text:
Licensed Material and Copyright
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Voluntary principles for article sharing on scholarly collaboration networks - STM - Revised 8 June 2018
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Reply to post: Did the story author read the NASA link?
Did the story author read the NASA link?
"Satellite observations reveal that the amount of spring snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere has decreased over the past five decades and that the snow is melting earlier."
^ This can't be true because Explorer 6 was only active for 60 days, none of them during the spring, and Ladsat didn't launch until 1972.
"The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950."
^ This is based on data from weather stations that weren't designed to measure sub-degree changes. You have a signal that's close to the noise floor (1: http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/tn404/text/tn404_6.html 2: https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/pml/wmd/105-6.pdf ) and the investigators didn't use blinds. The reported warming also spiked after those investigators took a political stand (in the 1970s: https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15092015/Exxons-own-research-confirmed-fossil-fuels-role-in-global-warming ) and tapered off during the 2000s. That's the pattern you'd expect to see if bias were the main cause.
"All three major global surface temperature reconstructions show that Earth has warmed since 1880. Most of this warming has occurred since the 1970s, with the 20 warmest years having occurred since 1981 and with all 10 of the warmest years occurring in the past 12 years."
The proxy indeces are vulnerable to p-hacking because there are lots of potential proxies to choose from, and they weren't pre-registered.
"The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of 0.302 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969."
^ This is based on the same data, and is even farther inside the instrumental margin of error.
"Data from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment show Greenland lost 150 to 250 cubic kilometers (36 to 60 cubic miles) of ice per year between 2002 and 2006"
"...while Antarctica lost about 152 cubic kilometers (36 cubic miles) of ice between 2002 and 2005."
...out of 7.2 million cubic miles, or five ten-thousandths of a percent.
I'm perfectly willing to work on energy-saving technologies (and have done so, actually). I also spent a few years as a Democratic organizer, and I've been a bike commuter for close to 20 years.
My beef is that the policy proposals from US greens don't make engineering sense. At this point, almost nay low-CO2 tech would be worth building, and the feedback loops in the models imply that timing of emissions is as important as total footprint. You won't get anywhere trying to talk to them about that.


text:
1MATCH URL: https://assets.rappler.com/73023E0528774959A91B16D29379D818/img/32B852F17F2047EB86CA74DBE5CE8C45/usstate-20170627-tillerson-tip-2017-report.jpg
U.S. lists China among worst human trafficking offenders
The release of the annual Trafficking in Persons Report appears to signal the Trump administration's closer embrace of human rights issues as an integral part of its foreign policy
Published 8:59 AM, June 28, 2017
Updated 8:59 AM, June 28, 2017
2017 REPORT. U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson hosts the 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report Launch Ceremony at the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C., on June 27, 2017. State Department photo/ Public Domain
WASHINGTON DC, USA – US President Donald Trump's administration hit China Tuesday over its rights record, listing the country alongside Sudan and North Korea on a list of the world's worst human trafficking offenders.
The State Department downgraded China in its annual "Trafficking in Persons Report," saying Beijing is doing little to combat the phenomenon or protect its victims.
It pointed to ethnic Uighurs, a Muslim minority in China's west, being coerced into forced labor, and to Beijing's wholesale repatriation of North Koreans without checking to see if they were trafficking victims.
Beijing "does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so," said the report unveiled in Washington by Secretary of State Rex Tillerson on Tuesday, June 27.
It marked the first significant rebuke of China's rights record by the Trump administration, which has avoided harsh criticism of Beijing as the president seeks to establish a working relationship over deep trade differences and North Korea's nuclear program.
The release of the annual report also appeared to signal the Trump administration's closer embrace of human rights issues as an integral part of its foreign policy. The 5-month old government has been reticent to highlight rights issues, keeping its focus on more narrowly defined security and economic interests.
Speaking at the report's launch, Ivanka Trump, the president's daughter and White House assistant, said all governments have the responsibility to prosecute human traffickers.
"Human trafficking is a pervasive human rights issue," she said. "Ending human trafficking is a major foreign policy priority for the Trump administration."
North Korea singled out
The State Department report placed Congo Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea and Mali on its list of 23 "Tier 3" countries with the worst human trafficking records, which also includes Russia, Iran, Syria and Venezuela.
The DR Congo and Mali were singled out for not taking action against the use of child soldiers; Congo Republic was named as a key source and destination country for the trafficking of children, men and women into forced labor and sex networks.
Tillerson said around 20 million people worldwide are victims of human trafficking, benefitting rogue governments, organized crime, and even established businesses unaware of forced labor in their supply chains.
"When state actors or non-state actors use human trafficking it becomes a threat to our national security," Tillerson said.
"We hope the 21st century will be the last century of human trafficking."
Tillerson singled out North Korea as one of the most egregious offenders, noting the country has forced 50,000 to 80,000 people to work abroad, mainly in China and Russia, while their pay goes directly to the government.
"The North Korean regime receives hundreds of millions of dollars per year from the fruits of forced labor," he said. He tied China's downgrade in part to its acceptance of laborers from North Korea.
"Responsible nations cannot allow this to go on," he said.
Meanwhile Afghanistan was upgraded for its crackdown on the abuse of boys for social and sexual entertainment, and providing shelters for rescued children.
Myanmar, heavily criticized in the past for its large numbers of child soldiers, was removed from among the worst offenders to the "Tier 2 Watch List" for its efforts to halt the practice.
But the elimination of both Myanmar and Iraq from a special list of countries which use child soldiers brought a strong condemnation from Human Rights Watch, which called the State Department's claim of their improvement a "lie".
The move "flies in the face of evidence that both governments are still complicit in child soldier use," said Jo Becker, HRW's advocacy director for children's rights.
"The US provides Iraq with billions of dollars of military assistance each year; in exchange, it should insist the government put an end to child recruitment by its units. Instead, the State Department isn't even acknowledging Iraq has a child soldier problem," she said. – Rappler.com
Filed under:2017 Trafficking in Persons Report•China•Ivanka Trump•Rex Tillerson•diplomacy•human rights•human trafficking•modern-day slavery•United States

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: which properties are available in fb graph object? I want to use fb SDK to get social data after user logs in to my android app.
For example: gender, age, education, address, sexual orientation, pages he\she likes and more.
I have thought using this:
com.facebook.model.GraphObject.getProperty(String propertyName)

but couldn't find documentation of available names properties.
How would you get the info I asked above?
update
I have tried using this documentation as @Tobi suggested
but my code return bday == null
even though i have bday in my fb account
    Request.newMeRequest(session, new Request.GraphUserCallback() {
        @Override
        public void onCompleted(GraphUser user, Response response) {
            if (response.getError() == null && user != null) {
                String fbId = null;
                try {
                    Log.i(TAG, "User ID " + user.getId());
                    Log.i(TAG, "Email " + user.asMap().get("email"));

                    String bday = (String) user.getProperty("birthday");

