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text:
\section{Introduction}

The growth of microbial species in media containing two or several
growth-limiting substrates is of great importance in biotechnology
and bioengineering. The mixed-culture growth occurs in many
industrial processes. A first significant class of such processes is
the traditional fermented foods and beverages in which either
endemic microorganisms or an inoculum with selected microorganisms
are used, see for instance \cite{Szambelan 2004}. Some beverages get
two or more different microorganisms in the inoculum with the
purpose to provide a desired flavor. Evidence of this influence are
presented in the recent paper of \cite{Fleet 2004}, in which the
role of different yeast interactions on the wine flavor is
discussed. However, the phenomenological details and the theory of
the time evolution of the fermentation are as yet poorly understood.
We can also mention the interesting case of the bioethanol
production, in which the substrates used for fermentation typically
consist of a mixture of glucose and fructose. Bioethanol is the
product obtained from the metabolism of microbe mixtures feeding
with this combination of hexoses and pentoses, see e.g., \cite{de
Souza Liberal 2004}. The last relevant example we give is
bioremediation, in which gasoline and chemical spills generally
yield a complex mixture of water-soluble organic compounds. In
gasoline spills, for instance, the four basic compounds are benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. The consumption of this mixture
by microorganisms is what is defined as the bioremediation process.

In all the aforementioned cases, the presence of different
populations of microorganisms and substrates is a key factor in the
quality and quantity of the final product. Therefore, it is quite
useful to detect the presence or lacking of process of mixed-culture
growth type. Their presence could be used as an estimate of the
right evolution of the process in its early stage. In addition, a
rapid and reasonably accurate test is always useful for saving time
and helping to take quick decisions. It is quite clear then that the
biomass concentration is one of the most needed quantity that should
be measured in fermentation monitoring. The most popular method to
get the biomass concentration is by means of the measurement of the
optical density of centrifugalized samples. However, this procedure
has limited usefulness because it cannot distinguish neither the
living cells from the dead ones, nor the different types of
microorganisms involved in the process. In some cases it is also
possible to correlate the total biomass concentration with the
values of the redox potential of the fermentation.

Recently, new techniques have emerged to quantify the biomass and
distinguish the different microorganisms present in a mixed-culture.
Some of then based on sophisticated equipment (\cite{Callister
2003}, \cite{Madrid 2005} and \cite{Pons 1993}) and others resides
on molecular biology techniques (\cite{de Souza Liberal 2004} and
\cite{Granchi 1999}). All these techniques are very promising in the
study of the dynamics of the mixed-culture growth, although, they
require expensive or complicated procedures. In this paper, we show
that it is possible to infer mixed-culture growth of microorganisms
from their total biomass data, without using such complicated
techniques. The alternative procedure that we put forth here is
based on treating the total biomass data by means of the wavelet
approach for detection of singularities in the growth curves. The
idea is to treat the mixed growth curves as more or less regular
signals that can nevertheless display singularities due to their
compound structure. In the wavelet literature there exist
fundamental papers in which it has been shown that the wavelet
techniques are very efficient in detecting any type of
singularities.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we
introduce a simple dynamics of the mixed-growth type and discuss its
basic assumptions. Next, in Section 3, the method of the wavelet
singularity analysis is briefly presented, whereas its application
to the mixed type dynamical curves is enclosed in Section 4. A
conclusion section ends up the paper. An appendix containing the
standard definitions of H\"{o}lder exponents of singularities of
functions is included as well.

\section{A simple mixed-growth model}\label{sec-model}

The technology of batch processes is well developed and numerous
products are obtained in this way. Some products such as food,
beverages, and pharmaceutical ones require precise tracking of the
batch information for safety and regulatory purposes. The primary
objective of monitoring batch processes is to ensure that
significant and sustained changes in the quality of the product
(caused by disturbances and/or faults) are detected as soon as
possible. In that sense, the rapid detection of singularities in the
output of the batch processes offers an interesting solution. The
wavelet analysis for singularity detection is by now well
established but there was no direct application to infer
mixed-growth in the case of batch biochemical processes.

In order to achieve this task we will consider here a fermentation
process consisting of a perfectly stirred tank, where no streams are
fed into it. In the batch fermenter the substrate is converted by
biomass into additional biomass and products. The general
unstructured mass balances for the well-mixed bioreactor can be
represented by the following equations for the concentrations of the
cells and substrates:
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{ \mathrm{d} x_{1,i}}{ \mathrm{d} t}  &=& \  x_{1,i} \  \mu _i\left( x_{2,i} \right) \nonumber\\
\frac{ \mathrm{d} x_{2,i}}{ \mathrm{d} t}  &=& \
-\frac{x_{1,i}}{Y_i}\  \mu _i \left(x_{2,i} \right) \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $x_{1,i}$ represent the biomass concentrations, $x_{2,i}$
substrate concentrations
and $Y_i$ is the biomass yield, $\mu _i\left( x_{2,i} \right)$ is
the specific growth rate and $i \in \mathbb{R}$ represent the $i$-th
species, allowing for the possibility of multiple kinds of
substrates and microorganisms. The growth rate relates the change in
biomass concentrations to the substrate concentrations. Two types of
relationships for $\mu _i \left( x_{2,i} \right)$ are commonly used:
the substrate saturation model (Monod Equation) and the substrate
inhibition model (Haldane Equation). Both cases will be treated
here. The substrate inhibited growth can be described by
\begin{eqnarray}
\mu _i\left( x_{2,i}\right)\ = \ \frac{\mu_{max_i}\
x_{2,i}}{K_{{1}_i} + x_{2,i} + K_{{2}_i}x_{2,i}^2}\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $K_{{1}_i}$ is the saturation (or Monod) constant, $K_2$ is
the inhibition constant and $\mu_{max_i}$ is the maximum specific
growth rate. The value of $K_{1_i}$ expresses the affinity of
biomass for substrate. The Monod growth kinetics can be considered
as a special case of the substrate inhibition kinetics with
$K_{2_i}=0$ when the inhibition term vanishes. For the sake of
simplicity, we will consider only two species and two substrates.
Moreover, we consider that it is possible to measure only the total
biomass concentration. That means that the output of the system
($y$) will be given by
\begin{eqnarray}
y = \ \sum_{i=1}^{m} x_{1,i}\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where $m$ is the number of species of microorganisms growing in the
bioreactor (in this work $m=2$). We focus on the following four
cases:
\begin{itemize}
\item[I] The microorganism and substrate concentrations have the same initial
conditions, but different growth rates, one with a Haldane type and
one with a Monod type. In addition, quite different values of the
Monod constant will be taken into account.
\item[II] The microorganism and substrate concentrations have different initial
conditions, but the same growth rates.
\item[III]The microorganism and substrate concentrations have different initial
conditions and different growth rates, one with a Haldane type and
one with a Monod type.
\item[IV] The microorganism and substrate concentrations have the same initial
conditions and the same growth rates, but with different values of
the maximal growth rate.
\end{itemize}

\begin{table}[ht]
\caption{The initial conditions and the values of the employed
parameters of the mixed-growth process model.} \label{tab:1}
\begin{tabular*}{\hsize}{llllllll}\hline
    Symbol     & Meaning                 & Values &        &        &        & Units    &       \\
               &           & \small{Case I}  & \small{Case II}  & \small{Case III} & \small{Case IV} &   & \\\hline

 $\mu_{max_1}$ & Maximal growth rate     & $1$    & $ 1 $  & $ 1 $  & $0.9$  &  $[l/h]$ &       \\
 $K_{{1}_1}$   & Saturation parameter    & $0.03$ & $0.03$ & $0.03$ & $0.03$ &  $[g/l]$ &       \\
 $K_{{2}_1}$   & Saturation parameter    & $0.5$  & $0.5$  & $0.02$ & $0.5$  &  $[g/l]$ &       \\
 $Y_1$         & Yield coefficient       & $0.5$  & $0.5$  & $0.5$  & $0.5$  &  $\ -$   &       \\
 $x_{{1}_1}^0$ & Initial biomass conc.   & $0.1$  & $0.1$  & $0.1$  & $0.25$ &  $[g/l]$ &       \\
 $x_{{2}_1}^0$ & Initial substrate conc. & $10$   & $10$   & $10$   & $10$   &  $[g/l]$ &       \\
 $\mu_{max_2}$ & Maximal growth rate     & $1$    & $1$    & $1$    & $1$    &  $[l/h]$ &       \\
 $K_{{1}_2}$   & Saturation parameter    & $0.3$  & $0.03$ & $0.03$ & $0.03$ &  $[g/l]$ &       \\
 $K_{{2}_2}$   & Inhibition parameter    & $0$    & $0.5$  & $0$    & $0.5$  &  $[l/g]$ &       \\
 $Y_2$         & Yield coefficient       & $0.5$  & $0.5$  & $0.5$  & $0.5$  &  $\ -$   &       \\
 $x_{{1}_2}^0$ & Initial biomass conc.   & $0.1$  & $0.2$  & $0.1$  & $0.25$ &  $[g/l]$ &       \\
 $x_{{2}_2}^0$ & Initial substrate conc. & $10$   & $ 5 $  & $ 6 $  & $ 10 $ &  $[g/l]$ &       \\ \hline
\end{tabular*}
\end{table}
Table~\ref{tab:1} shows the variables and parameter values used to
simulated the two species growing in the two different substrates,
under the four cases under consideration.

 \newpage

\section{Mixed cultures on mixtures of substrates}

When microbes are grown in a batch reactor containing a surplus of
two substrates, one of the substrates is generally exhausted before
the other, leading to the appearance of two successive exponential
growth phases. This phenomenon could be noticeable at simple view in
the biomass signal or unnoticed due to its nature or due to additive
noise present in the signal. In general, such type of phenomenon is
known as growth of mixed cultures on mixtures of substrates (MCMS).

The growth of MCMS is a phenomenon of practical and theoretical
interest. The fundamental understanding of this problem has impact
on many practical fields such as food processing, production of
ethanol from renewable resources, bioremediation and microbial
ecology, among many others.

To study the usage of the wavelet approach in the detection of MCMS
growth, we consider the recent model proposed by Reeves 2004
\cite{MCMS-model 2004}, which takes into account such type of
growth.

