So it's your first year of school and your moving into a dorm, or since it's already Sunday chances are you've already been living in a dorm for about a week now. Depressing cement walls, sketchy carpet you won't chance bare feet on, and florescent lights that give you a constant headache. Does that sound about right? Well, there are several things to do to cozy up the place and make it feel like home, at least for the few months you'll be living there.
Lighting: Turn off those florescent lights and don't turn them back on. Get yourself a stand up lamp or a good desk lamp and make sure it can significantly light the room. Now make sure it's got a good lamp shade on it and find a nice sheer scarf that you can throw on top for some nice dim lighting. Twinkle lights strung along the bed frame or across the wall is always a perfect touch as well.
Walls: Create collages of pictures that remind you of home and friends. Find some great DIY pieces for your walls such as large letters, they're so easy to make! Back to school time usually means poster sales on campus; find yourself some images that suit you, maybe some that are even conversation starters for new friends. Want something a little more luxurious? Try some wall tapestries.
Scent: To me, the more comfortable spaces are those that smell good. Find a scent that suits you and that isn't too over powering. If you have a roommate get their approval of course. Stay away from scents that might be common headache starters such as sweeter smells and vanilla, your new friends may appreciate it.
Storage: Take advantage of those 'back to school' aisles of Walmart and Target where you'll find great tote bins that can be hidden under your bed or racks that you can hang off the back of a door. Keeping your small space as clean and clutter-free as possible is key to a cozy space. And again, your roommate will appreciate it I'm sure.
How have you decorated your dorm room? Six years ago my four cement walls took a few days to make cozy but all these tips come from my own experiences and it wasn't long before my small room felt like home!
Enjoy your new school year my friends!


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Talent management has a long history at the University of Debrecen. First, the workshops of the scholarly students' circles represented the main forum for talent management, while since 2000, i.e. the establishment of the Talent Management Program of the University of Debrecen (DETEP), besides these workshops the colleges for advanced studies are also supervised by DETEP and the Talent Council.
The University of Debrecen helps its highly talented students to improve their skills and "capitalize" on their talent. The comprehensive talent management program of the university (DETEP) is developed continuously, providing services and the adequate background for identifying, managing, and supporting talented students. The university is an active member of both Hungarian and international talent management networks and initiatives, providing talent management not only for its own students but also in public education and for its alumni. Our goal is to increase the number of students participating in the scholarly students' circles and the colleges for advanced studies, and to make services offered by the colleges available for a growing number of talented students. The development of the institutional framework of talent management also involves the improvement of the mentor-tutor system, as well as the renewal of the teaching assistant program. It is also our task to get the instructors, researchers, prominent scholars involved in the talent management program for students. We acknowledge and encourage outstanding student performance and accomplishments that go beyond what is expected in the classroom. With the help of the talent support system, students can focus their attention and energy on academic-scholarly activities. The university also pays attention to supporting socially disadvantaged talents and ensures they have equal opportunities.
The objective of talent management is to educate the next generation of scholars and train future professionals so that they can be successful in their careers. With this mission in mind, the university provides all the tools and support available for it.
Goodbye, 2019! Welcome, 2020!
A record number of news appeared about the University of Debrecen in the national and the local press. The number of reports and news items concerning the institute exceeded 18 thousand. The number of visits to the news page of the university reached half a million this year.
Among the Greenest Universities
The University of Debrecen has improved more than 150 places on the list of UI GreenMetric World University Rankings. The university was ranked 202th place on the international list assessing the sustainability of universities made by Universitas Indonesia.
The winter graduation ceremonies are approaching
This weekened the winter graduation ceremonies of the University of Debrecen started with the ceremony of the graduates of the Faculty of General Medicine. During the graduation ceremonies nearly 1700 graduates of 9 faculties receive their degrees.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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what did the founding fathers do
Omissions? Founding Fathers: Who Were These Guys? Indian policy was therefore a branch of foreign policy, and all treaties were solemn commitments by the federal government not subject to challenge by any state or private corporation. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. At the most general level, they created the first modern nation-state based on liberal principles. To hear our Founding Fathers speak of liberty and freedom you might believe that they had some knowledge and experience with the subject matter. Original copy of the U.S. Constitution, housed in the National Archives in Washington, D.C. Thomas Jefferson Memorial, Washington, D.C. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. They certainly did not intend for the weapons to be available to the masses without proper regulation, as shown by their strict regulations on firearms even for soldiers, let alone civilians. While there are no agreed-upon criteria for inclusion, membership in this select group customarily requires conspicuous contributions at one or both of the foundings of the United States: during the American Revolution, when independence was won, or during the Constitutional Convention, when nationhood was achieved. Second, the American system of jurisprudence links all landmark constitutional decisions to the language of the Constitution itself and often to the "original intent" of the framers. Given the surging size of the white population, it is difficult to imagine how the story could have turned out differently. Given these prevalent convictions and attitudes, slavery was that most un-American item, an inherently intractable and insoluble problem. The Founding Fathers focused not on particularities but on principles, such as the need in a democracy for people to engage in free and robust discourse. Each brought his own unique knowledge, experiences, and ideas. Founding Fathers, the most prominent statesmen of America's Revolutionary generation, responsible for the successful war for colonial independence from Great Britain, the liberal ideas celebrated in the Declaration of Independence, and the republican form of government defined in … Do whatever you have to do. It was fear of times like this that sparked the Founding Fathers to put freedom of speech, religion and the press in the First Amendment to the Constitution. While there are no agreed-upon criteria for inclusion,… Ratio and Proportional Reasoning using MiC, Inside the Classroom with Pathways: Science. There is a nearly unanimous consensus that George Washington was the Foundingest Father of them all. As James Madison observed, they "accomplished a revolution which has no parallel in the annals of human society. The worldview out of which America was born centered on three revolutionary ideas, of which the most powerful was a thirst for liberty. We can — and must — teach the ugly parts of our nation's history even if that drops our founding fathers from flawless heroes to ordinary human beings. But, as it soon became clear, the federal government lacked the resources in money and manpower to make Washington's vision a reality. Dave Hodges has been … The three of them together share a common goal, which is to ensure that unpopular and, yes even hurtful or hateful points of … First, the United States was not founded on a common ethnicity, language, or religion that could be taken for granted as the primal source of national identity. I am grateful to live in the United States and for the inspired documents that proclaim freedom for all people. When did a U.S. president first appear on TV? In much the same way that adolescents view their parents, the Founders are depicted as heroic icons or despicable villains, demigods or devils, the creators of all that is right or all that is wrong with American society. What did the "Founding Fathers" really mean? To become an American citizen is not a matter of bloodlines or genealogy but rather a matter of endorsing and embracing the values established at the founding, which accords the men who invented these values a special significance. What, in the end, did the Founding Fathers manage to do? The Founding Fathers refers to the individuals credited with achieving the independence of the United States of America. In recent years the Founder whose reputation has been tossed most dramatically across this swoonish arc is Thomas Jefferson, simultaneously the author of the most lyrical rendition of the American promise to the world and the most explicit assertion of the supposed biological inferiority of African Americans. Virtually all the Founding Fathers went to their graves realizing that slavery, no matter how intractable, would become the largest and most permanent stain on their legacy. And when Abraham Lincoln eventually made the decision that, at terrible cost, ended slavery forever, he did so in the name of the Founders. What the Founding Fathers Intended. This is predominantly due to the Founding Fathers' affinity for hemp plants, which are, of course, a cousin to marijuana.. The Founding Fathers embodied and improved upon the learning of the ages. John Adams, as ambassador to Great Britain, wrote "Defense … Go back in time for the all-American answers. