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Pantomime Horse
A pantomime horse is a theatrical representation of a horse or other quadruped by two actors in a single costume who cooperate and synchronize their movements. One actor plays the front end, including the horse's head and its front legs, in a more-or-less upright posture and with a reasonable field of view afforded by eye holes in the horse's head. The other actor, playing the rear end of the animal, must bend at the waist so that his torso is horizontal like that of a horse and put his arms around the waist of the first actor. He can see little, although there are normally eye holes in the bottom part of the horse's torso to enable him to see where he is putting his feet and to enable him to breathe.
Pantomime horses and cows feature in Christmas pantomimes, mainly in the United Kingdom.
The progenitors of the pantomime horse costume were the centaur and the ass, costumes used in ancient Greek and Roman revels, which carried on to commedia dell'arte shows. However, the two-person comic variant of the horse or donkey costume was introduced in the late 19th century. It remained popular throughout the mid-20th century, becoming an "icon of comedy" that entered into the British imagination and the English language.
The "grandfather" of the modern pantomime horse was the Blondin Donkey, introduced at the Royal Holborn theatre in 1885 by the acrobatic Griffiths brothers, Fred and Joe, and named after the tightrope walker who was famous for crossing Niagara Falls naked. A different horse known as Pogo the Performing Horse and worn by a father-and-son team became a popular panto feature and appeared at the London Coliseum in 1923.
Panto horse costumes range from low-cost, "ready-to-wear" fabric versions to more complex puppet suits that have moving features operated with special wires from within. The most basic costumes have a sheet-like body that is draped over the wearers, while professional costumes have a closed body that often contains a padded frame to conform it to a certain shape. These costumes usually separate into two halves with a sealable seam down the middle of the body.
Other types of similar costumes include pantomime cows, zebras, and camels. Many modern-day pantomime horses are used in charity "horse" races, such as the London Pantomime Horse Race in Greenwich, London, an annual world-famous race-day event.
Pantomime horses and pantomime cows feature in Christmas pantomimes, mainly in the United Kingdom. A skilled pair of performers can dance as a pantomime horse. Pantomime horses feature prominently in an episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus titled "Blood, Devastation, Death, War and Horror". In the "Merchant Banker" sketch, two pantomime horses are forced to fight to the death for their job. Another sketch features a pantomime horse as a James Bond-esque secret agent, chasing its enemy around the world in cars, rickshaws, and even riding actual horses. The episode also features a pantomime goose and a pantomime dame Princess Margaret, which later appeared in the video for the George Harrison song "Crackerbox Palace".
A song on British pop group Suede's eponymous debut album is called "Pantomime Horse".
The American late-night talk-show host Craig Ferguson has a recurring sketch with a pantomime horse named after Secretariat that originally appeared every time a doorbell rang, accompanied by a frenzied dance performed by onlookers who rapidly and repeatedly extend their arms. The horse first appeared on October 11, 2010. When the program moved to a new studio, an on-set stable was built for Secretariat. This pantomime Secretariat has begun to appear on other CBS programs.
The London / Chicago Pantomime Horse Race 2019 - Star Wars edition
The 10th annual London Pantomime Horse Race took place on December 15 on the streets of Greenwich. Participants dressed in outlandish pantomime-horse outfits were joined by Darth Vader, Yoda and Star Wars All Terrain Armored Transport. In the same day, the Chicago Pantomime Horse Race was VERY FIRST PANTOMIME HORSE RACE EVER HELD IN THE UNITED STATES! A charity fun run starting its first year six hours after the London event. The both events raises money for charities including the Rosie's Legs campaign and the Make-A-Wish Foundation.
Read more at https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime_horse
Arabian horses are the topic of many myths and legends. One origin story tells how Muhammad chose his foundation mares by a test of their [...]
If our horses could share their New Year's Resolutions, we bet they'd go something like this [...]
The trick to winning the race, advises a wise Paddy Payne to daughter Michelle, is to go a steady pace until finding [...]
A pantomime horse is a theatrical representation of a horse or other quadruped by two actors in a single costume who cooperate and [...]
Orbaks are the space horses in "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker" directed by J.J. Abrams
The Nokk is a character in Disney's 2019 animated feature Frozen II. It is the horse-shaped elemental spirit of [...]
New Year's Day is an American Thoroughbred racehorse. Racing only as a two-year-old he won two of his three races including the Breeders' Cup Juvenile.
Thanksgiving is a time of reflection. While your horse can't speak, we'll bet that he's thankful for a whole lot this Thanksgiving.
The wild horse (Equus ferus) is a species of the genus Equus, which includes as subspecies the modern domesticated horse [...]
Virtual horse games sound like something for small children, but plenty of adults play them. Sometimes they are horse lovers [...]
The Banker horse is a breed of feral horse (Equus ferus caballus) living on barrier islands in North Carolina's Outer Banks.
Classical dressage evolved from cavalry movements and training for the battlefield, and has since developed into the competitive dressage seen today.
White horses are born white and stay white throughout their lives. White horses may have brown, blue, or hazel eyes.
Young Albert enlists to serve in World War I after his beloved horse is sold to the cavalry. Albert's hopeful journey takes him out of England and [...]
White horses have a special significance in the mythologies of cultures around the world. They are often associated with the sun chariot [...]
In 1872, Col. Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr. traveled to England, visiting Epsom in Surrey where The Derby had been running annually since 1780.
Pegasus is a mythical winged divine horse, and one of the most recognized creatures in Greek mythology.
The current Olympic equestrian disciplines are Dressage, Eventing, and Jumping. In each discipline, both individual and team medals are awarded.
When you are looking to buy or sell property you are sure to have certain things in mind. This is a possibility especially if you have a specific need for it.
If you are thinking of buying or selling horse property, register with a leading website that focuses on equine properties for sale.
Unlike buying a home or a property, when it comes to buying an equestrian property to raise horses, the whole concept is something entirely different.
You can sell equestrian real estate without much difficulty because there are unique websites that cater to buyers & sellers from around the world.
There are several equestrian properties for sale but it is necessary to consider some basic points before you invest in a property.
When you are planning your horse property for listing, do it through a popular and reliable website for equine real estate.
Perhaps the most famous warhorse remains disputed; nonetheless, according to legend The TROJAN HORSE
Horse racing in the United States dates back to 1665, which saw the establishment of the Newmarket course in Salisbury, New York.
The American Quarter Horse, the official State Horse of Texas, is an American breed of horse that excels at sprinting short distances.
Horse racing is a sport that translates well to board games. These are our picks for the best horse-racing board games.
Between adhering to building codes and choosing the best equipment, there are many details to bear in mind when planning your dream stall barn.
A movie ranch is a ranch that is at least partially dedicated for the creation and production of motion pictures and television productions.
Everyone adores horses, so it shouldn't come as a surprise that there are tons of movies starring these beautiful creatures.
Horses have captured the imagination and emotion of mankind for centuries – perhaps, in a way that no other species of animal ever has.
Horse farms are often considered one of the most "green" businesses in agriculture. We don't spread undue amounts of chemical fertilizer.
Do you dream of owning your own stable, or perhaps just owning a place where you can keep your horses in the backyard?
Anne Kusian, Arabian horse breeder and riding instructor are giving you a flavor of what are the advantages of owning a horse ranch.
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Concordville Fire Department was dispatched to a reported carbon Monoxide incident at a garden style apartment complex. Upon arrival the crew from Engine 592 and Tower 59, as well as Chester County Station 25 found no CO evident, but there was a slight odor of plastic burning inside the dwelling as well as outside the dwelling. After checking the dwelling several times to determine the odor, the crews were able to find a smoldering fire in a laundry hamper full of clean towels. The towels were wet down with a water extinguisher to extinguish the smoldering fire. the company was in service for an hour, there were no injuries.


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Dayanand Chandila (born 1954) was an Member of Legislative assembly in Delhi, he represented Rajouri Garden Assembly from 2008-13 and Vishnu Garden Assembly from 2003-08. In 2020 his wife Dhanwati Chandela elected as an MLA from Rajauri Garden Assembly.

Early life and education
Dayanand Chandila was born in 1954 and grew up in village Khyala, Delhi in a Gurjar Landlord Family.  He gained his education from New Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. After his graduation he did a three year diploma in NEHM, NTS. His family is very rich and their monthly income is 6-7 lakh.

Career
Before entering politics in 1989, Dr. Chandila was a non-technical supervisor in Delhi Development Authority's engineering department. He quit in 1986. He belongs to a family of landlords so money was never an issue for him. He entered politics because he was interested in welfare and growth of his fellow villagers. After some time, he realised that he should be in the system to achieve his goal. He unsuccessfully contested as an independent candidate from Vishnu Garden Assembly seat in 1993 and 1998 and came runner up.

