The world today is indeed a global village. It has revolved around technology and the internet. With the advent of internet, individuals can establish various businesses and register such business online and in doing so, they maintain a personal or official domain name.
A domain name is a unique name that an individual or organization chooses to identify its website. Every website has a domain name which comprises of a registered internet protocol (IP) address. An example is www.legalnaija.com. Since customers and clients try to find businesses online, some individuals register this domain names identical to the company's or individual trademarks and then attempts to sell to its owner. These individuals are known as cyber-squatters. Cyber-squatters have robbed businesses of their fortune and it is a threat to legitimate business owners in this digital era.
Cyber- squatting, also known as domain squatting is the act of registering or using a domain name in bad faith. The person who registers this domain name has no affiliation with such name. It is usually done with the intention of making profits by selling to its owners.
Anyone can be a victim of cyber- squatting. The usual targets are however, businesses, Politicians and celebrities. Some famous cases of cyber-squatting are Linda Ikeji, Donald Trump, Konga, eBay and so on.
Cyber-squatting is a major issue in Information and Comunications Technology and its far reaching implications has brought about a need to regulate this problem. In 2015, the Cybercrimes (Prevention, Prohibition, e.t.c) Act brought about a framework that governed various aspects of online activities including cyber-squatting.
· acquired without right or with intellectual property interests in it.
Then, A can be regarded as a cyber-squatter.
In addition to the penalty specified under this section, the court may make an order directing the offender to relinquish such registered name, mark, trademark, domain name, or other word or phrase to the rightful owner.
How can victims protect themselves from cyber-squatters?
· the domain name has been registered and it is been used in bad faith.
Thus, it is only the owner of a registered trademark that can successfully file a complaint. Complaints can only be brought by those whose domain name is gTLD (generic top level domains) or Country code top-level domains.
This is the Nigerian Registry for .ng domain names. The owner of a domain name may institute his action at NIRA if his domain name is a ccTLD and ends with .ng. It has its own dispute resolution policies and rules. The conditions to be satisfied before a complaint is brought and the remedies available are same as bringing an action under ICANN.
Cyber-squatting is a criminal offence and it is prohibited under Section 25. Cyber-squatters are liable to imprisonment of two years or a fine of N5, 000,000 or both. To institute an action, the domain name owner does not need to have a trademark so long as his registered business name is the domain name. The complainant is required to file an action with the police before an action can be commenced. The court exercises its discretion in awarding penalty.
Cyber-squatting cuts across several areas of law including Intellectual Property, Trademark, Passing off, and Deceit and so on. An action can be instituted under the Trade Marks Act because the Act accommodates actions arising from domain name disputes and cyber-squatting where the domain name is a registered trademark.
Cyber-squatting is not only regarded as a crime but it is seen as a serious threat to business. Thus, to prevent cyber-squatting, business owners should secure their domain names by registering their trademarks at the start of business before it is too late.


Registration is now closed for this event. There will be no on-site registration.
Join us for the "Leaders In Industry" speakers' series luncheon held at The Petroleum Club of Fort Worth featuring guest speaker John Brumley on Tuesday, October 20, 2015 at 12:00 p.m.
Mr. Brumley has held many leadership roles in the industry most recently as CEO of Bounty Minerals. He will share his experiences, his perspective on the current industry cycle and some thoughts on lessons learned through the years.


I'm looking at buying a salvage title 2007 black natural Solstice with GXP front end to buy and part out. It has been rebuilt and has no visible body damage.
It is black with 60,000 miles.
I understand you have parted out Sols.
Any advice on parting out?
How much do you think I might make in parting out the whole car and crushing the remains?
As no good mod goes unpunished my installing the DDM shift adapter, boot and expensive wood Pontiac shift knob cause all kinds of NVH problems with shifting. I went back to the stock shifter and all went away. It appears the stock shifter is designed to dampen out the problems.
I want to experiment with modifying the stock shifter to accept a conventional knob and do not want to destroy the one in the car. If you have an intact Solstice manual shifter I'm interested in buying one depending upon price. The boot does not have to be nice, or the knob, but the shaft must be intact and not buggered up. I will remove the boot and attempt to remove the knob without harming the shaft and its internal damping mechanism.
If you have or run across such, please let me know. This is not a big rush and my idea may not work.
Since I am NOW getting a message that communications is limited to 1000 characters (what BS!) I will send this is two parts. I appreciate your patience and a reply.
The center console on the coupe is totally different then the one on the convertible. I doubt they made a cup holder in the coupe . Your best bet may be to buy the one DDM makes for the console in front of the shifter that has the cup holder. If I get a good side cup holder from the 2 cars I am parting out I will take $75 plus shipping for it.
Thanks for the 09 Coupe. I love driving it. Now can I replace the center console so I can have the slide out cup holders? Also replace the broken passenger pop out cup holder.
I know it's an awkward part to ship but could you provide a shipping cost to 55605 MN that would include a tracking #. Also, do you use PayPal?
I need information. Found a new"Custom WERKSracing LE5 Kappa Stage 2 RTR Turbo kit in stock ready to ship! " I wonder it is was compatible with the 2.4 L in the 2009 coupe. There has may 3 digit listed for the 2,4 NA.
Thanks for the pics; they look nice. That's probably more than I can spend right now.
03:41 PM - Hoosier GXP quoted stone6pack in post Turn signals STILL won't cancel out!
08:47 AM - DaveOC quoted Hoosier GXP in post '06 rear diffy whine is killing me!
08:37 AM - Hoosier GXP quoted DaveOC in post '06 rear diffy whine is killing me!
03:25 AM - Hoosier GXP quoted BillChete in post Anyone got a couple of air vents.


