text:
gms | German Medical Science
GMS ID
About GMS ID
ID meetings
GMS Infectious Diseases
Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e.V. (PEG)
Search in GMS ID
Current Volume
Evaluation of a new combined Western and line blot assay (EUROLINE-WB) for diagnosis and species identification of Echinococcus infection in humans
Search Medline for
Deininger S
Wellinghausen N
Susanne Deininger - MVZ Labor Ravensburg, Germany
Nele Wellinghausen - MVZ Labor Ravensburg, Germany
GMS Infect Dis 2019;7:Doc01
doi: 10.3205/id000041, urn:nbn:de:0183-id0000411
© 2019 Deininger et al.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Serological detection of echinococcosis is crucial for diagnosis and management. We evaluated the new blot assay Euroline-WB (ELB, Euroimmun) which consists of a Western blot with Echinococcus multilocularis (E.m.) vesicle antigens and a line blot part with recombinant antigens from E. granulosus (E.g., genus-specific EgAgB) and E.m. (species-specific Em18 and Em95), in comparison to a commercial Western Blot (EWB, LDBio) for detection and species differentiation of echinococcosis within routine laboratory diagnostics. Thirty-five serum samples from 35 patients classified according to a standardized classification were included in the analysis. Out of 24 cases of proven and probable infection with E.m. or E.g. 16 (66.7%) and 15 (62.5%) were correctly identified on species level by EWB and ELB, respectively. False Echinococcus species were assigned in two cases by EWB but none by ELB. Negative blot results in patients with proven infections were noticed in 8.3% (ELB) compared to 4.2% (EWB), but were limited to patients with antiparasitic therapy or post-surgery indicating a treatment-induced loss of antibody activity. Thus, identification of Echinococcus infection at least on the genus level was possible in 23/24 (95.8%) and 19/24 (79.2%) of patients by EWB and ELB (or 22/24 patients (91.7%) including borderline results of ELB), respectively. Recombinant Em18 and Em95 were highly specific for detection of E.m. infection but differed in sensitivity (Em18 56% and 80 %, and Em95 22% and 20% in proven and probable infections, respectively). Advantages of ELB are the standardized analysis of the banding pattern by EUROLineScan software and a faster turn-around-time.
Keywords: echinococcosis, echinococcus, immunodiagnosis, serology, blot
Echinococcosis is a worldwide distributed parasitic disease mainly caused by larvae of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus (E.) multilocularis and the dog tapeworm E. granulosus. While E. granulosus (E.g.) occurs worldwide, E. multilocularis (E.m.) is only prevalent on the northern hemisphere. In Europe, E.g. is mainly distributed in Mediterranean countries and the Middle East. In contrast, E.m. is endemic in central Europe, especially Germany, Switzerland, and France, but has expanded to countries further east and north in recent decades [1].
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by E.m., is characterized by an infiltrative growing tumor, preferentially in the liver, that often forms metastasis. In contrast, larvae of E.g., the cause of cystic echinococcosis (CE), grow as large cysts with brood capsules without the development of metastasis. The liver is most often affected but localization of cysts in the lung or other organs occurs more frequent than in AE. Therapeutic measures of echinococcosis differ in dependence of the kind (AE or CE) and stadium of disease, and include surgical removal of cysts, application of antiparasitic drugs, like albendazole, or even a "wait-and-watch-approach" [2], [3], [4]. An early diagnosis and subsequent treatment of affected persons may reduce complications of the disease and, thus, improve prognosis of the patients.
The diagnosis of echinococcosis is based on imaging techniques, histopathology, and serological tests. Since imaging results can be difficult to interpret and histopathology is not achievable in all patients, serology is a helpful non-invasive tool for diagnosis of disease and monitoring of follow-up. For serological screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and indirect hemagglutination (IHA) tests based on crude echinococcal extract from hydatid fluid of E.g. are widely used. For diagnosis of AE, apart from E.-m.-specific in-house tests an ELISA detecting E.-m.-specific IgG antibodies by use of recombinant E.-m.-specific Em2-Em18 antigens is commercially available [5]. However, serological cross reactions between other parasites and also between E.g. and E.m. do occur frequently and hamper identification of the causative Echinococcus species [5]. On the other hand, encapsulation of Echinococcus within the cysts restrains the release of antigens, thus, leading to negative test results. Antigen release is highest in liver cysts, about 50% in cases of exclusive lung cysts and even lower in central nervous system manifestations.
For serological confirmation of echinococcosis and for differentiation between infections with E.m. and E.g. a commercially available Western blot assay (EWB, LDBio) that uses a whole larval antigen extract of E.m. can be used [5], [6], [7]. Recently, a new immunoblot has been brought to market (Anti-Echinococcus EUROLINE-WB (IgG), EUROIMMUN AG). This test consists of a Western blot with Echinococcus vesicle antigens and, in addition, a line blot part with recombinant antigens from E.m. and E.g. In the present study, for the first time we evaluated the new EUROLINE-WB (ELB) in comparison to the EWB under routine laboratory conditions. In addition, the diagnostic value of the recombinant antigens EgAgB, Em18, and Em95 included in ELB was evaluated.
All serum samples with ambiguous results in our standard serological workup for echinococcosis requiring confirmation by Western blot (see below) between December 2014 and August 2016 were initially included in this study (n=43 sera from 43 patients). Out of these 43 patients 35 patients were regarded as cases of echinococcosis, and were finally included in the analysis. After completion of routine serological workup including blot testing by EWB, the serum samples were stored at –20°C and tested by ELB in batches.
Serological workup
Routine workup of Echinococcus serology in our laboratory consists of Echinococcus genus-specific ELISA (Serion classic Echinococcus IgG (EspE), Virion Serion, Wuerzburg, Germany), E.-multilocularis-specific ELISA (EmE, Bordier Affinity Products SA, Crissier, Switzerland), and IHA (Cellognost Echinococcosis, Siemens, Marburg, Germany). If these tests do not allow diagnosing or ruling out echinococcosis including species differentiation in case of positive serological results, a Western blot (EWB, LDBio Diagnostics, Lyon, France) is performed. Serum samples from patients with known echinococcosis but fulfilling the above diagnostic criteria were also included in the study.
All tests were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The EspE uses inactivated hydatid fluid from E.g. as antigen and detects IgG against E.g. and E.m. quantitatively (<10 U/ml negative, 10–15 U/ml borderline, >15 U/ml positive). The EmE is intended for detection of IgG against E.m. and uses recombinant E.-m.-specific Em2-Em18 antigens. Results are indicated in index values (index <90 negative, 90–110 borderline, >110 positive). The IHA contains human 0-erythrocytes sensitized with E.g. hydatid antigens. A titer of >32 is rated as positive. Serum dilutions of 1:32 are defined as borderline and <1:32 as negative.
The Echinococcus Western blot EWB contains electrophoretically separated E. m. larval antigen extract and detects IgG against E.m. and E.g. A positive control provided in the kit was used in each run as a reference for identification of visible bands. All visible bands are regarded as positive. According to the instructions of the manufacturer, results are classified in five different profiles: Profile P1 (7 kDa band only) and profile P2 (7 kDa band, large diffuse 17 kDa band and very often 26–28 kDa band) are specific for E.g. Profile P3 (26–28 kDa band and the narrow 16 and/or 18 kDa bands and often additional 7, 12, 15, 17, 20 or 24 kDa bands) is specific for E.m. Profile P4 (isolated 26–28 kDa band) and profile P5 (7 kDa and 26–28 kDa band) confirm echinococcosis but do not allow differentiation between E.g. and E.m.
The Echinococcus Euroline-WB blot (ELB) combines a Western blot and a line blot for detection of IgG against Echinococcus. The blot membrane consists in one part of electrophoretically separated E.m. vesicle fluid extract (native antigen) and in the other part of so-called membrane chips carrying the selected recombinant antigens EgAgB (specific for Echinococcus spp.) and Em18 and Em95 (specific for E.m.). In addition, a serum control band is included in each membrane and also a control band which detects the IgG conjugate used. The ELB can be evaluated by a flatbed scanner (e.g. EuroBlotscanner) followed by analyzation using the EUROLineScan software (EUROIMMUN). If the calculated intensity value is higher than the set cut-off value, a band is rated positive. Bands with calculated intensity values between 13 and 17 are rated borderline by the software. According to the manufacturer, a positive Em18 or Em95 band is specific for E.m., while a positive EgAgB band can be obtained for both species. In the Western blot region 7 kDa, p16/18 kDa, p21 kDa and p25/26 kDa bands are evaluated. The blot is regarded negative if there is no band or only a positive 25/26 kDa band or a borderline EgAgB band. Borderline results are defined as a positive EgAgB band and a borderline 7 kDa, 16/18 kDa, 21 kDa, Em18, or Em95 band. The detection of at least one band out of 7 kDa, 21 kDa, 16/18 kDa, Em18, or Em95 is regarded as positive for Echinococcus spp. If the Em18 and/or Em95 band is detectable, E.m. infection is assumed. In contrast, detection of a positive EgAgB band in addition to a 7 kDa, 16/18 kDa, and/or 21 kDa band is rated as E.g. infection.
Classification of patients
Patients were classified into nine groups (Table 1 [Tab. 1]) according to epidemiological data, serological results obtained by EspE, EmE, and IHA, clinical history, and imaging results according to the classification of an expert consensus for diagnosis of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans [3], [4]. This classification was used as "gold standard" for evaluation of EWB and ELB blot assays. Our classification differs in some points from the classification by Kern et al. and Brunetti et al. [3], [4] since we are a diagnostic laboratory receiving specimens from external hospitals and practitioners and, thus, had to focus on serological results. In addition, we obtained clinical data as well as imaging and histological results by the referring physicians. Many patients classified as proven or probable echinococcosis had the disease for years or decades, and were under observation and treatment at various institutions in Germany and abroad. We tried to obtain as much clinical data as possible but, nevertheless, we were not able to prove all data which would have been needed for exact classification according to [3] like imaging and histological results.
Echinococcus genus and species identification by the two blot assays
The results of the different blot assays, EWB and ELB, in the nine defined patient groups, including qualitative results and differentiation of the Echinococcus species, are depicted in Table 2 [Tab. 2].
Of the nine patients with proven E.m. infection, one patient was falsely identified as E.g. infection by EWB due to the presence of a single 7 kDa band (patient no. 4, Table 3 [Tab. 3]). The ELB showed the same banding pattern (7 kDa band only) but, according to the instructions of the manufacturer, this result is interpreted as infection as E.spp. without species differentiation. One patient with proven E.m. infection who is under antiparasitic therapy for five years was negative by ELB (no. 5) and another patient was borderline (no. 6) while EWB identified infection with E.spp. (Table 3 [Tab. 3]).
Of the five patients with proven E.g. infection, one (no. 9) was negative in both, EWB and ELB. This Turkish patient underwent nephrectomy due to echinococcal cyst in the kidney 15 years ago and had no signs of residual disease by imaging. However, EspE was still positive with 37 U/ml (Table 3 [Tab. 3]). One patient from Greece (no. 7) with presence of a single 7 kDa band in both blots showed discrepant species identification due to different identification criteria of the manufacturers (see above). The three other patients in this group also came from countries endemic for E.g. (Turkey, Ukraine).
The single patient with proven E.spp. infection but lacking species identification (no. 32) was confirmed by EWB whereas ELB did not detect any specific bands. This patient from Austria had surgical resection of a liver lesion with histological confirmation of E.spp. in the past and was still under antiparasitic treatment (Table 3 [Tab. 3]).
In a 10-year-old-girl with proven Echinococcus infection in the spine (no. 24) and highly positive antibody titers in IHA, EspE, and EmE definite species identification was not possible but infection with E.g. appeared more probable. Several bands were detected in both, EWB and ELB, but species identification of the blots differed (Table 3 [Tab. 3]). In EWB, the presence of the E.m.-specific 18 kDa band suggested E.m. infection, whereas the E.m.-specific bands Em18 or Em95 were not detected in ELB, thus, suggesting E.g. infection. This rather unusual case of echinococcosis was a German girl that had not been abroad but lives with very close contact to several dogs in her family and even sleeps with the dogs in bed. She presented with a large paravertebral cyst which rapidly regressed under albendazole therapy within a few months. Surgical resection was not done.
Of the five patients with probable E.m. infection, four were confirmed by EWB and ELB. In one patient (no. 22) the 7 kDa and 26-28 KDa band was detected in EWB and a borderline 7 KDa band in ELB which was interpreted as infection by E.spp. and equivocal Echinococcus infection, respectively. This 73-year-old patient had several cystic lesions in the liver without typical morphology for echinococcosis.
Of the two cases with probable E.g. infection, one patient from Afghanistan showed merely a borderline result by ELB since only borderline antibodies against the 16–18 KDa antigen were detected despite high EspE and IHA titers (no. 30). In contrast, detection of a positive 7 kDa band in EWB suggested E.g. infection (Table 3 [Tab. 3]). The other patient with probable E.g. infection also came from a country where CE is much more common than AE (Turkey).
Of the four patients probably infected with E.spp., serum of a 70-year-old patient was negative in ELB (no.27). In contrast, EWB confirmed E.spp. infection due to presence of a 26–28 kDa band in this patient. EspE result was borderline and IHA weak positive and this laboratory constellation was already observed four years ago. Clinical data were unfortunately not available. Serum of patient no. 28 showed borderline 21 kDa and 25/26 kDa bands in ELB but was identified as E.m. infection according to 16 kDa and 26–28 KDa bands in EWB (Table 3 [Tab. 3]). This 79-year-old patient showed positive results in EspE, IHA, and EmE and had several calcified liver lesions.
In the group of cases with possible E.spp. infection two cases were differentiated as E.g. infection by EWB due to a 7 kDa band. In contrast, ELB defined these cases as a borderline (no. 33) and E.spp. infection (no. 26) by reason of a borderline and prominent 7 kDa band, respectively. Both patients had minor ELISA and IHA results and ambiguous cystic liver lesions. Sera of the three other patients were negative in both blots.