Within this section, the index $i$ will denote the species number,
and the index $j$ will stand for the substrate number. Thus, $c_i$
denotes the concentration of the $i$th species, $s_j$ denotes the
concentration of the $j$th substrate, $e_{ij}$ denotes the
concentration of the lumped system of inducible enzymes catalyzing
the uptake and peripheral catabolism of $s_j$ by $c_i$. Here, $c_i$
and $s_j$ are based on the volume of the chemostat, and expressed in
the units gdw/l and g/l, respectively.  $e_{ij}$ is based on the dry
weight of the biomass, and expressed in the units g/gdw.

\begin{eqnarray}
    r^s_{ij} &=& V^s_{ij}\,e_{ij}\,\frac{s_j}{K^s_{ij}+s_j}\nonumber\\
    r^x_{ij} &=& k^x_{ij}\,x_{ij}\nonumber\\
    r^e_{ij} &=& V^e_{ij}\,\frac{x_{ij}}{K^e_{ij}+x_{ij}}\nonumber\\
    r^{ast}_{ij} &=& k^{ast}_{ij}\nonumber\\
    r^d_{ij} &=& K^d_{ij}\,e_{ij}\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{eqnarray}
    \frac{d\,s_j}{d\,t} &=& D \left( s^f_j-s_j \right)- r^s_{1j}\,c_1-r^s_{2j}\,c_2\\
    \frac{d\,e_{ij}}{d\,t} &=& V^e_{ij}\,\frac{e_{ij}\,\sigma_{ij}}{\bar{K}^e_{ij}+e_{ij}\,\sigma_{ij}}+k^{ast}_{ij}-k^d_{ij}\,e_{ij}-r^g_i\,e_{ij}\\
    \frac{d\,c_i}{d\,t} &=& \left( r^g_i -D \right) c_i
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
    \bar{K}^e_{ij} &=&  \frac{K^e_{ij}\,k^x_{ij}}{V^s_{ij}}, \ \ \  \sigma_{ij} \,=\, \frac{s_j}{K^s_{ij}+s_j}\nonumber\\
    r^g_i &=& Y_{i1}\,r^s_{i1}+Y_{i2}\,r^s_{i2}\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}

Reeves et al \cite{MCMS-model 2004} comment that a plausible
experimental situation is the case  of \emph{Escherichia coli} and
\emph{Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, in which, \emph{E. coli} prefers a
sugar over an organic acid, and \emph{P. aeruginosa} prefers the
organic acid over the sugar.

\begin{table}[ht]
\caption{Parameter values used in the MCMS growth model \cite{MCMS-model 2004}} \label{tab:2}
\begin{tabular*}{\hsize}{llllll}\hline
  $V^s_{11}=1000$         & $V^s_{12}=1000$         &   $V^s_{21}=1000$       &   $V^s_{22}=1000$       &  g/g\,h   \\
  $K^s_{11}=0.01$         & $K^s_{12}=0.01$         &   $K^s_{21}=0.01$       &   $K^s_{22}=0.01$       &  g/l      \\
  $V^e_{11}=0.0025$       & $V^e_{12}=0.0020$       &   $V^e_{21}=0.0006$     &   $V^e_{22}=0.0036$     &  g/gdw\,h \\
  $\bar{K}^e_{11}=0.0017$ & $\bar{K}^e_{12}=0.0032$ & $\bar{K}^e_{21}=0.0013$ & $\bar{K}^e_{22}=0.0030$ &  g/gdw    \\
  $k^d_{11}=0.01$         & $k^d_{12}=0.01$         &   $k^d_{21}=0.01$       &   $k^d_{22}=0.01$       &  l/h      \\
  $k^{\ast}_{11}=10^{-2}\,V_{11}$ & $k^{\ast}_{12}=10^{-2}\,V_{12}$ & $k^{\ast}_{21}=10^{-2}\,V_{21}$   &   $k^{\ast}_{22}=10^{-2}\,V_{22}$  &     g/gdw\,h    \\
  $Y_{11}=0.41$           &   $Y_{12}=0.24$         &   $Y_{21}=0.35$         &   $Y_{22}=0.20$         &  g/g & \\ \hline
\end{tabular*}
\end{table}
In order to have the batch regime in the bioreactor we set parameter
$D=0$ and also employ Reeves' parameters $s^{f}_{1}=1$ and
$s^{f}_{2}=2$. Table~\ref{tab:2} shows the rest of the parameter
values used to simulate the growth of the two species on the two
different substrates in the MCMS conditions.

\newpage

\section{Measuring regularity with the wavelet transform}

Let us think of the total biomass of the mixed-growth curves as a
signal. In general, performing the analysis of a signal means to
find the regions of its regular and singular behavior. Usually the
singularities are very specific features for signal
characterization. As it has been pointed in the seminal paper of
\cite{Mallat1}, the regularity of a signal treated as a function can
be characterized by H\"{o}lder exponents. The wavelet transform has
been demonstrated to be a tool exceptionally well suited for the
estimation of H\"{o}lder exponents (for their definitions see the
Appendix).

\subsection{The wavelet transform}

Let $L^2(\mathbb{R})$ denote the space of all square integrable
functions on $\mathbb{R}$. In signal processing terminology,
$L^2(\mathbb{R})$ is the space of functions with finite energy. Let
$\psi(t) \in L^2(\mathbb{R})$ be a fixed function. The function
$\psi(t)$ is said to be a wavelet if and only if its Fourier
transform, $\hat \psi(\omega) = \int e^{i\omega t} \psi(t) dt$,
satisfies
  \begin{eqnarray}
   C_{\psi} = \int_{0}^{\infty}  \frac{|\hat\psi(\omega)|^2}{|\omega|} d\omega < \infty.\label{eq-admi}
  \end{eqnarray}
The non-divergent relation given by Eq.~(\ref{eq-admi}) is called
the {\it admissibility condition} in wavelet theory, see for
instance \cite{Ingrid} and \cite{Mallat1}. It implies that the
wavelet must have a zero average on the real line
 \begin{eqnarray}
  \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \psi(t) dt = \hat \psi(0) = 0,\label{eq-zero}
 \end{eqnarray}
and therefore it must be oscillatory. In other words, $\psi$ must be
a sort of {\it wave}~(\cite{Ingrid, Mallat1}). Based on $\psi(t)$,
one defines the functions $\psi_{a, b}$ as follows
 \begin{eqnarray}
  \psi_{a, b}(t) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{a}} \psi \left( \frac{t - b}{a} \right),\label{eq-waves}
 \end{eqnarray}
where $b \in \mathbb{R}$ is a translation parameter, while $a \in
\mathbb{R}^{+} ~ (a \neq 0)$ is a dilation or scale parameter. The
factor $a^{-1/2}$ is a normalization constant such that $\psi_{a,
b}$ has the same energy for all scales $a$. One notices that the
scale parameter $a$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq-waves}) is a measures of the
dilations of the spatial variable $(t - b)$. In the same way the
factor $a^{-1/2}$ measures the dilations of the values taken by
$\psi$. Because of this, one can decompose a square integrable
function $f(t)$ in terms of the dilated-translated wavelets
$\psi_{a, b}(t)$. We define the wavelet transform (WT) of $f(t)\in
L^2(\mathbb{R})$ by
\begin{eqnarray}
    W_f(a, b) &=& \langle f,\psi_{a,b} \rangle = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(t) \bar{\psi}_{a, b}(t) dt \nonumber\\
              & =& \frac{1}{\sqrt{a}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(t) \bar{\psi} \left(\frac{t - b}{a} \right) dt,     \label{eq-CWT}
\end{eqnarray}

where $ \langle ~, ~ \rangle $ is the scalar product in $
L^2(\mathbb{R})$ defined as $\langle f, g \rangle := \int f(t)
\bar{g}(t)dt$, and the bar symbol denotes complex conjugation. The
WT given by Eq.~(\ref{eq-CWT}) measures the variation of $f$ in a
neighborhood of size proportional to $a$ centered on point $b$. In
order, to reconstruct $f$ from its wavelet transform (\ref{eq-CWT}),
one needs a reconstruction formula, known as the resolution of the
identity (\cite{Ingrid, Mallat1}).
\begin{eqnarray}
  f(t) = \frac{1}{C_{\psi}} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} W_f(a, b) \psi_{a, b}(t) \frac{da\ db}{a^2}. \label{inversa}
\end{eqnarray}

From the above equation we can see why the condition given by
Eq.~\ref{eq-admi} should be imposed. One fundamental property that
we require in order to analyze singular behavior is that $\psi(t)$
has enough vanishing moments as argued in the works of \cite{arne1}
and \cite{mallat}. A wavelet is said to have $n$ vanishing moments
  if and only if it satisfies

\begin{eqnarray}
  \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} t^k \psi(t) dx\ &=&\ 0,\ {{\rm for}\ k = 0, 1, \ldots , n - 1}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
  \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} t^k \psi(t) dt\ &\neq&\ 0, \ {{\rm for}\ k \geq n.} \label{momentos}
\end{eqnarray}

  This means that a wavelet with $n$ vanishing moments is orthogonal to
  polynomials up to order $n - 1$. In fact, the admissibility condition given by
  Eq.~(\ref{eq-admi}) requires at least one vanishing moment. So the wavelet
  transform of $f(t)$ with a wavelet $\psi(t)$ with $n$ vanishing moments
  is nothing but a ``smoothed version'' of the $n$--th derivative of
  $f(t)$ on various scales.   In fact, when someone is interested to
  measure the local regularity of a signal this
  concept is crucial (see for instance \cite{Ingrid,Mallat1}).

\subsection{Wavelet singularity analysis}

  The local regularity of a function $f$ at a point $t_0$ is often
  measured by its H\"{o}lder exponent. The H\"{o}lder exponent $\alpha$ measures
  the strength of a singularity at a particular point $t_0$, where
  $t_0$ belongs to the domain of $f$, see the Appendix.
  It is important to point out
  that if the singular part of a function $f$ in the
  neighborhood of $t_0$ is of the type
  $|t - t_0|^\alpha$,
  then it corresponds to a {\bf \it cusp} and in this case the singular behavior
  is fully characterized by its
  H\"{o}lder exponent. However, there exists functions that involve oscillating
  singularities which have to be described by an additional quantity: an oscillating
  exponent (\cite{arne2, arne3}). In such a case, the oscillation
  has to be analyzed carefully. Such functions can not be
  fully characterized only by the H\"{o}lder exponent.
  In this work, we will only consider functions whose singularities are not
  oscillating.