Real Estate | Hoboken, Inc. Real Estate – Hoboken, Inc.
October 17, 2016by Hoboken, Inc.
Granularity is a hard word to explain. The word 'granular' is used to describe something that is made up of smaller elements, and 'granularity' is how small or large those elements are. If the elements are small, we call it 'fine-grained', and if the elements are large we call it 'coarse-grained'. It is a term we use in economics, computer science, geology, and likely many other fields. For example, in computer science, an algorithm is fine-grained if it is divided into many small steps, and coarse-grained if it is divided into few large steps.


text:
Penoyre & Prasad
Project Press
Sibson wins RIBA National Award
The Sibson Building at the University of Kent has been awarded an RIBA National Award today, in addition to its triple award win at last month's Awards dinner, where it won the 'RIBA South East Award', the 'RIBA South East Building of the Year' and the 'RIBA South East Project Architect Award' for Senior Architect Michael Fostiropoulos.
RIBA Judges commented "This is a very thoughtful building, with a clear architectural concept which has been rigorous enough to withstand the project development and budgetary constraints… The quality of detailing is impressive, particularly as the contract was Design & Build. It was evident that the relationship between the design team and contractor was good, with shared aspirations helped by good communication of design intent.
Likewise, there seemed to be a strong sense of trust and respect between client and architect and when we met them the architect's passion and enthusiasm was infectious. We found it enjoyable to hear them speak about their ideas and we felt this was an impressive team collaboration.
Overall, this is an exemplary education building embodying creativity with an intelligent and responsible approach."
RIBA National Awards are given to buildings across the UK for their national significance and contribution to architecture. All RIBA National Award winners will be considered for the RIBA Stirling Prize.
Sibson Building – University of Kent
The White Chapel Building 10 Whitechapel High Street
London E1 8QS
mail@penoyreprasad.com
© all rights reserved 2020 Registration Number: , VAT Registration Number: .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


According to DFM's financial results for the 15 months ending December 2016, the company – which Dangote bought back from Tiger Brands at the end of 2015 – posted an after tax profit of 10,6 billion Naira (R445 million).
Comparatively, the company posted a 12,5 billion Naira (R547,5 million) loss for the 12 months ending 2015.
The remarkable bounce back follows four years of consecutive losses posted when Tiger Brands was in charge. It acquired a near two thirds stake in the business in 2012 for R1,6 billion, but over the years it was forced to write off close to R1 billion as the consumer group quickly realised that the flour market in Nigeria was oversaturated.
Tiger Brands had expected DFM, which includes Dangote Flour, Dangote Pasta and Dangote Noodles, to be its cash cow as it created the perfect scale of asset that Tiger Brands was looking to gain as it expanded into the West African country. But the deal was nothing more than a massive thorn in Tiger Brands' side.
DFM chairman, Ighodalo Asue, attributed the move back to the black to an aggressive restructuring plan, that also saw the continent's richest businessman inject billions of Naira into the business to rejuvenate it, increase market share and to create added value for shareholders.
"We bought back Dangote Flour Mill from Tiger Branded Consumer Goods and by this move, it means we have a stronger, better, sophisticated and more focused Dangote Flour Mills," he said in a statement.
READ MORE: Are costly Nigerian business losses behind Matlare's sudden departure?
Tiger Brands' bad investment brought into question the group's due diligence processes with many commentators saying the move was rushed and not adequately researched.