The Chandilas hold a unique record in Delhi's political arena. Dr. Dayanand Chandila and his family have contested 5 elections from his constituency and people of the area has always supported him and elected him with a huge margin of votes.

 In the Year 1997, Dr. Chandila and his wife Sm. Dhanwati Chandila both contested the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (M.C.D.) election and won with huge margin as independent candidates from Vishnu Nagar and Guru Nanak Nagar wards respectively. For this feat, their names were recorded in the Guinness Book as the only married couple to win from different wards in the same elections.

 In the Year 2002, Dr. Dayanand Chandila and his wife again contested on Jharkhand Mukti Morcha Ticket for M.C.D. elections and re-elected with huge margins.

 In the Year 2003 - Dr. Dayanand Chandila joined BJP and contested for Delhi legislative election and he won with huge margin against Mahinder Singh Sathi from Vishnu Garden Assembly seat because of the work done by him and his family members in the area as M.C.D. Councillors.

 In the Year 2004 - Dr. Dayanand Chandila got his son Mehghraj into politics, BJP denied him the ticket but he also got elected as independent candidate in M.C.D. Elections. The MCD ward got vacated because Dayanand Chandila was elected as an MLA in 2003.

 In the Year 2007- Dr. Dayanand Chandila's son Meghraj and his daughter in law Meenakshi Chandila contested the M.C.D. election from Vishnu Garden and Khyala ward which are the part of Rajouri Garden Constituency. They both won with the huge margins on Jharkhand Mukti Morcha ticket, because of the great work done by Chandila family in all these years in social services.

 In the Year 2008, Dr. Chandila again changed his party and joined Congress and got elected as an MLA from Rajouri Garden Assembly seat.

 In 2012 MCD Elections, Meghraj Chandela (Son) and Meenakshi Chandila (Daughter in law) of Dr Dayanand Chandila were elected from Khyala and Vishnu Garden wards of MCD.

 In 2013, 2015 and 2017 by-election of Rajouri Garden Assembly, Chandila family lost as INC candidates.

 In year 2017, Dr Chandila's daughter Priya Chandila won from Khyala Ward in MCD Elections.

 In the year 2020, Dr Dayanand Chandila joined Aam Aadmi Party and his wife Dhanwati Chandela got elected from Rajouri Garden Assembly seat with huge margin.

Posts held

References

1954 births
Living people
Indian National Congress politicians
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians
Aam Aadmi Party MLAs from Delhi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Grammy Foundation Names Students For Jazz Session
SANTA MONICA, Calif. CelebrityAccess) — The Grammy Foundation announced that they have selected 32 students from high schools across the United States for positions in the 2015 Grammy Camp — Jazz Session.
The students, representing 31 cities and 13 states, will travel to Los Angeles for a weeklong experience that will see them participating in the Grammy Awards under the direction of Justin DiCioccio of the Manhattan School of Music, Dr. Ron McCurdy of the University of Southern California Thornton School of Music and associate choral director Susanna Wegner of Kansas City, Mo.
The selected students will perform at various Grammy Week events, including — for the sixth year— an appearance at Grammy In The Schools Live! — A Celebration Of Music & Education, sponsored by Ford Motor Company Fund and supported by the National Endowment for the Arts.
On Feb. 5–7, the young musicians will again record at the legendary Capitol Studios & Mastering in Hollywood, Calif., courtesy of the EMI Music Group. Grammy Camp — Jazz Session albums from 2007–2014 are available for purchase at online music outlets such as Amazon, iTunes and Rhapsody.
As well, their selection in the program will make the students eligible for $2 million in college scholarships made possible through the Grammy Foundation's college partners: Berklee College of Music, Manhattan School of Music, The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music, and USC Thornton School of Music. – Staff Writers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Pack of 2 limewood airstones with one threaded inlet for fine air bubbles and ideal for both fresh and marine aquariums.
Mineral sand bonded airstones are inexpensive and produce good volumes of medium sized bubbles.
Designed specifically for biOrb aquariums.
Contains�1 x BiOrb air stone.
High Quality corundum diffusers will last longer and produce a much more even bubble then regular mineral airstones.
Air stone for aquarium use.
The low flat design of disc air stones provides them with a large surface area with which to produce lots of bubbles and aeration for your aquarium.
Range of aquarium Air Stones in various shapes including Discs, Balls, Walls, Rings as well as Flexible Air Stones for your fish tank.


Learning should not stop simply because students are out of school for the summer. For this reason, all students at Lutheran High School East have a summer reading project. The project varies by class, but will involve reading and then doing a series of writings about the books read. There will also be a test on the readings early in the first quarter between the following dates: August 21st - September 12th.
All the books are readily available at local libraries. Students who have their Chromebooks can download the books for free using the OverDrive website and their school accounts. Students can log-in to OverDrive by visiting https://lutheraneast.libraryreserve.com/10/45/en/SignIn.htm?url=Default.htm Don't wait until the last minute to begin your Summer Reading!


Discussion in 'Site and Forum Feedback' started by imacintel, Nov 10, 2006.
Yes-this time, it is actually distracting and anoying.
Looks like a windows virus thing but is actually a free iPod thing. My dude in my avatar goes crazy when he sees things like this.
Maybe its time to invest in membership!
I really don't want to do that. I like just seeing how great my processor vaalue gets.
Was this on the forums or the main site?
But it shouldn't. We try not to have intrusive ads on here.
this was on the forums. I do have safari popup blocker on.


Our shuttle bus links Yamagata Airport with Yamagata City in about 35 minutes and with JR Yamagata Station in about 35munutes.
The timetable is fit for the flights.
※One child under 6 years of age per one adult passenger may ride for free.
※The weather condition or the traffic situation may change the timetable.
※In case the bus is filled to capacity, taxi is available at the same fare. It may take 5 to 10 minutes to wait.
※When the planes delay, the bus leaves approximately 15 minutes after the arrival flight.
The bus departs from JR Yamagata Station East Exit Bus Stop #2 approximately 75 minutes before every departing flight.
The bus departs from the outside of the front entrance of the Yamagata Airport Arrival Lobby approximately 15 minutes after every arriving flight.
You can take the bus without any reservation.
Getting on and off except the bus stop is not available.
When you get on the bus in Yamagata City, getting off in the city is not available.
Please pay the fare when you get on the bus, and take the receipt.


be the King of the Club or the Queen of the Night with this attractive shirt displaying your love and support for Jamaica!
Big up our friends and supporters from My Little Studio in Braunschweig who designed and printed this beautiful shirt to support our cause! Education For A Change"


Is your computer hardware protection on the agenda?
It doesn't make any sense to invest in the most advanced and expensive computer hardware and AV equipment if you don't also consider how best to keep it safe and secure. It's imperative, therefore, to look for full-proof computer security measures that minimise the risk of your hardware being stolen, vandalised or damaged - ensuring you enjoy 100% uptime and a maximum return on your investment.
Computer security is high on the agenda. From cyber-hacking and large-scale theft, to insider misuse and abuse and accidental damage, every business, irrespective of its size, needs to adopt a multi-tiered approach when it comes to protecting and securing their data, computer hardware and computing landscape generally.
Far too often, the physical security of computer hardware can be overlooked. Why? The key focus for many perhaps is on data protection, compromise and loss rather than computer theft. Both are very real issues that can seriously affect the day-to-day operations and efficiencies of your business.
The fact is we need computers to function. Today's most successful businesses are technology-enabled and technology-driven and need uninterrupted access to their computer hardware - keeping them in touch with customers, suppliers and the world at large.
Restricting physical access to your computer hardware is absolutely necessary in today's workplace. There are many proven and effective ways of protecting your hardware. From anti-theft security cages and devices for towers and desktops, Apple security protection for iMacs, iPads, Apple TV, Mac Pro and Mini iMacs, laptops, netbooks, to AV equipment and sturdy, protective steel reinforced computer cabinets and trolleys, it makes sense to make all of your computer and AV hardware impenetrable, or at least difficult to access.
PC Safe is a business in Wolverhampton that has earned a reputation for being a leading computer hardware security specialist. "We work alongside businesses to design, manufacture and develop custom specifications that respond to the individual needs of our clients", said a spokesperson for PC Safe.
PC-Safe is a computer/AV hardware security expert. Please contact us to find out how our advanced security and protection equipment can help to secure your business.


