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Ramps and Curb Ramps
ADA Section 405 Ramps and 406 Curb Ramps
We all know that one of the ways that people in wheelchairs maneuver between changes in level greater than 1/2″ is by using a ramp. When an accessible route crosses a curb, it requires a "curb ramp". There is confusion between requirements for ramps vs. curb ramps. Let's see if we can make it more clear:
1. The first thing to remember is that curb ramps are also ramps. The main difference is that a "curb ramp" is located at a curb and a "ramp" is located elsewhere (like along the route to the front door, or on the interior of the building)
The curb ramp is the one that crossed a curb at the parking spaces. The ramp in the background is part of the entry and does not cross the curb
2. Both ramps and curb ramps require a maximum running slope of 1:12 and a maximum cross slope of 1:48 (per 405.2 and 405.3)
Cross slope
running slope
3. Both ramps and curb ramps require that the surface be stable, firm and slip resistant and should not have changes in level at ramp runs. (per 405.4)
4. Both ramps and curb ramps require a minimum clear width of 36″ (per 405.5). The width is measured inside the handrails if they are provided.
5. and Both ramps and curb ramps and their landings require that they do not accumulate water. (per section 405.10)
The curb ramp shows water accumulated
Those are the only requirements that they share. There are other requirements that only apply to Ramps and some that only apply to Curb Ramps.
ADA Section 405 Ramps
Besides all the items listed above, ramps have other requirements. These requirements only apply to ramps and NOT to curb ramps:
1. Only a ramp cannot have a vertical rise greater than 30″ without a landing. In other words, if a ramp rises more than 30″ it must have a landing before the next run begins (per section 405.6)
2. Only a ramp requires flat landing at the top and bottom of the ramp run (per section 405.7). Flat can be no steeper than 1:48 that is 60″ deep and the width of the ramp (like the figure shown above). Only a ramp requires a 60″x60″ landing when it changes direction
3) Only a ramp ramp requires handrails on both sides (except if the rise is less than 6″).
4) Only a ramp requires edge protection if there is a drop off on either side of the ramp. So even if a curb ramp is higher than 6″ in vertical rise, it will not require handrails.
ADA Section 406 Curb Ramps
Curb ramps have the following unique requirements that regular ramps do not require:
1. Only a curb ramp requires that the bottom of the ramp have a slope no steeper than 1:20. This is called a counter slope. (Per section 406.2). A regular ramp will require a landing at the bottom with a slope no steeper than 1:48 in all directions.
2. Only a curb ramp requires its side have flares if located along a walkway. The flared sides are not required, but if they are provided they must comply with section 406.3
Flare sides are recommended if the curb ramp is located within a path of travel. This would prevent any tripping. Since the flared sides are not "required" a parallel curb ramp is allowed to be used.
this curb ramp is parallel with the curb and no flares are required
3. Only a curb ramp requires a 36″ deep landing at the top. The slope of that landing is not specified and it would depend on where is it located. For example, if the curb ramp terminates at a sidewalk that is parallel to the ramp, then the slope could be as steep as 1:20 (5%). But if it is located so that the ramp and the walkway are perpendicular, then the landing must not have a slope steeper than 1:48 since it will also be part of the cross slope of the sidewalk. (per 406.4)
4. Curb ramps and the flared sides cannot project onto a vehicular way or parking spaces and access aisles. (per section 406.5)
this curb ramp did not require the flared sides_ and the one_s provided project onto the vehicular way
5. A diagonal curb ramp will require a counter close 48″ in length and located outside of the traffic area (per section 406.6)
6. When curb ramps are located in a traffic island or median, then the landing must not interfere with another curb ramp. A 48″ space along the direction of travel must also be provided (per section 406.7)
Curb Ramps at Public Rights of Way
If you are wondering why we haven't mentioned detectable warnings (i.e. contrasting color and texture/truncated domes), it is because curb ramps do not require them anymore. Some Departments of Transportation in different States have adopted a Public Right of Way Guidelines that give us a scoping for when the detectable warnings are required.
Basically any curb ramp located inside the property line will not require detectable warnings.
Any curb ramp that is located in the public right of way will require a portion of the ramp to have detectable warnings. The bottom 24″ of the curb ramp must have the truncated domes and the contrasting color.
Check your municipality on what they have adopted to see if their curb ramps need it.
Helping Houston
Abadi Accessibility will be donating 5% of the fees received in the month of September to help the victims of hurricaine Harvey. Thank you for your assistance!
Need Barrier Free CEUs?
September 18- TAID Day of Education: "Common mistakes in the Texas Accessibility Standards" at the Dallas Market Center
Save the dates: October 24 and 25th- "Barrier Free Design Room by Room" 2 hr Barrier Free HSW class at Inspire! 2017, Dallas Texas
Online courses:
Green CE On Demand Webinar: "Understanding the 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design"
Green CE On Demand webinar "How Accessible is Your work place?"
Green CE On Demand webinar "ADA and Residential Facilities"
AIA U online course: "Applying the ADA on Existing and Altered Buildings"
Green CE "Applying the ADA on Existing and Altered Buildings"
If you are interested in Building Code seminars check out my colleague Shahla Layendecker with SSTL Codes
If you want to learn more about these standards, be sure to check out my books:
"The ADA Companion Guide" "Applying the ADA" published by Wiley.
They are available for sale now. (also available as an e-book)
Marcela Abadi Rhoads, FAIA RAS #240
Inspector's Corner
Wednesday, June 1st, 2016
The Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation requires that commercial projects that are over $50,000 in construction cost get a third party plan review as well as inspection. During inspections I often see violations that tend to occur more often than others. In this newsletter you will find three examples of items that happen often enough where I think it would be important to bring it to your attention. Hope this prevents these violations to happen to you.
Herculite doors are very popular in office buildings. The door hardware varies in location and size. Some of the hardware that we see are vertical handles that will sometimes reach the floor.
This door has vertical handle that almost reaches the ground.
The 2010 ADA and the 2012 TAS require that the bottom surface of swing doors have smooth surfaces up to 10″ a.f.f. on the push side.
404.2.10 Door and Gate Surfaces. Swinging door and gate surfaces within 10 inches (255 mm) of the finish floor or ground measured vertically shall have a smooth surface on the push side extending the full width of the door or gate. Parts creating horizontal or vertical joints in these surfaces shall be within 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) of the same plane as the other. Cavities created by added kick plates shall be capped.
When the door hardware extends to the ground, or below 10″ a.f.f., the door would not have a smooth surface.
Shell building finish out
When I inspect empty shell buildings at strip shopping centers or office parks, I inspect elements that are new and installed. Since there are no tenants at the point of the inspection, the entry door that is provided is only inspected for slopes and heights at threshold. The location of the parking spaces in relation to the doors that are provided is also inspected, since the ADA and TAS require that the accessible parking space is located at the shortest distance to the door.
208.3.1 General. Parking spaces complying with 502 that serve a particular building or facility shall be located on the shortest accessible route from parking to an entrance complying with 206.4. Where parking serves more than one accessible entrance,parking spaces complying with 502 shall be dispersed and located on the shortest accessible route to the accessible entrances.
In this shell building the accessible parking spaces are located at the shortest accessible route to just one door. Since there are several entrances, the parking spaces should be dispersed.
As tenants move in and new doors are added, parking spaces may be in violation of the proximity to the entry. Every time a new tenant moves in and alters his space, the inspection will include the existing parking that might have already been inspected during the shell building inspection. The existing parking might be a violation to an already inspected building if the location is not the shortest route to the entry.
The accessible parking space in this shopping center is located in front of one tenant space. There are other doors which imply that new tenants will move in and therefore the parking for those will be in violation.
Handrail extensions
Many times I see new ramps get built into existing sites. ADA and TAS require that ramp handrails extend 12″ on the top and bottom of the ramp.
505.10 Handrail Extensions. Handrail gripping surfaces shall extend beyond and in the same direction of stair flights and ramp runs in accordance with 505.10.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. Extensions shall not be required for continuous handrails at the inside turn of switchback or dogleg stairs and ramps.
2. In assembly areas, extensions shall not be required for ramp handrails in aisles serving seating where the handrails are discontinuous to provide access to seating and to permit crossovers within aisles.
3. In alterations, full extensions of handrails shall not be required where such extensions would be hazardous due to plan configuration
Many times the handrail extension is not done correctly. I typically see them turning the corner.
This ramp handrail does not extend 12″ beyond the ramp run, but instead it turns to avoid projecting into the existing sidewalk. Because this is a new ramp, during design there would have been an opportunity to give enough room for the ramp handrail extension.