text:
Moral theology
Previous (Moral relativism)
Next (Morality)
Moral theology or Christian ethics is an Ethics developed from and within the contexts and history of Christianity. While Ethics as a philosophical discipline relies upon the authority of reason, moral theology or Christian ethics is established upon the authority of revelation as well as that of reason.
Catholic moral theology is a major category of doctrine in the Roman Catholic church, equivalent to a religious ethics. Moral theology encompasses Roman Catholic social teaching, Catholic medical ethics, sexual ethics, and various doctrines on individual moral virtue and moral theory. It can be distinguished as dealing with "how one is to act," in contrast to dogmatic theology which proposes "what one is to believe." Sources of Catholic moral theology include both the Old Testament and the New Testament, and philosophical ethics such as natural law that are seen as compatible with Catholic doctrine. Moral theology was mostly undifferentiated from theology in general during the patristic era, and is found in the homilies, letters and commentaries on Scripture of the early Church fathers. During the Middle Ages, moral theology developed in precision and scope through scholasticism.
Contemporary Catholic moral theology is developed by both church officials and moral theologians, who are scholars who may be less directly accountable to the Catholic church hierarchy (e.g., Charles Curran, Richard A. McCormick). Moral theology tends to be advanced most authoritatively through official statements of doctrine, such as papal encyclicals and the major works of Vatican II. In addition, moral theologians publish their own works and write in a variety of journals devoted in whole or part to moral theology. These journals are helpful to make the theology of the church more clear and accessible to the laity. However, these journals do not add or remove anything from the Catholic teaching, but rather serve as a forum in which scholarly discussion of unsettled issues occurs.
1 Christian ethics or Moral theology
2 Early Church
3 Scholasticism
4 Protestant Ethics
St. Thomas Aquinas is considered one of the greatest contributors to Catholic moral theology. His Summa Theologica gives an account of moral theology using the virtues as a framework, situated within a systematic theology of creation and return to God.
Christian ethics or Moral theology
Christian ethics developed while early Christians were subjects of the Roman Empire. From the time Nero blamed Christians for setting Rome ablaze (64 C.E.) until Galarius (311 C.E.), persecution against Christians erupted periodically. Consequently, early Christian ethics included discussions of how believers should relate to Roman authority and to the empire.
Under the Emperor Constantine I (312-337), Christianity became the religion of the state. While some scholars debate whether Constantine's conversion to Christianity was authentic or simply a matter of political expediency, Constantine's decree made the empire safe for Christian practice and belief. Consequently, issues of Christian doctrine, ethics and church practice were debated openly. By the time of Theodosius I (379-395), Christianity had become the normative religion of the empire. With Christianity now in power, ethical concerns broaden and included discussions of the proper role of the state.
Saint Augustine incorporated Plato's philosophy, and later, after the Islamic transmission of his works, Aquinas worked Aristotelian philosophy into a Christian framework.
Christian ethics in general have tended to stress the need for grace, mercy, and forgiveness because of human weakness. With divine assistance, the Christian is called to become increasingly virtuous in both thought and deed. Conversely, the Christian is also called to abstain from vice. There are several different schema of vice and virtue. Aquinas adopted the four cardinal virtues of Plato, (justice, courage, temperance, prudence) and added to them the Christian virtues of faith, hope and love (from St.Paul, First Corinthians 13). Other schema include the Seven Deadly Sins and the Seven virtues. For more see Christian philosophy.
Paul teaches (Rom., ii, 24 ff) that God has written his moral law in the hearts of all men, even of those outside the influence of Christian revelation; this law manifests itself in the conscience of every man and is the norm according to which the whole human race will be judged on the day of reckoning.
The New Testament generally asserts that all morality flows from the Great Commandment to love God with all one's heart, mind, strength, and soul, and to love one's neighbor as oneself. In reaffirming this Great Commandment, Jesus Christ was reaffirming the teaching of the Torah.
Ecclesiastical writers, as Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine of Hippo all wrote on ethics from a distinctly Christian point of view. Interestingly, they made use of philosophical and ethical principles laid down by Greek (Pagan) philosophers.
The Church fathers had little occasion to treat moral questions from a purely philosophical standpoint and independently of Christian Revelation; but, in the explanation of Catholic doctrine their discussions naturally led to philosophical investigations. This is particularly true of Augustine, who proceeded to develop his thought thoroughly along philosophical lines and sought to establish firmly most of the truths of Christian morality. The eternal law (lex aeterna), the original type and source of all temporal laws, natural law, conscience, the ultimate end of man, cardinal virtues, sin, marriage, etc., were treated by him in the clearest and most penetrating manner.
Scholasticism
A sharper line of separation between philosophy and theology, and in particular between ethics and moral theology, was first met with in the works of the great Schoolmen of the Middle Ages, especially of Albertus Magnus (1193–1280), Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), Bonaventure(1221-1274), and Duns Scotus (1274–1308). Philosophy and, by means of it, theology drew heavily on the works of Aristotle, which had been preserved by Arabic scholars, and had been elucidated and incorporated into Christian philosophy by the detailed and profound commentaries of Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas.
The same is particularly true of ethics. Thomas Aquinas, in his commentaries on the political and ethical writings of Aristotle, his Summa contra Gentiles, and his Quaestiones disputatae, treated nearly the whole range of ethics in a purely philosophical manner, so that even to the present day his words are an inexhaustible source from which ethics draws its supply. Catholic philosophers and theologians have continued to build upon the foundations laid by Aquinas. In his Summa Theologiae, Thomas locates ethics within the context of theology. The question of beatiudo, perfect happiness in the possession of God, is posited as the goal of human life. Thomas also argues that human beings, by reflecting on the inclinations of human nature, discover natural law, which is "man's participation in the divine law."[1]
In the sixteenth century, philosophers made ethical questions the subjects of careful investigation. Examples include the theologians Francisco de Vitoria, Dominicus Soto, Luis de Molina, Francisco Suarez, Leonardus Lessius, and Juan de Lugo. Among topics they discussed were the ethics of action in case of doubt, leading to the doctrine of probabilism. Since the sixteenth century, special chairs of ethics (moral philosophy) have been erected in many Catholic universities. The larger, purely philosophical works on ethics, however do not appear until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as an example of which we may instance the production of Ign. Schwarz, "Instituitiones juris universalis naturae et gentium" (1743).
Protestant Ethics
Far different from Catholic ethical methods were those adopted for the most part by Protestants. With the rejection of the Church's teaching authority, each individual became on principle his own supreme teacher and arbiter in matters appertaining to faith and morals. The Reformers held fast to the Bible as the infallible source of revelation, but as to what belongs or does not belong to it, whether, and how far, it is inspired, and what is its meaning—all this was left to the final decision of the individual.
Philipp Melanchthon, in his "Elementa philosophiae moralis," still clung to the Aristotelean philosophy; so, too, did Hugo Grotius, in his work, "De jure belli et pacis." But Cumberland and his follower, Samuel Pufendorf, moreover, assumed, with Descartes, that the ultimate ground for every distinction between good and evil lay in the free determination of God's will, a view which renders the philosophical treatment of ethics fundamentally impossible.
In the twentieth century, some Christian philosophers, notably Dietrich Bonhoeffer questioned the value of ethical reasoning in moral philosophy. In this school of thought, ethics, with its focus on distinguishing right from wrong, tends to produce behavior that is simply not wrong, whereas the Christian life should instead be marked by the highest form of right. Rather than ethical reasoning, they stress the importance of meditation on and relationship with God.
↑ Part of the Second Part (Prima Secundæ Partis), The Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas, Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 21, 2007.
Böckle, Franz. Fundamental Moral Theology. New York: Pueblo Pub. Co, 1980. ISBN 0916134423 ISBN 9780916134426
Cessario, Romanus. Introduction to Moral Theology. Catholic moral thought. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2001. ISBN 0813210690 ISBN 9780813210698 ISBN 0813210704 ISBN 9780813210704
Curran, Charles E. Themes in Fundamental Moral Theology. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977. ISBN 0268018332 ISBN 9780268018337 ISBN 0268018340 ISBN 9780268018344
Curran, Charles E. Transition and Tradition in Moral Theology. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press, 1979. ISBN 0268018375 ISBN 9780268018375
Gill, Robin. The Cambridge Companion to Christian Ethics. Cambridge companions to religion. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 052177070X ISBN 9780521770705 ISBN 0521779189 ISBN 9780521779180
Lehmann, Paul Louis. Ethics in a Christian Context. New York: Harper & Row, 1963.
Ramsey, Paul. Basic Christian Ethics. New York: Scribner, 1950.
All links retrieved October 20, 2018.
Moral theology – Catholic Encyclopedia.
Ethics_in_religion history
Catholic_moral_theology history
History of "Moral theology"
Retrieved from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Moral_theology&oldid=1015425


