text:
Gingins Cricket Club
Contact: Mr. Arnold Bucheli
Club website: www.ginginscc.com
Fixture secretary:
Social media: Twitter Facebook
GCC constitution: Click here
About Gingins Cricket Club
Location: Gingins is a village of about 1200 people in the La Côte region of Switzerland, nestled on the foot of the Jura Mountain range, situated between Geneva and Lausanne (near Nyon) with views of Lake Geneva and Mont Blanc in the distance. It is a beautiful setting for cricket.
History: The idea for the Gingins Cricket Club (GCC) developed in a Gingins backyard where an Aussie family played 'backyard' cricket whenever the sun shone. There was such interest, but so little space, that the impetus grew to start a club whereby kids from around the region could come together to have fun learning about and playing cricket. And thus it came about that on the Sunday morning of March 30th, 2008 the club was launched with its inaugural training session at the tennis courts of the Gingins Centre Sportif (sporting grounds also used by the local football club), located on Route de Chiblins, 1276 Gingins (VD).
At present the club has approx. 50 junior members from all over the region and of many nationalities. The players represent age groups from U7 to U17. Also, we are only in existence for junior cricket. We emphasize the spirit of cricket, getting involved and giving it a go. We are focussed on being a family oriented club, where the parents are the coaches and the administrators, and assist everyone in developing their skillset.
Our motto: 'WE PLAY AS A TEAM'
Centre Sportif, Gingins
Home Ground: Centre Sportif, Route de Chiblins, 1276 Gingins


text:
peoplepill id: aby-warburg
German art historian and cultural theorist
Intro German art historian and cultural theorist
A.K.A. Abraham Moritz Warburg, Aby Moritz Warburg
Was Historian Art historian Educator
Type Arts Academia Social science
Birth 13 June 1866, Hamburg, Germany
Death 26 October 1929, Hamburg, Germany (aged 63 years)
Siblings: Max WarburgPaul WarburgFelix M. Warburg
Abraham Moritz Warburg, known as Aby Warburg (June 13, 1866 – October 26, 1929), was a German art historian and cultural theorist who founded a private Library for Cultural Studies, the Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg, which was later moved to the Warburg Institute, London. At the heart of his research was the legacy of the Classical World, and the transmission of classical representation, in the most varied areas of western culture through to the Renaissance.
Warburg described himself as:
Amburghese di cuore, ebreo di sangue, d'anima Fiorentino
(Hamburger at heart, Jew by blood, Florentine in spirit)
Aby Warburg was born in Hamburg into the wealthy Warburg family of German Jewish bankers. His ancestors had come to Germany from Italy in the 17th century and settled in the town of Warburg in Westphalia, taking on the town's name as their family name. In the 18th century the Warburgs moved to Altona near Hamburg. Two brothers Warburg founded the banking firm M. M. Warburg & Co in Hamburg, which today again has an office there. Aby Warburg was the first of seven children born to Moritz Warburg, director of the Hamburg bank, and his wife Charlotte, née Oppenheim. Aby Warburg showed an early interest in literature and history and the second eldest son, Max Warburg went into the Hamburg bank, younger brothers Paul and Felix also entered banking. Max Warburg established the Warburg family bank as a "global player".
Max Warburg
Warburg grew up in a conservative Jewish home environment. Early on he demonstrated an unstable, unpredictable and volatile temperament. Warburg as a child reacted against the religious rituals which were punctiliously observed in his family, and rejected all career plans envisaged for him. He did not want to be a rabbi, as his grandmother wished, nor a doctor or lawyer. Against the resistance he met with from his relatives, he forced through his plans to study art history. Aby famously made a deal with his brother Max to forfeit his right, as the eldest son, to take over the family firm, in return for an undertaking on Max's part to provide him with all the books he ever needed.
In 1886 Warburg began his study of art history, history and archaeology in Bonn and attended the lectures on the history of religion by Hermann Usener, those on cultural history by Karl Lamprecht and on art history by Carl Justi. He continued his studies in Munich and with Hubert Janitschek in Strasbourg, completing under him his dissertation on Botticelli's paintings The Birth of Venus and Primavera.
From 1888 to 1889 he studied the sources of these pictures at the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florence. He was now interested in applying the methods of natural science to the human sciences. The dissertation was completed in 1892 and printed in 1893. Warburg's study introduced into art history a new method, that of iconography or iconology, later developed by Erwin Panofsky. After receiving his doctorate Warburg studied for two semesters at the Medical Faculty of the University of Berlin, where he attended lectures on psychology. During this period he undertook a further trip to Florence.
Travels in the USA
Kachina doll of the Hopi
Paul Warburg married Nina Loeb, daughter of Solomon Loeb in New York late in 1895, and Aby Warburg used the occasion to travel. His long American journey took him to Colorado in winter, to New Mexico and then to Pasadena and Mount Lowe. He met the San Francisco boheme Les Jeunes around Gelett Burgess and then went back to the Pueblos in spring, to the Hopi and Zuni. Before going west, he had met veteran anthropologists James Mooney and Frank Hamilton Cushing at the Smithsonian Institution. Cushing had lived for years with the Zuni in New Mexico and fascinated Warburg wanted to see the Pueblos for himself. First stop in the west was Mesa Verde to see the Anasazi cliff dwellings. Then he went from Pueblo town to Spanish town, to Cochiti and the Palace Hotel in Santa Fe, to Albuquerque and Acoma, Laguna, and San Ildefonso, where he photographed an Antelope dance. In Cochiti Warburg spoke to a priest and his son and received a cosmological drawing with a snake at its center. The Hopi of Arizona were already famous for their snake dance and although April was too early in the year to see this tourist attraction, the time he spent with the Hopi was a most important part of his long journey. Warburg was fascinated with their still secluded culture, their architecture, ritual, their masks and their ages-old abstract painting on pottery Nampeyo had recently revived. Mennonite missionary Heinrich R. Voth shared his knowledge of Hopi religion. Voth and Warburg saw a Hemis Kachina dance complete with obscene clowning. Thanks to Voth he could also observe the preparations for this end-of-winter ceremony. The most famous photo of the trip shows Warburg holding a half naked dancer resting. Another snapshot is of Warburg wearing a Kachina dancer' s mask. In New York the social life of the Schiffs and Loebs seemed empty and futile, and Warburg was very impressed with the dead seriousness of Hopi ritual. Writing up his field notes for a now famous lecture at the Kreuzlingen sanatorium Warburg stressed the kinship of religious thinking in Athens and Oraibi. Ancient Greece had its animal cults and dangerous rites. It and Italy in the Renaissance were not the safe places the complacent Übermensch on holiday in Florence sought. Harmony and perfection only hide terrible conflict and rationality is always in danger of deep seated irrationality.
Birth of St Mary in Santa Maria Novella in Firenze by Domenico Ghirlandaio
In 1897 Warburg married, against his father's will, the painter and sculptor Mary Hertz, daughter of Adolph Ferdinand Hertz, a Hamburg senator and member of the Synod of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hamburg. The couple had three children: Marietta (1899–1973), Max Adolph (1902–1974) and Frede C. Warburg (1904–2004). In 1898 Warburg and his wife took up residence in Florence. While Warburg was repeatedly plagued by depression, the couple enjoyed a lively social life. Among their Florentine circle could be counted the sculptor Adolf von Hildebrand, the writer Isolde Kurz, the English architect and antiquary Herbert Horne, the Dutch Germanist André Jolles and his wife Mathilde Wolff-Mönckeberg, and the Belgian art historian Jacques Mesnil. The most famous Renaissance specialist of the time, the American Bernard Berenson, was likewise in Florence at this period. Warburg, for his part, renounced all sentimental aestheticism, and in his writings criticised a vulgarised idealisation of an individualism that had been imputed to the Renaissance in the work of Jacob Burckhardt.
During his years in Florence Warburg investigated the living conditions and business transactions of Renaissance artists and their patrons as well as, more specifically, the economic situation in the Florence of the early Renaissance and the problems of the transition from the Middle Ages to the early Renaissance. A further product of his Florentine period was his series of lectures on Leonardo da Vinci, held in 1899 at the Kunsthalle in Hamburg. In his lectures he discussed Leonardo's study of medieval bestiaries as well as his engagement with the classical theory of proportion of Vitruvius. He also occupied himself with Botticelli's engagement with the Ancients evident in the representation of the clothing of figures. Feminine clothing takes on a symbolic meaning in Warburg's famous essay, inspired by discussions with Jolles, on the nymphs and the figure of the Virgin in Domenico Ghirlandaio's fresco in Santa Maria Novella in Florence. The contrast evident in the painting between the constricting dress of the matrons and the lightly dressed, quick-footed Virgin serves as an illustration of the virulent discussion around 1900 concerning the liberation of female clothing from the standards of propriety imposed by a reactionary bourgeoisie.
Return to Hamburg
In 1902 the family returned to Hamburg, and Warburg presented the findings of his Florentine research in a series of lectures, but at first did not take on a professorship or any other academic position. He rejected a call to a professorship at the University of Halle in 1912. He became a member of the board of the Völkerkundemuseum, with his brother Max sponsored the foundation of the "Hamburger wissenschatflichen Stiftung" (1907) and the foundation of a university in Hamburg, which succeeded in 1919, and at which he took up a professorship. At this period signs of a mental illness were present which affected his activities as a researcher and teacher.
He suffered from manic depression and symptoms of schizophrenia, and was hospitalized in Ludwig Binswanger's neurological clinic in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland in 1921. After his release from Binswanger's clinic in 1924, Warburg held occasional lectures and seminars between 1925 and 1929, which took place in a private circle or in his library.
Warburg died in Hamburg of a heart attack on 26 October 1929.
Last project: Mnemosyne Atlas
In December 1927, Warburg started to compose a work in the form of a picture atlas named Mnemosyne. It consisted of 40 wooden panels covered with black cloth, on which were pinned nearly 1,000 pictures from books, magazines, newspaper and other daily life sources. These pictures were arranged according to different themes:
Coordinates of memory
Astrology and mythology
Archaeological models
Migrations of the ancient gods
Vehicles of tradition
Irruption of antiquity
Dionysiac formulae of emotions
Nike and Fortuna
From the Muses to Manet
Dürer: the gods go North
The age of Neptune
"Art officiel" and the baroque
Re-emergence of antiquity
The classical tradition today
There were no captions and only a few texts in the atlas. "Warburg certainly hoped that the beholder would respond with the same intensity to the images of passion or of suffering, of mental confusion or of serenity, as he had done in his work." Mnemosyne Atlas was left unfinished when Warburg died in 1929.
David Zobel
German biathlete
Julius Kuhn
Toneelacteur
German tennis player
Reinhold Zippelius
German jurist
Adolf Herrgott
German officer
Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
German general, War criminal
Hartmut Nolte
German film actor and stage actor
Veitel-Heine Ephraim
German forger
Martin Friedrich Rabe
German historian
Arthur Eichengrün
German chemist
Franz Joseph Emil Fischer
Paul Schreier
German politician
Fritz Tiebel
Ilona Goebel
Manageuse et assistante du musicien Moondog
Markus Vogt
German rower
See trending people in Germany See trending people worldwide