As you can see in this picture, there is a level on the sidewalk. This indicates a slope which is part of the ramp. The handrails were not extended all the way to the end of the ramp run on this ramp.
The hand rail extension is located just shy of the end of the ramp run in this ramp.
Need CEUs
Green CE live Webinar June 7th 12:00 p.m. "Applying the ADA on Existing Buildings"
On Demand Webinar: "Understanding the 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design"
On Demand webinar "How Accessible is Your work place?"
On Demand webinar "ADA and Residential Facilities"
On Demand webinar "Applying the ADA on Existing and Altered Buildings"
Before the 2010 ADA Standars were adopted, children with disabilities didn't have provisions and requirements for access. One of the items that were included in the ADA Standards as of 2012 were playgrounds and play areas. The playground equipment themselves have to be accessible for children. There are requirements for access on the following items:
Ground level play components: A playground equipment that is accessed from the grounds. Some examples of ground level play components are spring rockers, swings and diggers
Elevated play components: A playground equipment that is accessed above the grounds. Some examples of elevated play components are slides and monkey bars.
the accessible route: An uninterrupted path of travel that connects the entry and exit of play components. A 60″ wide accessible route must be provided. The running slope should be no steeper than 1:16 and the cross slope no steeper than 1:48.
Use zones: The ground level area beneath and immediately adjacent to a play structure or play equipment that is used for circulation around the play equipment and where it is predicted that a user would land when falling from or exiting the play equipment.
Play components
The number of play components that must be on an accessible route is determined by how many "elevated components" are provided. There is a table in the ADA that we use to determine that number. But a minimum of one of each type of ground level component should be provided.
This table sand box is considered a ground level play component and will require knee and toe clearances for children with wheelchairs to have access
Activity Centers are an example of ground level play component. An accessible route should be provided at the entry and exit. In addition a turning space inside the component and elements within children's reach ranges should also be provided
Swing sets are also ground level play components. This picture shows a ground surface that is more stable, but wood chips are also acceptable.
For elevated play components 50% must have either a ramp or a transfer system to access them and be on an accessible route. Ramp runs should have a running slope no steeper than 1:16 and the rise of any ramp shall be no more than 12″ and, where required, handrails must also be provided. Handrails at these ramps do not require an extension at the top and bottom.
This ramp connects elevated play components. The handrail provided must be between 20″-28″ a.f.f.
This photo shows both a platform on one side and a transfer step on the other
A transfer platform should be between 11″-18″ a.f.f. and should have a clear floor space that is 48″ long centered on the platform
Children with mobility issues will use their upper body to climb the steps once they reach the platform
Besides the accessible route and play components, use zones must be provided adjacent or below the playground equipment. They should have a ground surface that complies with ASTM F1292 (1999 or 2004 edition).
This playground shows the ground surface that complies with ASTM 1292
Interior play areas and soft contained play structures
The play structures and play areas that are located in restaurants and shopping centers must also be accessible. Accessible routes connecting the different play components must be provided. A transfer system is the most common means of access.
This play structure does not have the required transfer system. A child with disabilities would not be able to enter the structure.
The play components in this play area are considered ground level components and only require an accessible route to the entrance and exit of the component. If there are any operable elements, they should be within reach range.
AIAU "Applying the ADA on Existing Buildings"
Accessible Means of Egress
Wednesday, April 1st, 2015
The 1991 ADAAG required that all exits that served as a means of egress as defined in the IBC be accessible. the 2010 ADA Standards no longer scopes how many means of egress must be accessible, but it refers to the 2003 IBC edition or 2000 IBC edition with 2001 supplement for the accessible means of egress requirements. Typically, the IBC requires, if there is one means of egress it must be accessible. If there are two or more means of egress, then two accessible means of egress are required.
Although the ADA Standards do not have specific requirements for accessible means of egress, it references the IBC and adopts their requirements. This newsletter will explain where the IBC ends and the ADA begins when determining the means of egress requirements.
An accessible means of egress, according to the IBC, is a "continuous and unobstructed way of egress travel from any point in a building or facility that provides an accessible route to an area of refuge, a horizontal exit, or a public way.
Exit access is any path from any location in a building to an exit. Although we must follow what the IBC dictates on the means of egress requirements, an exit access in the ADA cannot be less than 36″ wide. The IBC typically requires it to be wider (48″ min).
Exits include doors to the outside, enclosed exit stairways or horizontal exits. The ADA requires that doors used to pass through a space to the exit meet the guidelines of section 404. Those guidelines require maneuvering clearances, door hardware, opening force and closing speed to comply. Means of egress doors could include doors into exit stairwell, doors leading to exterior exits or doors leading to exit corridors just to name a few.
This exit door had a push side approach with both a closer and a latch. The maneuvering was a forward approach, and the door was recessed more than 8″, therefore it required a 12″ additional space on the latch side (even though it was a means of egress door).
An exit discharge is the path from an exit to a public way (i.e. street or alley). The ADA does not have guidelines directly relating to an exit discharge. Exit discharged are scoped by reference. Assisted rescue including area of refuge are not scoped in the ADA, but may be in the IBC depending on whether the building is sprinklered or not.
Means of Egress Stairs
If there are any new stairs on the exterior or interior that are part of the means of egress, they must follow the guidelines on section 504 and 505.
Whereas the IBC will focus on the number of stairs required, including the width etc, the ADA focuses on the walking surface inclusing the depth of threads and height of risers, and whether the stair treads have nosings. The ADA will also give guidelines on the handrails heights, size, shape and continuity.
Existing stairs are excempted
The ADA section 216.4 sets guidelines for exit doors, area of refuge, and directional signs that provide directions to accessible means of egress. These signs must not only comply with the ADA sections 703 but also the IBC sections specified in the Standards.
Means of egress signs should have raised characters and visual characters with a certain size, depth, case, style and proportions all found in ADA section 703.2 and 703.5 If the visual characters are accompanied by braille that complies with ADA 703.3, then the visual characters provided do not have to have a specific case, style, height, proportions, height, or spacing.
Upcoming Continuing Education Opportunities
"How Accessible is Your Work Place" By Green CE online Webinar- April 16th 3 p.m. CST
We will be presenting at the 2015 National AIA convention in Atlanta. Our class will be "Applying the ADA in Existing and altered facilities: TH118 on May 14th
If you are interested in getting a Barrier Free/ADA CEU online, I partnered with Green CE. We will be presenting live webinars this year. We will post details as they become available
Accessible Airports
Americans love to travel. Travelling gives us the freedom to go to different destinations and experience different places. People with disabilities also travel, and as such, the airports must be accessible. For designers and airport operators, it is sometimes confusing what accessibility guidelines should be followed.
Under Part 382 of the Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA), air carriers are responsible for airport facilities or services that they "own, lease, operate, or otherwise control. The facilities, according the ACAA should follow the ADA Title III in those areas that are considered public accommodations and commercial areas.
Although the ADA's statutory language exempts transportation "by aircraft:, airport terminals owned and operated by government entities are covered by Title II of the ADA which requires that the services are made available, and airport terminals open to the public are "public accommodation" covered by Title III of the ADA which requires building access. Both are subject to ADA access requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG).
Additionally, airports that receive federal financial assistance are subject to Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), "in order to be in compliance with Section 504, recipients must also be in compliance with all applicable regulations under the ADA."
This newsletter will try to explain what those regulations.
Ticket Counters and Information Desks
Ticket counters and information desks outside the secured area fall under the ADA section 904 and possibly 902 since they are a public accommodation. Section 904 discusses service and sales counters. If the ticket counters are used for selling tickets or to provide some type of service, such as information, getting boarding passes, or checking in bags, those counters will require that a portion of the public side of the counter be no higher than 36″ a.f.f., and no shorter than 36″ in length. A parallel or forward approach is allowed.
This ticket counter does not have a portion at 36″ a.f.f. , although the area where the baggage is turned in is open and lower. It could be argued that the entire counter is part of the work area for the ticket agent, but in reality it is also where a customer approaches the ticket counter to receive their boarding pass or baggage claim stubs. This is not a compliant service counter.
This ticket counter has a shallow counter that is at 36″ a.f.f. which was allowed by the 1991 ADAAG and it is a safe harbor, but a person with disabilities will have difficulty communicating with the ticket agent since the ticket counter is higher than 36″ a.f.f.
More and more you find that self service check in are being offered. A passenger will not approach a ticket counter but a self service kiosk. These should be within reach range per section 308 of the ADA. There are other requirements that these might need for people that are visually impaired.