text:
#pragma once

#include <Param.hpp>
#include <common/complex.hpp>
#include <common/dispatch.hpp>
#include <common/kernel_cache.hpp>
#include <debug_opencl.hpp>
#include <kernel/config.hpp>
#include <kernel/interp.hpp>
#include <kernel_headers/interp.hpp>
#include <kernel_headers/rotate.hpp>
#include <math.hpp>
#include <traits.hpp>

#include <string>
#include <vector>

namespace opencl {
namespace kernel {

typedef struct {
    float tmat[6];
} tmat_t;

template<typename T>
using wtype_t = typename std::conditional<std::is_same<T, double>::value,
                                          double, float>::type;

template<typename T>
using vtype_t = typename std::conditional<common::is_complex<T>::value, T,
                                          wtype_t<T>>::type;

template<typename T>
void rotate(Param out, const Param in, const float theta, af_interp_type method,
            int order) {
    using cl::EnqueueArgs;
    using cl::NDRange;
    using std::string;
    using std::vector;
    using BT = typename dtype_traits<T>::base_type;

    constexpr int TX = 16;
    constexpr int TY = 16;
    // Used for batching images
    constexpr int TI = 4;
    constexpr bool isComplex =
        static_cast<af_dtype>(dtype_traits<T>::af_type) == c32 ||
        static_cast<af_dtype>(dtype_traits<T>::af_type) == c64;

    vector<TemplateArg> tmpltArgs = {
        TemplateTypename<T>(),
        TemplateArg(order),
    };
    ToNumStr<T> toNumStr;
    vector<string> compileOpts = {
        DefineKeyValue(T, dtype_traits<T>::getName()),
        DefineKeyValue(ZERO, toNumStr(scalar<T>(0))),
        DefineKeyValue(InterpInTy, dtype_traits<T>::getName()),
        DefineKeyValue(InterpValTy, dtype_traits<vtype_t<T>>::getName()),
        DefineKeyValue(InterpPosTy, dtype_traits<wtype_t<BT>>::getName()),
        DefineKeyValue(XDIM, 0),
        DefineKeyValue(YDIM, 1),
        DefineKeyValue(INTERP_ORDER, order),
        DefineKeyValue(IS_CPLX, (isComplex ? 1 : 0)),
    };
    if (isComplex) {
        compileOpts.emplace_back(
            DefineKeyValue(TB, dtype_traits<BT>::getName()));
    }
    compileOpts.emplace_back(getTypeBuildDefinition<T>());
    addInterpEnumOptions(compileOpts);