Altogether, out of the 24 cases of proven or probable infection with Echinococcus spp. and species identification (patient groups no. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6) 16 (66.7%) and 15 (62.5%) were correctly identified on the species level by EWB and ELB, respectively (Table 4 [Tab. 4]). While a wrong Echinococcus species was identified in two cases by EWB, no false identification occurred by use of ELB. However, a false negative blot result was noticed more frequently in ELB compared to EWB (8.3% versus 4.2%, see Table 4 [Tab. 4]). Thus, identification of Echinococcus infection at least on the genus level was possible in 23/24 (95.8%) and 19/24 (79.2%) of patients by EWB and ELB (or 22/24 patients (91.7%) including borderline results of ELB), respectively.
Diagnostic value of recombinant antigens in ELB
In ELB three recombinant antigens, i.e. EgAgB of E.g. and Em18 and Em95 of E.m., are included. Antibodies against EgAgB were detected in 3 of the 5 (67%) patients each with proven or probable E.g. infection, respectively, and also in 5 of 9 (56%) patients with proven E.m. infection (Table 5 [Tab. 5]). In contrast, antibodies against Em18 and Em95 were nearly exclusively detected in patients with proven or probable E.m. infection. While the sensitivity of Em18 was 56% in proven and 80% in probable E.m. infections, sensitivity of Em95 was only 22% and 20%, respectively (Table 5 [Tab. 5]).
Serological identification and species differentiation of Echinococcus infection is important for the diagnosis and management of echinococcosis patients. For serological confirmation of unclear results of screening tests as well as a primary diagnostic test the commercial Western blot EWB based on E.m. larval extract is available for years. It has a high sensitivity for detection of echinococcosis (97%), but differentiation of infections by E.m. and E.g. was possible in 76% of patients only [7]. Recently, the new immunoblot ELB has been brought to market which consists of a Western blot with E.m. vesicle fluid antigens and, in addition, a line blot part with recombinant antigens from E.m. and E.g. In the present study, we evaluated the diagnostic value of both blots under routine laboratory conditions.
Or results showed a higher sensitivity of EWB compared to ELB (95.8% versus 91.7% including borderline results or 79.2% when regarding borderline results as negative) for detection of Echinococcus infection on a genus level in patients with proven or probable AE or CE. However, the number of patients with correct identification of the causative Echinococcus species was comparable by ELB and EWB (62.5% versus 66.7%, see Table 4). Applying the actual interpretation criteria of EWB, which have been changed some years ago, to the banding patterns of Liance et al. [7] results in a percentage of 69% of samples with species differentiation, thus, closely corresponds to our results.
The specificity of ELB appeared higher compared to EWB since no false identifications on species level were detected by ELB in patients with proven or probable Echinococcus infection. In contrast, two cases out of 24 (8.3%) were falsely identified on the species level by EWB. In one of these patients (no. 4, Table 3 [Tab. 3]), the presence of a single band at 7 kDa led to false identification as E.g. infection, according to the instructions of the manufacturer. This interpretation criterion of the manufacturer appears discussable since the 7 kDa antigen is a genus- but not species-specific antigen of Echinococcus [8] and this is also stated in the instructions of the manufacturer of EWB. Remarkably, the identical banding pattern defines Echinococcus infection without species differentiation in ELB. This difference in interpretation of a single 7 kDa band by the two blot manufacturers led to divergent results in two other patients as well (no. 7 and 26, Table 3 [Tab. 3]). The presence of a single band at 7 kDa in patient no. 4 might be explained by the fact that the patient underwent liver surgery four years ago and is since then under albendazole therapy, thus, leading to a decrease of antigen load and a fading immune response against Echinococcus antigens. Tappe et al. reported that the 7 kDa, 16 kDa, and 18 kDa bands markedly decrease and vanish after surgical resection of E.m. lesions within four years [6]. In addition, half of the individuals with antiparasitic chemotherapy showed a decrease in all diagnostic bands within two to three years [6].
The second case with false species identification (no. 24, Table 3 [Tab. 3]) was a quite unusual case of a German child with a huge paravertebral cyst. The cyst was rapidly regressing in size under albendazole treatment, suggesting E.g. infection [3], and the child also lives with very close contact to several dogs in the household. Bands at 7 kDa, 17 kDa, 18 kDa, and 26–28 kDa were detected by EWB which led to the identification of E.m. infection. However, differentiation of bands at 16 kDa and 17 kDa was difficult in EWB. In contrast, ELB led to the diagnosis of E.g. infection due to positive bands at EgAgB, 7 kDa, 16–18 kDa, and 25/26 kDa. It has to be noted that in two other cases visual evaluation of EWB was hindered by a weak and doubtful 16 kDa band as well as by difficult differentiation of bands at 16 kDa and 17 kDa.
Another focus of the study was the evaluation of the three recombinant antigens EgAgB, Em18, and Em95 in ELB. According to the manufacturer, these recombinant antigens are included in the blot stripe in order to improve species differentiation between E.m. and E.g. infection. EgAgB is a polymeric protein secreted into hydatid fluid of E.g. and involved in the process of immune evasion. It consists of the 8 kDa, 16 kDa, and 20–24 kDa subunits and is coded by a multigenic family with at least five genetic groups, i.e. EgAgB1 to EgAgB5. It has to be taken into account that the isoforms produced by E.g. and others produced by E.m. have a homology of more than 90%, and similar antigens were also found in the genus Taenia. Additionally, antibodies from patients with other parasitic diseases including schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis and toxocariasis have given rise to false positive reactions when tested against EgAgB [9]. In our study, three of five cases with proven and probable E.g. infection each (67%) were positive for EgAgB antibodies. Interestingly, five of nine cases with proven E.m. infection (56%) and two of five cases with probable E.m. infection (40%) had a positive EgAgB signal, too (Table 5 [Tab. 5]). Therefore, the recombinant antigen EgAgB does not seem to improve specificity of ELB. Nevertheless, it might be helpful to exclude infections with other parasites which can induce positive bands at 21 kDa (and 25/26 kDa).
The recombinant antigen Em18 has been proven as a highly specific and valuable follow-up marker of AE before. Several studies have shown that Em18 antibody levels correlate with disease progression and drop below cut-off after curative therapy [6], [10], [11]. In our study, we detected no borderline or positive signal for Em18 in CE patients or patients with unlike Echinococcus infection supporting the high specificity of this antigen for E.m. infection. In contrast, the sensitivity of Em18 was lower, reaching 56% and 80% in cases with proven and probable E.m. infection, respectively. The apparent difference in sensitivity between proven and probable cases of E.m. infection is certainly caused by the small number of patients investigated. A relation between a history of surgery of lesions or the presence and duration of albendazole therapy was not observed (data not shown).
Recently, the antigen Em95 was discussed as promising vaccine candidate for AE similar to Eg95 in CE which induced up to 98% protection in animal intermediate hosts against challenge infection with E.g. eggs [12]. Immunization with recombinant Em95 induced significant protection against infection with E.m. eggs in mice [13]. Recombinant subunits of Em95 protein containing B- and T-cell epitopes could specifically bind antibodies in serum from AE patients [14]. Because of its immunostimulatory potency, it was supposed to be a valid candidate for optimization of specificity of the immunoblot. In our study, sensitivity of Em95 was lower than that of Em18 (22% and 20% in cases of proven and probable E.m. infection, respectively), but specificity was very high (100%). In all patients with positive antibodies against Em95, also antibodies against Em18 were detected (data not shown). Therefore, the inclusion of recombinant Em95 in the blot did not have a diagnostic benefit in this study with regard to sensitivity of diagnosing AE.
The following limitations of our study should be regarded. Since we included only one serum sample per patient chosen by routine diagnostic workup in our diagnostic laboratory, the study population was heterogenic with respect to disease activity, therapeutic measures etc. and no defined control group including patients with parasitic diseases other than echinococcosis was investigated. In addition, clinical, imaging and histological data were not obtainable in detail in all patients. For instance, histological results had to be obtained from the referring physician and not from the original histology report, and histology was not done at histology departments specialized in echinococcosis. Exact histological evaluation by a specialist for echinococcosis, for instance also applying the monoclonal antibody Em2G11 [15], [16], would have been desirable and would have allowed an exacter classification of the patients. Clinical and imaging data were obtained by the referring physicians but detailed records were not available. Instead, classification of the patients had to be based primarily on serology and, thus, differs in some points from the established classification system [3], see methods section.
In our diagnostic workup ELB showed the advantage of a faster turn-around-time than EWB (2.5 h versus 4.5 h) and a more standardized evaluation due to scan software compared to visual examination of EWB by a technician. However, variability of the blot assays cannot be evaluated since the blots were performed only once.
The new Western and recombinant blot ELB proofed highly specific in the detection of Echinococcus infection on the species level, both in AE and CE, but slightly less sensitive than the Western blot EWB regarding detection of infection on a genus level. Advantages of ELB are, however, the standardized analysis of the banding pattern by EUROLineScan software and the faster turn-around-time. In our opinion, both blots are valuable diagnostic tools for both confirmation of ambiguous results of serological screening assays, as postulated also by Siles-Lucas [17], and species differentiation of E.g. and E.m. Their value for follow-up under antiparasitic therapy can, however, not be determined yet. In addition, it has to be considered that all serological tests are influenced by the presence of circulating Echinococcus antigens and, therefore, should always be evaluated in the context of disease status, progression and therapy. Histology remains the diagnostic of choice for confirmation of echinococcosis, as also reflected by the actual classification scheme [3].
Euroimmun supplied the kits of ELB for this study.
Vuitton DA, Demonmerot F, Knapp J, Richou C, Grenouillet F, Chauchet A, Vuitton L, Bresson-Hadni S, Millon L. Clinical epidemiology of human AE in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2015 Oct;213(3-4):110-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.036
Agudelo Higuita NI, Brunetti E, McCloskey C. Cystic Echinococcosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2016 Mar;54(3):518-23. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02420-15
Kern P, Menezes da Silva A, Akhan O, Müllhaupt B, Vizcaychipi KA, Budke C, Vuitton DA. The Echinococcoses: Diagnosis, Clinical Management and Burden of Disease. Adv Parasitol. 2017;96:259-369. DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.09.006
Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA; Writing Panel for the WHO-IWGE. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop. 2010 Apr;114(1):1-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.001
Reiter-Owona I, Grüner B, Frosch M, Hoerauf A, Kern P, Tappe D. Serological confirmatory testing of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis in clinical practice: results of a comparative study with commercialized and in-house assays. Clin Lab. 2009;55(1-2):41-8.
Tappe D, Grüner B, Kern P, Frosch M. Evaluation of a commercial Echinococcus Western Blot assay for serological follow-up of patients with alveolar echinococcosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008 Nov;15(11):1633-7. DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00272-08
Liance M, Janin V, Bresson-Hadni S, Vuitton DA, Houin R, Piarroux R. Immunodiagnosis of Echinococcus infections: confirmatory testing and species differentiation by a new commercial Western Blot. J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Oct;38(10):3718-21.
Ito A, Ma L, Schantz PM, Gottstein B, Liu YH, Chai JJ, Abdel-Hafez SK, Altintas N, Joshi DD, Lightowlers MW, Pawlowski ZS. Differential serodiagnosis for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis using fractions of Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid (antigen B) and E. multilocularis protoscolex (EM18). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999 Feb;60(2):188-92. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.188
Manzano-Román R, Sánchez-Ovejero C, Hernández-González A, Casulli A, Siles-Lucas M. Serological Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Human Cystic Echinococcosis: A New Hope for the Future? Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:428205. DOI: 10.1155/2015/428205
Sako Y, Tappe D, Fukuda K, Kobayashi Y, Itoh S, Frosch M, Grüner B, Kern P, Ito A. Immunochromatographic test with recombinant Em18 antigen for the follow-up study of alveolar echinococcosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2011 Aug;18(8):1302-5. DOI: 10.1128/CVI.05156-11
Tappe D, Frosch M, Sako Y, Itoh S, Grüner B, Reuter S, Nakao M, Ito A, Kern P. Close relationship between clinical regression and specific serology in the follow-up of patients with alveolar echinococcosis in different clinical stages. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 May;80(5):792-7. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2009.80.792
Lightowlers MW, Lawrence SB, Gauci CG, Young J, Ralston MJ, Maas D, Heath DD. Vaccination against hydatidosis using a defined recombinant antigen. Parasite Immunol. 1996 Sep;18(9):457-62. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1996.tb01029.x
Gauci C, Merli M, Muller V, Chow C, Yagi K, Mackenstedt U, Lightowlers MW. Molecular cloning of a vaccine antigen against infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. Infect Immun. 2002 Jul;70(7):3969-72. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.70.7.3969-3972.2002
Wang H, Zhang F, Ma X, Ma H, Zhu Y, Liu X, Zhu M, Wen H, Ding J. Prokaryotic expression and identification of B- and T-cell combined epitopes of Em95 antigen of Echinococcus multilocularis. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7(8):5117-22.
Barth TF, Herrmann TS, Tappe D, Stark L, Grüner B, Buttenschoen K, Hillenbrand A, Juchems M, Henne-Bruns D, Kern P, Seitz HM, Möller P, Rausch RL, Kern P, Deplazes P. Sensitive and specific immunohistochemical diagnosis of human alveolar echinococcosis with the monoclonal antibody Em2G11. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(10):e1877. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001877
Deplazes P, Gottstein B. A monoclonal antibody against Echinococcus multilocularis Em2 antigen. Parasitology. 1991 Aug;103 Pt 1:41-9. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182000059278
Siles-Lucas M, Casulli A, Conraths FJ, Müller N. Laboratory Diagnosis of Echinococcus spp. in Human Patients and Infected Animals. Adv Parasitol. 2017;96:159-257. DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.09.003