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Amaracarpus brassii är en måreväxtart som beskrevs av Elmer Drew Merrill och Lily May Perry. Amaracarpus brassii ingår i släktet Amaracarpus och familjen måreväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Måreväxter
brassii


Numeracy is about being able to understand and use numbers in a range of situations, for example when solving problems or making decisions in situations involving numbers.
A child or young person's everyday routine offers many opportunities and experiences to practise and apply their numeracy skills in real and meaningful ways.
There are many ways that you can build learning activities into everyday routines to support your child's numeracy skills.
Below are some simple ideas to build numeracy skills into everyday activities from early years to secondary.
This glossary has been developed for parents and carers of children and young people in the broad general education in Scottish schools. It defines some of the commonly used terms in numeracy and mathematics.
'Every Day's a Learning Day' consists of two books produced by Education Scotland for parents and carers of children aged between birth and 3 years, and 3 to 6 years. The aim is to help parents support their child's development in the crucial areas of health and wellbeing, literacy and numeracy.
This resource highlights the many excellent learning opportunities that exist within daily experiences such as washing the dishes, preparing a meal or doing the shopping.
Mathematics is important in our everyday lives, allowing us to make sense of the world around us.
We use it every day, at work, leisure and at home. Parents and carers can play a vital role in reinforcing the importance of maths to their children, promoting a positive attitude towards it and making it a fun activity to do together as a family.
This resource will help parents to support their children's learning with fun activities to do at home.
Read, Write, Count - Tips, ideas and activities for you and your children to read, write and count together and promote home school partnerships.
Making Maths Count - This report encourages greater enthusiasm for maths amongst children, young people and parents.
BBC - Bitesize - First Level - Mathematics - Fun activities to help children at 1st Level in Scotland learn more about Mathematics.
BBC - Bitesize - Second Level - Mathematics - See how knowing about sums, averages, shapes, graphs and measurements can help with many tasks.
Fun to Save - This website is designed to be fun and allow children to learn about money and ways to save.
Skint! - A money management resource created for adult literacy and numeracy support groups.
The Big Plus - The Big Plus encourages adults to improve their reading, writing and number skills.