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
What is the Crime Hub?
EBP Newsletter Subscribe
Election violence stats
Crimes by municipality or district
Public protest and violence stats
Police census stats
Police station contact information
Police station stats
Political attacks and killings
Crime statistics wizard
National crime
Provincial crime
Criminal justice performance
Crime trends 1994 to 2004
SAPS monthly stats
The great crime of Marikana
One act was central to converting what had already been a week of killing and confrontation at Marikana in 2012 into a massacre. That was the instruction for the police to launch the operation against the strikers on the afternoon of 16 August. This led directly to the police killing 34 people and seriously injuring many others.
In the days before, there had been many other acts of violence. Three strikers had been killed by police. Seven other people, including two police, were murdered allegedly by people associated with the strike.
The Marikana Commission report provides a list of matters to be referred to the North West Director of Public Prosecutions for investigation 'to determine whether there are bases for prosecution.' One of these is 'the possible liability of senior officers in the South African Police Services' for the shootings that took place on 16 August.
The National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) has initiated prosecutions for some of the killings that took place before that day. But 10 years after the incident, the NPA still has not indicated whether it will prosecute anyone regarding the 34 deaths.
Of the 34 miners killed at Marikana, 33 were shot by high-velocity R5 rifles developed for warfare
Several South African Police Service (SAPS) 'tactical units' – among them the National Intervention Unit and the Tactical Response Team – were deployed at Marikana. They were armed with R5s, a high-velocity rifle developed by the country's arms industry for use in the border wars of the 1970s and 1980s. Of the 34 miners killed at Marikana on 16 August, 33 were shot by R5 rifles.
There were over 600 SAPS members, including roughly 300 from the tactical units. They were facing a group of around 3 000 strikers, more than 300 of them armed with spears and other weapons. This was not a conventional public order operation intended to disperse the crowd. Instead, the plan envisaged that police would break up the large gathering into smaller groups, which they would then encircle and disarm.
The police believed that they would be met with violent resistance if they tried to disarm the strikers.
Public Order Police (POP) units equipped with rubber bullets, teargas and stun grenades were involved in the operation. But police doubted they could defend themselves effectively if attacked by the strikers. The deployment of the tactical units with their R5s was intended to ensure that the police could get the upper hand if the public order officials were attacked.
There was no immediate need for the operation to be launched that Thursday afternoon. Knowing there was a possibility of major bloodshed, the police went ahead. Their plans and preparations gave no serious attention to minimising the risk of police relying on the weapons carried by the tactical units.
The operation was not a conventional public order operation intended to disperse the crowd
The police envisaged being involved in multiple confrontations with armed strikers. If the operation had unfolded this way, more than 34 people could have been killed. Given that they were dispersing a crowd of 3 000, R5 bullets fired at strikers could easily have struck many others in the vicinity who were not confronting the police. Police could also have died in the R5 crossfire.
The operation at Marikana didn't go according to plan. Instead, it appears that the police opened fire when there was no attack against them. However many of the police who killed strikers that day, at both Scene 1 and Scene 2, may have believed the miners were attacking or shooting at them.
This doesn't diminish the culpability of the senior SAPS commanders involved. Considering the massive potential for loss of life, the decision to proceed was reckless and grossly irresponsible.
Regarding accountability, one must consider the role of Zukiswa Mbombo, the North West SAPS provincial commissioner at the time. She was the most senior police member present at Marikana on 16 August and issued the instruction to start the operation.
Ten years later, the NPA still hasn't indicated whether it will prosecute anyone for the 34 deaths
It's widely believed that the decision to launch it that day emanated from a political directive approved by police leaders the night before. Nevertheless, Mbombo was informed of the risk of serious injury but insisted the operation go ahead. According to the Marikana Commission report, the provincial commissioner was warned that the action 'would involve bloodshed. She reconciled herself to the fact that this was so merely asking for an assurance that it would be kept to the minimum.'
Although she was likely acting on the instructions of her superiors and their political bosses, she seems to have failed to properly consider the consequences. In her 31-year policing career, Mbombo had only been involved in operational activities during her first year. After that, she held administrative and financial positions until she was appointed provincial commissioner in 2005.
Perhaps this lack of operational experience meant she did not appreciate the nature of her responsibility in the situation or the scale of the risk. Despite this, she should be one of those who face a formal legal process of accountability.
South Africa's criminal justice institutions face a heavy burden. They must deal with high levels of violent and other crimes, hold to account those who orchestrated the July 2021 unrest and pursue many corruption cases, including the numerous leads provided by the Zondo Commission.
Notwithstanding this workload, the unresolved accountability issues in relation to Marikana must be addressed if efforts to build the rule of law in South Africa are to have genuine credibility.
David Bruce, Independent Researcher and Consultant, ISS Pretoria
Image: © REUTERS / Alamy Stock Photo
Exclusive rights to re-publish ISS Today articles have been given to Daily Maverick in South Africa and Premium Times in Nigeria. For media based outside South Africa and Nigeria that want to re-publish articles, or for queries about our re-publishing policy, email us.
Research for this article is funded by the Hanns Seidel Foundation. The ISS is also grateful for support from the members of the ISS Partnership Forum: the Hanns Seidel Foundation, the European Union, the Open Society Foundations and the governments of Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden.
Crime stats wizard
Research focus: Corruption


text:
In Development: 3D Plugins
Seasoned KiCad users are familiar with the venerable 3DViewer tool which has traditionally been used to help verify design by visual inspection and to create images of what a project may look like when it is finished. Historically the 3DViewer could only process a very limited implementation of the VRML2 (aka VRML97) specification as produced by the Wings3D modeler. In the past two years various developers contributed support for VRML1 and a very limited implementation of X3D, which improved the support for VRML generated by FreeCAD.
KiCad 4.0.2 more bugfixes
A new release of KiCad has been made, containing only minor bug fixes. This release does not contain a new snapshot of the docs or libs. It does have the latest changes from the kicad-i18n repo, which contains the GUI translations for KiCad. As last time, version 4.0.2 is made from the lp:kicad/4.0 branch with some cherry picked changes from the development branch. KiCad binaries will be available for download for Windows, OSX and Linux in the near future, see the download page for guidance.
KiCad 4.0.1 minor bugfixes
A new release of KiCad has been made, containing some minor bug fixes. These are related to the default path issue seen on Windows where the KISYMOD and KISYS3DMOD was not set properly. They are now set as environment variables by the installer such that they match your installation directory. In addition to that, a few fixes for the GAL canvas has been applied and a bug fix for the KiCad manager where it could potentially crash.
KiCad 4.0.0 is Out!
We've just released the long-awaited KiCad stable release, version 4.0.0! The announcement can be read on the developer's mailing list archive. Version 4.0.0 is made from the product branch BZR 6336. This is 148 commits after the last release candidate, RC2. These are all changes to improve stability and usability of KiCad. KiCad binaries will be available for download for Windows, OSX and Linux in the near future, see the download page for guidance.
KiCad 4.0.0 RC2
Now, approximately two months after the first release candidate we can now announce the second release candidate, 4.0.0 RC2, this is BZR 6303 from the product branch. Since the previous release candidate 115 commits have been made to fix bugs reported by users and developers alike. The 4.0 source code branch is available in the BZR repository on launchpad here: KiCad 4.0 Branch The RC2 branch has been packaged as a source archive available here: KiCad 4.
2015 Release Candidate Branch and RC1
We are pleased to announce that KiCad has finally made a 2015 release branch. The 2015 stable release of KiCad will start from version 4.0.0. Currently we are in the release candidate phase and as such BZR 6188 is now known as 4.0.0 RC1. The 4.0 branch can be found here: KiCad 4.0 Branch The RC1 branch has been packaged as a archive available here: KiCad 4.0.0 RC1 Archive
July and August 2015 Development Summary
In the spirit of providing insight on KiCad's development, this report covers some of the development work within July and August. There are many patches that have been applied and this post will only summarize some of them, this is in no way meant to discourage small patches). Stable release Work continues towards a "stable" release for 2015. It is taking longer than desired to reach a "stable" point however many developers do this in their limited spare time.
Announcing the new website
We are happy to announce a new website for KiCad, this instead of the old website system which was using Confluence, that has proved very unstable. The goal of this new website is to be the go to place for official KiCad information and should support some way of having regular KiCad users contribute to the site, let that be fixing typing mistakes or just improving the content in what ever way seems fit.
First Feature Freeze
It is time. Wayne, the current project leader, has now called the development status a feature freeze. See the announcement. This is to satisfy the road map and finally make a real release of KiCad since the latest release, the so called "Old Stable" also knows as the "4022 release". The number is referring to the bazaar revision number for that release. The task is now to make KiCad stable, which means bug fixing.
For even fresher news, look at the kicad-developers mailing-list.


