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IV. (Kun) László (1262. augusztus 5. – 1290. július 10.) Árpád-házi magyar király 1272 és 1290 között. Apja V. István király, anyja Erzsébet kun hercegnő volt. Kun László okleveleiben magát III. Lászlónak nevezte, mivel II. Lászlót, a III. István idején fellépő ellenkirályt ekkor nem ismerték el törvényes uralkodónak.

A Kun nevet azonban nem anyja származása miatt kapta, hanem életében ragasztották rá. A hatalomra törő főurak Joachim bán vezetésével gyerekkorában elrabolták, hogy ezzel tarthassák sakkban apját. A trónra lépő László továbbra is ki volt szolgáltatva az urak kényének-kedvének, és ez nagyban hozzájárult ahhoz, hogy felserdülve szívesebben legyen "szeretett kunjaival", mint a magyarok között. Szinte teljesen azonosult velük, életmódjukat, szokásaikat is átvette.

Gyermekkora

Apja és nagyapja küzdelme miatt László számos erőszakos cselekedetnek volt tanúja, sőt szenvedő részese, ami bizonnyal kihatott későbbi egyéniségére. Bár IV. Béla és V. István ifjabb király éppen László születése évében kötött békét Pozsonyban, a két párt ellentéte 1264-ben újra fegyveres konfliktusba torkollott. Az alig kétéves Lászlót és édesanyját saját nagyapja fogatta el Sárospatakon, és záratta Turóc várába.

1265 márciusában az isaszegi csatában végül V. István döntő győzelmet aratott IV. Béla serege felett. A belháborúnak az 1266. március 23-án a Nyulak szigetén (a mai Margit-szigeten) kötött béke vetett véget, és László is kiszabadult. A Nyulak szigeti béke megkötésével azonban az ország megosztottsága nem szűnt meg, és ez felgyorsította a nagybirtokok gyarapodását, és a királyi tekintély drámai csökkenését. A hűség megoszlott, cserélgethető volt, és birtokadományokkal meg kellett vásárolni. Voltak azért kivételek. V. István pártjának vezetői a Csák nemzetség trencséni ágához tartozó Péter és Máté nem szerepelnek V. Istvánnak azon az 1264-es számadásán, amelyik a megvesztegetendő és jutalmazandó urakat sorolja fel az ajándékokkal együtt, amelyet azért kaptak, hogy megmaradjanak vagy áttérjenek V. István hűségére. A trencséni Csákok szilárdan kitartottak V. István mellett, a Kőszegi család pedig – élén Kőszegi Nagy Henrikkel – IV. Béla mellett. A Csákok persze számíthattak arra, hogy V. István hatalomra jutása után ők kapják a legmagasabb tisztségeket és a velük járó adományokat. Az igazi problémák IV. Béla és V. István halála után jelentkeztek.

László apja 1265 után önálló külpolitikát folytatott. Lászlóval 1269-ben eljegyeztette I. Károly szicíliai király (IX. Lajos francia király öccse) leányát, Izabellát (akit Magyarországon Erzsébetnek neveztek), és a lányt 1270-ben Magyarországra hozták. A hivatalos házasságot csak pár évvel később (a legkorábban csak 1276-ban) kötötték meg, amikor a felek elérték az egyházi törvények szerint ehhez szükséges kort: Erzsébet a 12., László a 14. életévet. A gyermekek ilyen, politikai házassága jellemző volt a középkorra. Amíg V. István volt a király, kemény kézzel irányította az országot, de a kedvezőtlen folyamatokat nem tudta megállítani. Rövid uralmának egy példátlan botrány vetett véget, és vált egyben egy új politikai korszak nyitányává. A király udvarával 1272 nyarán Dalmáciába készült, hogy I. Károllyal találkozzon, de június 24-én Bihácson a szlavón bán, Gutkeled nembeli Joachim elrabolta és Kapronca várába vitte Lászlót. A megrendült és a botrányba belerokkant István hadat küldött Kapronca ellen, visszatért Magyarországra, és 1272. augusztus 6-án meghalt. Halálát egy 1285-ben kelt oklevél szerint a kortársak is korszakosnak tekintették — annak az időpontnak, ami után "robbantak ki országunkban a zavarok".

Uralkodása

Koronázása
Erzsébet királyné V. István halála után elébe sietett a Lászlót Szlavóniából Székesfehérvárra hozó Joachimnak, és együtt készítették elő a koronázási ceremóniát augusztusra. IV. Béla volt pártja, amelyet V. István háttérbe szorított elsősorban Aba nembeli Finta és rokonai Monoszló nembeli Egyed és Gergely megpróbálták megakadályozni a koronázást, valószínűleg a huszonéves Béla macsói herceget szerették volna inkább a trónon látni és nem a tízéves Lászlót. Előbb elfogták Lászlót, majd a királyné szállására támadtak. A királyné hívei azonban Pok nembeli Miklós vezetésével elhárították a támadást. A lázadók közül Egyed és Gergely II. Ottokár cseh király udvarába menekült – átjátszva Pozsony várát a cseh király kezére – ahol már tartózkodtak még V. István elől elmenekült IV. Béla-párti magyar bárók, köztük a legnagyobb, Kőszegi Nagy Henrik. Egyedet Ottokár szívélyesen fogadta, s számos birtokkal megajándékozta. Ezen Nagy Henrik úgy megsértődött, hogy otthagyta Ottokárt és a magyar udvarba jött felajánlani szolgálatait, ahol szívélyesen fogadták.
Közben megtörtént László koronázása az 1272. szeptember 3. előtti napokban, amit Türje nembeli Fülöp esztergomi érsek végzett el. A kortársak III. Lászlónak nevezték, mert az ellenkirályt, II. Lászlót nem szerepeltették a királynévsorban. A koronázás után az udvar Budára vonult, ahol az ősszel gyakran mulatott a Nyulak szigetén. Egy ilyen alkalommal Kőszegi Nagy Henrik árulással vádolta meg Béla herceget, s a kialakuló szóváltás közben kardot rántott, és úgy összekaszabolta a herceget, hogy utána darabjait testvére, Margit – aki a Nyulak szigeti apácakolostorban élt – és a többi apáca szedték össze. Bélát a kolostorban temették el.

Feudális anarchia

A főúri csoportok között nagy versengés támadt az országos, udvari és helyi méltóságok betöltéséért. Mutatja a kor átmeneti jellegét, hogy bár a főurak célja a királyi hatalomtól való függetlenedés volt, a harc mégis a központi hatalom tisztségeiért folyt. Ekkor még nem volt közömbös, hogy melyik főúri kör járhatott el bármiféle ügyben királyi felhatalmazást élvezve. Végül két, országos politikában is jelentős szerepet játszó csoport alakult ki, egyik élén Kőszegi Nagy Henrik és Gutkeled nembeli Joachim, a másik élén Csák nembeli Máté – a Károly Róbert uralkodása alatti tartományúr, Csák Máté nagybátyja – és testvére Csák nembeli Péter – Csák Máté apja. Mindkét párt Nyugat-Magyarországon rendelkezett birtokokkal, és mindkét párt ott akarta kiépíteni saját területi hatalmát. A következő években e két párt sűrűn váltogatta egymást a kormányzatban, az éppen fennálló erőviszonyoknak megfelelően. A 10 éves Lászlónak nem volt ráhatása az események menetére.

Kőszegi–Gutkeled-hatalom (1272 ősze – 1273 tavasza)

1272 őszén Kőszegi Nagy Henrik kibékült Gutkeled nembeli Joachimmal és Béla herceg halála után felosztották a macsói bánságot. Henrik sói bán és ozorai bán lett 1273 márciusáig. Csák nembeli Péter, V. István legnagyobb híve kiszorult a hatalomból, bizonyos birtokait is elvesztette. Testvére, Máté szlavón bán lehetett 1273. márciusig.

Csák-hatalom (1273 tavasza – 1273 decembere)

Pétert a Nyitra megyei Szenic vámjövedelemmel is járó birtokával kárpótolták, testvére Máté országbíró volt augusztustól decemberig. Máté helyett Nagy Henrik lett a szlavón bán még márciusban, amely tisztséget 1274 szeptemberig megtartotta.

Kőszegi–Gutkeled-hatalom (1273 decembere – 1274 ősze)

Máté helyett Gutkeled nembeli Miklós az országbíró. Kőszegi Nagy Henrik is horvát-szlavón bán szeptemberig. 1274-ben Kőszegi Nagy Henrik csoportja foglyul ejtette az ifjú királyt, majd miután a Csákok kiszabadították, András herceg (László öccse) személyében ellenkirályt állítottak. Az 1274. szeptember 26. és 29. között a Fejér megyei Polgárdi mellett vívott csatában Csák nembeli Péter legyőzte Henrik és Joachim seregét, Kőszegi Nagy Henrik életét vesztette, de fiai folytatták politikáját.

Csák-hatalom (1274 ősze – 1276 nyara)

Péter soproni és somogyi ispán 1275 nyaráig, majd fél évig nem visel tisztséget, decembertől viszont nádor 1276 nyaráig. Máté 1274 szeptembertől 1275 őszéig erdélyi vajda és szolnoki ispán, utána pedig 1276 nyaráig tárnokmester és bányai ispán. Bátyjuk, István 1275-ben trencséni és barsi ispán, decembertől 1276 közepéig asztalnokmester, s közben hol barsi, hol bányai, hol szolgagyőri ispán. Közben Gutkeled nembeli Miklós 1275 júniustól októberig szlavón bán.
1276 márciusában Csák Péter nádor feldúlta Veszprémet, ahol a püspöki székben Kőszegi Péter ült. A pusztításnak áldozatul esett a veszprémi káptalani iskola is, amely a korabeli Magyarország egyik legrangosabb tanintézete volt.

Kőszegi–Gutkeled-hatalom (1276 nyara – 1277 nyara)

Kőszegi Miklós nádor, Kőszegi Iván tárnokmester.

Csák-hatalom (1277 nyara – 1279)

1277 májusában a rákosi országgyűlés a 15 éves IV. Lászlót nagykorúsította. Péter 1277 augusztusától nádor az év végéig, ekkortól István fél évig asztalnokmester és pozsonyi ispán, majd Péter 1278 tavasztól újra nádor az év végéig, amikor a tisztséget Máténak adta át. Péter ekkor asztalnokmester, pozsonyi és mosoni ispán lett 1279-ig, amikortól politikai tisztséget többé már nem viselt.
Gutkeled nembeli Miklós 1278-tól 1279-ig szlavón bán.

Az 1273. évi magyar–cseh háború
A magyar belpolitikai viszonyok szükségképpen következményekkel jártak a külpolitikában is. A cseh Přemysl dinasztia történetének legnagyobb uralkodója, II. Ottokár elérkezettnek látta az időt, hogy hatalmát Magyarország irányába is kiterjessze: 1273 áprilisában egy kisebb sereggel elfoglalta Győr várát. A külső veszély egy rövid időre rákényszerítette az urakat a közös fellépésre, a magyar sereg június közepén véres küzdelem árán visszavívta Győrt, július végén Ottokár azonban már teljes haderejét mozgósította. A mintegy kétszeres túlerőben lévő cseh és osztrák csapatok ellen a magyar sereget Kőszegi Henrik vezette. Csatára nem került sor, a magyar csapatok átmeneti sikert értek el morva területen, majd visszavonultak. Ottokár érdemleges ellenállás nélkül foglalhatta el a kulcsfontosságú határszéli várakat és megyéket, Óvárt, Mosont, Győrt és Sopront. A konfliktus érdemleges magyar ellentámadás és békekötés nélkül fejeződött be. A Kőszegi-érdekcsoport a vezetése alatt álló fegyveres erőt arra használta fel, hogy ismét kezébe vegye az országtanácsot.