Mycobacterium africanum is an important cause of tuberculosis (TB) in West Africa. So far, two lineages called M. africanum West African 1 (MAF1) and M. africanum West African 2 (MAF2) have been defined. Although several molecular studies on MAF2 have been conducted to date, little is known about MAF1. As MAF1 is mainly present in countries around the Gulf of Guinea we aimed to estimate its prevalence in Cotonou, the biggest city in Benin. Between 2005–06 we collected strains in Cotonou/Benin and genotyped them using spoligo- and 12-loci-MIRU-VNTR-typing. Analyzing 194 isolates, we found that 31% and 6% were MAF1 and MAF2, respectively. Therefore Benin is one of the countries with the highest prevalence (37%) of M. africanum in general and MAF1 in particular. Moreover, we combined our data from Benin with publicly available genotyping information from Nigeria and Sierra Leone, and determined the phylogeographic population structure and genotypic clustering of MAF1. Within the MAF1 lineage, we identified an unexpected great genetic variability with the presence of at least 10 sub-lineages. Interestingly, 8 out of 10 of the discovered sub-lineages not only clustered genetically but also geographically. Besides showing a remarkable local restriction to certain regions in Benin and Nigeria, the sub-lineages differed dramatically in their capacity to transmit within the human host population. While identifying Benin as one of the countries with the highest overall prevalence of M. africanum, this study also contains the first detailed description of the transmission dynamics and phylogenetic composition of the MAF1 lineage.
Copyright: © 2013 Gehre et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The study was supported by a grant from the Belgian Directorate-Generale for Development Co-orporation (DGDC) as part of the "Strategic Network TB 3.14" and the project "Study on M. africanum population structure in Benin and The Gambia" as well as by the European Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) – funded "West African Node of Excellence for Tuberculosis and Malaria" (WANETAM-plus). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Mycobacterium africanum is the cause of up to 40% of all tuberculosis (TB) in West Africa and can be sub-divided into two phylogenetic lineages: M. africanum West African 1 (MAF1) or Lineage 5, and M. africanum West African 2 (MAF2) or Lineage 6 , . While MAF1 can be primarily found in Eastern West African and Central African countries, MAF2 is mainly prevalent in Western West African countries such as Guinea-Bissau and The Gambia . In Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Benin both lineages are found . The majority of molecular and clinical studies to date were conducted on MAF2, which was associated with slower progression to active disease , HIV infection  and a less immunogenic phenotype . In contrast, relatively little is known about MAF1, with the majority of epidemiological studies originating from Cameroon. While in 1971 the MAF1 prevalence (based on phenotypic identification) in Cameroon was still estimated to be 56%  a decrease to 9% was observed in 1997–1998 . A recent report from 2013 suggested that MAF1 has almost disappeared from the country . In contrast, two recent studies covering several regions of neighboring Nigeria identified a high MAF1 prevalence, ranging from 14% to 33% , , and detected active foci of recent MAF1 transmission in 2009–2010 . In the present study we intended to investigate the prevalence of MAF1 and MAF2 in Benin.
We genotyped isolates collected between 2005–2006  by applying spoligotyping and estimate that 37% of all TB in Cotonou, the capital of Benin, is caused by M. africanum. Amongst these isolates, 31% were classified as MAF1, which is one of the highest prevalence estimates of this particular mycobacterial lineage described. We also identified 6% MAF2 in the study area. By applying 12-loci MIRU-VNTR-typing to the MAF1 isolates and combining our data with published spoligotype and MIRU-VNTR data from Nigeria ,  and Sierra Leone , we constructed a phylogeographic population structure of the MAF1 lineage. We defined several sub-lineages, some of which seemed to be locally restricted and have different capacities to transmit from patient to patient.
All patients gave informed consent for their information to be stored in the hospital database and used for research. The study was approved by the Ethics Board of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Abmey Calavi University, Benin.
For the current study we re-analysed strain information collected during a drug-susceptibility survey conducted in Cotonou, Benin, between July 2005 and October 2006; isolates were collected, processed and genotyped (spoligotyping and12-locus MIRU-VNTR) as described elsewhere . Sampling fraction and culture positivity are also described in the original report. Briefly, out of 201 newly recruited patients, five were excluded as the culture was either negative or contaminated and no bacterial isolate was obtained. Two further isolates had indications for mixed infection and were also excluded. Therefore a total of 194 isolates were included into the present study . Assignment of lineages was based on spoligotyping and 12-locus-MIRU-VNTR data and is described below. We also included previously published spoligotype and MIRU-VNTR data from 2 studies from Nigeria ,  and from Sierra Leone .
RTIn-1 = (Total number of clustered strains in SL – number of clusters in SL)\Total numbers of strains in SL.
We genotyped 194 isolates from Benin using spoligotyping. To assign lineages we used the "TBLineage" online platform and found that 126 strains were M. tuberculosis which were therefore not further analyzed as we intended to focus our study on the two M. africanum lineages. Out of 194 spoligotyped isolates, 57 (29%) were MAF1, and 11 (6%) were MAF2 according to "TBLineage". When confirming these results with MIRU-VNTR, two of the 57 MAF1 isolates resulted in discrepant patterns and were excluded as MAF1. Based on their spoligotype patterns another 6 isolates (3%) were correctly classified as M. africanum, yet "TBLineage" could not further determine whether these isolates were MAF1 or MAF2. When considering the available MIRU-VNTR data for these 6 isolates we were able to assign 5 isolates to the MAF1 lineage and one isolate to be MAF2. This resulted in a total prevalence of 31% for MAF1 and 6% for MAF2, respectively. Besides this estimate on the prevalence in Benin, data for Ibadan, Abuja, Nnewi and the Cross River State were extracted from previous publications and summarized in figure 1.
Figure 1. Geographical location of various study sites in Benin and Nigeria and the prevalence of M. africanum West Africa 1 (MAF1) and West Africa 2 (MAF2).
Data from Benin was generated in the present study, the prevalence in Ibadan, Abuja and Nnewi was extracted and estimated from Lawson et al. , whereas the prevalence in the Cross River State derived from Thumamo et al. .
We included in the population structure 60 isolates from Benin which were unambiguously identified as MAF1. Furthermore we added 81 strains that were previously described as MAF1 from recent publications and for which spoligo- and 12-loci-MIRU-VNTR typing data was publicly available. Amongst these strains from the literature were 25 isolates from the Cross River State in Nigeria , 50 isolates from Abuja, Ibadan and Nnewi in Nigeria , and 6 isolates from Sierra Leone . When constructing a UPGMA tree, we identified 10 major sub-lineages (SL) within the MAF1 clade that we designated sub-lineages SL5.1–SL5.10 (see Figure 2). Moreover we found 7 isolates that could not be assigned to either of the ten sub-lineages, suggesting the presence of additional sub-lineages.
Figure 2. Population structure of M. africanum West Africa 1 (MAF1).
A UPGMA tree was constructed including 141 MAF1 isolates from Benin, Sierra Leone and Nigeria. Ten sub-lineages were identified. Seven isolates could not be assigned to any of the defined sub-lineages.
We correlated the geographical origin of the strains with the obtained population structure and found a strong local restriction for some of the sub-lineages (see Figure 3). For instance, the majority (77–91%) of strains belonging to SL5.3, SL5.6 and SL5.7 could only be found in Benin. Similarly, SL5.9 mainly derives from Benin. In general, Benin showed the greatest genetic variety of strains, as 8 out of 10 sub-lineages were found there, with SL 5.8 and SL5.10 not identified in the present analysis. Conversely, sub-lineages with the lowest prevalence in Benin are the most frequent sub-lineages identified in Nigeria. For example, SL5.2 and 5.4 are mainly predominant in the Cross River State, with a minor share in Benin. Confirming this, SL5.1, SL5.5 and SL5.10 are the main sub-lineages in Nnewi and rare or even missing from Benin. Due to the small sample size of Sierra Leonean strains, it is difficult to describe geographic clustering, although all the analyzed isolates belonged to the three sub-lineages SL5.2, SL5.7 and SL5.10.
Figure 3. Geographical distribution of identified M. africanum West Africa 1 (MAF1) sub-lineages.
(CRS = Cross River State).
To understand whether the identified sub-lineages differ in their ability to spread within the human host population we calculated the Recent Transmission Index RTIn-1 for each of them (see table 1). Interestingly, we found that there were great differences between the SLs. While, for instance, more than 50% of SL5.2 strains were recently transmitted, half of all remaining SLs were exclusively composed of singleton strains and were therefore due to re-activation of disease. Other sub-lineages that showed the capacity to effectively transmit within the host population were SL5.3, SL5.5, SL5.9 and SL5.6 (in decreasing order).
Table 1. Transmission dynamics of M. africanum West African 1 sub-lineages.
In the current publication we intended to determine the M. africanum prevalence in Benin, with a special focus on the genotypic composition of the MAF1 lineage. In 2010, de Jong et al. presented the first comprehensive review on M. africanum and described the geographical distribution of the MAF1 lineage, with the highest prevalence in Ivory Coast (14%), Ghana (21%), Benin (39%), Nigeria (11%) and Cameroon (11%) . Meanwhile more recent epidemiological surveys were conducted and observed a dramatic drop of MAF1 and MAF2 numbers in several West African countries , , , , suggesting that M. africanum is replaced by other lineages. In sharp contrast, two recent studies from several regions in Nigeria (Abuja, Ibadan, Nnewi and Cross River State) estimated persistently high MAF1 prevalence between 14% and 33% and detected foci of recent transmission , .
Based on manual interpretation of spoligotype patterns, the prevalence of MAF1 and MAF2 in Cotonou/Benin in 2005/06 was estimated to be 39% and 9%, respectively . However, as manual interpretation of spoligotype data has limitations for lineage classification, we revisited the data from Affolabi et al.  and, first of all, separated M. tuberculosis strains from M. africanum using an automated online platform "TBLineage" for standardized lineage assignment to spoligotypes, which was not available before , , . Subsequently, we confirmed the correct lineage assignment of all designated M. africanum strains with 12-loci MIRU-VNTR and determined the MAF1 and MAF2 prevalence to be 31% and 6%, respectively. Although the combination of spoligotyping and 12-loci-MIRU-VNTR was recently shown to correctly determine all 7 lineages of the MTBC , two of our isolates could not be unambiguously identified as MAF and were excluded from the study. If DNA were still available, we could have tested these isolates for presence or absence of lineage-defining region of differences RD7–10 , . Nevertheless, our finding makes Benin the country with the second highest M. africanum and, together with the Cross River State, the highest MAF1 prevalence in the world.
Since infections with MAF1 are of such importance for the country and the region, we especially focused on the first genotypic analysis of circulating MAF1 strains from the sub-region. A recent publication established a robust global diversity of the MTBC and correctly identified the major MTBC lineages using a combination of spoligotyping and 12-loci-MIRU-VNTR genotyping data . Therefore, we used the same genotyping methods to identify MAF1 and MAF2 strains. To put our MAF1 isolates in phylogenetic context, we constructed for the first time the population structure based on spoligo- and 12-loci MIRU-VNTR-typing data. Besides our strains from Benin, we included all publicly available genotypic strain information from Nigeria ,  and Sierra Leone . We found an unexpected great variability within the MAF1 lineage and we suggest the presence of at least ten sub-lineages (SL) within the MAF1 lineage. As MAF1 is also known as Lineage 5 , we designated the sub-lineages as SL5.1 to SL5.10. Interestingly, SL5.9 could potentially be further subdivided into four families. We also identified 7 isolates that could not have been assigned to any of the sub-lineages. This could be due to the fact that these isolates might be members of six further sub-lineages that would emerge if sample size was to be increased.
When correlating the geographical origins with the sub-lineage assignment of the population structure, we detected a high degree of geographical clustering for most of the sub-lineages. For instance, SL5.3, SL5.6 and SL5.7 are almost exclusively present in Benin. Similarly, almost 60% of all isolates of SL5.9 originated from Benin. Benin is also home to the largest genetic variability of MAF1 strains as 8 out of 10 sub-lineages were detected there. Interestingly, there appears to be a gradient between Benin and Nigeria as sub-lineages SL5.2, SL5.4, SL5.5, SL5.8 and SL5.10, which are mainly present in distant Cross River State and Nnewi, are either absent or the least frequent in Cotonou/Benin. Such a geographical gradient between the two areas could also explain the two foci with the highest MAF1 prevalence estimates of 31% (this study) and 33%  in Benin and Cross River State, respectively. Consistently, Ibadan (17%) and Nnewi (14%) both show medium prevalence, while in Abuja, at greater distance from Cotonou and the Cross River State, only 8% of all tuberculosis was due to MAF1 infection .
However, such geographical clustering was not observed for MAF1 strains from Sierra Leone. This could be due to the small numbers of strains included in our analysis, yet also suggests that MAF1 was not endemic in Sierra Leone before. Therefore it is possible that these strains were recently introduced into the country. From this analysis we hypothesize that the Sierra Leonean isolates in SL5.7 could have originated in Benin. Similarly, two other SL5.10 isolates from Sierra Leone most likely derive from Nnewi, where this particular sub-lineage is most common. The remaining 3 isolates from Sierra Leone were classified to be SL5.2, a lineage mainly present in the Cross River State and Nnewi. However, since for none of the studies the geographical sampling area was measured, we could not adjust for the number of studied isolates per geographical area of collection. Therefore there is the possibility, that the observed geographical differences are an artefact.
Besides the observed geographical restriction of the strains we were also interested whether the sub-lineages show differences in their capacity to infect the human host population. Based on the assumption that genotypically identical isolates belong to a chain of transmission  we calculated the Recent Transmission Indices RTIn-1 and found that some of the sub-lineages were superior in transmitting from human to human. This is especially intriguing as it might indicate an underlying genetic determinant responsible for effective transmission that certain sub-lineages might have and others lack. In particular, this wide range of spreading capacity within MAF1 makes this lineage a good model to study the phenomenon of variation in transmission in the future. Therefore, it would be very interesting to longitudinally follow up on our prediction and confirm whether the identified highly transmissible sub-lineages will indeed replace the slowly spreading ones over time. Taken together, we demonstrate that there are active foci of transmission in Eastern West Africa and that MAF1 persists as an important pathogen in the sub-region.
The presently included studies ranged from cross-sectional studies to convenience samples, and differed in study duration. Incomplete sampling and limited study duration tend to lead to an underestimation of the proportion of TB disease due to recent transmission , and constitutes a limitation of this study. Although the RTIn-1 intrinsically adjusts for the total number of sampled strains, such a scenario could be conceivable for SLs with smaller total number of strains, and therefore their RTIn-1 should be interpreted cautiously. However, we have no indication that this underestimation would differ between sub-lineages of larger number of total strains, and expect that the observed differences in the efficiency of transmission may be repeated in future population based studies. Confirming this is the fact that SL5.3 and SL5.9 have both identical total number of strains (n = 22), yet seem to transmit differently, reflected by an RTIn-1 of 0.36 and 0.27, respectively.
In the present publication, we identified Cotonou/Benin as one of the epicenters with the highest MAF1 prevalence in West Africa. Although MAF1 seems to disappear from certain regions in the area, it remains a major public health problem in others. Furthermore, we established the first comprehensive population structure for this lineage and were able to describe an unexpected genetic variability. Our analysis suggests the presence of at least 10 sub-lineages, that not only cluster based on genotypic data, but also geographically. These findings, however, would need to be conclusively confirmed in the future through whole genome sequencing and the construction of a SNP-based phylogeny.
Conceived and designed the experiments: FG DA BDJ MA. Performed the experiments: CU PDR FF MO. Analyzed the data: FG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DA. Wrote the paper: FG DA BDJ.
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3. de Jong BC, Hill PC, Aiken A, Awine T, Antonio M, et al. (2008) Progression to active tuberculosis, but not transmission, varies by Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage in The Gambia. J Infect Dis 198: 1037–1043.
4. de Jong BC, Hill PC, Brookes RH, Otu JK, Peterson KL, et al. (2005) Mycobacterium africanum: a new opportunistic pathogen in HIV infection? AIDS 19: 1714–1715.
5. de Jong BC, Hill PC, Brookes RH, Gagneux S, Jeffries DJ, et al. (2006) Mycobacterium africanum elicits an attenuated T cell response to early secreted antigenic target, 6 kDa, in patients with tuberculosis and their household contacts. J Infect Dis 193: 1279–1286.
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14. Allix-Beguec C, Harmsen D, Weniger T, Supply P, Niemann S (2008) Evaluation and strategy for use of MIRU-VNTRplus, a multifunctional database for online analysis of genotyping data and phylogenetic identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates. J Clin Microbiol 46: 2692–2699.
15. Weniger T, Krawczyk J, Supply P, Niemann S, Harmsen D (2010) MIRU-VNTRplus: a web tool for polyphasic genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 38: W326–331.
16. Small PM, Hopewell PC, Singh SP, Paz A, Parsonnet J, et al. (1994) The epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco. A population-based study using conventional and molecular methods. N Engl J Med 330: 1703–1709.
17. Groenheit R, Ghebremichael S, Svensson J, Rabna P, Colombatti R, et al. (2011) The Guinea-Bissau family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex revisited. PLoS One 6: e18601.
18. Ouassa T, Borroni E, Loukou GY, Faye-Kette H, Kouakou J, et al. (2012) High prevalence of shared international type 53 among Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains in retreated patients from Cote d'Ivoire. PLoS One 7: e45363.
19. Yeboah-Manu D, Asante-Poku A, Bodmer T, Stucki D, Koram K, et al. (2011) Genotypic diversity and drug susceptibility patterns among M. tuberculosis complex isolates from South-Western Ghana. PLoS One 6: e21906.
20. Hill V, Zozio T, Sadikalay S, Viegas S, Streit E, et al. (2012) MLVA based classification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lineages for a robust phylogeographic snapshot of its worldwide molecular diversity. PLoS One 7: e41991.
21. Brosch R, Gordon SV, Marmiesse M, Brodin P, Buchrieser C, et al. (2002) A new evolutionary scenario for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99: 3684–3689.
22. Gordon SV, Brosch R, Billault A, Garnier T, Eiglmeier K, et al. (1999) Identification of variable regions in the genomes of tubercle bacilli using bacterial artificial chromosome arrays. Mol Microbiol 32: 643–655.
23. Glynn JR, Vynnycky E, Fine PE (1999) Influence of sampling on estimates of clustering and recent transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived from DNA fingerprinting techniques. Am J Epidemiol 149: 366–371.