text:
define(function (require) {
	var _ = require("underscore"),
	    BaseView = require("baseView"),
	    buttonHelpers = require("utilities/buttonHelpers"),
	    trackControlTemplateString = require("text!templates/trackControls/trackControl.html");

	var TrackControlView = BaseView.extend({
		className: "track-control",
		trackControlTemplate: _.template(trackControlTemplateString),

		events: {
			"click .track-control-select": function (event) {
				this.trigger("selectTrack", this.model);
			},

			"click .remove-track": function (event) {
				this.trigger("removeTrack", this.model);
			}
		},

		modelEvents: {
			"change:selected": "updateSelect",

			"remove": function () {
				this.trigger("removeTrackControl", this);
			}
		},

		render: function () {
			this.$el.html(this.trackControlTemplate());

			this.select = this.$(".track-control-select:first");

			// store the title so it can added and removed later
			this.selectTitle = this.select.attr("title");

			this.updateSelect();

			buttonHelpers.button(this.$(".remove-track:first"), "sprite-buttons-remove");

			return this;
		},

		updateSelect: function () {
			var modelSelected = this.model.get('selected');

			this.select.attr("title", modelSelected ? "" : this.selectTitle);
			this.select.toggleClass("track-control-selected", modelSelected);
		}
	});

	return TrackControlView;
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Optimum Motorsport agonisingly close to maiden GT3 podium in Silverstone 500
Shrewd strategic decisions ensured Optimum Motorsport was in the fight for an outright podium finish until the final lap of the Pirelli British GT Championship Silverstone 500, but fifth place was embraced by all at the team at the end of a dramatic and enthralling three-hour race (11-12 June).
Overcast skies blanketed Northamptonshire for free practice and qualifying on Saturday (11 June), but the outlook was relatively bright for Optimum Motorsport's GT4 contingent.
Class leaders Graham Johnson and Mike Robinson were both satisfied with their car's performance at the conclusion of free practice and there was a strong belief that their speed and consistency as a pairing would prevail against a bumper 51-car field in Sunday's three-hour race.
The Professional Motorsport World Expo entry was sixth in British GT4 in the combined free practice classification and the core aim was to qualify as the top Ginetta and ahead of the Beechdean Aston Martin V8 Vantage of Jack Bartholomew and Jordan Albert.
Exasperated by uncooperative and obstructive traffic, Johnson and Robinson were both relieved to emerge unscathed from a manic qualifying session in sixth in class, Johnson saying: "Traffic was a real problem. It was ridiculous! People were blocking and racing you and we lost time as a result. It really didn't work and I felt we had the quickest Ginetta because it felt great. Of course, the Ginetta is not the fastest car at Silverstone and we're some way off in the speedtraps, but Mike (Robinson) and I just wanted to use our experience to take a podium or a top five finish in what we felt would be a messy race."
Ultimately, traffic was the Ginetta pairing's downfall. Treacherously wet conditions necessitated a Safety Car start and Johnson and Robinson remained at the sharp end of the GT4 field from the moment the race when green until around mid-distance, when a rear-end shunt from a GT3 rival sent them spearing off into the gravel.
In GT3, Ryan Ratcliffe and Will Moore spent their practice time dialling out a pointy front end on their Audi R8 LMS and a couple of innocuous trips over the gravel did little to hamper the teammates' qualifying and race preparations.
Moore started Sunday's (12 June) three-hour contest behind the Safety Car in P12 and gained positions hand over fist to lie second overall on the fourth tour of the saturated Silverstone Grand Prix circuit before briefly handing the reins to Ratcliffe during a protracted neutralisation.
However, Optimum Motorsport took a strategic decision to make a second successive driver-change before racing resumed to ensure it was one stop ahead of its GT3 rivals with a 30-second deficit to the leaders, when it takes approximately 90 seconds to complete a pit stop.
A drying line soon appeared and Optimum's shrewd strategic gamble appeared to be paying off when it switched Moore for Ratcliffe with 80 minutes remaining, the team ascending to P1 on the leaderboard as others made their third and final stops.
Unfortunately, a conservative start to Ratcliffe's stint meant he came under attack from Gold and Platinum graded Pros in the latter stages, and the slick-shod Welsh Wizard was powerless to defend and took the finish in fifth.
Disappointed not to achieve Optimum Motorsport's maiden GT3 podium at the end of what he described as "the hardest race of his life", Ratcliffe said: "The Silverstone 500 was bittersweet because if somebody has offered me a fifth place this morning I would have taken it. We couldn't have done that without Optimum Motorsport's brilliant strategy and slick pit stops and an outstanding stint by Will (Moore). It's the first time I've driven the car on slicks in damp conditions and it was hands down the most difficult race of my life. It was a big learning curve for me and I'm happy with fifth, but gutted that we didn't get on the podium at the same time."
Optimum Motorsport Team Principal, Shaun Goff, said: "I would have taken a P5 at the start of the weekend and it was strategy and quick decision-making that ensured we were in the fight until the last lap. It goes to show that we've got a podium in us if things go our way. We live to fight another day."