  One classical tool to measure the regularity of a function $f(t)$ is to look
  at the asymptotic decay of its Fourier transform $\hat{f}(\omega)$ at infinity.
  However, the Fourier transform
  is not well adapted to measure the local regularity of functions,
  because it is global and provides a description of the overall
  regularity of functions (\cite{mallat,Mallat1}). Consequently, we
  need another way to characterize local signal regularity.

  In the works \cite{arne1, Ingrid, mallat, Mallat1} it is shown that the
  WT provides a way of doing a precise analysis of the regularity
  properties of functions. This is made possible by the scale parameter.
  Due to its ability to focus on singularities in the signals,
  the WT is sometimes referred to as 'mathematical microscope'
  ~(\cite{arne1, Ingrid, mallat, Mallat1}), where the wavelet used determines
  the optics of the microscope and its magnification is given by
  the scale factor $a$.

  The WT modulus maxima (\textsc{WTMM}) decomposition introduced by
  \cite{mallat} provides a local analysis of the singular behavior of signals.
  In the works of Mallat \cite{mallat, Mallat1} it has been shown
  that for cusp singularities the location of the
  singularity can be detected and the related exponent can be recovered from
  the scaling of the WT along the so-called {\em maxima line} (\textsc{Wtmml}
  for short), which is convergent towards
  the singularity. This is a line where the WT reaches local maximum with respect
  to the position coordinate. Connecting such local maxima within the continuous
  WT 'landscape' gives rise to the entire tree of maxima lines.
  Restricting oneself to the collection of such maxima lines provides a particularly
  useful representation of the entire WT. It incorporates the main characteristics
  of the WT: the ability to reveal the {\em hierarchy} of (singular) features,
  including the scaling behavior. \\

An other key concept, in addition to vanishing moments, used to
characterize the regularity of a function in terms of \textsc{Wtmm}
is given next. Suppose that $\psi$ has compact support $[-C, C]$.
The {\it cone of influence} of $\psi$ at point $t_0$ is the set of
points $(a, b)$ in the scale-space plane or domain, such that $t_0$
is in the support of $\psi_{a,b}(t)$. We will denote the
scale--space plane or domain of the WT as the $(a, b)$-plane or the
$(a, b)$-domain. Since the support of $\psi((t - b) / a)$ is $[b -
Ca, b + Ca]$, the point $(a, b)$ belongs to the cone of influence of
$t_0$ if
\begin{eqnarray}
 |b - t_0| \leq Ca. \label{eq-cono}
\end{eqnarray}
The function $f(t)$ has a H\"{o}lder exponent $\alpha \in (k, k+1)$
at $t_0$, if and only if there exists a constant $A>0$ such that at
each modulus maxima $(a,b)$ in the cone defined by
Eq.~(\ref{eq-cono}) one has
\begin{eqnarray}
  |W_f(a, b)| \leq A a^{\alpha + 1/2}, \quad a\to 0, \label{eq-WT-holder}
\end{eqnarray}
(see \cite{mallat, Mallat1}). Here it is assumed that the wavelet
has at least $n>\alpha$ vanishing moments. If $f(t)$ is regular at
$t_0$ or, if the number of vanishing moments is too small, i.e., $n
< \alpha$, one obtains for $a\to 0$ a scaling behavior of the type
\begin{eqnarray}
  |W_f(a, b)| \leq A a^{n + 1/2}. \label{eq-moreR}
\end{eqnarray}
The scaling behavior of the {\sc Wtmml} is given in
Eq.~(\ref{eq-WT-holder}) and can be rewritten as follows
\begin{eqnarray}
    \log |W_f(a,b)|  \leq \log A + \left(\alpha + \frac{1}{2}\right) \log a. \label{WT-singularity}
\end{eqnarray}
The global H\"{o}lder regularity at $t_0$ is thus the maximum slope
$-\frac{1}{2}$ of $\log |W_f(a,b)|$ as a function of $\log a$ along
the maxima line converging to $t_0$. \\

\section{Results and discussion}
 In this section, we present the
results we obtained using the singularity detection procedure
described in the previous section. The signal to be analyzed,
$f(t)=y$, represents the evolution in time of the total biomass
concentration for the fermentation process described in Section
\ref{sec-model} that includes four different cases as specified
therein. In all the wavelet-related calculations we employed as
mother wavelet the first derivative Gaussian $\psi '(t)
=d/dt(e^{-t^2/2})$ having only one vanishing moment. The final goal
is always to calculate the H\"older exponent of the singularities
for such processes because it is a direct measure of the
irregularity of a signal (function) at the singular point $t_0$, in
the sense that higher values of it correspond to more regular
functions than the lower values.

Figure 1 {\it{a,b,c}} shows the performance of the wavelet
singularity analysis as applied to Case I (same initial conditions
but different kinetic rates). We obtain a H\"older exponent of quite
high value.

The following figure shows the performance of the scheme applied
to Case II (same growth rates but different initial conditions).
In this case, the H\"older exponent of the mixed growth
singularity is lower than in Case I.

Similarly to the previous cases, Fig. (3) presents the graphical
results for Case III (different initial conditions and different
growth rates). Although, the singularity looks very mild in the
time evolution of the total biomass concentration the wavelet
analysis is
able to detect it with high precision.

Finally, Case IV (same initial conditions, same growth rates but
with different values of their maximal growth rates) is graphically
analyzed in Fig. (4). For this case we obtained the lowest H\"older
exponent.

Although the latter two cases seem to correspond to almost
overlapping of the WTMML pointing to bifurcation phenomena we are
still not at the threshold of a completely different behavior of the
log plots generated by bifurcations. This could be explained by the
fact that the strength of the first singularity is bigger with
respect to the second one.

\subsection{Wavelet analysis for the MCMS case}

The MCMS case is the most interesting case that we discuss here
because we will show that it is possible to infer in a very
accurate manner by means of WT the moment in which the
microorganisms switch their carbon source. In order to understand
the detailed dynamics of this combined growth, we first apply
separately the WT approach to the two biomass signals $y=c_1$
(Fig. 5) and $y=c_2$ (Fig. 6) and then to the total signal
$y=c_1+c_2$ (Fig. 7).

It is worth noting that the H\"older exponent is bigger than one, a
quite interesting feature which means that the singularity lies in
the second derivative of the biomass signal. This result gives
further opportunities to characterize the nature of the singularity
because it suggests that the type of growth can be inferred from the
order of the derivative in which the singularity occurs directly
given by the value of the H\"older exponent. The latter fact is a
great simplification with respect to the analytical search of the
singularities which implies obtaining the analytical solution of the
given dynamical growth model. Moreover, even in such fortunate
cases, the analytical solutions could be subject to fixed parameter
values of the model. On the other hand, the WT numerical approach
allows the singularity analysis even in the case of time-varying
parameters.

\subsection{Wavelet analysis for the noisy data case}

It is well known that in some cases the amplitude of the Gaussian
noise affecting the on-line signals can be an important annoying
factor. Therefore, a good analysis should be robust in such cases.
Thus, we provide here the WT analysis for the MCMS biomass signals
in the presence of white noise, that is, in the next figures (8-10)
we consider signals of the form $y_{i}=c_i+\epsilon (t)$ and their
sum, where $\epsilon (t)$ stands for the functional form of the
noise.

We notice from the corresponding plots that the noisy data do not
allow to obtain global H\"older exponents in a straightforward
manner, which is a result already reported in the wavelet literature
(\cite{Mallat1} and \cite{noise}). On the other hand, the
singularity detection is robust with respect to the noise for
reasonable levels of its amplitude. In addition, Figure~9 gives us
the hint that when the cones of influence produced by the Gaussian
noise enter the scales of the singularity the cone of the latter
becomes undistinguishable from those of the noise. This remark could
be used as a sort of resolution criterium of the WT method in the
presence of noise. Therefore, one can determine a critical amplitude
of the noise for which the WT approach looses its applicability.

\section{Concluding remarks}

We showed here explicitly how the wavelet singularity analysis can
be applied to infer mixed growth behavior of fermentation processes
using only total biomass data. We prove that the wavelet analysis is
very accurate for all the cases we considered. A very interesting
feature of our research is that the H\"older exponent is sensitive
to the type of the mixed-growth phenomenon, more specifically
depends on the parameters of the growth processes and on their
initial conditions. The MCMS case points to the remarkable
technological possibility of detecting the change of the substrate
uptake since the singularity appears in the second derivatives of
the biomass signal. This can lead one to think of the possibility to
infer substrate contaminations based only in the analysis of the
biomass data. In addition, our results for the noisy data clearly
hint to the fact that the wavelet singularity analysis maintains its
attractive features even in these more difficult but realistic case.
We hope that in future works we could find out the mathematical
relationships implied by this possible correlation. It might allow
the usage of the H\"older exponent as an identification criterium of
the more specific nature of mixed-growth processes.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