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Jeep Grand Commander – samochód osobowy typu SUV klasy wyższej produkowany pod amerykańską marką Jeep w latach 2018 – 2022.

Historia i opis modelu

W kwietniu 2017 roku Jeep zaprezentował na targach motoryzacyjnych w Szanghaju prototyp Jeep Yuntu Concept, który był oficjalną zapowiedzią nowego, dużego SUV-a zbudowanego po raz pierwszy w historii amerykańskiej marki specjalnie z myślą o rynku chińskim.

Rok później, w marcu 2018 roku, przedstawiono seryjną postać tego studium o nazwie Jeep Grand Commander, zgodnie z planem - przeznaczając go do sprzedaży tylko w Chinach. Pojazd został oparty o płytę podłogową użytą do budowy m.in. Alfy Romeo Giulietta czy też Jeepa Cherokee, przywracając do użytku człon nazwy Commander stosowany już dla globalnego modelu przedstawionego w 2005 roku.

Samochód utrzymano w charakterystycznej dla Jeepa stylistyce, z wąską wieloczęściową atrapą chłodnicy, a także podłużnymi reflektorami i tylnymi lampami. Grand Commander jest samochodem siedmiomiejscowym, z trzecim rzędem tworzonym przez składane dwa fotele umieszczone w bagażniku.

Kabina pasażerska Grand Commandera utrzymana została z kolei w projekcie typowym dla innych modeli Jeepa oferowanych globalnie, z ekranem systemu multimedialnego umieszczonego między nawiewami. Elementami wyposażenia stała się m.in. trójstrefowa kliamtyzacja czy trzy rzędy siedzeń mogące pomieścić do 7 pasażerów.

Grand Commander PHEV
W kwietniu 2019 roku Jeep zaprezentował Grand Commandera w wersji z elektryczno-spalinowym napędem hybrydowym typu plug-in o nazwie Grand Commander PHEV. Samochód napędzany jest przez czterocylindrowy, turbodoładowany silnik benzynowy o pojemności 2 litrów, a także współpracujące z nim dwa silniki elektrycznej. Ładowana z gniazdka bateria o pojemności 13 kWh umożliwia jazdę na samym zasilaniu prądem do 70 kilometrów i rozpędzenie się maksymalnie do 125 km/h.

Lifting
W sierpniu 2021 roku Jeep Grand Commander przeszedł rozległą restylizację. Przyniosła ona zmodyfikowany wygląd pasa przedniego z większą atrapą chłodnicy, przeprojektowanym zderzakiem, a także szersze z kształtu reflektory. Wprowadzono także przemodelowany zderzak i wydłużone lampy tylne wykonane w technologii LED. Zmiany wizualne objęły także zmodernizowany projekt deski rozdzielczej, gdzie pojawił się przemodelowany projekt zegarów przednich, nowe koło kierownicy, a także większy, 10,1-calowy wyświetlacz dotykowy systemu multimedialnego.

Sprzedaż
Jeep Grand Commander został zbudowany z myślą o rynku chińskim, gdzie jego sprzedaż rozpoczęła się w kwietniu 2018 roku, korzystając z fabryki joint-venture GAC-FCA w chińskim mieście Changsha. W połowie 2019 roku spekulowano, że samochód zyska szerszy zasięg rynkowy, trafiając do sprzedaży także w Ameryce Północnej pod marką Chrysler jako Chrysler Journey, czemu miały dowodzić testy próbnych egzemplarzy w amerykańskim stanie Michigan. Spekulacje te jednak nie potwierdziły się, a Grand Commander pozostał modelem Jeepa wyłącznie dla rynku chińskiego. Tam samochód wytwarzano krótko, łącznie przez 4 lata z powodu wycofania się koncernu Stellantis z partnerstwa z koncernem GAC i zamknięcia fabryki Jeepa w Chinach w lipcu 2022.

Silniki
 L4 2.0l Hurricane
 L4 2.0l PHEV

Przypisy

Grand Commander
Samochody z napędem AWD
SUV-y
Samochody hybrydowe
Samochody z lat 2010–2019
Samochody z lat 2020–2029

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Today, Activision Blizzard, Inc. (NASDAQ:ATVI) stock received an upgrade by JPMorgan Chase & Co. from Neutral to Overweight with a price target of $66.00.
There are 21 Buy Ratings, 4 Hold Ratings, no Strong Buy Ratings, no Sell Ratings on the stock.
The current consensus rating on Activision Blizzard, Inc. (NASDAQ:ATVI) is Buy with a consensus target price of $75.7083 per share, a potential 58.39% upside.
Shares of Activision Blizzard, Inc. closed the previous trading session at 47.86 up +1.34 2.88% with 45.5 shares trading hands.


text:
L'ermita de sant Cristòfol o de sant Cristau està situada al serrat de les Cabanes, a uns 500 metres del poble d'Obeix, al terme municipal de la Torre de Cabdella, a la comarca del Pallars Jussà.

Descripció
Ermita d'una nau absis semicircular i cobertes de llosa de dues vessants, que cobreix també l'absis. Pel mur de ponent hi trobem l'accés modificat, que és una porta centrada flanquejada per dues finestres rectangulars. L'entrada ve precedida d'un cobert del que en resten dos murs molt deteriorats. L'absis, romànic, està format per murs de carreus arrebossats i una finestra espitllera al mig.

De factura molt senzilla, té una sola nau amb l'absis a llevant. Aquest és igual d'ample que la nau, i s'hi obre sense cap mena de transició. La porta és a ponent, i tenia un porxo per protegir l'entrada dels vents, freqüents en aquest lloc.Fou totalment restaurada cap al 1984.

És una ermita romànica sobre la qual no hi ha cap mena de documentació, però que pel seu aparell es pot datar en el , un moment ja tardà, dins del romànic.

A banda d'Obeix, Astell i Aguiró tenen l'Ermita com a pròpia i hi celebraven un aplec conjunt.

Es conserven els Goigs del gloriós màrtir sant Cristòfol, impresos el 1906. En un dels seus fragments fan així:

Galeria d'imatges

Referències

Bibliografia

 CASES I LOSCOS, Maria Lluïsa i ROIG I DEULOFEU, Albert. "Santa Maria (o la Purificació) d'Oveix". Dins El Pallars. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, 1993 (Catalunya romànica, XV).
 GAVÍN, Josep M. Pallars Jussà. Barcelona: Arxiu Gavín, 1981 (Inventari d'esglésies, 8). .