Külpolitikai fordulat: IV. László és Habsburg Rudolf szövetsége

Németország fejedelmei 1273. október 1-jén Frankfurtban a cseh Ottokár ellenében az addig kevéssé ismert Habsburg Rudolfot választották német királlyá. Mivel a cseh király nem fogadta el a választást, az 1274. november 19-én tartott nürnbergi birodalmi gyűlés felhatalmazta Rudolfot, hogy Ottokárt megfossza tartományaitól. Egyik fél számára sem volt közömbös, hogy Magyarország melyik fél oldalára áll, mert az ország katonai ereje a belső problémák ellenére is jelentős volt. Lehetőség nyílott tehát az 1273. évi háborúban elvesztett területek visszaszerzésére. A hatalomban egymást váltogató két párt azonban külpolitikai irányultság szempontjából sem volt egységes. A Csákok el akarták fogadni Ottokár 1275. október 6-án tett békeajánlatát,  a Kőszegiek és Gutkeled Joachim a Habsburg szövetségben látta az érdekeinek megfelelő politikát. Azt, hogy a magyarok végül a németek oldalára álltak a konfliktusban, az döntötte el, hogy Rudolf 1276 őszén bekövetkezett támadásakor éppen a Kőszegi-párt volt hatalmon. A magyar sereg Gutkeled Joachim és az akkor tizennégy éves magyar király vezetésével Bécs felé vonult, hogy Rudolf hadaival egyesüljön, de csak Sopronig jutott, mikor Ottokár meghátrált és hűséget esküdött Rudolfnak. A november 21-én létrejött békében Ottokár kötelezte magát az elfoglalt magyar területek visszaadására is, de a soproni részeken kívül ez nem valósult meg. A hadjárat belpolitikai jelentősége az lett, hogy egyrészt László Sopron felszabadítójának szerepében tűnhetett fel, másrészt szükségessé vált László nagykorúsítása, mert Rudolffal csak így lehetett megfelelő szinten szövetségi szerződést kötni.

Az 1277-es rákosi országgyűlés
1277-ben László még csak tizenöt éves volt, pedig az Árpád-ház hagyományai szerint az uralomra képesség feltétele a tizenhatodik, de inkább a tizennyolcadik életév betöltése. A feudális állam működési zavara azonban mozgásba hozta azokat az erőket, amelyeknek érdekében állt a királyi hatalom újbóli megerősödése. Ilyen erőnek számított a politikai életből szinte teljesen kiszorított egyházi vezetés és a politikai életben eddig részt nem vett nemesség. A püspöki kar egy részének – elsősorban Báncsa István kalocsai érsek, Fülöp váci püspök, Ladomér váradi püspök és Timót zágrábi püspök – kezdeményezésére 1277. május végére országos gyűlést hívtak össze a Rákos melletti mezőre, melynek célja az oklevelek szerint a "közjó" helyreállítása és "az országot és az egyházakat ért károk és pusztítások" ügyének megtárgyalása volt. A országgyűlés törvényes korúnak nyilvánította a királyt, és kezébe adta az ország kormányzását, egyben jóváhagyta a Habsburg Rudolffal kötendő szövetségi szerződést. A király esküvel kötelezte magát, hogy az ország "meggyalázói" ellen fegyveres hadfelkelést hirdet. A magyar történelemben addig még nem volt példa arra, hogy a király, a főpapok, a bárók, a nemességet minden megyéből képviselő küldöttek, valamint a kunok vezetői olyan gyűlésre jöjjenek össze, amely értékelte az ország állapotát, jóváhagyást gyakorolt külpolitikai kérdésekben vagy kötelezte a királyt bizonyos tennivalók elvégzésére. Ez az országgyűlés, amely a későbbi rendi országgyűlések előzményének tekinthető, végül nem tudott döntő hatást gyakorolni az eseményekre.

IV. László stabilizációs kísérlete
László 1277 közepén gyorsan és eltökélten látott hozzá a rákosi határozatok végrehajtásához, és jelentős eredményeket ért el.
A királyi hadak Aba Finta és Baksa György vezetésével verték le a szepességi lázadókat, Kán Miklós vezetésével pedig a Geregye testvérek Biharban formálódó tartományúri hatalmát törték meg. László az év őszén, hadában jelentős létszámú kunnal nyugatra vonult. Hainburgban 1277. november 11-én  személyesen megerősítette a Rudolffal kötött szövetségi szerződést, majd Kőszeg vára ellen fordult, de az ostrom megfelelő eszközök hiányában sikertelen volt. 1278. május körül Váradon a hét tiszántúli vármegye részére tartott országgyűlésen László ítélkezett a Geregye-fivérek felett, és kinyilvánította, hogy az országrész állapotának rendezésében támaszkodni kíván a megyei nemességre.

Bár a siker nem is volt teljes, 1278 nyarára László a rákosi országgyűlés határozatait jelentős részben végrehajtotta. A király további lépéseiben is ügyes politikusnak bizonyult. Gutkeled Joachim még 1277 áprilisában meghalt a délvidéki Babonicsok ellen vívott ütközetben, és a Kőszegiek 1278. április 20-án a dubicai szerződésben szövetséget kötöttek Babonics Istvánnal, amelyben felosztották egymás között a Száva menti területeket. A Kőszegiek, Endre herceg (a későbbi III. Endre király) személyében ellenkirályt szándékoztak állítani, a dubicai szerződést is "Endre herceg akarata és beleegyezése" jegyében kötötték. A szerződés sértette Gutkeled Joachim testvéreinek érdekeit, és ezt kívánta kihasználni László a Gutkeled testvérek országos tisztségbe emelésével.

A Kőszegiekkel szemben a másik politikai eszközt a Rudolf és Ottokár között újra kiéleződő ellentét adta László kezébe. 1278. augusztus 26-án a dürnkruti csatában Rudolf és László hadai megsemmisítő vereséget mértek Ottokárra, a csatában a cseh király is elesett. A győzelemben döntő szerep jutott a magyar haderőnek, azon belül is a kunoknak.
A Kőszegiek kénytelenek voltak hazaküldeni Endre herceget Velencébe, és 1279 elején kinyilvánították hűségüket a királynak. A király megnövekedett presztízsét a konszolidáció teljessé tételére kívánta felhasználni, a királyi biztosok a megyegyűléseken hatékony szigorral léptek fel, megkezdődött a szétzilált királyi birtokok állapotának rendezése, és napirendre került a király kiskorúsága alatti birtokadományok felülvizsgálata. Tekintélye növekedésének egyértelmű jele, hogy 1279-ben IV. László az egész országra érvényesen  hadbírsági illetéket vetett ki mindenkire, akik az országos had gyülekezésekor nem jelennek meg.

A pápai legátus és a kun törvények

1279. szeptember 22-én III. Miklós pápa teljhatalommal kinevezte magyarországi legátusává Fülöp fermói püspököt. A kinevezés indoka az volt, hogy ebben az időben Rómába sok panasz érkezett a polgárháborús állapotok miatt. A legátus hivatkozott célja a "király státusának megerősítése" volt, valójában a felhatalmazás szerint Fülöp jogosult volt az egyházi ügyeken túlmenően világi ügyekben is intézkedni, vagyis a Szentszék elérkezettnek látta az időt arra, hogy beavatkozzon Magyarország belügyeibe. A polgárháborús állapotokon a királyi hatalom már saját erejéből úrrá lett, éppen megkezdődtek a konszolidáció munkálatai, ezért a király aggódott a legátus jövetelén, és igyekezett azt megakadályozni.

A magyar krónika azt közli, hogy a pápai követ 1279 elején azért jött Magyarországra, mert László "kun módra, s nem katolikus szokás szerint élt", azonban a legátus kinevezésével kapcsolatban számos pápai irat maradt fenn, és ezek közül egyben sincs utalás arra nézve, hogy a király viselkedése vagy szokásai visszatetszést keltettek volna. IV. László későbbiekben tanúsított királyhoz méltatlan életvitele tehát nem oka, hanem következménye lehetett az eseményeknek.

A legátus 1279 elején érkezett az országba és figyelmét hamarosan teljes egészében a "kun probléma" rendezésére fordította, annak ellenére, hogy az elmúlt idők zűrzavarában nem a kunok játszották a központi szerepet.
Fülöp 1279. június 23-án részletes javaslatot tárt a királyi tanács elé (tévesen ezt nevezik első kun törvénynek), amely elöljáróban tartalmazta a pápai főhatalom elvi elismerését, majd a kunokra és a királyra vonatkozó rendeleteket. A kun törvényt némi enyhítéssel végül az 1279. július 12. és 25. között tartott tétényi országgyűlés fogadta el.

A kikényszerített törvények voltaképpen nem tartalmaztak semmilyen képtelenséget. A kun szállásterületek valóban idegen testként helyezkedtek el a keresztény, feudális Magyarország közepén. A kunok feudalizálásának folyamata ekkorra valójában már el is indult, mert előkelőik egy része már földbirtokos volt. A szabad nomád kunokat természetesen rá kellett szorítani a letelepedésre, de az országnak az 1270-es évek végén nem ez volt a legfőbb problémája. A kérdés végül a konszolidáció bukását okozta, mert a kunoknak az 1277-ben vázolt kormányzati mechanizmusban fontos szerep jutott. Ők jelentették azt a haderőt – a király katonai "kísérete", a kun nyőgér –, amelyet a királyi hatalom szükség esetén a hatalmaskodó főurakkal szemben fel tudott vonultatni, ezért nem alaptalan a gyanú, hogy a kun kérdés felszítása valamelyik főúri érdekcsoport sugalmazására történt. A kun törvények kiadásával László olyan konfliktushelyzetbe került, amelyben nem volt jó választási lehetősége, és feltehetően ez váltotta ki méltatlan viselkedését.

A konszolidáció kudarca, László halála

A legátus már szeptemberben megintette a királyt, hogy késlekedik a kun törvények végrehajtásával. Az agresszív türelmetlenség kiváltotta a király agresszivitását is, mire Fülöp legátus 1279. október elején kimondta a király személyére és országára az egyházi interdiktumot. A pápa felszólította és felhatalmazta az országot, hogy keljen fel a király ellen. László válaszul az év végén elfogatta és a kunok kezére adta a legátust, erre Aba Finta magát a királyt ejtette fogságba. Végül a legátus és a király is kiszabadult. László hozzákezdett a kun törvények végrehajtásához, mire a kunok keltek fel ellene, és pusztítani kezdtek a Tisza–Körös–Maros vidékét. IV. László a mai Hódmezővásárhely mellett, Hód tavánál 1282 nyarán győzte le erőiket. Fülöp még a csata előtt, 1281 végén távozott az országból. A "király státusának megerősítése" céljából érkezett legátus elérte, hogy a király támaszai valóban országos veszedelemmé váltak, és a király kénytelen volt ellenük hadjáratot indítani.

A talaját vesztett, többszörösen megalázott királyt a legátus távozásával csak a bosszú érdekelte. Elrablói és megalázói ellen szövetkezett leghatalmasabb ellenségeivel, a Kőszegiekkel, és 1281 nyarán megtette nádorrá Kőszegi Ivánt. A magyarországi belviszonyok ezzel visszaestek az 1277-es rákosi országgyűlés előtti szintre.