text:
Title: Bildung im kontext von Kolonialismus und Migration : Dekonstruktionen des Bildungsromans in der Interkulturellen Gegenwartsliteratur
Author: Forster, Katharina
Awarding Body: University of Warwick
Current Institution: University of Warwick
http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/125484/
In recent decades there has been an interest in adaptations of the Bildungsroman in feminist, postcolonial and diasporic writing, challenging the genre's traditional constructions as a quintessentially 'German' genre or socially conservative canonical literature. Continuing these trends in research, this thesis examines how the Bildungsroman is used and reworked in German-language migration, diasporic and postcolonial novels which feature intercultural contexts. It also explores the new stories of personal development and cultural identity told in those texts which choose not to engage with genre traditions or even actively subvert them. The five novels analysed differ in terms of time and setting, ranging from modern-day migration and diasporic experiences to historical colonial settings. They also vary in their use of genre patterns, offering affirmative adaptations of canonical Bildungsromane (Alev Tekinay's neoromantic novel Der weinende Granatapfel, 1990) as well as critical revisions of the genre's idealist foundations (Sherko Fatah's post-colonial novel Ein weißes Land, 2011). Other novels eschew the genre traditions of the Bildungsroman in favor of formal and thematic innovations. While Emine Sevgi Özdamar's Die Brücke vom Goldenen Horn (1998) ironically subverts genre patterns, despite being termed an 'intercultural' Bildungsroman in literary criticism (Gutjahr, 2008), Yadé Kara's novel Selam Berlin (2003) can be productively compared to post-colonial 'novels of transformation' (Stein, 2004) in British literature, which highlight social transformations alongside personal ones. Ilija Trojanow's novel Der Weltensammler (2006) does not provide a coherent, unambiguous narrative of development, but employs a range of narrative strategies to engage the readers' ability to confront and question their cultural biases, involving them in a process of intercultural education. Finally, the conclusion provides an overview of the novels' innovative aspects, i.e. their tendency to frame personal development as a specifically cross-cultural process as well as their thematic focus on cultural change.
Keywords: PT Germanic literature