    auto rotate = common::getKernel("rotateKernel",
                                    std::array{interp_cl_src, rotate_cl_src},
                                    tmpltArgs, compileOpts);

    const float c = cos(-theta), s = sin(-theta);
    float tx, ty;
    {
        const float nx = 0.5 * (in.info.dims[0] - 1);
        const float ny = 0.5 * (in.info.dims[1] - 1);
        const float mx = 0.5 * (out.info.dims[0] - 1);
        const float my = 0.5 * (out.info.dims[1] - 1);
        const float sx = (mx * c + my * -s);
        const float sy = (mx * s + my * c);
        tx             = -(sx - nx);
        ty             = -(sy - ny);
    }

    // Rounding error. Anything more than 3 decimal points wont make a diff
    tmat_t t;
    t.tmat[0] = round(c * 1000) / 1000.0f;
    t.tmat[1] = round(-s * 1000) / 1000.0f;
    t.tmat[2] = round(tx * 1000) / 1000.0f;
    t.tmat[3] = round(s * 1000) / 1000.0f;
    t.tmat[4] = round(c * 1000) / 1000.0f;
    t.tmat[5] = round(ty * 1000) / 1000.0f;

    NDRange local(TX, TY, 1);

    int nimages               = in.info.dims[2];
    int nbatches              = in.info.dims[3];
    int global_x              = local[0] * divup(out.info.dims[0], local[0]);
    int global_y              = local[1] * divup(out.info.dims[1], local[1]);
    const int blocksXPerImage = global_x / local[0];
    const int blocksYPerImage = global_y / local[1];

    if (nimages > TI) {
        int tile_images = divup(nimages, TI);
        nimages         = TI;
        global_x        = global_x * tile_images;
    }
    global_y *= nbatches;

    NDRange global(global_x, global_y, 1);

    rotate(EnqueueArgs(getQueue(), global, local), *out.data, out.info,
           *in.data, in.info, t, nimages, nbatches, blocksXPerImage,
           blocksYPerImage, (int)method);

