestiges in many areas. But in many other areas, Koreans saw fit to keep the imports from Imperial Japan. In Korea's legal system, Koreans abolished the oppressive laws that allowed the Imperial Japanese government to exploit its colony. However, Koreans left alone many areas of law that did not directly implicate the colonial rule–for example, enforcement of contracts.
What is the legal age to date in Michigan
Legal age limit for dating in michigan There are no dating laws so it's up to your parents. The Tackling Violent Crime Act raises the legal age of sexual consent in Canada to 16 from 14, the first time it has been raised since In the legal age limit for dating in michigan of consent was raised to However, there exist in the legislation defenses to prosecution if the defendant is close-in-age to the "victim" or a spouse of the "victim".
About Mattie Bass legal age limit for dating in michigan Legal age limit for dating in michigan article is a quick summary of legal age laws in Michigan. The "age of majority" — the age at which an individual is legally considered an adult — is 18 in most statesincluding Michigan. For those younger than 18, legal age laws dictate certain rights and responsibilities of minors.
Michigan: Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § SB (Public Act ) Educate children in grades pre-kindergarten through 12 in public schools on child sexual abuse prevention through age appropriate curriculum through role plays, discussions, activities, and books. age-appropriate instruction in dating violence prevention.
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By signing up and entering LVTG, you attest to the fact that you are over the age of 18 and this material is legal for you to view in your specific location. You acknowledge that you are entering an online web site which contains information of an adult nature and subject matter which might depict sexual activity and erotic art. That you are wholly liable for any false disclosures and responsible for any legal ramifications that may arise from the viewing, reading, or downloading of images, information or material contained within this service.
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What are the legal dating ages
Can't find a category? Statutory rape is a strict liability crime, meaning that the consent of the younger person or mistake about their age is not a defense. What Is the Age of Consent? For example, a state might set the age of consent at In these states, such as Texas, the age of consent is determined by age differentials between the two persons and limited by a minimum age.
Examples of different state's statutory ages of consent:
The Michigan Age of Consent is 16 years old. In the United States, the age of consent is the minimum age at which an individual is considered legally old enough to consent to participation in sexual activity.
If you think that you are ready to have sex, it is important that you are aware of the different laws about how old you have to be to have sex, and to understand what the law means by sex. Before you have sex, you should talk to a health professional about how to practice safe sex and to make sure you are fully aware of the risks of practising unsafe sex. Navigate this page What you need to know — summary It is never okay for a person to have sex with another person who is under 16 years old.
Once you turn 16, you can legally have sex with another person who is also aged 16 years or older as long as you both agree to it. However, a person of any age in a position of care or authority e. What does consent mean? It is never ok for someone to assume you have given consent or to force you to keep going if you want to stop. For example, a person does not give their consent if they feel threatened, forced or afraid, or are tricked. A person does not consent merely by not resisting.
What does age of consent mean? The age of consent is the age at which the law says you can agree consent to have sex. If you are under the age of consent, the law says that you cannot legally agree to have sex, and any person that tries to have sex with you has broken the law. What do we mean by sex?
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In Brief: Watch Out … Sport Extensions
WATCH OUT: Gianfranco Ferré is set to launch a watch collection for its diffusion line GF Ferré. The house said it has signed a licensing deal with Global Watch Industries. The line will bow at Baselworld: The Watch and Jewelry Show...
WWD Staff
WATCH OUT: Gianfranco Ferré is set to launch a watch collection for its diffusion line GF Ferré. The house said it has signed a licensing deal with Global Watch Industries. The line will bow at Baselworld: The Watch and Jewelry Show in April. A Ferré spokesman said no further information, such as price points or the duration of the license, was available at press time.
SPORT EXTENSIONS: Sporting goods brand K2 has started a business division called K2 Licensing & Promotions to develop licensing and corporate partnership deals for its sport brands, which include K2, Volkl, Rawlings and Marmot. The Carlsbad, Calif.-based company already has inked a multiyear arrangement with comic book giant Marvel Enterprises and, as part of that deal, Marvel will put some of its characters such as Spider-Man on K2 watersport and fishing products, the company said. Two industry veterans have joined the company to help manage the division: Robert Strand, formerly senior director of nonapparel licensing at the National Basketball Association, has been named K2LP's vice president of licensing, while Frann Vettor-Gray, a former executive at Universal Studios, has been named vice president of corporate alliances. "We intend to tap into new sources of revenue and underdeveloped assets for K2 by unlocking latent brand value through strategic licensing relationships in several new product categories," said Scott Dickey, president of K2LP.
This story first appeared in the September 22, 2004 issue of WWD. Subscribe Today.


The winners of the 2014 Camogie Association Volunteer Awards have today been announced. These awards are made in order to acknowledge the huge effort put in by many people in all clubs within counties and all over the country during the year.
The winners of these awards will be honoured at a function in Croke Park Stadium in conjunction with the Camogie Association Media Awards on Saturday afternoon, February 21st 2015.


A Twitter bot for the moody version of your weather.
This Twitter bot is a collaboration of StudioMundo and Nicolai Erbs. The bot is based on a set of weather-related animations which are combined with a short textual representation of the weather conditions. The bot integrates Ambiverse to detect for which location a user wants to check the weather. It retrieves weather information using Yahoo Weather.


Please be aware that there may be a disruption in Canada Post service as a result of an ongoing labour dispute. If the dispute isn't resolved, Canada Post will likely stop accepting new shipments and delivering mail and parcels already in the mailstream as early as September 26, 2018. Should this happen, unfortunately any products purchased until the resolution of the dispute will not be delivered. All these orders will be queued for delivery as soon as the dispute is resolved.
For historical reference, in 2016 Canada Post and the Canadian Union of Postal Workers went through a similar negotiation process which was resolved with little to no disruption to delivery services.
We're committed to providing you with the best services possible and appreciate your patience during this time.