Esglésies romàniques de l'antic municipi de la Torre de Cabdella
Ermites del Pallars Jussà
Patrimoni monumental de la Torre de Cabdella


text:
papers (documents) (1)
Faculty and Staff Biographical Files (3)
Abbie Park Ferguson Papers (2)
mixed material (4)
War relief (2)
War work (2)
World War, 1939-1945 (2)
Young Women's Christian associations (2)
Black power (1)
Civil rights movements (1)
Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections (5)
Fall issue of "Mount Holyoke Now," with article about visiting artist Joan Snyder and the Winter Term printmaking workshops
Faculty and staff biographical files
articles, newsletters
Documents concerning the national public affairs programs of the YWCA of the U.S.A. Public affairs programs, recommended by the National Public Affairs Committee of the YWCA of the U.S.A., outline social, political and economic issues that the YWCA of the U.S.A. commits to addressing at a national and local level. The program emphases released in summary reports include reasons why they are selected, how the issue should be addressed and goals of the programs. In 1964 a voter registration program is implemented as part of the public affairs program. Handbooks and guides include tools and resources for implementing a voter registration program and encouraging all women to register and vote. In order to encourage engagement in the public affairs programs, the Public Affairs Committee sponsors seminars in Washington DC to explore important topics and share practical guidelines for action. These seminars are documented in programs, reports and newsletters. Additional public affairs documents include lists of official National Board of the YWCA of the U.S.A. public affairs actions, official resolutions, an abortion laws study guide, clippings and reports.
reports, newsletters, articles, press releases, handbooks, lists (document genre), clippings (information artifacts), correspondence, memorandums
The National Public Affairs Committee of the YWCA of the U.S.A. is responsible for maintaining awareness of the social, political and economic issues affecting women in the United States, recommending a program of action and providing resources to the National Board of the YWCA of the U.S.A. and its local associations in support of its program. The committee's charter establishes these purposes and functions and official statements and recommendations from the committee highlight program aspects. In December of 1961 the YWCA of the U.S.A. celebrated fifty years of public affairs programs in a joint celebration with the National Council of Jewish Women. The celebration, with special guest Eleanor Roosevelt, is documented through articles and reports. In addition to the national ceremony, the YWCA of the U.S.A. local associations are encouraged to have their own celebrations over the coming year. A set of guidelines and recommendations for local associations outlines suggested content and events. Also include are the texts of speeches given at the joint celebration in December, 1961. The newsletter of the public affairs committee highlights important program aspects, explores a relevant topic of the public affairs program and offers resources for local associations. Some newsletters also include supporting documents such as handbooks and articles. One newsletter from 1963 includes a copy of Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham City Jail."
correspondence, reports, charters, articles, speeches (documents), clippings (information artifacts), newsletters
World YWCA
Documents concerning the World YWCA Special Services Secretary, World Membership Day and the work and policies of the World YWCA. Correspondence between Ruud van Hoogevest, special services secretary, and the International Division of the YWCA of the U.S.A. concern fundraising efforts and financial support of international projects as well as administrative matters concerning their cooperative projects. World Membership Day of the World YWCA is a day for members and member associations to "meditate, study and act on a common theme to strengthen their sense of belonging to a world movement." Themes during the sixties include racism and race relations, science and society, cities, and the concerns of women and girls. Pamphlets, booklets and communications explain the theme and suggests programming and local implementation. Additional documents concerning the work of the World YWCA include a policy handbook, an article on mutual services projects, newsletters and reports.
correspondence, newsletters, memorandums, booklets, articles, notes
Documents concerning issues of race, civil rights and racism internal and external to the YWCA of the U.S.A. including black power, Apartheid in South Africa, a consultation on black leadership in the YWCA of the U.S.A., and integration and desegregation. In the 1960's the YWCA of the U.S.A. increases its push towards an integrated movement and public affairs platforms concerning civil rights through programming, education and activism. Though civil rights and racism have long been a part of their program, the sixties brings a renewed effort in part due to the social and political climate of the United States and from within the organization. One issue of global importance is the Apartheid in South Africa, an issue of particular concern to the National Student YWCA. Resolutions, letters of concern to organizations and leaders, clippings and correspondence from the National Student YWCA explain their concerns and goals, and seek to educate others about the issue. Domestically, the YWCA of the U.S.A. grapples with the Black Power movement and its role. The topic is explored here through papers, lectures, addresses and articles. Within the national movement and local associations the YWCA of the U.S.A. is focused on a fully integrated movement. This means representation in leadership, desegregated associations and understanding across all members. Minutes, reports and notes from the YWCA of the U.S.A. Consultation of Black Leadership document this gathering of leaders to explore the role and status of African American leadership in the organization, the need for further development and their role in the full integration of the national and local associations. In order to achieve local desegregation of associations, the YWCA of the U.S.A. issues a self audit guide, guiding principles and resolutions. Also included is the text of a speech by Dorothy Height titled, "Responsibility of YWCA for Desegregation, Integration and Civil Rights." To address interpersonal relationships during this time, dialogue groups are introduced to programs across the nation. These small group sessions encourage frank discussion in a safe space with the hope that intimate and real conversations will help ease racial divides and racism. The program is further explained in a handbook for leaders. Following these documents is a series of correspondence and reports concerning a situation with the Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, New York and the company's ultimate agreement and plan to stimulate small business and economic growth in the town.
memorandums, correspondence, clippings (information artifacts), newsletters, reports, bulletins, papers (documents), articles, speeches (documents), questionnaires, notes, handbooks, press releases
Mount Holyoke Now, with front-page article about printmaking workshop featuring visiting artist, Elaine de Kooning
articles, newsletters, photographs
Page from Mount Holyoke College Art Museum's spring newsletter, with article about fall 2007 printmaking workshop featuring visiting artist Jessica Stockholder
Mission News Letter, edited by Abbie P. Ferguson, Principal of the Huguenot Seminary, with attached drafts of articles about the history and work of the Worcester Seminary and other seminaries in South Africa
Abbie Park Ferguson papers
Huguenot News Letter, Vol. 3, No. 4, featuring Founders' Day at Huguenot College in Wellington, South Africa, and including articles by the two founders, Abbie P. Ferguson '56 and Anna E. Bliss '62
World Emergency
Documents concerning YWCA of the U.S.A. World Emergency Fund. Beginning in 1937 with an emergency donation to China, the YWCA of the U.S.A.'s World Emergency Committee is established to handle the requests for wartime assistance around the world. The World Emergency Relief Funds provide financial donations, support refugee programs, finance personnel assistance and facilitate the sending of needed supplies. Correspondence, reports and newsletters describe the needs of countries affected by the war, give updates on the war relief efforts supported by the fund and describe activities to support women serving in the military. In addition, documents concern the effect the war has on women around the world and discuss women's roles in the war and relief efforts.
reports, correspondence, articles, newsletters, pamphlets
War Work, World War II
Documents concerning the YWCA of the U.S.A.'s war relief efforts including women war workers, YWCA constituency groupings, reports and additional war work materials. As World War II brings an increase in demand for workers and a changing employment landscape for women, the YWCA of the U.S.A. continues its commitment to advocating for women workers' opportunities, working conditions, training and treatment expanding their program to meet the increased demand and challenges. To help coordinate these efforts the YWCA of the U.S.A. Committee on Women Workers is formed. Committee minutes, reports and notes outline the purpose and activities of the committee as well as document discussions of the needs of women workers and the effect the war has on them. Wartime employment affects industrial workers especially and reports, clippings and correspondence address the industrial workers program in the YWCA of the U.S.A. Other documents concerning women war workers include Women's Army Auxiliary Corps correspondence and applications, a Library of Congress bibliography on women's involvement in World War II, reports on domestic and international war efforts and reports on women war work programs and activities across the YWCA of the U.S.A. In addition to developing programs for the woman worker, the YWCA of the U.S.A. studies the needs of its constituent groups. Originating in a meeting of Business and Professional, Industrial, War Community Service, USO, Health Education and Younger Girl department representatives a document is drafted for use by traveling staff in serving and training communities. Reports on YWCA of the U.S.A. war work activities summarize their involvement in the war effort and their history of service during wartime. Other document include guiding principles of the YWCA during the national emergency and letters concerning starvation in Europe following World War II.
reports, notes, memorandums, correspondence, minutes (administrative records), clippings (information artifacts), newsletters, pamphlets, articles, bibliographies, proceedings
Following the 1930 national YWCA of the U.S.A. convention, the basis commission is formed to study the alternate personal membership basis in associations other than student. The commission of representatives from across the organization collects data and input from local associations, studies and reports of membership basis practices and shares their results ultimately making presentations to the national convention and recommending that associations be given two years to implement the personal basis should the amendment pass. Documents include letters and comments from YWCA of the U.S.A. members concerning the proposed changes, background information, commission minutes and proceedings, proposed and final purpose statements and articles and bulletins concerning the membership basis.
correspondence, bulletins, pamphlets, reports, newsletters, proceedings, notes, clippings (information artifacts), agendas (administrative records), minutes (administrative records), articles