Rövid, viharos életének utolsó éveiben kun szeretői, Édua, Köpcsecs és Mandula nyújtottak neki vigasztalást. Lodomér esztergomi érsek alapján mások előtt közösült kedvenc ágyasával, Éduával.
Ekkor már alapvető uralkodói feladatait is egyre kevésbé látta el; csak vonulgatott megmaradt kunjaival, egyre nagyobb terhet jelentve az országnak. Az országban kettős hatalom kezdett kialakulni. A pápában többször felmerült a Magyarországra indítandó keresztes hadjárat gondolata is.

A belpolitikai helyzetet súlyosbította, hogy 1285 elején ismét tatár hadak támadtak az országra; ez volt a második tatárjárás. A Talabuga és Nögej kán vezette hadak Pestig hatoltak, erősen pusztítva az ország keleti részét. Felmerült – még ma is van – olyan nézet, hogy a tatárokat László hívta be. A támadókat végül kiverték, illetve kiszorították; ebben jelentős érdemeket szerzett Aba Amadé. Erre nincs semmilyen bizonyíték, arra azonban van, hogy 1287 végén a királyhoz hű Baksa György a lengyel–magyar határvidéken újabb tatár beütést hiúsított meg.

IV. László egyéni tragédiájának betetőzése, hogy  végül a kunok kezétől veszett el. 1290. július 10-én Körösszeg váránál kun előkelők – Árbóc, Törtel és Kemence – embereikkel rárontottak a sátrában alvó Lászlóra, és megölték. A gyilkosság közelebbi oka ismeretlen, és nem alaptalan a gyanú, hogy a közeli várúr, Borsa Kopasz részes volt a gyilkosságban. A király testét a csanádi székesegyház fogadta be. Különösebb részvét nem kísérhette az utolsó, bizonyosan Árpád-házinak tekintett, tragikus sorsú uralkodó halálát.

Emlékezete

Festészet
 Than Mór: Habsburg Rudolf találkozása Kun Lászlóval (1873)

Színház
 Szörényi Levente–Bródy János: A kiátkozott c. rockoperája IV. László életét dolgozza fel.

Származása

Galéria

Jegyzetek

Források
 Kristó Gyula: IV. László (In: Kristó Gyula – Makk Ferenc: Az Árpádok – fejedelmek és királyok, )
 Kristó Gyula: Háborúk és hadviselés az Árpádok korában, Szukits Könyvkiadó – 2003,
 Kőfalvi Tamás: Kun László (Rubicon 1998/9-10)
 Szabó Károly: Körösszegapáti története.  Debrecen. Kapitális Kiadó. 2007.
 Szabó Károly: Kun László 1272-1290 Budapest, Franklin-Társulat könyvnyomdája, 1886
 Szűcs Jenő: Az utolsó Árpádok, História – MTA Történettudományi Intézete – 1993,

További információk

 IV. László I. törvénye (Buda, 1279. június 23.)

 Szántai Lajos: "Szent őseink nyomában maradva" Kun László király. Főnix Könyvek 16. Debrecen, 1998.

Magyar uralkodók
Árpád-ház
Meggyilkolt uralkodók
Kiemelt cikkek
Gyermek uralkodók
1262-ben született személyek
1290-ben elhunyt személyek
A székesfehérvári bazilikában megkoronázott királyok és királynék
Kunok
Dalmácia királyai
Horvát uralkodók


Buffalo, N.Y. – Berenson, a leading national supplier of cabinet hardware, is pleased to introduce their new Inspired Designs Collections, giving homeowners five new modern hardware styles to choose from .
The Biomimicry Collection reconnects consumers to natural processes. This collection consists of one 1-5/16 inch by 15/16inch knob and two pulls measuring 96 mm and 3 inches CC. Available finishes are brushed nickel, weathered nickel, verona bronze and weathered vintage bronze.
Composition - A reflection of simple industrial elements and artfully decorative details. The highlight of the Composition Collection is its geometric pattern and unique transitional profile.
This collection consists of one 1-13/16inch by 7/8 inch knob and two pulls measuring 96mm and 128mm. Available finishes are brushed nickel, vintage nickel, weathered nickel, and weathered verona bronze.
The Harmony Collection explores the relationship between natural and man-made objects and reflects the natural beauty, elegance and refined shapes of semi-precious gemstones.
Consisting of 16 pulls and four knobs, the Harmony Collection is offered in four of Berenson's most popular finishes including: brushed nickel, vintage nickel, verona bronze, and weathered nickel. Pulls are available in a variety of hole spacing including: 3 inches, 96mm, 128mm, or 160mm.
The Fluidic Collection shape was influenced by the natural curves that form in fluids. This resulted in a series of knobs and pulls that have an aggressive appearance without being overwhelming.
Consisting of six pulls and three knobs, the Fluidic Collection is offered in three of Berenson's modern finishes including: brushed nickel, chrome, and black. Pulls are available in 96mm and 128mm hole spacing.
Puritan - This unique hardware design was influenced by fashion and shapes that are geometric, folded and draped. The character of this design is precise and feminine.
Consisting of 12 pulls and four knobs, the Puritan Collection is offered in four of Berenson's most popular finishes including: brushed nickel, verona bronze, polished nickel and brushed tin. Pulls are available in 3 inches, 96mm and 128mm hole spacing.
Berenson products, including the new Inspired Design Collections, are available for purchase from kitchen and bath dealers and internet re-sellers through a national network of wholesale distributors, as well as through architectural hardware showrooms.
For more information on Berenson Hardware, visit www.berensonhardware.com. For up-to-date company and industry information, visit Berenson on Facebook and Twitter.


text:
Russia's Information Efforts
On October 6, the Center for the National Interest organized a panel entitled "Russia's Information Efforts." Speakers included George Beebe, Director of Intelligence and National Security Programs at the Center for the National Interest, a former national security aide to Vice President Dick Cheney who earlier served as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency's Russia analysis; and Eric Haseltine, President and Managing Partner of Haseltine Partners, and a former Associate Director for Science and Technology in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and Director of Research at the National Security Agency. Paul Saunders, Executive Director of the Center for the National Interest, moderated. The event was broadcast live on C-SPAN and can be found here. It was also streamed live on The National Interest's Facebook page and can be found here. A summary of the discussion can be found below.
"The Russians view [the United States] in many senses as an adversary," said Eric Haseltine, a former Associate Director for Science and Technology in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and former Director of Research at the National Security Agency. Along similar lines, George Beebe, Director of Intelligence and National Security Programs at the Center for the National Interest, stated that "it would be surprising if the Russians were not to do things here that they believe [the United States is] doing there," referring to Russian charges of U.S. interference in Russian internal affairs. Both Haseltine and Beebe argued that it was not unusual that Russia is using social media platforms to try and shape public opinion in the United States.
Haseltine contended that Russia's use of platforms like Facebook and Twitter is a "showing of the flag" in the social media cyber space. Moscow's aim was to divide the United States on multiple levels by targeting specific groups and specific "hot button" topics. Overall, Russia wanted to create dissent inside its American adversary using the tools Russia's government had available. Haseltine argued that, because Russia has a GDP roughly equal to that of Texas, it cannot engage in traditional warfare with the United States. He also pointed out that Russia views warfare differently. It is not a matter "conflict versus not conflict," but Clauswitz's notion of "achiev[ing] political objectives through violence." In the Russian case, "hacking […] or […] buying Facebook ads" is another means to achieve Moscow's objectives. Haseltine noted that one possible goal was to display Russian power to the United States, the Russian people and the world.
Quoting Taylor Swift's famous line, "haters gonna hate," Beebe suggested that Russia's interference was possibly "business as usual" for Russia's special services. They saw protest movements like the Arab Spring and Maidan in Ukraine, both of which relied heavily on social media, and feared that the United States would attempt to influence the Russian political system through social media and information. As a result, Russia established "troll factories" — organizations designed to set up fake social media accounts and generate comments —to flood its own cyber space with pro-government propaganda. Beebe argued that after working mainly in the Russian social media space, Russian troll factories might have simply branched out to the United States.
Beebe and Haseltine were skeptical of Putin's suggestion that rouge "patriotic hackers" were behind Russia's interference. Haseltine and Beebe argued that Russia's publicly disclosed Facebook ad buy of $100,000 during the 2016 election is likely the "tip of the iceberg" and suggested that independent activists would not have such resources. The question is to what extent the state was involved. Haseltine contended that Russia's interference was organized by the highest levels of the Russian government; this was "Putin all the way," he said. Haseltine claimed that no matter which organ of the state or which troll factory was directly responsible, Putin has a "commanding grip" on Russian secret services and must have known about these activities.
Beebe disagreed, arguing that the structure of Russian troll factories may also explain Russian interference in U.S. cyber space. He outlined a system in which troll factory hackers operate under a very broad set of guidelines, earn money based on the number of posts and have quotas. Russia's interference could have been the result of hackers who were trying to be innovative or to impress their supervisors, Beebe said. Thus they may have been acting under existing instructions to influence U.S. discourse and without specific orders, he said.
Regardless of who ordered the interference and to what extent Putin was directly involved, both panelists agreed that foreign interference in social media is a new threat the United States must face. Social media is a relatively new platform and, by design, is a free space. Haseltine and Beebe agreed that the government should take care not to interfere in the private sector social media, especially in policing content any more than it already has. They recognized that through social media anything can be made public for anyone, anywhere. Information, as Haseltine put it, is a new form of currency that can be manipulated and exchanged. There is no longer the "safety net" of a reliable editorial staff among the media that determines what is and is not newsworthy. This gives individual readers much greater responsibility to assess what they see online.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Or more accurately, the sense of humour and creativity from the team charged with promoting the recently released Lego Batman movie.
You would have been hard pushed not to come across this miniature but no doubt just as lethal version of the caped crusader when he hit our screens. Starring in TV ads for Sky to promote its Broadband Tech, the ads featured Will Arnett who provided the voice of Batman in the original Lego Movie.
Gearing up to the main film release Lego Batman then appeared during Channel 4's continuity announcements on 2 February to provide his own irreverent take on introductions to the shows. Again Will Arnett provided the voiceovers and it was the first time Channel 4 had been involved in advertising of this type. In total 18 animated introductions were made and broadcast over a four day period in more than 40 ad breaks ahead of its release on 10 February.


