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Q: Alter column to store the split functioned string in Pandas Dataframe I did the following:
df[['col1','col2']] = df.col.str.split(',', expand = True)

It works well for like, "a,b".
If the col value is a string without a comma like "a", the above line takes that string to the col1. But if I want to take that in the second column that is, col2, is there any one-line way to do that?
Note that: I want to work it reversely only when it gets a string without a comma.
For more clarification:
Sample dataframe column,

col: "a,b", "a"

Expected output,

row 1-> col1: a, col2: b

row 2-> col1: none, col2: a

Thanks in advance :))

A: You should rather use extract  instead of split:
df.col.str.extract(r'(\w*),?(\w+)')

   0  1
0  a  b
1     a

where df = pd.DataFrame({'col':['a,b', 'a']})
Note that the regex can change with respect to what is needed
EDIT:
 df.col.str.extract(r'^([^,]*),?(\b\w+)')

        0         1
0  Uttara     Dhaka
1          Faridpur

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A new report has urged one Australian state to embrace progressive reforms in the training and education sector.
Companies with a higher participation of women in decision-making roles continue to notch up superior profits.
WorkSafe has called for 'suitable' training for young workers after uncovering some worrying statistics.
From primary health care to child protection, a range of professions are being targeted to deal with meth-affected people.
A man who claimed to work for an RTO has been charged after an investigation into the alleged fraudulent supply of 'white cards'.


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Crown of thorns: Billie Eilish's regal reign over dark pop on full display at the Met Philadelphia
There's an old saying that goes, "if so-and-so wasn't around, you'd have to invent them."
A.D. Amorosi
That's the case with the wriggly, dark pop-hop, chart-topping prodigy, Billie Eilish — at least from having watched the 17-year-old on Saturday night at a packed-to-the-rooftop Met Philadelphia.
Into the chipper and agreeable void that is the pop charts — where the unpleasantly desperate Taylor Swift and the semi-soulful but cloying Ariana Grande exist — came Eilish, a breath of smoky air during a smoggy California dusk; a spidery, strange young woman with bits of Trent Reznor, Lana Del Rey, vintage trip-hop and Fiona Apple in her mix.
Veering toward the dark side since her start (2016's viral hit "Ocean Eyes"), Eilish showed her Hammer-Horror hand early in her career when she compared her lover's eyes to burning cities and napalm skies on "Ocean Eyes" and talked about killing her teen pals in the strummed acoustic "Bellyache."
When she coo-sang the line, "I'm scared/I've never fallen from quite this high," from that former tune, you could tell that Eilish was loving her alien side, a tomboy choirgirl who had watched her native Los Angeles in flames and witnessed school shootings on the news. Through it all, she was still feeling the pangs of teen love-and-lust, churning all of this together in her head until the results poured out in a macabre, molten lava blob.
Contextualizing her lyrics and sinister-sounding tracks (written by her brother Finneas, who played keyboard, guitar and bass at The Met shows) with a graphic/visual sensibility that equal parts Guillermo Del Toro and Bjork helped push her unmerry melodies to the masses. The sound of the Eilishes is radiantly underground and purplish-ly modern: spare, punky, avant trip-hop/dubstep, with elements of early, raw house music and beautiful, simple acoustic goth balladry for shimmering, soulful effect. It's pop, and yet you're not always certain how.
Perhaps it is courtesy of the singer herself that the material has become so popular: her eerie drive, her simmering comportment, her willingness to prove that the current obsession with the momentary is better dealt with when slapped in the face with mortality — she sings "I wanna end me" on "Bury a Friend."
Rather than manicured and content, Eilish was restless, messy, ill-fitting and provocative on her debut album, "When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?," as well as during Saturday night's live show at The Met. She played to a group of cheerful young children who could have just as easily been bussed to see a Broadway matinee of "Beetlejuice" or "Be More Chill."
Together, Eilish and her crowd engulfed each other and regaled in an off-black celebration, what it meant/means to be the odd-woman-out, a child of the revolution, not quite the kind that Kendall Jenner-wearing fans are used to. Eilish's revolution is filled with non-confidence, sadness, hurt — and lots of images of spiders and falling bodies.
On an angled, spare and spacious LED-lit space shared with brother Finneas and drummer Andrew Marshall, Eilish looked like a boxer bouncing around the Met's big stage. Tugging at her baggy t-shirt, occasionally sticking her tongue out at her screaming fans, her baby Lydia Lunch-like voice was usually drowned out by the 4,000 screaming kids singing every word along with their hero.
After the thump hop and synth-slabbed intro of "bad guy," "my strange addiction" and the ominous Sherlock-Moriarty-inspired "you should see me in a crown," the trio began peeling its sequenced layers of sound away, as if its arrangements were onions, in order to get to the dramatic, stark and softly spun ballad, "idontwannabeyouanymore."
Don't confuse her softness with weakness. With that game-changing song, Eilish showed how deep and genuine hurt could be rendered curt and made spiteful with an air of the dastardly film "Dangerous Liaisons" in its snide asides.
That most of her songs ended abruptly gave each moment a raw, rush-to-the-finish feel, as on the poisonous melodic line of "COPYCAT," the amniotic fluid-feeling ballad "WHEN I WAS OLDER," the whispering and wonky "when the party's over" and the somnolently squelchy anti-drug screed "xanny."
Though cute in a lovelorn teen fashion, my own jury isn't quite out on "wish you were gay." It was the one song that this precocious singer and lyricist doesn't make herself clear on at a time when cutting clarity and imaginative Expressionism isn't a problem for her. Lines such as "Is there a reason we're not through?/Is there a 12 step just for you?/Our conversation's all in blue," can perhaps be construed as a youthful confusion as to what is going on between the characters in her song, and yet, Eilish seemed too sure of herself, and smart, on every other track to allow that one its fuzzy intent.
That Eilish returned to cocksure certainty for the last fifth of her show highlighted her pop sensibilities despite any nod to underground sound or lit-smart hissy fit. The woman knows how to pace a set like a pro.
Along with the aforementioned spooky sorts of "ocean eyes" and "bury a friend," she performed "when the party's over" before the song's bright, white video — one where a blue-haired Eilish cried rivers of globbing thick blood while smearing it across her face and reveling in a loneliness ("Quiet when I'm coming home and I'm on my own/I could lie, say I like it like that, like it like that") that's bitterly sad for anyone even thrice her age.
She made each and every audience member — young and old, child and parent — feel the desperation of utter solitude like a gut punch, but with the throbbing mournful monologue of "goodbye" to wrap all that mad, bad, glad-to-be-unhappy feeling up in a big black bow.
Having a 17-year-old put an emotional lifetime, yours and hers, into a worldly perspective honestly proved to be both confounding and refreshing.
TWITTER: @ADAMOROSI
@adamorosi
A.D. Amorosi is a Philadelphia-based journalist who, along with Philadelphia Weekly, writes for numerous local, national and international publications including Variety and the Philadelphia Inquirer.
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When we are young, we experience the world as an innocent, moldable mind. We have no choice in the events that transpire. We're at the mercy of the adults that surround us. When we grow into adulthood, we experience life on our own accord. What we eat, where we live, where we work, and how we build relationships - many of these choices are influenced by our upbringing. We have triggers, preferences, and experiences that made us form the opinions we have today. Everyone has their own journey. As we grow older, we are alike more than we seem to realize. What's important is listening to each other especially when we are forming our adult relationships. Many of us are still uncovering the layers of life that make us who we are today.