A colder, windier and choppy morning. The Hunter moon disappearing with some scattered highlights of the new dawn and wet sand shimmering.
Towards the end of the shoot I headed for the lookout to get a bay shot. To my surprise, the sun crept through the clouds for a matter of seconds and managed to capture a couple of shots of this with the light hitting the surface of the sea.


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Tag: gary oldman
London-born English actor and director (1958-) (Wikipedia entry)
Criterion Sunday 20: Sid and Nancy (1986)
Published on 19 April 2015 24 August 2019 by Ewan MLeave a comment
Whatever other angle one might wish to approach this film from — whether its characters' participation at the vanguard of the late-1970s punk scene in England, or their descent into heroin addiction — Sid and Nancy is at its heart a romance. The two characters are utterly self-absorbed, dangerously self-destructive, and (arguably) of questionable artistic talent, but their commitment to one another endures in a way that's almost sweet, even when they're abusing one another — well, up until a point, at least. One thing you certainly shouldn't look for in this portrait of the Sex Pistols' bassist Sid Vicious and his romance with Nancy Spungen is for restrained acting: there's a palpably gleeful embrace of over-acting by all the actors. This doesn't always pay dividends, but it does create an atmosphere in which any kind of behaviour seems possible, and in which all too much does indeed happen. As the protagonists slide at length into drug addiction, the film starts to take on a sort of hypnotically repetitive quality (there's a particularly amusing scene where Sid muses that things will be better when they get to New York, to which Nancy replies that they are there already, prompting him to open the window and look out), such that its concluding act of violence seems indistinguishable from the rest of the pair's grim existence. It's difficult to say how much of this is true to the actual events, but the film seems to be suggesting that the two were made for each other. Certainly, if they weren't, it's difficult to tell for whom they could have been made.
Director Alex Cox; Writers Cox and Abbe Wool; Cinematographer Roger Deakins; Starring Gary Oldman, Chloe Webb; Length 112 minutes.
Seen at a friend's home (streaming online), London, Sunday 18 January 2015.
Categories Classification: 18, Country: UK, Criterion Sunday, Rating: GOOD•Tags 1986, alex cox, biopic, chloe webb, criterion collection, drama, drug trade, england, film reviews, films seen at home, gary oldman, london, new york, punk, roger deakins, romance, uk, written by a woman
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007)
Published on 2 January 2014 29 August 2019 by Ewan M5 Comments
I am unfamiliar enough with the Harry Potter saga that I miss plenty of references. For example, the pseudonym "Padfoot" is used a few times in this film to refer to Gary Oldman's character Sirius Black, and harks back to the names on the magical map seen in the third film, but none of this is explained and I had to ask my wife to fill me in (for others in my position, the names refer to the four friends who created the map — "Padfoot" being Black, "Moony" being David Thewlis's Lupin, "Wormtail" Timothy Spall's Peter, and "Prongs" Harry's now-dead father, the first two of whom return here as the core of a sort of wizarding resistance movement). Likewise, I wonder if this film is remembered for being the one in which Harry gets his first kiss (an incident very quickly brushed past), or maybe for its strong undertones of teenage ennui and moodiness? However, if it's remembered for anything, it's surely for the way it links in the developing story of Lord Voldemort's return with the wider universe within which Potter resides. As such, it's also the film where author J.K. Rowling's political allegorising starts becoming particularly evident.
If it wasn't yet clear what register the Potter universe works in, the opening few moments make it clear, starting as they do in bright, garish sunshine. It's almost shocking, but it doesn't take long for the grey lowering clouds to roll in, and we're set for another few hours of gothic-tinged teenaged sorcery. If we hadn't been following the series (and its actors) from the outset, we would still know right away how old they were from the hormonally self-inflated sense of angst that the first act of this film indulges in, as Harry mopes about filled with (terribly adolescent) ennui about his nascent life's twists and turns that even Hermione and Ron are unable to snap him out of. To be fair, he's been expelled from Hogwarts (though that's revoked fairly swiftly), but the doubts about his character remain throughout the film, as the rest of his class are divided as to whether he is telling the truth about Cedric's death and Voldemort's return at the end of the previous film. What's interesting is that Rowling's plot links in Harry's emotional turbulence not with adolescence but with the effect of his encounter with Voldemort, whose presence looms throughout like Harry's shadowy alter ego. There are some new characters here too, against whom Harry's ennui is played off, mostly notably the serenely detached Luna, who shares with him a certain morbidity. On the side of the good guys is the titular Order arrayed around Michael Gambon's wizened Dumbledore (even in a photo of them in their youth, he sports a long white beard), a revolutionary cell operating from a magically-hidden home on a well-to-do London street.
Indeed, as I mentioned above, what's most interesting is the wider political ramifications that are opened up by Harry's dalliance with Voldemort. Finally we begin to see what's at stake for the entire society, as the Ministry of Magic takes on a more central role (with the Order of the Phoenix in opposition). At one level, it's clearly dominated by Conservative ideology, and if the film's set design and costumes hark to the wartime era of the 1930s and 1940s, then that makes the Minister something of a Neville Chamberlain figure, (unwittingly perhaps) appeasing the dark forces of Voldemort's Hitler. Indeed, as my wife has suggested, Sirius Black and his family are somewhat analogous to the aristocratic Mitfords, with Sirius as the revolutionary left-wing Jessica to his unhinged newly-introduced sister Bellatrix's Nazi/Voldemort-sympathising Unity. (The latter is played by Helena Bonham Carter, putting in as restrained a performance as ever, i.e. not even a bit.) Even the Potter world's newspaper, the Daily Prophet, has more than a little of the bitter tabloid muck-raking of the Daily Mail. Then again, the government's self-important representative at Hogwarts, Dolores Umbridge (Imelda Staunton), has more in common with Margaret Thatcher, so the historical parallels aren't precise. Certainly, though, you don't get the sense that Rowling has much love for the Tories.
None of this would matter a whole lot if the film were badly made, but I think the producers have got everything down to an art by this point, and even a change of screenwriter doesn't seem to have dented its forward momentum. (The director and cinematographer have also changed once again, but that's been a regular occurrence up to now, though as it happens David Yates helms all the remaining films.) There's still a lot of plot to get through, but things are rather less convoluted now that we have a proper evil antagonist to deal with, even if he still seems to be more of an oneiric than a corporeal presence at this point. Many of the character actors we've been introduced to up until now show up, though some (like David Thewlis, Jason Isaacs, and Emma Thompson's divination teacher Sybill) are little more than walk-on cameos. Still, it's a solid lead in to the surely cataclysmic denouement to the series.
Next: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009)
Director David Yates; Writer Michael Goldenberg (based on the novel by J.K. Rowling); Cinematographer Sławomir Idziak; Starring Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson, Rupert Grint, Imelda Staunton, Gary Oldman; Length 138 minutes.
Seen at home (Blu-ray), London, Monday 30 December 2013.
Categories Classification: 12(A), Country: UK, Country: USA, Rating: GOOD•Tags 2007, adventure film, daniel radcliffe, david yates, emma watson, family film, fantasy film, film reviews, films seen at home, gary oldman, harry potter, imelda staunton, rupert grint, slawomir idziak, uk, usa, wizards
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004)
Published on 26 December 2013 29 August 2019 by Ewan M1 Comment
I'd been told in advance that the third film is where the series gets good, and indeed the attachment of director Alfonso Cuarón should surely have been a good hint of this — even if I still at heart feel that this year's Gravity was overpraised, it's undoubtedly a visual tour de force, though even of his contemporary work, I recall enjoying his Great Expectations (1998) a great deal upon its cinematic release, primarily for its stylish visuals (if not its Gwyneth Paltrow turn). Something of the same trick has been conjured up here. In just about every respect, this is a far stronger film than the previous two, and it's the first I can even imagine wanting to revisit.
I don't want to get carried away with praise for Cuarón's visual sense, as some of the credit must go to the trio of actors at the film's heart. More time has passed between this film and the previous one, as between that and the first, and the three actors are both visibly more mature and just better at acting. There's less childish screechiness and more nuance, and finally Emma Watson's swotty know-it-all persona seems grounded in a genuine sense of self-confidence and learning, and she is thus rewarded with a more significant role than she had in the previous film. Nuance is something that can also be observed in the guest roles, and in fact Gary Oldman's escaped criminal Sirius Black (the Azkaban prisoner of the title) and David Thewlis's teacher Remus Lupin both effectively play on an expectation of one-dimensionality that comes from earlier guest acting turns (from say Branagh and Isaacs, both of whom were enjoyable but hardly suggested any depth of character), and lead to genuinely memorable surprise twists to their characters.
The script too seems tighter and more controlled, relying less on its characters rehashing events in exaggerated exclamations (except perhaps in one late scene when Harry exclaims "You were right Hermione!" and then describes exactly what we've just seen, though perhaps that was a self-aware joke at this very propensity in the first two films). Important plot devices are effectively foreshadowed without too much clunky exposition, and the physics of the film seems more believable (albeit yes, it's still predicated on magic, after all). That said, there's still plenty of plot — almost too much at times — which leads to occasional stretches where it's easy to lose track of exactly what's going on, such as when one of those aforementioned character twists takes place and suddenly you're wondering who this Peter chap is after all. Undoubtedly a lot of this must make far more sense to readers of the books.
But as I suggested earlier, ultimately it's the film's visual sense which has most improved, and for this it must surely be the director who can take the credit. The first two films made far too much use of very ostentatious crane shots, all swooping and gliding in dramatic show-offy ways, and although the camera here is hardly at any point still, it nevertheless feels more organic to the action. There are some really very well-handled transitions, such as one glorious shot following Harry's pet owl that takes us swiftly from summer into winter, though that's just one example. Elsewhere the set design has an inventiveness that recalls similarly fantastic films by Cuarón's Mexican compatriot Guillermo del Toro, like the Monstrous Book of Monsters, itself a monster, or the wraith-like demons who stalk the castle grounds (these Dementors also allow for some tentative social critique, providing a strange little hint into the existence of an autocratic police state, as despite their professed task of hunting down the criminal Sirius, the students are warned that the Dementors can still pose a danger even to those who are not lawbreakers). Finally, there's even some genuine levity amongst the darkly-tinged drama, such as the jaunty Knight Bus ride, the broad comedy of Emma Thompson's Divination teacher, or the sight of Alan Rickman dressed as a fashionable old lady.
This, then, is a film that brings the Potter world alive in a way that finally makes some cinematic sense. The series is opened out with a sense of wonder that hints at a darker, more adult world to come, appropriate to its ageing (though still adolescent) stars. It's also the first of the films to make me genuinely want to know more of the story and the characters, and that's not something I'd have considered saying ten years ago.
Next: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005)
Director Alfonso Cuarón; Writer Steve Kloves (based on the novel by J.K. Rowling); Cinematographer Michael Seresin; Starring Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson, Rupert Grint, Gary Oldman, Michael Gambon; Length 136 minutes.
Seen at home (DVD), London, Sunday 22 December 2013.
Categories Classification: PG, Country: UK, Country: USA, Rating: GOOD•Tags 2004, adventure film, alfonso cuaron, daniel radcliffe, emma watson, family film, fantasy film, film reviews, films seen at home, gary oldman, harry potter, michael gambon, michael seresin, rupert grint, uk, usa, wizards