text:
River Ave. Blues » Regardless of inning, Zach Britton should face the middle of the A's lineup in the Wild Card Game
Regardless of inning, Zach Britton should face the middle of the A's lineup in the Wild Card Game
October 3, 2018 by Mike
2018 Wild Card Game Preview: Oakland Athletics
Guest Post: 2018 AL Wild Card Game Umpire Review
(Al Bello/Getty)
Oddly enough, one lingering question going into tonight's Wild Card Game is who's going to close for the Yankees? It's a question rather than a problem. The Yankees have about five relievers who could handle the ninth inning, if necessary. We just don't know who Aaron Boone will use in a save situation tonight.
Since returning from his month-long stint on the disabled list Aroldis Chapman has pitched mostly in the seventh and eighth innings as he works to get back into a groove. His first outing back was a mess. Three runs in two-thirds of an inning and he was all over the place. In four games since, Chapman has not allowed a hit, and he's struck out eight of 13 batters. That'll work.
Zach Britton has filled in at closer recently and he's been excellent, though in two games against the Red Sox the defense refused to turn double plays behind him. Britton has allowed two earned runs in his last 17 appearances and 17.2 innings. Opponents hit .145/.206/.194 against him in those 17.2 innings. The further he's gotten from the Achilles injury, the better he's been. A graph:
Britton did not have a normal Spring Training following that Achilles injury. He's gradually regained velocity on his trademark sinker and, as that's happened, his ground ball rate has climbed. Britton posted a 77.8% ground ball rate with the Yankees. That is both outrageously good and right in line with his 77.7% ground ball rate from 2015-17. That's what Britton does. He gets ground balls.
"Arm-wise, I can't tell you how great my arm feels compared to any other year since I've been in the majors," said Britton to Dan Martin during yesterday's workout. "Maybe when I was 18 in the minors. I think the time off and wasn't able to work out and I just rested helped."
As noted this morning, Aaron Boone has said he's open to letting Britton close in the postseason. It kinda depends how Chapman felt and looked as he returned from the knee injury, and, aside from that first appearance, Chapman was lights out. The triple-digit velocity wasn't there, but he used his slider effectively and pitched very well, including in a save situation Saturday.
My hunch is the Yankees want Chapman to close in the postseason. They want him to be the guy at the end of games, which would free up Britton to pitch in other situations. Marc Carig wrote a great piece about the tools the Yankees use to determine bullpen matchups recently. It's behind the paywall, so I can't give away too much, but this part stuck out to me:
The concept itself is not new. There's no shortage of publicly-available data to expose which hitters might have trouble against cutters buried in on the hands, or two-seamers that nick the corners. But the Yankees have used their blend of data to tailor those projections. With their tools, it's possible to estimate a hitters' performance not against just two-seam fastballs in general, but two-seam fastballs thrown by Britton, or curveballs thrown by Robertson, or sliders thrown by Chapman. Specific velocity and spin is taken into account and matched up to a hitters' bat path, which can also be precisely measured.
Given that information, computers can simulate an expected result. From there, game plans can be formulated, strategies mapped out, scenarios anticipated. If they choose, pitchers can use those insights in their own preparation. Fearing overload, many of the Yankees' relievers prefer to steer clear. But since coming from the Orioles, Britton has embraced the data, which he called far more detailed than what was available to him in Baltimore. In some cases, the projections have contradicted his instincts. In others, they have only reinforced the game plan he had already formulated.
Pretty cool! I remember reading something last year that explained the Indians essentially simulated and projected Edwin Encarnacion's season before signing him. They used all the Trackman data and all sorts of neat stuff to map out the schedule, and the pitchers Encarnacion might face, and the possible weather patterns. They baked all that into the cake, projected Encarnacion's production, and used it to determine whether he was worth signing. And, obviously, he was.
According to Carig, the Yankees do something similar with their bullpen matchups. They project how their relievers, with their individual stuff, match up against specific hitters. It's pretty cool. Ultimately, it's up to the pitcher to perform. The system may say David Robertson is the best matchup against Khris Davis in tonight's Wild Card Game, but if Robertson hangs a curveball, Davis will hit it to the moon. Make the most informed decision and hope it all works out on the field, basically.
Anyway, I mention this because it seems possible the best way to use Britton tonight will be against the middle of the Athletics lineup, rather than as the closer. Maybe the middle of the lineup comes up in the ninth and this all works out nice and easy. But what if they come up in the seventh inning in a one-run game? Or in the eighth? The A's have several extreme fly ball and home run hitters in their lineup. Their standard middle of the order:
3. Jed Lowrie: 33.2% grounders and 23 homers
4. Khris Davis: 35.3% grounders and 48 homers
5. Matt Olson: 35.9% grounders and 29 homers
One-hundred-and-forty players had enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting title this year. Among those 140 players Lowrie had the seventh lowest ground ball rate, Davis had the 20th lowest ground ball rate, and Olson had the 25th lowest ground ball rate. They are three of the most extreme fly ball hitters in baseball. Fly balls tend to be rewarded at Yankee Stadium.
Britton, meanwhile, is an extreme ground ball pitcher. The most extreme ground ball pitcher in baseball when he's on and he's been on these last few weeks. The matchup makes perfect sense on paper. The Yankees should use their very good ground ball reliever against the very good fly ball hitters in the middle of the A's lineup. Right? Right. Maybe it doesn't work out. Maybe Britton leaves up a pitch up and gets burned. Or maybe the A's beat him with ground ball singles. It's baseball. You can do everything right and still get beat.
What does the Yankees' proprietary matchup system say about Britton vs. Lowrie/Davis/Olson? Beats me. I'd love to know. Here are three heat maps showing where each guy hits the ball the hardest — by that I mean fly balls or line drives with a 95 mph exit velocity or better — against left-handed pitchers. It's Lowrie, Davis, and Olson from left-to-right (click to embiggen):
If you're a lefty, you need to keep the ball down against the switch-hitting Lowrie. Against the right-handed hitting Davis, the best spot for a lefty is down and in. Elevate the ball too much on the outer half and he'll drive it the other way. Olson is a left-handed hitter. Looks like a left-handed pitcher has to pitch him away. Britton and his sinker appear to be a good matchup candidate against those three. Perhaps the Yankees see it differently.
We still don't know who will close for the Yankees tonight and it's not because they lack options. I think they want it to be Chapman, but, if he's not where he needs to be following the knee injury, it could be Britton. Boone's bullpen usage will not happen on a whim. There's a lot that goes into these decisions, and it's possible Britton is most valuable to the Yankees as a middle of the A's lineup specialist tonight, rather than as a closer. And, if that is the case, it won't matter whether he pitches the seventh or eighth or ninth, as long as he faces the right hitters.
Filed Under: Death by Bullpen, Playoffs Tagged With: 2018 Wild Card Game, Jed Lowrie, Khris Davis, Matt Olson, Zack Britton


text:
Еберхард фон Изенбург-Гренцау (; * 1356; † сл. 17 януари 1395 или 1399) от фамилията Изенберг, е господар на Изенбург-Гренцау.

Произход
Той е син на Филип I фон Изенбург-Гренцау-Филмар († 22 март 1370) и съпругата му Маргарета фон Катценелнбоген († 9 юли 1370), дъщеря на граф Герхард фон Катценелнбоген († 1311/1312) и Маргарета фон Марк († 1327).

Фамилия
Еберхард се жени пр. 20 март 1371 г. за Мехтилд фон Марк († 6 август 1406), дъщеря на граф Адолф II фон Марк († 1347) и Маргарета фон Клеве († 1348). Те имат децата:
 Филип II фон Изенбург-Гренцау (* ок. 1376; † 1439/1440), няма деца, женен пр. 17 януари 1395 г. за Катарина фон Изенбург-Гренцау († 15 юни 1341), дъщеря на Салентин V фон Изенбург
 Мехтилд фон Изенбург-Бюдинген-Гренцау († сл. 2 февруари 1436), омъжена пр. 12 декември 1415 г. за граф Йохан I фон Насау-Байлщайн-Менгерскирхен († 1473), син на граф Хайнрих II фон Насау-Байлщайн († 1412)
 Аделхайд фон Изенбург-Бюдинген-Гренцау, омъжена за Салентин VI фон Изенбург-Гренцау († 1458)
 Катарина фон Изенбург-Бюдинген ((* ок. 1413; † 21 декември 1465, погребана в Роделхайм), омъжена за Франк XII фон Кронберг
 Мария фон Изенбург-Бюдинген-Гренцау († сл. 1396), омъжена пр. 1396 г. за Салентин VI фон Изенбург-Гренцау († 1458)

Литература
 Gerhard Köbler: Grafen von Isenberg. Historisches Lexikon der deutschen Länder. Die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. 4., vollständig überarbeitete Auflage. Beck, München 1992, ISBN 3-406-35865-9, S. 284.
 Dagmar Reimers:Isenburg. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 10, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1974, ISBN 3-428-00191-5, S. 192 – 194.
 Europaische Stammtafeln, by Wilhelm Karl, Prinz zu Isenburg, Vol. XVII, Tafel 60.
 Detlev Schwennicke, Europaische Stammtafeln, New Series, Vol. XVII, Tafel 60

Източници

Графове в Германия
Изенбурги
Родени през 14 век
Починали през 1399 година


text:
Q: Error Generic Method in java package com.openwaf.test.basic;
public class MethodArgumentTest {
    static interface Inf{}
    static class One<E extends Inf > implements Inf{
        public <T extends One> T get(T k){
            return k;
        }
    }
    static class Two<E extends Inf> extends One<E>{ }
    public static void test(){
        One o=new One<Inf>();
        Two t=new Two<One>();
        o.<Two>get(t);
    }
}

Above code is just for testing purpose. IMHO it should compile without any problem ,but java compiler says

MethodArgumentTest.java:15:
  get(com.openwaf.test.basic.MethodArgumentTest.One) in
  com.openwaf.test.basic.MethodArgumentTest.One cannot be applied to
  (com.openwaf.test.basic.MethodArgumentTest.Two)
o.get(t);
1 error

Can someone please help me out here ?

