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Home>Press release archive>Ecovision must not be lost says Trust…
Ecovision must not be lost says Trust…
The Isle of Wight's Footprint Trust, which was set up in 2002 to reduce the Island's 'ecological footprint', has given the Council praise for its progress to date. However, it has also stated that it fears with the departure of CEO Joe Duckworth the EcoIsland vision could be sidelined in the future.
The educational charity is very complimentary on the Council's commitment to reducing its own CO2 emiisions, and thus fuel use, by 4% per annum. A target set with the Carbon Trust in 2007. The local authority has also signed up to the Nottingham Declaration as part of its commitment to reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The plan will see carbon emissions reduced by four percent a year amounting to a reduction in 6,240 tonnes over five years. A reduction of 60 percent in carbon emissions is hoped to be achieved by 2022. The council will also save an estimated £2.7m over the first five years if the ambitious targets are kept to.
"An example of this policy working is that the lights, computers and other unnecessary equipment, is not longer left on over night. County Hall used to look like a beacon in the night sky- it is now in almost darkness with just a couple of security lights on…"
Said Ray Harrington-Vail of the Footprint Trust.
Another policy, which has won popular support, is the Council's subsidy of local bus services. The council has topped up the grant the local bus company gets from central government. This means that elderly and disabled people can travel at times fro free – not just at off-peak times. Young people under 19 can travel for a flat single fare of £1. Bus use has increased dramatically – by around 45%. The Council has also been helped by a forward thinking bus company, Go Ahead, who are investing in comfortable buses and increasing services on popular routes. There has however, been some criticism of increased bus fares and cuts in services in some rural areas.
"It is recognised that the Isle of Wight has one of the best rural bus services in the England…"
Ray commented.
"When the Trust first heard of the EcoIsland vision it was via an article in the Guardian newspaper (2 November 2007). The whole Island seemed to be by buzzing with the story. People were ringing up the Council and ourselves to find out more…."
"…cynics were very quick to rubbish the idea as "green-wash" fearing it was just the same old Council policies dressed up in new green clothing.."
"However, real policies that will move the Island towards a sustainable future are being developed and implemented.."
One example of an example of where the Council is putting its money where its mouth is – is tacking fuel poverty. A £500,000 investment by the Isle of Wight Council will create a Warm One Island project. Partners in the voluntary sector, including the Footprint Trust, will deliver this.
The project hopes to deliver three outcomes;
Health: Warmer homes will reduce the number of people who die from the effects of cold in the winter and suffer from cold-related illness, particularly respiratory and cardiovascular disease. This particularly affects vulnerable members of the community.
Environment: More efficient heating and insulation will reduce carbon emissions
Reduce inequalities: By reducing the amount of household energy used for heating and hot water, the threat of fuel poverty can be prevented.
"In practical terms this scheme will provide 'top-ups' for the government's Warm Front grant, which is often not enough to insolate and provide a modern heating system for fuel-poor households.." Explained Ray of the Trust.
"We highlighted this issue at the Council's Environment Forum and are pleased it has been taken on board…"
"The Council's Environment Forum, which is made up of a mix of representatives from conservation, heritage, environmental, businesses and statutory organisations, was very much a poor cousin when contrasted to the Council's other advisory groups."
"The former CEO made a point of talking with the group, which is now making suggestions for policies and having some impact on Council thinking."
When it comes to reducing waste and recycling the Isle of Wight looks set to be the top in the UK. This is thanks to an £8 million investment in a state of the art gasification plant – paid for by private investment and a Defra grant. This facility will convert combustibles into gas, which in turn are burnt to produce electricity. It will come on stream in August 2008 and provide power for around 2,000 homes. Metals will be harvested out of the wastesteam and sent for recycling. This will compliment Island Waste's kerbside and other recycling initiatives, which already send some 35% of waste to be recycled. In total over 60% of domestic waste will be diverted from landfill. However, the majority of island households do not recycle and that is something that the Council is seeking to redress by working with Island Waste and the Footprint Trust and the wider community.
Probably the biggest challenge ahead for the Council is the one of future energy needs of the Island. At the moment only a tiny fraction of electricity is produced on the Isle of Wight. High fuel costs are hitting Islanders hard this is due to lower than average salaries, high unemployment and a large elderly population. The island is one of the most expensive places in England to buy petrol and diesel.
This is against a backdrop of opposition to a small windfarm in 2006. The Council voted against the proposal, which led to strong condemnation from the Footprint Trust. Their rejection coincided with the publication of the Stern review, which was issued on the day that the IW Council rejected wind power.
"The Council's Renewable Energy Strategy (May 2006) set a target of 10% of the IW electricity to be produced from renewables by 2010. The exclusion of wind in the amended options makes the targets unachievable and is clearly born out of a misunderstanding of the contribution that can be realistically made from the alternatives to wind power. The Footprint Trust feels that emotional argument has won over science."
"Most of the ongoing debate has focused on local aesthetics rather than global issues which are set to engulf us all.' said Ray Harrington-Vail of the Trust.
"Alarmist and inaccurate claims of mass death of birds and unfounded claims about damage to tourism are just two examples of the over-the-top claims made by opponents. The average wind turbine in England kills one bird a year and Cornwall, which has many turbines, has seen tourism increase."
"However, the Council's recent commitment to supporting the installation of 20MW of on-shore wind power on the Island is a major step forward and an example of the Council waking up to the real dangers of Climate Change and dependency on imported fuels"
"The Isle of Wight is almost completely dependent on imported fuel from further-a-field. Even with the new gasification plant, we will only make a small contribution to the National Grid."
A new proposal (July 2008) for three wind turbines next to a working quarry at Cheverton Down could provide electricity for around 4,500 homes. The Footprint Trust will be backing the application.
In a recent statement the Trust said…
"The biggest threat to the Isle of Wight is not a few wind turbines but climate change – which could see parts the Island's unique landscape being lost to rising sea levels within the next 75 years."
"These graceful wind turbines are a welcome sight in the ever-changing landscape of the countryside. They offer a vision of the future – one in which we harness natures energy. They are an opportunity for investment, diversity and enterprise for rural landowners, whilst only taking up a small amount of land."
"The Footprint Trust believes that the IW Council has made an excellent start. But the EcoIsland Vision will only work if Islanders back it and are committed to changing their own lifestyles and work practices. We all have to work together if we are to have a sustainable future….we owe it to all our children…"
www.eco-island.org.uk
www.footprint-trust.co.uk
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text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace DriverSolutions.Patcher
{
    public partial class FormMain : Form
    {
        private Updater Manager;
        public FormMain()
        {
            InitializeComponent();

            this.Manager = new Updater();
            this.Manager.OnProgress += Manager_OnProgress;
            this.Manager.OnUpdateComplete += Manager_OnUpdateComplete;
            this.Manager.OnBuildComplete += Manager_OnBuildComplete;

            this.Load += FormMain_Load;
        }

        private void Manager_OnProgress(object sender, ProgressChangedEventArgs e)
        {
            this.Invoke((MethodInvoker)delegate()
            {
                lblStatus.Text = e.UserState.ToString();
                progressBar.Value = e.ProgressPercentage;
            });
        }

        private void Manager_OnUpdateComplete(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            Process.Start("DriverSolutions.exe");
            Application.Exit();
        }

        private void Manager_OnBuildComplete(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            Application.Exit();
        }

        private async void FormMain_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            var args = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs();

            if (args.Contains("BUILD"))
            {
                await this.Manager.Build();
            }
            else
            {
                await this.Manager.Update();
            }
        }

    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Milwaukee area dentist Dr. Tony Cigno discusses some holiday dental risks and how to protect teeth and gums from these potential hazards.
The holidays, explains Dr. Tony Cigno, are a time many – including the team at Cigno Family Dental – look forward to with joy. One key, he adds, to ensuring that joyful time spent with family and friends isn't cut short by a dental emergency, is to know what to watch for in terms of dental safety over the holidays in the first place.
To help protect yourself, Dr. Cigno then gives five specific holiday-specific dental risks to keep on your radar (and avoid).
One specific example of a holiday tooth risk is nuts. While this may seem kind of silly, nuts can be potentially hazardous to teeth for a few different reasons. Since most nuts are hard, chomping on a nut too hard or vigorously, can chip a tooth for sure. Furthermore, many people use their teeth to "crack" nuts and this can be costly in terms of either chipping – or even breaking – a tooth or teeth.
This is akin to another of Dr. Cigno's cautions to not use teeth as a "tool." In other words, don't use your teeth to tear or rip anything but especially, things like plastic packaging. Furthermore, don't ever use the teeth to pry anything open—especially bottles!


text:
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text:
Le Pseudotraquet indien (Copsychus fulicatus, anciennement Saxicoloides fulicatus) est une espèce de passereaux de la famille des Muscicapidae.

Taxonomie

S'appuyant sur diverses études phylogéniques, le Congrès ornithologique international (classification version 4.1, 2014) déplace cette espèce, alors placée dans le genre monotypique Saxicoloides Lesson, 1831, dans le genre Copsychus.