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This entry was posted in Floral Industry News, Flowers Express on March 28, 2014 by Main Wholesale Florist.
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This entry was posted in Flowers Express on March 19, 2014 by Main Wholesale Florist.


The Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) said it was liaising with the International Trade Union Congress (ITUC) to place on a "watch list" names of governors in the states where workers are being owed salaries and pensions for several months.
The ITUC is the world's largest trade union federation; formed in 2006, out of the merger of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions and the World Confederation of Labour.
President of the NLC Comrade Ayuba Wabba made this known while addressing the Nigeria Union of Pensioners (NUP) at its 17th anniversary Tuesday in Abuja.
He said that aside "naming and shaming" these governors, the labour would soon direct Nigerian workers to monitor various airports in the country to stop such governors who may have completed their term from fleeing the country.
According to him, "We will instruct workers at the nation's airports to disallow and disgrace any governor trying to leave the country in order to enjoy themselves overseas.
The NLC President assured pensioners that the NLC would not relent in its effort to ensure the issue of minimum pension alongside the minimum wage, was addressed.
He said that if the government must address the issue of pensioners, it must address the welfare of pensioners, adding it would ensure that workers desist from looting.


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Tělovýchovná jednota SOKOL Drahanovice z.s.  je moravský fotbalový klub z obce Drahanovice, který byl založen v roce 1963. Od sezóny 2016/17 hraje II.třídu olomouckého okresu (8. nejvyšší soutěž).

Své domácí zápasy odehrává na stadionu Drahanovice.

Historie klubu
Oddíl kopané byl v Drahanovicích založen 12. května 1963, kdy tam přešlo několik hráčů ze sokola Náměšť i jiných oddílů. Ale již dlouho před tím začala skupinka příznivců kopané s přípravami. Bylo třeba vybudovat nové hřiště, což se podařilo za pomoci tehdejšího JZD a Sigmy Lutín. První historické přátelské utkání bylo sehráno se Sokolem Vilémov, v němž domácí Drahanovice zvítězili 4:1. Na podzim roku 1963 přistoupil oddíl pod vedením předsedy Františka Kurfürsta k budování zděných šaten.

V sezóně 1963/64 hráli mistrovskou soutěž muži a žáci, o rok později zahájili činnost i dorostenci. První úspěch zaznamenali muži pátou mistrovskou sezónu, když v roce 1968 vyhráli čtvrtou třídu. Za další čtyři roky činnosti, tedy v sezóně 1971/72 postoupili poprvé do okresního přeboru. V roce 1974 se sice vrátili zpět, ale za dva roky postoupili do II.třídy podruhé. To bylo v roce 1976. Tentokrát jim pobyt ve vyšší soutěži vydržel pět let. V roce 1981 sestoupili a návrat přišel až koncem tisíciletí. Byl ovšem raketový. V roce 1999 vyhráli třetí třídu, za další rok vyhráli i okresní přebor, čímž zaznamenali historicky největší úspěch klubu - postup do I.B třídy. První příčka v OP znamenala celkově 30. místo mezi mužstvy olomouckého regionu. V sezóně 2000/2001 obsadilo "A" družstvo ve vyšší soutěži skvělé páté místo, což bylo 24. místo mezi kluby olomouckého regionu a prozatím největší úspěch klubu v jeho historii.