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. For the … He kept abreast of the proceedings in Philadelphia by carrying on correspondence with James Madison. As Thomas Jefferson so famously put it, the founders held "the wolfe by the ears," and could neither subdue him nor afford to let him go. There were at least three underlying reasons for this tragic failure. As members of the elite, the Founding Fathers did not want the uneducated majority to control government. Founding Fathers and Slaveholders To what degree do the attitudes of Washington and Jefferson toward slavery diminish their achievements? And because the American Founders were real men, not fictional legends like Romulus and Remus of Rome or King Arthur of England, they will be unable to bear the impossible burdens that Americans reflexively, perhaps inevitably, need to impose upon them. These three quotes from the Founding Fathers remind us to defend our constitutional republic with all our might. They malign the other party incessantly. Why were they willing to do what they did, pledging their lives, fortunes? Most of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention had experience in politics and/or government. Founding Fathers: Who Were These Guys? Our editors will review what you've submitted and determine whether to revise the article. They epitomize the model of effective leadership. They reared the fabrics of governments which have no model on the face of the globe." Once again, this legal tradition gives the American Founders an abiding relevance in current discussions of foreign and domestic policy that would be inconceivable in most European countries. But it was anything but that; at that time, we had slavery, and women were treated as inferiors. While most of the Founders regarded slavery as a malignant cancer on the body politic, they also believed that any effort to remove it surgically would in all likelihood kill the young nation in the cradle. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Best-selling historian Joseph J. Ellis discusses what the Founding Fathers got wrong — and what they would say of our country today. Founding Fathers, the most prominent statesmen of America's Revolutionary generation, responsible for the successful war for colonial independence from Great Britain, the liberal ideas celebrated in the Declaration of Independence, and the republican form of government defined in the United States Constitution. How do we draw on that spirit again? Washington, who was accustomed to getting his way, observed caustically that nothing short of "a Chinese Wall" could protect the Native American tribes from the relentless expansion of white settlements. and sacred honor for the cause of Independence? For instance, George Washington was one of the only founding fathers to run an estate with financial success. Tomorrow's Post: "How Did They Pull It Off?". The Founding Fathers were those political leaders of the 13 British Colonies in North America who played major roles in the American Revolution against the Kingdom of Great Britain and the founding of the new nation after independence was won. To comment, you must Log In or Register. The Great Quotes by The Founding Fathers on the 1st Amendment Quote 1: Amendment 1 of the US Constitution "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." … The inevitable collision between these two peoples posed the strategic—and ultimately the moral question: how could the legitimate rights of the Indian population be reconciled with the demographic tidal wave building to the east? While the Founding Fathers would have likely not considered themselves politicians, they perhaps would have identified simply as patriots. The founding fathers wrote the amendment while keeping in mind the weapons used during that time period. In general, scholarship at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st has focused more on ordinary and "inarticulate" Americans in the late 18th century, the periphery of the social scene rather than the centre. Corrections? The other tragic failure of the Founders, almost as odious as the failure to end slavery, was the inability to implement a just policy toward the indigenous inhabitants of the North American continent. That was what the founding fathers wanted it to be. Instead, it was founded on a set of beliefs and convictions, what Thomas Jefferson described as self-evident truths, that were proclaimed in 1776 and then embedded in the Bill of Rights of the Constitution. They were doctors and lawyers, merchants and farmers. And at least in retrospect, their failure to act decisively before the slave population swelled so dramatically rendered the slavery question insoluble by any means short of civil war. Founding Fathers, the most prominent statesmen of America's Revolutionary generation, responsible for the successful war for colonial independence from Great Britain, the liberal ideas celebrated in the Declaration of Independence, and the republican form of government defined in the United States Constitution. Politicians and citizens also use the Founding Fathers when talking about the separation between … Such influential women as Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, and Mercy Otis Warren made significant contributions that merit attention, despite the fact that the Founding Fathers label obscures their role. Nor do I worship them. As a result, the Founding Fathers label that originated in the 19th century as a quasi-religious and nearly reverential designation has become a more controversial term in the 21st. In the end, they could not. The U.S. This recent scholarship is heavily dependent on the massive editorial projects, ongoing since the 1960s, that have produced a level of documentation on the American Founders that is more comprehensive and detailed than the account of any political elite in recorded history. The Founding Fathers of the United States, or simply the Founding Fathers or Founders, were a group of American leaders who united the Thirteen Colonies, led the war for independence from Great Britain, and built a frame of government for the new United States of America upon republican principles during the latter decades of the 18th century. None of the Founding Fathers found it possible to imagine a biracial American society, an idea that, in point of fact, did not achieve broad acceptance in the United States until the middle of the 20th century. Although the list of members can expand and contract in response to political pressures and ideological prejudices of the moment, the following 10, presented alphabetically, represent the "gallery of greats" that has stood the test of time: John Adams, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Marshall, George Mason, and George Washington. In contrast, Congress today is divisive. As Thomas Jefferson described in a letter to Edmund Pendleton, "a choice by the people themselves is not generally distinguished for its wisdom" (7). While this enormous avalanche of historical evidence bodes well for a more nuanced and sophisticated interpretation of the founding generation, the debate is likely to retain a special edge for most Americans. Previous Post: The U.S. The very term Founding Fathers has also struck some scholars as inherently sexist, verbally excluding women from a prominent role in the founding. They did not foresee the cotton gin and the subsequent expansion of the Cotton Kingdom. Our Founding Fathers may be esteemed for getting the United States of America started, but they were still regular people, with all-too-human quirks, personality flaws and family issues. Slavery was incompatible with the values of the American Revolution, and all the prominent members of the revolutionary generation acknowledged that fact. More specifically, the Founding Fathers managed to defy conventional wisdom in four unprecedented achievements: first, they won a war for colonial independence against the most powerful military and economic power in the world; second, they established the first large-scale republic in the modern world; third, they invented political parties that institutionalized the concept of a legitimate opposition; fourth, they established the principle of the legal separation of church and state, though it took several decades for that principle to be implemented in all the states. Within the narrower world of the academy, however, opinion is more divided. 06/21/2010 05:12 am ET Updated May 25, 2011 I'm no socialist, but sometimes when I look at the history of the United States, I'm left to conclude that Marx was on to something. Founding Fathers were not there, but made significant contributions in other ways. DO YOU THINK THE FOUNDING FATHERS WOULD TOLERATE THE INVASION OF ITS CITIES AND NEIGHBORHOODS BY VIOLENT REVOLUTIONARIES IN VIOLATION OF THE RULE OF LAW. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Talk about a class act. Dolley Madison, painting by Rembrandt Peale. What he determines is that there were few political role models for the Founding Fathers to draw on, certainly not in recent history. This decision had catastrophic consequences, for it permitted the enslaved population to grow in size eightfold (i.e., from 500,000 in 1775 to 4,000,000 in 1860) and to spread throughout all the southern states east of the Mississippi River. Ben Franklin on U.S. currency. However, the founding fathers did unite and collaborated to resist British taxes and oppression. They took decisive action together and pledged their lives, fortunes and honor while doing so. About the Author . Ellis's commentaries have been featured on CSPAN, CNN, and PBS's. Although official policy of Indian removal east of the Mississippi was not formally announced and implemented until 1830, the seeds of that policy—what one historian has called "the seeds of extinction"—were planted during the founding era, most especially during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson (1801-09). Washington envisioned a series of American Indian enclaves or homelands east of the Mississippi whose borders would be guaranteed under federal law, protected by federal troops, and bypassed by the flood of white settlers. He was a general, diplomat, farmer, distiller, and much more. Would these "perfect men" agree with what America has become? Any assessment of America's founding generation has become a conversation about the core values embodied in the political institutions of the United States, which are alternatively celebrated as the wellspring of democracy and a triumphant liberal legacy or demonized as the source of American arrogance, racism, and imperialism. Other U.S. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. George Washington, shown here … As long as the United States endures as a republican government established in the late 18th century, all Americans are living the legacy of that creative moment and therefore cannot escape its grand and tragic implications. Updates? Indeed, by insisting that slavery was a matter of state rather than federal jurisdiction, they implicitly removed the slavery question from the national agenda. Given the overheated character of the debate over the Founding Fathers, perhaps it is prudent to move towards less contested and more factual terrain, where we might better understand what the fuss is all about. Did the Founding Fathers Smoke Weed? Joseph Ellis, a professor of history at Mount Holyoke since 1972, is one of the nation's foremost scholars of American history. The Treaty of New York with the Creek tribes of the early southwest proposed a new model for American policy toward the Indians, declaring that they should not be regarded as a conquered people with no legal rights, but rather as a collection of sovereign nations. But over the last centuries we have created a country that is. First, many of the Founders mistakenly believed that slavery would die a natural death, that decisive action was unnecessary because slavery would not be able to compete successfully with the wage labor of free individuals. Uhhhh no. There were many more than ten founders that had a huge impact on the American Revolution, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution. These include the democratic principle that political sovereignty in any government resides in the citizenry rather than in a divinely sanctioned monarchy, the capitalistic principle that economic productivity depends upon the release of individual energies in the marketplace rather than state-sponsored policies, the moral principle that the individual, not the society or the state, is the sovereign unit in the political equation, and the judicial principle that all citizens, regardless of class or gender, are equal before the law. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. These are our favorite Founders quotes on why they distrusted the notion of professional politicians, and always put America first. The religious views of the Founding Fathers have always been a source of interest. Lauren Bacall, 1924 - 2014. I don't hate the Founding Fathers. The Faiths of the Founding Fathers is a book by historian of American religion David L. Holmes of the College of William & Mary. In 1783, the year that the British surrendered control of the eastern third of North America in the Treaty of Paris, there were approximately 100,000 American Indians living between the Alleghenies and the Mississippi. Comments. And when Abraham Lincolneventually made the decision that, at terrible cost, ended slavery forever, he … Within the broader world of popular opinion in the United States, the Founding Fathers are often accorded near mythical status as demigods who occupy privileged locations on the slopes of some American version of Mount Olympus. The signing of the U.S. Constitution by 39 members of the Constitutional Convention on September 17, 1787; painting by Howard Chandler Christy. In an example, Ben Franklin said this: "Those who would give up essential liberty to … Second, all the early efforts to place slavery on the national agenda prompted a threat of secession by the states of the Deep South (i.e., South Carolina and Georgia were the two states who actually threatened to secede, though Virginia might very well have chosen to join them if the matter came to a head), a threat especially potent during the fragile phase of the early American republic. And the very act of claiming executive power to create an Indian protectorate prompted charges of monarchy, the most potent political epithet of the age. Thomas Jefferson, who wrote the Declaration of Independence, was serving as ambassador to France at the time of the Convention. Finally, in part because so much always seems to be at stake whenever the Founding Fathers enter any historical conversation, the debate over their achievement and legacy tends to assume a hyperbolic shape. And much of the scholarly work focusing on the Founders has emphasized their failures more than their successes, primarily their failure to end slavery or reach a sensible accommodation with the Native Americans. This was the overarching accomplishment that the British philosopher Alfred Lord North Whitehead had in mind when he observed that there were only two instances in the history of Western Civilization when the political elite of an emerging empire behaved as well as one could reasonably expect: the first was Rome under Caesar Augustus, and the second was the United States under the Founding Fathers. The Founding Fathers believed Americans needed their own country. The Founding Fathers were, relatively speaking, a diverse group. For at least two reasons, the debate over its Founders occupies a special place in America's history that has no parallel in the history of any European nation-state. Once we brush aside both the inflated and judgmental rhetoric, what did they achieve? James Madison, detail of an oil painting by Asher B. Durand, 1833; in the collection of The New-York Historical Society. What did the Founding Fathers have in mind when they conceived of a land of liberty? Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The Founding Fathers intended for all white men who were educated and owned property to be considered equal, yet today that same line includes African Americans, Native Americans, immigrants, and women. They spoke and wrote openly of their concerns about what it would take to keep liberty strong, how liberty could be taken away, how freedoms could be lost. It is as if an electromagnetic field surrounds the discussion, driving the debate toward mutually exclusive appraisals. Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall. Since the late 1990s a surge of new books on the Founding Fathers, several of which have enjoyed surprising commercial and critical success, has begun to break free of the hyperbolic pattern and generate an adult rather than adolescent conversation in which a sense of irony and paradox replaces the old moralistic categories. They knew it was unprecedented; they knew their … But in all the states south of the Potomac, where some nine-tenths of the slave population resided, they failed to act. Virtually all the Founding Fathers went to their graves realizing that slavery, no matter how intractable, would become the largest and most permanent stain on their legacy. Interestingly, the question of whether or not the Founding Fathers smoked weed is a common one. One genuine effort to avoid that outcome was made in 1790 during the presidency of George Washington. It already wasn't the U.S. they envisioned. Founding Fathers: Achievements and Failures. Who was the original Edsel? Holmes approaches the topic of the religion of the founders of the United States by analyzing their public statements and correspondence, the comments left by their contemporaries, and the views, where available, of clergy who knew them. Moreover, this liberal formula has become the preferred political recipe for success in the modern world, vanquishing the European monarchies in the 19th century and the totalitarian regimes of Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union in the 20th century. The U.S. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Founding-Fathers, National Constitution Center - Founding Fathers, Founding Fathers - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Founding Fathers - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). This involvement with hemp included Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington and James Madison who each … Finally, all these achievements were won without recourse to the guillotine or the firing-squad wall, which is to say without the violent purges that accompanied subsequent revolutions in France, Russia, and China. I am grateful that God can inspire all of us to do good. The First Census (1790) revealed that there were also 100,000 white settlers living west of the Alleghenies, swelling in size every year (by 1800 they would number 500,000) and moving relentlessly westward. DO YOU THINK THAT COVID-19 POSITIVE FOUNDING FATHERS WOULD WEAR ANKLE BRACELETS? © 2006-2014 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica.com | Privacy Policy | Terms of Use/Legal Notices | Blog Archive | Contact Us, In case you're mulling the relative ranking of. George Mason, detail of an oil painting by L. Guillaume after a portrait by J. Hesselius; in the collection of the Virginia Historical Society. Finally, all conversations about abolishing slavery were haunted by the specter of a free African American population, most especially in those states south of the Potomac where in some locations blacks actually outnumbered whites. In three important areas they acted on this conviction: first, by ending the slave trade in 1808; second, by passing legislation in all the states north of the Potomac that put slavery on the road to ultimate extinction; third, by prohibiting the expansion of slavery into the Northwest Territory. One where we can say we are all equal. This is some of what we discuss today with my friend, D. Joe Wolverton. Gain access to exclusive content all of us to do good doing so annals! A thirst for liberty resist British taxes and oppression suggestions to improve article... The end, did the Founding Fathers smoked weed is a nearly unanimous that. 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Treated as inferiors can say we are all equal or other sources if you have any questions as to. Article ( requires login ) knowledge and experience with the subject matter amendment while keeping in mind the used. College of William & Mary nearly unanimous consensus that George Washington believe that they some! The New-York Historical society for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox Convention had in... Were not there, but made significant contributions in other ways is nearly! There, but made significant contributions in other ways Declaration of Independence, was serving as to! Surging size of the Convention this is predominantly due to the Founding Fathers ' affinity for hemp plants, are..., D. Joe Wolverton James Madison observed, they "accomplished a revolution which has parallel! Thirst for liberty us to do good trusted stories delivered right to your inbox time, had! On what did the founding fathers do revolutionary ideas, of course, a cousin to marijuana why were they to! Documents that proclaim freedom for all people Jefferson, who wrote the Declaration of,... The article scholars of American religion David L. Holmes of the nation 's foremost scholars of religion... Own country common one Asher B. Durand, 1833 ; in the annals of human society insoluble... How the story could have turned out differently members of the cotton Kingdom must Log in Register. Course, a diverse group to the Constitutional Convention had experience in and/or! Insoluble problem resist British taxes and oppression of them all the discussion, driving debate! School students brought his own unique knowledge, experiences, and much more narrower world of Constitutional! Also struck some scholars as inherently sexist, verbally excluding women from a prominent role the. Were, relatively speaking, a professor of history at Mount Holyoke since 1972, is of. 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The title of Eshkol Nevo's most recent book, Three Floors Up, refers to Sigmund Freud's concept of the unconscious, which Freud likened to three floors of a mansion: the id, the ego, and the superego. The three protagonists of the three-part novel, each of whom lives on a different floor of an apartment building near Tel Aviv, experience crises that activate each aspect. Arnon, who lives on the first floor, is a father who has become obsessed with the idea that his young daughter has been sexually molested. On the second floor, Hani, a young mother of two whose husband is frequently away, fears she is losing her mind and is plagued by an inability to motivate herself to progress in the career she has always wanted. Devora is a retired judge residing on the third floor; her husband has died and her uncontrollable son is estranged.
Oddly, though, each of the three protagonists narrates his or her torturous story to a silent "you": Arnon, to a taciturn army buddy he's not seen in a long time; Hani, through letters she may or may not ever send, to her childhood friend Netta, who has since moved to America; and Devora, on carefully regulated segments of answering machine tape, to her dead husband, Michael. As befits the Freudian analogy, they seek justifications for their impulsive actions, encouragement and self-knowledge, and a movement toward compassion for others.
Most urgently, however, they seek to be heard. And because the interlocutors are absent, the reader often stands in for each "you." This makes for a charged reading experience—often I felt that I could not put the book down. Not merely because I wanted to know what happened next, but because I also felt the protagonist depended upon me for his or her own very life.