synonymes
 Saxicoloides fulicata
 Saxicoloides fulicatus

Répartition et habitat

Liens externes

Références taxonomique

Muscicapidae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
« Synthetic Life: Resuscitate Pasteur to catch Craig Venter!
The Great Moral and Scientific Theme of the Moment: Should we or not to support the production of new species of living beings in a laboratory? »
Altruistic molecules may have helped in the formation of the earliest forms of life
See full article at: http://cienciadiaria.com.br
And here's the version of the Matrix
(translation needs correction)
A study conducted by scientists at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, shows that small molecules could have acted as a "molecular midwife" to help in building blocks of long chains of genetic material, as well as aiding in the selection of base pairs of double DNA helix. For researchers, there is evidence that, before there were enzymes of protein for the production of both small molecules present in the prebiotic Earth (before the emergence of life on the planet) would have helped in the formation of these polymers to promote their self-assembly.
During the experiments, the scientists observed that the molecule may help ethidium oligonucleotides (short fragments of a single strand of DNA or RNA) in the formation of polymers. One of the biggest challenges for obtaining a polymer is that as he grows, their tips begin to react with each other instead of forming long chains – a problem that is known as cyclization. But by using a molecule that binds between adjacent base pairs of DNA (known as Interleaved), it is possible to form short pieces of DNA and RNA to facilitate the creation of larger molecules. Now, researchers are seeking the true identity of this molecule "mother of all", for the formation of the first genetic polymer from Earth. The molecule selfless that took the first step in triggering the complex and explosive emergence of life.
First version of the Matrix
This theme reveals how difficult was the struggle of nature to restore the descendants of LUCA here on Earth to evolution, to correct them of the addiction that took his heavenly ancestors to commit the original sin. A battle at the level of molecules where the agents of nature had to invade closed walls of fortresses where the descendants ended addicts and bring them out where the officers were waiting for us with outstretched hands to form a new and wider society.
Let's analyze the phenomenon coldly, without impregnating it with our mystic. If you really understand what the text says, we are observing the past, before the origins of life, and we see a group of atoms connected to form a tape and we know that this molecule is the initial part of a great tape that would take later and called RNA or DNA. But even small changes the tape target, their tips are linked and form a ring. Goodbye RNA, was not this time yet. But we found another smaller group – that would inevitably bend their tips and close – and something strange happens: it appears around a small group of atoms known as ethyl molecule that grabs one end of the small molecule and preventing it from bending close, and brings other atoms connecting them at that point. It looks like the tip after some time changes its normal behavior, because now it does not attract more for the other end, and thus remains atoms added to it. Thus one day came to get a complete RNA molecule and hence the life appeared. In turn, the molecule of ethyl with his mission accomplished, quietly disappeared from the scene, does not expect reporters, television, the reward from the government, the fame of heroin, and will seek another molecule anonymous baby who help grow…
Gee … but we're talking about atoms, a gang or random group of atoms! Atoms are sets of particles, they have no purpose, they do not move a finger unless they are lacking in energy and seek food in the form of an electron in the surface layers of other atoms. If you have a group of them acting differently, with abnormal behavior, and even more purposeful to help, the babysitting babies, midwives, it is clear they do not know what they do or why they do it. There must be some forces within or outside of them, with more power than the natural force of them, directing them. Either that or we undressed the coat of a scientist, sent Science go plant potatoes because the world is not logical.
I think only the existence of systems may explain these forces. It's the only thing we know and proven that we know can act in the matter without being visible. An Arab who should be working and looking girlfriend suddenly fills with bomb and kills himself. An unreasonable behavior that came out of him: an invisible system known as Islam (or at least an ideological system of terrorists). Systems hierarchically higher or greater in complexity act on smaller systems outside or on their sub-systems or even the essence of a system that gives it its identity, which is the information overload of information beyond the sum of all its parts acts on its own shares. This excess of information that is not in any of the parts, resulting from the experiences of interactions between the parts is the mind's invisible system. Just as in man there is an entity that is abstract, untouchable, called mind, which is substantially different from the body that produces it, is different from all parts of the body, but has the power to direct the body to where she decides. Atoms alone are not heroes or altruistic. Put billions of atoms connected and they form a stone, which does not move a finger, because the loose stones are pieces of a disconnected system.
But then, what's and where's the system that exists in that area at that soup of mud, leading a group of atoms to abnormal behavior? Nobody goes to see because there is not any system; everyone swears that there is no system there.
As a result, we are tempted to see small groups of atoms as if they were thinking entities with piracy! It is fashionable to say that genes have roles, which have knowledge of the future, because these other piles of atoms possess the ultimate purpose of self-perpetuation! Researches stopped themselves, totally to seek external forces to the atoms, gave personality to them. Lost his mind! We were laughing by the religious because they believe they know where the forces comes from forces: God.
There is a complete system, very big, huge even, in a shapeless mass of very tiny cells. I refer to the genetic code within a morula or blastulae in the middle of amniotic soup from which will develop a human being. The human being is the system that is driving the behavior of atoms within that soup, but there are no human beings inside the small egg. He was transfigured, decoded, and placed as a molecule composed of atoms within the amorphous mass. So if we have a proven solution here on Earth, why we should issue identity cards for molecules or demote God from the heights to come here and be playing with mud? Why not seek a larger system out of the soup?!
It was the conclusion I arrived at Amazon. When crouched turning mud of the swamp, thinking the system, I lit this little light, I thought about it, let the mud and looked up, searching the surrounding area, risking an investigator to look into the heavens … I never went back to the mud to find the answers to the origins of life. Surely they were not there, like my father and mother were not in person inside the tiny egg from my early days.
So … if I fight for this idea, now I at least must to suggest who's the unknown system and where the system are.
When the scientific text says "A major challenge to obtain a polymer is that as he grows, their tips begin to react with each other instead of forming long chains – a problem that is known to cyclisation." We can understand it in the language of the Matrix. Prior to remember that "polymer" atoms are connected together to form a tape, as if it were a worm and they came together because the sun's energy and substance of the earth's core inoculate the atoms of light particles called photons, which are units of information from the LUCA's Matrix/DNA. These photons are trying to create a body to incarnate itself as software, as we try to do a more advanced computer hardware to operate the latest software more developed than before. The photons act as subversive agents of a foreign regime on the particles of atoms leading them to connect in new ways. But photons inherited from LUCA are the supreme selfishness and so when they have aligned atoms sufficient to unite the two ends of the worm to they attempt transform it into a ring.
Benzene, a simple compound cyclic.
The most primitive ring chemical benzene was discovered by Kekulée while traveling in a carriage and started to sleep but as the bumps of the carriage made her body dancing he dreamed of dancing atoms and forming wheels and cirandas. Suddenly he shouted to the coachman to stop, left the train, raised his arms to the heavens and shouted to the world: "I found the Benzene." And gave an affectionate slap on the rump of the horse by saying "thanks buddy, to your trot! When we arrive you will have the best alfalfa ad and a week of vacation!"
Forming the ring LUCA's genes closed the system, have retreated inside of him as the turtle is retreating into the shell inside and prepare to live eternally thermodynamic their paradise. But Nature does not want that, she has a mission far greater reach than just be balls or hard balls around in the sky, so she has to open those tips to add more atoms that are needed to build more complex systems and let them open to evolve. When she breaks up a ring it is called by chemists of "cyclization" and see an example:
Ring opening metathesis Polymerisation
See details on Wikipedia. You see as a closed ring, when involved in a substance catalyst in a laboratory, it becomes an open line as a worm? Now for an opposite example, when a chain of atoms in the form of line – or open system – makes its points and sticking to react to form a ring, closed system:
Dieckmann condensation
In the scientists' experiment the agent of Nature to correct the heirs of LUCA was a molecule of ethidium, which would be in place above the base-ROH. I think this example is not quite appropriate, but this haste cannot find another (if you have time you have a mission to help me with the opportunity to learn by yourself (a)). For as the text says: "… small molecules could have acted as a" molecular midwife "to help in building blocks of long chains of genetic material" – the action of ethidium molecule is not to attack and break rings after they were closed but she acts before the two ends of the chain of atoms come together, inserting these new tips atoms selected to fulfill a plan consisting of a larger and more complex. Therefore, the molecule of ethidium functions more as missionaries and psychologists dealing with young people seeking to become addicted trying to convince them to follow another path. Or as the message of the Matrix tries to transmit a healthier naturalist message to the young that lost the religious faith of parents and is about to be captured in the network transmitted by the theories of materialistic nihilism.
It said: "Now, researchers are seeking the true identity of this molecule" mother of all ", for the formation of the first genetic polymer from Earth. The molecule selfless that took the first step in triggering the complex and explosive emergence of life." Well, that name "molecule of life", or "mother of all" are advertising resources to enhance the materialist theory of abiogenesis. Believe that there would be a molecule or midwife creator of life? But will they have forgotten what lies behind the true meaning of the word "Life"? It is the most complex thing existing in these regions of the universe, an extraordinary engineering that we can never imitate, then who created this fantastic thing would have been a handful of atoms more stupid than a rock?! Now common! Anyway, I prefer the reasoning of Matrix Theory which suggests that many different molecules as agents for polymerization, these molecules are out pieces of the circuit LUCA ion affinity looking for other molecules that contain snippets of the past with neighbors, so as a Chinese arrived in New York will not seek to live in the Turkish quarter but the neighborhood that contains his countrymen from China.
Another issue related to this and what is fashionable eco is the fact that the industrial laboratory techniques discover how close lines or rings rather as open rings in rows, and the results of these experiments are materials such as nylon, polyethylene, etc.. A technique known as "Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cycloalkenes" has important petrochemicals. Hence we can understand why some of these products are toxic pollutants or non-degradable, since we are creating new chemical compounds that can be deadly to those formed naturally, for both closed rings and opened molecules that would be used by evolution.
See here some useful definitions:
In chemistry, a cyclic compound is a compound in which a number of carbon atoms are connected into a loop or ring. [1] Benzene is a well known example. The term "polycyclic" is used when more than one ring form a molecule such as in naphthalene, and the term macrocycle is used for a ring containing more than a dozen atoms.
An organic chemical reaction that forms a cycle, i.e., produces a cyclic molecule from a non-cyclic compound is called cyclization reaction. A generic example to understand this type of reaction is the cyclization of hexane cyclohexane. An example of the cyclization reaction produces the Dieckmann condensation.
Louis Morelli
Tags: cyclization, DNA, forms of life, polymers, RNA
This entry was posted on Saturday, July 10th, 2010 at 4:22 PM and is filed under Abiogenesis, Biogenesis, Evolution, Life's Origins, Systems.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Missouri law targets drivers who hit workers, first responders - WSIL-TV 3 Southern Illinois
Missouri law targets drivers who hit workers, first responders
Tuesday, July 9, 2019 5:43 PM EDT
By Jeff Weinrich
jweinrich@wsiltv.com
(WSIL) -- Missouri drivers can now lose their license if they hit a worker in an emergency or work zone.
Governor Mike Parson signed "Lyndon's Law" Tuesday.
It is named after Lyndon Ebker. The 20-year-old died after being hit by a driver in 2016.
"On behalf of the MoDOT men and women who put their lives on the line every day to design, build, operate and maintain Missouri roads and bridges, I'd like to thank the Missouri General Assembly for passing House Bill 499 and Gov. Parson for signing it into law," said Michael Pace, chair of the Missouri Highways and Transportation Commission.
The law covers highway, utility, and emergency responders and allows the Missouri Department of Revenue to revoke the driver's license of anyone who hits one of those workers in work or emergency zones.


In a climate full of uncertainty and division, I think that a strong local government is more important than ever.
My parents chose to raise me in Central Iowa because of the high value we put on public education. When deciding where to raise our son, my husband and I chose Urbandale for it's strong schools and community. In a few years my son and his two cousins will enter the Urbandale Public School system and I want to help make sure that it remains both student-focused and teacher-friendly in this tumultuous environment.
I believe that every Urbandale student deserves equal access to excellent teachers, curriculum and 21st century facilities.
Iowa has always been proud of its strong public education. I believe that we need to invest in our teachers and support staff to ensure that we maintain a high standard to excellence.
A strong district needs 21st century facilities that provide optimal learning environments, safe conditions and long-term usability.
As your school board member, I would work to advocate with state legislators for adequate education funding . Additionally, I will support sound fiscal policy to ensure responcible use of valuable tax-payer investments.
"An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.