text:
Home>Stories
Comedian Ron James' Love of Nature is a Family Tradition
"I've felt the salt spray in my face from Cape Spear to Haida Gwaii. Nature is just remarkable, it's our greatest calling card."
Ron James, acclaimed comedian and longtime Trail supporter, has a deep love and appreciation for nature and the outdoors, passed on from his father through the conversations and trips they shared from the time he was a young child. When you hear your dad say things such as "there's nothing better than a cup of tea in the woods", you learn early that it's an experience to be cherished.
He notes that over the past year, "the entire country innately knew that nature was where we'd feel whole and safe; it's a sanctuary – except for when you're in grizzly bear territory and see a paw print in front of your tent that wasn't there before!"
Embrace the calm
"Nature has recuperative powers and an ability to soothe; it's always been there for me," says Ron. As a beloved and accomplished performer, he works in fast-paced environments and lives in a high energy city, but once he's in nature he is able to embrace the calm and focus on each moment. He says "I'm able to actualize the dreams of childhood when I'd watch specials on Canada's North, or David Suzuki's shows, with my dad."
"The Trans Canada Trail is crucial to the lifeblood of Canadians and it's necessary to preserve and maintain it, making it accessible for everyone."
– Ron James, Comedian
Ron has passed his love of time spent in nature on to his daughters, just as his father did for him. Now they're avid outdoor enthusiasts, exploring whenever they get a chance. Together as a family, they've hiked all over the country, kayaked in the Northwest Territories and gone birding all over the world.
A highlight of his birding excursions was close to home in Toronto "on the Leslie Street Spit – at the point, by the lighthouse, on a cold winter's day. I saw my first snowy owl. He was sitting on a rocky outcrop. I didn't see the owl at first because of the snow but then his head moved and I spotted him; it was a very special moment."
His daughters even surprised Ron with a birthday celebration at one of their favourite spots along the Rouge River this year!
To mark milestones in his nieces' lives he's made gifts to the Trans Canada Trail, honouring the unique landscapes they love in Nova Scotia.
"I can't get enough of nature"
Whenever he can find a few days, or even hours, between back-to-back performances, Ron takes the opportunity to spend time in the places that bring him joy and peace. He fondly recalls booking shows at the Yuk Yuk's Comedy Club in Sudbury, knowing that he could drive into Killarney Provincial Park (Ontario) and spend a day in the woods before doing a gig at night.
Taking advantage of moments like that through the years, he has spent time at provincial parks in Alberta, followed wolf tracks in the snow in Ontario, enjoys Signal Hill and loves being able to "stand and look out across that great expanse of great big sea" in Newfoundland.
He shares that in Nova Scotia "my place is surrounded by deer, coyotes, songbirds, pheasants, the rolling pitch of the ocean and the smell of the sea. It permeates my DNA."
Do Something Great
Ron recently offered his humour, talent and time to narrate and star in our Do Something Great fundraising initiative. The campaign invited people to make a donation to help fund critical repairs, improve signage and make the Trail safer and more accessible for all.
It was "a perfect fit" says Ron, given his personal experiences exploring the Trans Canada Trail and his belief in its importance as a place for everyone to enjoy.
Ron's tips for exploring the Trans Canada Trail
Encouraging people to spend time in nature by exploring the Trans Canada Trail comes naturally to Ron. He recommends:
know where you're going and let others know too
always be prepared: bring water, snacks, supplies, etc.
be aware of your surroundings and keep an open eye
Last but not least, he says "respect the Trail, that's a big one for me – if you see litter, pick it up. Volunteer to maintain it. Help wherever you can."
Trail Profile: Ville de Longueuil
5 Tips for Turning Winter Blahs into Ahhhs
Warm Up With These Sweet Winter Treats
Melissa's Trans Canada Trail: How to Motivate Yourself to Hike During the Winter
Outdoor Winter Safety Tips Everyone Should Know
Bonnie's Trans Canada Trail: Why I'm Walking the Trans Canada Trail
Growing up – and growing healthy habits – along the Trans Canada Trail
Great Supporters, Great Experiences, Great Canadian Trails
Supporting a Permanent Trail through Legacy Giving
Columbia Sportswear x Trans Canada Trail: Here's What We Did Last Summer
Acting and Educating to Combat the Effects of Weather-related Damage on the Wolastoq |…
Sticky Fingers and Hard Trails


This is an action toy, with some die-cast metal parts, of a science fiction/anime character or item.
Gorgeous die-cast metal and plastic Getter Robo figure, in the colours in which it appeared in the anime. Comes with the Getter Tomahawk!


text:
Q: Datatables -Load JSON data into a table I am using datatables and I have data coming form an API, how can I populate my table? Response is in JSON key pair format
{
    "site": "SITE A",
    "sent": "141558",
    "open": "470",
    "click": "0",
    "delivered": "0",
},
{
        "site": "SITE B",
        "sent": "141558",
        "open": "470",
        "click": "0",
        "delivered": "0",
    },

HTML

                                Site Visited
                                Sent
                                Open
                                Clicked
                                Delivered

Javascript
$('#getData').on('click', function () {

        $('#example').DataTable( {
            "ajax": 'http://localhost/API/index.php'
        } );
    });

A: Change your JavaScript to look like this:
$('#example').DataTable( {
        "ajax": "http://localhost/API/index.php",
        "columns": [
            { "data": "site" },
            { "data": "sent" },
            { "data": "open" },
            { "data": "click" },
            { "data": "delivered" }
        ]
    } );

A: You should use columns property if you get an array of objects from the api, also if it's a post request you should specify that too:
$(document).ready(function() {
    $('#example').DataTable( {
        "ajax": {
             "url": "http://localhost/API/index.php",
             "type": "POST"
         },
        "columns": [
            { "data": "site" },
            { "data": "sent" },
            { "data": "open" },
            { "data": "click" },
            { "data": "delivered" }
        ]
    } );
} );

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


From next post on I am going to post pictures of the roadtrip!
Sadly 2 days before leaving the States my reflex camera died out of nowhere when shooting pictures..
(sad times, i almost cried...) do you believe it was because i shot too many pictures with it in these years?
it's now been repaired but it will take couple of weeks before its back so thank god i have already so many pictures to show you!
ps. who's obsessed with that song!


Cathy McAnally Lubke, a native of Burkett, Texas, has been an active painter since 1979, creating works of art in vivid watercolors. She has an impressionistic style inspired by her native Texas landscape and the American Southwest. She received a B.A. from Angelo State University. She enjoys painting and sharing her knowledge of watercolor through classes in her community and workshops in Texas and New Mexico. She also is a noted juror.
Cathy McAnally Lubke's workshops are geared for beginners and advanced painters. Cathy emphasizes strengthening individual style with good color techniques and exciting design concepts. She begins each day with a demonstration, using sketches or photographs as references. Student painting follows in the afternoon, with lots of discussion on planning your painting, strengthening design, and value studies of color. This prior planning makes a winning painting every time. Individual help and critique complete this enriching experience.


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text:
Film Studies and Russian
RW77 — BA (Hons)
Grades BBB at A-Level. This must include at least one essay based A-Level in a humanities or social sciences subject. Applicants will also be expected to have a GCSE in a language or have experience of learning a language other than your mother tongue. Excludes General Studies.
Develop your passion for film while exploring Russian language and culture in depth.
Our Film Studies and Russian degree enables you to pursue an understanding of film within the context of a wider knowledge of Russian language and culture. No prior knowledge of Russian is required.
Film Studies fosters an understanding of visual aesthetics and leads students into areas of study as diverse as history, politics, philosophy, technology and performance. You'll study the history and theory of cinema and have the opportunity to write your own film script.
Studying Russian means engaging deeply with learning a new language, which you will study in conjunction with an exploration of Russia's culture, society, and history. You will develop a sophisticated understanding of the way Russians think and feel, and of the cultural references that shape their identities.
You'll spend your third year studying or working in Russia or Latvia, immersing yourself in the language and culture of your destination.
The Russian language modules you take will depend on your entry level. We offer separate classes for beginner, post-GCSE, post-A-level and native speakers.
Film: Approaches and Analysis
Film: Concepts and History
Reading Contemporary Russia (for beginner or post-GCSE entrants only)
Russian Culture and Society (for beginner or post-GCSE entrants) OR Foundations of Russian Studies (for post-A-level or native speakers)
Russian language module (streamed according to entry level)
What is Cinema? Critical Approaches
Film Curation
Film, Literature and Adaption
Introduction to British Cinema
Memories of the Holocaust and Colonialism in French Cinema
Scriptwriting: Adaptation and Original Script
The French New Wave
Modern Russian Literature I: Revolution
Russian Film: Memory and History
Russian Novel: Self and Society
Short Stories and Important People: The 19th century
Russian language module
Choose up to four from
British Cinema from the 1960s New wave to the Arrival of Channel 4
Contemporary Hollywood Cinema
Ecocinemas: Nature, Animals and the Moving Image
Film and Ethics
Film Archaeology
Film Philosophy
Contemporary Russian Film
Modern Russian Literature II: Beyond the Monolith
Russian Novel: Countryside and Nation
Russian Novel: Dysfunctional Families
Russian Syntax
You could choose to go to a university in Moscow, St Petersburg, Yaroslavl, Tver, Petrozavodsk, Kazan or our Erasmus partner Daugavpils University in a Russian-speaking part of Latvia. Our exchange programmes are with major state universities as well as with smaller-scale private schools.
You'll receive approximately eight hours (or 16 hours including screenings) of weekly contact time, in the form of lectures, smaller seminar groups and language classes.
You'll spend up to five hours per week in language classes – in small groups of no more than 20 for classroom or language lab teaching, and no more than 10 for oral and aural work.
For every hour spent in class, you'll complete a further two to three hours of independent study.
Assessment typically includes a combination of coursework and an end-of-module exam, although some modules, including the practical ones, are assessed by coursework only. Final-year students have the opportunity to pursue a sustained piece of research or to develop an extended film production project or long script.
our state-of-the-art 41-seater cinema
professional and broadcast-standard production and post-production equipment, including a film production suite, two film studios with professional lighting grids, two edit suites, and motion capture equipment
language clubs and social activities, including film screenings, discussion groups and debates.
If you're interested in learning another language, you can sign up for a course at Queen Mary's Language Centre, where you can choose from Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), French, German, Japanese or Spanish.
A-Level Grades BBB at A-Level. This must include at least one essay based A-Level in a humanities or social sciences subject. Applicants will also be expected to have a GCSE in a language or have experience of learning a language other than your mother tongue. Excludes General Studies.
IB International Baccalaureate Diploma with a minimum of 30 points overall, including 5,5,5 from three Higher Level subjects. This must include an essay based humanities or social sciences subject at Higher Level.
Access HE We consider applications from students with the Access to Higher Education Diploma. The minimum academic requirement is to achieve 60 credits overall, with 45 credits at Level 3, of which 15 credits must be at Distinction and 15 credits at Merit or higher. For programmes with French, applicants must have studied French to at least GCSE level. For all other single and joint honours language programmes, experience of learning a language other than your mother tongue, and a demonstrable aptitude for language study are required. Applications are considered on a case by case basis, and we may request an interview. Due to the high volume of applications, we do not make offers of study purely on the basis of meeting grade requirements.
Language graduates go into many different walks of life. Some obvious destinations are the Civil Service, management consultancy, the tourist industry and the financial world.
Business and financial contacts between Britain and Russia have steadily expanded in the last twenty years, and many companies are keen to recruit speakers of both languages. Potential employers are likely to look favorably upon your willingness and ability to become fluent in a less commonly taught language.
British Film Council
EY (formerly Ernst & Young)
Marketing firms.
Film Studies students receive advice on how to gain work experience in the film industry, which can give you an edge in a competitive job market. The School offers a range of career support, including for students interested in working during their year abroad.
Learn more about career support and development at Queen Mary.


text:
Una Represa de corrimiento, represa de debris, o lago de barrera es el Represamiento natural de un río por alguna clase de remoción de masa: corrimiento de tierra, flujo de debris, avalancha de rocas o volcán. Si es causado por un terremoto, puede ser llamado lago de terremoto. La lista de lagos de corrimiento es tan larga como la lista de las más grandes represas artificiales.