text:
Yoplait Commercial (2011)
Yoplait Commercial
Genre: Food and Drink
Song: I Got Love performed by Alice Shaw
App/Product: Yoplait
This commercial for Yoplait yogurt shows the evolution of a woman. It begins with a little girl jumping into her mothers arms in a swimming pool. The little girl, always on the move, is a bit older, playing with a friend in the house. As a young adult, the woman swings on a rope, jumping off into a lake. The woman is next exercising on a small trampoline in her living room to a fitness tape on the television. The next time the woman appears, she is in a wedding dress, happily running to grab her bouquet of flowers so she can get married. The woman is next shown taking a cup of Yoplait yogurt from her fridge. This woman's life, ever changing, is about to change again with a new baby. Soon, the woman is with her own daughter, at a dance recital. "Yoplait - Evolution"
From the very first moment we arrive, we're on the move. And we don't want anything, ever to slow us down. So it's surprising that 80% of women aren't getting enough calcium. But thankfully, with over 25 great flavors like strawberry cheesecake and blackberry harvest, Yoplait gives you 20% of your daily calcium and vitamin D in every cup. Yoplait. It is so good.
Yoplait It is so good.
What Songs are featured in this Television Commercial?
It plays these songs...
I Got Love
performed by Alice Shaw
This Song is played in Yoplait Commercial
More by Alice Shaw
Covers/Remixes of I Got Love
Yoplait
"Yoplait I Synchronicity" Like father, like daughter. As in: this father likes yogurt like his daughter likes yogurt. This ad shows a father and daughter having a late night snack of Yoplait yogurt. They both have the same method of taking the top off, licking it, and then starting into the container with their spoon. They then both same "Mmm!" and adjust their glasses. Mmm. Mmmm. The family favorite - Yoplait. Yoplait
First rule of motherhood, someone's always judging. What they don't know is that you've got this mom thing covered the best way... your way. So to all the moms out there, we see you and say, Mom On! "You've Got This, Mom On!" Oh, hey! It's me, mom. Out here in public. Catchin' some side eye. First rule of motherhood, someone's always judging. Breastfeeding didn't work out. Guess what? World's still turning. Go to work, I'm missing his childhood. Stay at home, I have no ambition. Yeah, I bribe my kids. How else you think stuff gets done around here? No, I'm not the Grandma. Do I look like her Grandma? Mom's special juice? It's wine! Yoga pants? Big fan. Too much? How do you think I got the name Mom in the first place? Now if you think that's shocking, check this out. Good old fashioned Yoplait. It's not made with cage-free Norwegian ?. And guess what? What? She loves it! Mom on! Do What Tastes Right Yoplait Mom On Let's Come Together And Celebrate The Unique Ways We All Choose To #MomOn 40 Mom's Night Out Events
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Home > American History / Biography / Autobiography / Civil War / Excerpts / Military Studies
Elizabeth D. Leonard: Lincoln's Forgotten Ally- An Excerpt
Author Erich
[This article is crossposted at UNCPressCivilWar150.com.]
Joseph Holt, the stern, brilliant, and deeply committed Unionist from Kentucky, spent the first several months of the American Civil War successfully laboring to maintain Kentucky's loyalty to the Union, then went on to serve as President Lincoln's judge advocate general. In Lincoln's Forgotten Ally: Judge Advocate General Joseph Holt of Kentucky, Elizabeth Leonard offers the first full-scale biography of Holt, who has long been overlooked and misunderstood by historians and students of the war.
You can join in online for an upcoming virtual book-signing event with Leonard, courtesy of the Abraham Lincoln Bookshop. Visit virtualbooksigning.net on Saturday, November 12, 12 noon (Central), to participate.
The following is an excerpt from Lincoln's Forgotten Ally (pp. 2-3):
Born in 1807 not far from where the dilapidated mansion stands, Joseph Holt spent his earliest years as the quiet, deeply reserved but extremely bright and bookish second son of a slaveholding lawyer/farmer and his wife. By 1860, though, the fifty-three-year-old Holt had gone far. A wealthy and highly accomplished attorney living and working in the nation's capital, he was considered a serious contender to oppose Lincoln for the nation's highest office by many of the leading lights in the Democratic Party, of which he and his family had long been loyal supporters.
By that time, Holt had already served in James Buchanan's administration for three years, first as commissioner of patents and then in the president's cabinet as postmaster general. For reasons that had to do with both his fundamental nature and his sense of where his duty lay, Holt dismissed his supporters' encouragements to seek the presidency himself. Then, in the wake of Lincoln's election, as Buchanan's cabinet began to crumble, Holt accepted an emergency appointment as secretary of war. In this post, he strove courageously from December 31, 1860, to March 6, 1861, to hold the collapsing nation and the federal government together.
On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln became president. Just over a month later war erupted in Charleston Harbor. Although Lincoln's April 15 call for troops to put down the rebellion drove four previously undecided states into the Confederacy, four other states that lay long the border between slavery and freedom remained ambivalent. Among these, perhaps the most important was resource-rich Kentucky, which Lincoln and Holt agreed must be held. Over the course of the next several months they worked together—successfully—to sustain their native state's loyalty to the Union and then transform that loyalty into armed support. Profoundly grateful for all of Holt's efforts on behalf of the nation thus far, Lincoln was also impressed by Holt's brilliant legal mind, his sense of personal and national honor, and his stern commitment to duty. Moreover, he was certain that Holt would both endorse and enforce his administration's war policies. And so, in September 1862, Lincoln appointed Holt judge advocate general of the U.S. Army. Lincoln's Forgotten Ally is, in part, the story of Holt's dedicated wartime collaboration with Lincoln—not least on the question of emancipation. For although he had grown up with slavery and even, for a time, became a slave owner in his own right, Holt eventually—and decisively—rejected this central feature of the world from which he had come and embraced instead, with passion and supreme resolution, Lincoln's vision for a new world in which all people could be free.
From LINCOLN'S FORGOTTEN ALLY: JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL JOSEPH HOLT OF KENTUCKY by Elizabeth D. Leonard. Copyright (c) 2011 by the University of North Carolina Press.
Elizabeth Leonard is John J. and Cornelia V. Gibson Professor of History at Colby College (Maine).
Categories:American HistoryBiography / AutobiographyCivil WarExcerptsMilitary Studies
Tags:abraham lincolnElizabeth D. LeonardJoseph Holt
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Jennifer A. Inra, MD; Ramona Lim, MD
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy among both women and men, and the risk increases with increasing age. The incidence and mortality due to CRC has declined over the past several decades, likely due to screening examinations used to detect and remove premalignant colon polyps, as well as modification of risk factors and improvements in the treatment of CRC. Several professional groups have issued guidelines for screening average-risk individuals, and these guidelines incorporate both stool-based tests and structural exams. This review will address the recent incidence and mortality trends of CRC, as well as current CRC screening guidelines and the various screening methods available.
Key words: colon cancer, screening, colonoscopy, CT colonography, fecal DNA
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in women and men, and is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, accounting for approximately 9% of all cancer deaths.1 In average-risk individuals, the risk of CRC increases with age, such that the likelihood of individuals younger than age 40 years developing CRC is 1 in 1200, as opposed to 1 in 25 for individuals over age 70.2 About 85% of CRC cases occur after age 55.3 Because average-risk individuals are unlikely to develop sporadic CRC before the age of 50, CRC screening in this population is not considered to be cost-effective.
The incidence and mortality due to CRC has declined over the past several decades due to screening examinations used to detect and remove premalignant colon polyps, as well as modification of risk factors and improvements in the treatment of CRC.4 This review will address current CRC screening guidelines, as well as the various available methods available for screening, and the risks and benefits associated with these methods.
Screening Guidelines for Average-Risk Individuals
Multiple organizations have issued guidelines for CRC screening in average-risk individuals. The Table shows definitions for average-, moderate-, and high-risk groups. A joint statement from the American Cancer Society (ACS), US Multi-Society Task Force (MSTF) on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology (ACR) recommends several options for CRC screening, beginning at age 50 years in average-risk individuals, and ending when an individual's life expectancy is less than 10 years.5 Their recommendations focus on prevention of CRC through structural examinations that detect and remove premalignant adenomas in addition to CRC. Structural exams include flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, double-contrast barium enema (DCBE), and computed tomographic colonography (CTC) at varying intervals. Stool-based tests, which are used primarily to detect CRC and not polyps, are also recommended if individuals are unwilling or unable to undergo structural exams. Stool-based tests include annual guaiac fecal occult blood test (FOBT), annual fecal immunohistochemical test (FIT), and stool DNA at varying intervals.
A second set of guidelines, published by The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommend CRC screening in individuals ages 50-75 years, and do not recommend barium enema, CTC, or fecal DNA testing.3 They also do not express a preference for structural exams over stool-based tests.
Various Modalities for CRC Screening
Stool-Based Exams
There are multiple methods of CRC screening to detect either precancerous lesions or early-stage cancers. Stool-based tests such as guaiac-based FOBT, FIT, and fecal DNA tests identify CRCs but not adenomas.
Fecal Occult Blood Testing
The two types of FOBT currently used for CRC screening are guaiac-based testing and FIT. The traditional guaiac-based stool testing identifies hemoglobin in the stool by the presence of a peroxidase reaction, which turns the testing paper blue. False-positive test results can occur due to certain foods in a patient's diet, such as red meat (blood in meat can turn the test positive) or certain vegetables (those containing peroxidase properties can turn the test positive). On the other hand, false-negatives can be the result of excess vitamin C (which inhibits the peroxidase reaction). These foods must be avoided in the days leading up to the test. The second type of FOBT, FIT, reacts with antibodies that are specific for the globulin component of hemoglobin. There are no dietary restrictions necessary for FIT.