text:
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;

/// <summary>
/// Simple script that shows how to download a remote texture and assign it to be used by a UITexture.
/// </summary>

[RequireComponent(typeof(UITexture))]
public class DownloadTexture : MonoBehaviour
{
	public string url = "http://www.yourwebsite.com/logo.png";
	public bool pixelPerfect = true;

	Texture2D mTex;

	IEnumerator Start ()
	{
		WWW www = new WWW(url);
		yield return www;
		mTex = www.texture;

		if (mTex != null)
		{
			UITexture ut = GetComponent<UITexture>();
			ut.mainTexture = mTex;
			if (pixelPerfect) ut.MakePixelPerfect();
		}
		www.Dispose();
	}

	void OnDestroy ()
	{
		if (mTex != null) Destroy(mTex);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: List web url dir contents I wanna list a external webpage's ulr's content. like i wanna list the content of this website example.com/dir/dir/images/
currently i can download an image from a page with:
urllib.urlretrieve(page_url,save_url )

But I want to list all images in a directory, or anything ells for that matter
I wanna use python

A: Unfortunately this can only work if the web server in question will serve you a directory listing when you navigate to that directory's URI.
If it does, typical directory listings have very simple markup, making them a prime candidate for various forms of web scraping. Otherwise, you're out of luck.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Washington Nationals phenom Bryce Harper that is is getting to a point where asking him about his massive home run shots are getting a bit mundane. So the press has starting asking him weird questions that he doesn't always feel like answering. This latest one has basically gone viral on the web and has already inspired t-shirts and stickers.
Harper sent a blast into the upper decks on Tuesday night against the Toronto Blue Jays at the Rogers Centre that was measured at 438 feet. It would have been even longer but the home run hit off a restaurant sign.
The legal drinking age being 18 in Canada caused a reporter from The Score to ask Bryce if the 19 year old Home Run Machine was considering having a celebratory beer?
The saying has instantly gone viral with t-shirts and stickers already making their way around the major league stadiums.
Harper is a Mormon and as such drinking is completely forbidden to him. The question seemed out of place even if that wasn't the case, but the fact that he can't drink in the first place makes the questions really not smart.
Harper won the 2010 Golden Spikes Award, awarded annually to the best amateur baseball player.Going into the 2012 season, baseball prospect-watchers, including Baseball America, MLB.com, and Baseball Prospectus routinely ranked Harper as a top-3 prospect. He made his MLB debut with the Nationals on April 28, 2012.
Watch the interview with Bryce Harper Right Here!