Self-service kiosk systems clearly fall within the ACAA encompassing language, which incorporates the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Title III standard for accessible design. This means that these kiosks should meet the reach ranges specified by the ADA but in addition it should have similar privacy requirements as the ATMs do. The kiosks should have the ability to communicate with the visually impaired as well s the hearing impaired patrons. This is not yet happening, but the industry is aware of the deficiency and will hopefully act on that in the near future.
In the same area as the ticket counter there might be counters for filling out baggage tags. These would fall under the ADA Section 902. 5% of the counters must be accessible and have a forward approach. They should be no higher than 34″ a.f.f and they should have a knee space complying with ADA section 306
Other areas of the airport might have information counters. Those will fall under the service counters of ADA Section 904. They should also have a portion at 36″ a.f.f. so that a passenger can communicate with the person behind the counter. According to 904.4 the accessible portion of the counter top shall extend the same depth as the sales or service counter top. Therefore a separate counter attached to the front of the service counter may not be used.
Car rental counters are also considered a service counter and are required to be accessible and follow ADA Standards section 904
Terminal Gates
Once a passenger passes through security and is at their gate, the counters at the gate are also required to follow ADA section 904. The counter shown on the picture below followed the 1991 ADAAG which allowed a separate counter to be used which was not the same depth as the service counter itself. Like we explained above, these separate counters are difficult for persons with disabilities because they cannot easily community with the agent behind the taller counter. That is why the 2010 ADA Standards requires that a lower counter which is the same depth as the main counter be provided.
At the gate, sometimes the air carriers offer tables for people to use which they wait for their plane to board. These would fall under ADA Section 902 as a non-employee work surface. These should have a portion of the counter at 34″ a.f.f. maximum and have a knee space per section 306.
If there are power outlets located at the counter, those should be within reach range.
Jet Bridge and Airplanes
At the terminal gate, passengers go through a door and enter the Jet bridge. This is essentially a movable piece of equipment which allows passenger to board the plane. This is technically not part of the airport and will not fall under the ADA. The requirements for the jet bridge, the slope, handrails etc. will be found in the ACAA. Same with the requirements for inside the airplane. People with disabilities do not enter the plane on their own. There are procedures that air carriers follow with all their passengers with disabilities.
Upcoming CEU opportunities
Note: We will be closed on September 25 and 26
September 4- How to Make Interior Spaces Accessible TAID 1-3 p.m.
September 9- Procrastinator's Day Barrier Free Seminar at AIA Dallas
November 6- Early Bird Three Hr Seminar: Applying TAS in Existing and Renovated Buildings" at the TSA Convention in Houston Texas
November 13- Half Moon Class 10:45 a.m.
November 13- CSI Dallas Meeting 7-8 p.m.
We are celebrating our 10th year of service to the building industry as a Registered Accessibility Specialist! Mention this newsletter and receive 10% off your next review or inspection.
"Applying the ADA" published by Wiley.
There are just 5 days before we all get out and vote for President of the United States. Voting is a right that is protected for everyone who is eligible, including the disabled community. Polling places must be accessible. Even though they are temporary places, they are still a voting place and will require some form of access. The voter who is disabled must be able to have the same privacy as everyone else. The voter who is disabled must have access to the same ballot and the same method of voting as everyone else. So how does a polling place provide this access? The ADA website has a pamphlet that they put out in 2004 that explains how to provide access even when the polling place is only temporary. The Election Assistance Commission has a video that is also helpful for polling places to provide access. Below is a summary
Polling Places Accessibility requirements
A. Accessible parking or passenger drop off should be available
Passenger Drop Off
Access aisle depth is at least 5′-0″
Access aisle lenght is at least 20 feet
Curb ramp connects access aisle to the accessible route to the accessible entrance of the polling places.
Marked access aisle
no more than 2% slope for both parking and access aisle
Parking sign
Accessible route from parking up to the entrance of the polling place
B. An Accessible route to the entrance
Route must be unobstructed
C. An accessible entrance to the voting site (It can be a temporary ramp)
At least 36″ between handrails
Top landing part of the walk
Bottom landing part of walk
Handrails height 34″ to 38″
D. A route free from hazards
Wall mounted drinking fountains are a hazard when the front projects more than 4″ beyond the wall and the bottom is more than 47″ above the floor
Wall mounted objects cannot project more than 4 inches beyond the wall if the bottom is not in the cane-detectable area below 27 inches off the floor
Overhead objects must be at least 80 inches off the floor
E. A route to the voting booth and to all the common spaces within the facility
Accessible route connects building entrance with the voting area, including voter check in and accessible voting machine
Accessible route connects the accessible entrance with voting areas
Accessible door and doorway to voting area,
Note: A turning space should also be provided. If there are deaf voters who need assistance, the blinds should be closed behind the check-in so voters who read lips can communicate with the voting staff.
F. Temporary Solutions for Election Day
If a polling area is not accessible, find an accessible space near the voting area. Counter or table where the voting is taking place should be between 28 in to 34 inches in height and a forward approach knee space should be provided
Everyone should go to their polling places and make sure there are facilities that are accessible for voters in wheelchairs, voters who are visually impaired as well as hearing impaired. Let's try and make this election an accessible one.
What is the deal with accessible swimming pools?
Sunday, June 24th, 2012
ADA Section 242 Swimming Poools, Wading Pools and Spas
For swimming pools to be accessible they must have at least one accessible means of entry. The ADA Standards allows the following methods of entry into a pool:
They must be located in an area shallower than 48″ deep. If the entire pool is deeper than 48″ then location is not dictated and it can go anywhere.
Must be permanently installed.
Sloped Entry
They are just like ramps, but do not require slip resistant surface or handrail extensions. They should only go as deep as 30″ below the water level. If the pool is deeper, a platform at 30″ that is 5′-0″ wide should be provided. The sloped entry does not extend beyond that.
Transfer Walls
Transfer System
Pools Stairs
If the pool is larger than 300 linear feet of pool wall, then two means of entry should be provided. At least one of the means of entry should be a lift or a sloped entry.
Swimming facilities- Per US Access Board
Aquatic Recreation Facilities
Wave action pools, leisure rivers, sand bottom pools, and other pools where access to the water is limited to one area and where everyone gets in and out at the same place, must provide at least one accessible means of entry, no matter how many linear feet of pool wall is provided. The accessible means of entry can be either a pool lift, sloped entry, or transfer system.
Catch Pools
A catch pool is a body of water where water slide flumes drop users into the water. An accessible means of entry or exit is not required into the catch pool. However, an accessible route must connect to the edge of the catch pool.
A wading pool is a pool designed for shallow depth and is used for wading. Each wading pool must provide at least one sloped entry into the deepest part. Other forms of entry may be provided as long as a sloped entry is provided. The sloped entries for wading pools are not required to have handrails.
Spas must provide at least one accessible means of entry, which can be a pool lift, transfer wall, or transfer system. If spas are provided in a cluster, 5 percent of the total-or at least one spa-must be accessible. If there is more than one cluster, one spa or 5 percent per cluster must be accessible.
Footrests are not required on pool lifts provided at spas. However, footrests or retractable leg supports are encouraged, especially on lifts used in larger spas, where the water depth is 34 inches or more and there is sufficient space.
Department of Justice Requirements
Since swimming pools were not required to be accessible in the 1991 ADAAG, this brand new requirement applies to new construction that occurs after the mandatory date of March 15, 2012. But the DOJ also required that existing facilities be brought up to compliance "as it is readily achievable". What this means is that means is that compliance should be achieved without much effort and expense.
For existing facilities with swimming pools, what this means is that the means of entry should be provided if there is enough money and if it does not cause undue burden for the building owner. These terms are very subjective and they must be backed up with financial proof. Many members of the hospitality industry were concerned about these new requirements, and therefore the DOJ gave an extension until January 31, 2013 to comply with these requirements. My colleague Ken Otten wrote a great blog about it. I recommend that you read it to gain a better understanding of this ruling.
Is the accessibility of your business good business?
This guest blog is brought to you by my friend William J. Martin, WJM Architect (photo credit Mike Pollio). I met William on Twitter and have been following his amazing work for over two years. He is amazing and I'm grateful and flattered that he decided to write a blog post for our site. Enjoy!
What prevents businesses from making the changes that make their businesses handicap accessible has many parts. Many business owners tell me it's about money and construction cost — a big investment without any financial return. I do understand that no one likes to spend money on things they don't believe necessary to operate their business, but what if it turns out to be good business?
Sometimes events occur that help to illustrate the value of consulting with an accessibility design professional to bring your business into compliance with the accessibility codes and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements.