This work has been partially supported by CONACyT project 46980 and
the PROMEP fellowship 103.5/03/11118.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Death notices, 5/9
Standard-Times
LLANO — Charles W. (Pee Wee) Smathers, 83, died Saturday, May 6, 2017. Visitation will be 5-7 p.m. Monday, May 8 at Waldrope-Hatfield-Hawthorne Funeral Chapel. A funeral service will be held at 10 a.m. Tuesday, May 9 at First Baptist Church of Llano, with burial to follow in Valley Spring Cemetery.
SAN ANGELO — Gayle George, 83, died Thursday, May 4, 2017. Services are pending with Robert Massie Funeral Home.
SAN ANGELO — Jack Bleakley, 95, died Friday, May 5, 2017. Services are pending with Robert Massie Funeral Home.
SAN ANGELO — Donald "Duke" Walter Smith, 87, died Sunday, May 7, 2017. Services are pending with Robert Massie Funeral Home.
BALLINGER — Rudy Medrano, 78, died Friday May 5, 2017, in San Angelo. A rosary will be held at 6 p.m. Monday, May 8 at St. Mary Catholic Church in Ballinger. The funeral service will be held at 10 a.m. Tuesday, May 9 at St. Mary Catholic Church with burial in Evergreen Cemetery. Arrangements are with Lange Funeral Home of Ballinger.
Survivors include his wife, Fay; children, Wayne, Gary, Stephen and Tina;
SAN ANGELO — Macario G. Arredondo, 63, died Friday, May 5, 2017, in San Angelo. Services will be held at a later time. Arrangements are with Harper Funeral Home.
Survivors include his daughters, Christina Arredondo and Monica Terrazas, both of San Angelo; brothers and sisters, Toby Arredondo, Antonia Flores, Irene Hernandez, John Arredondo, Felix, Arredondo, Luis Arredondo, Bobby Arredondo, Leroy Arredondo, Ben Arredondo and Gilbert Arredondo.
OZONA — Fernando R. Garza, 64, died Sunday, May 7, 2017. A funeral service will be held at 10 a.m. Tuesday, May 9 at Our Lady of Perpetual Help Catholic Church with burial following in Cedar Hill Cemetery. Arrangements are by Kerbow Funeral Home.
Survivors include his wife, Mary Garza; daughter, Rita Vasquez; sister, Linda Alvarez; and brothers, Gene Reinberg, Evarado Garza and Gilbert Garza.
SAN ANGELO — Ernest Howard Woodward, 62, died Friday, May 5, 2017. Funeral service will be held at 2 p.m., Wednesday, May 10, 2017, at Shaffer Funeral Home's Sherwood Way Chapel with burial in Belvedere Memorial Park. Arrangements are by Shaffer Funeral Home/Sherwood Way.
SWEETWATER — Michael Dewayne Walker, Jr., 30, died Tuesday, May 2, 2017. Serviceis at 2 p.m. Wednesday, May 10, 2017 at McCoy Chapel of Memories with burial to follow in Sweetwater Cemetery. A wake will be held from 6 p.m. until 7:30 p.m. Tuesday, May 9, 2017 from at the funeral home.
SWEETWATER — Raymond J. Stone, 79, died Saturday, May 6, 2017 at his residence. Private burial was held in Sweetwater Cemetery under the direction of McCoy Funeral Home. No other services are planned at this time.
• Death notices, 5/6
Death notices, 5/6...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We have set and exceeded national benchmarks for academic achievement within the specialty for many years. At the core of our success is the drive and motivation of some of the most talented healthcare professionals nationwide.
Both independently and jointly with the Penn Trauma Center, Emergency Medicine physicians, fellows, residents, nurses, and other healthcare providers care for over 13,000 injured and complex trauma patients annually.
We strive for clinical excellence with a special emphasis on respect, professionalism, and patient-centered care. We are available to patients 24 hours a day, every day of the year, and are committed to providing world-class patient care.
Penn Medicine's Department of Emergency Medicine has created a task force to prepare for possible disasters that may effect our community.
Emergency Department physicians provide around-the-clock on-line medical direction of Philadelphia Fire Department EMS personnel as well as providers from surrounding counties.
Penn's Division of Emergency Ultrasound offers emergency medicine bedside ultrasound (EMBU) to obtain immediate information at the bedside about the condition of a patient.
Penn Medicine's Emergency Department Observation Unit (EDOU) provides patient care, observation and management to those with medical or traumatic conditions whose care can typically be completed in 24 hours or less.
Penn's Department of Emergency Medicine has been a leader in the field of emergency critical care and resuscitation for over a decade.
Penn's Division of Medical Toxicology provides clinical support for the care of patients with suspected poisoning or adverse effects of medications.
No other service, division, or department at Penn Medicine is as intimately and heavily involved in the care of trauma and injured patients as the Department of Emergency Medicine.
Penn Urgent Care South Philadelphia is here to help treat a variety of injuries, illnesses and conditions with no appointment necessary.
Learn about hyperbaric medicine, hyperbaric medicine services offered at Penn Medicine and what makes our team a leader in hyperbaric medicine.
The Penn Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery team is nationally and internationally recognized for their excellence in providing the full spectrum of care for those who have sustained life-threatening injuries or who are critically ill.
If you need to prepare for a trip abroad or you have returned from an international trip and need to be seen for a possible illness, Penn Travel Medicine offers highly specialized medical care and treatment.


How do you want to feel this time next year? Yes, I am talking about the end of 2016/early 2017. And the reason I'm talking about it is that whatever you do over the next 12 months is going to determine what you're going to feel like this time next year. If you've taken the time to look back at how you spent your time during the past year and said to yourself you're not doing that again, or you want a different outcome, you might want to sit up and listen.
In our book, How To Be Yourself, we talk about how we are the product of our choices, and how the life we are living is the direct consequence of the actions we've taken on the back of the choices we made. What will you choose to do, how will you choose to spend your time, and who with, in the new year?
I've just been looking back at my year and was weighing up where I am now against a list I'd written at this time last year, about what I'd wanted to leave behind. Now that was really the wrong way to go at it, and I knew that. Best to look at what you want and how you want to feel about where you're at in life. Your heart knows what you want. Let that be your compass.
What I didn't know at the start of 2015 is that we would have created the Just Do You! membership-only programme by the end of the year, although we had a goal to get our book finished and to market. We were (still) writing our book at the start of the year and we'd already created the Life Conversations Map as a coaching tool a year earlier, and were building some software. Half way through the year, thanks to amazing support and feedback, it became clear that we should tie everything together, and then we'd have something unique to offer. We realised we had created a self-guided process to self-discovery – with a definite outcome people could benefit from to create a better life for their self. In our case the definite outcome is an action plan, which is created using our process and exercises, and which moves our members towards living the life they truly want to live. In 2015 we did get our book to market, and Just Do You! was born – and we're pretty happy about that. Double whammy!
I thought you might like to hear about a few things I've learned on our journey to working towards our goal as they're good to think about – however big or small your goal. I hope by sharing with you, you may feel supported to take the first step towards what you want in life in 2016.
Understand whether or not your goal aligns with the truth of who you are. Is it your goal? I ask that because we often get swept up spending (wasting) time doing stuff that someone else wants, when it isn't what we want at all. Now I'm not talking about joint goals – of course we have those too. The same applies there though – you should only move forward on goals together when you feel that you'll get what you need from achieving it too, or there's genuine joy for you when you can be part of helping another achieve what they want. It's time to speak up if you're not feeling good about it though.
Know why you want to achieve that particular goal. It's really important to get your head around that because knowing why you're doing something is going to be the motivator you might need to keep you moving if the going gets tough.
What else do you need to support you as you go for what you want? Getting support is vital. Who will you choose to support you and what will you need from them? Having someone to share your goal with will keep you accountable, and give you someone to talk with when you need help to stay on track. Perhaps you need to find courage, or learn how to foster characteristics in yourself that will help you. Can you make good decisions, for example, or do you need to learn more about how to do that?
Take TIME to figure out what it is you want. And take whatever amount of time you need. You deserve to spend focused time on yourself to create the best life you can. If you don't take the time, you won't make the change.
Once you've set your goal that's just the beginning; there's a lot to it to make it happen and it isn't a single-handed mission. Life feels so much better when you take control and take action. Support and knowledge is all around you to help you, so seek out what's right for you.
There's so much to say on this and that's why we created the programme. To be the supporters you might need, to give you a process to work with, and give you a plan at the end.
This new year please give yourself the gift of time. Time to reflect; time to choose; time to plan; time to take action. And start now.
I'll leave you with this question: What do you want to be feeling at this time next year?


text:
UT Surpasses 100,000 Unique Donors in 'Join the Journey' Campaign
View all the posts from May 6, 2019
Thanks to the generosity of many Volunteers, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, has surpassed another campaign milestone with more than 100,000 unique donors giving to the Join the Journey campaign since 2012. Alumni, students, faculty, staff, and friends have joined together to make a significant impact at UT and have chosen to support many areas of campus.
More than $1.17 billion has been received from the 100,000 donors, which include Volunteers from all 50 states and from 49 countries. The campaign goal of $1.1 billion was surpassed in late 2018, more than two years before the initial goal of December 2020.
"We are incredibly grateful for all of the donors who choose to support our great university," said Chip Bryant, vice chancellor for advancement. "When our alumni and friends make one gift, of any size, each year, it makes a big difference. Their loyalty and support create opportunities for students and will have a lifelong effect on our campus."
The impact of the philanthropic support has been felt by students and faculty alike through new scholarships and faculty awards, including 812 undergraduate scholarship awards, 293 graduate fellowships and scholarships, and 154 faculty awards, professorships, and chairs.
"I want to thank every single donor that has given to the university," said UT senior Makayla Stogsdill. "You are actually changing a life. The impact that you make might not be something that you see right now, but it is something that assists students every single day."
While two major campaign goals have already been met, the journey is not over. The campaign continues through 2020, with areas of need that include strengthening capacity for faculty who strive for excellence, scholarships that provide access to unique experiences, and graduate fellowships that propel students forward in creative research.
For more information or to make a gift to the Join the Journey campaign, visit journey.utk.edu.
About Join the Journey
As UT Knoxville aspires to become a preeminent institution, the Join the Journey campaign is helping to position the university among the nation's elite. The comprehensive fundraising campaign focuses on increasing support for undergraduate scholarships, graduate fellowships, faculty support, college priorities, and athletic excellence. The funds raised are creating a student experience that reaches beyond the ordinary, shaping the next generation of leaders for the state, nation, and world.
Mallorie Mendence (865-974-5801, mmendenc@utk.edu)