text:
Chalk structure maps of the central and eastern North Sea
GEUS' history
The limestone in the Danish subsurface is a very important reservoir rock for oil and gas, but in several places in Denmark, we also get drinking water from the limestone strata. In the North Sea, we find the limestone several kilometres down in the subsurface, and in eastern Denmark, the rocks are exposed, for example in the cliffs at Stevns and on Møn. GEUS has prepared new detailed maps of the top, base and depth of the carbonate rocks under the entire Danish territory from the central part of the North Sea to the easternmost part of Denmark. The maps are the first collated record of rock types important to society, and it builds on a collection of comprehensive seismic data, previously published maps and information from oil and gas and water wells. The maps cover the carbonate rocks and similar geological formations deposited in the period from the Cenomanian to the Danian.
The maps are presented in the report:
Vejbæk, O.V., Bidstrup, T., Britze, P., Erlstrøm, M., Rasmussen, E.S. & Sivhed, U. 2003: Chalk structure maps of the central and eastern North Sea. Top and base chalk in depth and time. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2003/106, 55 pp. Including 3 enclosures: 1) Top Chalk depth structure map. 2) Base Chalk depth structure map. 3) Chalk Group isopach map.
Ole Vejbæk, GEUS.
E-mail: ov@geus.dk

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


HUDSON, N.H., Sept. 26 -- Presstek, Inc., a leading provider of direct digital imaging technologies, today announced that it has signed a distribution agreement for its CTP products with the German graphic arts trading company Behrends+Spranger GmbH. At an open house event on October 30-31, Behrends+Spranger will be presenting Presstek's CTP products: the Dimension400(TM), the Anthem printing plate and the Anthem-Florence wash-out installation, live to its clients. A complete workflow from imposition to the print-ready plate will be shown. "This open house is the launch for these Presstek products in northern Germany," said Ralf Kamereit, Managing Director of Behrends+Spranger GmbH. "We witnessed a live demonstration of the Dimension400 at this year's IPEX show in Birmingham and came away convinced that it is the most advanced solution on the market today. By eliminating chemicals, higher production consistency is achieved, but the environmental advantages, too, are considerable, and actively encouraged by the state." Behrends+Spranger GmbH places great emphasis on lasting relationships with clients through professional after sales service, support and close contacts between the sales force and the clients and by direct delivery of products. "We value direct cooperation with Presstek, as equipment and consumables come from the same source and are matched perfectly to each other," said Kamereit. "We also appreciate the personal contact with Presstek's representatives, who are always available to advise and help us." The Dimension400 was developed for formats up to 680 x 787 mm and offers not only a small footprint and compact design, but also total freedom with regard to formats, supporting the smallest plate size of 240 x 240 mm. The Dimension400 can be used in a normal working environment without air conditioning. Operating and setting-up the machine and even training of operators, is made very simple by the operating console, which uses icons for task identification. The Dimension400 produces 13 plates per hour in format 680 x 786 mm at 2540 dpi and 20 plates at 1270 dpi. Plate feeding and delivery are semi-automatic. The Dimension uses Presstek's high-power ProFire(TM) thermal imaging technology. The hassle-free interaction between the Dimension400 and the ablative, thermal, positive Presstek Anthem plate and the resulting tight register and short makeready times are a big advantage in daily production. Matthias Balcke, Presstek's Regional Sales Manager said, "We are proud to have enlisted Behrends+Spranger GmbH, one of the most reputable graphic arts trading houses in the northern German area, as distributor for our CTP products. Behrends+Spranger is well known in the market for friendly and competent advice. We look forward to a long-term relationship for the benefit of all our clients."


His doctor later revealed that Trump had dictated the letter wording that called him the healthiest person ever elected.
No, Melania Trump's speech wasn't word-for-word from Michelle Obama's eight years earlier, but a chunk of it was close enough to get her a failing grade in the eyes of many.
I'll bet this will be an excused absence for the student now.
Quote almost got it right. Here's the source.
When polled, the same people had a negative view of the so-called Obamacare vs. the Affordable Care Act, even though they're the same thing.
This photo was taken at an event promoting Chicago to host the Olympics.


Receive Free Home Delivery when you fill your prescriptions at a UW Health pharmacy. Contact the pharmacy for more information. Delivery is currently available in Fitchburg, Madison, Middleton and Monona. Other Pharmacies may also have Free Home Delivery; Ask at your pharmacy.


text:
Den stortyske løsning eller Stortyskland (tysk Großdetusche Lösung el. Großdeutschland) er et begreb, som stammer fra midten af det 19. århundrede, hvor Tyskland bestod af en lang række små og store konge- og fyrstedømmer. I forbindelse med bestræbelserne på at samle de tyske stater gik diskussionen på, om man skulle tilstræbe en stortysk eller en lilletysk løsning. Forskellen var Østrig, som ikke var med i den lilletyske model. Diskussionen må derfor ses på baggrund af den tyske dualisme med de to tyske storstater Østrig og Preussen, der konstant kæmpede om indflydelse i de tyske områder og Centraleuropa. Mens Østrig favoriserede den stortyske løsning, ønskede Preussen en lilletysk løsning uden det katolske Østrig og med Preussen som den ledende tyske stat. Da Østrig-Ungarn rummede store områder, som ikke var tysksprogede, ville en stortysk løsning have betydet, at et samlet Tyskland kom til at rumme store sproglige minoritetsgrupper.

Stortyskland under 2. verdenskrig

Stortyskland blev under 2. verdenskrig den officielle betegnelse for Tyskland, og var altså ikke et begreb nazisterne havde opfundet.

Navneændringen skete ved beslutning RK 7669 E, som blev offentliggjort den 26. juni 1943 af chefen for  Rigskancelliet. Det blev ikke markeret, men ændringen kunne bl.a. ses på frimærkerne, som fik ny landebetegnelse. Uofficielt blev betegnelsen brugt allerede fra Østrigs indlemmelse (Anschluss) i Tyskland  i 1938. Allerede i august 1940 var næsten alle tysksprogede områder, bortset fra Schweiz, Sydtyrol og nogle områder på  Balkan) indlemmet i det tyske rige.

Begivenheder i 1943
Tysklands historie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package com.github.ferstl.streams;

import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Spliterator;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
import java.util.stream.BaseStream;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertSame;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;

@SuppressWarnings("ResultOfMethodCallIgnored")
public abstract class AbstractParallelStreamSupportTest<T, S extends BaseStream<T, S>, R extends AbstractParallelStreamSupport<T, S>> {

  ForkJoinPool workerPool;
  S delegateMock;
  R parallelStreamSupportMock;

  protected abstract R createParallelStreamSupportMock(ForkJoinPool workerPool);

  @BeforeEach
  void before() {
    this.workerPool = new ForkJoinPool(1);
    this.parallelStreamSupportMock = createParallelStreamSupportMock(this.workerPool);
    this.delegateMock = this.parallelStreamSupportMock.delegate;
  }

  @AfterEach
  void after() throws InterruptedException {
    this.workerPool.shutdown();
    this.workerPool.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
  }

  @Test
  @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
  void iterator() {
    Iterator<?> iteratorMock = mock(Iterator.class);
    when(this.delegateMock.iterator()).thenReturn((Iterator) iteratorMock);
    Iterator<?> iterator = this.parallelStreamSupportMock.iterator();

    verify(this.delegateMock).iterator();
    assertSame(iteratorMock, iterator);
  }

  @Test
  @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
  void spliterator() {
    Spliterator<?> spliteratorMock = mock(Spliterator.class);
    when(this.delegateMock.spliterator()).thenReturn((Spliterator) spliteratorMock);
    Spliterator<?> spliterator = this.parallelStreamSupportMock.spliterator();

    verify(this.delegateMock).spliterator();
    assertSame(spliteratorMock, spliterator);
  }

  @Test
  void isParallel() {
    when(this.delegateMock.isParallel()).thenReturn(true);
    boolean parallel = this.parallelStreamSupportMock.isParallel();

    verify(this.delegateMock).isParallel();
    assertTrue(parallel);
  }

  @Test
  void sequential() {
    BaseStream<?, ?> stream = this.parallelStreamSupportMock.sequential();

    verify(this.delegateMock).sequential();
    assertSame(this.parallelStreamSupportMock, stream);
  }

  @Test
  void parallel() {
    BaseStream<?, ?> stream = this.parallelStreamSupportMock.parallel();

    verify(this.delegateMock).parallel();
    assertSame(this.parallelStreamSupportMock, stream);
  }

  @Test
  void unordered() {
    BaseStream<?, ?> stream = this.parallelStreamSupportMock.unordered();

    verify(this.delegateMock).unordered();
    assertSame(this.parallelStreamSupportMock, stream);
  }

  @Test
  void onClose() {
    Runnable r = () -> {
    };
    BaseStream<?, ?> stream = this.parallelStreamSupportMock.onClose(r);

    verify(this.delegateMock).onClose(r);
    assertSame(this.parallelStreamSupportMock, stream);
  }

  @Test
  void close() {
    this.parallelStreamSupportMock.close();

    verify(this.delegateMock).close();
  }

  @Test
  void executeWithRunnable() {
    AtomicBoolean b = new AtomicBoolean(false);

    this.parallelStreamSupportMock.execute(() -> b.set(true));

    assertTrue(b.get());
  }

  @Test
  void executeWithRunnableThrowingException() {
    Runnable r = () -> {
      throw new RuntimeException("boom");
    };

    assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> this.parallelStreamSupportMock.execute(r));
  }