Audi Azzurra Sailing Team claimed their first line-honours win in the second day of IRC 1 racing at the 31st Copa del Rey on Tuesday, after their closest rivals Audi All4One damaged their spinnaker mid-race.
Just two seconds separated the two Audi teams halfway through the first race of the day, before All4One damaged their spinnaker during a maneuver near the final top mark rounding to slump down the finish order.
Across the finish line PowerPlay finished second, All4One third, Gladiator fourth, followed by Provezza, Paprec and Aquila. On IRC Azzurra held the top spot, followed by PowerPlay, Gladiator, All4One, Provezza, Paprec and Aquila.
After a general recall, which was forced by multiple jump-starters, the eager-to-race teams got off to a clear start at about 1330 local with plenty of tussling at the committee boat end.
The fleet split in two, with Audi All4One leading the charge on the right-side and Audi Azzurra tending left, as the 13 competitors headed for the top mark, 2.3 nautical miles away, in a strengthening 14 knot west-southwesterly breeze.
Azzurra were first at the top mark, leading the downwind charge with a gybe-set, followed by All4One, PowerPlay, Provezza, Gladiator, Aquila. Division leaders Paprec followed Aquila, in a dramatic slip from form compared to their opening day's success.
Whitecaps formed in Palma Bay as the teams rocketed under spinnaker at speeds in excess of 20 knots to the first gate rounding in a 16-plus knot breeze.
All4One edged into the lead by just two seconds ahead of Azzurra as they rounded alternate gates, followed by PowerPlay, Gladiator, Provezza, Aquila and Paprec, who struggled to catch the leaders.
Azzurra proved too strong edging to a 14 second lead at the final top mark rounding, followed by All4One who reportedly damaged their spinnaker during a hoist.
Rán finished second in the IRC 0 division, behind Highland Fling, and remains at the top of the overall leaderboard.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Inflation in the very early universe provides a classical cosmology that drives the universe towards spatial flatness and homogeneity. It also provides an origin for primordial density perturbations through the quantum fluctuations of light scalar fields, stretched by the inflationary expansion to super-Hubble scales. Originally structure was assumed to originate from fluctuations in the inflaton field driving inflation, but more recently it has been realised that there are many possible mechanisms through which scalar field fluctuations could generate the observed primordial density perturbations \cite{Bassett:2005xm}. Examples incude the late decay (some time after inflation has ended) of a curvaton field \cite{Linde:1996gt,Enqvist:2001zp,Lyth:2001nq,Moroi:2001ct}, modulated reheating at the end of inflation, where the rate of inflaton decay is modulated by the local vacuum expectation value (VEV) of an isocurvature field \cite{Kofman:2003nx,Dvali:2003em}, or an inhomogeneous end of inflation \cite{Bernardeau:2004zz,Lyth:2005qk}.
All of these mechanisms for the origin of the primordial density perturbations may be distinguished from adiabatic perturbations in the inflaton field driving inflation as they  introduce local-type primordial non-Gaussianity \cite{Wands:2010af}, most simply characterised by the non-linearity parameter, $f_{NL}$ \cite{Komatsu:2001rj}, which typically becomes large when the transfer efficiency becomes small \cite{Alabidi:2010ba}.

In this paper we go beyond the simplest curvaton models to include the possible modulation of the curvaton decay by a modulator field, $\chi$, in analogy with modulated reheating at the end of inflation.
In modulated reheating scenarios the rate of decay of a massive field $\sigma$ is assumed to be dependent on the VEV of a modulator field, $\chi$. Consider a Lagrangian which describes the decay of the $\sigma$-field oscillations into $\psi$-particles
\be
\label{L}
{\cal L} =
 - V(\sigma)
 - \lambda(\chi)\sigma\bar \psi \psi - U(\chi) \,.
\ee
If the field, $\sigma$, is displaced from its minimum during inflation, then the field oscillates once $H<m_\sigma$ where $m_\sigma^2=V''(\sigma)$ at its minimum. Note that the potential, $V(\sigma)$, may deviate from a simple quadratic potential, but we will assume it can be described by a simple quadratic potential once it begins to oscillate about its minimum, with effective mass $m_\sigma$.
If the effective mass of the $\chi$ field remains small while the $\sigma$ field oscillates, $|U''(\chi)|<H^2<m_\sigma^2$, then the decay rate of massive $\sigma$-particles into light $\psi$-particles is given by $\Gamma\propto\lambda^2$ which is assumed to be a function of the local VEV of $\chi$. For example, if the coupling $\lambda$ is a linear function of $\chi$ then the decay rate is a quadratic function $\Gamma\propto\chi^2$.

Any light field during inflation acquires an almost scale-invariant distribution of perturbations due to small-scale vacuum fluctuations being stretched up and frozen-in on super-Hubble scales. In particular, we will assume that light fields acquire a Gaussian distribution of perturbations at Hubble-exit ($k=(aH)_*$) with power spectrum
\be
{\cal P}_* = \left( \frac{H_*}{2\pi}\right)^2 \,.
\ee
Local variations in the $\chi$ field change the local rate of reheating and hence the primordial density perturbations, which can be represented by $\zeta$, the metric perturbation on uniform-density hypersurfaces \cite{Malik:2008im} in the primordial radiation-dominated era, some time after inflation has ended.

In the original modulated reheating scenario $\sigma$ is the inflaton whose oscillations dominate the energy density of the universe immediately after inflation comes to an end. In this work we will consider the case where $\sigma$ is a curvaton field whose energy density is sub-dominant during inflation. We assume its effective mass is small compared to the Hubble scale during inflation and hence it also acquires an almost scale-invariant spectrum of fluctuations. The curvaton mass becomes larger than the Hubble scale either immediately at the end of inflation or some time after, when $H=m_\sigma$ and the curvaton field eventually decays. Fluctuations in the local VEV of the curvaton during inflation lead to perturbations in the amplitude of oscillations and the density of curvaton particles when the field oscillates after inflation. These density perturbations are transferred to the radiation when the curvaton decays.

If both the modulator field and the curvaton field are light during inflation then their vacuum fluctuations can generate a primordial density perturbation, in addition to any adiabatic density perturbations produced from adiabatic fluctuations in the inflaton field, $\phi$, during inflation.

The outline of this paper is as follows. In section \ref{sect:suddendecay} we describe how we can estimate the primordial density perturbations produced by the modulated curvaton decay in terms of the inhomogeneous densities and metric on an instantaneous decay hypersurface, generalising previous results for non-linear perturbations from curvaton decay with an unmodulated decay rate \cite{Sasaki:2006kq}. We calculate observable quantities including the primordial power spectrum, tensor-scalar ratio, bispectrum and trispectrum. We show that the Suyama-Yamaguchi inequality between the tree-level bispectrum and trispectrum holds and consider the condition for this inequality to be saturated. We present our conclusions and discussion in section~\ref{sect:discuss}.

\section{Sudden-decay approximation}
\label{sect:suddendecay}

We will work in the sudden-decay approximation where the curvaton decay is modelled as an instantaneous transfer of energy from the curvaton field oscillations, $\rho_\sigma$, into radiation, $\rho_\gamma$. This has been shown to be a good approximation to the full numerical results in the usual curvaton scenario \cite{Sasaki:2006kq}.

If the curvaton decay rate is a constant, $\Gamma=\bar\Gamma$, then the decay hypersurface, $H_{\rm dec}=\Gamma$, corresponds to a uniform-density hypersurface (on super-Hubble scales at the decay time) with
\be
\bar\rho_{\rm dec} = 3\mPl^2 \bar\Gamma^2 \,.
\ee
In the presence of fluctuations in the local VEV of $\chi$, the modulator field, and therefore local fluctuations of the decay rate, we have
\be
\label{rho-decay}
\rho_{\rm dec} = 3\mPl^2 \Gamma^2(\chi) \,.
\ee

We will allow for the existence of inhomogeneous perturbations of the radiation density, $\zeta_\gamma$,  after inflation but before the curvaton decays, due to adiabatic inflaton field fluctuations during inflation, $\zeta_\gamma=\zeta_\phi=-H \delta\phi/\dot\phi$.
Before the curvaton decay, the curvature perturbation on uniform-radiation-density hypersurfaces, $\zeta_\gamma$, and uniform-curvaton-density hypersurfaces, $\zeta_\sigma$, are independently conserved \cite{Lyth:2003im}.  After the decay, assuming the decay products are relativistic, the curvature perturbation on uniform-total-density hypersurfaces, $\zeta$, is conserved.
On the decay hypersurface itself, we therefore have \cite{Lyth:2004gb,Sasaki:2006kq}
\ba
\label{rho-before}
 \rho_{\sigma,{\rm dec}} = \bar \rho_{\sigma,{\rm dec}} e^{3(\zeta_\sigma-{\zeta_{\rm dec}})}
\, , \qquad
\rho_{\gamma,{\rm dec}} = \bar \rho_{\gamma,{\rm dec}} e^{4(\zeta_\gamma-{\zeta_{\rm dec}})}
\,, \qquad
\label{rho-after}
\rho_{\rm dec} = \bar \rho_{\rm dec} e^{4(\zeta-{\zeta_{\rm dec}})} \,,
\ea
where ${\zeta_{\rm dec}}$ is the curvature perturbation ($\delta N$ from a flat hypersurface) on the decay hypersurface. Note that we neglect the energy density of the modulator field $\chi$ throughout.

Matching
$\rho_\gamma+\rho_\sigma=\rho$
at the decay time
yields
\ba
\label{full}
 (1-\Omega_{\sigma,{\rm dec}}) e^{4 (\zeta_\gamma-{\zeta_{\rm dec}})} + \Omega_{\sigma,{\rm dec}} e^{3(\zeta_\sigma-{\zeta_{\rm dec}})} = e^{4(\zeta-{\zeta_{\rm dec}})} \,,
\ea
where
\ba
\Omega_\sigma \equiv \dfrac{\bar \rho_\sigma}{\bar \rho} \,.
\ea

\subsection{Linear perturbations}

At linear order, one can expand the above relation (\ref{full}) to give
\ba
 - {\zeta_{\rm dec}} \simeq \dfrac{1}{\Omega_{\sigma,{\rm dec}}} \left[3 \Omega_{\sigma,{\rm dec}} \zeta_\sigma + 4 (1- \Omega_{\sigma,{\rm dec}}) \zeta_\gamma -4 \zeta \right]
\ea
Using the above relation to eliminate ${\zeta_{\rm dec}}$ in \eqref{rho-after} and also using \eqref{rho-decay}, results in
\ba
 \label{eq:zeta}
\zeta \simeq \zeta_\gamma  - f \, \dfrac{\delta \Gamma}{6 \Gamma} + f ( \zeta_\sigma - \zeta_\gamma ) \,,
\ea
where we have defined the transfer parameter
\ba
 \label{fdef}
f  \equiv \dfrac{3 \Omega_{\sigma,{\rm dec}}}{4 - \Omega_{\sigma,{\rm dec}}}  \,.
\ea

The change in the curvature perturbation, $\zeta-\zeta_\gamma$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:zeta}), due to the modulated curvaton decay is seen to arise from the relative entropy perturbation between the curvaton density and the radiation density, $\zeta_\sigma-\zeta_\gamma$, and the perturbed decay rate, $\delta\Gamma\simeq\Gamma'\delta\chi$.
In the case of homogeneous curvaton decay rate, $\delta\Gamma=0$, we reproduce the standard curvaton result. The inhomogeneous decay rate adds an extra term in the primordial curvature perturbation~(\ref{eq:zeta}) proportional to $f$.