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SPINDOLA LINHARES, Jussiara Candeira et al. Reproductive tactics optimizing the survival of the offspring of Cichlasoma orientale (Perciformes: Cichlidae). Rev. biol. trop [online]. 2014, vol.62, n.3, pp.1007-1018. ISSN 0034-7744.
High mortality rates have been observed in Teleost during early developmental stages, as well as great variations in reproductive tactics, which are related to adaptations towards environmental conditions and ecological niches for which different species have a specific response. The objective of this study was to describe reproductive tactics related to the survival of Cichlasoma orientale offspring, including aspects of body size, parental care, fecundity, oocyte size and spawning patterns. Samples were performed monthly from August 2011 to July 2013, in lentic and lotic environments at Curu river basin, Brazilian Northeastern semiarid region. Individual behavior (n=113) was observed underwater for over 50 hours by ad libitum sampling and focal-animal sampling. Collected individuals (males n=185, females n=95) were evaluated regarding the standard length, batch fecundity, oocyte size and spawning pattern. In females with mature ovaries, oocyte groups at different developmental stages were observed, these cells were counted and measured, and fecundity was estimated by the gravimetric method. Our results showed that the species displayed biparental care behavior and, on average, males were larger than females. Based on 46 ovaries, the average batch fecundity was 2 052±849 (range: 254-3 389). Standard length and batch fecundity were positively correlated, but no correlation was found between oocyte size and standard length. The maximum diameter observed in the most developed oocytes was 1.8mm. The observed distribution of oocyte size classes indicated synchronous oocyte development in three groups: previtellogenic, vitellogenic and mature, showing that C. orientale is a multiple spawner. Differences in the amount of oocytes among the three groups were observed, with the most developed group showing the smallest number of oocytes. The combination of low fecundity and large egg size is characteristic of demersal spawners due to a greater environmental stability. Multiple spawning increases chances of survival mainly because of increased fecundity per reproductive season, and the reduced competition among the offspring. We concluded that C. orientale makes a heavy investment in larval survival in detriment of the offspring number. Survival is favored by the large size of oocytes, large yolk reserve, biparental care and multiple spawning pattern.
Keywords : fecundity; oocyte size; multiple spawning; biparental care; reproduction.
· abstract in Spanish · text in English · English ( pdf )
Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, 2060 San José, Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, CR, 2060, 2511-5500 , 2511-5550
rbt@biologia.ucr.ac.cr