    CL_DEBUG_FINISH(getQueue());
}
}  // namespace kernel
}  // namespace opencl

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
search filter All ContentBy SocietyGeology
Research Article| August 01, 2013
Locating South China in Rodinia and Gondwana: A fragment of greater India lithosphere?
Peter A. Cawood;
Peter A. Cawood
Department of Earth Sciences, University of St Andrews, North Street, St Andrews KY16 9AL, UK
Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth and Environment, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Yuejun Wang;
Yuejun Wang
State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Yajun Xu;
Yajun Xu
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
Guochun Zhao
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
Geology (2013) 41 (8): 903–906.
https://doi.org/10.1130/G34395.1
Peter A. Cawood, Yuejun Wang, Yajun Xu, Guochun Zhao; Locating South China in Rodinia and Gondwana: A fragment of greater India lithosphere?. Geology ; 41 (8): 903–906. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G34395.1
From the formation of Rodinia at the end of the Mesoproterozoic to the commencement of Pangea breakup at the end of the Paleozoic, the South China craton first formed and then occupied a position adjacent to Western Australia and northern India. Early Neoproterozoic suprasubduction zone magmatic arc-backarc assemblages in the craton range in age from ca. 1000 Ma to 820 Ma and display a sequential northwest decrease in age. These relations suggest formation and closure of arc systems through southeast-directed subduction, resulting in progressive northwestward accretion onto the periphery of an already assembled Rodinia. Siliciclastic units within an early Paleozoic succession that transgresses across the craton were derived from the southeast and include detritus from beyond the current limits of the craton. Detrital zircon age spectra require an East Gondwana source and are very similar to the Tethyan Himalaya and younger Paleozoic successions from Western Australia, suggesting derivation from a common source and by inference accumulation in linked basins along the northern margin of Gondwana, a situation that continued until rifting and breakup of the craton in the late Paleozoic.
The configurations of the supercontinents of Gondwana and Pangea are relatively well constrained (Veevers, 2004), whereas those of older supercontinents are debated; competing models have been proposed (e.g., Li et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2002). This is particularly the case with the end-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent of Rodinia, the configuration of which remains controversial (e.g., Evans, 2009; Li et al., 2008). At the heart of the controversy is the position of South China craton in Rodinia; the consensus model proposes that it occupied an intracratonic position between Laurentia and Australia (Li et al., 2008, and references therein), whereas other models argue that it was either on the margin of Rodinia near Australia (Zhao and Cawood, 1999; Zhou et al., 2002) or occupied a position external to the supercontinent (Yang et al., 2004). The consensus model assumes that the pre–850 Ma rocks in the South China craton formed in a collisional orogen (termed the Sibao or Jiangnan orogen), coincident with the assembly of the Rodinia. Younger 830–750 Ma igneous rocks in South China are considered the products of anorogenic magmatism in intracontinental rift basins related to mantle plume activity during the breakup of Rodinia. In contrast, other models argued that early to middle Neoproterozoic igneous rock assemblages exposed along the margins of the craton developed in arc systems (Zhao et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2002). Uncertainties in paleogeographic reconstructions such as those proposed for South China in Rodinia reflect the incomplete nature of available data sets, resulting in significant gaps in the geologic record and allowing for multiple nonunique interpretations. Thus, limiting the position of even one block with respect to another in supercontinent reconstructions is significant, because changes in the history of one segment must be accommodated in the arrangement of others, and will ultimately limit possible interrelationships between all other blocks. In this paper we summarize geological, geochronological, geochemical, and detrital zircon isotopic data for the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic rock units from the South China craton. We show that throughout this time frame it was first assembled on, and then was adjacent to, the Western Australia and northern India margins of both Rodinia and Gondwana, prior to rifting off Pangea and finally colliding with Asia to achieve its current position.
SETTING OF SOUTH CHINA
The South China craton consists of the Yangtze block to the northwest and the Cathaysia block to the southeast (Fig. 1; Zhao and Cawood, 2012). The Yangtze block consists of Archean–Paleoproterozoic crystalline basement surrounded by late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic folded belts, which are locally unconformably overlain by weakly metamorphosed Neoproterozoic strata and unmetamorphosed Sinian cover (Fig. 1; Zhao and Cawood, 2012). The Cathaysia block is composed predominantly of Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks, with minor Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic lithologies. Archean basement is poorly exposed and largely inferred from the presence of minor inherited and/or xenocrystic zircons in younger rocks (Fig. 1; Zhao and Cawood, 2012). One marked difference between the Cathaysia and Yangtze blocks is that the former underwent a tectonothermal event in the early Paleozoic (460–420 Ma), which resulted in an angular unconformity between post-Silurian cover and metamorphosed pre-Devonian strata with granites emplaced in Cathaysia and adjacent areas in the Yangtze block (Huang, 1977; Wang et al., 2013a). This led some researchers to regard the Cathaysia block as an early Paleozoic folded belt bordering the southeastern margin of the Yangtze block (Huang, 1977), although most researchers favor models that regard Cathaysia as a discrete continental block that amalgamated with the Yangtze block in the early Neoproterozoic (see Zhao and Cawood, 2012, and references therein). In addition, some of the Precambrian to early Paleozoic rocks in the Cathaysia block were strongly reworked by a Late Permian–Early Triassic event, but its tectonic nature remains unknown or controversial (Zhao and Cawood, 2012).
Yangtze-Cathaysia Boundary and Relation to Rodinia
Establishing the nature and age of the boundary between the constituent Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks, generally considered to be delineated by the Sibao (or Jiangnan) orogen (Fig. 1; e.g., Li et al., 2008; Zhao and Cawood, 1999), is critical to understanding the setting of the South China craton. Recent work has shown that rather than a single boundary, the eastern portion of the craton can be subdivided into a series of structural blocks: eastern Cathaysia, western Cathaysia, and eastern Yangtze, which are bounded on their western sides by the Zhenghe-Dapu-Gaoyao-Huilai fault system, the Jiangshan-Shaoxing fault system, and the Jingdezhen-Yifeng-Wanzhai-Anhua-Luochheng fault system, respectively (Fig. 1; Wang et al., 2013a, 2013b; Xu et al., 2007). Immediately west of each of these faults is a series of disrupted Proterozoic metamorphic domains, from east to west the Wuyi-Yunkai, Shuangxiwu, and Jiangnan domains (Fig. 1).
The Proterozoic domains consist of mainly mafic-ultramafic rocks with localized occurrences of felsic igneous rock, notably in the Jiangnan domain, and metamorphosed volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks (Shu, 2006). These rock sequences were considered to be Paleoproterozoic and end Mesoproterozoic to earliest Neoproterozoic in age. However, all available geochronological dating has shown that Mesoproterozoic rocks are essentially absent and the units are dominantly early Neoproterozoic (Wang et al., 2013a, 2013b, and references therein). Elemental compositions and isotopic systematics of igneous rocks within all three domains suggest input from a depleted mantle source modified by subduction-derived melts and fluids in a series of arc-backarc systems (a complete list of analytical data used to construct geochemical and geochronological plots and sources of the data is provided in the GSA Data Repository1 (Fig. 2; Shu, 2006; Wang et al., 2013b, and references therein). Mafic rocks with mid-oceanic-ridge basalt geochemical affinities from the Wuki-Yunkai, Shuangxiwu, and Jiangnan domains have εNd(t) of 3.5–7.0, 3.2–8.7, and 3.6–9.4, respectively, indicating input from a juvenile source and consistent with an accretionary orogen setting. The age range of igneous activity within the domains, in particular the age of termination of arc magmatism, displays an overall decrease from southeast to northwest. The Wuyi-Yunkai arc system ranges from ca. 1000 Ma to 900 Ma with the end of arc magmatism marked by emplacement of peraluminous (S-type) granites (our data). The Shuangxiwu and Jiangnan domains range from ca. 970–880 Ma and 870–820 Ma, respectively (Li et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2013b). Formation and closure of these arc-backarc systems resulted in progressive northwestward amalgamation of the various pieces of Yangtze and Cathaysia to create the South China craton. Furthermore, their Neoproterozoic age and convergent plate margin setting indicate that the craton could not have occupied an intracratonic position during the end Mesoproterozoic collisional assembly of Rodinia, but rather must have been on the periphery of the supercontinent. Synchronous with this phase of assembly of the craton, subduction-related magmatism developed along the western and northern margins of the Yangtze block, along the Panxi-Hannan fold belt that was active from 1000 to 750 Ma (Dong et al., 2012), although Li et al. (2002, 2008) proposed that the 830–750 Ma magmatism along these margins resulted from a mantle plume that led to the breakup of Rodinia.