Note that since $\chi$ remains overdamped throughout the decay, we assume that we can neglect its background evolution and hence its perturbation on the decay hypersurface correspond directly to its perturbation on spatially flat hypersurfaces during inflation. The curvaton, $\sigma$, is overdamped during inflation, but starts to oscillate when $H=m_\sigma$. We assume the curvaton density is still negligible at this time, so the curvaton field fluctuations on this surface correspond to curvaton density perturbations on a uniform radiation-density hypersurface
\be
\rho_\sigma = \bar\rho_\sigma e^{3(\zeta_\sigma-\zeta_\gamma)} \,.
\ee
Allowing for possible evolution of the curvaton field from the end of inflation up until the point at which it starts oscillating we write
\be
\rho_\sigma = \frac12 m_\sigma^2 g^2(\bar\sigma+\delta\sigma) \,.
\ee
At linear order we thus have
\be
S_\sigma \equiv 3(\zeta_\sigma - \zeta_\gamma ) = 2\frac{g'\delta\sigma}{g} \,.
\ee
where $\bar\sigma+\delta\sigma$ describes the local curvaton VEV at the end of inflation.

\subsection{Non-linear perturbations}

Expanding \eqref{rho-decay} and \eqref{rho-after} to second order yields
\ba
\zeta -{\zeta_{\rm dec}} = \dfrac{1}{2} \ln \left(\dfrac{\Gamma}{\bar \Gamma} \right) \simeq \dfrac{\Gamma'}{2\Gamma} \delta \chi + \dfrac{1}{4} \left( \dfrac{\Gamma''}{\Gamma} -\dfrac{\Gamma'^2}{\Gamma^2}\right) \delta \chi^2
\ea
Eliminating ${\zeta_{\rm dec}}$ in \eqref{full} and solving for $\zeta$ order by order yields
\ba
 \label{zeta2}
\zeta &\simeq& \zeta_\gamma + \dfrac{f}{3} S_\sigma  - f \, \dfrac{ \Gamma'}{6 \Gamma}\delta \chi + \dfrac{f(1-f)(3+f)}{18} S_\sigma^2 - \dfrac{\Gamma' \, f (1-f) (3+f)}{18 \Gamma }  S_\sigma \delta \chi
\\ \nonumber
&+& \dfrac{f}{36} \left( -3 \dfrac{\Gamma''}{\Gamma} +\dfrac{\Gamma'^2}{2 \Gamma^2} (9-f(f+2))\right) \delta \chi^2
\ea
where we define the entropy isocurvature perturbation
\ba
S_\sigma \equiv 3 (\zeta_\sigma - \zeta_\gamma) \simeq 2 \dfrac{g'}{g} \delta \sigma
-\left( \dfrac{g'}{g}\right)^2  \left[ 1 - \dfrac{g''g}{g^{\prime2}} \right] \delta \sigma^2 \,.
\ea

\subsection{Observables}

When calculating observables, such as the power spectrum and higher-order correlators of the primordial density perturbations, it will be convenient to express the non-linear perturbation $\zeta$ in terms of the perturbed logarithmic expansion, $N=\int H dt$, from an initial spatially flat hypersurface where the scalar field perturbations originate during inflation and a final uniform-density hypersurface during the subsequent radiation-dominated era \cite{Lyth:2004gb,Lyth:2005fi}
we note that the total curvature perturbation can be rewritten by
\ba
 \label{zetaN}
\zeta = N_a \delta \phi^a + \dfrac{1}{2} N_{ab} \delta \phi^a \delta \phi^b
+ \dfrac{1}{6} N_{abc} \delta \phi^a \delta \phi^b \delta \phi^c +...
\ea
where $\delta \phi^a$ are the three Gaussian fields $\delta \phi$, $\delta \chi$ and $\delta \sigma$ , $N_a = N^a \equiv \partial N/\partial \phi_a$ and
$N_{ab}= N^{ab} \equiv \partial^2 N/\partial \phi_a \phi_b$.

Comparing Eq.~(\ref{zetaN}) with (\ref{zeta2}) we identify
\ba
\label{Na}
N_\phi = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2 \mPl^2 \epsilon_\phi}} \qquad , \qquad
N_\sigma = \frac{2fg'}{3g}
\qquad , \qquad
N_\chi = - \frac{f\Gamma'}{6\Gamma}
\ea
\ba
\label{Nsigchi}
N_{\chi \sigma} &=& - \dfrac{f (1-f) (3+f)\Gamma' g'}{9\Gamma g}
\\
\label{Nsigsig}
N_{\sigma \sigma} &=& \dfrac{2f}{3} \left[ 1 + \dfrac{g''g}{g^{\prime2}} - \frac{4f}{3} - \frac{2f^2}{3} \right] \left( \dfrac{g'}{g}\right)^2
\\
\label{Nchichi}
N_{\chi \chi} &=& \dfrac{f}{36} \left[ 9-6 \dfrac{\Gamma''\Gamma}{\Gamma^{\prime2}}-2f-f^2 \right] \left( \dfrac{\Gamma'}{\Gamma}\right)^2 \,.
\ea
in which
\be
\epsilon_\phi \equiv - \left(\dfrac{\dot H}{H^2} \right)_*
\, .
\ee
Note that higher-derivatives with respect to the inflaton field $\phi$ can be neglected during slow-roll inflation.

{}From Eqs.(\ref{Na}-\ref{Nsigchi}) we identify
\ba
\label{fsig}
f_\sigma \equiv \frac{\partial f}{\partial \sigma}=  \frac{2f(1-f)(3+f)}{3} \frac{g'}{g} \,,\\
\label{fchi}
f_\chi  \equiv \frac{\partial f}{\partial \chi}= - \frac{f(1-f)(3+f)}{6} \frac{\Gamma'}{\Gamma}  \,,
\ea
This will allow us to calculate all higher derivatives of $N$ starting from Eqs.~(\ref{Na}-\ref{Nsigchi}).  One can verify this is consistent with Eqs.~(\ref{Nsigsig}-\ref{Nchichi}).

The power spectrum is given, at leading order, by
\ba
\label{Pzeta}
{\cal P}_\zeta = {\cal P}_{\zeta_\phi} + \dfrac{f^2}{9} {\cal P}_{S_\sigma} + f^2 \left(\dfrac{\Gamma'}{6 \Gamma} \right)^2 {\cal P}_\chi
 =
 \dfrac{1}{2 \mPl^2} \left(\dfrac{1}{\epsilon_\phi} + \dfrac{1}{\epsilon_\chi} + \dfrac{1}{\epsilon_\sigma} \right) \left(\dfrac{H}{2\pi} \right)^2_*
\ea
in which, in analogy with the inflaton contribution, we have defined \cite{Fonseca:2012cj}
\ba
\epsilon_\sigma \equiv \dfrac{9}{8} \left(\dfrac{g}{f g' \mPl} \right)^2 \qquad , \qquad
\epsilon_\chi \equiv  18 \left(\dfrac{  \Gamma}{f \Gamma' \mPl} \right)^2
\ea
The relative contribution of each field to the power spectrum (\ref{Pzeta}) is given by the weights $w_a$ defined via ${{\cal P}}_{\zeta_a} = w_a {\cal P}_\zeta$ in which
\be
 \label{wa}
w_a \equiv
 \frac{N_a^2}{N_\phi^2+N_\sigma^2+N_\chi^2}
=
\frac{\epsilon_a^{-1}}{\epsilon_\chi^{-1} + \epsilon_\phi^{-1}+\epsilon_\sigma^{-1}}
 \,.
\ee
Note that $ w_\phi + w_\sigma + w_\chi= 1$.

The spectral index is then
\ba
n_s-1 = w_\chi (n_{\zeta_\chi}-1 ) + w_\sigma (n_{\zeta_\sigma}-1 ) + (1-w_\chi-w_\sigma) (n_{\zeta_\phi}-1 )
\ea
The tensor to scalar ratio is also given by
\ba
r = 16 \epsilon_\chi w_\chi = 16 \epsilon_\sigma w_\sigma = 16 (1-w_\sigma - w_\chi ) \epsilon_\phi \,.
\ea

The local-type primordial bispectrum is characterised at leading order in term of $f_{NL}$ \cite{Lyth:2005fi}
\ba
\dfrac{6}{5} f_{NL} = \dfrac{N_a N_b N^{ab}}{(N_a N^a)^2}
\ea
which we can write as
\be
\label{fNL}
f_{NL} = w_\sigma^2 f_{NL}^\sigma + 2 w_\chi w_\sigma f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi} + w_\chi^2 f_{NL}^\chi \,,
\ee
where we write the different contributions as
\ba
 \label{fNLsigma}
\dfrac{6}{5} f_{NL}^\sigma
 &\equiv&  \dfrac{N_{\sigma \sigma}}{N_\sigma^2}
 = \dfrac{1}{f} \left[ \dfrac{3}{2}\left( 1 + \dfrac{g'' g}{g'^2}\right) -2f- f^2 \right]
\\
 \label{fNLsigmachi}
\dfrac{6}{5} f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi}
 &\equiv& \dfrac{N_{\chi \sigma}}{N_\chi N_\sigma}
 = \dfrac{(1-f)(3+f)}{f}
\\
 \label{fNLchi}
\dfrac{6}{5} f_{NL}^\chi
 &\equiv& \dfrac{N_{\chi \chi}}{N_\chi^2}
 = \dfrac{1}{f} \left[ 9\left(1 - \frac23 \dfrac{\Gamma''\Gamma}{\Gamma'^2} \right) - 2f-f^2 \right]
\ea
where we have used Eqs.~(\ref{Na}-\ref{Nchichi}).

In the limit $w_\sigma\to1$ then $f_{NL}\to f_{NL}^\sigma$ and we recover the standard result for the curvaton \cite{Bartolo:2003jx,Lyth:2005fi,Sasaki:2006kq}. In the opposite limit where $w_\chi\to1$ and $f\to1$ we recover the standard result for modulated reheating \cite{Zaldarriaga:2003my}
\be
f_{NL}^\chi \to 5 \left[ 1 - \dfrac{\Gamma''\Gamma}{\Gamma'^2}  \right] \,.
\ee

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=.55]{LogfNL.eps}
\includegraphics[scale=.55]{LogfNLGamma.eps}
\caption{A logarithmic plot for $f_{NL}$ as a function of relative energy density $f$. In both plots we assumed  $g \propto \sigma$  and neglected the contribution from inflaton field ($w_\phi\simeq 0$). For the left plot we also assumed $\Gamma \propto \chi^2$ and in the right one, we have set $w_\sigma=0.2$. The apparent singularity in the left plot is due to a change of  sign in $f_{NL}$.}
\label{fNLplot}
\end{figure}