  @Test
  void executeWithCallable() {
    AtomicBoolean b = new AtomicBoolean(false);
    Callable<Void> c = () -> {
      b.set(true);
      return null;
    };

    this.parallelStreamSupportMock.execute(c);

    assertTrue(b.get());
  }

  @Test
  void executeWithCallableThrowingError() {
    Callable<Void> c = () -> {
      throw new AssertionError("boom");
    };

    assertThrows(AssertionError.class, () -> this.parallelStreamSupportMock.execute(c));
  }

  @Test
  void executeWithCallableThrowingCheckedException() {
    Exception e = new Exception("boom");
    try {
      Callable<Void> c = () -> {
        throw e;
      };

      this.parallelStreamSupportMock.execute(c);
      fail("Expect runtime exception.");
    } catch (RuntimeException rte) {
      assertEquals(e, rte.getCause());
    }
  }
}


I have always been a worrier. I am easily freaked out by the unknown, scared by the "what if" moments, and generally just can be a little bit of an anxious person. I don't think my overactive imagination and storyteller brain help, and since getting pregnant, things have just got a whole lot worse.
It was our first scare that kicked things off. Up until then, I was just plodding along, suffering with nothing more than just a few moments of feeling wound up about things, and generally terrified that at some point in the future I would have to act as a grown up. But since that first visit to the EPAU, I have been a ticking time bomb. Nearly anything can set me off, and my hormones just make it worse. I find myself crying over the irrational and things over which I have no control, probably because in this journey, I can't have control. It is just awful, and poor Ryan just has to go with it, even though we can spend hours upon hours talking over the same points just so I can gain some semblance of reassurance.
Factor in to that two other visits to the hospital following out of the blue scares and you have the recipe for disaster. Anxiety is making it impossible for me to enjoy being pregnant right now because I live in fear of something happening again. It is entirely out of my hands, and that lack of control makes it even harder to bear. I'm counting down the minutes until I can feel baby move, and have even had to book a reassurance scan because the waiting to see little nugget was just too much to think about.
Why am I telling you all this? Because pregnancy is bloody hard work. And I didn't realise just how much until I was there. It is terrifying. It's like riding a roller coaster in the pitch black - you don't know where the bends are going to take you, and when it's going to stop. And you sometimes don't think anyone will understand. Sometimes you just feel completely alone.
But you aren't alone. Be it a partner, a friend, midwife or GP, there is someone always there who can help you out - even if it's just to be a shoulder to cry on. Bottling up and hiding all these fears will only make it worse. But by embracing how we feel (even though we may feel incredibly silly) is one step forward on to a better path. As a first time mummy-to-be everything is a new experience and I don't know what I should be scared of, but knowing I have a support network really, really helps.
Even though ultimately we are pregnant on our own, we are not alone.
There may of course be times where you aren't able to talk to anyone, or, like I've felt, you just feel completely silly for even wanting to confess how you're feeling. For moments like these, this is where writing can really help. Hence why this blog post is in existence. I don't feel anxious right this second (I'm currently sitting in my dressing gown nursing dregs of a stone cold coffee), but I do feel a little on edge. And for no apparent reason. But by tapping away and bearing my soul to this little space on the internet, I can feel that tension ebbing away.
Even if you don't want to talk to someone, talk to no-one.
Find a piece of paper and write down your fears, open a Word doc and type out the tension, or just talk out loud to yourself. The more you open up to accept how you feel, the lighter things might get. Anxiety shouldn't be ignored, but it's important for us to realise and embrace our feelings and let them become a part of this experience without taking us over.
I'm not writing this post claiming to be an expert. I'm far from it. All this is completely new to me, but after searching the internet for some sort of reference to help me realise that feeling lie this is okay and failing, I just wanted to get my experiences out there. Finding techniques to help manage these anxious feelings is really important for our well being. Pregnancy takes a toll on us, and we need to take some time to think about what will make us feel better, the support we need, and how we can make pregnancy feel as magical as it ultimately should.


Hastings Street – smile for the cameras!
The Sunshine Coast Council has completed Stage two of the installation of CCTV at Hastings Street in Noosa Heads as part of the community safety program.
These cameras will provide Police with the ability to monitor and record activities along the full length of Hastings Street and respond quickly to events.
The cameras will also provide Police with a valuable evidence aid when investigating incidents in Hastings Street.
Division 11 Councillor Russell Green said the new cameras were a continuation of council's commitment to providing safer places for the community to go about their recreational, social and commercial activities.
"The CCTV system will be under the control of Queensland Police in a partnership agreement with council," he said.
Councillor Russell Green commended the finalisation of stage two.
"The completed Hastings Street CCTV system is now on line and while we know this area is a safe place for our community there is a need for this additional safety in the nightclub strip, now and into the future," he said.


text:
Chemical shift assignments of the C-terminal Eps15 homology domain-3 EH domain
Gaelle Spagnol, Calliste Reiling, Fabien Kieken, Steve Caplan, Paul L. Sorgen
The C-terminal Eps15 homology (EH) domain 3 (EHD3) belongs to a eukaryotic family of endocytic regulatory proteins and is involved in the recycling of various receptors from the early endosome to the endocytic recycling compartment or in retrograde transport from the endosomes to the Golgi. EH domains are highly conserved in the EHD family and function as protein-protein interaction units that bind to Asn-Pro-Phe (NPF) motif-containing proteins. The EH domain of EHD1 was the first C-terminal EH domain from the EHD family to be solved by NMR. The differences observed between this domain and proteins with N-terminal EH domains helped describe a mechanism for the differential binding of NPF-containing proteins. Here, structural studies were expanded to include the EHD3 EH domain. While the EHD1 and EHD3 EH domains are highly homologous, they have different protein partners. A comparison of these structures will help determine the selectivity in protein binding between the EHD family members and lead to a better understanding of their unique roles in endocytic regulation.
Biomolecular NMR Assignments
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12104-013-9497-z
Chemical shift
Electrohydrodynamics
Endosomes
Amino Acid Motifs
Spagnol, G., Reiling, C., Kieken, F., Caplan, S., & Sorgen, P. L. (2014). Chemical shift assignments of the C-terminal Eps15 homology domain-3 EH domain. Biomolecular NMR Assignments, 8(2), 263-267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12104-013-9497-z
Chemical shift assignments of the C-terminal Eps15 homology domain-3 EH domain. / Spagnol, Gaelle; Reiling, Calliste; Kieken, Fabien; Caplan, Steve; Sorgen, Paul L.
In: Biomolecular NMR Assignments, Vol. 8, No. 2, 01.10.2014, p. 263-267.
Spagnol, G, Reiling, C, Kieken, F, Caplan, S & Sorgen, PL 2014, 'Chemical shift assignments of the C-terminal Eps15 homology domain-3 EH domain', Biomolecular NMR Assignments, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 263-267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12104-013-9497-z
Spagnol G, Reiling C, Kieken F, Caplan S, Sorgen PL. Chemical shift assignments of the C-terminal Eps15 homology domain-3 EH domain. Biomolecular NMR Assignments. 2014 Oct 1;8(2):263-267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12104-013-9497-z
Spagnol, Gaelle ; Reiling, Calliste ; Kieken, Fabien ; Caplan, Steve ; Sorgen, Paul L. / Chemical shift assignments of the C-terminal Eps15 homology domain-3 EH domain. In: Biomolecular NMR Assignments. 2014 ; Vol. 8, No. 2. pp. 263-267.
@article{ab8501aa1c5d4578bd7c0f76436f73b3,
title = "Chemical shift assignments of the C-terminal Eps15 homology domain-3 EH domain",
abstract = "The C-terminal Eps15 homology (EH) domain 3 (EHD3) belongs to a eukaryotic family of endocytic regulatory proteins and is involved in the recycling of various receptors from the early endosome to the endocytic recycling compartment or in retrograde transport from the endosomes to the Golgi. EH domains are highly conserved in the EHD family and function as protein-protein interaction units that bind to Asn-Pro-Phe (NPF) motif-containing proteins. The EH domain of EHD1 was the first C-terminal EH domain from the EHD family to be solved by NMR. The differences observed between this domain and proteins with N-terminal EH domains helped describe a mechanism for the differential binding of NPF-containing proteins. Here, structural studies were expanded to include the EHD3 EH domain. While the EHD1 and EHD3 EH domains are highly homologous, they have different protein partners. A comparison of these structures will help determine the selectivity in protein binding between the EHD family members and lead to a better understanding of their unique roles in endocytic regulation.",
author = "Gaelle Spagnol and Calliste Reiling and Fabien Kieken and Steve Caplan and Sorgen, {Paul L.}",
doi = "10.1007/s12104-013-9497-z",
journal = "Biomolecular NMR Assignments",
publisher = "Springer Netherlands",
T1 - Chemical shift assignments of the C-terminal Eps15 homology domain-3 EH domain
AU - Spagnol, Gaelle
AU - Reiling, Calliste
AU - Kieken, Fabien
AU - Caplan, Steve
AU - Sorgen, Paul L.
N2 - The C-terminal Eps15 homology (EH) domain 3 (EHD3) belongs to a eukaryotic family of endocytic regulatory proteins and is involved in the recycling of various receptors from the early endosome to the endocytic recycling compartment or in retrograde transport from the endosomes to the Golgi. EH domains are highly conserved in the EHD family and function as protein-protein interaction units that bind to Asn-Pro-Phe (NPF) motif-containing proteins. The EH domain of EHD1 was the first C-terminal EH domain from the EHD family to be solved by NMR. The differences observed between this domain and proteins with N-terminal EH domains helped describe a mechanism for the differential binding of NPF-containing proteins. Here, structural studies were expanded to include the EHD3 EH domain. While the EHD1 and EHD3 EH domains are highly homologous, they have different protein partners. A comparison of these structures will help determine the selectivity in protein binding between the EHD family members and lead to a better understanding of their unique roles in endocytic regulation.
AB - The C-terminal Eps15 homology (EH) domain 3 (EHD3) belongs to a eukaryotic family of endocytic regulatory proteins and is involved in the recycling of various receptors from the early endosome to the endocytic recycling compartment or in retrograde transport from the endosomes to the Golgi. EH domains are highly conserved in the EHD family and function as protein-protein interaction units that bind to Asn-Pro-Phe (NPF) motif-containing proteins. The EH domain of EHD1 was the first C-terminal EH domain from the EHD family to be solved by NMR. The differences observed between this domain and proteins with N-terminal EH domains helped describe a mechanism for the differential binding of NPF-containing proteins. Here, structural studies were expanded to include the EHD3 EH domain. While the EHD1 and EHD3 EH domains are highly homologous, they have different protein partners. A comparison of these structures will help determine the selectivity in protein binding between the EHD family members and lead to a better understanding of their unique roles in endocytic regulation.
U2 - 10.1007/s12104-013-9497-z
DO - 10.1007/s12104-013-9497-z
JO - Biomolecular NMR Assignments
JF - Biomolecular NMR Assignments