Causas
Las causas más importantes de represas de corrimiento fueron estudiadas en 1986 son producidas por corrimientos causados por precipitaciones excesivas y terremotos, cerca de un 84%. Las erupciones volcánicas causan el 7% de las represas. Otras causas de corrimiento de tierras producen el 9% restante.

Consecuencias

El agua decomisado por una presa de deslizamiento puede crear un embalse (Lago) que durar de pueden desde tiempos cortos a varios miles de años.

Por su naturaleza más bien floja y ausencia de vertederos controlados, las represas de corrimiento frecuentemente fallan catastróficamente y provocan inundaciones río abajo, a menudo con muchas bajas. Un escenario común de fracaso es el rebalsamiento subsiguiente de la presa y erosión por la corriente de desbordamiento.

Las presas de corrimiento son responsables de dos tipos de inundaciones: aguas arriba (inundaciones arriba de la fuente (río o arroyo)) sobre la creación e inundaciones aguas abajo en caso de falla de la represa. En comparación con las catastróficas río abajo, las relativamente lentas río arriba normalmente presenta poco riesgo de muerte, pero los daños a la propiedad pueden ser sustanciales.

Mientras que la presa se llena, se eleva el nivel de las aguas subterráneas circundantes. El fracaso de la presa puede desencadenar otras procesos catastróficos. El nivel de agua desciende rápidamente, la presión hidráulica de las aguas subterráneas no compensada puede iniciar deslizamientos adicionales. Aquellos que caen en el embalse pueden provocar aún más catastróficos derrames. Por otra parte, la inundación resultante puede socavar los lados del valle del río para producir más deslizamientos de tierras aguas abajo.

Después de la formación, la presa conduce a agradación del valle del río arriba, y el fracaso de la presa origina agradación aguas abajo.

Ingenieros de la construcción responsables de diseñar presas artificiales y otras estructuras en los valles de los ríos deben tener en cuenta el potencial de esos acontecimientos que condujeron a cambios bruscos en el régimen del río.

Ejemplos
 La presa más alta de deslizamiento conocida de tiempos históricos es la represa Usoi en el moderno Tayikistán creado por un corrimiento de tierras producido por un terremoto, el . Represó el río Murghab hasta una altura de 301 m (987 pies) creando el Lago Sarez de 300 metros de profundidad.
 El Lago Waikaremoana en Nueva Zelandia fue formada por una represa de corrimiento de 230 metros de altura que se cree ocurrió hace aproximadamente 2,200 años. Entre 1935 y 1950 el derrumbe fue horadado por túneles y sellado para estabilizarlo por lo que podría ser utilizado para la generación de energía hidroeléctrica. Esto parece ser el primer ejemplo de modificación de un derrumbe natural para la generación de energía.
 El Lago Attabad en Pakistán fue formado por un corrimiento en 2010. (100m altura)
 El «Lago rojo»  es un lago de barrera en la cadena de los Cárpatos orientales en el Condado Harghita , Rumania. El nombre de Lacul Roşu proviene de las aluviones rojizos depositados en el lago por el Estero rojo .
 El «corrimiento de tierra de Gros Ventre» es un ejemplo de una presa enorme, efímero y desastroso deslizamiento posterior (60 m de altura).
 Lago Quake, creado en Montana en 1959. (58m de profundidad)
 El Lago Tangjiashan, un peligroso «lago de terremoto», creado como resultado del terremoto de Sichuan de 2008. Está localizada en una geografía muy abrupta en las Montañas Tangjiashan. Soldados, los científicos e ingenieros chinos participaron en la excavación de una esclusa para mitigar los peligros de este uno de 34 presas de deslizamiento, creadas por el terremoto de Sichuan de magnitud 8.0. El 10 de junio de 2008, el lago comenzó a drenar a través de la esclusa, inundando la ciudad evacuada de Beichuan. (52m de altura)
 El Riñihuazo empezó el , después de un corrimiento de tierra causado por el gran terremoto chileno que bloqueó el drenaje del Lago Riñihue. De acuerdo al cronista Mariño de Lobera un evento similar ocurrió en el terremoto de Valdivia de 1575. (26m de altura)
 Entre los corrimientos más destructivos e inundaciones de lagos en la historia estuvo el que ocurrió en la provincia China de Sichuan el 10 de junio de 1786 cuando reventó la presa sobre el río Dadu (China), causando una inundación que se extendidó 1400km aguas abajo y causó 100.000 muertos.
 El más grande corrimiento de tierra en Gran Bretaña implicó al lago Tal-y-llyn (Llyn Mwyngil) cerca de Cadair Idris en el Snowdonia National Park, Gales. Fue reconocido primero por E Watson en 1962. Tiene aproximadamente 10,000 años de edad.
 El Lago Caburga, Chile, fue represado en el Holoceno por una actividad mixta (terremoto y actividad volcánica posterior). El lago horado la base de debris y tierra, generando una salida varios kilómetros más abajo, tras un recorrido como río subterráneo debajo de las capas volcánicas. Al emerger se reconoce como los Ojos del Caburga.

Referencias

Presas
Corrimientos de tierra

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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ALBUM REVIEW: TJ Doyle, 'On the Horizon'
Written by Allison Johnelle Boron• April 17, 2015• Album Reviews, Music
A staple on the LA music scene, darkening the doorway of legendary venues like the Whisky and the Roxy, singer, songwriter, and guitarist TJ Doyle combines his unique brand of pop music with his true passion: environmental activism. Using his new album, On the Horizon, as his musical pulpit, Doyle explores elevated themes of consciousness, responsibility, and humanism — in a surprisingly relatable and, dare I say, fun fashion.
Channeling bards like Neil Young, Doyle wastes no time with niceties, as opener "Changes" relays a meaningful message, while the heartfelt "Rosemary's Wishes" communicates a tale of loss. But On the Horizon really hits its stride with the slightly surfy "Human," on which Doyle steps up to, and subsequently drops, the mic about his personal perspectives with surprising optimism. But perhaps no track is more unapologetic than "We Are Here," an anthem of community in the face of isolation ("there are so many of us who feel lost / living in the shadow of life"). It provides the perfect denouement for a truly cohesive collection of songs that, together, speak to the listener on a whole other plane than most albums these days.
As Doyle himself puts it, "Many perceived separations exist on the surface, while there is something much deeper that humans share behind the mask of consciousness." If that sounds a bit too deep, just listen to the record.
Tags: Album Reviews, Los Angeles, on the horizon, tj doyle Last modified: April 15, 2015
Book Review: Simon Philo, "British Invasion: The Crosscurrents of Musical Influence"
The Friday Five: April 17, 2015
Album Review: Randy Newman, "Dark Matter"
Influences: Family Pet
Popdose Profile: Buzz Osborne — A Walk With Melvin


text:
Pony Creek may refer to:

Pony Creek (Indiana), a stream in Indiana
Pony Creek (North Fork North Fabius River), a stream in Missouri
Pony Creek Park, a park in Iowa


text:
MasterCard Foundation ends MSU work over Nassar
East Lansing – The MasterCard Foundation said it will stop supporting programs with Michigan State University as the school deals with fallout from a former sports doctor convicted of molesting athletes.
One $45 million program funds the education of students from sub-Saharan Africa. Another $13 million collaborative effort helps young people access agricultural jobs in Tanzania and Nigeria.
The Toronto-based foundation said in a release that it will honor current commitments, but has "lost confidence in our partnership" because of "extensive media reporting."
University officials say they are focused on supporting students through graduation.
"Any of the students currently in the program will be allowed to continue through it until they graduate from MSU," said school spokeswoman Emily Guerrant. "We just won't receive funding to continue the program for any new/additional students moving forward."
Larry Nassar currently is serving decades in prison after pleading guilty to molesting patients and possessing child pornography.
The MasterCard Foundation works to help young people in Africa lift themselves and their communities out of poverty.


text:
Q: truncate log with robocopy I am running a robocopy process, and generating a log as follows:
robocopy "\\server1\reports" "c:\temp" /LOG+:"c:\scripts\logs\robolog-reports.txt"

The log file is created fine. Is there any way to limit the file size of the log file, ideally rolling the log so that only the newest XX lines or XX bytes are saved? I would like to do this all in one action (robocopy), and have the last several days of robocopy activity.
Thanks

A: The process of get the last N lines from a file is called tail. Try this:
@echo off
setlocal

rem Update the robocopy report file
set "report=c:\scripts\logs\robolog-reports.txt"
robocopy "\\server1\reports" "c:\temp" /LOG+:"%report%"

rem Keep the last N lines in the report
set lines=300
for /F %%a in ('find /C /V "" ^< "%report%"') do set "lastLine=%%a"
if %lastLine% leq %lines% goto :EOF
set /A firstLine=lastLine-lines
more +%firstLine% "%report%" > tempFile.tmp
move /Y tempFile.tmp "%report%"

There is no way to do this directly in one robocopy action.

A: have the same problem, solved it with following script:
echo off
chcp 1252
type %1| find "Gestartet:"  > robocopy_summary.log
type %1| find "Quelle :"    >> robocopy_summary.log
type %1| find "Ziel :"      >> robocopy_summary.log
type %1| find "Optionen:"  >> robocopy_summary.log
echo "-----------------------------------------------------------------------------" >> robocopy_summary.log
type %1| find "Insgesamt"  >> robocopy_summary.log
type %1| find "Verzeich.:" >> robocopy_summary.log
type %1| find "Dateien:"   >> robocopy_summary.log
type %1| find "Bytes"      >> robocopy_summary.log
type %1| find "Zeiten"     >> robocopy_summary.log
type %1| find "Geschwindigkeit:" >> robocopy_summary.log
type %1| find "Beendet:"   >> robocopy_summary.log
echo "-----------------------------------------------------------------------------" >> robocopy_summary.log

Robocopy needs to be run by windows sceduler, say every 60 Minutes, the last command in the robocopy batchfile pointing to the above script "robocopy_summary.bat logfilename"
Not very smart, but doing all I want to see.

A: I have found that because robocopy retries 1,000,000 times by default it can make the Robocopy log files grow huge if there's any errors by filling it with error messages. By limiting the number of retries (say with switch /r:3) it can make the log files grow much more slowly:
Why does robocopy retries 1000000 times?