In general, FOBTs have the benefits of being inexpensive, noninvasive, and very convenient, as they are performed at home. Individuals are required to submit one to three consecutive stool samples, depending on the test, by mail to a processing facility. If results are negative for blood, the test should be repeated annually. If positive, a colonoscopy is recommended for follow-up. The FOBT has varied sensitivity based on the number of stool tests performed. The sensitivity of a single test has been reported as less than 30% for men and women of all age groups.6 If three tests are performed, the sensitivity does improve from 80% to 92%.7 Specificity is generally less than 50%.
The FOBT using guaiac-based testing has been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce CRC incidence and mortality.8-14 Reductions in mortality are between approximately 15% to 33%, with the variation in mortality reduction due to annual versus biennial screening, and whether specimens were rehydrated or not. Rehydration improves the detection of heme, which may increase both the true-positive and false-positive rate. There are no randomized controlled trials looking at the effect of FIT on CRC incidence and mortality, but it is assumed to be equally or more effective based on the improved performance characteristics.
Fecal DNA Testing
Evaluation of fecal DNA can also be used for CRC screening, as CRCs shed DNA in the stool, which then can be tested for mutations involved in the adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence. Cologuard is the mult-target fecal DNA screening test that was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and targets two highly discriminant methylated genes (BMP3 and NDRG4) and multiple informative point mutations on KRAS, as well as a marker for total human DNA (ß-actin) and fecal hemoglobin. Individuals must submit an entire bowel movement and ship it to the processing facility on ice. Benefits of fecal DNA testing include the fact that it is noninvasive, does not require a bowel preparation or sedation, and does not require any dietary restrictions like the guaiac-based FOBT does.
Unfortunately, false-negatives do occur, as all genetic abnormalities associated with CRC cannot be incorporated in the stool test. In addition, false-positives also can occur, which may be due to upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract neoplasms or a "true" false-positive with no abnormalities in the Gl tract. One study showed that almost 10% of average-risk patients with a negative colonoscopy had a positive fecal DNA test.15 All positive fecal DNA tests must be followed up with a diagnostic colonoscopy. Moreover, when comparing fecal DNA testing to FIT testing, the sensitivity of fecal DNA for the detection of CRC and advanced adenomas (92.3% and 42.4%, respectively) exceeded that of FIT testing by an absolute difference of almost 20 percentage points. Fecal immunohistochemical testing, however, was more specific for the detection of both CRC and advanced adenomas, with an absolute percentage point difference of 6.6% and 8.3%, respectively. Typically, sensitivity is a more important test characteristic for screening exams, as it is important for the test to rule out diseases such as cancer.15
Because fecal DNA testing is able to identify the majority of CRC cases, an expert consensus includes this modality as an acceptable option for CRC screening in average-risk adults. However, fecal DNA tests still require careful evaluation in future studies because the limited sensitivity for adenomas in comparison with colonoscopy and CTC and the substantial increased cost compared with other fecal tests remain important barriers to widespread use. As previously discussed, fecal DNA testing proves to be a reasonable alternative to colonoscopy, and does have certain advantages, as it is noninvasive, conveniently performed at home, and no work is missed. Although the current application of fecal DNA testing is currently reserved for CRC screening in average-risk individuals, additional expanded indications may continue to arise, such as surveillance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or detection of upper GI cancers. Further study into these potential applications is necessary at this time.16
Despite FDA approval in August 2014, fecal DNA testing is not currently recommended by the USPSTF as an approved screening modality, and the appropriate interval between screening fecal DNA tests is unknown. As practice patterns evolve, and more data are collected, clinical algorithms for fecal DNA testing will be developed and will help guide clinical practice. Similarly, in 2014, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) ruled that fecal DNA testing would be covered once every three years for average-risk, asymptomatic Medicare beneficiaries between the ages of 50 to 84 years.17 However, coverage by third-party payors varies.
Structural Exams
There are two common structural exams used for CRC screening. The first is flexible sigmoidoscopy, which is able to evaluate the colonic mucosa for CRC and polyps, typically up to the splenic flexure. As compared with colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy requires only a simple bowel preparation of enemas prior to the procedure, as opposed to a large-volume oral solution; has typically less patient discomfort during the procedure; and generally has fewer complications. In addition, flexible sigmoidoscopy can be performed in an office setting; sedation is optional, allowing patients to return to work or other duties after the procedure; and can be performed by a wide range of providers, including primary care physicians and nurse practitioners who have had proper training.18
The specificity and sensitivity of flexible sigmoidoscopy is high, with adequate visualization of the colonic mucosa to the splenic flexure. If flexible sigmoidoscopy is used for screening purposes, it should be performed every 5 years if no polyps or CRC are found. If polyps or CRC is found, a full colonoscopy should be performed.
Several randomized controlled trials have shown both a reduction in CRC incidence and mortality from flexible sigmoidoscopy.19,20,21 The reduction of incidence and mortality when using flexible sigmoidoscopy is reported to be 23% to 31%.21 The most recent study to evaluate the impact of flexible sigmoidoscopy on CRC incidence and mortality examined over 100,000 average-risk patients over age 50 years who were randomized to screening, which required once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy or once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy and FOBT, or to the control group, who received no screening. Patients with a positive result on flexible sigmoidoscopy, such as a cancer, adenoma, polyp of 10 mm or larger, or who had a positive FOBT, were offered colonoscopy. After a median of 11 years of follow-up, CRC incidence was reduced by 20% and mortality by 27% in the intervention group, as compared with the control group.22,23
Colonoscopy is the other structural exam commonly used for CRC screening. Unlike flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy is able to evaluate the entire colonic mucosa for both CRC and polyps; however, the effectiveness of colonoscopy in detecting CRC and polyps depends on adequate visualization of the mucosa.24 Therefore, prior to the procedure, patients are required to take a bowel preparation. In addition, the majority of patients will receive sedation during the procedure, which minimizes patient discomfort and allows for a complete examination.25 Sedation, however, does delay patient recovery
and discharge, adds cost to the overall procedure, increases the risk of cardiopulmonary complications, requires that an escort accompany the patient home, and may prevent the patient's return to work or other significant activities that same day. However, colonoscopy has the ability to detect and remove polyps during the same examination.
No randomized controlled trials have evaluated the effectiveness of colonoscopy. Observational cohort studies, however, do show that colonoscopy decreases the risk of CRC. The National Polyp Study included approximately 2000 patients who underwent colonoscopy with polypectomy, and showed a 76% to 90% decrease in the incidence of CRC as compared with patients in other studies who did not have polypectomy.26 In addition, another study examined this same cohort to determine the effect of endoscopic detection and removal of adenomatous polyps on mortality from CRC during a surveillance period of up to 23 years after polypectomy. The study found a 53% reduction in CRC mortality in these patients as compared with the expected mortality rate for the general population.27
Colonoscopy has also been shown to detect proximal lesions that may be missed by sigmoidoscopy.28 A meta-analysis of 16 studies showed a 40 to 60% lower risk of developing an incident CRC and death after screening colonoscopy as compared with screening flexible sigmoisocopy.29
Even though colonoscopy is considered the most sensitive screening exam and the "gold standard," colonoscopy may be less effective in detecting proximal adenomas or cancers.30-32 One study by Singh et al30 examined the mortality benefit from colonoscopy in 50,000 patients between ages 50 and 80 years undergoing average-risk screening. The study found a 29% overall reduction in CRC mortality and a 47% reduction in mortality from distal CRCs; however, there was no reduction in mortality from proximal CRCs.
The effectiveness of colonoscopy may be related to technical issues or the cleanliness of the bowel preparation, or may be related to inherent biologic features of these proximal polyps and masses, such as higher rates of microsatellite instability or the fact that they proceed through the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) molecular pathway.33,34 In addition, quality indicators that may affect the effectiveness of colonoscopy include the adenoma detection rate of the colonsocopist, withdrawal time greater than 6 minutes, cecal intubation rate, and adequate colon cleanliness.35,36 Adenoma detection rate is often considered the most important quality indicator.
Colonoscopy is generally a safe procedure, and procedural risks have been quoted in a review of the literature to be 2.8 per 1000 colonoscopies, with most of these complications associated with polypectomy.37 Post-polypectomy bleeding can be immediate or delayed (5-7 days, but up to 29 days has been reported), and the rates vary from .3% to 6.1%.38 The risk of bleeding is related to the size and location of the polyp, technique of polypectomy, and the coagulation status of the patient. Nonprocedure-related complications also occur, and are typically related to sedation or the bowel preparation. Sedation-related complications include hypoxia, aspiration, or cardiac arrhythmias, and risk factors for complications include older age, underlying pulmonary disease, increasing American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, dementia, anemia, obesity, and emergency procedures.39 Bowel preparation complications include shifts in fluid and electrolytes, abdominal discomfort, nausea, and vomiting.40 Inadequate bowel preparations also occur in up to 25% of colonoscopies, and poor preparation leads to increased procedure time, increased complications, and possible missed lesions such as small adenomas or even CRCs.41,42
Radiologic Exams
Double-Contrast Barium Enema
Double-contrast barium enema uses rectal instillation of barium to coat the distal colonic mucosa, inserts air in the rectum to distend the colon, and then takes multiple x-ray images to evaluate the colonic mucosa. The test is relatively safe and has the benefit that it does not require sedation; however, it does require an oral preparation. A DCBE is less effective than colonoscopy because it detects only about 50% of adenomas larger than 1.0 cm and 39% of all polyps.43 In addition, false-positives do occur with excess stool, air, or other mucosal irregularities. If the results of DCBE are abnormal, a colonoscopy must be performed for further evaluation. The use of DCBE has significantly declined over the past decades, partially due to newer radiologic techniques such as CTC and the use of endoscopic procedures.