Have you recently stayed with us at The Strathdon Hotel – Blackpool?
Would you like to leave a comment in our Guest Book?
left feeling we had been with friends for the week.
Room to die for, just wish i could have taken it home with me.
Fantastic stay at the Strathdon, very welcoming atmosphere.
Nothing is too much trouble for Ian and Veronica.
will definitely be booking for another weekend soon.
We visited for four days and wanted to move in, The service was Amazing. nothing was to much trouble for these lovely hosts, The food is out of this world and I would highly recommend eating in. The hotel is immaculate and we will return as soon as we can.
Just got home from a six day stay and what can we say. The hotel gets better! Thought that was an impossibility however the breakfasts were more than filling for even the biggest appetite, the rooms even cleaner and the welcome even more welcoming. For such a great stay at such a great price, you\'d be mental to go anywhere else.
Again we had a great time at this excellent hotel in Blackpool. A few beer in the bar at night, great food and all the wine gums you can eat. What more do you want..
If you want a nice quiet break away stay at the Strathdon….
From the moment we arrived we were greeted with the warmest of welcomes . The whole experience was great from the room to the food to the bar but the thing that makes the strathdon are the owners Ian and Veronica they make you feel so comfortable in nice relaxing surroundings. We would go back again and would recommend to anyone . Thanks Ian and Veronica for treating us like one of the family we will be back.


Rare Vintage pair of Aztec Crazy Horse 939 Dr. These are new and in box, making them especially rare!
Great quality aztec leather and contrasting brass eyelets. Padded collar and nice thick treaded Ben outsole. These are a UK 4 which is a US 5 Mens and a US 6 Womens. You will not be disappointed! Check out my other listings for more great Vintage Dr. Follow and like us on Facebook for upcoming sales and promotions! Martens Doc 939 England Rare Vintage Crazy Horse 1460 Boots UK 4 US 6" is in sale since Thursday, November 15, 2018.
This item is in the category "Clothing, Shoes & Accessories\Women's Shoes\Boots". The seller is "classicbootco" and is located in Lucerne, California. This item can be shipped to United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, Sweden, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, South africa, Thailand, Belgium, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi arabia, Ukraine, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Croatia, Malaysia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa rica, Dominican republic, Panama, Trinidad and tobago, Guatemala, El salvador, Honduras, Jamaica, Antigua and barbuda, Aruba, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Saint kitts and nevis, Saint lucia, Montserrat, Turks and caicos islands, Barbados, Bangladesh, Bermuda, Brunei darussalam, Bolivia, Ecuador, Egypt, French guiana, Guernsey, Gibraltar, Guadeloupe, Iceland, Jersey, Jordan, Cambodia, Cayman islands, Liechtenstein, Sri lanka, Luxembourg, Monaco, Macao, Martinique, Maldives, Nicaragua, Oman, Peru, Pakistan, Paraguay, Reunion, Bahamas, Viet nam.


text:
Bowie State to Launch the Center for Research and Mentoring of Black Male Students and Teachers
August 5, 2019 admin	0 Comments
Julius Davis, an associate professor and mathematics education researcher at Bowie State University, has been selected for the Wilson H. Elkins Professorship by the University System of Maryland. The award will provide him with a grant to establish a Center for Research and Mentoring of Black Male Students and Teachers.
"It's humbling and an honor to receive such an award. It feels great to know that the University System of Maryland thought that it was worth the investment to create a center for research and mentoring of Black male students and teachers at a historically Black university," said Dr. Davis. "It's great to be on the cutting-edge by trying to create a center focused on Black male students and teachers. We'll be creating it from the foundation up."
The center's main goal is to support a pipeline of Black males joining the ranks of Maryland's educators, especially those who specialize in teaching high-demand fields in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Dr. Davis plans to recruit 25 to 50 local students to participate in the center's workshops, mentoring programs, and field trips throughout the 2019-2020 academic year.
"I'm excited to start working with the young men. I do research, but I really want to impact what's going on in the community, where the work matters most," said Dr. Davis. "I hope that it will create a national reputation for Bowie State to be a center for excellence for looking at black male students and black male teachers."
Dr. Davis is a graduate of Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, where he majored in mathematics education. He holds a master's degree in middle/secondary instruction with a concentration in mathematics from Edinboro University in Pennsylvania and a doctorate in mathematics education from Morgan State University in Baltimore.
Related: Bowie State University • Edinboro University • Lincoln University • Morgan State University
← Woman Called Disrespectful Name On Receipt After Ordering From Who Dat's Southern Food
'That's a Wrap': Tami Roman Officially Done With 'Basketball Wives' After Final Taping, Fans Show Their Support →
University of Maryland Eastern Shore Signs Agreement With Salisbury University
Website Ranks the HBCUs With the Best Online Program Offerings
Toni Morrison Says TRUMPISM Is About Making America White Again


text:
Porlock – Hawkcombe Head – Pittcombe Head – Worthy Wood – Coleridge Way - Porlock
The walk starts in Porlock and passes by St Dubricus Church, which was open when I visited. Much of the present building dates from the 13th Century. It contains a very old clock – probably around 1450 - and a fragment of a pre-Norman (i.e. pre-1066) cross which is set in the west wall of the south aisle. The Chapel of the High Cross is situated directly above the porch and can be accessed by a squeeze stairway.
The outward leg of the walk passes along Hawkcombe and through Hawkcombe Woods National Nature Reserve. This is a Site of Special Scientific Interest on account of its rare ferns and lichen which thrive in the clean air. There are also various bird and butterfly species. Hawkcombe is a delightful valley with sessile oak woodland and a tumbling stream in the lower reaches, giving way to heathland higher up. The ascent is gradual in the main and the backward view higher up the valley is wonderful.
The route passes out of Hawkcombe at its head and turns north towards the sea. Wild Exmoor ponies are often seen in this area of the moor. The route then descends, initially through an area used for rearing pheasants, with good views out to sea before picking up the Coleridge Way, which it follows back to Porlock.
The Coleridge Way is a long-distance path of fifty miles, beginning at Nether Stowey in the Quantocks. Originally it ended at Porlock but in 2014 it was extended to Lynmouth. It is designed to link various sites which are associated with Coleridge. The nearest to this route is Ash Farm, about 2km west of Waymark 9. It was here that Coleridge wrote 'Kubla Khan'.
The route is marked on the ground by a feather logo on the signposts (representing a quill pen).
There are no stiles on the walk but there are sheep and wild ponies on the moor and young pheasants between Waymarks 8 and 9.
England - South West England - Somerset - Exmoor
Birds, Butterflies, Cafe, Church, Flowers, Food Shop, Gift Shop, Good for Kids, Great Views, Hills or Fells, Play Area, Pub, Public Transport, Restaurant, River, Sea, Tea Shop, Toilets, Wildlife, Woodland


text:
Dublin man to face child porn charges in the US after losing extradition appeal
Eric Eoin Marques is set to face child pornography charges in the US after his extradition appeal was dismissed by the Irish Supreme Court.
IrishCentral Staff
Eric Eoin Marques is led out of the Dublin High Court after his extradition appeal was dismissed. RollingNews.ie
Eric Eoin Marques is considered to be the largest distributor of child porn in the world
Dublin man Eric Eoin Marques is set to face child pornography charges in the US after losing his extradition appeal in Ireland.
Read More: My sainted surgeon was a pedophile who preyed on defenseless children
The Journal reports that on Wednesday, the Irish Supreme Court unanimously dismissed Marques' appeal against his extradition to the US where he faces charges for child pornography.
Marques was born in New York to an Irish mother and Portuguese father but had been living in Dublin since he was a child and has dual US-Ireland citizenship according to The Irish Examiner.
Marques has been in police custody in Ireland since August 2013 after his capture was formally requested by US authorities. A request for bail was denied as Marques was considered to be a flight risk and capable of tampering with evidence.
His arrest warrant deemed him "the largest facilitator of child porn on the planet."
Read More: Paying tribute to Mary Raftery - Irish journalist who exposed child abuse in Ireland
The FBI believes Marques owns and operates Freedom Hosting, an anonymous hosting site which is considered to be the world's largest facilitator and distributor of child abuse images.
Marques has been charged by the FBI with conspiring to distribute and advertising child pornography, as well as aiding and abetting advertising of child pornography.
The Times reports that Marques was first ordered to be extradited by The High Court in Ireland in December 2015 and that his appeal against that order was dismissed in 2016.
Last summer, The Supreme Court in Ireland refused to hear an attempt to have the Court of Appeal's ruling overturned. An application to the European Court of Human Rights was also unsuccessful.
Read More: Sufficient evidence to warrant extradition of Raymond Donlon from NY
In 2018, Marques and his legal team mounted an appeal that argued the decision to not charge Marques in Ireland was "not based on the public interest and was taken because it would block the extradition," reports The Times.
That appeal was unanimously dismissed on Wednesday.
RTE says: "The court did not impose any stay on the ruling which means Mr. Marques can be extradited to the US to face charges immediately."
Related: Crime, Dublin


text:
class Profile;

namespace browsing_data {
class BrowsingDataCounter;
}

class BrowsingDataCounterFactory {
 public:
  // Creates a new instance of BrowsingDataCounter that is counting the data
  // for |profile|, related to a given deletion preference |pref_name|.
  static std::unique_ptr<browsing_data::BrowsingDataCounter>
  GetForProfileAndPref(Profile* profile, const std::string& pref_name);