Provenance of Paleozoic Strata and Relation to Gondwana
Early Paleozoic strata extend across the South China craton (Fig. 1). Facies relations for Cambrian and Ordovician strata range from siliciclastic-dominated, shallow-marine successions in the Cathaysia block to time-equivalent carbonate-dominated successions in the central Yangtze block, with a deeper water, mixed siliciclastic-carbonate succession in the intervening eastern Yangtze block. Silurian siliciclastic strata overlie the carbonate succession in the central Yangtze block (Wang et al., 2010).
U-Pb analyses of detrital zircon grains from the early Paleozoic siliciclastic strata indicate a range in age from ca. 3350 Ma to 460 Ma; one grain yielded a Hadean age of ca. 4100 Ma (Fig. 3; Wang et al., 2010; our data). All samples contain end Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic detrital zircon ages, a characteristic feature of detritus derived from a Gondwana source (e.g., Cawood and Nemchin, 2000; Myrow et al., 2010). Paleocurrent data indicate derivation of siliciclastic strata from the southeast, and the detrital zircon age signature includes components derived from beyond the current limits of the craton (Wang et al., 2010). The end Mesoproterozoic to earliest Neoproterozoic age peak that dominates the sandstone samples, along with Hf isotope data from grains of this age, matches source regions in the Wilkes-Albany-Fraser belt between southwest Australia and Antarctica and the Rayner–Eastern Ghats belt between India and Antarctica (our data). Zircon grains with ages (ca. 490 Ma) close to the depositional age of the samples were present in the Ordovician and Silurian successions with source regions ascribed to igneous activity in the North India and Terra Australis orogens (Wang et al., 2010). Furthermore, the overall age spectrum is very similar to those of time-equivalent material from the Tethyan Himalayan and to a lesser extent younger Paleozoic successions from Western Australia, suggesting derivation from a common source and by inference accumulation in linked basins (Fig. 3). These proposed East Gondwana orogenic source regions along with their bounding cratons also provide a likely source for Hadean, Neoarchean, earliest Paleoproterozoic, late Paleoproterozoic, and Neoproterozoic detritus within the early Paleozoic sandstones. Thus, in the early Paleozoic the South China craton was likely located at the nexus between India, Antarctica, and Australia, along the northern margin of East Gondwana.
Paleomagnetic records for Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic strata from the South China craton suggest, on the basis of comparison with data from Gondwana, that the craton occupied a location adjacent to the west coast of Australia (Macouin et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2004). These paleomagnetic constraints, although limited, are consistent with faunal data that suggest a close link in the early to middle Paleozoic, including the affinity of Early Devonian freshwater fish in south China, Vietnam, and the Canning Basin of Western Australia (Burrett et al., 1990).
Geologic, paleomagnetic, and faunal data suggest that South China rifted from Gondwana in the Late Devonian to early Carboniferous before drifting across the Tethys Ocean, and was finally accreted to Asia (north China) along the Qinling-Dabie suture in Permian–Triassic time (Metcalfe, 2011).
A self-consistent set of geologic, geochemical, geochronological, paleomagnetic, and faunal data indicates that the South China craton was assembled and then maintained a position off Western Australia and northeast India from the beginning of the Neoproterozoic to the end of the Paleozoic, along the periphery of both the Rodinian and Gondwanan supercontinents (Fig. 4). Neoproterozoic igneous rocks adjacent to a series of sutures that transgress the craton formed in a succession of suprasubduction zone arc-backarc systems over ∼180 m.y. from 1000 to 820 Ma. Their Neoproterozoic age and convergent plate margin setting argue against the craton occupying an intracratonic setting between Australia and Laurentia during collisional assembly of Rodinia at the end of the Mesoproterozoic. Subduction on the margin of an already assembled Rodinia, as represented by the South China craton arc systems, may have developed in response to the loss of convergent plate margins following collisional suturing of the constituent blocks of Rodinia (Cawood and Buchan, 2007). Furthermore, the presence of multiple arc systems indicates that the Cathaysia and Yangtze blocks of the South China craton did not constitute two preformed, separate entities that subsequently assembled along a single suture zone (Sibao or Jiangnan orogen), but rather represent a series of discrete lithotectonic units (terranes) accreted onto the margin of an already formed Rodinia (Fig. 4A). The termination of convergent plate margin activity in the South China craton in the mid-Neoproterozoic corresponds with a change to regional extension (e.g., Nanhua rift) and the breakup of Rodinia, perhaps reflecting a global adjustment to plate kinematics. Siliciclastic units within an early Paleozoic succession that transgresses across the craton were derived from the southeast and include detritus from beyond the current limits of the craton. Detrital zircon age spectra from sandstone units indicate an East Gondwana source that included Western Australia–Antarctica and northeastern Indian rock units (Fig. 4B). The link to Gondwana argues against any models invoking the South China craton as occupying a separate plate that rifted off the supercontinent or formed part of Laurentia. The inferred location of South China at the nexus between Western Australia and northern India means that it was along strike from, and could thus represent a preserved fragment of, greater India lithosphere, which elsewhere has been lost due to India-Asia collision. Its preservation reflects separation from Pangea in the late Paleozoic and drifting across the Tethys Ocean prior to accretion onto the North China craton and establishment near its current location within Asia (Fig. 4C).
We thank the Natural Environment Research Council (grant NE/J021822/1) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 40825009, 41190070, 41190073, and 41272120) for funding support. Reviews by Paul Hoffman, Brendan Murphy, and an anonymous reviewer are gratefully acknowledged.
1GSA Data Repository item 2013248, a list of data and data sources, is available online at www.geosociety.org/pubs/ft2013.htm, or on request from editing@geosociety.org or Documents Secretary, GSA, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
© 2013 Geological Society of America
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Map of south China (after Zhao and Cawood, 2012) with inset showing Sibao orogen (after Li et al., 2002).
Geochemical plots for mafic rocks along Wuyi-Yunkai, Shuangxiwu, and Jiangnan domains in eastern South China craton. A: Hf/3–Th–Nb/16. B: Nb/Th versus La/Nb. C: εNd(t) versus Nb/Y. (Complete list of data and data sources is given in the Data Repository; see footnote 1.) IAT—island-arc tholeiite; CAB—island-arc calc-alkaline basalt; N-MORB—normal mid-oceanic-ridge basalt; E-MORB—enriched mid-oceanic-ridge basalt; WPAB—within-plate alkali basalt; OIB—ocean island basalt.
Detrital zircon age distributions for sedimentary rocks from south China, Western (W.) Australia, and Tethyan Himalaya. (Complete list of data and data sources is given in the Data Repository; see footnote 1.) Age peaks important in comparing data sets between three regions are highlighted in color bands; n—total number of analyses. All data based on analyses with <10% discordance. Ages older than 1000 Ma were calculated using 207Pb/206Pb ratios, and ages younger than 1000 Ma were calculated using 206Pb/238U ratios.
Series of schematic paleogeographic reconstructions showing position of South (Sth; Nth—North) China craton. A: Rodinia ca. 900 Ma. Mad—Madagascar; Kal—Kalahari; Ant—Antarctica; C—Cathaysia. B: Gondwana ca. 500–450 Ma. IC—Indochina. C: Pangea ca. 300 Ma. Gondwana reconstruction is adapted from Cawood and Buchan (2007), and Pangea reconstruction is adapted from Metcalfe (2011). Y—Yangtze.
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Geology Science Editors