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Paulucci v. Nelson, No. A16-0043, 2016 WL 4162868 (Minn. Ct. App. Aug. 8, 2016) Swanson v. Integrity Advance, 870 N.W.2d 90 (Minn. 2015) State ex rel. Swanson v. CashCall, Inc., No. A13-2086, 2014 WL 4056028 (Minn. Ct. App. Aug. 18, 2014) State ex rel. Swanson v. Integrity Advance, LLC, 846 N.W.2d 435 (Minn. Ct. App. 2014), review granted (June 17, 2014) Marriage of Kazeminy v. Kazeminy, No. A13-1701, 2014 WL 1758366 (Minn. Ct. App. May 5, 2014) In re Jeno F. Paulucci Revocable Trust, A12-1545, 2013 WL 1859074 (Minn. Ct. App. May 6, 2013) Nemadji Research Corp. v. California Reimbursement Enterprises, Inc., A12-0966, 2013 WL 776799 (Minn. Ct. App. Mar. 4, 2013) U.S. ex rel. Bernard v. Casino Magic Corp., 384 F.3d 510 (8th Cir. 2004) Casazza v. Kiser, 313 F.3d 414, (8th Cir. 2002) U.S. ex rel. Bernard v. Casino Magic Corp., 293 F.3d 419 (8th Cir. 2002) United Health Insurance Co. v. AdvancePCS, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 28262 (D. Minn. 2002) Dominium Austin Partners, LLC v. Lindquist, 2001 WL 950085 (Minn. App. 2001) Dominium Austin Partners, L.L.C. v. Emerson, 248 F.3d 720 (8th Cir. 2001) White v. National Football League, 92 F. Supp. 2d 918 (D. Minn. 2000) All Saint's Brands, Inc. v. Brewery Group Denmark, A/S, 57 F. Supp. 2d 825 (D. Minn. 1999) Lilly v. City of Minneapolis, 527 N.W.2d 107 (Minn. Ct. App. 1995) Environmental Products Corp. v. King Companies, Inc., 1995 U.S. App. LEXIS 3342 (4th Cir. 1995) Hillcrest Development v. First Bank National Association, 1994 Minn. App. LEXIS 1169, (Minn. Ct. App. 1994) Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Eden Square Shopping Ctr. Partnership., 524 N.W.2d 513 (Minn. Ct. App. 1994) Travelers Ins. Co. v. Westridge Mall Co., 994 F.2d 460 (8th Cir. 1993) International Travel Arrangers v. NWA, Inc., 991 F.2d 1389 (8th Cir. 1993) Western Lake Superior Sanitary District v. Interpace Corp., 454 N.W.2d 449 (Minn. Ct. App. 1990) State by Drabik v. Martz, 451 N.W.2d 893 (Minn. Ct. App. 1990) State by Drabik v. Martz, 447 N.W.2d 475 (Minn. Ct. App. 1989)
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Holiday shoppers navigate shortages with mixed results
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NEW YORK (AP) - Like many shoppers, Kathleen Webber understands the struggles of getting the right gifts for her three children this holiday shopping season amid widespread shortages.
She promised to buy her 23-year-old son the Sony Corp. PlayStation 5, but he hasn't been able to get his hands on the popular game console. So now Webber says she may have to get him the next best thing - a used smart phone.
"I just don't know where to get one," the Yardley, Pennsylvania resident said of the PS5. "It's like the Tickle Me Elmos" from 1996.
The holidays have always been defined by disappointing out-of-stock messages on the most popular items. But the pandemic-induced supply chain snarls have created unprecedented shortages across all types of products, from the chips that go into gaming consoles to more mundane items like ties and pajamas.
That has many customers buying early as shortfalls are only expected to worsen as the holiday season moves into the final stretch.
Some shoppers like Danny Groner aren't being choosy.
When Groner realized he needed a new tie for a wedding in early December, he found the perfect answer on Amazon: a $7.99 skinny black and white tie that he was told would arrive in time.
But four days later, he received an email message informing him the tie was out of stock and it wouldn't arrive until January. That sent the New York publicist into a fit of desperation and forced him to go back on the site for any tie that would meet the fast approaching deadline.
"It didn't matter to me whether it was ugly - it got here," says Groner, who settled on a yellow and blue checkered tie.
On Cyber Monday - the biggest online shopping day of the year - the prevalence of out-of-stock messages rose 8% compared to a week earlier, according to Adobe Digital Economy Index. From November 1 through November 29, the number of out-of-stock messages soared close to twofold compared with pre-pandemic levels in January 2020 and up 258% from November 2019, Adobe said.
In response, stores like Kohl's have added new online tools to help push shoppers to substitutes if their top choice is gone. Shipt, a grocery delivery service owned by Target, now offers customers substitute suggestions based, in part, on their prior shopping behavior. And technology company Obsess, which creates virtual shopping experiences for such brands as American Girl and Ralph Lauren, added tools that recommend next best items if the shopper clicks on something that's out of stock; it also offers quizzes to help figure out what they would like.
But there are plenty of shoppers who won't be happy with alternatives, particularly when it comes to must-have toys like Spinmaster's Gabby's Dollhouse Purrfect Playset and Moose Toys' Magic Mixies Magical Misting Cauldron. Some are resorting to eBay where they're paying three times more than the suggested retail price. Experts also believe they will turn to more to gift cards if they don't like what they see.
A lot is at stake for retailers. If shoppers can't get what they want at one store, they could go to another competitor or just not buy an alternative. That could dampen holiday sales, which are expected to be up anywhere between 8.5% to 10.5% for the November-December period, compared with the year-ago period, according to the National Retail Federation, the nation's largest retail trade group.
Experts say that the pandemic trained shoppers to try new brands and items when their first choice couldn't be found. For example, when consumer product makers and essential retailers saw a huge run on toilet paper in the spring of 2020, it forced shoppers to abandon the brands they'd been loyal to and seek out alternatives.
Things got more complicated as Americans enthusiastically emerged from months of pandemic lockdowns, eager to shop again. Retailers and manufacturers of all types were caught flat-footed as they also contended with a shortage of containers that carry the goods, bottlenecks at ports and a shortage of workers needed to unload the goods. And global chip shortages have increased the list of hard-to-find gadgets. Many industry analysts believe the supply chain issues will not be resolved until next year.
Victoria's Secret told analysts last week that nearly 50% of its holiday merchandise is in transit. It said it ordered 200 million units of merchandise for the fourth quarter holiday period, but 90 million of those items are delayed because of supply chain clogs.
"Today, we have 30% less PJs in our system than we had a year ago," Victoria's Secret CEO Martin Waters told analysts. "That is clearly bad for business."
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Jim Silver, editor-in-chief of TTPM, a toy review site, says he always used to tell shoppers on the hunt for a scarce toy to show up at stores on Friday night when shipments arrive for the weekend. But he says that doesn't apply this season since the shipments are so unpredictable.
For the holidays, he advises shoppers to go online to get a view of which stores have the item they're looking for. He also suggests looking for toys like board games that are made in the U.S
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Follow Anne D'Innocenzio: http://twitter.com/ADInnocenzio
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Welcome to the Dover Middle/High School Community Service Web Page.
Remember, to graduate students need 90 hours of Community Service (or 15 hours per year starting in the 7th grade). If you entered Dover MS or Dover HS after the 7th grade, your "hours needed" will be adjusted accordingly. 6th Grade students are not required to complete community service; however, if a 6th grade student does community service, these hours may be handed in and held until 7th grade where they will be counted toward graduation.
Each student shall be required to earn one-half credit for community service as a part of his/her total credit requirement to satisfy all requirements for graduation. One-half shall equal ninety (90) clock hours.


This is a huge offer since it alters Imgur from simply an image ranking and publishing website into one where managers can put together the posts into helpful compendiums that may attract a larger audience not currently up on Imgur. Those aggregations might be the funniest response GIFs, the most beautiful aerial drone video, the most motivating weight-loss before-and-afters or the very best Rick and Morty memes.
Why did it take years to introduce something that appears quitebasic? " I wear ' t have an excellent response for you. The truth is that it did take longer than we would have liked. " Users can long-press the preferred " heart " on mobile or click the " more " button on web to choose which folder to include a fav to. Controls for personal privacy and modifying are readily available on the user profile.
Imgur has lots of eye-popping, helpful, hysterical images, however it ' s spread throughout an enormous archive. And generally as soon as a post either gets upvoted to the front page or passes away in the user submission stack, it slips into obscurity permanently. Preferred folders provide old content brand-new legs. It ' s why we ' ve seen other apps like Facebook and Instagram carry out bookmark folders of their own.
Now more than 8 years of ages, that implies Imgur might be on the course to an IPO. And preferred folders might provide it the fodder to impress financiers. It ' s simple to picture " finest of " collections making excellent syndicated material for other sites or perhaps print publications, following in Q&A website Quora ' s steps.
Brands may pay to develop their own sponsored preferred folders, easing them from attempting to appear cool by themselves. Netflix might make a folder of its brand-new programs or traditional films around a style, interesting clients inside Imgur while all at once promoting the app as they publish the collection in other places.
Once simply referred to as the informal image host for Reddit, the 2 websites disentangled in 2015 when Reddit began hosting its own media. Both have actually gone through their difficulties with unpleasant neighborhood members, misogyny and bigotry. With a growing user base simply 80 million smaller sized than Twitter ' s and distinct brand-new functions, Imgur is showing itself a competitor in social media.