Mezi odchovanci dosáhl největšího úspěchu Ladislav Rosskohl, který hrával II ligu za Železárny Prostějov. V Drahanovicích měli v sedmdesátých letech dvě družstva mužů, dorost i žactvo. Na přelomu tisíciletí hrála mistrovské soutěže ještě rezerva mužů a družstvo žáků. V současné době hraje hraje mistrovské soutěže mužstvo dorostenců, které je spojené se sousedním SK Náměšť na Hané, a dále mužstva spojená se sousedními SK Slatinice jimiž jsou mužstvo mladších žáků, mužstvo benjamínků ročníku 2009 a mužstvo benjamínků ročníku 2010 a ml. s tím že se všechny zápasy odehrávají na hřišti v Drahanovicích. Ke spokojenosti hráčů i funkcionářů je potřeba dobudovat zázemí - sociální zařízení, tréninkové plochy, vhodně doplnit funkcionářský aktiv a hlavně hrát pěkný fotbal, který by byl potěšením pro drahanovické příznivce.

Umístění v jednotlivých sezonách
Legenda: Z - zápasy, V - výhry, R - remízy, P - porážky, VG - vstřelené góly, OG - obdržené góly, +/- - rozdíl skóre, B - body, červené podbarvení - sestup, zelené podbarvení - postup, fialové podbarvení - reorganizace, změna skupiny či soutěže

Externí odkazy
 Oficiální webové stránky (česky)
 Profil klubu na výsledkovém serveru Lidových novin (česky)
 Drahanovičtí otočili v Blatci ztracený zápas olomoucky.denik.cz

Fotbalové kluby v Olomouckém kraji
Fotbalové kluby založené v roce 1963
Sportovní kluby v okrese Olomouc
Drahanovice


We provide Disability Customer Service Training to teach your key personnel how to engage both the disabled and the 50+ Senior consumer market. We train the trainers.
We believe that removing the architectural barriers is only half of the solution. Unless your employees know and understand both the ADA Laws and how to interact with different ability guests, your business remains wide open to disability discrimination lawsuits and dissatisfied customers.
Please see our ADA Workshops page for more training topics that are available for Industry Meetings, Lunch and Learns, Conference Break-Out Sessions, Key Notes and any other training needs.
A key component of our Disabilities Customer Service Training is having the participants experience their business as a person with a disability. We bring a manual wheelchair, walkers, canes, bungee cords, ear plugs, blacked out glasses, slings, mittens, and other items to mimic the disabled experience. Participants take turns with the different sensory components.
When we meet at corporate offices, we often travel to a local shopping center or resort for the "disabled" participants to experience parking lots, ramps, shopping, dining, purchasing and using the restroom. Each Onsite Disabilities Customer Service Training is customized for the Client.
Customized Trainings are available to "train the trainers," where we experience several different customer facilities as a small group. This training works well for Operations Managers, Risk Managers, Franchise Executives, Facilities Managers, Human Resource Managers and General Managers. After the training, they have new information to bring back to their staffs.
All participant meals, beverages, insurance, meeting rooms, are provided by the Client.
Introductions, Discuss Participants views and relationships with people who are living with disabilities. Participants discuss their perceptions of ADA laws, guests and how they relate to their facility. A brief overview of ADA Law and Disability Etiquette are discussed. Participants are randomly assigned their NEW physical disability.
We bring a manual wheelchair, walkers, canes, bungee cords, ear plugs, blacked out glasses, slings, mittens, and other items to mimic the disabled experience. Participants take turns with the different sensory components.
The Client might choose to rent several electric wheelchairs, a hoyer lift and other assistive equipment from a from a local vendor.
Extra: A wheelchair user may join the training for first-hand demonstrations.
Extra: A service dog and handler may join the training for first-hand demonstrations.
Explore the resort or hotel facility as a person living with a disability. Participants take turns using the restroom as a wheelchair user. Participants explore a typical accessible and non-accessible guest suite. Participants may switch disabilities. Different obstacles and situations are created by the facilitators.
Participants dine as a group of individuals living with disabilities. Challenges include not being able to read a menu, cut food, use a standard fork, not see the food clearly, dine while sitting in a wheelchair, not hear the server clearly and other situations created by the facilitators.
Learn where and how businesses get in trouble with ADA Discrimination.
Learn the ADA Laws and how to share them with staff.
Lear proper disability etiquette for staff interacting with guests.
Understand how to better serve individuals with disabilities and how that benefits your business or organization.
Learn how to avoid Customer Service mistakes that could hurt your organization.
Understand Service Dog rules, laws and your rights.
Learn what your facility can do to accommodate Service Dogs without offending other guests.
Understand that 80% of tourism dollars in Florida are spent by Baby Boomers.
Understand that you can't tell if someone has a disability just by looking at them.
Understand what might be needed by a hotel guest with a disability and their companion.
Understand that the ADA is there to make things simpler for everyone.
Learn how to report potential ADA discrimination situations to managers, in hopes of swift resolution, to avoid and prevent complaints or litigation and the inevitable expense.
Understand that a negative disabled customer experience can bring negative publicity.
Know how to budget and plan in the right way to avoid costly remodeling mistakes, just because you did not know the law.
Learn that being an accessible business is good for business.
Onsite Trainer Fee: The investment starts at $6,000 per day (plus travel expenses) for the onsite trainers.
This fee also includes all workshop consultation and preparation.
We learn about your objectives. Our trainer interviews key executives and participants to understand your individual business and any concerns, issues and opportunities to be aware of.
We go over all of the material that will be used in your workshop in advance, ensuring we meet your goals for the training.
The full day workshop is limited to 12 participants.
Participant Fees: Additional participants may attend the afternoon classroom only seminar for $200 each.
Why choose us for your Disability Customer Service Training?
Disability Smart Solutions unique advantage is that we know both buildings and customer services as they pertain to ADA law. Our key team members have been designing resort and other buildings for almost 30 years adhering to state, local and ADA code; as well as our 30 years in the Customer Service.
We are very familiar with the new 2010 ADA Code with over 1000 changes and how to implement them.
We understand the 2012 Florida Accessibility Code for Building Construction and how it interplays with the 2010 ADA Code.
We understand the needs of a business owner, the needs of a disabled person and architectural codes.
With a background in hospitality interior design, we know how to find cost effective and attractive solutions.
We have the solutions to assist business owners and operators in understanding the code changes and how they affect their individual facilities and employees.
We understand how people from different cultures have different perceptions of Service Dogs and Disabled Guests.
With the increase in Florida ADA lawsuits in 2013, we are in a good position to teach you what you need to know for ADA compliance.
With legislation under consideration for ADA Law training for hospitality employees, we are front runners in creating ADA Employee Training Programs.
How do our Disability Customer Service Training programs benefit your business?
Our courses ensure that your employees know how to avoid a disability discrimination lawsuit.
We cover the changes in the 2010 ADA Code that are important to each department.
Your employees will feel more comfortable in knowing what to say and how to serve guests with different abilities.
You'll be ahead of your competitors. As part of disability discrimination lawsuit settlements, the Department of Justice mandates personal on-site training.
As ADA litigation continues to increase, the need to train employees will increase.
With the ever changing pool of hospitality employees, a strong ADA Compliance training program needs to be in place.
The increasing Baby Boomer and disabled consumer market is increasing the need for accessible hospitality facilities.
By enhancing the customer experience, you will increase sales.
Which employees need Disability Customer Service Training? We Train the Trainers.
All employees need to be aware of ADA Laws and Disability Customer Service Tips that affect their job. We train the trainers.
We are team builders. Disability Smart Solutions has the knowledge, innovation, imagination and collaborative partners to create successful inclusive solutions. Please contact us to create a Disability Customer Service Training program for your business.