I recently had a project that involved ADA upgrades to a long established restaurant. This particular project was not that much different than many of the other projects that I had designed in the past, with one exception…. It was severely damaged by fire and was over 140 years old. It was damaged, but not destroyed. The beloved building would be repaired and rebuilt.
Whenever there is a fire in a building, it is a tragedy. If the building is 140 years old and has a fire, it is a serious tragedy. Buildings like that are vital to the heritage of their community. Having something as permanent as a beloved local building damaged by fire can be extremely unsettling for many people.
My client called me the day after the fire and said "This building is 140 years old, we have been here for 40 years, we just had a severe fire. You have to help me!"
After I saw the damage and got over my personal shock, I comforted the owners, "don't worry," I said, "the structural damage can be repaired." I then began to contemplate the task at hand. My client would have loved to blink his eyes and have everything put back exactly as it was before the fire. However, the extent of the damage was more than sufficient to require building code upgrades, including accessibility upgrades. The multilevel interior dining rooms would have to change. Toilet facilities would have to be addressed.
After assisting in obtaining the cleanup and selective demolition permit, the very next thing I did was to prepare a comprehensive building code analysis to identify the exact upgrades that would be required based on the extent of the damage. This had to be done first, since it affected the overall approach to the fire damage repair and rebuild design work. I met with the building officials and had them review and sign off on the code analysis and required upgrades. This way I had a clear and unchanging set of requirements specific to this project. The full extent of required upgrades were established and I could now begin the redesign work.
With significant concern in his eyes my client said… "I can't lose paying customer tables and seats for ramps and toilets that I did not have before the fire. You have to help me! I assured him I would do the very best I could to resolve all issues and get the restaurant open as soon as possible. His response was direct, "If it was so easy, don't you think I would have made those handicap changes already." [Note: we prefer the word accessible rather than handicap]
This was a normal reaction from a very savvy businessman assessing a difficult situation. For an accessibility design professional , this was a design problem to be solved.
Armed with my ADA/ANSI code analysis, I began to look for solutions. The dining rooms were 2 steps up and down from one another. It seemed like there were steps everywhere. The ladies toilet rooms were on the second floor, a full flight of stairs up from the dining rooms. The mens toilet room was actually 2 small individual toilet rooms just off the dining room. The 140 year old wood framed building had been a Victorian house, a hotel, rooming house, bar, and finally, most recently, the fire damaged restaurant.
Built right up to the street line, there was no front yard for any kind of ramp.
The main building had long ago been connected and combined with the buildings next door. These connected buildings were why every floor was at a different level. They were built as separate buildings and combined later into the dining rooms, kitchen and bar of the restaurant.
The old connected storefront was previously converted into an emergency exit and alarmed to prevent casual use. Even though there was a step to the doorway, the recess of the storefront allowed for a ramp to meet the sidewalk. There was my new accessible entry. The four steps up at the existing traditional entry could remain as I designed this entry adjacent to serve as a new ramped entry. There were no tables allowed in front of this emergency exit, so no tables and chairs were affected by this change.
Next the dining room levels had to be addressed. I could get a ramp in from outside, but now I had to find an accessible route within the space. The 14 inch difference between floor levels meant a 14 foot long ramp in the dining rooms with landing space, railings, turning clearances, etc. This would certainly affect tables and chairs in the dining rooms and this was what my client felt was devastating to his restaurant seat count. I began to get a headache.
Since circulation space could also serve as ramp landing space, I analyzed the circulation around the tables and the kitchen area. The kitchen was also 2 steps higher than the dining room. The hallways connecting the dining rooms to the kitchen could not be used for tables regardless.
Instead of a single 14 foot long ramp, I designed two 7 foot ramp sections — one in each dining room using these existing hallways. The two ramps met at a new mid level where I created a comfortable landing with proper turning radius. Kitchen entry was shifted over slightly. The fire had begun in the kitchen and this doorway move could be done easily during the kitchen redesign.
Adjacent to the new ramp landing space was a large storage closet where beverages were dispensed and glasses stored. I relocated the beverage function into the new efficient commercial kitchen design and used this closet space for a unisex accessible toilet room.
I aligned the toilet room floor at the new landing mid level, with the door to the toilet room opening off the ramp landing. There was proper clearance for the ramps, turning, handrails, and the required toilet room door approach clearances. The closet interior was slightly larger than was needed for the a compliant toilet room.
I now had the interior accessible route connecting the dining room levels and the required unisex handicap toilet room. This was accomplished without displacing a single customer seat.
After I confirmed all of the many overlapping ADA clearance requirements, I grabbed my sketch and met with the owner to explain how it would work. At first he could not believe it. The ramps were much shorter than he was told would be necessary. When I explained the new mid level between the two ramps, his eyes grew big as he realized that it was possible after all.
Nearly any building can be made accessible, it's really a matter of architectural creativity and open minded problem solving.
The fire damaged restaurant, with the handicap accessibility changes, was completed and re-opened. Like any beloved neighborhood business, the outpouring of public support resulted in increased business in the weeks and months since the re-opening.
I suggested to the owner that they include in their advertising a few words about the new accessible features. The result has been a sustained increase in their business. Able bodied people now bring disabled relatives to eat. More elderly patrons, many with only minor mobility issues, now flock in groups to enjoy the best burgers around. Some people come just to see the inside of the 140 year old building. They never thought they would be able move freely between the levels and now they come just because they can.
In the end my client told me the changes that were made, made good business sense. People who had difficulty entering the restaurant because of the front steps now come to dine and bring with them their families and friends AND their dollars…
Accessibility professionals know that making your business accessible isn't just part of the building code, it's good for your business.
Over the years I have assisted businesses and witnessed them benefit substantially from handicap accessible modifications made to their buildings, especially service businesses.
Accessibility for all is good business.
Accessible Pools
Wednesday, May 23rd, 2012
The 2010 ADA Standards require that swimming pools, wading pools and spas be made accessible to the disabled community. Existing pools also have to comply , but the Department of Justice allows that to happen "as it is readily achievable". This newsletter explains what the requirements are and what the deadlines to comply will be.
They are not required if the pool is deeper than 48″
They are just like ramps, but do not require slip resistant surface or handrail extensions.
For existing facilities with swimming pools, what this means is that the means of entry should be provided if there is enough money and if it does not cause undue burden for the building owner. These terms are very subjective and they must be backed up with financial proof. Many members of the hospitality industry were concerned about these new requirements, and therefore the DOJ gave an extension until May 15th to comply with these requirements. My colleague Ken Otten wrote a great blog about it. I recommend that you read it to gain a better understanding of this ruling.
What's next….
Continuing Education:
May 2nd: DOJ will be having a free webinar explaining swimming pools. Register here
May 11th: AIA Knowledge Communities will have part 2 of the three part webinar about Universal Design. Space is limited, so sign up here
March Madness!
Because at the end of this week on March 15th the 2010 ADA Standards and the 2012 Texas Accessibility Standards are becoming mandatory, my March has become a frenzy! Most of my clients are scared about the new requirements and want me to come and teach them everything they have to know to not get in trouble. Someone actually said that the new ADA regulations is worse than communism. I am assuming they meant that they felt as if the DOJ was like the KGB getting anyone who still has the wrong door hardware on doors! I am sure that the DOJ is not out to get anyone (but I could be wrong). What we have to keep in mind is that we are making great strides to allow the disabled community to participate independently in every day activities.
Here is a quick summary of what you might expect to find in the new standards:
A. Changes to the 1991 Standards
1. Reach Range Requirements (Section 308)
The reach range requirements have been changed to provide that the side reach range must now be no higher than 48 inches (instead of 54 inches) and no lower than 15 inches (instead of 9 inches). The side reach requirements apply to operable parts on accessible elements, to elements located on accessible routes, and to elements in accessible rooms and spaces.
2. Water Closet Clearances in Single User Toilet Rooms (Sections 603, 604)
In single-user toilet rooms, the water closet now must provide clearance for both a forward and a parallel approach and, in most situations, the lavatory cannot overlap the water closet clearance. The in-swinging doors of single use toilet or bathing rooms may swing into the clearance around any fixture if clear floor space is provided within the toilet room beyond the door's arc.
3. Assembly Areas (Sections 221, 802)
The design requirements for assembly areas have been revised to provide more specific guidance about the appropriate vertical and horizontal dispersion of accessible seating, sightlines over standing spectators, and the provision of companion seating. In addition, lawn seating areas and exterior overflow areas without fixed seats must now connect to an accessible route.