A: Ok, as you said this is for testing only I will not ask what this code is good for. The following one compiles but still produces a warning. You were not consequent enough defining the generics:
public class MethodArgumentTest {
    static interface Inf {
    }

    static class One<E extends Inf> implements Inf {
        public <T extends One<E>> T get(T k) {
            return k;
        }
    }

    static class Two<E extends Inf> extends One<E> {
    }

    public static void test() {
        One<Inf> o = new One<Inf>();
        Two<One<Inf>> t = new Two<One<Inf>>();

        o.<Two> get(t); /* unchecked warning */
    }
}

A: I think what you need to do is
Two tPrime= o.get(t);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Marx's Capital is one of the most important texts of the modern era. The three volumes, published between 1867 and 1883, changed the destiny of countries, politics and people across the world – and continue to resonate today. In this book, David Harvey lays out their key arguments.In clear and concise language, Harvey describes the architecture of capital according to Marx, placing his observations in the context of capitalism in the second half of the nineteenth century. He considers the degree to which technological, economic and industrial change during the last 150 years means Marx's analysis and its application may need to be modified. Marx's trilogy concerns the circulation of capital: volume I, how labour increases the value of capital, which he called valorisation; volume II, on the realisation of this value, by selling it and turning it into money or credit; volume III, on what happens to the value next in processes of distribution. The three volumes contain the core of Marx's thinking on the workings and history of capital and capitalism. David Harvey explains and illustrates the profound insights and enormous analytical power they continue to offer in terms that, without compromising their depth and complexity, will appeal to a wide range of readers, including those coming to the work for the first time.
This entry was posted in David Harvey, Karl Marx, Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink.
Eileen A. Fradenburg Joy shared a link.
Every time I see new publications like this, I just … despair. Why do scholars keep publishing tomes and screeds of liberal, academic outrage against the "neoliberal university" with publishers (such as Elsevier, Springer, Routledge, Wiley, etc.) that are directly responsible for crippling university library budgets and also for the thoroughgoing neoliberalization of what could have been a Knowledge Commons, but is instead a Knowledge Lockdown masquerading as a Knowledge Economy? The severe ethical disconnect between many scholars' research and where they publish that work is mind-boggling. I sincerely wish more academics, especially of the supposed leftist-liberal-progressive variety, would take this more seriously — where you publish is just as important as the content of what you publish. Not to mention, an ebook priced at $79.99 –as is the case here with John Smith's "The Toxic University" — is beyond ridiculous.
So if, as Smyth argues in his new book, the university is "toxic," because in his words, "forces of neoliberalism that would have us believe that universities ought to operate like profit-making businesses — engaged in cutthroat competition, run as ruthless corporations, where the market is the arbiter and regulator of all things — has become the prevailing norm in Western countries, especially Anglo countries like the U.S., the U.K. and Australia," then he can congratulate himself on contributing to this state of affairs.
Again: Please pay better attention to where you publish your work. If your book costs $80 – $150, then it's flat out inaccessible to the very public "commons" you claim to speak on behalf of. And if it's published with one of the "Big 5" corporate-conglomerate academic publishers, you have already conceded in advance that knowledge can and should be privatized. Congratulations: the neoliberal university is you.
That's a powerful statement by Eileen Joy, certainly – but should point out it was not written as a response to David Harvey's book. Harvey's book is with a small, independent press and not priced like the book being highlighted in this comment. Not undermining the comment, which is important – just pointing it is was written about a different book.


Two men who were sexually abused as teens say the foster care system failed to protect them from a man who emulated a fictional character from "Saved by the Bell."
Two men who were sexually assaulted as minors by a foster parent who changed his name to Zack Morris based on the popular television show "Saved by the Bell" are suing the Hawaii Department of Human Services for putting them in harm's way.
The plaintiffs, who are identified as John Doe 1 and John Doe 2, allege that the state's foster care system failed to protect them from the man despite numerous warning signs about his behavior, including a strange lawsuit he had filed against the state, claiming he was the subject of unlawful investigations.
Morris' real name is Florentino Rios.
According to the plaintiffs' attorney, Jon Jacobs, Rios worked the foster care system on several fronts, which allowed him to groom and molest his victims.
Rios was unemployed and had a history of homelessness. Jacobs said he had also provided the fake name of Zack Morris to DHS.
The lawsuit states Rios moved to Maui from Puerto Rico. He then adopted the name of the fictional TV character, and even dyed his hair and wore colored contacts to help fit the persona.
He is currently serving a 20-year prison sentence for the crimes he committed against the plaintiffs while they were placed in his care during periods from 2009 to 2011, and for sexually assaulting one of their younger brothers.


The prompt this January is Ekphrasis: Respond to a piece of art in a genre you do not work in. Make a painting of a Cure Song, bake a cake based on Anais Nin's erotica, write a song responding to Edward Gorrey's drawings, write a poem that narrates a stooges film... Anything you want-- just respond to another's art. Use the words catharsis, zipper, and the phrase "warning to lovers."
I can't wait to see what you create for all the electrocuted stars!
Saturday, January 25th at 8:00pm.


Show, using reasonable methodologies, that 10 or more jobs are actually created directly by the new commercial enterprise. If applying through a Regional Center, the 10 jobs may be indirectly created through revenues generated from increased exports, improved regional productivity, job creation, or increased domestic capital investment resulting from the pilot program. If the investor is qualifying through a Regional Center then Center generally provides this information but in doing your due diligence, this is one issue to investigate.
That the funds used to invest were obtained legally. This is the most burdensome aspect of the application and requires a forensic analysis of the funds used for the investment.
USCIS determines whether the investor qualifies for the EB-5 visa by adjudicating an application, Form I-526. USCIS' adjudication includes a detailed review of the sources of the investor's funds, family history, and other representations of the head of household and his immediate family member under the age of 21.
Once approved for EB-5 status through an approved I-526 application, the investor will apply for permanent residence and will receive conditional residence for a period of 2 years. Within 90-day of the expiration of conditional residence, the investor must file a Form I-829 application to remove the condition, by proving that the requisite amount of personal capital actually was invested, that at least ten full-time jobs were created by that investment, and that the investor "substantially met" the capital investment requirements and sustained the investment during the conditional two-year period. The investment, whether private or through a Regional Center, must still be operating with the exact same purpose as when the original I-526 application was filed. Failure to timely file that I-829 application to remove the condition will result in automatic termination of status. So will an eventual denial of the I-829, at which stage many investors are deemed not to have "substantially met" the capital investment requirements, but the Service has been known to leave these applications pending for years.


Tommy is a beautiful fluffy long haired boy with a gorgeous grand tail. He swishes it around as a bit of a tease to tickle your urge to hug him, but he rather likes to play hard to get! His flirty chatter and dreamy green eyes make him even more irresistible. Will you be the one that can win him over?
Tommy is about 12 months young who is social with other cats and is very bonded to his sister Lil who looks just like him.
He is located on the Northern Beaches and comes desexed, wormed, F3 vaccinated, FIV tested and microchipped. His adoption fee is $220.


text:
Does Unitary Consultation mean you take just one side?
"Once again, the citizens have disappeared."
Michael Ancram, MP, Devizes.
Yesterday the House of Commons held the first debate about the Local
Government changes – the approval of unitary status for a number of
councils around the country. The first debate was about Wiltshire, our
home county.
From reading the debate it would seem that the Government has based its decision to form a unitary Wiltshire County Council based on the ease of working of a variety of bodies and organisations and ignored strong evidence that the citizens of Wiltshire opposed the change. I've highlighted some of the salient parts from the TheyWorkForYou rendition of Hansard.
"The citizens did not disappear. … There were probably more people in favour of maintaining district
councils and not moving to a unitary council than there were in favour
of a unitary council. Nevertheless, about a third of the public who
offered a view could see the merit of a unitary Wiltshire and would
like that to happen."
John Healey, Minister of State (Local Government)
So the citizens didn't disappear but the government choose to ignore them in favour of the views of other stakeholders as described by the County Council who had proprosed unitary status.
"[ask] whether the Government took any steps to authenticate [the evidence produced by the councils submitting a proposal]?"
Simon Hughes, MP, North Suffolk and Bermondsey
"we, as a Government Department, did not undertake any direct opinion polling or checking of residents' views on the proposal."
But the government didn't check what they said was true.
"the district auditor stated in response:
"I agree with you that it"—
a press release issued by the county council—
"represents a misinterpretation of the MORI findings. "
Andrew Murrison, MP, Westbury
Even though the District Auditor felt that the county had been mis-representing findings.
I don't want to get into the debate about whether Wiltshire should abandon the two-tier system or not,
78 per cent. of people said that they wanted the status quo, but with a
bit more co-operation; 71 per cent. felt that a single council for
Wiltshire would be remote and less in touch with local people and local
issues; 64 per cent. saw Wiltshire as too big to be served by only one
authority; and two thirds of the respondents said that the current
system of local government worked well for them.
Michael Ancram, MP, Devizes
although I think I was one of the 71% above, but the lack of rigour in the consultation process is unbelievable.
The decision was made on the basis of evidence provided by the County Council, the organisation that stood to gain the most from unitary status. The evidence was not checked. The research that showed that citizens of Wiltshire were against unitary status were put to one side in favour of the views of
"Several important agencies and bodies, with which the council needs to
work increasingly closely in developing and providing better services,
were strongly in favour of a county council because they perceived the
ability to work closely with the local authority as being more likely
in those circumstances."
In short the people of Wiltshire are being told that a variety of unaccountable and unelected organisations carry more weight than the population of Wiltshire when it comes to deciding the way their local government is to be structured.
This IS not the way to engage people with local democracy.
Categories:	Democracy
Tags: Andrew Murrisonlocal democracyunitary statuswiltshire
It's good to present on the first day of a conference. You get it out of the way and can start to enjoy the social (read liquid) elements in much more depth. The danger is Read more…
The AV Debate
It was no surprise to hear Radio Five cover the AV debate this morning (starts at 7:10 am – one hour in probably). It was surprising to me though to hear what a poor, destructive Read more…
Let's have a conversation about the funding of science
Throughout the Science is Vital campaign I was aware that whilst we were fighting to retain science funding, no-one really had an accurate map of current funding. We managed fine because we concentrated on funding through Read more…