The primordial trispectrum is composed of distinct two terms \cite{Byrnes:2006vq}
\ba
\tau_{NL} = \frac{N_{ab}N^{ac}N_cN^b}{(N_a N^a)^3} \,,\\
g_{NL} = \frac{25}{54} \frac{N_{abc}N^aN^bN^c}{(N_a N^a)^3} \,.
\ea
which in our case we can write as
\ba
 \label{tauNL}
\frac{25}{36} \tau_{NL} &=& w_\sigma^3 (f_{NL}^\sigma)^2 +2w_\sigma^2 w_\chi f_{NL}^\sigma f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi}  \nonumber\\
&& + w_\sigma w_\chi ( w_\sigma + w_\chi ) (f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi} )^2 +
2 w_\sigma w_\chi^2 f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi} f_{NL}^\chi + w_\chi^3 (f_{NL}^\chi)^2 \,,\\
g_{NL} &=& w_\sigma^3 g_{NL}^\sigma +3w_\sigma^2 w_\chi g_{NL}^{\sigma\sigma\chi} +
3 w_\sigma w_\chi^2 g_{NL}^{\sigma\chi\chi} + w_\chi^3 g_{NL}^\chi \,,
\ea
where we identify the different contributions to $g_{NL}$ as
\ba
\label{gsig}
\frac{54}{25} g_{NL}^\sigma &\equiv& \frac{N_{\sigma\sigma\sigma}}{N_\sigma^3}
 \,,\nonumber\\
 &=& \frac{9}{4f^2} \left( \frac{g^{\prime\prime\prime}g^2}{g^{\prime3}} +3 \frac{g^{\prime\prime}g}{g^{\prime2}} \right) - \frac{9}{f} \left( 1+\frac{g^{\prime\prime}g}{g^{\prime2}} \right) +\frac{1}{2} \left( 1-9\frac{g^{\prime\prime}g}{g^{\prime2}} \right) +10f + 3f^2
\,,\\
\label{gsigsigchi}
\frac{54}{25} g_{NL}^{\sigma\sigma\chi} &\equiv& \frac{N_{\sigma\sigma\chi}}{N_\sigma^2N_\chi}
 \,,\nonumber\\
 &=& \frac{3(1-f)(3+f)}{2f^2} \left( 1 + \frac{g^{\prime\prime}g}{g^{\prime2}} -\frac{8f}{3} -2f^2 \right)
\,,\\
\label{gsigchichi}
\frac{54}{25} g_{NL}^{\sigma\chi\chi} &\equiv& \frac{N_{\sigma\chi\chi}}{N_\sigma N_\chi^2}
 \,,\nonumber\\
 &=& \frac{(1-f)(3+f)}{f^2} \left( 9 - 6 \frac{\Gamma^{\prime\prime}\Gamma}{\Gamma^{\prime2}}  -4f - 3f^2 \right)
\,,\\
\label{gchi}
\frac{54}{25} g_{NL}^\chi &\equiv& \frac{N_{\chi\chi\chi}}{N_\chi^3}
\,,\nonumber\\
 &=&  \frac{1}{f^2} \left\{
135-54f-22f^2+10f^3+3f^4
-18 ( 9-2f-f^2 )
\frac{\Gamma^{\prime\prime}\Gamma}{\Gamma^{\prime2}}  + 36 \frac{\Gamma^{\prime\prime\prime}\Gamma^2}{\Gamma^{\prime3}} \right\}
\,.
\ea
where we have used Eqs.~(\ref{Nsigsig}-\ref{fchi}).

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=.5]{LogtNL.eps}
\includegraphics[scale=.55]{LogtNLGamma.eps}
\caption{A plot for $\tau_{NL}$ as a function of relative energy density $f$. The values of  the independent parameters are the same as in Fig.\ref{fNLplot}}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=.5]{LoggNL.eps}
\includegraphics[scale=.55]{LoggNLGamma.eps}
\caption{A plot for $g_{NL}$ as a function of relative energy density $f$. Again the values of  the independent parameters are the same as in Fig.\ref{fNLplot} }
\end{figure}

In the curvaton limit $w_\sigma\to1$ then $g_{NL}\to g_{NL}^\sigma$ and we recover the standard result for the curvaton \cite{Sasaki:2006kq}.
In the opposite limit, $w_\chi\to1$, we recover the result for modulated reheating when $f\to1$ \cite{Suyama:2007bg,Wands:2010af}
\be
g_{NL}^\chi \to \frac{50}{3} \left[ 2 - 3\dfrac{\Gamma^{\prime\prime}\Gamma}
{\Gamma'^2}   +\dfrac{\Gamma^{\prime\prime\prime}\Gamma^2}{\Gamma'^3} \right] \,.
\ee

\subsection{The Suyama-Yamaguchi inequality}

Here we verify that the Suyama-Yamaguchi (SY) inequality \cite{Suyama:2007bg},
stating that $\tau_{NL} \ge (\frac{6 }{5} f_{NL})^2$,  holds at tree-level in our model~\footnote{Note that loop-corrections violate this tree-level inequality \cite{Byrnes:2011ri,Tasinato:2012js}.}.

A direct analysis shows that
\ba
\label{SY}
K\equiv \frac{25}{36} \tau_{NL} - f_{NL}^2 = c_1 ({f_{NL}^{\chi }})^2  + c_2 f_{NL}^{\chi } + c_3
\ea
in which
\ba
\label{c1}
c_1  &&\equiv w_\chi^3 (1- w_\chi)  \\
c_2  &&\equiv  2w_\sigma w_\chi^2 \left[    (1- 2 w_\chi) f_{NL}^{\sigma \chi}  - w_\sigma
f_{NL}^\sigma  \right]  \\
c_3  &&\equiv  w_\sigma^3 (1- w_\sigma) {f_{NL}^{\sigma \, 2 }} + w_\sigma w_\chi (w_\sigma + w_\chi - 4 w_\sigma w_\chi) {f_{NL}^{\sigma \chi  \, 2}}
+ 2 w_\chi w_\sigma^2  (1- 2 w_\sigma)   f_{NL}^{\sigma}    f_{NL}^{\sigma \chi}
\ea
We wish to determine the sign of $K$ in Eq.~(\ref{SY}) which is a quadratic function
of $f_{NL}^{\chi }$ for $c_1\neq0$.  Hence we re-write Eq.~(\ref{SY}) as
\be
\label{Ksquare}
K = c_1 \left( f_{NL}^\chi+\frac{c_2}{2c_1}\right)^2 + \frac{\Delta}{c_1} \,,
\ee
where
\ba
\label{disc}
\Delta = w_\chi^3 w_\sigma (1-w_\sigma - w_\chi) ( w_\sigma f_{NL}^{\sigma} + w_\chi f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi})^2  \,.
\ea
Both the coefficient, $c_1$ in Eq.~(\ref{c1}), and the discriminator, $\Delta$ in Eq.~(\ref{disc}) are non-negative, since the weights, $w_\sigma$ and $w_\chi$, and their sum, $w_\sigma+w_\chi$, are bounded between zero and one. Hence $K$ given in Eq.~(\ref{Ksquare}) is non-negative and we conclude that  $\tau_{NL} \ge  (\frac{6 }{5} f_{NL})^2$ as required.

One may ask under what conditions the SY inequality is saturated. Firstly this can occur if $c_1=0$ and $c_2 f_{NL}^{\chi } + c_3=0$, which requires either $w_\sigma=1$ or $w_\chi=1$, i.e., either the curvaton fluctuations or the modulator fluctuations dominate the primordial density perturbations corresponding to effectively a single source for the primordial density field, or $w_\phi=1$ corresponding to the Gaussian case,  $\tau_{NL}=f_{NL}=0$

For $c_1\neq0$, the SY equality is saturated when $\Delta =0$ and $2c_1f_{NL}^\chi+c_2=0$ in Eq.~(\ref{Ksquare}). This either requires
\be
w_\sigma^2 f_{NL}^{\sigma} = w_\chi^2 f_{NL}^\chi = - w_\sigma w_\chi f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi}
\ee
which implies $\tau_{NL}=f_{NL}=0$, or requires $w_\sigma+w_\chi=1$ and
\ba
\label{const}
w_\sigma f_{NL}^{\sigma} - w_\chi f_{NL}^{\chi}= (w_\sigma - w_\chi) f_{NL}^{\sigma \chi}
\ea
or, equivalently,
\be
\label{SY-w}
w_\sigma = \frac{f_{NL}^\chi-f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi}}{f_{NL}^\sigma+f_{NL}^\chi-2f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi}} \,, \quad
w_\chi = \frac{f_{NL}^\sigma-f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi}}{f_{NL}^\sigma+f_{NL}^\chi-2f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi}} \,.
\ee
Note that this is possible only when $f_{NL}^\sigma$ and $f_{NL}^\chi$ are either both less than $f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi}$ or both greater than $f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi}$,
i.e.,
\be
\left( f_{NL}^\sigma-f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi} \right) \left( f_{NL}^\chi-f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi} \right) > 0 \,.
\ee

\section{Discussion}
\label{sect:discuss}

The curvaton and modulated reheating scenarios have previously been studied as distinct models for the origin of structure from quantum field fluctuations during inflation. Here we have considered a curvaton scenario where the curvaton decay rate may be modulated by a second scalar field. Thus fluctuations in two independent fields may be responsible for both the primordial power spectrum and primordial non-Gaussianity described by higher-order correlations.

The relative contributions to the primordial power spectrum \eqref{Pzeta} are determined by the weights, $w_\sigma$ and $w_\chi$ defined in \eqref{wa}.
The overall contribution of both curvaton and modulator fluctuations to the first-order primordial density perturbation is proportional to the fractional density in the curvaton at the time of decay, $f$ defined in \eqref{fdef}. The relative contribution depends on the fractional perturbations in the curvaton amplitude of oscillation, $g$, versus the decay rate, $\Gamma$:
\be
\frac{w_\sigma}{w_\chi} = \frac{g'/g}{\Gamma'/\Gamma}\,.
\ee
We recover (i) previous results for the curvaton scenario in the limit that curvaton field fluctuations dominate the primordial power spectrum ($w_\sigma\gg w_\chi$) and (ii) previous results for modulated reheating in the limit that the curvaton dominates the total energy when it decays ($f\to1$) {\em and} modulated fluctuations dominate ($w_\chi\gg w_\sigma$) .

We also allow for an adiabatic density perturbation  produced due to inflaton perturbations during inflation, $\zeta_\phi$. This is required to be Gaussian, hence the inflaton contributes to the first-order density perturbation, but not to higher-order correlators. Any detection of local-type primordial non-Gaussianity would be evidence of non-adiabatic field fluctuations playing a role in the origin of large-scale structure, see however \cite{Namjoo:2012aa}.

Non-Gaussianity can become very large, either for $f\ll 1$ or due to non-linear evolution, $g''g\gg g^{\prime2}$, in the curvaton scenario. Indeed it is bounded by current  observations \cite{Bennett:2012fp}
\be
f_{NL} =  37.2\pm19.9 \,.
\ee
Such a large value is difficult to achieve in standard modulated reheating unless the decay rate is strongly dependent upon the modulator field, $\Gamma^{\prime\prime}\Gamma/\Gamma^{\prime2}\sim 8$. On the other hand one can easily have large non-Gaussianity in a modulated curvaton reheating when $f\ll1$ even when the modulator dominates the primordial fluctuations, $w_\chi\to1$.

In the simplest scenario of a quadratic curvaton potential, leading to linear evolution of the curvaton field, $g''=0$, and a linear coupling, $\lambda(\chi)$ in Eq.~(\ref{L}), leading to a quadratic decay rate, $\Gamma\propto \chi^2$, the primordial non-Gaussianity is a function of $f$, $w_\sigma$ and $w_\chi$. Hence a measurement of the three lowest-order non-Gaussian correlators, $f_{NL}$, $\tau_{NL}$ and $g_{NL}$, would be required to determine $f$, $w_\sigma$ and $w_\chi$.