text:
Shoes-a-palooza: DaVita Provides Nearly 13,000 Pairs of Shoes to Underserved Children
DaVita Teammates Vastly Exceed Original Pledge of 5,000 Pairs
DENVER--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Aug. 28, 2013-- DaVita®, a division of DaVita HealthCare Partners Inc.(NYSE:DVA) and a leading provider of kidney care services, today announced that DaVita teammates provided 12,915 pairs of new shoes to children in 167 schools nationwide through a partnership with U.S. charity "Shoes That Fit."
During the initiative, known as "Shoes-a-palooza," DaVita teammates exceeded an original goal of providing 5,000 pairs of shoes that was set last November. Shoes That Fit, a Claremont, Calif.-based charity, identified schools in need and measured children's shoe sizes.
"This was a great opportunity to give back to the most vulnerable in our communities," said Rich Seebold, divisional vice president for DaVita. "At DaVita, we strive to improve the quality of life not only for our patients, but also for each other and those who live and work around us. It was inspirational to hear about all the lives that were touched."
"You guys make kids so happy," said one parent whose child received shoes. "I will follow your example and teach my son to be generous."
With the help of Shoes That Fit, groups of DaVita teammates around the country created their own goals for purchasing and delivering shoes. In California, teammates in DaVita's Pacific Gold division more than doubled their initial goal and delivered 1,219 pairs of shoes to two schools in Bakersfieldbecause of an unexpected need. At least 98 percent of students at both schools were on a free or reduced-cost meal program.
"At Shoes That Fit, we don't just give shoes – we help kids build confidence," said Lee Kane, program manager for Shoes That Fit. "We match people who want to help with schools in their communities that have kids in need. We were thrilled to see DaVita teammates so engaged, contributing almost 13,000 pairs!"
Shoes-a-palooza is DaVita's first nationwide community service event – or "Village Service Day" – and received a 2013 Community Service Award from Communitas, an international effort to recognize exceptional businesses, organizations and individuals that are unselfishly giving of themselves and their resources.
For more information about DaVita's community engagement, visit www.DaVita.com/CommunityCare.
For more information about Shoes That Fit, visit www.shoesthatfit.org.
DaVita and DaVita HealthCare Partners are trademarks or registered trademarks of DaVita HealthCare Partners Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
DaVita is the dialysis division of DaVita HealthCare Partners Inc., a Fortune 500® company that, through its operating divisions, provides a variety of health care services to patient populations throughout the United States and abroad. A leading provider of kidney care in the United States, DaVita delivers dialysis services to patients with chronic kidney failure and end stage renal disease. DaVita strives to improve patients' quality of life by innovating clinical care, and by offering integrated treatment plans, personalized care teams and convenient health-management services. As of June 30, 2013, DaVita operated or provided administrative services at 2,010 outpatient dialysis centers located in the United States serving approximately 159,000 patients. The company also operated 48outpatient dialysis centers located in ten countries outside the United States. DaVita supports numerous programs dedicated to creating positive, sustainable change in communities around the world. The company's leadership development initiatives and social responsibility efforts have been recognized by Fortune, Modern Healthcare, Newsweek and WorldBlu. For more information, please visit DaVita.com.
David Gilles, 303-876-7497
david.gilles@davita.com


Associated – memory or thought as seen through ones own eyes is associated.
Dissociated – seeing yourself in the picture.
These terms are used generally in NLP in submodality work, to ensure that the client has the correct picture in mind to create the desired results.
When is it useful to have a memory associated?
To make a state or event appear as real. In order to be immersed in one's own experience. Feel emotions.
When you complete work on something that you want to make compelling. Such as working on successful outcomes as explained in detail on our NLP Practitioner training courses.
Memory that is dissociated is a direction. Memories put back in the future should be dissociated for this reason.
This subject is part of our NLP online training series.


text:
Q: rare misspelled words messes my fastText/Word-Embedding Classfiers I'm currently trying to make a sentiment analysis on the IMDB review dataset as a part of homework assignment for my college, I'm required to firstly do some preprocessing e.g. : tokenization, stop words removal, stemming, lemmatization. then use different ways to convert this data to vectors to be classfied by different classfiers, Gensim FastText library was one of the required models to obtain word embeddings on the data I got from text pre-processing step.
the problem I faced with Gensim is that I firstly tried to train on my data using vectors of feature size (100,200,300) but yet they always fail at some point, I tried later to use many pre-trained Gensim data vectors, but none of them worked to find word embeddings for all of the words, they'd rather fail at some point with error
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-28-644253c70aa3> in <module>()
----> 1 model.most_similar(some-rare-word)

1 frames
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/gensim/models/keyedvectors.py in word_vec(self, word, use_norm)
    450             return result
    451         else:
--> 452             raise KeyError("word '%s' not in vocabulary" % word)
    453
    454     def get_vector(self, word):

KeyError: "word some-rare-word not in vocabulary"

the ones I've tried so far are :
conceptnet-numberbatch-17-06-300 : doesn't contain "glass"
word2vec-google-news-300 : ram insufficient in Google Colab
glove-twitter-200 : doesn't contain "5"
crawl-300d-2M : doesn't contain "waltons"
wiki-news-300d-1M : doesn't contain "waltons"
glove-wiki-gigaword-300 : doesn't contain "riget"
got their names from these sources, here and here
by inspecting the failing words, I found that even the largest libraries would usually fail because of the misspelled words that has no meaning like 'riget', 'waltons',...etc
Is their a way to classify and neglect this strange words before trying to inject them to Gensim and receiving this error ? or am I using Gensim very wrong and there's another way to use it ?
any snippet of code or some sort of lead on what to do would be appreciated
my code so far :
import gensim.downloader as api
model = api.load("glove-wiki-gigaword-300") # this can be any vector-library of the previously mentioned ones
train_word_embeddings = []
# train_lemm is a vector of size (number of examples, number of words remaining in example sentence i after removal of stop words and lemmatization to nouns)
# they're mainly 25000 example review sentence while the second dimension is of random value depending on number of words
for i in range (len(train_lemm)):
  train_word_embeddings.append(model.wv[train_lemm[i]])

A: If you train your own word-vector model, then it will contain vectors for all the words you told it to learn. If a word that was in your training data doesn't appear to have a vector, it likely did not appear the required min_count number of times. (These models tend to improve if you discard rare words who few example usages may not be suitably-informative, so the default min_words=5 is a good idea.)
It's often reasonable for downstream tasks, like feature engineering using the text & set of word-vectors, to simply ignore words with no vector. That is, if some_rare_word in model.wv is False, just don't try to use that word – & its missing vector – for anything. So you don't necessarily need to find, or train, a set of word-vectors with every word you need. Just elide, rather than worry-about, the rare missing words.
Separate observations:

*

*Stemming/lemmatization & stop-word removal aren't always worth the trouble, with all corpora/algorithms/goals. (And, stemming/lemmatization may wind up creating pseudowords that limit the model's interpretability & easy application to any texts that don't go through identical preprocessing.) So if those are required parts of laerning exercise, sure, get some experience using them. But don't assume they're necessarily helping, or worth the extra time/complexity, unless you verify that rigrously.

*FastText models will also be able to supply synthetic vectors for words that aren't known to the model, based on substrings. These are often pretty weak, but may better than nothing - especially when they give vectors for typos, or rare infelcted forms, similar to morphologically-related known words. (Since this deduced similarity, from many similarly-written tokens, provides some of the same value as stemming/lemmatization via a different path that required the original variations to all be present during initial training, you'd especially want to pay attention to whether FastText & stemming/lemmatization mix well for your goals.) Beware, though: for very-short unknown words – for which the model learned no reusable substring vectors – FastText may still return an error or all-zeros vector.

*FastText has a supervised classification mode, but it's not supported by Gensim. If you want to experiment with that, you'd need to use the Facebook FastText implementation. (You could still use a traditional, non-supervised FastText word vector model as a contributor of features for other possible representations.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Java Inheritance - C -> B -> A. Method defined in A and overriden in C. Which one should be called? I have a base interface A. Then there is another interface B which extends from this interface A. And finally a class C which implements B.
interface A{
    default void method1(){
        System.out.println("method1 printing from interface A");
    }
    default void method2(){
         method1(); // note that method1() is overriden in class C.
                    // which one should be called? from A or C?
    }
}

interface B extends A{
    void methodWhichCallsMethodOnInterface();
}

class C implements B{
    @Override
    public void method1(){
        System.out.println("method1 printing from class C");
    }

    @Override
    public void methodWhichCallsMethodOnInterface(){
        method2();
    }
}

I am calling methodWhichCallsMethodOnInterface in this way:
B b = new C();
b.methodWhichCallsMethodOnInterface();

The output is "method1 printing from class C".
I dont understand how method1 from C is getting called directly from the interface A? Can someone explain the contexts in which each method is called?

A: Calling b.methodWhichCallsMethodOnInterface() calls method2() from interface A and method2() from interface A calls method2() from interface A, I assume you thought b.methodWhichCallsMethodOnInterface() would for some reason make method2() from interface A call method1() from class C.
If you call b.method1() you should get printing from class C
But calling the other function will call interface A's method1()
I assume you intialized B b = new C() right?

A: Firstly, interface B extend interface A so you can imagine that:
interface B {
    default void method1() { // inherited from A
        System.out.println("method1 printing from interface A");
    }

    default void method2() { // inherited from A
        method1();
    }

    void methodWhichCallsMethodOnInterface(); // wrote new in B
}

You can forget the interface A from now! Continue with your code.
class C implements B{
    @Override
    public void method1() {
        System.out.println("method1 printing from class C");
    }

    @Override
    public void methodWhichCallsMethodOnInterface() {
        method2();
    }
}

Class B was implemented by class C. When you execute the code B b = new C, an object C will be created and cast to interface B (it mean object b have full properties of class C). Look at the interface B and class C, you can see two same methods method1(). Because class C implement interface B and method1() is overwritten, so b.method1() will execute the method inside class C. You can imagine that:
class C implements B{
    @Override
    public void method1() {
        System.out.println("method1 printing from class C");
    }

    @Override
    public void methodWhichCallsMethodOnInterface() {
        method2();
    }

    default void method2() { // inherited from B
        method1();
    }
}

Now, I think you can understand why your program print method1 printing from class C.