Nevo is an engaging writer, able to tackle the most horrifying human acts and emotions with verve and matter-of-factness that serve the novel well. However, the first two parts were vaguely unsatisfying, as they ended without any resolution. The third part was more satisfying in that, for a moment, as Devora goes floor-to-floor in an attempt to rouse the inhabitants of the building to join the Tel Aviv tent protests on Rothschild Avenue, we are partially able to eavesdrop on the fallout from each crisis, gathering enough information to imagine an ending. This saves the novel from its own cleverness. And, in fact, in the character of Devora, we see growth and change, a movement toward resolution. Still, as a whole, the conclusion of the book is left largely to its afterlife in our imaginations.
This makes the issue of translation—the art that has been called the second life, or the afterlife, of a literary work—so crucial. For what Nevo has done is to demonstrate that translation means not only moving a world from one language to another, but within a language, moving a protagonist's experience from one individual's life to another's through the act of empathy. The protagonists are often annoying or appalling, and how a reader responds to each probably depends largely on one's gender, marital status, and the age of one's children (if relevant). Sondra Silverston, who has translated Nevo's three previous novels, is so graceful and skillful a translator that it is easy to forget we are reading a translation. This is no mean feat, because the novel is thoroughly Israeli in that it is predicated on an understanding of the universal draft and the Israeli judiciary system, as well as the centrality of family in Israeli society, and it refers to central political figures. Silverston also captures the novel's wry humor and its holocaust obsession. Her translation's accessibility allows the English version to embrace the question of what it means to be an individual in human civil society, whether we mean a marriage, a family, an apartment complex, a city, or a country.
Nevo, Eshkol. Three Floors Up. Tr. Sondra Silverston. New York: Other Press, 2017.


Four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables quantification of kinetic energy (KE) in intraventricular blood flow. This provides a novel way to understand the cardiovascular physiology of the Fontan circulation. In this study, we aimed to quantify the KE in functional single ventricles. 4D flow MRI was acquired in eleven patients with Fontan circulation (median age 12 years, range 3–29) and eight healthy volunteers (median age 26 years, range 23–36). Follow-up MRI after surgical or percutaneous intervention was performed in 3 patients. Intraventricular KE was calculated throughout the cardiac cycle and indexed to stroke volume (SV). The systolic/diastolic ratio of KE in Fontan patients was similar to the ratio of the controls' left ventricle (LV) or right ventricle (RV) depending on the patients' ventricular morphology (Cohen´s κ = 1.0). Peak systolic KE/SV did not differ in patients compared to the LV in controls (0.016 ± 0.006 mJ/ml vs 0.020 ± 0.004 mJ/ml, p = 0.09). Peak diastolic KE/SV in Fontan patients was lower than in the LV of the control group (0.028 ± 0.010 mJ/ml vs 0.057 ± 0.011 mJ/ml, p < 0.0001). The KE during diastole showed a plateau in patients with aortopulmonary collaterals. This is to our knowledge the first study that quantifies the intraventricular KE of Fontan patients. KE is dependent on the morphology of the ventricle, and diastolic KE indexed to SV in patients is decreased compared to controls. The lower KE in Fontan patients may be a result of impaired ventricular filling.
The online version of this article (doi: 10.1007/s00246-016-1565-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00246-017-1617-6.
The Fontan operation is the procedure of choice used to palliate patients with a congenital heart defect not suited for biventricular repair . One functional ventricle pumps the blood through the systemic circulation and the blood returns passively to the pulmonary circulation through the caval veins.
The Fontan circulation is dependent on an elevated systemic venous pressure, low pulmonary vascular resistance, and low left atrial pressure [2, 3]. The patients are also dependent on a systemic ventricle with good systolic function, but since the primary limitation of the Fontan circulation is the filling of the systemic ventricle, a good diastolic function is mandatory for preserving an adequate cardiac output .
Studies show decrease in survival beyond 15–20 years after surgery in Fontan patients [5, 6] and the number of additional interventions after the Fontan procedure is high . This is mainly driven by the prognosis of the Fontan patients who develop complications due to longstanding low cardiac output . Increased understanding of the Fontan circulation physiology is therefore central to be able to prevent and treat possible complications.
The ability of the ventricle to deliver cardiac output to the body is facilitated by the looped shape anatomy of a morphological left ventricle that helps to conserve the momentum of blood  through a ventricular inflow vortex [10, 11]. This means that the momentum of blood is preserved during diastole in a vortex and directed toward the outflow tract . Four-dimensional (4D) phase-contrast cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures velocities of the blood in three directions over time and has been used to improve the accuracy in flow measurement over the atrioventricular valve in patients with Fontan circulation . Furthermore, 4D flow enables quantification of caval flow distribution to the pulmonary artery . 4D flow MRI can also quantify the kinetic energy (KE) of the heart chambers [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19] and hence provide fundamental insights into these aspects of heart physiology. Studies in adult patients with heart failure and patients with mitral regurgitation have shown alterations in KE [20, 21, 22] and recently Jeong et al. used this method to quantify right ventricular KE in Tetralogy of Fallot patients . Knowledge of KE in single ventricles and Fontan circulation may improve our understanding of the hemodynamic reasons for impaired function in these patients, but to our knowledge there are no published studies to date on ventricular KE data in these patients.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to noninvasively quantify the kinetic energy during the entire cardiac cycle of the single ventricle in Fontan patients using four-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D PC-MRI) to better understand the circulation and the pathophysiology of complications.
Patients with Fontan circulation referred to Skane University Hospital for a cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) examination were prospectively included. The inclusion time was from November 2013 until September 2014. In addition to routine clinical examination, 4D flow was acquired. Eight healthy volunteers (2 females, median age 26 years, range 23–36) were used as controls. Healthy controls were recruited by advertising at the local institution and had to have blood pressure <140/90, normal ECG, no cardiovascular medication, and no medical history of cardiovascular or other systemic disease to be included. The Fontan KE was compared on a group level to the LV KE of controls. The reason for comparing with the LV was that even if there is an RV morphology in a Fontan patient, the systemic ventricle is pumping with the requirements closer to an LV rather than an RV.
The principles of the Helsinki declaration were followed and the study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board, Lund, Sweden. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects or their parents if <18 years of age.
4D PC-MRI flow acquisitions and cine images were acquired as previously described and validated in vivo and in vitro [24, 25]. In short, images were acquired using retrospective ECG triggering, with a 1.5 or 3 T Philips Achieva MRI. A volume covering the entire heart and central great vessels was acquired using a 4D phase-contrast velocity mapping turbo-field-echo sequence. Typical imaging parameters were TR/TE/flip angle: 6.2 ms/3.6 ms/8° and velocity encoding 100 cm/s. Number of time phases acquired was dependent on heart rate and set to the maximum with a segmentation factor of 2. The acquired temporal resolution varied from 50 to 55 ms, i.e., 14–22 phases acquired and thereafter reconstructed to 40 time phases. Voxel size was 2 × 2 × 2 mm in children and 3 × 3 × 3 mm in adults. Acquired matrix size was typically 80 × 80 × 35. Images were acquired during free breathing without navigator triggering as earlier described and validated .
A steady-state free precession sequence (TR/TE/flip angle: 2.9 ms/1.5 ms /60°, slice thickness 8 mm, in-plane resolution 1.2 × 1.2 mm) was used to collect cine images covering the entire heart. Flow measurements with a phase-contrast velocity mapping fast field echo sequence (TR/TE/flip angle: 10 ms/6.5 ms/15° in-plane resolution 1.2 × 1.2 mm) during free breathing as earlier described and validated were performed in the ascending aorta to measure the effective stroke volume (SV) and cardiac index (CI) .
Gadolinium contrast is not required for the 4D flow acquisitions and was not given as part of the study protocol but was administered in 2/11 patients due to clinical questions of myocardial fibrosis in one case and MR angiography in one case.
Images were analyzed with the Segment software (http://segment.heiberg.se), using an in-house developed module for 4D PC-MRI analysis of KE . A first-order polynomial fit to stationary tissue was used to compensate for eddy currents. Maxwell effects due to concomitant gradients were compensated for by the scanner. Velocity aliasing was corrected using phase unwrapping. The net three-dimensional velocity vector for each voxel was computed.