The scoping of seating in large facilities has been reduced. The incremental scoping for wheelchair spaces and companion seats required in assembly areas with fixed seating has been reduced. Under the 1991 Standards, incremental scoping for assembly facilities with more than 500 seats was one additional wheelchair space and companion seat for each increase of 100 seats. Under the 2010 Standards, facilities with 501 to 5000 seats must provide one additional wheelchair space for each additional 150 seats (or fraction thereof) and facilities with more than 5001 seats must one additional space for each 200 seats over 5001.
4. Common Use Circulation Paths in Employee Work Areas (Sections 203.9, 206.2.8)
Under the 1991 Standards, it was necessary to design work areas to permit an employee using a wheelchair to approach, enter, and exit the area. Under the 2010 Standards, it will be necessary for new or altered work areas to include accessible common use circulation paths within employee work areas, subject to certain specified exceptions.
5. Location of Accessible Routes (Section 206)
All accessible routes connecting site arrival points and accessible building entrances now must coincide with or be located in the same general area as general circulation paths. Also, where a circulation path is interior, the required accessible route must also be located in the interior of the facility.
6. Location of Accessible Routes to Stages (Section 206)
In situations where a circulation path directly connects a seating area and a stage (either a permanent or temporary stage), both title II and title III entities must now provide an accessible route that directly connects the accessible seating and the stage. However, where a direct circulation path from the seating area to the stage does not exist, a direct accessible route need not be constructed. This provision is in addition to the pre-existing requirement to provide an accessible route to connect the accessible seating and the stage and other ancillary spaces used by performers.
7. Direct Access Entrances from Parking Structures (Section 206)
Where levels in a parking garage have direct connections for pedestrians to another facility, all of these direct entrances must now be accessible.
8. Transient Lodging Guest Rooms (Sections 224, 806)
Overall scoping for guest rooms with accessibility features is unchanged, but the rules now limit the number of rooms where both communication access and mobility access features are provided. No more than 10% of the guest rooms (but not less than one room) required to provide mobility features may also be equipped with communication features. In addition, guest rooms with mobility features and guest rooms with communication features must be dispersed among the various classes of guest rooms, and shall provide choices of types of guest rooms, number of beds, and other amenities comparable to the choices provided to other guests. When the minimum number of guest rooms required is not sufficient to allow for complete dispersion, guest rooms must be dispersed in the following order – guest room type, number of beds, and amenities.
B. Recreation Facilities
1. Amusement Rides (Sections 234, 1002)
Many newly designed or newly constructed amusement rides must be accessible and located on an accessible route to the ride. However, amusement rides designed primarily for children, amusement rides that are controlled or operated by the rider (e.g., bumper cars), and amusement rides without seats, are not required to provide wheelchair spaces, transfer seats, or transfer systems, and need not meet signage requirements. That said, these rides must be on an accessible route and must provide appropriate clear space.
2. Recreational Boating Facilities (Sections 235, 1003)
If boat slips are provided at a boating facility, the minimum number that must be accessible depends upon the size of the facility. Accessible boat slips must be dispersed throughout the various types of boat slips.
Where boarding piers are provided at boat launch ramps, at least 5% (but no fewer than one) must be accessible. Gangways that are part of a required accessible route are to be accessible, subject to certain enumerated exceptions.
3. Exercise Machines and Equipment (Sections 206, 236, 1004)
At least one of each type of exercise equipment must be on an accessible route and must have a clear floor space positioned to enable an individual with a disability to use the equipment.
4. Fishing Piers and Platforms (Sections 237, 1005)
Newly designed, newly constructed, or altered fishing piers must provide accessible routes, subject to the same exceptions permitted for gangways. At least 25% of guardrails or handrails must be no higher than 34 inches and must be dispersed. Clear floor or ground space must be provided at each accessible railing, and turning space must be provided on the pier.
5. Golf Facilities (Sections 238, 1006)
Newly constructed and altered golf facilities must have either an accessible route or golf car passages with a minimum width of 48 inches connecting accessible elements and spaces within the boundary of the golf course. An accessible route must be provided to the golf car rental area, bag drop-off areas, and other elements that are outside the boundary of the golf course. One or two teeing grounds (depending on the total number provided) per hole must be accessible.
If weather shelters are provided, a golf car must be able to enter and exit the shelters. Certain percentages of practice teeing grounds, practice teeing stations at driving ranges, and putting greens must be accessible.
6. Miniature Golf (Sections 239, 1007)
At least fifty percent of all holes on a miniature golf course must be accessible. These accessible holes must be consecutive, and they must be on an accessible route. The last accessible hole must be on an accessible route that connects to the course entrance or exit without going back through other holes.
7. Play Areas (Sections 240, 1008)
Play areas designed, constructed, and altered for children ages two and over in a variety of settings, including parks, schools, childcare facilities, and shopping centers, are covered.
Accessible ground and elevated play components, accessible routes, ramps and transfer systems (typically a platform or transfer steps), and accessible ground surfaces must be provided.
8. Swimming Pools, Wading Pools, and Spas (Sections 242, 1009)
Accessible means of entry/exit are required for swimming pools. Such accessible means of entry include a pool lift or sloped entry, and either a transfer wall, transfer system, or pool stairs. Wading pools must provide a sloped entry, and spas must provide a pool lift, transfer wall, or transfer system. Wave action pools, leisure rivers, and sand bottom pools where user access is limited to one area shall not be required to provide more than one accessible means of entry, either a pool lift, sloped entry, or a transfer system.
9. Saunas and Steam Rooms (Chapters 241, 612)
Where provided, saunas and steam rooms must be accessible, having appropriate turning space, doors that do not swing into the clear floor space, and, where provided, an accessible bench. A readily removable bench is permitted to obstruct the turning space and the clear floor space.
B. Public Facilities
1. Detention and Correctional Facilities (Sections 232, 807)
At least one of each type of general holding cells, general housing cells, medical care facilities, and visiting areas must be accessible. In addition, at least one of each type of special holding cells or special housing cells also must be accessible. Also, at least one of each type of central holding cells, court-floor holding cells, and visiting areas in a judicial facility must be accessible.
2. Judicial Facilities (Sections 231, 807, 808)
Each courtroom must be accessible. Jury boxes, witness stands, and jury deliberation areas must be accessible. Judges benches and other employee work stations must be accessible, but raised courtroom work stations are not required to provide ramps or lifts at the time of construction as long as the space has been designed to permit the future addition of a ramp or lift without substantial reconstruction.
3. Residential Dwelling Units (Sections 233, 809)
This section establishes requirements for dwelling units provided by public entities subject to title II. For residential units that are also subject to the section 504 regulations of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the standards defer to the HUD regulation for the scoping requirements. For all other units, at least 5% must be accessible to individuals with mobility impairments. In addition, at least 2% must be accessible to individuals with communications related disabilities.
For more information: The final rule and this fact sheet are available in electronic format on the Internet at http://www.ada.gov/. For additional information or to order copies of any documents, call the ADA Information Line (800) 514-0301 (voice) or (800) 514-0383 (TTY). Copies will be available in accessible formats.
« News from the Access Board


Welcome to the February 2019 Issue of Betterbaking.com!
I'm delighted to welcome you back to my kitchen where I've been in a babka dervish, testing and refining this wonderful pastry until it reached 'definitive' status.
Just what is a babka, you may well ask? It's a sweet, yeasted coffee cake in the East European Jewish tradition. Babka's usually come in chocolate or cinnamon flavor (a result of schmear or filling inside them) and while they're easy enough to make, there's a special mystique to making an exceptional one.
For years I made a 'bready' babka, which was the classic and it was much like any good sweet-yeast coffee cake, moist and lofty and a cross between pastry and bread. As good as it was, I always wanted to improve my recipe or create a different version. When I tasted a chewy, sticky-style babka at a local baker that specialized in them, I was lit up! I became a baking blood-hound, determined to get to the bottom of this amazing sweet. Yet until about a week ago, despite many efforts, I was still unable to figure out how achieve that many-layered babka that was both sticky and chewy (and decadent!) versus bready. I tried a few approaches. First, I upped the filling but no-go. No matter how much I piled on, the filling disappeared in the baking and the layers were barely apparent. Then I reduced the yeast (to make it less bready) and that was good or better but still not the ticket. Then I had a revelation: what if the secret to sticky, chewy babka was simply piling on so much rolled dough so that it was weighty enough to compress itself. This should effectively stop the babka from rising and result in all those interesting layers and that sticky, chewy texture. Turns out I was right! It worked.