You really only need one lemon tree to grow lots of lemons and we are going to show you how to grow them.
The first tip, and most important is where you plant your lemon tree. Lemon trees need lots of sun, and prefer an open position.
In cooler climates look for a position where the lemon tree is protected from cold winds and gets as much sun as possible. Here we have a tree that produces lots of lemons and it is growing in a sunny corner. In cooler climates good sun through winter will keep the tree producing well.
Lemons do not like frosts. Lemon trees need protection from frosts, in the home garden it can be a good idea to plant a lemon tree next to the house or a wall where some radiant heat will protect the lemon tree from frost.
Clay soils should be worked with organic matter and gypsum. Once established lemons are a reasonably tough plant, occasionally deep watering and fertilization with a citrus fertilizer will help promote growth and fruiting.
Lemon trees will grow better where they do not have any competition around the root system. They have shallow root systems, its fibrous and is great at taking up moisture. To keep the root system happy, apply mulch regularly, and apply a deep mulch 6 inches or 15 cms deep keeping it away from the trunk of the tree itself.
The mulch will encourage better root growth and will protect the roots from both the cold of winter and the heat of summer. A good mulch will break down and provide nutrients that the lemon tree loves. Avoid using fresh mulch, as this can sap the nitrogen from the soil.
Fertiliser is important, you can use a granular slow release type available at most nurseries, or you can used aged animal manure, chicken manure, cow manure etc. The advantage of the granular type is that is a complete fertiliser with all of the trace elements. However we find that cow and chicken manure works well for us.
Watch for yellowing leaves, as this is a sings of mineral deficiency. Usually manganese or zinc deficiency. In this case use the granulated fertiliser or a trace element fertiliser until the problem resolves.
Apply the fertiliser on top of the mulch so as not to burn the roots, and water in well. You can then top up the fertiliser.
When the lemon tree begins to flower, ensure that it is getting adequate moisture. If you have mulched well, you might not need to water the plant at all. However in very hot climates, you may need water regularly. Simply push you finger down into the soil to see if the soil is moist.
General care of the tree involve removing any fruit that drops to the ground, this reduces the chances of disease. Also prune any growth that is touching the ground, this also helps prevent diseases.
Watch out for swellings on the stems as this can indicate Gall Wasp, which will need to treated.
Avoid using chemicals as these will kill all of the beneficial insects as well as the problem ones. With Gall wasp, simply prune away the infected part and burn it.
Basic care of Lemon tree varieties applies to all of popular in Australia. They are the most popular of all home grown fruit trees and are easy care in the right conditions. Eureka Meyer and Lisbon Lemon Trees, all have different qualities, and will fruit a slightly different times. Lemons are originated in India and then were imported to the Mediterranean, so lemons are cold sensitive, probably the least tolerant of cold of all citrus.
The 'Eureka' lemon is originally from California. This is a larger lemon with more pith, and tends to fruit all at once.
'Lisbon', originated in Australia. It popular because it fruits over a long period, excellent for the home garden, but it is a larger tree.
The Myer lemon is from China. This is a smaller tree, (pictured in flower at right) also good for home gardens because of its size. Again tend to fruit all at once. Probably the best lemon for growing in a pot.
Dwarf lemon trees are also available. Lemon trees can be grown in pots or containers, the Meyer lemon is best suited to this. We look at diseases, pests, yellow leave, planting and general care for lemon trees.
Lemon Trees do not need a lot of pruning, in frost free areas prune lightly to keep in shape at any time of the year. Remove any dead or damaged growth and prune to shape, remember that lemon trees can fruit all year long in warm climates, so don't cut of the young fruit.
When to pick lemons : Lemons should be picked when they have reached full size and color.
All lemon trees are susceptible to diseases and pests, so whether you are growing a Lisbon, Eureka or a Meyer the problems, and solutions will be the same.
Leaf Curl on lemon trees can be caused by a number of factors, to much water is one factor that will cause the leaves of a lemon tree to curl. Leaf miners are another (see below).
Gall wasps lay their eggs under the bark of the lemon tree, this creates a thick lumpy appearance. Gall wasp infestations should be pruned off if possible, if not you need to cut or or scrapped back, the material removed should be burnt. Scale. Scale can be treated by spraying with white oil.
These are a black aphid that can be hosed away are sprayed with a pyrethrum based spray.
Young leaves that turn a silvery color and come distorted may be infected by leaf miner, cut off and burn affected foliage.
If the leaves on the lower part of the tree are yellow it is probably poor drainage.
Solution.Use a specialist citrus fertilizer to add nutrients. Check the ph of the soil with a ph kit. Used a citrus food to help adjust the soil, if the ph is way out consult you local nursery for soil additives to help adjust the ph.
Insects such as spider mites can also cause problems, check by examining the leaves, especially he underside, check for any sign of damage, or shake the leaves over a sheet of white paper and see if any evidence of mites is apparent. These sap sucking insects can be controlled with a spray of white oil.
Leaving fruit on the trees after it has ripened is not recommended, you will find that this can lead to less fruit the next season and disease.
Control weeds beneath citrus trees by weeding well before planting, weed matt or mulch can be used to help prevent weeds. Ideally the area to the drip-line will be weed and grass free.


Dave Meyler, a Sierra Commons members for the past seven months, is in the final stages of launching Boga Paddleboards. Dave came to Sierra Commons after selling his successful e-commerce business. For the first few months, he used his time here to vet several business ideas. When he determined that the growth opportunities in the nascent paddleboard industry was a perfect match for his passion and business skills, he took the dive.
New Business Brainstorm at Sierra Commons a Success!
Thanks to everyone who participated in the new business brainstorming session on October 7, it was a great success! Over twenty people showed up to pack the conference room at Sierra Commons and contribute their best and most creative ideas about what kind of new businesses might create jobs and revenue in Nevada County.
Despite the depressing economic climate, the mood was light-hearted and optimistic at Sierra Commons last Thursday. The session started out by reviewing the wealth of resources that Nevada County has to offer, from our beautiful natural environment to the large number of video, nonprofit, and green technology experts that call our county home. After looking at what is missing from Nevada County (a brewery!), we drew inspiration from the many businesses that are currently thriving in our area, such as organic farming, individual consultants, co-operative grocery stores, and education.
Bring your lunch and enjoy the conversation!
Shawn is joining us to share some of her insight about being a "Natural Professional". According to Project Simplify, Natural Professionals are people who are dedicated to working with purpose, passion and peace. I think that summarizes the Sierra Commons' community pretty well.
Workshop: Discover Clarity in any area of your life – relationship, wealth or health.
A workshop with Jolen, Saturday October 23rd.
Discover Clarity in any area of your life – relationship, wealth or health.
Uncover Hidden Challenges that may be sabotaging you.
Transform Those Stuck Patterns of limiting beliefs, fear, and self-sabotage into confidence, clarity, and confidence.
$25 advanced or $30 at the door.


text:
Bill Abbott to leave after company apologized for decision to pull ads featuring same-sex wedding on Hallmark Channel
The CEO of the Hallmark Channels parent is leaving, weeks after the channel found itself in a firestorm of controversy over commercials featuring a same-sex wedding ceremony.
Bill Abbotts
departure as president and chief executive of Crown Media Family Networks will be effective on Friday, Hallmark Cards Inc. said Wednesday.I will begin a search for Bills replacement, said Hallmark Cards CEO
Mike Perry.
Hallmark Cards Inc. owns Crown Media Family Networks, which owns the Hallmark Channel.
Mr. Abbott didnt respond to a phone call seeking comment, and the company declined to make Mr. Abbott available for comment.
What do you expect the Hallmark Channel to look for in a new CEO? Join the conversation below.
Mr. Abbott in November had said the Hallmark Channel would be open to LGBTQ-friendly programming, prompting some viewers to call the network to criticize the idea. Then in early December, when the network began airing ads from wedding-planning firm Zola Inc. featuring a wedding of two brides, complaints flooded in.
On Dec. 10, the company learned that One Million Moms, a division of the conservative American Family Association, published a petition urging Hallmark to reconsider airing commercials with same-sex couples.
Mr. Abbott and other network executives decided to pull the plug on the Zola ad on Dec. 12.
A swift backlash ensued. On Dec. 14, gay-rights advocacy group Glaad told Hallmark it had plans to call the Hallmark Channels advertisers and suggest they pull their ads in protest. That evening, the comedy-sketch program Saturday Night Live poked fun at the One Million Moms petition during its Weekend Update segment.
Hallmark Cards executive leadership team decided to reverse the decision during a Dec. 15 afternoon conference call, according to the company. Mr. Perry, the Hallmark Cards CEO, in a statement that day said the move by the Crown Media team to pull the ad was the wrong decision.
The backlash over Hallmark Channels handling of the ad came during the holiday season, when it normally enjoys its highest ratings of the year.
In the week before Christmas, immediately after the controversy, the network drew an average of 1.7 million viewers, down from about two million in 2018, according to Nielsen data. For the television season that started in September, the channel is averaging 1.5 million viewers, down 17% from the previous year.
Mr. Abbott had been with Crown Media for 11 years, according to the Hallmark Cards statement. I want to thank Bill for his many years of success and contributions to Crown Media and wish him continued success, Mr. Perry said.
Write to Patience Haggin at patience.haggin@wsj.com
Previous As the coronavirus outbreak continues, key questions remain about the nature of the virus and how quickly and easily it can spread between people.
Next General manager Mickey Loomis said Wednesday that he wants Drew Brees back with the Saints and, in that regard, it's "no different than it's been the last few years."


Embroidery logo on the front and back. A rubber badge on the sleeve and pink fabric lining on the shoulders. Including all over pattern printed sleeves and rubber Dominator zipper puller on the front pockets.
Embroidery logo on the front, sleeve and back. Including an all over dessert pattern print and two front pockets.


text:
Mel Eves: Jack's the lad for Gareth Southgate
Aston Villa play reigning Premier League champions Manchester City in front of a sell-out crowd at Villa Park this afternoon (4.30pm).
Mel Eves
Dean Smith's Villa will be buzzing after an excellent defensive display and result at The King Power Stadium on Wednesday evening, where they held Leicester City to a 1-1 draw in the first leg of the League Cup semi-final. With the second leg at Villa Park on Tuesday January 28, both teams will still fancy their chances of reaching the Wembley final in March.
On the balance of the play, Leicester clearly deserved their equaliser. But Villa could have come away with a win if not for the poor defending for Leicester's goal.
Jack Grealish of Aston Villa takes on Joao Cancelo of Manchester City
As Smith said: "We gave away a farcical goal. Ezri Konsa has got brain-dazzled. A disappointing goal but it sums up some of our performances on the night. We did get in a lot of tackles and blocks."
Watching from the stands at was England boss Gareth Southgate. The former Villa centre-back was looking at several players as he prepares for this summer's Euro 2020 competition.
'Why not?' - Pundit gives Aston Villa this January transfer advice
He must surely have been impressed with the performance of Jack Grealish. Even with Villa only having 30 per cent of the possession, he produced yet another commanding display. In my opinion, the Villa talisman can't really do much more in order to earn a call-up to the full England squad.
The talented teenager has now matured into a responsible 24-year-old who is fully deserving of joining his team-mate Tyrone Mings in gaining full international honours.
AC Milan chief breaks silence on Pepe Reina to Aston Villa transfer
Even Pep Guardiola, the boss of today's opponents, said when asked about Grealish: ''He's an exceptional player."
Manchester City can be absolutely awesome on their day and Smith knows that his players will have to be somewhere near their maximum if they are to have a chance of getting a result against the reigning champions.
He said: ''It'll take a lot of our players to have eights and nines out of ten and for them to have an off-day, but I think that's the case for everyone who plays against Manchester City, bar Liverpool."
Report names Aston Villa's top two January transfer targets
The January transfer window is now open, with both Villa and Wolves needing to strengthen their squads. Villa have acted swiftly in signing Premier League winner Danny Drinkwater on loan from Chelsea and they have to find a replacement for centre-forward Wesley, who is side-lined with a knee injury for the rest of the season.
Wolves must also look to strengthen their attacking options with striker Patrick Cutrone returning to Italy after just half a season with the old-gold and black. The Italian forward joins up with Fiorentina.
Aston Villa finances
The true value of Jack Grealish
How much Villa's top director earned
How important Premier League cash is
Villa's Companies House updates
Along with defender Jesus Vallejo, who has returned to Real Madrid midway through his loan spell, Cutrone just didn't quite come up to the standards demanded by manager Nuno for his always-improving Wolves outfit.
It is never easy to bring in the right players in January, though. As Nuno said: ''It needs time, needs proper decisions for us to bring players that can really help us and bring different characteristics to our squad."
This is the time of year when key moves in the transfer window can make or break your season. Let's keep our fingers crossed that our clubs get it right.
Villa Park Stadium