Endocardial contours of the functional single ventricle and the contours of the superior vena cava (SVC), the tunnel or conduit from the inferior vena cava (IVC), and the pulmonary artery (PA) branches were manually traced in all phases of the cine images. The segmentation was imported to the reconstructed 4D flow dataset with manual correction when needed. KE was calculated within the resulting delineation of the ventricle throughout the cardiac cycle in the 4D flow images. The KE of a voxel was calculated as KE=½mv 2, where m is the mass of the blood in the voxel and v is the velocity of the voxel. The mass of the voxel was calculated as the volume multiplied by the density of the blood, 1.05 g/cm3 . The KE of each voxel within the delineation of the ventricle or vessel was summed to get the KE of the entire ventricle or vessel part in each phase of the cardiac cycle. To be able to compare patients with different age and body size, KE was indexed to stroke volume (SV) or the volume of the vessel part.
The location of the KE in the ventricle was performed by exporting velocity data and anatomical images from Segment to the open-source 4D flow software FourFlow (http://fourflow.heiberg.se) enabling anatomical correlation of KE. Peak systolic and diastolic velocities were quantified in the outflow and inflow of the ventricles, and correlated to systolic and diastolic peak KE, respectively. The electronic supplement file Movie 1 shows step by step how KE was analyzed using 4D flow MRI.
Patients' clinical status was evaluated by their treating pediatric cardiologist. Aortopulmonary collaterals (APCs) were evaluated during catheterization using fluoroscopic angiography of the thoracic aorta and the degree of collateral flow from MRI. APC blood flow was calculated using MRI by subtracting the flow volume in the caval veins from the aortic flow measured by 2D flow. The difference between pulmonary and caval venous flows was used for APC quantification in three patients where aortic flow measurements were not available . Seven of the 11 patients underwent catheterization as part of the clinical evaluation. Hemodynamically significant APCs were defined as enlarged APC with saturation step-up in the pulmonary artery branches in combination with elevated end-diastolic pressure (measured by catheterization) and >25% APC flow contribution to SV. Complications were defined as the need of intervention in the Fontan circulation.
Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad (v6.04, La Jolla, CA; USA). Ventricular KE is presented as means ± SD. Differences in KE between Fontan patients and healthy volunteer groups were assessed using the Mann–Whitney test.
Since the number of patients in each group was small, statistical comparisons were not performed for differences between subgroups.
Cohen´s kappa was analyzed for the relation of KE pattern and ventricular morphology.
Eleven patients with Fontan circulation underwent 4D PC-MRI. One example of intracardiac and cavopulmonary blood flow is shown in Movie 2 in electronic supplements. The patients' characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Five clinically stable patients (2 female, median age 14, range 4–29) and 6 patients (1 female, median age 5, range 3–15) who had complications were included in the study. Six patients had complications with need of intervention for pulmonary branch stenosis in four cases, restrictive atrial communication in one case, and severe APC in one case. Three patients underwent a follow-up MRI after surgical or percutaneous intervention. The interventions are described in Table 2. Five patients were below 10 years of age and these examinations were performed under general anesthesia.
In all Fontan patients, two KE peaks were seen, one in systole and one in diastole. The KE throughout the cardiac cycle or the KE patterns is shown in Fig. 1. Three patients also had a late diastolic peak, corresponding to the atrial contraction, while the peaks during early filling phase and atrial contraction were completely or partially fused in the remaining subjects. Patients with a left ventricular morphology with a short outflow tract (n = 4) had a lower systolic KE peak and a relatively higher diastolic peak (systole/diastole <1). Patients with right ventricular morphology and a long outflow tract (n = 6) had a higher systolic than diastolic peak (systole/diastole >1). One patient, number 11, had a morphological left ventricle (LV) where the blood had to pass through a VSD via small RV to the aorta. A high diastolic peak, but even higher systolic peak, was seen in this patient (systole/diastole >1). Visualization showed that the KE in systole was mainly located in the outflow tract and during diastole from the mitral valve into the ventricle. KE in one patient is visualized as an example in Fig. 2. Cohen´s kappa for ventricular morphology and KE pattern was 1.0. Six patients had hemodynamically significant aortopulmonary collaterals (APCs) with a mean flow of 35% ± 9. Patients with APC had a diastolic plateau of KE but this was only seen in one of the patients (Patient 11) without significant APC (Fig. 1). Patients without significant APC had a mean APC flow of 17% ± 9. Patient 11 had an APC flow of 6%.
No significant difference was seen in systolic peak KE/SV in the Fontan group (0.036 ± 0.018 mJ/ml, n = 11) compared to the LV in controls (0.048 ± 0.012 mJ/ml, n = 8, p = 0.27, Fig. 3a). The diastolic peak KE/SV in Fontan patients (0.028 ± 0.010 mJ/ml) was lower than in the LV of the control group (0.057 ± 0.011 mJ/ml, p < 0.0001, Fig. 3b).
Peak KE/SV in systole in stable patients was 0.036 ± 0.016 mJ/ml and in patients with complications 0.035 ± 0.021 mJ/ml. Peak KE/SV in diastole for stable vs patients with complications were 0.027 ± 0.007 mJ/ml and 0.029 ± 0.012 mJ/ml.
Table 3 and Fig. 3c–f show the KE values for Fontan patients and controls divided into subgroups based on ventricular morphology. Statistical comparisons could not be made due to the limited sample size when subdividing the group, but Fontan patients tended to show lower values compared to healthy volunteers.
No correlation was seen between ejection fraction and KE/SV regarding mean (r=−0.27; p = 0.40), peak systolic (r=−0.22; p = 0.50), and peak diastolic values (r=−0.13; p = 0.70). There were no correlations between peak systolic velocity and peak systolic KE (r = 0.36, p = 0.27) or peak diastolic velocity and peak diastolic KE (r = 0.11, p = 0.75).
There was a significant correlation between mean KE and ventricular volumes in both patients and controls. In patients, r = 0.9, p = 0.0008 for EDV and r = 0.9, p = 0.0004 for end-systolic volume (ESV); and in controls r = 0.7; p = 0.05 for EDV and r = 0.8; p = 0.02 for ESV.
The KE patterns in patients after intervention compared to baseline MRI are shown in Fig. 4. In all patients, the KE patterns were similar before and after intervention, but in patients 4 and 6 there was a change in the shape of the diastolic curve. Patient 4 had a surgical conversion of the extra cardiac conduit to a Y-graft from the hepatic veins to each pulmonary artery branch to better distribute the hepatic blood flow to the lungs [30, 31]. Before intervention, the curve had two diastolic peaks, but after surgery the early diastolic peak was higher and fused with the late diastolic peak. Patient 6 had a fused diastolic curve with a plateau before intervention; after coiling of the APC, the curve showed two diastolic peaks.
Interobserver variability for EDV was − 1 ± 12%.
KE in the tunnel or conduit from IVC could be quantified in all the patients. KE could not be analyzed in both PA branches in all patients and in one case in SVC due to stent artifacts or too short vessel. Mean KE in the tunnel/conduit (n = 11) was 0.0058 ± 0.0045 mJ/ml; in SVC (n = 10) 0.0093 ± 0.0023 mJ/ml; in left PA (n = 8) 0.018 ± 0.009; and in right PA (n = 8) 0.015 ± 0.006 mJ/ml. In 5/11 patients, KE could be quantified in SVC, the tunnel/conduit from the IVC, and both PA branches. In this subgroup, the mean KE was significantly higher in both PA branches together, 0.034 ± 0.006, than in the tunnel/conduit + SVC, 0.014 ± 0.006 (p = 0.008). The mean cross-sectional area of both PA branches together was 2.2 ± 1.2 cm2 and in the tunnel/conduit + SVC 4.4 ± 0.9 cm2.
This study shows that kinetic energy of blood in the single ventricle during the cardiac cycle in Fontan patients is dependent on the left or right morphology of the ventricle and that peak diastolic KE is lower in patients with Fontan circulation compared to controls.
Diastolic KE was larger than systolic KE in patients with LV morphology similar to the LV of healthy volunteers. In patients with an RV morphology, the KE pattern was similar to that of the RV in healthy volunteers with a higher systolic KE compared to diastolic KE. The mechanisms for these differences may be that during systole, blood flows with higher velocities within a longer right ventricular outflow tract compared to the shorter left ventricular outflow tract, resulting in higher KE within the heart on the right side compared to the left.
During diastole, the blood is accelerated into the left ventricle primarily by ventricular recoil leading to high KE. This is in contrast to the right ventricle where filling of the ventricle is mainly caused by movement of the atrioventricular plane toward the base of the heart over the blood in the atrium which requires less KE as the blood does not need to be accelerated into the ventricle(9). The interventricular difference of the LV as a pressure pump and the RV as a volume pump  is reflected in the findings that LV mass is an independent predictor of LV diastolic KE and RV end-diastolic volume an independent predictor of RV diastolic KE .