text:
Plan would upgrade Croft Farm arts center in Cherry Hill
CHERRY HILL - The township's arts center at Croft Farm isn't a pretty picture these days.
A former chicken coop, converted decades ago into studio space, is cramped and uncomfortable. And a one-time barn that hosts larger programs is now too small for the community's needs.
So, Cherry Hill officials are planning a dramatic upgrade at the Bortons Mill Road property, which has held the arts center since 1998.
They want to demolish the coop and replace the long, low lean-to with five buildings holding about 4,000 square feet of space for local creators and performers.
More:Why did this Cherry Hill teacher camp out on the school roof?
More:Cherry Hill school officials search for answers after bond defeat
"We are very excited about this important project and can't wait to see the final product," Mayor Chuck Cahn said Monday of the proposed makeover.
Officials detailed their plans at a recent meeting of the township's panning board.
"It will give the town such a unique feature," said Megan Brown, Cherry Hill's recreation director. She noted the plans have been under discussion for the past two years.
The new buildings — pole barns with concrete slabs for their foundations — are expected to rise along a concrete path that will curl around an existing tree near the lean-to.
The expansion will allow the center to introduce new programs and to hold existing classes more frequently, Brown said at the Dec. 17 meeting.
"The program is expanding and they're running out of usable space," added Christopher Zmijewski, an engineer who consulted on the project.
Four buildings will each hold about 765 square feet of studio space. The fifth will hold almost 1,000 square feet.
The pole barns would have porches and open interiors, providing more room and options for their users, Zmijewski said.
"If you walked in (to the current studios), you'd walk right out," predicted Brown. "The rooms are cold, they're dark."
Construction could begin by April, for completion by the township's Harvest Festival in the fall, she added.
Among other changes, workers also are to raze an old house near the rear of the property and a shed outside the existing barn. The barn will be given a new roof and a fresh coat of paint.
Changes would not affect a historic farmhouse at the site, which dates to 1748. And power lines at the site would be buried to enhance a rustic view, Zmijewski said.
He said the project already has approval from the state Historic Preservation Office.
In addition, an archaeologist is to check on any areas disturbed by construction at the site overlooking the Cooper River.
An earlier dig at the site "did uncover a number of small artifacts of prehistoric date," said Zmijewski, noting the recovery of stone tools and pot shards.
The planning board unanimously recommended the project after Monday night's courtesy review. The proposal now is to go before township council
The project's cost is expected to be known early next year, after the township solicits bids for the work, Brown said.
Jim Walsh: @jimwalsh_cp; 856-486-2646; jwalsh@gannettnj.com
Also in South Jersey
Heroin bust in Logan 'historical' for Gloucester County
Four face drug, weapons charges in Gloucester Township
Video: American Water makes a splash in Camden


The MuchMusic Video Awards — Canada's equivalent of the MTV Video Music Awards — have revealed the list of 2012 nominees, with big names like Katy Perry, Justin Bieber, Nicki Minaj and Rihanna earning nominations in key categories.
Bieber is nominated in the category as a featured artist on Chris Brown's 'Next 2 You.' Bieber's 'Boyfriend' is a contender for International Video of the Year by a Canadian for 'Boyfriend.' His girlfriend, Selena Gomez, earned a nod for International Video of the Year - Group for 'Love You Like a Love Song,' which takes on videos by One Direction and the Wanted.
Vancouver pop-punk band Marianas Trench and Drake are among the most-nominated acts this year. Drake is up for Video of the Year, where his 'Headlines' clip competes against Carly Rae Jepsen's 'Call Me Maybe.' LMFAO will be hosting the ceremony on June 17 in Toronto.


The New York Preservation Archive Project hosted the screening of two films at Maysles Cinema in Harlem in partnership with Maysles Documentary Center.
More than 20,000 Latino families were displaced to make way for Lincoln Center, home to the Metropolitan Opera and the New York Symphony. This film examines the patrons of an art complex and the culture displayed there. Juxtaposing the atmosphere of Lincoln Center with the vibrant street culture of a displaced neighborhood, the film correctly predicts the process by which the West Side was to be turned into a high-rent area for the upper middle class.
Monica J. Freeman's serene portrait of Hamilton Heights at the peak of its brownstone revival is a testament to the cohesion and spirit of an African-American middle class fighting hard for its place in a depressed city, and, in the process, returning a grand old neighborhood to its rightful splendor.
John Reddick, Harlem Historian: John T. Reddick writes on Harlem's architectural and cultural history and is currently researching its Black and Jewish music culture between 1890 and 1930. He has given lectures at the Apollo Theater and the Museum of the City of New York and led walking tours for El Museo de Barrio, Open House New York, and Harlem One Stop. Reddick has also spearheaded several of Harlem's recent public space enhancement initiatives.
Yuien Chin, Hamilton Heights Preservationist: Yuien Chin has spearheaded two successful landmark preservation campaigns in Harlem's Hamilton Heights and Sugar Hill districts and is the executive director of Harlem One Stop, an online portal that focuses on promoting cultural events in upper Manhattan.
George Calderaro: George Calderaro is an active New York City preservationist. Currently he is engaged with his NOMAD and Chelsea neighbors in advancing landmark status for Tin Pan Alley district.
Special thank you to the staff of Maysles Documentary Center and Elena Rossi-Snook of the Reserve Film and Video Collection at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts for helping to make this event happen!
This year's People Preserving Place film festival was made possible in part by our gracious sponsors including City Winery, CTA Architects, K!ck Condiments, DZINENY and The Science of Color.


Cape Elizabeth placed three in the top 8 and all 7 of its runners in the top 36 to easily win Class B with 50 points. The state's top-ranked team (and 2006 runner-up) also had the best score in the combined results. In both cases, York was 2nd, scoring 98 in the "B" race and 144 to Cape Elizabeth's 73 in the combined.
Yarmouth sr Anna Makaretz won Class B and had the best time of the day, with a 19:47 in wet and muddy conditions. The top 7 from last year's race all returned, but Makaretz, who was 22nd last year, beat them all. Falmouth sr Madeline Grygiel was 2nd in 19:54.
In Class A, two Massabesic runners who clasped hands in triumphant joy at the finish were disqualified and the team was prevented from posting what would have been an upset victory. Instead they were 4th with 121, behind 2-time defending champ Brunswick (107), Scarborough (111), and Brewer (116).
Mt. Blue soph Silver Hunt, not in the state meet last year, took the Class A title in 20:06, with Massabesic #1 Katherine Pierce 2nd in 20:25 and defending champ Amelia Lundkvist of Cheverus 3rd in 20:44. Brunswick was led by Caroline Webster in 11th, but had a fairly tight pack.
Waynflete jr Adele Espy beat the three girls who finished ahead of her last year and won Class C in 20:08. Hall-Dale sr Magen Ellis was runner-up again in 20:15. Espy led Waynflete to its first-ever team title, as they scored 40, 16 ahead of Mattanawcook Academy. Freeport had won 4 straight 'C' titles, but moved up to 'B' this year and was 4th.
The top peformers on the boys side also came from Class B. Greely rolled to the title with 85 points, with a good up-front combo of James Lepage and Logan Price in 6th and 8th (team scoring), as well as strong depth (easily best 4-5 man finishers). Caribou was 2nd with 143, winning a 6th-man tiebreaker with Medomak Valley. Greely and defending champ Cape Elizabeth switched places from last year, when Cape Elizabeth was 1st and Greely was 5th. Greely won 5 of 6 titles between 99 and 04 before yielding to Cape Elizabeth.
Poland's Nick Williams (16:30) moved up from 3rd last year and beat defending champ Ethan Shaw of Falmouth (16:50). Fryeburg Academy's Tim Even, 4th last year, was 2nd in 16:45. Williams had the best time of the day.
Lewiston sr Mohamed Noor won the Class A title in 16:57, also leading his teammates to their first-ever title with 79 points, seven ahead of Cheverus. It's Noor's first year of cross-country. Scarborough saw a string of 3 straight titles broken.
Hall-Dale jr Wade Davis improved from 8th last year to take the Class C crown in 17:25. Winthrop nipped Lisbon for the team title, 65-68, with a 7-point advantage with the 5th man being the difference. Lisbon had won 4 in a row.


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Oregon State Basketball: Arizona State Holds Off Oregon State, 74-69
The Beavers let a half-time lead slip away against the Sun Devils.
By The_Coach Jan 14, 2023, 5:30pm PST
Share All sharing options for: Oregon State Basketball: Arizona State Holds Off Oregon State, 74-69
Ron Chenoy-USA TODAY Sports
Oregon State seemed to have an upset brewing on Saturday night, as they led Arizona State by a three-point margin at the half-time break. However, the Sun Devils would use a strong defensive effort to hold the Beavers to just 27 points over the final twenty minutes to leave Corvallis with a 74-69 victory.
Boasting a starting five that included former Beaver Warren Washington, Arizona State was fueled by a 21-point outing from Desmond Cambridge Jr., as well as a duo of double-digit scoring displays from Devan Cambridge (13 points) and Frankie Collins (12 points).
Devan Cambridge also snagged a game-high 8 rebounds, while teammate DJ Horne dished out a game-high 4 assists.
For the Beavers, the loss was the fifth straight for a crew that only saw Michael Rataj (17 points) and Glenn Taylor Jr. (13 points) add double-figures in the scoring column. Overall, Oregon State is now 7-11 on the season with a battle of the basement upcoming against Stanford next week.
Up Next: The Beavers return to action on Thursday (1/19) on the road at Stanford at 8:00 PM PT.