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As usual when we go to the US, we came home with large amount of food and food things – books, mags, gadgets and more. This trip was no exception!
… are a lot of bottles of Tabasco. The big bottle of regular Tabasco is a whopping 355ml. I first saw this at a restaurant we went to in Falls Church, Virginia and knew I had to go on the supermarket hunt! The others are a generous 148ml. While this might seem like a lot of Tabasco, I suspect we will go through it in about 9-12 months as we put it on EVERYTHING. Almost. The reason we bought so many – they were cheap cheap cheap compared to here (about 1/4 of the price).
… one of the gifts I always buy myself when I travel is a cookbook or two that characterises the food I've eaten. I couldn't resist April Bloomfield's cookbook, especially as we ate at one of her restaurants – The Spotted Pig – when in New York.
… are some funky BBQ utensils. It's not a holiday to the US without at least one visit to Williams-Somona (I think I went to 4 or 5…) and I couldn't resist these funky little curved kebab skewers or the corn skewers. Especially as I'd been reading 50 recipes with corn in my Food Network mag (above). Perfect for BBQing on the back deck.
… teeny-weeny baking tins and springform pans. Thanks again Williams-Sonoma. I especially love the little baking tins. Perfect for small cakes or mini loaves of bread.
My kind of holiday Mel! It says something when your luggage is mainly food. There's lots of IMK this month that have a luggage/food theme. I've got a couple of those little springforms that a friend brought me back as a gift – the best type of souvenir!
Love this blog post Mel – what a great array of things you bought!
I know – we go through a lot of it!! The green one is GREAT on eggs. So is the chipotle tabasco.
You are correct, the books and mags need no explanation.
Tabasco? Oh, yes. Primarily the Chipotle Tabasco, it's the only one we use now.
Chipotle pepper in adobo … I'm seeing a theme, they are fabulous, takes Kung Pao to a whole new level.
Thanks Judy. I am madly in love with chipotle on everything these days!
Wow that is a lot of Tabasco sauce!! I love buying things on holidays. We are usually too busy to roam around shops at home but holidays, now they are a different story!
It's the same with us Glenda. I still laugh when I remember my hubby on our first trip to the US – he morphed into a super shopper. Normally he never goes NEAR a shop!
Wow! You weren't kidding about bringing back some great stuff. I have pan envy, and skewer envy and … Oh who am I kidding. I just have envy 🙂 Thanks for sharing your awesome finds.
Aren't those skewer's gorgeous Tania? Need to use them – maybe one night this week.
G'day Mel ..LOVE the farmers markets in new York City, TRUE!
Looks like you enjoyed your holiday and love San Marcos Chilpotle Peppers in Adobo Sauce…got through quite a bit of those and luckily can get them locally in Adelaide too!
We can get those Peppers in Brisbane too Joanne but they are $5-6 a tin vs $1.50 a tin for the ones in the photo.
I just opened one of the maple creams to have on a leftover blueberry pancake. OMG. I've given one jar away but definitely not sharing the rest!
Looks like you had a wonderful trip! I too love to pick up local magazines and cookbooks from places I go. It's a nice reminder.
Thanks Pamela, we did! I have a lovely little collection of cookbooks from various places I've visited over the years.
Looks like you had a great holiday! That's the sort of stash I would like to come home with but my baggage never allows for it. Note to self: must buy bigger suitcases. Although I don't envy you coming through customs with that lot!
the luggage allowances coming to and from the US are very generous – unlike anywhere else in the world. And amazingly this time customs waved us through. Unlike last time where they went through 5 of our 6 bags.
Love all your goodies! I'm visiting Virginia this month- the eastern shore.
Thanks Heidi! We loved Virginia, especially the drive through the Shenandoah National Park, which was a real highlight of our trip. I'm definitely keen to go back and see more.
LOL – I thought I was the only one that goes to USA and comes home with a million varieties of hot sauce, maple syrup and BBQ utensils AND funnily enough, I have springform pans on my list for next trip !!!
I adore chipotle Tabasco, but have never seen it in the supermarket – we just get the plain red one, and sometimes the green too if we're lucky. But the gorgeous smoky chipotle flavour just goes so well with the tangy Tabasco – I am very jealous of your tabasco haul!!
I discovered chipotle tabasco at Guzman y Gomez which opened up in Canberra about 6 months ago – they have massive bottles of the stuff. Chipotle tabasco on a burrito? Absolute heaven!
That's where I first discovered it too!!
What a haul. I'm surprised you could fit all that in suitcase!
We did have 4 suitcases. Four very full suitcases!
Mel, I like your idea of souvenirs. (I hope your suitcases had wheels.) Fun IMK post!