A: It's correctly calling the method1() of A because it's the method of interface. That's the correct & expected behavior of methods defined in interface.


text:
© 2018 ASAC. This chapter provides an overview of the framework for the understanding of factors which determine a leader's personality attributes and its impact on group performance, the development of integrative model, and empirical support for the model. evaluate the ethically "dark" sides of leadership (like totalitarian and truth-manipulating aspects) is sketched. en Virtuous leadership is crucial for advancing leadership ethics. Yet he also made notoriously negative remarks about the value of writing. Such a fascination there is with leadership. Still another view of environments, derived from an interpretive worldview, claims that environments are enacted. Essential for such a philosophical reflection is the postulation of the transcendental realm as the ultimate reality that provides the fullest templates for order, knowledge and ethicality. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Enjoy the best Plato Quotes at BrainyQuote. Share with your friends. servant of all."), and the writings of Plato, Aristotle and many other great thinkers through the ages. PLATO. Four competencies were found in every S: management of attention, meaning, trust, and self. %PDF-1.6 %���� The purpose of this paper is to identify the various dimensions of leadership emerging in Plato'ss discussions on ideal political governance and then generalize them to fit in with current discussions. According to leadership behavior theory, change-oriented leadership behavior encourages innovation. Plato's leadership account rests on two conceptual pillars. Due to the fact that there are no biographical accounts from his time, we have to rely on his writings and biographies written 500 years after his death to know more about him. The purpose of this paper is to identify the various dimensions of leadership emerging in Plato'ss discussions on ideal political governance and then generalize them to fit in with current discussions. Our findings concern the purported Aristotelian roots of virtuousness, the relative strengths and weaknesses of the positive and the neo‐Aristotelian approaches, and the interplay between technical skills and ethical excellence in leadership. The aim of the analysis is to reveal different forms of "business ideological talk" to try to find out if there is some kind of rhetorical "clue" in the texts and whether there have been any changes over the years. The point of interest is to see whether any changes connected with the time dimension can be identified in the factual content of the ideologies. In this paper, we explore paternalism as the main cultural framework within which excellence in managerial leadership operates in organizations in the Philippines. Ils proposent l'adoption d'outils et de procédures pratiques de gestion issus du leadership positif et influencés par les vertus afin de permettre aux organisations et à la société dans son ensemble de s'épanouir. The discourse produced by the business world is seen as a tool for legitimating the conduct of business firms. To make Research on Business Ethics and CSR, The purpose of this paper is to identify the various dimensions of leadership emerging in Plato'ss discussions on ideal political governance and then generalize them to fit in with current discussions. Moral obligations are important since they mediate between Pastoral focus and managerial response to Organizational demands but unimportant as direct influence on excellent leader. Plato's metaphors like the Divided Line and the Cave, as well as the theory of the Philosopher-King are explained as part of the doctrine of philosophical wisdom. 7. Like the way U.S. goes, many persons become obsessed with the mechanics, techniques, styles, and personalities. Therefore, this study investigates how change-oriented leadership behavior encourages innovation, by means of a qualitative study of grounded theory on change-oriented leaders and employees. Both Socrates and Plato considered rhetoric, as practised by many Sophists, mere flattery, ... Neo-Aristotelian leadership, by contrast, is based on rhetoric, which originated as the art of public discourse within the realm of politics. Finally, the chapter discusses the adaptation of the three-level framework for the analysis of empirical cases, arguing for a more Socratic understanding of philosophical wisdom as learned ignorance in the reading of the strategic decision-making examples. All content in this area was uploaded by Tuomo Antero Takala on Dec 28, 2018, ... Aristotle knew of the polemic surrounding the art of rhetoric. It focuses on three themes. The consideration will also cover some areas of organizational ethics, managerial discourses on rhetoric, management of meaning an charismatic leadership are presented. The historical development of leadership theories is explored, the model presented, and its potential and limitations discussed. However, along with his notions of "society" and "justice", Plato's notion of "leadership" has Finally, some suggestions for further research are presented. Corporate Communications An International Journal. Furthermore, Plato's characterization of democracy as unable to control unnecessary appetites ignores the role of political institutions in providing checks and … Essays on plato and aristotle pdf rating. All rights reserved. What is conspicuously absent is the thinking underpinning the politics of leadership. Moral Leadership Moral leadership was founded by Plato's question that continues to challenge leaders today: "whether people the world over share common ZDQWV DQG … On this basis three ideologies of the firm's social responsibility can be constructed: the traditional, the modern and the moral. Plato and Leadership Plato (427BCE-348BCE) the disciple of Socrates was born into a well- to- do Aristocratic family. Quotations by Plato, Greek Philosopher, Born 427 BC. The leader and member abilities are among the most important predictors of group performance, and a high correlation between the leader's ability score and the group's performance presumably reflects the degree of leader influence over the task itself. attitudes, opinions and standpoints of the business world as presented in Finnish employer journals during the 1930s and 1970s; the method used is text interpretation. The framework contains three distinct but interrelated levels of wisdom that are called rational-analytical information, intuitive-experiential knowledge and philosophical wisdom. PDF | The purpose of this paper is to identify the various dimensions of leadership emerging in Plato'ss discussions on ideal political governance and... | Find, read and cite all … (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). This paper suggests that the philosophy of Plato and his modern follower, political theorist Eric Voegelin could offer a viable perspective for understanding organizational spirituality in its metaphysical, political and ethical contexts. However, the processes and actions through which it does so are not yet evident. Plato - Plato - Dialogue form: Glimpsed darkly even through translation's glass, Plato is a great literary artist. Also the possibility to evaluate the ethically "dark" sides of leadership (like totalitarian and truth-manipulating aspects) is sketched. The leader's task functions and his therapeutic attitudes are highly speculative, and extensive future research is required to elucidate the role, which these therapeutic attitudes play in the group process. ADVERTISEMENTS: Plato's Theories: Theory of Justice, Education and Communism! Firstly, to examine the fundamental principles of social responsibility and its role as the moral basis of a firm's social responsibility. hޔ��j�:�_EO kF3�%�K��Ґ�B�䦦��n�n�}��NV��N���x$��3�92g԰��F"�&�3M�h�Q�u5$�l(5�����!�� �����9��a����JD�c�0L�9�d�)�؄����8��>%{6B�LNF|`����f��0~?�q1�ٯ�7��w�n�u��y��cNUo��������ݳ�w��P�	������������n8\ӿxM�e��>����x� ��/.�ˇ�����f����p=�:��}_��|���x_f}�� �y�\�w�Ѹ�����y��8%� b�	کf�R\%>�h#t$��"��R�)�\WI�gYH�/ޫ�x�d5�ӪMx�%�'ڜ�� m�hS/-wh��J�9���9��)��K����$�XiE�|D�����Q��{Dv'�dE �P"��G��VIW�^S3y>�'w$O�MK���D^(�r�3�G�J��K��e��@CsR��h��h���K���7 The sensible world, according to Plato is the world of contingent, contrary to the intelligible world, which contains essences or ideas, intelligible forms, models of all things, saving the phenomena and give them meaning. His life ambition was to become a politician, but he became disillusioned and disappointed by the way his master, Socrates The second pillar is that the worst leaders are those who lack knowledge and use persuasive speech for unjust ends. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. There also is lacking a sense of context; in what environment is the political activi… In organizations with effective leaders, empowerment was most evident in 4 themes: People feel significant, learning and competence matter, people are part of a community, and work is stimulating. Plato's view on transcendental universals, or Forms, is used to build a perspective that equates wisdom with knowing and becoming familiar with the unchanging ultimates such as Truth, Beauty, Justice and Good. leadership, transformational leadership, situational leadership, authoritarian leadership, servant leadership. If the man… This article assesses the relevance of Plato's Republic for discussions of leadership in contemporary democratic societies. The recent focus on leadership is an international phenomenon, as is increased investment in leadership and management development. 4-5 stars based on 94 reviews Essay about organized crime data collection example in research paper: essay on facebook kills face to face conversation. A leader can be trained to modify these attitudes, but considerable effort might be required on the part of many individuals to make them. Contemporary firms are attempting to master the discipline of innovation, in which leadership may play a vital role. 8. This chapter examines several scriptural texts about darkness and light alongside the metaphor of Plato's Cave as a basis for distinguishing between that which is True compared with mere shadows of the True as it relates to the study of leadership. He admired Socrates and became his pupil at the age of twenty. The idea that virtuous leadership is only possible under an aristocratic elite does not meet many modern-day findings. It is argued, in the footsteps of Voegelin, that modern organizations and modern organization theory should seek to re-awaken the lost experiences of the divine Beyond by re-animating religious symbols and myths of transcendence as devices for a spiritually opened consciousness. Unlike most of the leadership books we've summarized so far – and there are hundreds and hundreds of them– this one is not about how you canbecome a good leader, but how you shouldbecome a good man leading people to better things and a better world. Justice the Most Important Part of Republic: The concept of justice occupies the most important part of Plato's The Republic. Pastoral focus is an important cultural dimension through which Environment focus and Work practices influences the Personal qualities. In the US, �Z����7��ID#e�j�T�ݪ�o�t~�J)�\R�9mhy�X��Y�\i��W��v2�M2A�S�ֱ� ;�hk4�d���I�~�( �|������"��qľ����k�&�q�5��,���Һ6��g���;��Z&x�@:�)2�(�i�����2�d}� ��j��T�ze�������S�K%y����$"�!�	������r�Յ�%4U�V�;h,��RK�Ά:Z. Noting some shortcomings in the discussions related to the ontology of intuition, the chapter then moves to outline the most wide-ranging level of wisdom, namely the Platonic-Socratic understanding of wisdom, or, sophia. Also the possibility to. © 2018 ASAC. Plato was a Greek philosopher known and recognized for having allowed such a considerable philosophical work.. 1, Issue 1. The study covers the following points. A shared conundrum for scholars in the field of leadership practice and theory seems to be whether there is in fact a True ideal Form of leadership or whether different behaviors and styles simply work better for some people or circumstances than others (Northouse, 2019; Takala, Journal of Business Ethics 17:785–798, 1998; Yukl, 2013). This chapter develops the framework of wisdom that will be applied in the later empirical sections of the book. Describes research by the present author in which 60 corporate leaders and 30 leaders from the public sector were interviewed with the intention of discovering Ss' common leadership traits. The article describes Plato' s views on leadership, and present some connections of Plato's concepts on modern leadership theories and charisma. By comparing Positive Leadership and its notion of virtuousness with neo‐Aristotelian leadership based on virtue, this article sheds light on this research field. Leurs résultats portent sur les prétendues racines aristotéliciennes de la vertu, les forces et les faiblesses relatives de l'approche positive et de l'approche néo‐aristotélicienne et l'interaction entre les compétences techniques et l'excellence éthique dans le leadership. I apply Plato's model to leadership issues in today's corporate world and explain how the model can guide leaders, board members, and investors. In this study a new instrument has been applied to the study of business ideologies, namely a rhetorical analysis (based on the works of Aristotle) of the selected texts. Plato was a famous Greek philosopher and one of Socrates' brightest students. The negative correlations suggest that the leader's influence, or his contribution to the task is minimal. The extent of today's body of literature on leadership differs vastly from Plato's first foray into leadership behaviors around 340 B.C. The result was an atheoretical miasma of attribute–leadership associations that could Ils expliquent les différences et les similitudes entre les deux forment de vertu et montrent comment elles peuvent s'enrichir mutuellement tout en permettant de mieux cerner la théorie du leadership éthique. In the Republic, Plato's description of five types of leaders offers a new perspective on leadership selection and development using the moral psychology of both virtuous and non-virtuous leaders. Plato on Leadership Plato on Leadership Takala, T. 2004-09-30 00:00:00 The purpose of this paper is to identify the various dimensions of leadership emerging in Plato'ss discussions on ideal political governance and then generalize them to fit in with current discussions. En comparant le leadership positif et sa notion de vertu avec le leadership néo‐aristotélicien fondé sur la vertu, les auteurs de cet article jettent la lumière sur ce domaine de recherche. This paper explores three major implications of the enacted environment concept for strategic management theory and practice: abandoning the prescription that organizations should adapt to their environments; rethinking constraints, threats, opportunities; and considering the primary role of strategic managers to be the management of meaning. In an attempt to re-evaluate Plato's ideal state, this work re-emphasized the relevance of transformative leadership as a necessary tool for societal good and transformation. Factor analysis, regression and structural modelling are employed to explain managerial leadership excellence in the Philippines. Introduction to Ethical Studies An Open Source Reader Lee Archie John G. Archie published articles on leadership, from 136 in 1970-71, to 258 in 1980-81, 1,105 in 1990-91, and a staggering 10,062 in 2001-02 (an average of 419 articles per month) (Storey, 2004). There is an evident lack of rigorous frameworks for making sense of the role and status of spirituality and religion in organizations and organizing, in particular from the perspective of spiritual philosophies of the social. List adapted from "Character and Servant Leadership: 10 Characteristics of Effective, Caring Leaders" by Larry C. Spears, published in "The Journal of Virtues and Leadership," Vol. Résumé Plato's theory, is the one which is founded on a good principle and grounded on a good leadership, that is to say the principle of justice4 and the leadership of the philosopher5. 144 0 obj <>stream A brief discussion on the organisational structures and processes facilitating and inhibiting the pursuit of wisdom is presented, with a focus on bureaucracy, groupthink and new organisational forms. Public Sector Management research project . Charismatic leadership: A key factor in organizational communication. Intuition is conceptualised as a set of embodied, emotionally charged and immediate flashes of insight and comprehension that emerge without conscious thinking or deliberate analysis. Findings from 15 semi-structured interviews with employees and leaders exhibiting change-oriented leadership behavior reveal that in order to encourage innovation, change-oriented leaders focus on what to innovate on, the individuals who innovate, and how to innovate. Speculates on the application of Plato's ideas to managerial communication and makes recommendations. The consideration will also cover some areas of organizational ethics, managerial discourses on rhetoric, management of meaning an charismatic leadership are presented. Plato treats the subject of education in The Republic as an integral and vital part of a wider subject of the well-being of human society. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. "In modern society," warned Peter Drucker back in his 1973 classic "Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices," there is no other leadership group but managers. How Positive and Neo-Aristotelian Leadership Can Contribute to Ethical Leadership: Positive and neo-Aristotelian leadership, Creative leadership: presumptions and methods of realization, The What, Who and How: How change-oriented leadership behavior encourages innovation, Profiling the paternalistic manager: leadership excellence in the Philippines, An Exploratory Research on the Concept of Leadership in Plato's "Politeia" from the Perspective of Adult Education Leadership, PLATON'UN İDEAL DEVLETİNDE ÖĞRETENLER SINIFI OLARAK FİLOZOFLARIN EĞİTİMİ, Transcendence, Consciousness and Order: Towards a Philosophical Spirituality of Organization in the Footsteps of Plato and Eric Voegelin, PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP MOTIVASI DAN KEPUASAN KERJA SERTA KINERJA KARYAWAN PT PUPUK KALIMANTAN TIMUR TBK, The Three Levels of Wisdom: Wisdom and Stupidity in Strategic Decision-making, Patterns of Aggressive Behavior in Experimentally Created "Social Climates", Towards a developmental paradigm of leadership, A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness.
plato on leadership pdf
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plato on leadership pdf 2020