text:
South Korea warns of supply disruptions, economic damage if truckers strike
Asia-Pacific , South Korea |
By Hyonhee Shin and Ju-min Park
SEOUL (Reuters) -South Korea's prime minister urged unionised truckers on Tuesday to scrap plans to go on strike this week to spare the economy what he called paralysis and irreversible damage, fuelling fears for the post-pandemic recovery of global supply chains.
For the second time in less than six months, the trucking union in major exporter South Korea has threatened to begin a nationwide strike on Thursday which could disrupt manufacturing and fuel supplies in the world's top 10th economy.
The strike coincides with a worldwide increase in industrial action sparked by a slowdown in the global economy, and a surge in inflation and fuel costs.
"The union's refusal to transport would cause irreparable damage to the national economy beyond logistics paralysis," Prime Minister Han Duck-soo told reporters. "In the worst case, it could lead to the collapse of the logistics system, cutting our industries' external credibility and threatening global competitiveness."
In June, an eight-day strike by South Korean truckers delayed cargo shipments of products ranging from autos to semiconductors in Asia's fourth-largest economy, costing more than $1.2 billion in lost output and unmet deliveries.
The Cargo Truckers Solidarity Union, which has called for the strike, wants the government to extend beyond December its "Safe Trucking Freight Rate", a policy put in place during the COVID-19 pandemic that guarantees a minimum annual wage.
During talks this week, the government and ruling party offered a three-year extension of the scheme, but refused to accept the unions' request to extend these benefits to truckers in better-paying industries, such as fuel and steel.
The union has since rejected this compromise deal, saying the truckers, who are mostly independent contractors, must be protected from fuel price fluctuations and exploitation.
"Life or death, we are going on strike this time with rage," union chief Lee Bong-ju Lee told reporters.
Lee said truckers supplying fuel from the four major refineries would also join the strike. SK Innovation Co Ltd, owner of SK Energy, the country's largest refiner by output, said it was trying its best to prevent any disruptions to its customers. It gave no further details.
During the truckers' strike in June, companies including Hyundai Motor and steelmaker POSCO were forced to cut output.
POSCO on Tuesday warned that the planned strike could slow down repair works to a major plant hit by a flood this summer.
(Reporting by Hyonhee Shin and Ju-min Park; Additional reporting by Heekyong Yang; Editing by Miral Fahmy)
More South Korea News
U.S., South Korean trade officials discuss Inflation Reduction Act at APEC -U.S. statement
South Korean apartment prices drop at steepest pace in two decades
China to speed up free trade agreement talks with S.Korea- Xi
Asia-Pacific , China , South Korea |
View more South Korea News


text:
// ===================================================
// Helper Functions - Date formatter
// ===================================================
function stringToDate(dateString) {
	var date = new Date(dateString.replace(/-/g,"/"));
	if (!isNaN(date) && isFinite(date) ) {
		return date.getDate() + '/' + (date.getMonth() + 1) + '/' +  date.getFullYear();
	} else {
		return '';
	}
};
function stringToTime(dateString) {
	var date = new Date(dateString.replace(/-/g,"/"));
	if (!isNaN(date) && isFinite(date) ) {
		return date.getHours() + ":" + date.getMinutes() + ":" + date.getSeconds();
	} else {
		return '';
	}
};
function curentTimeString() {
	var dt = new Date();
	var time = dt.getHours() + ":" + dt.getMinutes() + ":" + dt.getSeconds();
	return time;
};
// ===================================================
// Helper Functions - Clear form
// ===================================================
function clearArticleForm() {
	$('#articalEditTitle').val('');
	$('#articalEditSummary').val('');
	$('#previewing').attr('src', 'images/noimage.png');
	$('#articalEditImage').val('');
	$('#articalEditHeader').val('');
	$('#articalEditBody').val('');
	$('#articalEditConclusion').val('');
	$('#articalEditCategory').val('');
};
// ===================================================
// Helper Functions - urlHistory
// ===================================================
var urlHistory = {
    // Array of pages that are visited during a single page load.
    // Each has a url and optional transition, title, and pageUrl
    // (which represents the file path, in cases where URL is obscured, such as dialogs)
    stack: [],
    // maintain an index number for the active page in the stack
    activeIndex: 0,
    // get active
    getActive: function () {
        return urlHistory.stack[urlHistory.activeIndex];
    },
    getPrev: function () {
        return urlHistory.stack[urlHistory.activeIndex - 1];
    },
    getNext: function () {
        return urlHistory.stack[urlHistory.activeIndex + 1];
    },
    // addNew is used whenever a new page is added
    addNew: function (url, transition, title, pageUrl, role) {
        // if theres forward history, wipe it
        if (urlHistory.getNext()) {
            urlHistory.clearForward();
        }
        urlHistory.stack.push({
            url: url,
            transition: transition,
            title: title,
            pageUrl: pageUrl,
            role: role
        });
        urlHistory.activeIndex = urlHistory.stack.length - 1;
    },
    //wipe urls ahead of active index
    clearForward: function () {
        urlHistory.stack = urlHistory.stack.slice(0, urlHistory.activeIndex + 1);
    }
};
// ===================================================
// Conditional events
// ===================================================
$(document).on('pageinit', function() {
	bindRefreshClickEvent();
	bindImageHide();
	bindInitSignInState();
	bindImagePreview();
});
// ===================================================
// Bind function
// ===================================================
function bindArticleViewTransitionEvent() {
	$('.articleTransition').bind( "click", function(e) {
		localStorage.setItem( 'useArticleID', e.currentTarget.hash.replace('#','') );
		$.mobile.pageContainer.pagecontainer("change", "#pageArticale");
	});
}
function bindCategoryViewTransitionEvent() {
	$('.categoryTransition').bind( "click", function(e) {
		//useCategory = e.currentTarget.hash.replace('#','');
		localStorage.setItem( 'useCategory', e.currentTarget.hash.replace('#','') );
		$.mobile.pageContainer.pagecontainer("change", "#pageByCategory");
	});
}
function bindRefreshClickEvent() {
	$('#refreshFeed').bind( "click", function(event, ui) {
		refreshNews();
	});
}
function bindImageHide() {
	$("img").each(function(){
		(!this.src || $(this).prop("src")) && $(this).hide();
	});
}
function bindInitSignInState() {
	$('.loginButton').bind( "click", function(e) {
		if(e.currentTarget.hash === '') {
			e.preventDefault();
			localStorage.removeItem('user');
			var a = $('.loginButton');
			$.each(a,function( index, value ) {
				$(value).text('SignIn'); value.hash='pageSignIN';
			});
	    		$(':mobile-pagecontainer').pagecontainer('change', '#pageLanding', { reload: false });
		}
	});
}
function bindImagePreview() {
	$('#articalEditImage').bind( "change", function(e) {
		$("#message").empty();
		var file = this.files[0];
		var imageFileType = file.type;
		var match= ["image/jpeg","image/png","image/jpg"];

		if(match.indexOf(imageFileType) == -1) {
			$('#previewing').attr('src','images/noimage.png');
			$("#message").html("
Please Select A valid Image File "+
					   "Note: Only jpeg, jpg and png Images type allowed
");
			return false;
		} else {
			var reader = new FileReader();
			reader.onload = imageIsLoaded;
			reader.readAsDataURL(this.files[0]);
		}
	});

	function imageIsLoaded(e) {
		$("#file").css("color","green");
		$('#previewing').attr('src', e.target.result);
		$('#previewing').attr('width', '250px');
		$('#previewing').attr('height', '250px');
	};
}
// Manage
function bindArticlesManageDeleteEvent() {
	$('.articleDelete').bind( "click", function(e) {
		localStorage.setItem( 'useArticleID', e.currentTarget.hash.replace('#','') );

		// call delete on server and reload page
		$.ajax({
			url	: 'http://appctsnet.info/api/article/'+ localStorage.getItem('useArticleID'),
			type	: 'DELETE',
			cache	: false,
			contentType : false,
			processData : false,
			success: function(data, textStatus, jqXHR) {
				localStorage.removeItem( 'useArticleID' );
				loadArticlesForUser( localStorage.getItem('user') );
			},
			error: function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown) {
				alert('delete failed');
				document.title='error';
			}
		});
	});
}
function bindArticlesManageEditEvent() {
	$('.articleEdit').bind( "click", function(e) {
		localStorage.setItem( 'useArticleID', e.currentTarget.hash.replace('#','') );
		$.mobile.pageContainer.pagecontainer("change", "#pageArticaleEdit");
	});
}

// ===================================================
// Bind events
// ===================================================
$(document).bind( "pagebeforeshow" , function(event,ui){
	var targetPage = ui.toPage[0].id;

	if((targetPage !== null) && (targetPage === 'pageLanding')) {
		refreshNews();
		localStorage.removeItem('useArticleID')
	}
	if((targetPage !== null) && (targetPage === 'pageByCategory')) {
		if((localStorage.getItem('useCategory') !== null) && (localStorage.getItem('useCategory') !== undefined)) {
			loadArticlesForCategory( localStorage.getItem('useCategory') );
		}
	}
	if((targetPage !== null) && (targetPage === 'pageManageArticles')) {
		if((localStorage.getItem('user') !== null) && (localStorage.getItem('user') !== undefined)) {
			loadArticlesForUser( localStorage.getItem('user') );
		}
	}
	if((targetPage !== null) && (targetPage === 'pageArticale')) {
		if((localStorage.getItem('useArticleID') !== null) && (localStorage.getItem('useArticleID') !== undefined)) {
			loadArticleView( localStorage.getItem('useArticleID') );
		}
	}
	if((targetPage !== null) && (targetPage === 'pageComments')) {
		if((localStorage.getItem('useArticleID') !== null) && (localStorage.getItem('useArticleID') !== undefined)) {
			loadCommentsViewByArticleID( localStorage.getItem('useArticleID') );
		}
	}
	if((targetPage !== null) && (targetPage === 'pageArticaleEdit')) {
		if((localStorage.getItem('user') !== null) && (localStorage.getItem('user') !== undefined)) {
			if((localStorage.getItem('useArticleID') !== null) && (localStorage.getItem('useArticleID') !== undefined)) {
				// edit an article
				console.log('EDIT AN ARTICLE');
				// load article into form
				loadArticleForm( localStorage.getItem('useArticleID') );
			} else {
				// write an article
				console.log('WRITE AN ARTICLE');
				// clear article into form
				clearArticleForm();
			}
		} else {
			$(':mobile-pagecontainer').pagecontainer('change', '#pageLanding', { reload: false });
		}
	}
	if((targetPage !== null) && (targetPage === 'pageMailConfirm')) {
/*		if((localStorage.getItem('user') !== null) && (localStorage.getItem('user') !== undefined)) {
			// call server and update UI;
			$.mobile.loading( "show" );
			$.ajax({
				url	: 'http://appctsnet.info/api/user/'+localStorage.getItem('user'),
			        type	: 'GET',
			        dataType: 'json',
			        async	: true,
			        success	: function (result) {
					//siteNewsSummary.parseJSONP(result);
					console.log(result);
			        	$.mobile.loading( "hide" );
				},
			        error	: function (request,error) {
			        	alert('Network error has occurred please try again!');
			        	$.mobile.loading( "hide" );
				}
			});
		}*/
	}
	if((targetPage !== null) && (localStorage.getItem('user') !== undefined) && (localStorage.getItem('user') !== null)) {
		var a = $('.loginButton');
		$.each(a,function( index, value ) {
			$(value).text('Sign Out'); value.hash='#';
		});
		$('#articleMenu').empty();
		$("#articleMenu").append('