  BrowsingDataCounterFactory(const BrowsingDataCounterFactory&) = delete;
  BrowsingDataCounterFactory& operator=(const BrowsingDataCounterFactory&) =
      delete;

 private:
  BrowsingDataCounterFactory();
  ~BrowsingDataCounterFactory();
};

#endif  // CHROME_BROWSER_BROWSING_DATA_COUNTERS_BROWSING_DATA_COUNTER_FACTORY_H_


text:
A New Currency Paradigm Meets The Coming COVID-19 Crisis
A bank clerk scrutinizes $100 US banknotes in Seoul, South Korea.
—Yonhap News/Newscom/ZUMA
Geopolitics Coronavirus Sources WORLDCRUNCH LES ECHOS France Countries
PARIS — For each passing day, as a perfect storm where both demand and supply plummet together across the world, the 2008 crisis starts to pale in comparison. Economists are thinking hard behind the scenes, with some pondering post-War recovery plans and others looking to earlier pandemics, like the 1918 Spanish flu, for guidance.
But comparisons with the past shock events are a poor playbook for our insta-globalized age. In one other crucial way this moment is different, even from 2008: currency. The way money is created, distributed and even conceived of reaches new inflection points every year. Indeed, a new monetary paradigm has been underway for some time, and the question today is whether the now accelerating shift will only snarl up the already intricate paths ahead, or rather, reach its consecration and blaze a trail to faster recovery and a more resilient economy.
Even before our attention turned to economic recovery, worries about the virus transmitting, literally, through dirty money raised the question if COVID-19 would spell the death of cash. The consecration of a fully digitalized payment system, already well established in countries like Sweden and South Korea, has been questioned for issues such as cyber security, lack of internet connectivity and inaccessibility for the elderly. But even this debate seems almost trivial now as much bolder ideas are percolating within the walls of central banks.
The concept of a digital dollar to provide U.S. taxpayers with stimulus payments during the pandemic was recently floated by U.S. lawmakers, and while the proposal fell by the wayside, such initiatives are under way in both France, where a digital euro is currently under trial, and in China where the digitization of the yuan is reaching the end of the pipeline.
Indeed, as the global economy is on track for its steepest slowdown since the Great Depression, the need to provide people with money fast and directly is now making reality of ideas which has so far only been experimental. But while a digital currency can solve some issues, such as — in the nearest-term — getting governments out of the logistical nightmare of a cash and check-based stimulus plan, it raises questions about what technology will underpin the systems, especially as many central banks have argued that the blockchain technology supporting major cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin is not yet fully vetted.
However, banks can only remain impartial to technologies for so long. If blockchain becomes the way, would it then be interpreted as an endorsement of other, non-centralized cryptocurrencies? We're already seeing micro-examples of state-currencies falling, like in the small Italian town of Castellino del Biferno, where the mayor has begun printing its own "Ducati" bills to help out the most vulnerable of the town's 550 inhabitants. Such community currencies have been issued before, like during Argentina's crisis in 2001 when the government of the province of Buenos Aires printed the quasi-currency "Patacones' to pay government bills, or after the 1930's Great Depression, when a wide range of regional fiats were issued in the U.S., Germany, Austria and Switzerland.
Today however, with a multitude of decentralized options available, there might be no back to normal. Behind the already thorny technological and regulatory questions, there is also the issue of the world moving deeper into a faceless economic system already too complex for most people to understand. The domino effect of the 2008 crisis impacted, in big ways and small, every person alive. Yet few could explain the mechanisms that actually led to foreclosure on their house or the elimination of their job. Radical changes to currency may help us accelerate the recovery, or it could undermine the most basic trust that guarantees a citizen's relationship with the economy.
Carl Karlsson


New episodes will be released daily at 4:30am CT Subscribe Now!
Today's episode is from Tracy Lim and she will talk about how thinking like a CEO can help in your sales cycle. Her full interview is released today too at Sales Success Stories podcast.
How do you think of your own territory? Are you thinking like a CEO or like the franchise owner?
Join the conversation below and know more about Tracy.
Scott Ingram: Welcome back to the Daily Sales Tips Podcast. I'm your host, Scott Ingram. We're celebrating women in sales this week with all women all week. Today's tip is just a short excerpt from my full interview with Tracy Lim on the Sales Success Stories Podcast. This was the third of the three things that she believes have allowed her to consistently perform as the top account executive at Blue Jeans.
Tracy Lim: Think like a CEO. This is something that I could probably talk to in multiple different angles, but really when I say think like a CEO, I think any sales rep should really imagine their territory as our business and everyone that is involved in their business works for them. So what that means is any of your colleagues, anyone in your company, in different departments, you should get to know them. You should really try to understand them as a person, build the relationship and maybe down the line they will actually help you in any large sort of deals that you might have in place. And this has happened to me multiple times at Blue Jeans. From a prospect or customer perspective, I think you should always treat them with respect. You should always be willing to understand the problems and challenges that they want to solve and always make sure that you follow up with them. Return their phone call and email set the right expectations, make sure you deliver and treat them like a normal human. I see that a lot of sales reps get nervous if they have to speak with the CIO or a CEO, but at the end of the day, just think of them as any normal human being. They have a family, they have friends, they look for the weekends to have fun and if you kind of break them down that way and then it also helps with your conversations in the future.
Scott Ingram: Well, in reading between the lines on this and on kind of the think like a CEO and treating other executives, it's almost like if you have that mindset, then another C-level executive becomes essentially a peer, right? And maybe kind of breaks that down. Is that sort of how you're thinking about it?
Tracy Lim: Yes, a 100% and for any CEO, again, I've never had CEO experience, but the way that I think of my territory, it's my business. Any CEO, when you're aligned with them, everyone's trying to work towards a common goal. Everyone's looking for a mutually beneficial partnership. So, if you kind of have that peer to peer mentality, it goes a long way in your sales cycle.
Scott Ingram: How do you think of your own territory? Are you thinking like a CEO or like the franchise owner? Join the conversation at DailySales.Tips/45, there you'll find links to my full interview with Tracy, her LinkedIn profile, and more. Then come back tomorrow for a tip from my friend Christie Walters.


text:
Carl White's Life in the Carolinas
About The Show About The Show LITC Team Members Press
Carl's Syndicated Columns
Carl's Book
Featured Content Featured Shows & Segments Honoring Veterans Cleveland County The Brown Mountain Lights The Outer Banks Cars Food Segments Outdoors On Route 74 Remembering No More A Story of Change
Married in the Carolinas Married in the Carolinas Watch Wedding Planning Checklist Wedding Dates to Avoid Wedding Invitation Etiquette Wedding Survival Wedding Dress Code Rules Marriage License Guide Name Changes Stress Reduction Designing Engagement Rings
Christmas Magic Christmas Magic Christmas Videos
Events Fesitvals & Celebrations Car Shows & Cruise-Ins Married in the Carolinas Event Calendars Christmas Magic Submit your Event
About The Show/
LITC Team Members
WHERE TO WATCH/
Carl's Syndicated Columns/
Carl's Book/
Featured Content/
Featured Shows & Segments
Cleveland County
The Brown Mountain Lights
The Outer Banks
Food Segments
On Route 74
Remembering No More A Story of Change
Segments/
Married in the Carolinas/
Married in the Carolinas
Wedding Dates to Avoid
Wedding Invitation Etiquette
Wedding Survival
Wedding Dress Code Rules
Marriage License Guide
Designing Engagement Rings
Christmas Magic/
Christmas Videos
Fesitvals & Celebrations
Car Shows & Cruise-Ins
Finding the hidden treasure's of the Carolinas
A collection of Carl White's Syndicated Columns.
Carl White's syndicated column features stories about his journey as a TV producer and host. Carl says "I am writing about the people I meet as I travel and the interesting places visited. They do not all end up on TV, but a lot do and everyone becomes a friends. It's a wonderful journey"
2017 Publication Award for newspaper articles entitled:
From Under the Water to the White House; A Love Story with a few Good Twists and Turns; Black Walnuts, White Squirrels and a Bucket List; Coffee and a Good Life; Some Observations about Daniel Boone; Three Presidents and a Possibility
THE NORTH CAROLINA SOCIETY OF HISTORIANS
February 20, 2017 / Carl White
Island life is different for many reasons; it is easy to think about the romance of the warm tropical breezes, fresh seafood, and a more relaxed environment.
These are things we dream about and add to our bucket list of must dos.
For those of us who have added these travels to our annual pilgrimage, we remain intrigued by the new things we continue to discover. We become friends with the locals who live year around on the islands, and over time we come to understand more of the rhythm of life in an ever-changing environment.
I remember the visit to Ocracoke Island when I first discovered the British cemetery on British Cemetery Road. This cemetery is just another reminder of how the Outer Banks are different than other parts of the Carolinas. The people on the Outer Banks have always endured much for the benefit of the Carolinas and our nation.
It was during WWII that German submarines attacked and sank British allied ships along the Carolina coast, including the HMT Bedfordshire, the bodies of British sailors were washed ashore at Ocracoke. The bodies are buried on the island, and the 2,290 square foot plot was given to the Commonwealth War Commission. The British Flag flies at all times and The United States Coast Guard station on Ocracoke keeps the property in fine shape.
There is another British cemetery on Hatteras Island and it is taken care of by the National Parks Service.
Every year members of the U.S. Coast Guard, National Parks Service, and the British Royal Navy join others to remember and honor the service of the men who were buried in these cemeteries.
The British cemeteries located on Ocracoke and Hatteras Islands are the only two foreign cemeteries on U.S. soil.
It was on this same trip that I spent time at The Ocracoke Preservation Society Museum. It was there that I learned about the Mail Boat Aleta, she was built in 1923 and went into service for the Morehead City-Atlantic mail run. Captain Howard Nelson was her first pilot, and he named the boat after his sister.
The Aleta would remain in service till the late 1950's. She then becomes a prohibition booze runner until seized by federal agents and sold at auction. Her later days were spent as a shrimp boat, and she would go down in a devastating storm as many before her had done.
There have been many ships lost to the graveyard of the Atlantic, and it was for this very reason that Blackbeard and others who were seeking refuge would brave the journey. It would however not protect Blackbeard in the end, for it was at Ocracoke that he would have his last and final battle.
The lighthouse at Ocracoke village was finished in 1832 and stands as a beacon to guide sailors. Over the years the lighthouse would be updated, and the brick structure would be covered with stucco-like mortar and painted white. While standing only 65 feet tall, this iconic image at Silver Lake has given hope and comfort to many travels.
When I arrive on the island, just seeing the lighthouse gives me comfort. I'm not sure why, it might be the connection with the past, or maybe it's just out of habit.
I think it is safe to say that Ocracoke Island has a rich and diverse history with its inhabitants, guest, and nature. At times she is a safe and comfortable refuge and at times, like many of us, she has an unruly temper.
February 20, 2017 / Carl White/
Life In The Carolinas, Carl White, Ocracoke Island
Carl White
Cars Cars and More Cars
A Country Doctor and Tea Pots
http://www.willyweather.com/nc/mecklenburg-county/charlotte.html
Life In The Carolinas TV Show
Bridal Shows and Events Calendar
Click HERE to submit your local event to Life in the Carolinas
© Copyright 2015-2018 | All Rights Reserved | Life in the Carolinas