Calling all brides-to-be. Make a date in your diary for the Northamptonshire Newspapers Spring Wedding Show.
This fantastic event, being staged on Sunday, February 26, is a must if you are planning your big day. Everything you need for your perfect wedding can be found at the wedding show which is being held at the Kettering Conference Centre in Northamptonshire.
This stunning show is being sponsored by Bonnie Brides & Grooms of Corby. The event starts at 10.30am and runs until 3.30pm.
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There will be the latest bridal fashions on show during the fashion showcases which are being held during the day at 11.30am and 1.30pm. The event is being organised by our sister publications the Northampton Chronicle & Echo and the Evening Telegraph.
Dodmoor House has been named as the best wedding venue in the East Midlands in the National Wedding Industry Awards.
The privately-owned venue near Weedon beat more than a dozen other venues in the region to claim the prestigious prize.
Dodmoor House now goes through to the national finals in January along with six other regional winners from across the country.
Dodmoor House owners Mark and Louise Bradley have publicly thanked the 138 couples who voted for the venue, which offers a stylish courtyard of Grade II listed barns in Dodford, to help secure the regional prize.
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Dodmoor House won the best wedding venue category in the Midlands section of the national wedding awards when they were last organised in 2008, but lost out to historic Burghley House in Lincolnshire in the national final.
For further information contact Mark Bradley at weddings@dodmoorhouse.co.uk or telephone: 01327 341736.
For a wedding with animal attraction head to Twycross Zoo. The popular zoo now stages weddings and wedding receptions and is holding a wedding show this month.


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Help us dash to the finish for our 7th Feed Flagler WIN!
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