Then I worked backwards on the recipe, creating the best, most buttery dough, with the perfect amount of sugar, salt and butter (my babka tastes like brioche!). Last I considered the trending flavor of the moment. Was it cinnamon, Nutella, or chocolate? Well, that was quickly solved when I visited a falafel place where they featured a stunning halvah babka. I had to make that! That decision left me with the task of perfecting the halvah filling. And then just to make sure this is a stupendous recipe, I also brought in a couple of BB test bakers to make sure the recipes works and is, as promised, sticky and chewy and delicious. More good news: you can also use the recipe and my method to make a classic chocolate or cinnamon babka if you prefer.
(One small point: anything sticky chewy can be problematic in confirming when it's done baking and also, when just baked, it can taste under-baked or a bit 'wet'. I assure you if you give this babka time to rest it will morph into sticky, chewy, and definitely not raw, babka).
On another note, I've been experimenting with a small baking video on one of my most iconic recipes BB Pizza Croissants featured as this month's free recipe. This one-minute video will show you how to make this baking snack a snap. This recipe is a beloved family favorite that I think you'll adopt too. Like calzone, (Super Bowl perfect snack-food) Pizza Croissants keep for a few days or freeze and are great with salad as a meal or take-along lunch.
20% off BB Readers with Soho Leather Journals!
And if you want to explore your love of writing this February, I'm chuffed to pass on a great discount on a beautiful leather journal from our friends at Soho Spark Journal. They offer a few designs in their leather journal (I chose the Peace Dove) which features lined paper that befits any sort of pen: fountain pens (don't bleed), rollerball or ballpoint. For the month of February, use this code: "bettertogether219' or this link https://sohospark.com/discount/bettertogether219 to get your 20% discount.
Please also take a look at artist Lori Robert's gorgeous gratitude journals, filled with beautiful art and gratitude writing prompts at www.LittleTruthsStudio.com.
This fabulous Sticky Chewy Babka would give the best baker in New York City a run for their money. This recipe also works with cinnamon or chocolate schmear filling.
I love mash-ups especially when they combine two iconic types of baking such as Red Velvet Cake and a creamy cheesecake!
It's hard to beat the heart-warming appeal of something that is healthful and tastes great. These Carrot Cake muffins are filled with good things that are also uncompromisingly delicious!


While asserting that the anti-Modi front of the Opposition will be proved futile following the state Assembly elections, Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Shivraj Singh Chouhan said on Tuesday that Prime Minister is a God's gift to India and that millions of people have full faith in him.
Speaking to ANI in poll-bound Telangana, Chouhan said that Prime Minister Modi has increased India's stature and reputation in countries across the world. "Anti-Modi Front of the Opposition will be proved futile after the state elections and all efforts of Opposition against Prime Minister Modi will eventually fail," he added.
Chouhan also slammed the Congress party and the ruling K. Chandrashekar Rao-led Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) government in the state.
"Congress is uprooted everywhere in India and hence it cannot be an option in Telangana. Only BJP is the option in the state. All the efforts of opposition against Prime Minister Modi would fail and BJP under his leadership will form the government at Centre in 2019 along with its allies," he added.
Chouhan further said that the TRS government has completely ruined the state of Telangana during its tenure."The state has become a revenue deficit from revenue surplus state in their (TRS) rule. The state is grappling with unemployment, farm distress and a plethora of other problems. The whole state has been ruined as it was being controlled by one family," he said.
Telangana elections are due on December 7 while counting of votes will take place on December 11.


text:
Transmission Lines (Part V): Reverse-Engineering the DUT
Figure 1: Every DUT can be thought of as a Thevenin
voltage source with some internal resistance
There are always two primary elements of any test and/or measurement application: the oscilloscope and the device under test (DUT). Getting valid measurement results depends, first and foremost, on the oscilloscope's capabilities given the task at hand. It also depends on what we'll call "situational awareness," or the operator's understanding of the oscilloscope and of the characteristics of the DUT.
On the oscilloscope side, you want to pay attention to the "banner specs," the key specifications that give the instrument its core capabilities. These include attributes such as:
Time base
Number of samples in an acquisition
Analog bandwidth
Intrinsic rise time
Input impedance setting
You also should know some things about the probe and its cabling, such as its bandwidth, and its time delay. The typical RG-174 coaxial probe cable has a bandwidth of 3-4 GHz. The characteristic impedance is 50 Ω, and with a 3' length, the time delay is about 4.5 ns.
Then there's the DUT, and every device you examine is a Thevenin voltage source with some internal source resistance (Figure 1). When we do a measurement at the output of the DUT, what we measure depends on some figures of merit, namely the voltage, the resistance, and the rise time. Without being aware of these attributes of the DUT, it's going to be difficult to interpret the measurement results.
But what if you don't know these figures of merit? You can reverse-engineer your DUT to determine them.
Reverse-Engineering DUT Figures of Merit
Here's how to characterize any DUT and extract those figures of merit. Remember that a DUT has some Thevenin source voltage and source resistance as well as an intrinsic rise time.
Figure 2: This schematic depicts a DUT's Thevenin source
voltage and resistance connected to an oscilloscope termination
Step 1 (Figure 2) is to measure the DUT's output with the oscilloscope set to a 1-MΩ input impedance. We won't be loading down the source, so if we give it enough time, the voltage we measure is the unloaded, open-circuit Thevenin source voltage, Vsource.
Step 2 is to measure the DUT voltage with the oscilloscope's input impedance to 50 Ω. Now, before you make the voltage measurement with this oscilloscope setting, make absolutely sure that the voltage you'll be measuring is less than 5 VRMS. The oscilloscope's front end is, in essence, a 50-Ω load that is rated for only about 0.5 W, and with more than 5 VRMS, you could be endangering the instrument. A good practice, especially if you don't know much about your input signal, is to first measure that unloaded voltage with a 1-MΩ input impedance to determine whether or not you should be using a higher-voltage probe.
With that caveat, we measure the DUT's output with the oscilloscope set at 50 Ω. What should we see? We would expect to see a voltage drop at Vout in Figure 1. That voltage drop will depend on the value of Rsource. We have created a voltage divider by measuring the voltage across 50 Ω, and we can calculate the measured voltage using:
Now that we know Vmeas, and we'd already measured Vsource and know the value of Rscope, we can calculate Rsource using:
The next item on the agenda is to measure the DUT output signal's rise time, and we'll pick up with that in a subsequent post.
Labels: device under test, DUT, input impedance, Oscilloscope, rise time, Thevenin source resistance, Thevenin source voltage
Stephen Ems said...
Should I worry about loading a CMOS output with a DC 50 Ohm load?
Fri Mar 02, 03:30:00 PM
Understand RF Pickup When Measuring Power Rails
An Example of Three-Phase Power Measurements
Three-Phase Power Calculations
Power Calculations for Distorted Waveforms
Power Calculations for Pure Sine Waves
Back to Basics: AC Sinusoidal Line Current
More Basics of Three-Phase AC Sinusoidal Voltages
Transmission Lines (Part V): Reverse-Engineering t...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Weed control practices in container production primarily consist of two methods, hand pulling and herbicide applications, but these are not ideal for larger container production. Mulches have been proven to be an effective alternative method of weed control in large containers (Richardson et al., 2008; Bartley et al., 2014). Due to the abundance of fertilizer and water in the nursery environment, degradation rates of available mulch species and types could drastically vary (Altland and Krause, 2014). This research, conducted with the use of litter bags, shows that of five readily available mulch species, pine bark mini-nuggets, Eastern red cedar, and loblolly pine followed by sweetgum and Chinese privet showed the best weed control potential determined by elemental composition, particle size distribution, and degradation rates.


Here Today, Gone Tomorrow deals with the short-lived nature–yet haughty attitude–of the majority of "artists" found in the music business. A theme Guru discusses a lot in his work. Note that Gang Starr at the time already reached the point where they could claim to be the exact opposite of what's described in this joint. The legendary title Guru and Preem were to get in the following years make the contents of this track all the more true and relevant.
Samples Billy Cobham, with George Duke on the keys. From the jazz-funk drummers' album of the same name.
"Here Today, Gone Tomorrow," I got sued for that. I settled. I settled a lot of sample clearance [lawsuits] that came my way. I just went ahead and settled, no biggie. [Like], "Yeah, I'm guilty. Yeah, I used it. I'm not gonna fight it. Go 'head. Here, take your money." We weren't doing it out of disrespect. We were paying homage to these people that don't even make these sounds no more. You pick up any of those guys' albums, they either don't exist anymore, or they stopped trying to keep up with the youngsters.