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Adv Biomed Res 2020, 9:32
Is vitamin D status associated with depression, anxiety and sleep quality in pregnancy: A systematic review
Melika Fallah1, Gholamreza Askari1, Zatollah Asemi2
1 Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2 Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
Date of Acceptance 22-Apr-2020
Dr. Gholamreza Askari
Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_188_19
Background: Women's mental health is a significant health issue for pregnant women during and after pregnancy. Postpartum depression (PPD) is defined as the presence of depression in the 1st year after delivery. This study reviews the relationship between Vitamin D levels, anxiety and poor sleep quality related to pregnancy. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted on documents presented in PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Web of Science databases until March 2020. Three separate search paths were considered for three different disorders with particular keywords. All observational studies that investigate the relationship between Vitamin D levels and PPD, sleep disorders, and anxiety were selected for inclusion in the study. Results: Search yielded 14 eligible studies. Quality of most included studies was medium to high. Nine studies reported that Vitamin D deficiency was directly associated to the incidence of PPD and sleep disorders. One study reported an indirect association, and three researches did not observe any association between Vitamin D status, sleep disorders and PPD. One study reported a direct association to anxiety but did not have any relation to PPD. Conclusions: PPD and sleep quality during pregnancy associated to Vitamin D deficiency directly. Although studies have several limitations, the importance of sufficient Vitamin D status in pregnant women has been addressed in all studies, especially regarding the prevention of PPD, anxiety, and poor sleep quality during the pregnancy.
Keywords: Anxiety, circadian clock, postpartum depression, sleep disorders, Vitamin D
Fallah M, Askari G, Asemi Z. Is vitamin D status associated with depression, anxiety and sleep quality in pregnancy: A systematic review. Adv Biomed Res 2020;9:32
Fallah M, Askari G, Asemi Z. Is vitamin D status associated with depression, anxiety and sleep quality in pregnancy: A systematic review. Adv Biomed Res [serial online] 2020 [cited 2021 Jan 20];9:32. Available from: https://www.advbiores.net/text.asp?2020/9/1/32/290567
Postpartum depression (PPD) is defined as the presence of depression in the 1st year after delivery.[1] Approximately, 10%–18% of postpartum women in different society are affected by PPD.[2] The reported prevalence of PPD in Iran is 25.3%.[3] A large amount of researches explained adverse effects of PPD on the cognitive and emotional development of infants.[4] Symptoms of PPD are similar to other types of depression including feeling sad, hopeless, nervous, weight loss, and sleep deprivation.[5] Many postpartum women suffer from mental disorders such as anxiety and sleep disorders.[6] While they need sufficient sleep for their energy requirements. Hormonal changes may cause energy loss and alter sleep quality, sleep duration, and eating habits in early weeks of Post partum period.[7] Recommendations for preventing PPD include breast feeding, good asleep, and routine postnatal maternal health care.[8],[9] Beside unwanted pregnancy, history of depression, dietary factors such as polyunsaturated fatty acid, Vitamin D, and homocysteine deficiency may have a role in the incidence of PPD.[8] Sleep deprivation can cause pregnancy complications such as gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, PPD, and cesarean delivery.[10] Vitamin D3 is produced after skin exposed to the sun's ultraviolet rays.[11] Therefore, lack of sun exposure and indoor lifestyle are two major important causes of vitamin D deficiency.[12] Evidence for vitamin D has grown dramatically and a large amount of the present knowledge was published in the last decade.[13] Vitamin D has calcemic and non- calcemic functions.[14] It is a hormone which is needed for normal brain homeostasis and development.[15] In the brain, it promotes neurotransmission, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, amyloid clearance and the prevent neuronal death.[16] Active form of vitamin D (calcitriol) is associated with production of serotonin by activating synthesis of tryptophan hydroxylase 2(TPH 2) in the brain[17] and also has protective effects against low level of dopamine and serotonin.[18] Insufficient level of vitamin D is also associated with several mental disorders such as anxiety,[19] sleep disorders such as restless leg syndrome (RLS) in pregnant women.[20] On the other hand, supplementation with medium dose of vitamin D (≥800 I. U. daily) had some desirable effects on the treatment of depression, especially when serum level of vitamin D was lower than normal range.[12] Vitamin D supplementation for 2 years was also associated to sleep improvement in 1500 patients with neurologic complaints.[21] Due to the importance of relationship between the levels of vitamin D and some disorders such as PPD, we made a comprehensive conclusion by conducting a systematic review and collecting all related evidence. This study reviews the effect of vitamin D deficiency on PPD, anxiety and poor sleep quality during pregnancy.
This systematic review was performed to collect any literatures to assess if vitamin D status is associated to PPD, anxiety and sleep disorders in pregnancy. A systematic search was performed on papers presented in PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Web of Science databases until Oct 2020 without any time or language restriction. To get articles related to each of the disorders, a separate search was conducted by separate keywords. Keywords related to PPD: [postpartum depression OR depression, postpartum OR PPD AND vitamin D OR calciferol OR cholecalciferol OR calcitriol OR 25OHD OR 1,25 OHD]. Keywords related to sleep disorders: [sleep deprivation OR sleep disorders OR sleep quality AND pregnancy OR gestation AND vitamin D OR calciferol OR cholecalciferol OR calcitriol OR 25OHD OR 1,25 OHD]. And keywords related to anxiety: [anxiety AND pregnancy OR gestation AND Vitamin D OR calciferol OR cholecalciferol OR calcitriol OR 25OHD OR 1,25 OHD]. Studies that potentially examined the association between levels of Vitamin D and PPD, anxiety and poor sleep quality were investigated. For every article obtained in the database search, title and abstract was screened. The reference list of relevant articles was also searched. Next, potentially eligible publications also were examined by full text. We excluded duplicates, animal studies, editorials, letters, clinical trials, review articles and studies which assessed other types of depression rather than PPD.
The data extracted from each study included: author and year of publication, design and aim of the study, number of participants, country, and methods used to assess vitamin D status, vitamin D sampling time and method used to depression diagnosis. The data were filled by two independent writers in computer tables, at the end if there were any differences, it was discussed with the third author. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the studies. Studies were scaled on the basis of participant selection (4 questions), the comparability of the study and statistical data analysis (2 questions), and the measurement of outcome (3 questions). Maximum number of score which can be given by each study was nine (four stars in selection, three stars in outcome and two stars in comparability section). [Table 1] shows the quality of papers entered into the study.
Table 1: Studies examined association of serum vitamin D and Postpartum depression
The search strategy and study selection procedure is displayed in [Figure 1]. A total of 989 articles were yielded by electronic search. After excluding duplicate records, title and abstract of 520 papers were evaluated and 496 articles were excluded. Reasons for excluding were as follows: 279 articles were unrelated, 197 studies assessed other type of depression rather than PPD and 20 publications were excluded because of other reasons. Next, full-text of 14 studies met all inclusion were reviewed. All included studies [Table 1] used a cohort design except for five studies.[22],[23],[24],[25],[26] Studies were conducted in different countries. There was heterogeneity in vitaminVitamin D sampling time. All studies were classified as good quality except for one.[27] Nine studies reported that vitamin D deficiency was directly associated to the incidence of PPD and sleep quality.[20],[24],[25],[26],[27],[28],[29],[30],[31] One study reported an indirect association,[22] three researches did not observe any relationship between vitamin D status, sleep disorders and PPD[23],[32],[33] and one study reported a direct association to anxiety but did not find any relationship to PPD.[34]
Figure 1: PRISMA flowchart of study selection process in each stage
A study conducted on 796 pregnant women in Western Australia measured serum vitamin D concentration at 18 weeks' gestation. PPD was assessed 3 days after delivery with abbreviated form of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Findings showed that vitamin D had a protective effect on PPD (odds ratio (OR) = 2.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.26, 3.78).[28] Using a valid method for measuring vitamin D level and assessing vitamin D before the incidence of PPD were two major strengths of the mentioned study. In contrast, limitations were using an abbreviated form of EPDS and unavailable data regarding prenatal mental health.
In another study was carried out in Australia, investigators analyzed 1040 cord blood samples to evaluate vitamin D level in pregnant women. PPD was assessed at 6 weeks and 6 months after delivery with the use of EPDS score. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 fatty acid DHA supplementation during pregnancy on PPD. As a secondary result, the study found no significant association between vitamin D concentration and risk of PPD.[32] Some advantages of the mentioned study should be addressed: (1) Large sample size, (2) Using the best method for examining serum vitamin D level, (3) collecting EPDS questionnaire in two phases (early and late after pregnancy) and (4) measuring vitamin D levels before the incidence of PPD. As cord blood has lower level of Vitamin D than maternal blood sample, using cord blood sample was a limitation. Another limitation was assessing the serum level of Vitamin D as the secondary aim of the study, the result may have been confounded with w3 supplementation Moreover, the frequency of severe Vitamin D deficiency (<15 nmol/L) was low and it might affect statistical power of the study.
Accortt et al. focused on the association between Vitamin D, inflammation and risk of PPD.[33] Serum vitamin D concentration was measured in the first trimester. EPDS was used to evaluate PPD. An association between prenatal low level of 25(OH) D3 and the incidence of PPD was marginally significant (β = −0.209, P = 0.058). Observed association was mediated by interleukin-6 and the ratio of interleukin-6 to interleukin-10. The strength of this study was assessing mediatory role of inflammatory markers in the relation between vitamin D and PPD. Missing data during the 6 weeks after giving birth, participants withdrawals, residual confounding factors (e.g. socioeconomic status) were limitations of the mentioned study.
A case control study examined relation between serum vitamin D level and PPD. Women were interviewed by using EPDS at 10–12 and 25 weeks of gestation. Results showed that women with higher serum level of vitamin D (>80 nmol/L) were at greater risk of PPD[22.35] The study recommended that vitamin D binding protein (Gc protein) should be routinely assessed in pregnancy because it plays a key role in bioavailability of vitamin D.[22] One of the limitations of this study is the lack of remeasurement of vitamin D after delivery.