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← The Bilson-Thompson Helon (Braid) Model
Feynman Diagrams for the Masses (part 2) →
If you want to win a Nobel Prize in Physics by finding the unified field theory, it's pretty obvious that you will have to learn how to make Quantum field theory (QFT) calculations. In the 1940s, Richard Feynman and Ernest Stueckelberg independently developed a notation (now known as Feynman Diagrams), that greatly ease certain calculations in QFT.
Julian Schwinger complained that Feynman had made QFT accessible to the "masses". He meant the "masses of physicists." Between this post and the next, we're going to take Feynman one better and make Feynman diagrams accessible to the masses, as in "masses of amateurs." Our simplification will be to use qubits. For a reference in the arXiv literature, see Quantum Electrodynamics for Qubits, but our discussion will be simpler than this. This post will discuss Feynman diagrams the usual way.
I will try to write this introduction at a low enough level, and with enough links to explanations of the jargon, that it can be understood by people unfamiliar with particle physics. Accordingly, we will skim over a lot of details, but will include links to articles that will explain further, if needed.
As a first step, let's describe what is so difficult about the usual way of doing Feynman diagrams. Maybe this can work as a short introduction to the method for those who haven't seen it before. It's fairly easy to write down Feynman diagrams. It's more difficult to turn them into definite integrals, and then to evaluate the integrals is yet worse. We begin by discussing how Feynman diagrams enter into particle physics.
Feynman diagrams are used in perturbation theory to mathematically approximate a difficult to compute quantum calculation through a series expansion. One takes the calculation one wishes to make, and turns off parts of the interaction that are difficult to compute. This gives an equation that we can solve exactly. We then turn the interaction back on, but only as an infinitesimal correction. Since it is an infinitesimal, we keep only terms that have no more than N products of the infinitesimal. If we can solve the resulting equations (they get more and more difficult as N increases), we end up with a series as a sort of polynomial of order N, for example:
The above illustration shows the bare (i.e. without any interactions) photon propagator on the top row, plus the single 2nd order diagram in the second row, and the two 4th order diagrams in the next two rows. The coupling constant is the fine structure constant, , and the places on the diagrams which correspond to interactions are marked with . If these diagrams compute out to give the values A, B, C, and D, then the photon propagator, corrected (for the possible creation and annihilation of electron / positron pairs in the vacuum) is given by . Note that since the photon is a vector particle, the values of A, B, C, and D are not real or complex numbers but instead are more complicated, as we will discuss later.
In the usual practice, the interaction part that is turned off is typically a coupling constant. A coupling constant is a constant that determines the strength of an interaction. An "interaction" means an event where quantum particles are created or annihilated. "Creation" and "annihilation" are the terms used in QFT to describe the event where a particle begins its existence or ends its existence.
Without interactions, there is no need for the creation or annihilation, and we could use the simpler theory of Quantum Mechanics instead of QFT. Instead, QFT includes quantum mechanics as a subset. After a particle is created, in QFT we can use quantum mechanics to determine how its wave function changes with time, up until the moment when it is annihilated. In QFT, one almost always uses a Green's function for the quantum mechanical wave equation that we would like the particle to obey. The physicists call such a Green's function a propagator because it shows how the wave function spreads, or "propagates", if it starts out concentrated at one point in spacetime (or the equivalent in momentum space). Momentum space comes from taking the Fourier transform of the position space wave functions. It is convenient for calculations in QFT because complicated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution” mce_href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution"convolution integrals become simple when you Fourier transform them. Another way of saying that momentum space is convenient is that in momentum space, momentum and energy are conserved exactly, this is not the case in position space quantum mechanical calculations.
In the usual way of doing physics, one obtains Feynman diagrams after making a guess at the Lagrangian density. Joseph Louis Lagrange was an 18th century mathematician. The Lagrangian is roughly the kinetic energy minus the potential energy. If we choose a particular form for the kinetic and potential energies we can write down the Lagrangian. From the Lagrangian we can compute the equations of motion. We do this by varying the Lagrangian, that is, by computing the Lagrangian for a set of possible paths and picking a path for which small changes to the path do not change the Lagrangian. Such a path is a possible sequence of values for the positions of our particles (and their momenta). The equations of motion will show up as a set of coupled differential equations.
For a wave theory, like quantum mechanics, the kinetic and potential energies are defined at each point in space-time as a functional of the fields. With the wave function, T the kinetic energy, and V the potential energy, one could write the Lagrangian as: . Instead of getting an equation of motion for the particles, we get a set of coupled partial differential equations. The partial derivatives show up because of the dependency on position.
If we turned off the interaction, the equations of motion we would get from the Lagrangian in the usual QFT technique would be something like Schrödinger's equation or Dirac's equation. The propagators (Green's functions) for these equations of motion are well known. What is not known are the propagators for the more complicated equations of motion that would give the full Lagrangian. Such a propagator is called "exact". We will direct our effort at this sort of problem, that is, finding the exact propagators (or an approximation to them) for complicated Lagrangians.
In quantum mechanics, we would compute the complex number . The probability would then be the absolute value of C squared, that is, . In QFT, the exact (or approximated) propagator is used in a similar fashion. For example, if the propagator is given by , where x and x' stand for 3-vectors giving spatial positions, and the initial and final conditions are given by , at times and , respectively, then the complex number computed from the propagator is: where the integral is the definite integral twice over all space. The probability is then given by as in the quantum mechanical calculation.
Of course quantum field theory also allows calculations where the initial and final states are not the same particle states. These are used to model experiments where the type of particle is changed by the interaction. The method is similar to the above, but the propagator refers to different sorts of quantum states. Such a "mixed" propagator would be zero when the interaction is turned off.
T and V can be depend on in complicated ways, for example, they can depend on its derivatives. In addition, is only rarely a simple real or complex valued function (which represent what the physicists call a scalar particle), but instead would be a spinor for a spin-1/2 fermion or a vector for a vector boson such as a photon. The use of spinors is very important and is taught to undergraduate physicists though undergraduate mathematics majors may get a degree without learning of them.
Because spinors and vector bosons are complicated, most QFT textbooks begin with scalars. No elementary scalar particles are known, so this is a toy model used primarily to teach the subject. The problem with the full theory is that it is so complicated that even simple diagrams like the following result in amazingly messy calculations, which we will illustrate.
Our approach will be different from most introductions to QFT. We will first briefly discuss the subject in its full glory, examining the above diagram, and then reduce to a simplification that is not just a toy model, but is the QFT on qubits. For reference, the reader is directed to the recent arXiv paper by Iwo Bialynicki-Birula and Tomasz Sowiński, Quantum Electrodynamics for Qubits.
So now we will turn the above Feynman diagram into a calculation. To do this, we use Feynman rules. These rules convert the elements of the diagram into mathematical objects that will be present in a definite integral. On solving the definite integral, one finds the result of the computation.
The vast majority of work with Feynman diagrams is done in Momentum Space, that is, with momentum and energy instead of space and time. Calculations are much simpler in momentum space. In fact, in quatum mechanics it is easy to forget that there is anything other than momentum space and sometimes people do forget. For example, see "coalesce into a single blob", with respect to Bose-Einstein condensation.
The source of Feynman diagrams is approximately as follows. First, one chooses a quantum mechanical theory for how a particle moves. One then finds a propagator for this theory. In a theory with several different particles, one might need several different kinds of propagators. The Feynman rules will convert lines and arcs into these propagators.
Second, one chooses a set of interactions. The interactions define what can be created when other things are annihilated. The interactions tell how the lines and arcs are hooked together, that is, they define the vertices. For each type of vertex, a complex constant is given (the coupling constant), and if the arcs coming into the vertex have spinor or vector structure, then a way for these to relate to one another must be included in the vertex.
Generally, one defines the propagators and interactions by using a Lagrangian, but the details of this need not concern us here. For any given set of Feynman rules, we could define a Lagrangian that would give those rules, and vice versa. They are alternative ways of describing the same thing.
As I mentioned above, the rules one uses in momentum space are much simpler than the rules in position space. The primary reason for this is that when one Fourier transforms a derivative, one gets a nice simple factor of the momentum. In the usual QED theory one also has to treat the virtual particles differently from the "real" ones that are "on the mass shell". For our purposes, it is enough to understand the virtual particles. With that said, the Feynman rules for QED, the interaction between photons and electrons (and positrons) are simply:
The above, which are from Peskin and Schoeder's book. The mathematical objects on the right need a little explaining. The is an infinitesimally small imaginary constant that comes in when one does the Fourier transform. The sign specifies whether the resulting pole will be taken to be just barely above or just barely below the real line in the complex plane. The "p" is the momentum carried by a particle. In relativity, momentum is a 4-vector, so there are three components. One usually writes the four components . This is said to be convenient for summation conventions, but it seems to me that summation conventions can be what we wish them to be and don't require integer designations. So I use the more geometric nomenclature , which follows that of the Pauli matrices, which fit better with the "east coast metric". But to be compatible with Peskin & Schroeder, I'll keep to the west coast metric here. An advantage of using t,x,y,z to designate the components of momentum (and position), is that I can use the integers to designate different momenta without being at all confusing to the student. So the relativistic conventions I will use will be:
The reader should not take the above two figures as definitive. My purpose here is simply to show what goes into QFT calculations even as simple as the first correction to the photon propagator. (Did I mention that I'm ignoring the term that has a vacuum bubble?) My objective here is not to calculate it. If you would like to correct one of the above, please put it in the comments and I may or may not get around to correcting it. In addition to these problems, there are several different conventions for how to define electricity and magnetism. In short, even the conventions available for the simple theory of QED is a mess.