Computed tomographic colonography is a noninvasive test that takes multiple thin-slice images of the colon, and creates two-and three-dimensional images of the colon surface.44 Figures 1 and 2 provide examples of images from CTC. While the test typically does require a bowel preparation, newer techniques are being used that do not require a preparation, including an oral iodinated contrast that tags stool, which is then subtracted from the final images. As with colonoscopy, patients may experience abdominal cramping due to air or carbon dioxide introduced into the colon via a rectal catheter for distension. A CTC test does require specialized radiologists for image interpretation, and any abnormal results require a colonoscopy for further evaluation, ideally on the same day when possible in order to avoid a second bowel preparation.
The sensitivity and specificity of CTC were 90% and 86% respectively in a study of 2600 average-risk patients who underwent a traditional bowel preparation with images interpreted by an experienced reader.45 For preparation-free CTC (using stool tagging), the sensitivity and specificity for adenomas 10 mm or larger were 91% and 85%, respectively, which was very similar to that of CTC with a traditional bowel preparation.46,47 CTC has several benefits, as it is a noninvasive test with little or no risk of complications, including bleeding, perforation, or cardiovascular complications.29 In addition, no sedation is necessary, and patients are able to return to work or other duties the same day. When only left-sided polyps are found with CTC, flexible sigmoidoscopy can be performed for polypectomy, instead of full colonoscopy, which is often safer and more cost-effective.48
Despite this, there are several disadvantages of CTC, including the fact that flat adenomas may be missed on CTC, and these flat adenomas are often the ones that have greater malignant potential. Sigmoid diverticular disease often presents a challenge for CTC interpretation because of the resulting luminal narrowing.48 Chronic diverticular disease may be difficult to distinguish from a left-sided mass lesion. In addition, CTC may identify extracolonic findings, such as masses of unclear clinical significance and/or abdominal aortic aneurysms, which may create significant and unnecessary anxiety for the patient, as well as increased cost due to further evaluation.49 One study of 2869 women found an adnexal mass in approximately 4% of patients, which led to further testing, but no women had ovarian cancers identified.49,50 Lastly, there is uncertainty regarding the long-term harms of the radiation exposure related to CTC.51 This topic requires further study.
Colon cancer is a common malignancy in both women and men, but it is preventable with screening. Professional societies have published guidelines for screening and surveillance, and there are risks and benefits to each type of screening modality. With a focus on improving CRC screening rates, as well as improving risk factors associated with CRC and CRC treatments, CRC incidence and mortality rates will continue to decline in the future.
Affiliations: Jennifer A. Inra, MD, is from the Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Ramona Lim, MD, is from the Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Population Sciences Division, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston.
Disclosures: None
Address correspondence to: Ramona Lim, MD, DFCI Center for Cancer Genetics & Prevention, 450 Brookline Ave., Dana 1128, Boston, MA 02215. Phone: 617-632-5022, fax: 617-582-8807; email: rlim3@partners.org
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Brenner H, Hoffmeister M, Birkner B, Stock C. Diagnostic performance of guaiac-based fecal occult blood test in routine screening: state-wide analysis from Bavaria, Germany. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(3):427-435. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.424.
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Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH, et al. Multitarget stool DNA testing for colorectal-cancer screening. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(14):1287-1297. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1311194.
Ahlquist DA. Multi-target stool DNA test: a new high bar for noninvasive screening. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60(3):623-633. doi: 10.1007/s10620-014-3451-5.
Inra JA, Syngal S. Colorectal cancer in young adults. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60(3):722-733. doi: 10.1007/s10620-014-3464-0
Fletcher RH. Rationale for combining different screening strategies. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2002;12(1):53-63.
Schoen RE, Pinsky PF, Weissfeld JL, et al. Colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality with screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(25):2345-2357. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1114635.
Segnan N, Armaroli P, Bonelli L, et al. Once-only sigmoidoscopy in colorectal cancer screening: follow-up findings of the Italian randomized controlled trial--SCORE. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(17):1310-1322. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djr284.
Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I, et al. Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375(9726):1624-1633. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60551-X.
Holme O, Loberg M, Kalager M, et al. Effect of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(6):606-615. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.8266.
Schoen RE, Pinsky PF, Weissfeld JL, et al. Colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality with screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(25):2345-2357. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1114635
Froehlich F, Wietlisbach V, Gonvers JJ, Burnand B, Vader JP. Impact of colonic cleansing on quality and diagnostic yield of colonoscopy: the European Panel of Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy European Multicenter Study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;61(3):378-384.
Cohen LB, Delegge MH, Aisenberg J, et al. AGA institute review of endoscopic sedation. Gastroenterology. 2007;133(2):675-701.
Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. the National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(27):1977-1981.
Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O'Brien MJ, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(8):687-696.
Imperiale TF, Wagner DR, Lin CY, Larkin GN, Rogge JD, Ransohoff DF. Risk of advanced proximal neoplasms in asymptomatic adults according to the distal colorectal findings. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(3):169-174.
Brenner H, Stock C, Hoffmeister M. Effect of screening sigmoidoscopy and screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. BMJ. 2014;348:g2467. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g2467.
Singh H, Nugent Z, Demers AA, et al. The reduction in colorectal cancer mortality after colonoscopy varies by site of the cancer. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(4):1128-1137. doi: 10.1053/j. gastro.2010.06.052.
Baxter NN, Goldwasser MA, Paszat LF, et al. Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(1):1-8.
Brenner H, Hoffmeister M, Arndt V, Stegmaier C, Altenhofen L, Haug U. Protection from right- and left-sided colorectal neoplasms after colonoscopy: population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(2):89-95. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djp436.
Azzoni C, Bottarelli L, Campanini N, et al. Distinct molecular patterns based on proximal and distal sporadic colorectal cancer: arguments for different mechanisms in the tumorigenesis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22(2):115-126.
Soetikno RM, Kaltenbach T, Rouse RV, et al. Prevalence of nonpolypoid (flat and depressed) colorectal neoplasms in asymptomatic and symptomatic adults. JAMA. 2008;299(9):1027-1035. doi: 10.1001/jama.299.9.1027.
Rex DK, Petrini JL, Baron TH, et al. Quality indicators for colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(4):873-885.
Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, et al. American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines for Colorectal Cancer Screening 2009. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(3):739-750. doi: 10.1038/ ajg.2009.104.
Whitlock EP, Lin JS, Liles E, Beil TL, Fu R. Screening for colorectal cancer: a targeted, updated systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(9):638-658.
Rosen L, Bub DS, Reed JF,3rd, Nastasee SA. Hemorrhage following colonoscopic polypectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36(12):1126-1131.
Sharma VK, Nguyen CC, Crowell MD, Lieberman DA, de Garmo P, Fleischer DE. A national study of cardiopulmonary unplanned events after GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66(1):27-34.
Florentin M, Liamis G, Elisaf MS. Colonoscopy preparation-induced disorders in renal function and electrolytes. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2014;5(2):50-54. doi: 10.4292/wjgpt. v5.i2.50.
Ness RM, Manam R, Hoen H, Chalasani N. Predictors of inadequate bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(6):1797-1802.
Chokshi RV, Hovis CE, Hollander T, Early DS, Wang JS. Prevalence of missed adenomas in patients with inadequate bowel preparation on screening colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75(6):1197-1203. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.01.005.
Winawer SJ, Stewart ET, Zauber AG, et al. A comparison of colonoscopy and double-contrast barium enema for surveillance after polypectomy. National Polyp Study Work Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(24):1766-1772.
Morrin MM, LaMont JT. Screening virtual colonoscopy-- ready for prime time? N Engl J Med. 2003;349(23):2261-2264.
Johnson CD, Chen MH, Toledano AY, et al. Accuracy of CT colonography for detection of large adenomas and cancers. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(12):1207-1217. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa0800996.
Zalis ME, Blake MA, Cai W, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of laxative-free computed tomographic colonography for detection of adenomatous polyps in asymptomatic adults: a prospective evaluation. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156(10):692-702. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-156-10-201205150-00005.
Pickhardt PJ. CT colonography for population screening: ready for prime time? Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60(3):647-659. doi: 10.1007/s10620-014-3454-2.
Pickhardt PJ, Durick NA, Pooler BD, Hassan C. Left-sided polyps detected at screening CT colonography: do we need complete optical colonoscopy for further evaluation? Radiology. 2011;259(2):429-434. doi: 10.1148/radiol.11101702.
Fletcher RH, Pignone M. Extracolonic findings with computed tomographic colonography: asset or liability? Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(7):685-686. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.7.685.
Pickhardt PJ, Hanson ME. Incidental adnexal masses detected at low-dose unenhanced CT in asymptomatic women age 50 and older: implications for clinical management and ovarian cancer screening. Radiology. 2010;257(1):144-150. doi: 10.1148/radiol.10100511.
Salvage Therapy and Emerging Agents in Colorectal Cancer
Anticancer Effects of Vitamin D
Contemporary Evidence-Based Management of Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Community Practice ConnectionTM: Maximizing the Potential of Cancer Immunotherapies: Collaborative Efforts to Refine Biomarker-Guided Immunotherapy
Maximizing the Potential of Cancer Immunotherapies: Collaborative Efforts to Refine Biomarker-Guided Immunotherapy