Yoshihiro Miyake et al. assessed 1319 pregnant women for dietary intake of dairy product by diet history questionnaire (DHA). The aim of this study was to assess whether higher intake of dairy products, calcium and vitamin D during pregnancy could decrease risk of PPD. EPDS score was used to assess PPD 3–4 months after delivery. The study showed that dairy-derived vitamin D had no association with PPD. Maybe this is because measurement of vitamin D after pregnancy has not been performed and authors used pregnancy values to evaluate this relationship. Therefore, administering this questionnaire in 3–4 months after delivery was a major limitation of this study. Furthermore, this study measured dietary intake of vitamin D instead of serum level. Moreover, Vitamin D content of dairy products is limited and it does not have important role in total Vitamin D metabolism.[26] In another study, 179 pregnant were examined at gestational weeks 24 and 28. Blood samples were collected in mid-pregnancy. Women were interviewed using EPDS at 1 week, 6 weeks, and 6 months after delivery. The study reported that women with PPD symptoms were more likely to have low level of Vitamin D. The limitations of the study: (1) small samples, (2) effect of season in level of Vitamin D.[30] A cohort study performed at the South Carolina evaluated 97 postpartum women. The study showed that low level of vitamin D was an effective factor for developing PPD. It should be addressed that several confounding factors (e.g. self-esteem, feeling adequate support and experiencing stressful life) were not controlled in mentioned study.[27] Another cohort study was conducted to assess the relation between serum vitamin D level at delivery and PPD in 3 months after delivery. Serum vitamin D was measured in 213 pregnant women in 24–48 h after delivery. Women were followed 3 months after delivery to complete EPDS. The study reported that PPD was most prevalent in women with low level of vitamin D (≤10.2 ng/ml) with an adjusted OR of 0.81 (95% CI 0.70–0.92; P < 0.0001). A major limitation of this study was collecting history of depression by self-report method.[29] Eighty-one Iranian women with a PPD participated in this study. A total of 27 patients were randomly assigned into three groups to receive either 50,000 IU Vitamin D3 fortnightly + 500 mg calcium carbonate daily; or 50,000 IU Vitamin D3 fortnightly + placebo of calcium carbonate daily, or placebo of Vitamin D3 fortnightly + placebo of calcium carbonate daily (placebo group) for 8 weeks. At the baseline and end of the study, the severity score of PPD, levels of 25-hydroxy Vitamin D, calcium. The PPD score had more reduction in the Vitamin D + calcium and Vitamin D + calcium placebo groups than that of the placebo group. The effect of vitamin D on the PPD score was larger when vitamin D was given alone than given together with calcium.[31] A study was performed on American women at high risk of depression to examine the effects of omega-3 supplementation on depressive symptoms in 2016. As the secondary result, the study showed that low level of vitamin D in early pregnancy associate to depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy and not postpartum depression. beck depression inventory (BDI) and mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI) were completed at 12–20 weeks, 26–28 weeks, 34–36 weeks, and 6–8 weeks postpartum. Vitamin D levels were measured at 12–20 weeks and 34–36 weeks using radioimmunoassay kit. The major strength of the trial was evaluating vitamin D status and depression symptoms several times. There is a limitation with the study; using BDI instead of EPDS to assess depressive and anxiety symptoms.[34] Y. Huang et al. in a cross-sectional study examined 498 pregnant women at 15.4 weeks. Two questionnaires depression, anxiety, and stress scales (DASS-21) and patient health questionnaire depression module (PHQ-9) were used to determine the correlation between mental health symptoms and serum level of vitamin D. The study reported an inverse association between anxiety symptoms and serum vitamin D concentration, especially in patients who did not report physical activity. Confounders were controlled as the strength of the study includes the history of medicine, diabetes, anxiety, depression, and chronic hypertension.[24] Another cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate even low level of serum vitamin D associate to sleep disturbance in the last trimester of pregnancy. The Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire (PSQI) was used to measure sleep quality. Venus blood samples used to determine serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels of 92 pregnant women with poor sleep quality. The study did not support any association between low levels of vitamin D and sleep quality.[23]
A cohort study examined 890 pregnant women at 26–28 weeks' gestation in Singapore. PSQI was used as the sleep quality questionnaires. Maternal plasma 25OHD and 24-h dietary recall administered to determine the associations between maternal plasma 25OHD levels, night-time eating and sleep quality. The results in this article showed that vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) can cause poor sleep quality and night-time eating at mid-pregnancy. The strengths of the study were its large sample size, in addition accounting for confounders include variation in skin tone. Lack of physical activity measurement was one limitation of this study.[20] This cross-sectional case-control study aimed to attending antenatal care clinics. They interviewed pregnant women attending antenatal clinics face-to-face using the International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG) criteria. They assessed the severity of RLS using the IRLSSG severity scale for RLS (IRLS). The study revealed that RLS during pregnancy is linked to low level of vitamin D. Moreover, the physical activity level was evaluated using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A limitations were that only included the mothers who had low levels of serum 25[OH] D (lower than 75 nmol/L) and it is not clear if the same effect would be obtained in mothers with normal serum vitamin D levels. Moreover, the effect of only Ca (without vitamin D) was not studied.[25]
Although studies have several limitations, the importance of sufficient vitamin D status in pregnant women has been addressed in all studies, especially regarding the prevention of PPD. Vitamin D is associated with neuroprotection, neuroplasticity, brain development and regulating of neurotrophic factors. Vitamin D can elevate neurons glutathione metabolism and prevent oxidative degenerative processes by its anti-oxidant activity.[36] Low level of vitamin D alters brain morphology and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase gene which involved in norepinephrine and dopamine synthesis.[36] Normal level of serum vitamin D induces the expression of vitamin D receptors in amygdale, thalamus, hypothalamus, dorsal raphe nucleus and motor neurons.[37] Vitamin D has an important role in the brain glucose transportation by regulating GLUT3.[38] It plays a role in hypothalamic–pituitary– adrenal axis and hormonal and cellular event.[39] Some circadian behavioral and peripheral rhythms disruptions may be due to vitamin D deficiency.[20] 1,25OHD directly or by VDR regulates gene expression,[40] probably including circadian clock genes.[41] Reviewed studies did not control some confounding factors such as seasonal change and physical activity. Level of serum vitamin D alters during a year. The lowest level of vitamin D has been observed in winter.[42] Since all pregnant women did not enroll in studies at the same time, seasonal change could affect our results. Nevertheless, the risk of depression in fall and winter may increase independent of some confounding factors other than vitamin D deficiency.[43] For example, common cold in fall and winter has unfavorable effect on social support and results in incidence of depression. Furthermore, inflammatory markers increased following the common cold may have adverse role in depression.[43],[44] In contrast, vacation time in summer can decrease risk of depressive symptoms.[43] Vitamin D binding protein, known as GC protein, is inversely associated with bioavailability of circulating and active form of vitamin D. Although measurement of total 25(OH) D3 (free form + protein-bound form) is common through the studies only free form of 25(OH) D3 can bind to Gc proteins. Gc protein increases during pregnancy and it results in lower level of free 25(OH) D3. It shows that high or normal level of 25(OH) D3 is not necessarily reflect adequate level of free 25(OH) D3 in pregnancy Evidence showed that high level of GC protein could be correlated with deleterious mutation and incidence of depressive symptom.[45] Therefore, it has been suggested that Gc should be measured in pregnancy as a routine test. Some probable reasons for decreased level of 1, 25(OH) D3 during pregnancy are: (1) elevated level of GC protein during pregnancy. It decreases physiologic activity of vitamin D; (2) genetic variations which decrease conversion of 25(OH) D3-1,25(OH) D3; (3) Pretty high level of vitamin D which stimulates 24-hydroxylase enzyme activity and increases conversion of active form 1,25(OH) D3 to inactive metabolite 1, 24, 25–trihydroxyvitamin D3, (4) Low level of 25(OH) D3 which decreases conversion of 25(OH) D3-1,25(OH) D3. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to impaired dopaminergic neurotransmission.[46] The role of Vitamin D in the development of RLS was further supported by the higher concentration of Vitamin D binding protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with RLS.[47] However, it is not proven yet whether treatment with Vitamin D can improve RLS symptoms. A recent randomized controlled trial of 35 patients with RLS who received either Vitamin D (50,000 IU caplets) or a placebo revealed that Vitamin D supplementation does not improve RLS symptoms.[48]
Effective and safe dose of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy is remained controversial. Preeclampsia and IUGR were improved by 400 IU/day of vitamin D3 versus 4000 IU/day during the pregnancy.[49]
Several limitations were common in most included studies. Although most studies assessed PPD in a short period after delivery, it should be expanded to 1 year after delivery.[50] As EPDS can estimate PPD for only previous 7 days, this questionnaire may be useful in short-term investigations. Also, several studies used a self-administered EPDS, PSQI, BDI, MINI, DASS-21, IRLSSG, and PHQ-9 questionnaires and only two studies[26],[30] used interviewers to complete them. All studies contained the small sample size. Hence, the sample size should be larger to increase to power of study. Studies did not report any data regarding anti-depressant medication during pregnancy.
Vitamin D deficiency seems to be associated to PPD and sleep disorders. Although studies have several limitations, the importance of sufficient vitamin D status in pregnant and postpartum women has been addressed in all studies, especially regarding the prevention of PPD. Probably, vitamin D supplementation in patients with vitamin D deficiency can help to improve PPD. However supplementing women with normal level of vitamin D cannot have beneficial effect on PPD. However, further studies are needed to determine the effect of vitamin D on PPD.
There are no conflicts of interest
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Wali SO, Abaalkhail B, Alhejaili F, Pandi-Perumal SR. Efficacy of vitamin D replacement therapy in restless legs syndrome: A randomized control trial. Sleep Breath 2019;23:595-601.
Ali AM, Alobaid A, Malhis TN, Khattab AF. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation in pregnancy on risk of pre-eclampsia-Randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2019;38:557-63.
Stowe ZN, Nemeroff CB. Women at risk for postpartum-onset major depression. Am J Obstetrics Gynecol 1995;173:639-45.
[Figure 1]
Fallah M
Askari G
Asemi Z
circadian clock