In addition to the above, one also requires that momentum is conserved at the vertices, and that "undetermined loop momenta" are integrated over . The conservation of momentum is obtained by adding to the vertices a delta function on the sum of the 4-momenta coming into the vertex. For example, if the three propagators coming into a vertex bring momenta of , then we include a 4-delta function This delta function makes sure that energy and momentum are (each separately) conserved at the vertex. This is part of the reason that momentum space is simpler: energy and momentum are conserved.
Finally, the are a set of four 4×4 matrices called the Dirac gamma matrices. In places where one is supposed to add a real or complex (i.e. scalar) number to a matrix, one first multiplies the scalar by the unit 4×4 matrix. As a 4-vector of matrices, we will use x,y,z,t notation to reference the four of them. As 4×4 matrices, the four individual matrices are somewhat arbitrary, they are just a representation of the Lorentz group. In my own work I use geometric notation which does not require the choice of a representation. So it is with some repugnance that here I use a particular representation:
In this choice of representation of the gamma matrices, the product that appears in the electron propagator, , expands out to be a 4×4 matrix. This sort of dot product appears over and over in Feynman diagrams. Feynman introduced an abbreviated notation for it called the "slash" notation, which can be expanded out (in our choice of gamma matrices) as follows:
Putting together all the Feynman rules, let's write down the first self energy correction to the photon propagator. The Feynman diagram, as before, is:
When using the Feynman rules, one arranges for the "goes into" of one part of the diagram to fit into the "goes outa" of the next. The first place where this has to happen is at the ends of the photon propagators. Each photon propagator makes a factor . The are just dummy variables that will be summed over when we add vertices to the ends of the propagator (where the photon is created and annihilated). In our diagram, we have two photon propagators, so we will end up with four dummy variables. I will use for these as follows:
In the above, the left vertex is associated with the index, and the right vertex uses the index. The finished correction to the propagator will have indices. These indices match up with the indices given in the Feynman diagrams under "QED Vertex".
Once we get the indices correctly matched to the Feynman diagram, the second place where "goes into" has to match up with "goes out of" is in the 4×4 matrix structure of the fermion propagators. Each of the electron propagators is a 4×4 matrix of complex numbers. The QED Vertex is also a 4×4 matrix. We have to make sure that these matrices are used in the correct order.
With the photon propagators, it didn't matter what order we put the two indices in. This is because the matrix is symmetric. This is not the case for the fermion propagator. The matrix is not symmetric. This is why the fermion propagators have an arrow sign. The arrow sign indicates the direction in which we insert the 4×4 matrices.
For the diagram above, the fermions form a loop. Starting at the left vertex, the order around the loop is "left vertex", "top electron propagator", "right vertex", "bottom electron propagator", and back to the "left vertex". This is the order in which we must put down the 4×4 matrices associated with these objects. Using the momenta as labeled in the diagram, the terms, in order and separated by parentheses, are:
The alert reader will notice that, taken as a product of 4×4 matrices, the above product is arbitrary in that I chose to begin it with the left most vertex. And in general, calculations in QFT reduce to complex numbers, not 4×4 matrices. There is another step, which is to take the trace of this product of matrices. The trace arises because we have to take a sum over all possible polarizations of the fermion loop. You can break the loop at any point, and when you sum over polarizations, you end up taking the trace. Since the trace of AB is the same as the trace of BA, it doesn't matter where we start the loop, the trace function will give the same result.
Okay, we've arranged for the 4×4 matrices to multiply in the correct order (i.e. the electron propagators are hooked up correctly). We've arranged for the photon indices to fit correctly into the vertices (i.e. the photon propagators are hooked up correctly). We can now write down the calculation needed:
The above is a definite integral of 4×4 matrix products with 8 variables of integration. The delta functions will simplify four of the integrals. This will leave a delta function that factors out, i.e. . What remains will still be quite a mess. Various calculational tricks will allow computation of the matrix trace without having to actually multiply it out. The equivalent calculation in position space is considerably worse.
This discussion of Feynman diagrams hasn't included various things that are needed to account for symmetry between diagrams. The above has a minus sign added because of the presence of a fermion loop. God knows what I've left out. Surely those in the know will complain in the comments. But these are details. What I've tried to do with this post is to give an idea what sort of things go on when one converts a Feynman diagram into a calculation.
In the following post we will redo this, but with qubits, and show how the theory simplifies to the point that amateurs can discover new results.
11 responses to "Feynman Diagrams for the Masses (part 1)"
carlbrannen
I sat down to continue writing and I already found errors. In switching the metric to east coast, I need to switch the Feynman rules also, otherwise integrals don't blow up like they're supposed to… I'll get around to fixing it probably later today.
This is very clear and interesting. One thing about quantum field theory that worries me is the poor way that the theory is summarized: either with too much abstract maths which aren't applied to concrete examples, or else with no maths at all. It should be possible to concisely explain it, and that's what you're doing.
One problem with popular Feynman diagrams is that they're plots of time (ordinate, or y-axis) versus spatial distance (abscissa or x-axis).
Therefore, it's a funny convention to draw particles as horizontal lines on Feynman diagrams, because such particles aren't moving in time, just in distance, which is impossible.
[snip]For rest of comment, see Long Nigel Post #1. For Nigel's copy of the comment, with further comments, see Nigel's blog post on energy conservation comments.[/snip]
Pingback: Feynman Diagrams for the Masses (part 2) « Mass
I also find the website very interesting especially the virtual photons and virtual electrons.Why is momentum conservation necessary ? If energy conservation can be violated in time then momentum can be violated in space.
Little mistake.
Last matrix element is not -pz.
-pt.
[Carl: And that's not going to be easy to fix…]
How can these diagrams be used for the wave function? Can they be combined with twistors in some way?
Mitchell Porter
Each diagram describes a sequence of changes in a multi-particle wavefunction. For example, in Carl's first diagram (if you read left to right), you start out with a single-photon wavefunction (represented by the wavy line), it changes into a one-electron,-one-positron wavefunction (the two straight lines with arrows), and then it changes back into a single-photon wavefunction (wavy line again).
The diagram describes both a process in space (photon becomes electron-positron pair which recombine) as well as a quantum probability (which comes from multiplying the algebraic expressions in the diagram labeled "Feynman QED Rules").
A wavefunction is a superposition of all the possibilities. You can extend that view to talk about a superposition of possible "histories" or "processes". The standard form of quantum mechanics involves the Schrödinger equation: you start with a wavefunction, and then that equation tells you how it changes over time. But the other way to do it is to look at all the possible sequences of events (the "histories"). Each history gets a complex number, and then the complex numbers add if the histories arrive at the same final state. This is the "sum over histories" or "path integral", and mathematically it's exactly the same as the other picture.
When particles can interact, the possible histories can become extremely complex. But in quantum electrodynamics (electron-photon interactions), the more often they interact, the less probable that history is. So the "higher order diagrams" only matter for precision calculations.
Feynman wrote a famous book about this, "QED", which is meant to explain it all to the public.
Twistor theory also has "twistor diagrams" which are exactly the same idea. In fact they are now being used in QCD (gluons) and string theory.
Thanks for the answer, but you said nothing about the combination Feynman – twistors.
I'm a novis in these things, as you certainly saw. I hunt the qubit thing and the degrees of freedom (P- V-axis). In Wikipedia they said that Feynman was no good for solitons and superconduction in general, and that is what it is about in my meridians and the nerve pulse.
The twistors are no good for particles, atoms and molecules. But they can have many superpositions at a time. It seems to me now that it are the twistors that are responsible for the wave collapse, through braiding. The wave is repelling, the particle is attracting?
Wikipedia says that Feynman diagrams are "no good for solitons" because Feynman diagrams are for perturbation theory and perturbation theory is no good for solitons and similar bound states.
My efforts have been in extending the methods of Feynman diagrams to exactly those deeply bound states. The idea is that you look at what happens in perturbation theory to give you an idea of what must happen in strongly bound states. See my latest paper on "Spin Path Integrals and Generations" for example calculations of bound states using Feynman path integrals.
Another way of describing the idea is that in those bound states, you have to agree that certain things are as true in bound states as they are in perturbational quantum mechanics, especially superposition. Now standard quantum mechanics handles bound states beautifully, the real problem is only that Feynman diagrams and modern elementary particles is more of a perturbational way of looking at things. So I take the tools defined by what we know from perturbation theory and turn them around to apply them to bound states.
As far as twistors go, I don't think I know enough to competently comment on them except to say that Marni Sheppeard seems to think they're useful, and it sure looks to me like they're similar to the kind of stuff I'm doing.
The problem is the relaxation that happens in the braidings. The energy is freed. Can you really take the tools and just turn them around? There are also the time factor.
Also the hierarchial problem is there. The vectors/spinors are of different amplitude? What determines it?
It sounds logical to think this process is assymmetric and it cannot be turned around.
I need Feynman diagram for atomic and nuclear (bound states) reactions. Please, provide some, if you can.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I may have heard this wrong, but I thought a guide at the Wild Animal Park in San Diego gave us the names of the three most dangerous animals-those that are responsible for the most human deaths. I thought that he listed hippopotamuses as the most lethal. Why would that be?
You are right. The hippopotamus causes the most human deaths in Africa. This is because the hippo is highly territorial and extremely bad tempered. They hate surprises. They spend most of their time in rivers and lakes, often just beneath the surface. They are often unnoticed by boat captains, who mistake them for rocks, or ripples, and bump into them.
Hippos are the third-largest land animal in the world, weighing between 2,220 and 9,000 pounds. Even pygmy hippos weigh between 350 and 600 pounds. They can easily capsize a small boat. They can crush people or drown them. It is also extremely dangerous for people to venture near a baby hippo.
So, if you go to Africa, and take a boat trip, be sure the captain is experienced enough to detect any hippos lurking beneath the surface!