There are some general predictions for the simplest model of a quadratic curvaton potential with $g''=0$. The contributions to the primordial bispectrum, given in Eq.~\eqref{fNL}, from $f_{NL}^\chi$ and $f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi}$, defined in Eqs.~(\ref{fNLchi}) and (\ref{fNLsigmachi}), are non-negative for any $\Gamma''\Gamma\leq\Gamma^{\prime2}$, which includes a quadratic decay rate. Thus in the modulated curvaton decay when $g''=0$, we find a lower bound $f_{NL}\geq f_{NL}^\sigma\geq -5/4$, generalising the result found previously for a single curvaton \cite{Sasaki:2006kq}, and multiple curvaton decays~\cite{Assadullahi:2007uw}. This bound is saturated, $f_{NL}=-5/4$, for $w_\sigma=1$ and $f=1$.

For this simple quadratic curvaton scenario with linear evolution, such that $g''$ and $g'''$ can be neglected, we find the third-order trispectrum parameter $g_{NL}^\sigma\propto f^{-1} \propto f_{NL}$ whereas the second-order trispectrum parameter $\tau_{NL}\propto f^{-2}\propto f_{NL}^2$. Hence $\tau_{NL}$ is much larger than $g_{NL}^\sigma$ if $f_{NL}$ is large. On the other hand $g_{NL}^{\sigma\sigma\chi}\propto f^{-2}\propto f_{NL}^2$ even for $g''\simeq0$, and hence $g_{NL}/\tau_{NL}$ is not necessarily suppressed for a simple quadratic curvaton in a modulated curvaton scenario with $\delta\Gamma\neq0$.

We generally expect $g_{NL}\propto \tau_{NL} \propto f_{NL}^2$ due to non-linear evolution of the curvaton field with a self-interaction potential \cite{Enqvist:2008gk,Enqvist:2009zf,Enqvist:2009ww,Suyama:2010uj,Fonseca:2011aa}. On the other hand the self-interacting curvaton can give rise to strongly scale-dependent non-Gaussianity \cite{Byrnes:2011gh}, while the modulated curvaton decay with a quadratic curvaton potential gives rise to non-Gaussianity which is scale-independent.

We have verified that the trispectrum parameter $\tau_{NL}$ obeys the Suyama-Yamaguchi inequality \cite{Suyama:2007bg} $\tau_{NL}\geq (36/25)f_{NL}^2$. It is saturated when the curvaton perturbations ($w_\sigma\to1$) or modulator perturbations ($w_\chi\to1$) dominate, or in the trivial case of Gaussian perturbations when $w_\phi\to1$. It can also be satisfied for particular parameter values even when both curvaton and modulator fluctuations contribute to the primordial density field, $w_\sigma+w_\chi=1$ given by Eq.~(\ref{SY-w}). This emphasizes that a single-source for the primordial density field is a sufficient condition for the SY inequality to be saturated, but not a necessary condition \cite{Suyama:2007bg}.

\begin{figure}
\label{SYfig}
\includegraphics[scale=.6]{SY.eps}
\includegraphics[scale=.5]{SY2.eps}
\caption{Plots for the  Suyama-Yamaguchi equality/inequality (\ref{SY}). In both figures $w_\phi=0$. Left:  $f=0.2$ with generic value of $f_{NL}^\sigma, f_{NL}^\chi$ and
$f_{NL}^{\sigma \chi}$.  Right: The particular case $f_{NL}^\sigma = f_{NL}^\chi = 5 f_{NL}^{\sigma\chi}$  is plotted for arbitrary $w_\sigma$.  As expected the SY inequality is saturated when $w_\sigma =0, 1$ or when  Eq. (\ref{const}) is met
with $w_\sigma + w_\chi=1$, which in this particular case, yields $w_\sigma = w_\chi =0.5$. }
\end{figure}

Throughout this work we have assumed that the decay products of the curvaton rapidly thermalise leaving no residual isocurvature perturbations. If the matter asymmetry inherits a different density perturbation from the overall radiation density (because it comes exclusively from either the curvaton decay products or the pre-existing radiation before the curvaton decay, but not both) then it may leave a residual matter isocurvature perturbation \cite{Lyth:2002my,Langlois:2008vk,Langlois:2012tm}. This would be further evidence of the origin of structure from non-adiabatic field perturbations during inflation, and measurements of the relative amplitude of residual isocurvature perturbations and their correlations with the adiabatic density perturbation could give independent constraints on model parameters. It would be interesting to investigate whether these could then distinguish modulated curvaton decay from standard curvaton or modulated reheating scenarios.

Although we have assumed that the modulator field has negligible energy density, it would be interesting to consider possible observational signatures of the eventual decay of the modulator field, assuming that it too eventually decays into standard model particles \cite{Enomoto:2012uy}, analogous to our recent study of the effect of the late-time decay of a field responsible for the inhomogeneous end of hybrid inflation \cite{Assadullahi:2012yi}. We leave this for future work.

{\em Note added: } While completing this work, we became aware of related work by Langlois and Takahashi \cite{Langlois2013}. Both papers should appear on the arXiv on the same day.

\acknowledgments

HF would like to thank the ICG, Portsmouth, for hospitality while this work was initiated and later finalized.
HF, MHN and DW are grateful to the organisers of the YITP long-term workshop on Gravitation and Cosmology 2012, YITP-T-12-03.
MHN is in part supported by Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University, under the Exchange
Program for Young Researchers of YITP.
DW is supported by STFC grant ST/H002774/1.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Diurnal profile of melatonin secretion in the acute phase of major depression and in remission
Jolanta Rabe-Jabłońska, Anna Szymańska
Med Sci Monit 2001; 7(5): CR946-952 :: ID: 509098
Background: The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the 24-hour melatonin secretion profile between patients with major depression (MD) before and after clomipramine treatment, and a control group, and also whether or not there exist statistically significant differences in the melatonin levels depending on the severity of depression.
Material/Methods: 20 patients with MD and 14 healthy volunteers took part in the study. Before and after clomipramine treatment all the patients had an 8ml blood sample collected 7 times, at fixed hours, for measurement of the melatonin level. The severity of depression was assessed (HAMDS, BDI, POMS) before and after treatment.
Results: The mean melatonin concentration at each of the chosen hours was higher in persons with MD than in the control, but the differences reached statistical significance only at certain night hours. In both groups the nocturnal rise in melatonin secretion began at 12 midnight, reaching its peak at 2 am, to reach low values by 8 am, similar to the values from the previous morning. After 8 weeks of clomipramine treatment, the melatonin concentrations at 12 midnight, 2 am, and 4 am were lowered, and were elevated at 8 am, 2 pm, and 8 pm. The difference was statistically significant only at 8 pm. Melatonin secretion during both night time hours and daytime hours is higher in individuals with MD than in healthy subjects, and remains elevated after 8 weeks of effective clomipramine treatment. Those patients whose state changed the least after 8 weeks of clomipramine treatment differed in a statistically significant way in terms of melatonin secretion level at 2 pm from those patients who improved the most.
Conclusions: Some patients with MD have elevated melatonin concentration levels during daytime and nighttime hours, and this melatonin secretion pattern is independent of the severity of depression.
Keywords: major depression, melatonin concentration


Though neither a humanist nor a Christian—nor, for that matter, even a romantic in the vein of Blake who feared the "dark Satanic mills" of Industrial England—Mark Twain identified the late-nineteenth century fear of the machine run amok perfectly in his last novel, the tragically whimsical A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. One of the first to use time travel as a plot device, the story revolves around Hank Morgan, an engineer devoid of any poetry or sentiment. As his German last name indicates, he is the man of "tomorrow." A practical man schooled in the servile rather than the liberal arts, Morgan can create almost any type of mechanism: "guns, revolvers, cannon, boilers, engines, all sorts of labor-saving machinery." A materialist, he "could make anything a body wanted—anything in the world, it didn't make a difference what; and if there wasn't any quick new-fangled way to make a thing, [he] could invent one." He was also, Hank assures the reader, "full of fight." And, a conflict employing crowbars with one of his employees, a man named Hercules, results in severe blow to Morgan's head, knocking him unconscious.
When Morgan awakes, he finds himself in Arthurian England. Whether he really has traveled back thirteen centuries or is merely in an insane asylum, Morgan decides that he will become, significantly, "boss." True to his desires, Morgan slowly gains control of England. The process, to be sure, is not an easy one. Morgan has to fight monarchical government, aristocratic culture, the Catholic Church, and a population ignorant of classical economics. This strange world, as he believes, is nothing but medieval darkness and superstition, a people kept from democracy and enjoyment of their natural rights by wicked forces. To counter the traditional stalwarts of Arthurian society, Morgan builds factories, indoctrinates young boys in his schools—known as "man factories—and introduces laissez-faire competition in the market place. To placate the knights of the Round Table, he forms a baseball league so that the participants can demonstrate their manliness in non-violent ways. After living in Arthurian England for three years, he decides to establish universal suffrage and "overthrow the Catholic Church and set up the Protestant faith on its ruins—not as an Established Church, but as a go-as-you-please-one." Fearing that Morgan has taken things too far, the Catholic Church imposes an Interdict upon Morgan and his followers. Only a few remain faithful to Morgan, and an army of twenty-five thousand knights of Christendom challenge Morgan's attempt at modernity. In response, Morgan selects fifty-two loyal boys between the ages of 14 and 17 as his soldiers. Why these? "Because all the others were born in an atmosphere of superstition and reared in it. It is in their blood and bones," Morgan explains. "We imagined we had educated it out of them; they thought so too; the Interdict woke them up like a thunderclap!" The fifty-two boys, Morgan, and one friend, hole up in a cave, awaiting the attack.
"Death to the Republic" cry the Jacobite-like enemies of the Jacobin Morgan, the defenders of the Church, monarchy, and tradition. They stand no chance, however, against Morgan's freshly-minted and well-oiled machine, ready "to vomit death." Foreshadowing the horrifying trench warfare of the first world war, Morgan defends his army and his claims with electric wire fences, dynamite, and machine guns. "As to the destruction of life, it was amazing. Moreover, it was beyond estimate," records Morgan. "Of course we could not count the dead, because they did not exist as individuals, but merely as homogeneous protoplasm, with alloys of iron and buttons." In a political sense, Morgan finally gets his greatest desire, a society of equals. Indeed, true collectivism results from his machine: the equality of the dead and mutilated, the flesh and the materials of the earth, one and the same. One could argue that Twain presented the world with its first modern dystopian novel, eighteen years earlier than R.H. Benson's apocalyptic Lord of the World.
Books mentioned in this essay may be found in The Imaginative Conservative Bookstore. Essays by Dr. Birzer may be found here.
Dr. Bradley J. Birzer is co-founder of The Imaginative Conservative and a Senior Contributor. He is the author of Sanctifying the World: The Augustinian Life and Mind of Christopher Dawson, J.R.R. Tolkien's Sanctifying Myth, and American Cicero: The Life of Charles Carroll. He is also author of The Humane Republic: The Imagination of Russell Kirk (forthcoming, University Press of Kentucky). Dr. Birzer also teaches Catholics in the Public Square for Catholic Courses.
1. Mark Twain, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889; New York: Signet, n.d.), 14-15.
2. Twain, A Connecticut Yankee, 21.
3. Twain, A Connecticut Yankee, 279.
4. Twain, A Connecticut Yankee, 294.
5. Twain, A Connecticut Yankee, 300.
6. Twain, A Connecticut Yankee, 310.
7. Twain, A Connecticut Yankee, 303.
8. Quoted in Victor Davis Hanson, Soul of Battle, From Ancient Times to the Present Day, How Three Liberators Vanquished Tyranny (New York: Free Press, 1999), 136-37.
9. Kirk, A Program for Conservatives (Chicago, Ill.: Regnery, 1954), 56.
10. Kirk, Prospects for Conservatives (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1989), 21.