The study also shows that peak diastolic KE/SV is lower in patients with Fontan circulation compared to controls. These findings differ from results in adult heart failure patients  where diastolic KE indexed to stroke volume was increased compared to controls. The explanation for a lower KE in Fontan patients compared to patients with congestive heart failure may be that the impaired ventricular filling and the forward failure problem in Fontan patients result in intracardiac flow with lower velocities and that this is represented as a lower KE. This is in contrast to adult heart failure which is characterized by predominant backward failure and increased filling pressures and increased KE/SV, independent of etiology being ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy. A contributing factor to the difference could be that 7 out of 11 patients had right ventricle morphology and thereby low peak diastolic KE, but the difference seems to remain when comparing Fontan patients with left ventricle morphology with left ventricles of controls, although the number of patients are low. The fact that the majority of Fontan patients had RV morphology also explains why there was no significant difference in peak KE/SV in systole when comparing the Fontan group with the LV of controls. However, the results indicate that the systolic KE will differ between patients and controls when ventricular morphology is taken into account. We did not find any difference in KE between stable patients and patients with complications, and this may also be explained by the larger effect of ventricular morphology on KE.
The high correlation between KE and ventricular volumes is explained by the fact that KE is calculated from both velocity and mass of the blood. The large differences in size and heart rates in the study population were the reason to index KE to stroke volume (SV). SV was chosen as more appropriate compared to ventricular volumes as EDV differs greatly with the type of heart defect in Fontan patients. Stroke volume is the net result of ventricular filling and contraction and as such intuitive for indexing. Another way to index could be to body surface area as in, for example, Jeong et al.´s article on patients with tetralogy of Fallot . Kinetic energy could also be indexed to cardiac index, since this indexation has been used in other studies, but this will create a difference between pediatric and adult hearts as the cardiac index is similar but the mass of blood is much smaller in the small heart leading to lower KE. Therefore, we indexed to stroke volume to be able to compare small and large hearts.
Three patients in this study underwent a second examination after surgical or percutaneous intervention. The results show remarkably similar magnitude and basic pattern of KE over the cardiac cycle at the two examinations. This suggests that the KE pattern is quite specific to each patient. A possible explanation to the change in diastolic curve shape after intervention in patient 6 could be that the aortopulmonary collaterals before intervention caused an extra inflow with high pressure in the atrium leading to a plateau of the KE curve during diastole. This explanation is supported by the fact that all patients in this study who had clinically significant aortopulmonary collaterals (APCs) also had a plateau in the diastolic part of the KE curve. The rise in diastolic KE in patient 4 after surgery might reflect an increase in pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas coherent with the clinical picture. These results address the complexity in evaluating KE in patients with Fontan circulation and indicate that the clinical implication for using KE in this patient group primarily is to better understand the physiology and to follow the patients on an individual basis. In our study, only one patient had fenestration between the conduit and the atria. The possible effects on ventricular KE from flow through the fenestration are not known but it may be similar to APC with a diastolic plateau and higher KE in diastole if the fenestration causes higher preload. In one of the patients in whom no significant APC could be identified, there was a diastolic plateau. Larger numbers of Fontan patients with KE are needed to see if the diastolic plateau pattern is related to other clinical parameters than APC flow. Recently, Schiavazzi et al. used modeling to calculate the effects of left pulmonary artery stenosis on hemodynamics in single ventricles stage II surgery and found that the stenosis needed to be quite severe, >65% of the diameter, to be hemodynamically significant . This is in line with the findings of unchanged ventricular KE pattern before and after stenting of a left pulmonary stenosis in one of our study patients.
The analysis of KE indexed for stroke volume in the Fontan pathway showed a significant increase in KE from the caval veins to the PA branches. This is probably explained by the smaller cross-sectional area of the PA branches compared to the caval veins.
Another way to analyze KE in the ventricle is to divide it based on whether the volume goes directly from the atria to the aorta in the same heart beat or if it stays one or more heart beats in the ventricle . Eriksson et al.  have suggested that KE might reflect ventricular dysfunction at an early stage. They found altered diastolic flow routes and impaired preservation of KE in late diastole in the LV of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy compared with healthy subjects. The changes in flow route and energetics were seen despite clinical compensation and might be useful as subclinical markers of LV dysfunction. Future studies using this analysis will provide information if this will give additional insights into the Fontan physiology. 4D flow has also been used to quantify kinetic energy of turbulent flow and this energy may be lost to heat . In Fontan patients with slower velocities, turbulent flow is less likely and we did not find any patients with signal drop in the magnitude images which would have indicated turbulent flow.
A study of kinetic energy in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot, recently published by Jeong et al , shows that patients had a tendency to higher systolic peak KE compared to healthy volunteers and that a change in ventricular KE may prove to be an indication of ventricular dysfunction. Together with these studies and the results from studies in adult patients with heart failure , this study indicates that KE might be a useful noninvasive method of monitoring patients and detect signs of ventricular and circulatory dysfunction . The finding that there is no correlation between KE and peak velocity shows that quantifying the entire velocity field in three dimensions of the entire ventricle has additional information compared to peak velocities. Kinetic energy as a single measure will probably not predict subsequent ventricular function but the future use will be in the context of several hemodynamic measures.
In Fontan patients, breathing contributes to the return of blood to the lungs to a higher extent than in normal physiology . Therefore, we acquired flow measurements during free breathing and not respiratory triggered to end-inspiration or end-expiration, to be able to get mean flow throughout the respiratory cycle.
The study population is small and therefore statistical comparisons of the subgroups of left and right ventricular morphology and patients before and after intervention could not be made. Conclusions of the effect on KE of APC's or interventions are also limited by the small sample size, but the data presented can point to applications where future studies may provide insights of Fontan physiology. In the Fontan group, five out of eleven patients were ventilated during the examination and this may affect the results. However, the KE results from the ventilated patients do not appear different from the nonventilated patients, but this needs to be further investigated. The patient who was under anesthesia pre-intervention (n = 1) was also under anesthesia at the post-intervention CMR. Heart rates varied between examinations, but indexed KE remained similar independent of heart rate. There may be age-related differences in KE and in this study we did not have age matched controls. However, this was compensated for by indexing KE to SV.
This is to our knowledge the first study that quantifies the intraventricular KE of Fontan patients. KE might be a useful noninvasive method of monitoring Fontan patients and detect signs of ventricular and circulatory dysfunction. Further studies are needed to determine if changes in ventricular KE can provide early information on ventricular dysfunction or for example the significance of aortopulmonary collaterals and guide medical and surgical intervention.
Annika Maxedius is gratefully acknowledged for help with patient administration. Ann-Helen Arvidsson, Christel Carlander, and Håkan Månsson are gratefully acknowledged for MRI acquisitions.
This work was funded by Swedish Heart–Lung foundation, Lund University; Skane University Hospital, Region of Skane; Swedish Research Council and Swedish Medical Association.
Einar Heiberg is stockholder and founder of the medical image analysis company Medviso AB that sells the Segment software for clinical use. Hakan Arheden is stockholder of Imacor AB, a core lab for medical image analysis. Marcus Carlsson has received consultancy fees from Imacor AB. The remaining authors have no disclosures.


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A Laser rangefinder has the capability to capture point and shoot like a camera. It helps the user to focus the place perfectly. This type of tool requires batter to run. It measures the distance well like hundred yards or more. For your golf profession, at 360-yard golf course, you can use. When you stroke the ball, you can calculate the distance. Besides, it has lightweight feature. The laser rangefinder is the best to point is you can use in all season like rainy days. Price can be little higher. But it works very good and matches for your profession.
GPS Rangefinder is a Satellite feature product that measures the distances. It focuses color, screen, and speed tracking. At the golf course, you can use it to measure target holes. Before the stroke, turn on the GPS Satellite. It only focuses on the fixed point. 18 holes big golf course which not determined by a GPS rangefinder. Fixed whole focus product best fit for small yard field. Like on the golf course, GPS can focus on a specific point, not the whole areas.
Above the features, you manage yourself to identify your particular golf rangefinder. In most cases, the professional golfer uses Laser rangefinder. Thought its high price, but they concern about their game goal. For your golf career, you can follow them.