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After analysis, while there are no known exploits at this time, there seem to be some circumstances that lend themselves to such and CTSC urges those with the following circumstances to upgrade ASAP and everyone else to patch to the latest version of OpenSSL as soon as they can during normal business hours.
Services that use SSL should be restarted after upgrading in order to load the new libraries.
Since web browsers in general don't use OpenSSL, the first case is most likely with other (e.g. command-line) applications. We expect the second case to be rare in the Grid community.
If your software is impacted, please let CTSC know so we can help communicate your fix.


text:
Rapid Response Funding
Housing the Bay Resources
Strategic Directions
Ecosystem for Change
GRANT SEEKERS
Community Grant FAQ
Congregational Grant Program
Congregational Grant FAQ
NIGHT OF LIGHT
News & Events Article
Congregational Grants
COVID-19 Rapid Response
Episcopal Impact Fund
A note from Kathleen
Dear Friends, I'm writing to let you know that after more than 10 deeply fulfilling years as the Executive Director of Episcopal Impact Fund, I have decided that it is time for me to enter the next phase of my life and retire. I expect to step down in mid-2022, which will give our dedicated search committee ample time to find the next leader of the Impact Fund. Over the past 10 years, I have been privileged to know many donors, board members, congregation members and volunteers who care deeply about poverty in the Bay Area. Your dedicated support has enabled Episcopal Impact Fund to dramatically increase its impact on poverty and to branch into new areas of service including affordable housing and racial justice. My deepest thanks to all of you. I have also met nonprofit leaders, staff and clients whose hard work in overcoming poverty is a continuous source of inspiration to me. I appreciate your willingness to explain your work, share your stories and help Episcopal Impact Fund be a better funder and supporter. Everything we accomplish is due to your work on the front lines. Thank you for educating and inspiring me. I want to thank the wonderful staff of Episcopal Impact Fund. Shari Gonzales was there when I was hired many years ago and is still the warm presence and institutional memory of the Impact Fund. Ann Morris, our Advancement Director, has done the hard work to grow our resources and therefore our impact. Kieran King, our first-ever Communications and Brand Director, has shown us how to use all communications channels effectively and beautifully—I'm sure you've noticed her work. I've also been privileged to work with four wonderful Program Coordinators—the Rev. Justin Cannon, Jory Sandusky, Meijin Leechor and Kendall Laidlaw—who each brought his or her talents to this position. Finally, many thanks to Bishop Marc Andrus for his support of the mission of Episcopal Impact Fund. It has been an honor to work beside you for the past 10 years. If you have questions, would like to chat or have an idea about who my successor could be, please email me at kpiraino@episcopalimpact.org. I'd love to connect with you over the phone or even in-person if it seems safe. You know how much I love to talk about Episcopal Impact Fund! Gratefully, Kathleen Piraino P.S. Apparently, I'm being honored at the Night of Light this year! I hope to see you on November 12.
Copyright © 2021 Episcopal Impact Fund. All Rights Reserved.


text:
TimeTrackers
Dr Lesley Silvester
Lesley's a Londoner who came to Australia with her family in 1961. After a career in nursing and administration, Lesley's long-standing interest in genealogy resulted in her starting the busy genealogical firm TimeTrackers in 2000. Lesley's interests are historical and genealogical research and education. As well as working for clients, she is also heavily involved in WAGS and is a regular volunteer helping people find their families at a support centre for people who spent their childhood in care, for example some Child Migrants.
In her later life Lesley took to tertiary studies with gusto: she gained a BA (Archaeology) from the University of Sydney, a Graduate Diploma in Cultural History from Curtin University (WA), an MA and most recently a PhD in Medieval and Early Modern Studies from the University of Western Australia. Her theses for both her MA and PhD both heavily relied on genealogical methods to address specific historical issues. Her PhD thesis was a longitudinal study of the poor of Norwich in the 16th Century and encompassed issues of kinship, demography and survival strategies of the desperately poor..
Mike's interest in genealogy started in 1989, sparked by the sudden death of his mother and the realisation that she was the font of all family knowledge, which had now gone. Mike resolved to find out more about the family's roots, and has been successful in tracing his mother's side in Ireland for many generations and the Murray family's Scottish roots back to the 1600s. Like many of us, the quest for his family roots aroused his passion for genealogy and history.
After retiring from a career in industry and international consultancy, Mike joined his wife Lesley in running TimeTrackers. Mike has had many speaking and educational engagements on a variety of genealogical topics, and is heavily involved with the WA Genealogical Society (WAGS), and, with Lesley, convenes the London and South England Special Interest Group. Mike's engaging presentation and teaching style stems from his successful consulting background and passion for his subjects..
TimeTrackers specialises in British and Australian research, education, publishing, film-making and DNA advice. TimeTrackers has helped thousands of clients across Australia and in the UK, New Zealand, USA and a smattering of other countries since Lesley started it in 2000.
The exciting growth in autosomal DNA testing has stimulated many more people to try and trace ancestors and find living relatives. TimeTrackers is helping make this happen.
Mike and Lesley
Lesley is a member of APG, the Association of Professional Genealogists. Both Lesley and Mike comply with the APG Code of Ethics.
DNA advice and consulting
Talks, lectures, courses
Books – design, layout, publishing
Life-story video documentaries
Email: mike@timetrackers.com.au
2/27 Justinian Street
Palmyra 6157
Melville 6956
Tel +61 (0)8 9339 8078
Mob +61 (0)407 669 376


text:
package com.palantir.baseline.errorprone;

import com.google.errorprone.CompilationTestHelper;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

public final class Slf4jConstantLogMessageTests {

    private void test(String log) {
        helper().addSourceLines(
                        "Test.java",
                        "import org.slf4j.Logger;",
                        "import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;",
                        "import org.slf4j.Marker;",
                        "import java.util.Iterator;",
                        "class Test {",
                        "  private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Test.class);",
                        "  void f(String param) {",
                        "    // BUG: Diagnostic contains: non-constant expression",
                        "    " + log,
                        "  }",
                        "",
                        "  class DummyMarker implements Marker {",
                        "    public String getName() { return null; }",
                        "    public void add(Marker reference) {}",
                        "    public boolean remove(Marker reference) { return true; }",
                        "    public boolean hasChildren() { return false; }",
                        "    public boolean hasReferences() { return false; }",
                        "    public Iterator<Marker> iterator() { return null; }",
                        "    public boolean contains(Marker other) { return false; }",
                        "    public boolean contains(String name) { return false; }",
                        "  }",
                        "}")
                .doTest();
    }