Positive values make the rectangle smaller, negative values make it larger.
The …Self() versions also return the transformed BRect when they are done. The …Copy() versions transform a copy without changing the original.
Positive values move the rectangle right and down, negative values move the rectangle left and up.
The …Self() versions also return the translated BRect when they are done. The …Copy() versions translate a copy without changing the original.
Defines a rectangular area aligned along pixel dimensions.
BRect's are used throughout the Interface Kit to define the frames of windows, views, and bitmaps. BRect's are always oriented with completely vertical and horizontal lines, they cannot be rotated.
A BRect must have a non-negative width and height to be valid, that is the left value must be greater than or equal to the right value and the bottom edge value be greater than or equal to the top value. You can test whether or not a BRect is valid by calling IsValid(). Nothing prevents you from creating an invalid BRect, but, using one to define an area can produce unpredictable results.
Creates an empty BRect object with dimensions (0, 0, -1, -1).
These dimensions are invalid, use Set() to provide valid dimensions.
Creates a new BRect object as a copy of other.
other The BRect object to copy.
Creates a new BRect object with the given dimensions.
Creates a new BRect object with its dimensions defined by the leftTop and rightBottom points.
leftTop The position to set the left top corner to.
rightBottom The position to set the bottom right corner to.
Creates a new BRect object with its dimensions defined by the leftTop point and size.
leftTop The position of the left top corner.
size The size of the rect defining its width and height.
Creates a new BRect object setting the left and top dimensions to 0 and setting the right and bottom dimensions to side - 1.
side The dimension to set the right and bottom sides.
Returns whether or not the BRect contains point.
point The point to test.
true if the BRect contains point, false otherwise.
Returns whether or not the BRect wholly contains rect.
true if the BRect contains rect, false otherwise.
The height of the rectangle as a float.
Inset the BRect by the x and y coordinates of point.
point The point to use to inset the BRect.
Inset the BRect by dx units in the horizontal direction and dy units in the vertical direction.
dx The horizontal distance to inset the BRect by.
dy The vertical distance to inset the BRect by.
Like BRect::InsetBy() but returns a copy of the transformed BRect leaving the original unmodified.
A copy of the BRect after it has been transformed.
Like BRect::InsetBy() but returns the transformed BRect.
Returns The height of the rectangle rounded using ceil(bottom - top).
The height of the rectangle as an int32.
Returns The width of the rectangle rounded using ceil(right - left).
The width of the rectangle as an int32.
Returns whether or not the BRect and rect intersect.
rect The BRect to use to test for intersection.
true if the rectangles intersect, false otherwise.
Returns whether or not the BRect is valid.
A BRect is valid if its width and height are non-negative, that is its right value is greater than or equal to its left value and its bottom value is greater than or equal to its top value.
true if the BRect is valid, false if the BRect is invalid.
References bottom, left, right, and top.
Returns the left bottom point of the BRect.
The left bottom point as a BPoint.
Returns the left top point of the BRect.
The left top point as a BPoint.
Moves the BRect horizontally by the x value of point and vertically by y value of point without changing the size of the rectangle.
point The point to use to move the rectangle.
Moves the BRect horizontally by dx units and vertically by dy units point without changing the size of the rectangle.
dx The number of units the move the rectangle vertically.
dy The number of units the move the rectangle horizontally.
Like BRect::OffsetBy() but returns a copy of the translated BRect leaving the original unmodified.
A copy of the BRect after it has been translated.
Like BRect::OffsetBy() but returns the translated BRect.
Move the BRect to the location specified by point.
point The location to move the BRect to.
Move the BRect to the point specified by the given x and y coordinates.
x The vertical coordinate of the point to move the BRect to.
y The horizontal coordinate of the point to move the BRect to.
Like BRect::OffsetTo() but returns a copy of the translated BRect leaving the original unmodified.
x The number of units the move the rectangle vertically.
y The number of units the move the rectangle horizontally.
Like BRect::OffsetTo() but returns the translated BRect.
Returns whether or not two rectangles do NOT coincide exactly.
other The BRect to compare with.
true if the rectangles do NOT coincide, false otherwise.
Creates a new BRect object as a copy of other by overloading the = operator.
The newly created BRect object.
Returns whether or not two rectangles coincide exactly.
true if the rectangles coincide, false otherwise.
Returns a new BRect that is the union of the BRect and other.
The union of two rectangles is the area that encloses both rectangles.
other The BRect to take the union of.
A new BRect that is the union of the BRect and other.
Prints the BRect dimensions to standard output.
Returns the right bottom point of the BRect.
The right bottom point as a BPoint.
Returns the right top point of the BRect.
The left right point as a BPoint.
Sets the dimensions of a BRect.
left The left dimension to set.
top The top dimension to set.
right The right dimension to set.
bottom The bottom dimension to set.
Sets the left bottom point of the BRect.
point The point to set.
Sets the left top point of the BRect.
Sets the right bottom point of the BRect.
Sets the right top point of the BRect.
Returns the dimensions of the BRect.
The dimensions of the BRect as a BSize.
The width of the rectangle as a float.
The value of the rectangle's bottom edge.
Referenced by Height(), IntegerHeight(), IsValid(), LeftBottom(), operator=(), Set(), and Size().
The value of the rectangle's left edge.
Referenced by IntegerWidth(), IsValid(), LeftBottom(), LeftTop(), operator=(), Set(), Size(), and Width().
The value of the rectangle's right edge.
Referenced by IntegerWidth(), IsValid(), operator=(), RightBottom(), RightTop(), Set(), Size(), and Width().
The value of the rectangle's top edge.
Referenced by Height(), IntegerHeight(), IsValid(), operator=(), RightTop(), Set(), and Size().