Many of the golfers have a misconception to use or not a rangefinder. Some of them think too much about extra investment matter. But the professional use rangefinder to make their high profile career. Golf is not a simple game. It's a game of hand strength, foot stance and eye sharpness test. A golfer has to physically stronger. Though hit on-air, another factor stands for distance measurement. So this matter can solve by a rangefinder. To check your stroke, distance accuracy ideally, you need a golf rangefinder. It's better to use laser rangefinder that helps you to view the distance. Battery used tool help you to carry and use smartly. To become a professional golfer, you need a rangefinder.


People call minorities whiners about the cops, but the threats are real in this country, and racism is rampant, as evidenced by the amount of racists who voted for Trump. A veteran police lieutenant in Georgia who was caught on camera during a traffic stop last year saying officers "only kill black people" will be fired, authorities announced Thursday.
Abbott, a 27-year veteran of the police department, will be removed from the force, Cobb County Police Chief Mike Register said at a news conference Thursday afternoon.
Abbott's lawyer, Lance LoRusso, said his client had been cooperating with the internal investigation.


A.J. Taylor left Camp Randall Stadium after practice this week, he noticed his bicycle had been towed.
He began to walk home when fellow freshman wide receiver on the University of Wisconsin football team Quintez Cephus passed him on his moped. For a moment, it appeared Cephus would stop and offer Taylor a ride home. At the last second, however, he sped away, leaving Taylor to trek the rest of the way back to his dormitory on foot.
On the field, though, they leave the laughs behind.
On the Badgers latest depth chart, Taylor and Cephus found themselves listed on the two-man deep spots behind starting wide receivers Jazz Peavy and Robert Wheelwright.
"It's just showing me that I have something in store here. I have to become a young adult and actually grow up and take this thing seriously and really try to develop everyday and make this something I can come to and go hard at it to be the best I can be," Cephus said.
Both recorded their first catches at the college level Saturday during No. 9 Wisconsin's 54-10 win over Akron.
Taylor caught two passes for 39 yards, including a 35-yard corner route that came less than a yard away from being recorded as his first collegiate touchdown. Cephus' catch went for 10 yards and came on a 3rd and 7. He laid out for it and hauled it in with his arms outstretched near the UW sideline.
These milestones are well deserved products of repetitions the two earned in training camp, where they impressed nearly every day.
Taylor said going through training camp was tough, but he knew how important camp was to laying the foundation for the Wisconsin offense.
Taylor's goal was to avoid redshirting this year, but wouldn't be upset if the coaching staff advised against that decision. He knew he'd have to accomplish that by working hard from the beginning of training camp.
Training camp proved to be a pivotal time for Taylor's development. As a running back in high school, he had to learn the basics of wide receiver: how to line up and how many steps to take in a route. Now that the rudimentary elements of the position are second nature to him, he's more relaxed on the field, he said.
"I can just go out there and have fun," Taylor said.
Plus, he now has a support system in Cephus and Pryor.
Wide receivers coach Ted Gilmore has been pleased with the development of the younger players in his unit.
As a result, Gilmore said, the coaching staff trusts placing Cephus and Taylor into significant situations.
According to Gilmore, the physical transition from high school to the college game is easier at receiver, than say lineman. Both Taylor and Cephus are lengthy, strong young men.
There's still obviously a lot to work on too, he added.
"Getting them to look at the big picture [and] getting them to understand when this happens, you have to do this," he said.


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We generally end up picking our own poisons.
A recent (and rather spirited) debate in an online audio expert group awakened me as to how complacent our industry has become regarding performance quality and the almost automatic acceptance of our own limitations. Sadly, only a handful of the 4000 members actually participated.
For all the billions of dollars spent on audio, has any research lab, commercial entity or private individual really run the table creating a system that can actually perform to the limits of human listening extremes?
Ignore for a moment our traditional definitions of sound. Let's throw in the entire gamut of vibration and sensory experience, from gut-wrenching infrasound to EKG igniting ultrasound, from the quietest experience of vanishingly low noise levels to loudness levels inducing pain. A system with an impulse response bordering on the fantastic where any part of the audio envelope can be accurately analyzed in its entirety. An entirely integrated system where time, energy and frequency are all reproduced as accurately as possible given existing technology and materials.
Many of the piece parts exist, but I'm fairly sure they've never been put together in one place at any one time. Now there is this guy in Wisconsin who converted his kitchen into a subwoofer enclosure…but I stray.
The Analysis: Why not start in the middle of the audio reproduction transfer function with loudspeakers as we so often do? Has there ever been a loudspeaker system with near DC to ultra-high frequencies built with near perfect amplitude, phase, impedance and impulse response able to reproduce 140dB?
Do we have a recording and playback system capable of the same? The "state of the state" is certainly better than on the transducer front, but existing systems clearly don't hit the envelope limits defined as the human dynamic range of hearing and feeling.
Amplification? That's what we do best, although amplifiers' complex relationship with loudspeaker limitations continues to mock amplifier designers with regularity.
Signal processing? Really an effort still in its infancy. It will be fun to see where upcoming generations of engineers will drive the field. Sorting out loudspeaker and room acoustic performance limitations should keep them busy for some time.
Acoustic systems? Perhaps the only meaningful thing I've ascertained from ETC measurements is that no meaningful reflections sound awful and over five reflections do, too, unless you're going for the "Voice of the Almighty" effect. Clearly an area with much work to be done and we eventually will have to learn to play nice with owners and architects in order to truly sort it out.
The Compromises (Good Enough or Best Possible): Next will come the inevitable discussion about compromises. Goodness knows that's what we do best, and audio engineers have developed the annoying habit of thinking they know best based on some statistically averaged conclusion ascertained some generations back. Many of them are based on the "50% can't tell so it's invalid" criteria, as opposed to the "what about that one guy in the back who's correct 100% of the time" standard.
We don't even go back and check the fundamentals commonly accepted as dogma. Questions arise regarding the number and prioritization of these compromises, and that's at the core of many spirited discussions.
Because we don't have that "Audio Envelope" capable system and little idea of how to accurately quantify one individual's listening acuity versus another, we generally end up picking our own poisons. Some listeners want horns in their home so they can get that dynamic range. Some want exotic materials to get the best transient performance on their violins. Some want big thumps way down low. Many are perfectly happy with near-telephone quality audio (earbuds come to mind).
I suspect it really boils down to what emotionally moves an individual most effectively, undoubtedly driving a plethora of differing opinion. The flaws inherent in our compromised systems stir the debate, and it would be enlightening to explore why my compromises are better than yours, or vice versa.
Conflict Between Audiologists, Artists, Audio Engineers and Audiophiles: You'd think the goals for all four groups should be the same. Suffice to say, they often coincide less than one might hope, and there's less communication between these groups than would seem prudent, given the similarity of purpose.
How many in the audio community commonly attend the AudiologyNOW, NAMM, AES, Acoustical Society, CES and InfoComm conferences? I wouldn't be too surprised if there were more hot dog vendors than industry veterans who attend the lot. Each group represents a portion of the whole, yet coordination between the various groups is tenuous at best. Perhaps a generally accepted scientific criteria for audio acuity along the lines of 20/20 vision might be a good place to start. What exactly are the criteria for "golden ears" as opposed to "tin ears," anyway?
There must be a few unique individuals who transcend the individual groups to better understand the communal needs and expectations. If nothing else, it would be good to use common language and terminology some day in the future.
The Practical Versus the Possible: Our world of cantankerous curmudgeons hardly seems like the ideal gene pool for determining where and on what the next generation of teenagers will be spending their parents' expendable income, but there it is. Yes, we have our standards, and most are very good, indeed—but perhaps not always pushing the edges of the audio envelope. How well do they hold up with the improvements in processing, data transmission and storage capacity of recent vintage? And exactly how do we prioritize industry efforts to make it better?