    @Test
    public void testNonCompileTimeConstantExpression() throws Exception {
        test("log.trace(\"constant\" + param);");
        test("log.debug(\"constant\" + param);");
        test("log.info(\"constant\" + param);");
        test("log.warn(\"constant\" + param);");
        test("log.error(\"constant\" + param);");
        test("log.trace(new DummyMarker(), \"constant\" + param);");
        test("log.debug(new DummyMarker(), \"constant\" + param);");
        test("log.info(new DummyMarker(), \"constant\" + param);");
        test("log.warn(new DummyMarker(), \"constant\" + param);");
        test("log.error(new DummyMarker(), \"constant\" + param);");
    }

    @Test
    public void negative() {
        helper().addSourceLines(
                        "Test.java",
                        "import org.slf4j.Logger;",
                        "import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;",
                        "import org.slf4j.Marker;",
                        "import java.util.Iterator;",
                        "class Test {",
                        "  private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Test.class);",
                        "  private static final String compileTimeConstant = \"constant\";",
                        "  void f() {",
                        "    // log.<>(String)",
                        "    log.trace(\"constant\");",
                        "    log.debug(\"constant\");",
                        "    log.info(\"constant\");",
                        "    log.warn(\"constant\");",
                        "    log.error(\"constant\");",
                        "",
                        "    // log.<>(String, Object)",
                        "    log.trace(\"constant {}\", \"extra\");",
                        "    log.debug(\"constant {}\", \"extra\");",
                        "    log.info(\"constant {}\", \"extra\");",
                        "    log.warn(\"constant {}\", \"extra\");",
                        "    log.error(\"constant {}\", \"extra\");",
                        "",
                        "    // log.<>(String, Object, Object)",
                        "    log.trace(\"constant {} {}\", \"extra\", \"extra2\");",
                        "    log.debug(\"constant {} {}\", \"extra\", \"extra2\");",
                        "    log.info(\"constant {} {}\", \"extra\", \"extra2\");",
                        "    log.warn(\"constant {} {}\", \"extra\", \"extra2\");",
                        "    log.error(\"constant {} {}\", \"extra\", \"extra2\");",
                        "",
                        "    // log.<>(String, Object...)",
                        "    log.trace(\"constant {} {} {}\", \"extra\", \"extra2\", \"extra3\");",
                        "    log.debug(\"constant {} {} {}\", \"extra\", \"extra2\", \"extra3\");",
                        "    log.info(\"constant {} {} {}\", \"extra\", \"extra2\", \"extra3\");",
                        "    log.warn(\"constant {} {} {}\", \"extra\", \"extra2\", \"extra3\");",
                        "    log.error(\"constant {} {} {}\", \"extra\", \"extra2\", \"extra3\");",
                        "",
                        "    log.trace(\"constant\" + compileTimeConstant);",
                        "    log.debug(\"constant\" + compileTimeConstant);",
                        "    log.info(\"constant\" + compileTimeConstant);",
                        "    log.warn(\"constant\" + compileTimeConstant);",
                        "    log.error(\"constant\" + compileTimeConstant);",
                        "",
                        "    log.trace(\"constant {}\" + compileTimeConstant, \"extra\");",
                        "    log.debug(\"constant {}\" + compileTimeConstant, \"extra\");",
                        "    log.info(\"constant {}\" + compileTimeConstant, \"extra\");",
                        "    log.warn(\"constant {}\" + compileTimeConstant, \"extra\");",
                        "    log.error(\"constant {}\" + compileTimeConstant, \"extra\");",
                        "",
                        "    // log.<>(Marker, String)",
                        "    log.trace(new DummyMarker(), \"constant\");",
                        "    log.debug(new DummyMarker(), \"constant\");",
                        "    log.info(new DummyMarker(), \"constant\");",
                        "    log.warn(new DummyMarker(), \"constant\");",
                        "    log.error(new DummyMarker(), \"constant\");",
                        "  }",
                        "",
                        "  class DummyMarker implements Marker {",
                        "    public String getName() { return null; }",
                        "    public void add(Marker reference) {}",
                        "    public boolean remove(Marker reference) { return true; }",
                        "    public boolean hasChildren() { return false; }",
                        "    public boolean hasReferences() { return false; }",
                        "    public Iterator<Marker> iterator() { return null; }",
                        "    public boolean contains(Marker other) { return false; }",
                        "    public boolean contains(String name) { return false; }",
                        "  }",
                        "}")
                .doTest();
    }

    private CompilationTestHelper helper() {
        return CompilationTestHelper.newInstance(Slf4jConstantLogMessage.class, getClass());
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


PennEast Pipeline significantly overstated the jobs its proposed 118-mile natural-gas conduit would create, according to a new analysis disputing the economic benefits of the project.
Moreover, the jobs and economic benefits that do stem from the project would flow to Pennsylvania where the pipeline would start instead of New Jersey, according to the 71-page study by The Goodman Group (TGG). The New Jersey Conservation Foundation commissioned the $40,000 analysis of PennEast's own economic study.
The pipeline, one of at least a dozen proposed in New Jersey, is sparking widespread opposition, due to the fact that it would traverse environmentally sensitive lands and waters and to some extent it would cut through relatively affluent communities.
Tom Gilbert, campaign director for energy, climate and natural resources for the foundation, said yesterday the study overestimates the number of short-term construction jobs the project creates by threefold.
"The erroneous job claims made by PennEast hardly justify the construction of this massive pipeline that would damage more than 4,000 aces of preserved open space and farmland, impact numerous high-quality streams and wetlands, and take private property from homeowners,'' Gilbert said.
The project would cross through Hunterdon County and parts of Mercer County.
In its own economic analysis of the project, PennEast's consultant -- Drexel University and EcoSolutions -- said the $1.1 billion pipeline would create more than 12,000 jobs and economic benefits of $1.6 billion over the course of the project.
Pat Kornick, a spokeswoman for PennEast Pipeline LLC, said the natural-gas industry has a strong history of creating jobs and economic benefits as a result of its pipeline projects.
"The bigger picture is the cost savings and greater reliability consumers will have,'' she said, if the pipeline is built. If the pipeline had been built and operational, customers would have saved $890 million the past winter, according to another study commissioned by PennEast.
Many business groups strongly back the project, viewing it as further lowering the cost of natural gas, the price of which has dropped dramatically in the past few years. Vast new supplies of the fuel have driven the cost down, a boon to utilities that deliver gas to customers because many are in the midst of expensive new programs to modernize their infrastructure.
All four gas utilities in New Jersey are sponsors of the project, which needs approval from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and various permits from state agencies, including the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.
The TGG study did not look at cost savings for customers or the economic benefits claims, according to Ian Goodman, president and founder of TGG. He did fault the company's study, however, for not doing a cost-benefit analysis in its economic report.
"Any project looks good if you only look at one side of the ledger,'' Goodman said.
As far as TGG's analysis, it noted that the PennEast study projected 10 ongoing jobs in New Jersey and 88 ongoing jobs in Pennsylvania would be created to operate and maintain the pipeline after construction.


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Jim the Critic's Top Concert Picks of the Week
Jim the Critic's Top Concert Picks of the Week (July 25-31)
Rocks In Your Head Fest happening in Orinda
Shannon Shaw headlines the Rocks In Your Head Fest (courtesy Marshall Lamm).
By Jim Harrington | jharrington@bayareanewsgroup.com | Bay Area News Group
PUBLISHED: July 18, 2019 at 8:00 a.m. | UPDATED: July 20, 2019 at 9:42 p.m.
Get ready for another fun week of live music in the Bay Area, highlighted by the Rocks In Your Head Fest in Orinda. Here are some of our top concert picks:
Rocks In Your Head Fest
As Cal Shakes regulars can tell you, the stage company's Bruns Amphitheater is an amazing place to see a show. And the venue is now hosting concerts, on top of all the cool theater that regularly goes on there. And on July 27, the lovely outdoor venue in Orinda hosts the Rocks In Your Head Fest.
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The all-day festival features a way-hip indie music lineup of Shannon Shaw, Sonny & The Sunsets, Dynasty Handbag, Jay Stone, Younger Lovers, The She's, Rays, Kelley Stoltz, the Gonks, Galore, April Magazine and Tony Jay.
Details: 1 p.m.; $40; calshakes.org
The dance-pop diva, who wowed fans back in February at the Fox Theater in Oakland, returns to the Bay Area for a July 25 show at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco.
Details: 7 p.m.; $79.50; www.ticketmaster.com
The soul singer got off to a great start in her recording career, as her 2000 debut album, "Who Is Jill Scott? Words and Sounds Vol. 1," went platinum and produced a number of solid singles. Scott, whose most recent studio album is 2015's "Woman," performs July 26 at the Fox Theater in Oakland.
Details: 8 p.m.; $69.50-$159.50; www.ticketmaster.com
The platinum-selling country act returns to Shoreline Amphitheatre at Mountain View on July 25. Jordan Davis and Morgan Evans are also on the bill.
Details: $39.75-$99.50; www.livenation.com
Knotfest Roadshow
Slipknot is the headliner. But the biggest attraction for us is Gojira, the French band that stands tall among the best metal acts in the business. Volbeat and Behemoth are also on this very heavy bill on July 26 at Shoreline Amphitheatre at Mountain View.
Details: 5:30 p.m.; $39.50-$139.50; www.livenation.com
Jim Harrington | Pop music writer
Jim Harrington is the pop music critic for the Bay Area News Group. He began writing about the Bay Area music scene in 1992 and became the full-time pop music critic for the organization's Oakland Tribune in 2006. He is a South Bay native and graduate of San Francisco State University.
jharrington@bayareanewsgroup.com
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