text:
Penitentiary workers protest, ask for full pay of 8-month arrears
by Nine O' Clock August 12, 2015 August 12, 2015 0116
Approximately 500 members of the National Penitentiaries Workers Union (SNLP) will stage a protest on Thursday, from 9am to 11am, in front of the Justice Ministry, asking a supplementing of personnel and the full payment of 8-month outstanding wages, union leader Stefan Teoroc announced in a press conference on Wednesday.
"We've decided to take the streets to make the issues of the national penitentiary system publicly known, as they are not of yesterday or today. The most important refer to the staff shortages and the unpaid money in the past eight months. Bottom line, we ask the authorities and Justice Minister Robert Cazanciuc to release and urgently fund 1,000 vacancies. There are 15,000 positions currently stipulated in the penitentiary system, and 3,000 were permanently vacant in the past eight years. The 1-to-3 staff-to-inmates ratio is vitiated as compared to other European Union countries, given that in Romania absolutely all of the missions involving the detainees are carried out by penitentiary staff, escort or transfer included, and the units and equipment are obsolete and insufficient," said Teoroc.
According to him, the personnel scheme is undersized, generating an overuse of the existing staff, which counts for 12,500 employees.
"For this reason, a huge of overtime is done – around 500,000 – which is impossible to compensate and constantly soaring. Not in the least, the salaries as decided by the Romanian Government and Parliament in 2014 were not paid to the national defence staff. Moreover, the work outfit purchased in 2014 is of very poor quality, tormenting the staff during heat," the SNLP president added.
He also mentioned that, starting with August 13, the penitentiary employees will wear black armbands in sign of support of the SNLP actions.
"It's unacceptable that currently the guard in certain penitentiaries is ensured by inmates, selected from the very least dangerous, obviously. Moreover, Romania loses many trials at the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) and ends up paying money that could have been spent on investments. Depending on the outcome of tomorrow's protest, we'll decide the next steps, a big meeting among them," Teoroc concluded.
ask for full pay of 8-month arrearsRomania loses many trials at the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)Romania's Justice Minister Robert CazanciucRomania's Justice MinistryRomania's National Penitentiaries Workers Union (SNLP)Romanian Penitentiary workers protestStefan Teoroc National Penitentiaries Workers Union (SNLP) leader
INS: Volume of construction works, up over 10pct on average in H1
PM Ponta thanks UEFA President Michel Platini for support with organising Euro 2020 matches
President Iohannis agrees on criminal prosecution of former minister Gabriel Sandu
Nine O' Clock April 13, 2017 April 13, 2017
DNA's Kovesi denies spat with Judicial Inspection, disputes authenticity of leaked recordings
Nine O' Clock September 26, 2017 September 25, 2017
Marius Constantin Iacob and Calin Nistor, nominated for new term as DNA Deputy Chief Prosecutors
Nine O' Clock April 27, 2016


Public administration focuses on the formation and management of public agencies. Public administration studies focus on issues such as public resources, accountability, and the description, analysis, solutions and synthesis of contemporary management problems in criminal justice agencies. Public administration careers also exist at every level of government. Washburn is ideally situated in the capital city of Kansas, helping you access many internship opportunities in local, state and federal government offices. You will find many ways to apply what you learn in the classroom on campus and in the surrounding community.
The Bachelor's in Public Administration (BPA) emphasizes Public and Non-Profit Management. The Bachelor of Public Administration (BPA) degree leads to employment in state or local governments, non-profit agencies, the national government, or certain aspects of business relating to human resources management, government relations or government regulations. The BPA degree requires 24credit hours of cognate courses 15 of which fulfill general education requirements, and not more than 40 political science and public administration credit hours as described below. The Department is active in seeking internships in public and non-profit agencies for Juniors and Seniors, leading in many cases to full-time employment.
Students must take the following courses in the General Education Curriculum: EC 200, EC 201, PY 100, CN 101, and SO 101. These courses also count towards fulfilling the General Education and elective requirements of the University. Students must also take CM 101, AC 224 Financial Accounting, and CN 300 Organizational Communication OR CN 350 Persuasion (Prerequisite CN 101).
The Certificate of Non-Profit Management is offered jointly with the Department of Human Services. The Certificate of Non-Profit Management is valuable for individuals who seek manager positions or advancement into the field of non-profit agencies (United Way, YMCA, etc). The Certificate is offered in three ways: A. ON-LINE, B. to any on-campus student with any Major, or C. with fewer required hours as a Major in Public Administration who Minors in Human Services, or a Human Services Major who Minors in Public Administration.
Option B. Add to any major or graduate program, with the following courses: HS 100 Orientation to Human Services; HS 446 Legal and Ethical Issues; HS 300 Prevention and Social Change; PO 245 Intro to Public Administration; PO 393 Public Budgeting, or PO 346 Non-Profit Fundraising; PO 395 Non-Profit Management; PO 401Program Evaluation, or HS 495 Research and Evaluation; PO 307/HS 481 Internship 3 to 6 credit hours; HS or PO 300/400 level elective.
The general minor in Public Administration consists of 18 credits distributed as follows: 9 lower division credits (PO 106, 107, and 245) and 9 upper division credits chosen from the following list (PO 306 or 392, 343 or 391, 393, 394 or 395, 390).
A student cannot major in either political science or public administration and receive a minor in the other area.


How To Disable Your Instagram Account: Thanks in big part to its variety of creative filters, Instagram has actually promptly risen to turn into one of the most prominent image sharing social media networks. While making use of Instagram is reasonably very easy, there are a number of reasons that someone might intend to erase or deactivate their Instagram account. There are some concerns over usage civil liberties, privacy and safety, for instance. Permanently removing or temporarily shutting down an Instagram account is very easy to do, however it can likewise present some difficulties.
Because removing an Instagram account is irreversible as well as non-reversible, it may be much more a good idea to consider momentarily disabling your account rather. When you do this, your account is concealed from public sight quickly, but all of your content- like your images, comments and also likes - are still retained and can be renewed when and also if you choose to reactivate your account.
- Visit Instagram.com as well as log into your account as above.
- Click your username in the leading right corner of the page.
- Scroll near the bottom of the web page and search for the 'Temporarily disable my account' web link near the bottom-right edge.
- Pick your reason for disabling your account from the drop-down menu.
- Click package below 'To continue, please re-enter your password' and re-enter your account password in that field.
You could disable your account as much as as soon as a week.


B2BE's fax gateway allows your organization to send automated data to B2BE for formatting and on-sending via fax. Your organization can be fully automated so all business documents are faxed. Combine faxing with other B2BE products for a more powerful document management solution.
Whether you want to use the B2BE fax gateway as a standalone fax solution or combine it with other B2BE products the B2BE fax gateway is a flexible way to send documents to trading partners, who are unable or don't want to receive electronic (EDI) documents or to fully automate your document distribution processes.
B2BE will take your documents in a defined electronic format, which may emulate your EDI data file, if your organization uses the B2BE's EDI products, formats the data with the relevant document overlay and sends it to the nominated fax number, locally or internationally.
B2BE can take the fax number from the data or the fax number can be housed in the B2BE environment and cross referenced when the document is sent.
With B2BE's fax gateway you easily send electronic data automatically from your system to B2BE and B2BE will manage the overlays and formatting of the documents, automate the transmission via facsimile and give you access to the documents online.
B2BE can handle the transmission of any document type via facsimile. Which documents types go via fax gateway is only limited to what will give your organization the most efficiency gains.
If you would like to manage, or have greater control over how documents are emailed you may want to look at the Document Routing application available within the B2BE web portal product.
The document routing application allows you to define by vendor or client how they receive the document, in what format and who is copied or blind copied, if B2BE manages your emails as well. This is a highly powerful tool where documents may need to be sent in different ways, formats and to different recipients.
All documents sent using the B2BE fax gateway are indexed so they are available online for retrieval in a PDF format, via the B2BE Customer Centre or your own branded web portal environment.
All documents sent via the B2BE fax gateway have a full online audit trail. This means you know your faxed documents arrived.
All faxes sent via the B2BE fax gateway have full error handling capabilities. If a fax fails, users are notified via email so they can rectify the issue before re-sending.
Enable 100% automated document distribution for a document set or type for non-electronic documents or to augment electronic document distribution.
Eliminate costly and repetitive document handling processes. Put resources into more pro-active business activities.
B2BE's fax gateway can be combined with other B2BE document outsourcing solutions to produce a powerful document distribution suite. When you're already using B2BE's EDI solution adding the same document type used in EDI, email or print and post to be sent via facsimile is very simple.
B2BE's email gateway allows your organization to send automated data to B2BE for formatting and on-sending via email. Your organization can be fully automated so all business documents are emailed.