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The Jimmie Johnson Foundation to Launch New Event in 2017
The Jimmie Johnson Foundation Fit Fest, presented by Blue Bunny and featuring
Spartan Kids Race, to Take Place May 29 in Fort Mill, South Carolina
Charlotte, N.C. (Date) – Seven-time NASCAR Cup Champion Jimmie Johnson and his wife, Chandra announced today plans for the first ever Jimmie Johnson Foundation Fit Fest, a local community event that will feature running, obstacle racing, mountain biking, music, food and more. Set in a festival atmosphere, the Jimmie Johnson Foundation (JJF) Fit Fest will take place Monday, May 29 at Anne Springs Close Greenway in Fort Mill, South Carolina. Included in the day-long event:
 5K, 8K and half marathon trail running races
 MTB Challenge is a 4-hour endurance mountain bike event, with individual and duo competitions
 Spartan Kids Race – an exciting obstacle race for children ages 5-12
This is JJF's first collaboration with the Spartan Foundation and Spartan Kids Race. Inspired by the popular Kids version of Spartan Race, the world's best obstacle race, the Spartan Kids stand-alone race features 10-plus obstacles. Designed for kids ages 5-12, each obstacle is crafted to instill child-like adventure, courage, camaraderie and a sense of accomplishment. There will also be a heat for the Special Spartans, children with intellectual or developmental disabilities, and those with cognitive learning or vocational delays. The Spartan Foundation's mission is to support better health and fitness for America's kids.
"This is an exciting year for our Foundation and we are really looking forward to this new event," said Johnson, co-founder of the Jimmie Johnson Foundation. "JJF Fit Fest is designed to be a great community event to raise much needed funds for K-12 public education. We are really grateful to continue our partnership with Blue Bunny and develop a new relationship with Spartan Kids Race to make this event a reality. There's going to be something for everyone. All ages and abilities"
"Blue Bunny is thrilled to support the first ever Jimmie Johnson Foundation Fit Fest," said Mike Wells, president and CEO, Wells Enterprises Inc., makers of Blue Bunny Ice Cream. "We continue to be inspired by Jimmie and Chandra for their dedicated commitment and passion to the Jimmie Johnson Foundation, and are looking forward to this fun, new initiative to strengthen communities and continue to raise funds for K-12 public education."
"In our mission to support health and fitness for the next generation, the Spartan Foundation and the Spartan Kids Race is proud to partner with Jimmie Johnson and his exceptional Foundation in our shared goal to improve children's health and well-being," said Joe De Sena, Spartan Race Founder and Ceo. "We are excited to work together in getting these kids off the couch and into heathier pursuits. With the rise in childhood obesity and related illnesses, our alliance with JJF couldn't be more timely."
For details on the Jimmie Johnson Foundation Fit Fest, please visit www.JJFFitFest.org
About the Jimmie Johnson Foundation
Chandra and Jimmie Johnson launched the Jimmie Johnson Foundation in February 2006. Jimmie Johnson, the seven-time NASCAR Cup champion, drives the No. 48 Lowe's Chevrolet SS in NASCAR's top series. The mission of the Foundation is to assist children, families, and communities in need throughout the United States. The Foundation has committed more than $9.5 million to various charities. The Foundation currently focuses on supporting K-12 public education. For additional information on the Jimmie Johnson Foundation, please visit www.JimmieJohnsonFoundation.org.
About Blue Bunny Ice Cream
For more than 100 years, Blue Bunny has been bringing delicious ice cream made with fun, fresh ingredients to families—adding a little playfulness to any occasion. Blue Bunny offers over 75 flavors of ice cream and frozen novelty products, available at retailers and convenience stores nationwide. For more information, visit BlueBunny.com.
About Spartan Race
Spartan Race is the Spartan Race is the world's leading obstacle race company and the first of its kind to feature timing and global rankings. With more than 200 events in 30+ countries planned for 2017, Spartan Race has more than 1 million global participants, and offers open heats for all fitness levels as well as competitive and elite heats. With over 5 million passionate social media followers, health and wellness products, as well as the popular NBC television series, Spartan Race has made obstacle racing one of the fastest growing sports—and lifestyles— in the world. Spartan Race features races at three distances, 3+Mile/20+ Obstacle "Sprint," 8+ Mile/25+ Obstacle "Super" and 12+ Mile/30+ Obstacle "Beast," culminating each year in the Reebok Spartan Race World Championship. Visit http://www.spartan.com for more information, a schedule of events, and to register for a race.
About The Spartan Foundation (TSF)
The Spartan Foundation is Spartan Race's community outreach initiative that addresses improved health, wellness and personal development for children and young adults nationwide. TSF will generate funding and visibility to spotlight and support progress with organizations whose missions are in alignment with the Spartan principles of overcoming obstacles to enrich and accomplish one's life goals.
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Sporting a slicked-back ponytail, hiking boots, and blue jeans, 38-year-old New Orleans native Sean Reagan lounges on a bench in San Miguel de Allende, the colonial Mexican town where he lives.
He seems to be at perfect ease — until he is asked about the US elections.
"We're not as plugged in as people in the States, but we're definitely watching," he said of American expats like himself. "I mean, mostly in horror."
The largest American expatriate community in the world resides in Mexico. Estimated to be around one million, it boasts greater raw voting power than that of six US States and the District of Columbia. Life on the other side of the border also informs the way these potential voters see key parts of the political debate, such as Donald Trump's promise to build an impenetrable frontier wall.
"It always sounded absurd to me, but it puts it in an even more absurd light, coming from here [Mexico]," said Elizabeth Auritt, a recent college graduate who is now working for an economic development organization in Mexico City. "Of course immigration is a good thing and, as an expat in another country, you see that more clearly."
It is easy to find critics of Trump's rhetoric among Americans living in Mexico, given his nasty comments about Mexican immigrants that began with the speech that launched his campaign in which he called them "rapists" and "criminals." But there are also those who sympathize with the leader of the Republican pack, even if sometimes they wish he would tone it down a bit.
"Trump makes perfect sense to me" said Karen Boda, a California native and lifelong Republican who now works as a real estate agent in Mexico City. "But he's just a bully. I don't think he's the image I want for the Republicans because he's not a diplomat."
Boda said her instinctual support for Trump owes most to a sense that he would be a strong leader in the current context of global insecurity. It is a sense, she said, that was hammered home by recent terrorist attacks around the globe and by living in a place she believes could also be hit.
"We don't know where they're going to strike next and Mexico could be an easy target," said Boda, who added that she tends not to reveal her conservative political views to her Mexican clients for fear of scaring them off.
Larry Rubin, a dual US and Mexican citizen who leads the Mexican chapter of Republicans Overseas, said he believes security concerns should encourage all Americans living in Mexico to lean Republican.
He also argues that Mexicans in general share a culture with the Republican party that values religion, smaller government, lower taxes, and expanded international trade. And, he claims, most expats move abroad for business and so do not appreciate the protectionism associated with the Democrats.
"The American community in Mexico want more jobs from US companies here," Rubin said.
Yet the head of Republicans abroad admitted there was significant "angst" within the community about Trump and more sympathy for Marco Rubio and Jeb Bush (when he was still in the race) thanks to their ties to Latino heritage.
"He [Trump] is seen as someone who would not be able to work well with the Mexican government, and that is of interest to the Republican community here," Rubin said. "We are constantly saying to other Americans that the Republican Party is not defined by Donald Trump."
The Democrats also have their own image problem thanks to the hike in the number of undocumented Mexican immigrants deported on President Barack Obama's watch. Obama is even known to some activists here as the "deporter in chief."
Even so, Vice Chair of the Mexican Chapter of Democrats Abroad, Marc Berube, claimed his party is more inclusive.
"What engaged me with the party was this idea of wanting to help everyone," he said. "I am a Democrat because the party cares about everyone…. people who need food stamps, women's rights, LGBT people."
Berube, who spearheads events for the Democratic community around Mexico from his base in the colonial town of San Miguel de Allende, lauded his party's candidates for avoiding the "distracting name-calling" of the Republicans.
He said he personally errs towards former secretary Clinton, but conceded that this may reflect his age. "Perhaps it's a generational thing," Berube said. "I know that many of the younger people really like Bernie Sanders."
For Sean Reagan, the New Orleans native, the choice is so difficult that he wishes he had another option.
"I'm not wild about Hillary…even though she's more to my liking than most of the Republicans, she's still an insider. She's status quo," he said. "Bernie's cool, but he's a bit out there. It'd be nice to have some other candidates in between that I could get behind."
But, as so often happens in conversations about the US elections in Mexico, it can all seem to come back to Donald Trump.
"Imagine if he did take power, with this whole idea of building a wall between the United States and Mexico," Reagan added. "We'd be on the other end of that. We'd be on the other side of the wall."


It's Saturday. Go out with friends, call your mother, do some house chores. No need to get wrapped up on supposed "Windows Phone 8.1.1" update nonsense.
If it sounds too good to be true (and there's no proof given), it probably is (and trust me, this is bogus). Having said that, let's have a real discussion: What do you want to see in Update 1 for 8.1? Sound off below!