text:
suit of clothes somewhere,—not new,—and ap- this reason. Even the officials who must have peared quite respectable. He even got some- seen him there fifty times were sympathetic; thing to do, and was put on one of the many and they told me to see the justice, and they committees having a hand in the entertainment believed he would let him out for next day. arrangements. I never saw a greater change in I applied to him as they suggested. He said, any one. It looked as if there was hope for "Come down to court to-morrow morning. him yet. He stopped me on the street a day I did so. "No.4" was present, pale and tremor two before the unveiling and told me he had bling. As he stood there he made a better dea piece of good news: the remnant of his old fense than any one else could have made for company was to be here; he had got hold of the him. He admitted his guilt, and said he had last one,- there were nine of them left,- and nothing to say in extenuation except that it was he had his old jacket that he had worn in the the "old story," he "had not intended it"; he war, and he was going to wear it on the march. deserved it all, but would like to get off that " It 's worn, of course," he said, "but my day; had a special reason for it, and would, if mother put some patches over the holes, and necessary, go back to jail that evening and stay except for the stain on it it's in good order. there a year, or all his life. As he stood awaitI believe I am the only one of the boys that ing sentence, he looked like a damned soul. has his jacket still; I have never got so hard His coat was unbuttoned, and his old, faded up as to part with it. I'm all right now. I gray jacket showed under it. The justice, to mean to be buried in it."
his honor, let him off. "No. 4" shook hands I had never remarked before what a refined with him, unable to speak, and turned away. face he had; his enthusiasm made him look Then he had a strange turn. We had hard younger than I had ever seen him. I saw him work to get him to go into the procession. He on the day before the eve of the unveiling; he positively refused; said he was not fit to go or was as busy as a bee, and looked almost hand- to live, began to cry, and took off his jacket. some. "The boys are coming in by every train," He would go back to jail, he said. We finally he said. "Look here"; he pulled me aside, and got him straight, accepted from him a solemn unbuttoned his vest. A piece of faded gray promise not to touch a drop till the celebration cloth was disclosed. He had the old gray jacket was over, so help him God; and sent him off on under his other coat. "I know the boys to join his old command at the tobacco warewill like to see it," he said. "I'm going down house on the slip where the cavalry rendezto the train now to meet one— Binford Terrell
. voused. I had some apprehension that he I don't know whether I shall know him. Bin- would not turn up in the procession; but I was ford and I used to be much of a size. We did mistaken. He was there with the old cavalry not use to speak at one time; had a falling out veterans, as sober as a judge, and looking every about which one should hold the horses; I made inch a soldier. him do it, but I reckon he won't remember it It was a strange scene, and an impressive now. I don't. I have not touched a drop. one even to those whose hearts were not in Good-by." He went off.
sympathy with it in any respect. Many who The next night about bedtime I got a mes- had been the hardest fighters against the South sage that a man wanted to see me at the jail were in sympathy with much of it, if not with immediately. It was urgent. Would I come all. But to those who were of the South, even down there at once? I had a foreboding, and I with hearts then fixed upon the Union, it was went down. It was as I suspected. "No. 4" sublime. It passed beyond mere enthusiasm, was there behind the bars. * " Drunk again," however exalted, and rested in the profoundest said the turnkey, laconically, as he let me in. and most sacred deeps of their being. There He let me see him. He wanted me to see the were many cheers, but more tears; not tears of range and get him out. He besought me. He regret or mortification (for the flag of the Union wept. " It was all an accident"; he had "found that we now love floated everywhere, placed wme of the old boys, and they had got to talk- by hands that once fought against it), but tears ing over old times, and just for old times' sake," of sympathy and hallowed memory. The gaily eu. He was too drunk to stand up; but the decorated streets, in all the bravery of flutterterror of being locked up next day had sobered ing ensigns and bunting; the martial music of him and his mind was perfectly clear. He im- many bands; the constant tramp of marching plored me to see the judge and to get him to let troops; the thronged sidewalks, verandas, and him out. " Tell him I will come back here and roofs ; the gleam of polished arms and glitterstay a year if he will let me out to-morrow," ing uniforms; the flutter of gay garments, and he said brokenly. He showed me the gray the smiles of beautiful women sweet with symacket under his vest, and was speechless. Even pathy; the long line of old soldiers, faded and then he did not ask release on the ground that broken and gray, yet each self-sustained, and he was a veteran. I never knew him to urge inspired by the life of the South that fowed in
their veins, marching under the old Confed- walks was tremendous, and just before the old erate flags that they had borne so often in vic- veterans came along the crush increased. As tory and in defeat—all contributed to make the it resettled itself I became conscious that a lit
a outward pageant a scene never to be forgotten. tle old woman in a rusty black dress whom I But this was merely the outward image; the had seen patiently standing alone in the front real fact was the spirit. It was the South. It line on the street corner for an hour had lost was the spirit of the South, Confederate and her position, and had been pushed back against Union; not of the new South, nor yet merely the railing, and had an anxious, disappointed of the old South, but the spirit of the great look on her face. She had a little faded knot of South. When the young troops from every Confederate colors fastened in herolddress, and, Southern State marched by in their fresh uni- almost hidden by the crowd, she was looking forms, with well-drilled battalions, there were up and down in some distress to see if she could huzzas, much applause and enthusiasm; when not again get a place from which she could see. the old soldiers came there was a tempest, wild Finally she seemed to give it up, and stood cheers choking with sobs and tears, the well- quite still, tiptoeing now and then to try to known, once-heard-never-forgotten cry of the catch a glimpse. I was about to go to help South, known in history as "the rebel yell." her when, from a gay and crowded portico Men and women and children joined in it. It above her, a young and beautiful girl in a white began at the first sight of the regular column, dress, whom I had been observing for some swelled up the crowded streets, rose to the time as the life of a gay party, as she sat in thronged housetops,ran along them for squares, her loveliness, a queen on her throne with her and then came rolling back in volume only to courtiers around her, suddenly rose and ran rise and swell again greater than before. Men down into the street. There was a short colwept; women sobbed aloud. What was it? loquy. The young beauty was offering someOnly a thousand or two of old or aging men thing which the old lady was declining ; but it riding or tramping along through the dust of ended in the young girl leading the older wothe street, under some old flags, dirty and rag- man gently up on to her veranda and giving ged and stained. But they represented the spirit her the chair of state. She was hardly seated of the South; they represented the spirit which when the old soldiers began to pass. when honor was in question never counted the As the last mounted veterans came by, I recost; the spirit that had stood up for the South membered that I had not seen "No.4"; but as against overwhelming odds for four years, and I looked up, he was just coming along. In his until the South had crumbled and perished un- hand, with staff resting on his toe, he carried der the forces of war; the spirit that is the an old standard so torn and tattered and stained strongest guaranty to us to-day that the Union that it was scarce recognizable as a flag. I did is and is to be; the spirit that, glorious in vic- not for a moment take in that it was he, for tory, had displayed a fortitude yet greater in he was not in the gray jacket that I had exdefeat. Devoted to the Union, filled with en- pected to see. He was busy looking down at thusiasm for her, they saw in every stain on the throng on the sidewalk, evidently searching those tattered standards the blood of their no- for some one whom he expected to find there. blest, bravest, and best; in every rent a proof He was in some perplexity, and pulled in his of their glorious courage and sacrifice. They horse, which began to prance. Suddenly the saw in those gray and careworn faces, in those applause from the portico above arrested his old clothes interspersed now and then with a attention, and he looked toward it and bowed. faded gray uniform, the men who in the ardor As he did so his eye caught that of the old lady of their youth had, for the South, faced death seated there. His face lighted up, and, wheeling undaunted on a hundred fields, and had never his prancing horse half around, he dipped the even thought it great; men who had looked im- tattered standard, and gave the royal salute as mortality in the eyes, yet had been thrown down though saluting a queen. The old lady pressed and trampled underfoot, and who were greater her wrinkled hand over the knot of faded ribin their overthrow than when glory poured her bon on her breast, and made a gesture to him, light upon their upturned faces. Not one of and he rode on. He had suddenly grown handthem all but was self-sustaining, sustained by some. I looked at her again; her eyes were the South, or had ever even for one moment closed, her hands were clasped, and her lips thought in his direst extremity that he would were moving. I saw the likeness; she was his have what was undone.
mother. As he passed me I caught his eye. He The crowd was immense; the people on saw my perplexity about the jacket, glanced up the fashionable street up which the procession at the torn colors, and pointed to a figure just passed were fortunate; they had the advantage beyond him dressed in a short faded jacket. of their yards and porticos, and they threw them " No. 4" had been selected, as the highest open to the public. Still the throng on the side- honor, to carry the old colors which he had
once saved; and not to bear off all the honors wrists and around his body. He tried to pull from his friend, he had with true comradeship them from around him. At last, toward mornmade Binford Terrell wear his cherished jacket. ing, came one of these fearful spells worse He made a brave figure as he rode away, and than any that had gone before. It passed, my cheer died on my lips as I thought of the and he suddenly seemed to collapse. He sank, sad old mother in her faded knot, and of the and the stimulant administered failed to revive dashing young soldier who had saved the colors him. in that unnamed fight.
" He is going," said the doctor, quietly, After that we got him a place, and he did across the bed. Whether his dull ear caught well for several months. He seemed to be the word or not, I cannot say; but he sudcured. New life and strength appeared to denly roused up, tossed one arm, and said: come back to him. But his mother died, and "Binford, take the horses. I'm going to old one night shortly afterward he disappeared, Joe," and sank back. and remained lost for several days. When we "He's gone," said the doctor, opening his found him he had been brought to jail, and shirt and placing his ear over his heart. As I was sent for to see about him. He was worse he rose up I saw two curious scars on No. than I had ever known him. He was half- 4's" emaciated breast. They looked almost like naked and little better than a madman. I went small crosses, about the size of the decorations to a doctor about him, an old army surgeon, the European veterans wear. The old doctor who saw him, and shook his head." Mania bent over and examined them. a potu. Very bad; only a question of time," "Hello! Bayonet-wounds," he said briefly. he said. This was true. "No.4" was beyond A little later I went out to get a breath of hope. Body and brain were both gone. It got fresh morning air to quiet my nerves, which to be only a question of days, if not of hours. were somewhat unstrung. As I passed by a Some of his other friends and I determined little second-hand clothing-store of the meanthat he should not die in jail; so we took est kind, in a poor, back street, I saw hanging him out and carried him to a cool, pleasant up outside an old gray jacket. I stopped to room looking out on an old garden with trees examine it. It was stained behind with mud, in it. There in the dreadful terror of raving and in front with a darker color. An old patch delinum he passed that night. I with several hid a part of the front; but a close examiothers sat up with him. I could not have stood nation showed two holes over the breast. It many more like it. All night long he raved was "No.4's " lost jacket. I asked the shopand tore. His oaths were blood-curdling. He man about it. He had bought it, he said, of covered every past section of his life. His a pawnbroker who had got it from some drunarmy life was mainly in his mind. He fought the kard, who had probably stolen it last year from whole war over. Sometimes he prayed fervently; some old soldier. He readily sold it, and I prayed against his infirmity ; prayed that his took it back with me; and the others being chains might be broken. Then he would grow gone, an old woman and I cut the patch off calm for a while. One thing recurred con- it and put "No. 4's" stiffening arms into the stantly: he had sold his honor, betrayed his sleeves. Word was sent to us during the day to cause. This was the order again and again, and say that the city would bury him in the poorEach time the paroxysm of frightful fury came house grounds. But we told them that aron, and it took all of us to hold him. He was rangements had been made; that he would covered with snakes: they were chains on his have a soldier's burial. And he had it.
you, Vincent ? »
ghost."
"And I from a dog," said Clayborne. "And over his left eye, and this was one of his usual
attacks of neuralgic headaches. He has seen "I do not know," he returned. "I cannot this phantom twice since. It was merely the imagine anything which would make me visi- substitution of a figure of a cloaked man bly show fear. I think I am more afraid of for the lines of zigzag light which usually prewhat Anne would think of me than of any cede his headaches, and are not very rare. earthly object of dread. I can conceive as pos- One man sees stars falling, one a catharinesible what North mentioned. We must have wheel; but the appearance of distinct husomewhere a nerve-organ or -organs which feel man or other forms in their place is a recent what we call fear. Now, to have these so dis- observation. I have known a woman to see eased as to originate a sensation of causeless, her dead sister, until, after many returns of overwhelming terror, uncontrollable by will, the phantom, she ceased to be impressed must be of possible human torture the worst. by it." And you have seen it?"
"How disappointing!" exclaimed Mrs. Vin"Yes. A man says, "I am afraid.' You say, cent. *Of what?' He cannot tell you. 'Of nothing.
" And do
think these facts," said VinI am afraid.'"
cent, " explain some ghost-tales ? " "Two things I fear," cried St. Clair, who had " Yes, some. I have seen cases where the come in silently behind us –-" pain and a headache did not follow the catharine-wheel,
or the lines of light, or the specter, or was very "So glad to see you," cried Mrs. Vincent. trifling. And in some of these the ghost was "Sit down. We are discussing fear, cowardice, duly honored as a true article until subsequent courage."
and violent neuralgias explained it as a rare " Pain I fear most," he said, "yet hardly symptom of a common disorder." know it. And a ghost! Well, I know that. "Is the disease itself understood ?" said I have seen one."
Clayborne. "What? When? Where?" they cried. "No disease is understood. We trace back "Ask North," he replied.
the threads a little way, and find a tangle none it is true; but first, before I come in can unravel." with skeptical comments, let us hear your story. " Then the disease is as bad as a ghost -a You are the only one here who has seen a real ghost," cried Mrs. Vincent.
" I disbelieve in ghosts, and do not try at spir" I was in my studio six months ago at dusk. itual explanations. The material for study of I was thinking, as I stood, of how well my nature is with us always. We cannot experistatue of Saul looked, the light being dim, as ment on ghosts. I know of at least but one hint it would have been in his tent. I remembered in that direction." then having seen the statues of the Louvre on " And that?" said Clayborne. a moonlight night, when, with the curator, I "Well, if the ghost be a real thing outside lingered along the hall of the great Venus. of us, you will on theory double it if with a Some of the fine lines of Sill's poem came back finger you press one eye out of line, thus, and to me, and, turning, I moved toward the front will then be able to say, like the mousquetaire room to get the book. At that moment I be- in the 'Ingoldsby Legends,' 'Mon Dieu! V'la came aware of a black figure on my left side. deux.'" It was literally shrouded from head to foot; " Which shows," said Mrs. Vincent, gaily, even the face and the extremities were hidden. "how easily one may become the cause of duAt first I was surprised, and then by degrees plicity in others. It is a lesson in morals." a deadly fear possessed me. I was motionless, " Imagine Hamlet squinting at his papa!" and it did not stir. I turned to face it, but, as said St. Clair. "I tried it on my ghost, but it I did so, it moved so as to keep relatively to failed. North says he was only a monocularly me the same position. The whole act, if I may projected phantom." call it that, lasted, I should say, a minute. "That sounds reasonably explanatory," Then an agitation seized the form, as if it were growled Clayborne, grimly. convulsed under its black cloak, and a faint " But what does your phrase really mean?" glow, like phosphorescence, ran along the lines asked Mrs. Vincent of me. of the drapery, and it was gone."
" It means that the phantom is present only When he finished there was a moment of to one eye in these cases. To be able to dousilence. Then Mrs. Vincent exclaimed, "Was ble it, it must be seen by both eyes and be that all ?"
really external. If it be only in the brain, "A ghost in daytime," said Clayborne. "And and due to brain disorder, we should not be the comment, North."
able to squint it into doubleness." "As he lost it," said I," he felt a violent pain "But," said Vincent," it ought, in the latter
case, to be present also when the eyes are shut. has been the prey of collectors of such marvels. How is that?"
Psychical societies write to him; anxious be"I am not sure as to that, for I have been lievers and disbelievers in the supernatural astold by one person that her waking visions were sail him with letters. He has written some fifty seen with either eye, and with both, and that to lay this ghost. How could he predict a day they could not be doubled by squinting, and when he would be taken seriously?" were lost when the eyes were closed."
"I am very sleepy," said Mrs. Vincent," and " And how do you explain that ?"
it is near to twelve. You have not had the " I do not yet. The patient was a remark- smoke you are all hungering after." ably intelligent woman, but hysterical, and the Clearly the character doctor must wait," very suspicion of this puts one on guard, because said I. these people delight to be considered peculiar, " That may," she replied; " but not one of and their testimony must always be carefully you can have a cigar until I hear a real ghoststudied, and tested by that of others."
story." " Tell us what she saw," said Mrs. Vincent. Well," I said, "come close to me, all of
" It is interesting, but I must cut it short. you, and I will ransom the party." At eleven daily a gigantic black man entered "Oh, this is too delightful!" exclaimed Mrs. the room with a huge bass viol, set it in a cor- Vincent. ner, and went out. Presently a second brought "It is serious, Clayborne," I said; "you in an open coffin in which lay the patient her- might take notes." self. A little later a host of tiny men, all in red "Preposterous !" he cried. "Might I not medieval dresses, swarmed out of the cracks have even a cigarette at the window ? " of the viol, ran to the coffin, planted ladders "Not a whiff," said she; " I have heard that against it, sat in hordes on its upper edges, smoke acts on ghosts most injuriously." and, lowering on the outside tiny buckets, "A ghost-smudge!" cried Vincent. "That brought them up full of tinted sand. This they is good." threw into the coffin until it reached the face "Suppose we get through with this thing," of the figure within. At this moment the pa- groaned the historian. tient began to breathe with difficulty, and then " It is brief," I returned. of a sudden the pygmies emptied the coffin as " One morning, last autumn, I found on my quickly as they had filled it, and scuttled away breakfast-table a card, 'Alexander Gavin Macinto the viol, while the two blacks returned Allister, M. D., Edinburgh.' I know the man and took it away with the coffin."
well. An able, sturdy Scot, given to usquebaugh. "What an extraordinary story!" said St. Clair. He had a large practice among the mechanic "Can you explain it all?"
classes, and frequently consulted me. If a friend * Yes, in a measure; but it is hardly worth desired to annoy him, he had but to address while. And as for ghosts, the honest old-fash- him as Gavin. Gawin I was creesened, and ioned ghosts, does any one believe in them?" that 's my name.' He would have fought on * I do," said our hostess.
this, or for the honor of Scotland, or any man " And I do not," returned Clayborne. who thought Burns a lesser poet than Shak
" But do you believe anything?" cried St. spere. My servant said he had been waiting Clair.
two hours. I said, "Show him in.' - Yes," said Clayborne;" I believe there was "Ah, MacAllister,' I said, sit down. I a past, is a present, will be a future. And as to did not want you to wait. Talk away while the rest
I eat my breakfast; or, will you have some?' * Granted the past. As to the future," said "Nae bite, sir,' and after I had sent the St. Clair, "you cannot prove that it will be. servant away, 'I 'm in vara deep waters. I But there is no present, because that implies hae killed a mon last night, and I hae done rest of a moving world, swinging round with it of knowleedge.' a moving solar system. It is a mere word." "I looked at him curiously. Eyes, hair, beard,
** What! what! what!" cried Clayborne, sud- skin, were all of various tints of red. All burned denly contemplative.
a burning flame together.' Also he was wet with " And, after all," said Mrs. Vincent, "we the sweat of terror. have had no really curdling ghost-story. Only " • Let me hear,' I said. "A little whisky ?' nineteenth-century explanations."
"Nae drap, sir. I hae a deep fear that 's " It is dangerous to tell a ghost-story now- the witch seduced me. I 'm of opeenion that adays," I returned. "A friend of mine once wheesky must hae petticoats, there 's such an told one in print out of his wicked head, just abidin' leaven of meeschief in her soceeiety. for the fun of it. It was about a little dead I maun try to tell you, but I'm nigher prayin' child who rang up a doctor one night, and took than talkin'. Ghosts and warlocks are nae him to see her dying mother. Since then he quietin' company.'