');
		$("#articleMenuElements").append('
'+
						 'Manage your articales
');
		$('#articleMenuElements').append('
'+
						 'Post an articale
');
	    	$('#articleMenu').navbar();
	} else {
		var a = $('.loginButton');
		$.each(a,function( index, value ) {
			$(value).text('SignIn'); value.hash='pageSignIN';
		});
		$('#articleMenu').empty();
		$("#articleMenu").append('

');
		$('#articleMenuElements').append('

')
	    	$('#articleMenu').navbar();
	}
});
// ===================================================
/*
$(document).bind( "pagebeforeshow" , function(event,ui){
    console.log('AAAA');
    console.log($.mobile.urlHistory.stack);
});
***************************************************************************
$(document).on('pagechange', 'div:jqmData(role="page")', function(){
    console.log('BBBB');
    console.log($.mobile.urlHistory.stack);
});
*/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A bucket list type trip for sure! The Galapagos islands were truly mesmerizing. They were remote, unspoiled, filled with animals (many endemic to Galapagos) and the scenery was over the top. We chose Silver Seas as it had great ratings and we wanted a slightly larger ship with very experienced naturalists. While the ship holds about 100 people, I think we only had about 85 on board and it never felt crowded. Silver Seas has this down pat! From the moment you arrive at the airport, it is well organized and orchestrated. You never felt rushed or like you were part of a herd. Each experience was personalized and the staff and crew were very polite, respectful and helpful. Each day, you wake up early and head out for excursions. Most days, there were options to choose from. Each excursion started in a zodiac and you headed out to explore an island, snorkel, kayak or visit a small town. Each zodiac had a guide who lead you through the excursion and ensured each guest got the most out of it. The animals are a highlight of the whole trip. They are not afraid of people and you get a very up close (but not too close) experience with sea lions, birds, iguanas, fish and so much more. The ship itself was very nice. Rooms were spacious (for a cruise ship) and well appointed. Your personal butler ensured you had everything you needed and was quick to respond to any special request. Every time we left the room, they came in and cleaned and straightened it up. The ship wasn't new but well kept up. There was only one restaurant and the Grill on board. We had breakfast at the restaurant buffet each morning and chose to have lunch in the Grill on the deck of floor 5. We alternated between the Grill and main restaurant for dinner. The food was very good in both. I do think they could expand the Grill dinner menu beyond on the hot rocks as it was fun the first night and then got a little old. The restaurant food was all excellent and what I would expect at a fine dining establishment. Our fellow travelers were generally 40-60'ish years old and liked a very active vacation. There is little time to rest during the week. You could choose to skip excursions but then why go on this trip? It was action packed and crazy busy but exactly what we expected. There was only 1 child on our trip and about 10 teenagers who seemed to really enjoy it. Most people were part of bigger (6-12 people) groups which included families, siblings, multi generational, friends, etc. One word of warning which Silver Seas is clear about - this is not a trip for anyone that is mobility challenged. The ship isn't set up for it and the excursions all require you to go up and down steep steps on a rocking ship to the zodiac and often disembark in to the ocean and walk ashore to hike on a rugged trail. There is no entertainment on the ship other than a small piano bar for pre-dinner cocktails while watching the sunset. Most people were in their cabins by 10pm resting up for another big day of excursions. Overall, this was a once-in-a-lifetime trip although we may go back again one day and see the Western part of the archipelago. Also, we chose March as the seas were warmer for snorkeling although the air temperature was very warm too. It is the rainy season, but we didn't see even a drop of rainy and it was sunny each day. Can't recommend this trip on the Silver Galapagos highly enough!
Blue Footed Booby - very funny to watch them dance!
Sea lions were very entertaining!
Beautiful ship traveling amazing islands!
A bucket list type trip for sure! The Galapagos islands were truly mesmerizing. They were remote, unspoiled, filled with animals (many endemic to Galapagos) and the scenery was over the top.
We chose Silver Seas as it had great ratings and we wanted a slightly larger ship with very experienced naturalists. While the ship holds about 100 people, I think we only had about 85 on board and it never felt crowded. Silver Seas has this down pat! From the moment you arrive at the airport, it is well organized and orchestrated. You never felt rushed or like you were part of a herd. Each experience was personalized and the staff and crew were very polite, respectful and helpful.
Each day, you wake up early and head out for excursions. Most days, there were options to choose from. Each excursion started in a zodiac and you headed out to explore an island, snorkel, kayak or visit a small town. Each zodiac had a guide who lead you through the excursion and ensured each guest got the most out of it. The animals are a highlight of the whole trip. They are not afraid of people and you get a very up close (but not too close) experience with sea lions, birds, iguanas, fish and so much more.
The ship itself was very nice. Rooms were spacious (for a cruise ship) and well appointed. Your personal butler ensured you had everything you needed and was quick to respond to any special request. Every time we left the room, they came in and cleaned and straightened it up. The ship wasn't new but well kept up.
There was only one restaurant and the Grill on board. We had breakfast at the restaurant buffet each morning and chose to have lunch in the Grill on the deck of floor 5. We alternated between the Grill and main restaurant for dinner. The food was very good in both. I do think they could expand the Grill dinner menu beyond on the hot rocks as it was fun the first night and then got a little old. The restaurant food was all excellent and what I would expect at a fine dining establishment.
Our fellow travelers were generally 40-60'ish years old and liked a very active vacation. There is little time to rest during the week. You could choose to skip excursions but then why go on this trip? It was action packed and crazy busy but exactly what we expected. There was only 1 child on our trip and about 10 teenagers who seemed to really enjoy it. Most people were part of bigger (6-12 people) groups which included families, siblings, multi generational, friends, etc.
One word of warning which Silver Seas is clear about - this is not a trip for anyone that is mobility challenged. The ship isn't set up for it and the excursions all require you to go up and down steep steps on a rocking ship to the zodiac and often disembark in to the ocean and walk ashore to hike on a rugged trail. There is no entertainment on the ship other than a small piano bar for pre-dinner cocktails while watching the sunset. Most people were in their cabins by 10pm resting up for another big day of excursions.
Overall, this was a once-in-a-lifetime trip although we may go back again one day and see the Western part of the archipelago. Also, we chose March as the seas were warmer for snorkeling although the air temperature was very warm too. It is the rainy season, but we didn't see even a drop of rainy and it was sunny each day.
Can't recommend this trip on the Silver Galapagos highly enough!
Definitely get a balcony room. It was a tad dated, but well appointed.
It isn't a huge balcony but nice to sit outside or watch for sea turtles, sharks and more as you were moving from one island to the next.


text:
Q: o que significa o "string" no CSS? Olá gostaria de saber exatamente o que significa o termo string no CSS e de que maneira ele é usado o CSS?

A: O tipo de dados CSS string representa uma sequência de caracteres. As cadeias de caracteres são usadas em várias propriedades CSS, como content, font-family, e quotes.
Sintaxe:
O tipo de dados  é composto de qualquer número de caracteres Unicode cercados por aspas duplas (") ou simples (').
Exemplos:
/ * Strings simples * /
"Esta string é marcada com aspas duplas."
'Esta cadeia é marcada por aspas simples.'

/ * Escapando caracteres * /
"Esta é uma string com \" uma aspa dupla com escape. "
"Esta string também tem \ 22 uma aspa dupla escapada."
'Esta é uma string com \' uma aspas simples com escape. '
'Esta cadeia também tem \ 27 uma cota simples de escape.'
"Esta é uma string com \\ uma barra invertida com escape."

/ * Nova linha em uma string * /
"Esta string tem uma quebra de \ Aline."

/ * String abrangendo duas linhas de código (essas duas seqüências terão saída idêntica) * /
"Um muito longo \
corda impressionante "
"Uma string realmente longa e impressionante"

Exemplo de uso com a propriedade <content>:
/* Valores <string> com caracteres especiais devem ser escritos */
/* com escape Unicode, por exemplo \00A0 para   */
content: "prefixo";

/* Valores <url> */
content: url("http://www.example.com/test.png");

A propriedade CSS content é usada com os pseudoelementos ::before e ::after para gerar conteúdo em um elemento. Objetos inseridos usando a propriedade content são elementos substituídos anônimos.


Consistent parent involvement dramatically increases the likelihood that quality learning will occur. Parents play such a crucial role in their children's academic, physical, social, and moral development that we, as teachers, make a huge mistake if we view them as anything other than indispensable collaborators. If we are committed to bringing the best out of our students, we need to build and maintain long-term relationships of loyalty, trust, and respect with their parents. Investing the time and effort to work closely with parents throughout the year maximizes our chances of helping students reach their incredible potential.
• helping parents help their children at home.


Entertainment and good music all around us!!!!!!!!
Check out time at 10.30 am.
Reception open 10.00 to 22.00Hs.
The airport is situated in Hondarribia/Fuenterrabia. From the airport you can take a bus or taxi to reach Donostia. Airport phone number: 943.668.500.
Renfe Train Station: When you leave the station walk to the river, turn right and cross over the last bridge. Then walk about 150 meters and you get to the Boulevard,once there turn on your rigth, two blocks , and in Fermin Calbeton street , go to the number 23 .


Batangas, just a minimum of a two-hour drive away from Manila (sans the visitors and by way of the SLEX) is well-known for its seashores and dive spots. We landed to the airport in Antalia, which is far about one hundred thirty kilometres from bus for Alanya waited us at the airport of arrived to our hotel in Alanya and we acquired a pleasant room with a view to the swimming pool and the beautiful hotel could be very close to the sea and the beaches. The airport authority will determine which flight will land at which pier depending on the visitors situation, so I can not reply your query. One of the biggest world vast lodge companies that I use is Their benefit is that they've an office in Bangkok so they are at all times on high of the very best low cost lodges.
Next to the promenade you'll find the 'Piazza Dal Vittoria' a phenomenal area with restaurants, cafes, outlets and inns. Individuals visiting and staying in lodges in Las Vegas unfortunately DO develop into victims of housebreaking and theft every so often. Since there's so many motels in the space to compete in opposition to, lodges have a tough time reaching their occupancy quota. There are just a few Western-style resorts in Foshan, which is a half hour drive from Shunde. In case you are touring on a very special occasion like honeymoon or necessary celebration, luxury resorts in Paris are definitely really useful.
This eleven-room lodge () and restaurant is situated in a tiny, beautiful and quiet village about one hour northeast of CDG airport. Probably the most visited attraction in Memphis is the home of Elvis Presley referred to as Graceland. Within walking distance of Burger King, Wendy's, a 24-hour comfort store, and a well-stocked liquor store, Microtel is one of the space's most affordable lodges whereas sustaining above-quality requirements for their institution. Throughout our trip I checkout accommodations closer to Beale Road that I might be selecting subsequent time.
Since Calatagan seashore is characterised by rocky shorelines, many of the resorts in the space supply pool facilities (though some still have fabulous seashore entrance). Value Place resorts is an effective choice over in my location as long as you do not have a pet. Even if you cannot get a buddy or acquaintance to let you use their deal with to obtain mail at or to record on functions, you may be able to get them to allow you to use their deal with to get a Submit Office field or mail box at a mail store. Not having booked into any of the resorts in Salò I am not certified to give an opinion.