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New research reveals risk to Canada from droughts, storms could cost $139B
New research, launched by global professional services company GHD titled Aquanomics: The economics of water risk and future resilience reveals that droughts, floods, and storms could result in a total loss of CA$139 billion to Canadian gross domestic project (GDP) between 2022 and 2050. This equates to an average annual GDP loss of 0.2%.
This study represents the first time the economic impact of water risk has been calculated at a GDP and sector level. The research combines insurance data with econometric modelling to demonstrate the wider economic impact of increased future water risk. It focuses on seven key countries across GHD's footprint – Australia, Canada, China, the Philippines, the UAE, the UK and the U.S. (Country data provided below)
Canada's large land mass, combined with low population density, contributes to water risk
having less of an impact than many of the other countries in the study, but there are still risks.
Flooding alone is expected to cost the Canadian economy over CA$40bn in the years leading up to 2050, making up almost half of the country's estimated total direct losses.
Don Holland, Canada water market leader at GHD, says: "The Aquanomics report not only reveals the threat that increasingly frequent and severe water-related events pose to global economies, but also to communities and natural ecosystems that rely on a balanced water cycle for survival.
"Canada may not be a water-stressed country, but it is a country of extremes, and these
extremes are getting more pronounced. With the Canadian government estimating that the
country is warming at double the rate of the rest of the world, a growing number of municipalities have declared climate emergencies and are implementing policies to boost resiliency. It is up to the water industry to help clients implement a risk-based management approach to provide the resiliency communities require to grow and thrive during these uncertain times. In addition to providing the required resiliency, this also provides us with an opportunity to improve our communities and environment."
See also ReNew Canada and COVID-19
The study also presents the potential impact on five critical economic sectors: agriculture;
banking and insurance; energy and utilities; fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) and retail; and manufacturing and distribution. It reveals Canada's manufacturing and distribution sector could suffer total losses of CA$64 billion by 2050 – equating to an average annual output loss of 0.3%. The agriculture sector, on the other hand – the most water-intensive industry – faces projected losses of $4 billion by 2050 – this equates to average output losses of 0.1% each year.
Featured image: BC's Highway 1 in Fraser after flooding, Nov. 2021. (BC Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure)
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Ryan Breslin
Ryan Breslin Biography
Biography by Benjamin Published on 02 Jul, 2016 Updated on 02 Jul, 2016
Facts of Ryan Breslin
1989 , June-21
Kim Breslin
Michael Breslin
Stage Actor
View more / View Less Facts of Ryan Breslin
Ryan Berlin is professionally an actor who is recognized by the performance in Hail, Caesar in 2016. More than this he is also recognized from the person of Interest in 2011 and Submission Only in 2010. Ryan was born on June 21, 1989, running 27 years old. Holding American nationality he is also one among the stage actor who has won critical acclaim for his work in Newsies the Musical portrayed as Race.
Previously, his work in High School Musical as Ryan Evans is also counted under work success. His siblings are also professionally an actor named Abigail Breslin and Spencer Breslin. Due to limited profile, most of his personal information is not available to the public.
Breslin was interested in acting from an early time. He used to make excellent stage performance in school days. He spent his early childhood from Marietta, Georgia an and previously interested in becoming the baseball player. For this Ryan also became a part of a local team for some years. He earned BFA in Musical Theatre after he was trained across Atlanta Ballet. His academic excellence completed from University of Cincinnati's College-Conservatory of Music.
Ryan was also a part of high school musical as touring production. This was an understudy in The Book of Mormon. Currently being associated within Corey Cott in Broadway's Newsies the Musical he has earned the successful position. Because of Ryan's professional excellence, he was also nominated within Astaire Award for his work with the very role as Outstanding Male Dancer.
There is not available fact whether Ryan is married or not. He has also not elaborated whether he is having an affair or previously had the divorce with any lady. Till the date, there is not any person who claimed as his spouse. But according to some of Ryan's fan, he is searching for the perfect partner in life whom he can share all emotional views. Breslin loves traveling and he is good in cooking Japanese dishes. He is also learning the French language.
He is highly attached to family and credits all the work success and accomplishment to a beloved wife. Ryan is away from rumors and controversy as because there is not any media presence properly made by him neither in any talk shows or interview. He loves enjoying moment along with as he often travels alone. Breslin loves rabbit and he has kept 2 pet rabbit. Breslin credits all his work success to the beloved mother.
Due to limited information about his personal life, Ryan's height, weight, and body measurement is not explicitly available anywhere. He is able to earn thousands of American dollars as net worth and his salary estimation is not known. He can be followed on Twitter where he has recently appeared. Along with this, he is requesting for a personal profile in Instagram by his fans but he has not made.


Pendant Lamp from Gubi. The Semi Pendant is a unique pendant lamp, based on two quarter-circles put together, back-to-back. It's distinctive arch-shaped, enamelled metal shade creates a diffused, cone-shaped light, ideal over a dining table or kitchen work surface.


It's the last day of Winter Knits Week and we have a new pattern in the shop just for this event! The Penny Raglan by Grainline Studio is an oversized knit tee with a knit-bound neckline and raglan sleeves.
I sewed my Penny Raglan in a size 2, graded out to a size 4 in our Grape Cupro Jersey fabric.
I love the fit of this boxy top for a pajama shirt. But I also think it'll be ideal to wear on hot summer days. The pattern sewed up really quickly. From cutting out the top to hemming it took about 1.5 hours. I love an instant gratification project!
This cupro jersey was the perfect substrate for this design. It's lightweight (about 5 ounces per square yard) and has 50% stretch and really nice drape. It's definitely a fabric made for comfy tees like the Penny Raglan.
I used my coverstitch machine and some Heat N Bond Soft Stretch to hem the sleeves and bodices of this design, which looks really professional. It's projects like this that I'm so grateful I have a coverstitch machine!
I also sewed a pair of joggers to wear with my Penny Raglan. These are Seamly joggers, which aren't yet made into a sewing pattern (and no longer produced), but we're considering it. I sewed these joggers using our Vintage Grey French Terry fabric.
These joggers have pockets, front pleats, and a slit on the side leg at the ankle. When Seamly was producing these joggers to sell, there were actually zippers at both ankles. I had a pair of those joggers and I found that I was always leaving the zippers unzipped, so I decided to forgo zippers on this pair.
Again, these pants sewed up super quickly. They took about an hour from start to finish and I've been wearing them nightly to bed. This fabric is super warm and cozy!
If you have strong feelings about whether we should make these Seamly joggers into a sewing pattern or not, please leave a comment below!


Nikita Woods dribbles the ball down the field against Iowa Western Community College on Sept. 3.
The Region IX Player of the Year resides here at Laramie County Community College, but the path she took to LCCC is not the norm.
Nikita Woods led the Golden Eagles women's soccer team this season with 25 goals and was fourth on the team with 10 assists, which led to Woods being honored as the Region IX Player of the Year.
Woods didn't take the traditional path to college. Unlike most students who come to LCCC from the local area, Woods grew up in Corrimal, Australia. At first, the transition from Australia to Cheyenne was tough for Woods.
The transition from Australia to the United States didn't only take place in Woods personal life, it was also a new world in the aspect of getting acclimated to the soccer pitch.
It's a lot different playing in America compared to Australia. Australia doesn't have college athletics for soccer or any other sport like here in America, Woods said.
The other difference came from the speed and physicality of the game.
Woods is one of six international players that head coach Jim Gardner has on the Golden Eagles soccer team. She believes Gardner has helped her grow as a person on and off of the field.
The Golden Eagles made it to the national tournament for the third straight year after defeating Snow College 2-1 at home in the District C Championship Game. In Melbourne, Florida, the women's soccer team defeated Moraine Valley Community College 6-0 in pool play, but failed to advance to the knockout stage after falling to ASA College 7-3.
Woods was disappointed to miss out on the knockout stage but said was amazing to just make it that far. She was proud of her team for making it to nationals in her two seasons at LCCC.
Woods will be graduating from LCCC this May with an Associate of Arts in Education and is undecided in terms of where she hopes to play next.


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The 20 Best Phonics Songs
Music is a powerful methodology for everyday life. Certain songs incite memories, emotions, and spiritual balance. It can also be one of the most beneficial models for teaching phonics during early childhood. Songs, rhymes, and other mnemonic devices are the most memorable for the human brain and allow children to naturally internalize sounds and concepts as parts while still working with them as a whole.
Recent studies have shown that teaching through music helps increase test scores in children. Choosing the correct song is critical to the success. Songs promote phonetic awareness, fluency, and comprehension. Another study found that music training, unlike listening, produces long-term modification rather than short term. The key here is finding the specific song to target the specific skill for the child to master.