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Visit the Natural Side of Northern Virginia!
Experience a natural refuge a short distance from Washington, DC.
The opportunities are endless with hiking trails, bicycle-accessible roads and trails, campgrounds, and over 100 cabins.
Want to make a camping reservation? The park has tent, cabin, and RV campsites available.
Trees grow in the historic forest.
Discover the amazing ecology of the piedmont forest.
Get out on the trails and enjoy some time outdoors!


Saint Cloud, MN (population: 67,771) has one	adult education school within a 100-mile radius of its city center. University of Minnesota-Twin Cities	has a total student population of 51,659. It is the 31st	highest ranked school in the USA and the highest in the state of Minnesota. To learn more about adult education programs in Saint Cloud, ratemyprofessors.com has reviews of adult education professors at University of Minnesota such as Chris Bedford, Kristina Blasen, Joanne Buggey, Lavonne Carlson, Joan Davis, and Peggy Delapp.
Adult Education students from Saint Cloud schools who go on to become adult education teachers, economics professors, teachers, educators, etc. have a good chance at finding employment. For example, there are 56,880 people working as education teachers alone in the US, and their average annual salary is $62,160. Also, Education administrators make on average $95,340	per year and there are about 105,900	of them employed in the US today.
Saint Cloud, MN (population: 67,771) has one	adult education school within a 100-mile radius of its city center. University of Minnesota-Twin Cities has a total student population of 51,659. It is the 31st	highest ranked school in the USA and the highest in the state of Minnesota. To learn more about adult education programs in Saint Cloud, ratemyprofessors.com has reviews of adult education professors at University of Minnesota such as Chris Bedford, Kristina Blasen, Joanne Buggey, Lavonne Carlson, Joan Davis, and Peggy Delapp.