The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet Melbourne & Victoria , our most comprehensive guide to Melbourne & Victoria, is perfect for both exploring top sights and taking roads less travelled.
Looking for just the highlights of Melbourne? Check out Pocket Melbourne, a handy-sized guide focused on the can't-miss sights for a quick trip.
About Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet is a leading travel media company and the world's number one travel guidebook brand, providing both inspiring and trustworthy information for every kind of traveller since 1973. Over the past four decades, we've printed over 145 million guidebooks and phrasebooks for 120 languages, and grown a dedicated, passionate global community of travellers. You'll also find our content online, and in mobile apps, video, 14 languages, 12 international magazines, armchair and lifestyle books, ebooks, and more, enabling you to explore every day. Lonely Planet enables the curious to experience the world fully and to truly get to the heart of the places they find themselves, near or far from home.


L'Ecole is fortunate to work with what we believe is one of the strongest groups of distributors in the business and we appreciate everything you do to support and sell our brand! We recognize that information is power, so we have designed our interactive trade newsletters to keep you ahead of the curve for new releases, winery news and vineyard updates. Cheers!


text:
Comprehensive Clinical Development Expands Relationship With Quintiles Through Prime Site Status
Comprehensive Clinical Development (Comprehensive), a strategic clinical research company providing site services for Phase l through IV clinical trials, today announced recent designation as a Quintiles Prime Site, a distinction that gives Comprehensive an enhanced role in global clinical research and testing of new and more effective medicines.
As a Quintiles Prime Site, Comprehensive has the opportunity to be first in line for access to new industry-sponsored clinical trials available through Quintiles. Comprehensive joins a select group of organizations across North and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia, and is the first non-academic, non-hospital based organization awarded this status.
Comprehensive was selected because of its deep experience in delivering high-quality data, rapid study start-up expertise and its access to substantial patient populations across multiple therapeutic areas, including psychiatry, oncology, neurology and endocrinology. Comprehensive will also provide access to research participants through its well-established group of sites and therapeutic networks.
"We are honored to be recognized as a Prime Site and continue growing our longstanding relationship with Quintiles," said Jack McGovern, CEO, Comprehensive. "We look forward to sharing in their continued success as we address the industry's demand to streamline clinical research and provide new drugs to patients faster."
"Comprehensive's dedication to timeliness and quality, combined with their strong patient relationships and delivery quality, will enhance our ability to recruit patients quickly and efficiently to provide greater value for our customers," said Lindy Jones, Senior Vice President, Integrated Site Services, Quintiles. "We look forward to a successful relationship with Comprehensive."


Your Wellbeing Treatment - A One Hour Life-Enhancing Wellbeing Facial using Dr Hauschka natural skincare products. The Holy Grail of natural skincare.
You arrive in need of nurture, stillness, radiance.
Through the holistic and completely natural products applied with a reverent, conscious and non-judgemental touch, your need is met.
Come and experience this beautiful and unique, Life-Enhancing Facial. I work from home, thereby sustaining affordable rates.
Find your oasis inside yourself. A wonderful Birthday gift for your Mother, Sister, Friend, Daughter.
Beauty is esprit, liveliness, our inner attitude, energy, mobility, activity, self-awareness, sense, life-experience, cheerfulness and calm approach to life. Beauty is presence. Presence is a sign of being at ease in oneself; at one with oneself. And radiant. True Beauty - the harmony of inner nature and outer appearance.
Beauty is esprit, liveliness, our inner attitude, energy, mobility, activity, self-awareness, sense, life-experience, cheerfulness and calm approach to life.
Beauty is presence. Presence is a sign of being at ease in oneself; at one with oneself. And radiant. True Beauty - the harmony of inner nature and outer appearance.


text:
package com.nanyang.app.main.home.sport.badminton;

import com.nanyang.app.main.home.sport.basketball.BasketballMixInfo;
import com.nanyang.app.main.home.sport.main.SportContract;
import com.nanyang.app.main.home.sport.tennis.TennisState;
import com.nanyang.app.main.home.sportInterface.IBetHelper;

/**
 * Created by Administrator on 2017/3/10.
 */

public abstract class BadmintonState extends TennisState{

    public BadmintonState(SportContract.View baseView) {
        super(baseView);
    }
    @Override
    protected IBetHelper<BasketballMixInfo> onSetBetHelper() {
        return new BadmintonBetHelper(getBaseView());
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Someone's Gotten Philosophical In Exile!
Apparently having your balls cut off will do that to a disgraced public official. In an upcoming issue of Time Out erstwhile Governor Eliot SpitzorSwallows declined to talk hookers but he did tell the magazine, "New York is the place...where no dream is too big to come true."