Below are a list of songs and what they can be used for when teaching:
20. Counting With My Friends
Teaching a child to count can be difficult. They may get stuck on one number or skip a series of numbers, or forget one all together. This song teaches a child a fun way to count from one to ten through a fun song they can remember as they continue their cognitive development. This song encourages children to count out loud but also to hold up the correct number of fingers, so they begin to associate the word with the actual number of fingers they are holding up. As they continue to learn the word association, this activity will help them translate a word into a comprehension activity.
19. A-B-C
One of the first songs that we teach children is the A-B-C song. There is a reason that everyone speaking the English language knows this song; because it effectively teaches the letters. Children learn this song at such a young age, but it helps them learn to recognize the sight of each letter as well as helping them learn the phonetics of each letter. As children grow, they continue their comprehension of this concept into reading, writing, and phonetic sounds to construct stories.
18. Letter Tales
Letter Tales is a song that helps children associate sounds with specific letters. It moves through every letter of the alphabet and teaches the phonetic sounds of all twenty-six letters. The album as a whole teaches oral language skills through fun and catchy songs.
17. My Name Starts With a Letter
Teaching a child to sound out words that are meaningful to them first is a great way to teach phonics. The world of a child is very self-centered, so sounding out their name or identifying the first letter in their name is an important exercise. This song is full of alliterations and rhymes to help a child recognize the individual sounds within a word and then begin to nice the same sounds in different words.
16. Seven Silly Squirrels
One of the most fun and recognizable sounds for children to learn is "S." It has a very distinct sound, and there are many words that begin with the letter that are within their comprehension levels. This song focuses on the initial phoneme alliteration to help children recognize the first sound of these words and then encourages them to find other words that they know with the same initial sound.
15. Name Game
This song is wonderful for teachers as it allows them to insert names of students in their class with a quick little rhyme and helps each student both hear their name called as well as hear how their name rhymes with something else. In doing so, these clever lyrics help prepare children to become enthusiastic and capable readers. This song identifies and important part of the oral language by discussing a specific ending sound of a word and how that ending sound is related to other words to form a rhyme. Rhyming is one of the basic skills taught in Kindergarten to increase reading comprehension.
14. Hat and Cat
Another extremely important skill for children when transitioning from oral communication to reading comprehension is the ability to look at a word with similar sounds and replace one letter of the word to make it a different word. This song teaches phoneme blending to show children how to make that replacement and form new words and then how the word associations change the meaning of a sentence.
13. Apples and Bananas
This song is popular for using phoneme manipulation. It runs through a series of well-known words and replaces the first letter with the different vowels from the alphabet. Children learn how the different sounds affect specific words and can then be used to teach them the differentiation of vowel sounds versus consonant sounds later in their education. Not only does this song teach them phoneme manipulation, but it also teaches children that some letters can make two sounds. Learning that vowel can make short or long sounds can be confusing for children, so they can use a song like Apples and Bananas to help them hear the difference between sounds.
12. Nine Naughty Newts
This song (and the others from this collection) focuses on the sound of each letter of the alphabet. Teachers can choose from a variety of levels on which to focus their efforts in relation to this song. The focus can be changed and adapted as children progress through the comprehension of topics such as initial phoneme, counting, clapping, imaginative play, and sight words. Integrating multiple tasks for a more complex lesson is encouraged with this song.
11. Down By The Bay
Down By The Bay is a popular song sung by man teachers and parents alike. It teaches children how to construct their own rhymes through silly concepts they will find enjoyable. This song invites children to join in the fun as they hear about whimsical creatures and the sights of the day down by the ocean.
10. Beginning and Ending Sounds
Learning to build a word can be difficult. Teaching children how to put two letters together to make a different sound helps them see how individual letters become part of a word. Reading and writing is difficult for students with limited language skills. Learning words such as blends, digraphs, and homophones during a phonics lesson can frustrate children easily. Adding images, movement, and song to a difficult concept such as beginning and ending sounds helps children feel successful in their learning and increases their retention of the material.
9. Cookie Mouth Sounds
The English language is full of special circumstances, double letters, and silent letters, which prove very difficult for children to grasp. Speech therapists often struggle with children who cannot form essential mouth sounds. Songs work best with visuals as well, and children always respond better to movement and activity. Have them pretend to eat cookies while they learn to make the six basic mouth sounds of Ah, Sh, MM, EE, OO, and SS. Once a child learns the sound these two letters make together, place the lyrics in front of them and help them then learn to read those sounds while they continue to learn to form the mouth sounds.
8. Triple Letters
Once children have mastered initial phonemes, blends, digraphs, and homophones, they can begin to string three letters together to find sound patterns. Sounds like "Str" or "Spr" or "Thr" or "Scr" can be used to form bigger words such as "string," "spring," "three," and "scrub." The use of these three sounds together further progress reading comprehension and vocabulary at early ages. Integrating these words into a song that offers a lively oral language experience helps children repeatedly hear higher-level vocabulary in simple melodies.
7. Michael Finnegan
A child with a language delay has to work harder for every word spoken. Songs help children practice their fluency in both articulation and language. The silliness of the song Michael Finnegan combined with a change in tempo of the song (singing it very slowly or extremely fast) make it a great way to practice language and speech. With this song, children are learning more than they think and is a wonderful tool for teachers as music makes learning an adventure, helps connect your students, and shows them the joy of learning.
6. Skip to My Lou
Skip to My Lou is a great song for teaching fluency and fun. It can be combined with different activities to increase child participation and quickly develop language skills. Each movement discussed in this song can be drawn and showed to the children for active participation. Teachers and students can sing along with the song and then use the appropriate movements. Due to the silly nature of the song, this becomes a fun event for children rather than a language or speech drill.
5. Soup! Soup! Soup!
Soup! Soup! Soup! focuses on one of the most difficult sounds for children to understand "ou." This sound is particularly difficult as there is a counterpart sounds of "OO." Helping children decipher between sounds and which letters are making which sounds is much easier done through music. This silly song helps children hear the sound and how it breaks down in the word. It also addresses the initial phoneme of the letter "S" which becomes fun for children to learn. The letter "S" has a slightly silly nature both in appearance and in sound making it a typical favorite among children. Soup! Soup! Soup! is a fun and silly way for children to learn without realizing they are learning.
4. Muffin Mix
Muffin Mix introduces children to the concept of alliteration. Utilization of words starting with the same letter and sound and/or being able to identify these words is key to the success of early language development. Constant repetition of a single sound in a poem or song helps children associate that sound with a specific letter. In earlier studies, alliterations and rhyming was shown to represent an immediate step in natural language development. It is also a strong predictor of reading success through phoneme awareness. Children who successfully use word play and invent rhyming patterns and poems at early ages also showed earlier success in reading and writing.
3. Hey Caterpillar
Hey Caterpillar focuses on syllabication. Children learn how to break words into syllables. Learning syllables help children with reading and spelling. Children learn how to break down words into smaller parts so they can begin to spell words syllable by syllable rather than attempting to spell words as a whole. Activities can accompany Hey Caterpillar such as stomping, clapping, snapping, and other silly noise making actions. Once this activity is complete, pass out the lyrics of the song on paper and the children can work on splitting words into syllables and again clapping or snapping to hear where the break is in the word. This will help them as they read and write.
2. Take a Word Apart
In the song Take a Word Apart, the first part of a word is taken away initially and then the last part of the word is taken away. Children will have to use their imaginations to recreate the word that is missing so they can understand the song. This activity encourages children to shout out the answers and then whisper them. Since this is also a song, teachers can also focus on the rhyming pieces of the lyrics to help build vocabulary, fluency, and phonetic awareness throughout the entire exercise. Building and dissecting compound words helps children learn to spell by breaking words apart and then putting them back together.
1. On Your Lap
On Your Lap works through phoneme addition and blending. Saying the individual sounds in a word and then running them together to make the word helps children hear that individual sounds run together to create words. This is a difficult skill to master as the sounds must be said quickly to hear the word. This song includes different digraphs that must be read as a unit rather than as individual sounds. The lyrical words can be changed out to focus on different sounds. Encourage children to say the two sounds as one unit for greater fluency when reading. Beginning with easier words and working up to words with blends will instill confidence and success during difficult concepts. It is also easier to act out the activity by working with the specific letters in the lap of the child so they can see it and say it and hear it for greater learning retention.
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Watch Death of a Man in the Balkans Full Movie published High Quality. 2 years ago Death of a Man in the Balkans Comedy Drama Synopsis Of Death of a Man in the Balkans After a musician commits suicide, the discovery of his dead body by his eccentric neighbors is recorded by the dead man's web cam.
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