text:
Air traffic control tower named for WWII veteran, FAA retiree
Sat., Feb. 26, 2011
By Kevin Graman kevingr@spokesman.com
There apparently is only one federal air traffic control tower named for anyone, and Spokane has it.
By act of Congress, the tower at Spokane International Airport was named for Ray Daves, a retired air traffic controller and World War II veteran who survived the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor and the 1942 sinking of the carrier USS Yorktown.
"By naming the control tower after Ray, we will remind all those who come here of this great patriot who represents the best of our nation," said U.S. Rep. Cathy McMorris Rodgers, who on Friday presented Daves with an official copy of the bill.
Daves, 90, a Navy radio operator during the war, went to work for the Civil Aeronautics Authority in Spokane in 1946 and retired from the renamed Federal Aviation Administration in 1973.
Surrounded by family and friends in the tower's ground-floor offices, he accepted the honor on behalf of all FAA employees, "past, present and future."
"I am deeply grateful to all those who made today possible," Daves said. "This is a great honor which I accept with a humble heart."
The dedication was the idea of FAA employee Tom Torvik, who was inspired by the 2008 book about Daves, "Radioman: An Eyewitness Account of Pearl Harbor and World War II in the Pacific," by Spokane author Carol Edgemon Hipperson.
"I'm big on history and I realized I am following in his footsteps," Torvik said.
He and his sister, Stephanie Yanuszeski, a teacher at Windsor Elementary School, began a letter campaign promoting the dedication.
McMorris Rodgers introduced a bill in the House and Sen. Patty Murray a companion measure in the Senate. On Dec. 22, President Barack Obama signed into law what is apparently the only such dedication of a federal control tower.
"This is the first one that we are aware of," said Michelle Skomars, the FAA's air traffic manager at the 271-foot tower, which began operation in August 2007.
Also in attendance Friday were representatives of the U.S. Navy, the National Air Traffic Controllers Association and Ralph Virene of the Lilac City Pearl Harbor Survivors Association, of which Daves is a past president.
"We are very proud of him," Virene said.
More than 4,500 in Spokane still without power five days after windstorm
Modern love: Share your love stories with The Spokesman-Review …
Despite Capitol insurrection, new Spokane NAACP president's Martin Luther King Jr. Day is full of hope …
'Say that I was a drum major': How two men spent 30 years keeping MLK's dream alive in Spokane …
Then and Now: Ace Concrete gravel pit …


text:
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Home Printable Nfl Weekly Schedules 2022 World Chess
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Source: geraintsteadman.blogspot.com
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Source: seasonschedule.blogspot.com
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Source: seahawks-football.com
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Hi, Dolls! Finally, our summer outing days are here! You can't beat the feeling of the ocean breeze on a warm day, and what better way to dress for this season of sunny adventures than with the chic nautical look? Nautical stripes have a liveliness about them, regardless of being a simple combination of white, red, and/or blue that puts me in a good mood.
Halter crop tops are a must and the crochet top by Vika Gazinskaya is bold with its shades of bright red and royal blue. The white trim crop top accentuates the waist and is sure to give you that summer feeling. The high waisted, horizontal striped shorts from Forever 21 are a great staple piece to wear with a solid colored top. The relaxed fit shorts feature buttons along the front pockets and mock pockets in the back.
All Saints brought the cool factor with its casual tee by adding playful shoulder slits. The vintage wash of red is a nice change-up to the common boldness of colors. I also really like that the tee fits a tad bit longer than your average t-shirt. The high waisted striped trousers by Topshop are a relaxed fit and look fab with the simple color palette. Pair it will a crisp white tank top and espadrilles to complete the trendy resort outfit. I mean, come on, who doesn't love the "I own a yacht" look? Last but not least, it's not a nautical notion without anchors! Dogeared makes a simple anchor pendant necklace that symbolizes strength and the peacefulness of staying grounded.
Don't go overboard with this trend (no pun intended). The combination of different stripes clashes, so it's best to keep it simple with one striped piece, but do add a pop of red lipstick! There's just the ocean breeze and cloudless sunny skies in our future. It's smooth sailing from here on out, so let the adventure begin!


The MELT Method® balls are used at the studio for private or group sessions to help clients with issues anywhere in the body or to simply introduce clients to the amazing benefits of these self-treatments.
The MELT Method® hand and foot treatments are simple self-treatments that help bring the body to a more ideal state by enhancing body awareness, rehydrating connective tissue, and quieting the nervous system. New research has revealed the missing link to pain-free living is a balanced nervous system and healthy and hydrated connective tissue. These two components work together to provide support for the body and optimal mind-body communication. The MELT balls improve the body's ability to restore balance and repair itself, reduce chronic pain, and stay healthy and active for a lifetime.
Small balls are used directly on the hands or the feet to help with local injuries and tightness while working on the whole body. Simple and easy to learn techniques are used to help release tension, relax muscles, break up internal scar tissue, open up joint spaces, hydrate the different layers of connective tissue (fascia), and help activate the body's healing system.
The balls work on local areas of tightness and injury on the hands and feet, in addition to working on the whole body. How? The balls work on the connective system of the body called fascia and help to hydrate it. Fascia is the largest system in the body that surrounds all aspects of it including muscles, bones, cartilage, and organs. Fascia seamlessly connects and separates everything from head to toe. Repetition of daily living causes connective tissue to become dehydrated from compression (standing, walking, and sitting), and from the pull and friction of different activities. Dehydration makes connective tissue less supportive, responsive and adaptable which causes strain and pain in the body. It also causes disconnect in movement. MELT balls help keep connective tissue hydrated and healthy in just minutes a day.
The quick self-treatments for the hands and feet can be done anywhere – home, travel, or work. Doing the treatments three times a week provide immediate and long lasting benefits. Mini hand and foot treatments can also be done daily. People who MELT regularly find that their bodies feel and move better, and energy levels increase.
What does "MELT" stand for?
MELT is an acronym for "Myofascial Energetic Length Technique". Muscular action to lengthen and hydrate the connective tissue is employed. Because this connective tissue, called fascia, interconnects everything in the body, you can create change throughout the whole body by working on just one part.
Over the past decade, the research into connective tissue, pelvic and spinal stability, sensory motor learning, and neuroscience has expanded exponentially. Sue Hitzman, the creator of MELT Method® has partnered, collaborated, and studied with the world's most renowned educators and researchers in these fields of human science, including Robert Schleip, Jean-Claude Guimberteau, Tom Myers, Diane Lee, Elaine DeBeauport, and Gil Hedley.
As the research emerged, Sue assimilated histological studies and neurological and connective tissue research, and has participated in numerous human cadaver dissections. She has integrated her discoveries with her manual, movement, and kinesthetic therapy education and conducted empirical research with thousands of clients and students.
Sue's pursuits have unexpectedly led her to the profound discovery of the intersection of the nervous and connective tissue systems. Based on her understanding of the inseparable link between these two systems, she has become the first self-proclaimed neurofascial specialist. Addressing the balance within and between the nervous and connective tissue systems is central to MELT.
Many of my clients who use the MELT balls have had immediate results and improvements, so much so that they own MELT kits with the different small balls to use at home, work, and when traveling.
I was introduced to the treatments about 6 years ago, and although at that time I did not experience the immediate "wow" facto, I believed in the treatments and purchased the balls for my personal use and to use with clients. It was not until my old and chronic foot injury from my dancing days became acute that I experienced the immediate results. One particular day, I had nearly half the range of motion in my one foot, and I thought, "Well, I have the tools at my disposal, I'll try the foot treatment". After doing the full treatment on my right foot which took 5 minutes, full range of motion was restored and the pain was gone.
Since then, MELTing has been part of my body maintenance, and I use the balls for a hand and/or foot treatments at least 3 times a week. Since I have been doing the treatments regularly, I have never slept more soundly. Additionally, I have reduced neck and back tightness, reduced pain during my menstrual cycle, and improved flexibility in my hands and feet. MELTing for me is a staple to help balance my nervous system and keep my fascia hydrated. The results? A happier, healthier, and more energized body (and mind)!


A dime a dozen isn't just a phrase.
When I was a kid growing up, I hated going to garage sales, it made me feel like I didn't have enough money to go to a real store. I know, I know. Sigh.
If my mom wanted to piddle in a yard looking for depression glass or other housewares, fine. But I wasn't going and if I had to, then I stayed in the car. Heaven forbid someone see me and think I was poor.
doesn't love Quaker's Cheddar rice cakes?
After I got married, I didn't think about thrift stores or yard sales too much. Mostly because I still had a chip on my shoulder.
Then I met "Jane." I've written stories and kept her anonymous, but she's said she's over it and I can call her by her real name. I choose not to. I like "Jane." She can get her own blog. Get your own blog, Jane. To read some of our hair-raising adventures, click here, or here, or here for just a few of them!
Goodwill? Did I hear her say that correctly? You look like that because of thrift stores?
So I made a day of it with her.
I walked out with several pair of jeans all of which would cost over $100 a piece in the store for $20 total! I washed them and man, I've had tons of compliments. I have tons of shirts, dresses, even shoes (I clean them up really well and they have to be in fabulous shape) but I draw the line at undergarments and swimsuits. Some things just don't need to be shared!
I've been making lots of days of it with her now. It's too much fun!
The Goodwill outlet is a chore because you have to dig, but you can get a pound of clothing for $1.49. My daughter stays in Aeropostle, American Eagle, Abercrombie, and Banana Republic thanks to thrift stores!
I look back and think, how silly was I? I'm wearing top brand clothing and paying 1/3 (I don't do math–that's why I write and none of my characters are mathmeticians–so it could be even less) of the price. Today I bought the cutest dress with the tags still on it. I probably ate the chip on my shoulder, especially if it was nacho cheese flavored. Either way, it's gone, I'm glad, and I have extra money in my pocket to spend elsewhere.
3. Wear comfortable shoes. We can spend hours at a time in one store–on concrete floors.