I have spilled, splattered, and dripped all over you. Yes, shamefully the dog has peed on you; even went as far as the number two. Yet, you have stuck me with all the way through. I remember when I first saw you shinning among-st all the other carpets. Your pattern, your softness, I just knew you were the one. Now as the years has went by you might have lost your glow. A little wear and tear, here and there, but I always take care of you. An if I am to walk in a room of carpets, don't worry yourself, I will always choose you.


Home / Uncategorized / We're part of a Fashion Show for a great cause!
Join us Monday June 6th, from 6-8PM at The Hudson House of Nyack for a Fashion Preview Show to benefit the Center for Safety and Change!
We will be highlighting designs from Garavelli Aldo, Italy who have graciously discounted their special collection for this worthy event!


Ok, so we have modded controllers for PC,Xbox One, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 4. We know that many of you know that these kind of controllers are becoming very popular with gamers. Well, today our aim is to help you understand a little bit better, what some of the main benefits of a modded controller are.


Modern and Better version 1.8 has released adding some features such as 3d modeling, and simply updating the pack to Minecraft 1.8. The creator also is planning to make the logs round. The version 1.8.2 will come in the short time with 3d models and awesome textures. Try and see it now!
The noisy zombie hit sound has replaced with the sound of hitting flesh, the sound is deep for adult zombies and high for babe zombies, making those quick bastards sound smaller.
How to install Modern and Better version 1.8?
See some Modern and Better Texture pack screenshots and leave us your comment below!


This women's crocheted and braided wool knit cat ear beanie is perfect for winter! It features a super cute special cat ear design. With it's soft and comfortable fabric, your head will stay warm while you stay stylish. This is also a great gift so make sure you order an extra one today!


The Children Networks Renew/Cancel returns, and Disney Junior joins as a predicted network. A lot has been going on recently in the world of kids TV, so keep reading for my initial predictions for a whole slew of shows on Disney Channel, Disney Junior, Nickelodeon, and Cartoon Network.
Raven's Home: Despite a sharp drop in the ratings this season (partially due to some wonky scheduling by its network), Raven's Home is still one of Disney Channel's highest-rated shows. While it's not a hit anymore, it still does more-than-fine. It's a CERTAIN RENEWAL.
Hotel Transylvania: The Series: The TV adaptation of the hit movie franchise has not been a hit for Disney Channel, but it has done OK. It could definitely be doing better, though, as its most recent episodes were in the low 0.1s range with 0.70-0.80 million viewers. There's also the fact that a large batch of episodes were released on Netflix this week, even though some of those episodes never aired on Disney Channel. This isn't the treatment a renewed show is usually given, so it's LEANING CANCELLATION. I wouldn't be surprised to see it return on Disney, or even as a Netflix exclusive, but I'm not betting on it.
Puppy Dog Pals: This series enjoys high rating, higher than most of Disney Channel's live-action morning programs. Fans of the series have nothing to worry about with these ratings, and the morning cartoon is a sure thing. It starts off as a CERTAIN RENEWAL.
Muppet Babies: This high-profile reboot had a nice start, but has tapered off in recent weeks. It's had some really weak datapoints, and it's now near the botton of the Disney/Disney Junior slate. That doesn't mean that I think it's a goner, though. I still think it'll be back, but I'm going to be conservative about this and mark is as LEANING CANCELLATION.
Double Dare: Nickelodeon's revival of the iconic game show got off to an amazing start on Monday, with a 0.55 and 1.8 million viewers. It's cooled down since then, but it's still hovering around a 0.3. This means that it's one of the network's highest-rated shows. Even if it falls a bit more, that's still good enough, and it's a CERTAIN RENEWAL.
Hunter Street: Season two of this adventure series didn't really light the ratings world on fire, frequently scoring between 0.15 and 0.2, it was an acceptable performer. These aren't numbers that make it anything close to a slam dunk for a renewal, though. Nickelodeon very well could decide that they can do better with a new show. Also adding some uncertainty is the amount of time since the show has aired, as it wrapped in February. At this point I still expect it to return, but I'm not certain of a renewal in any way. It only LEANS RENEWAL at this point, and that categorization probably won't get any more positive in the future.
Unikitty!: A TV spinoff of the LEGO Movie, Unikitty hasn't really made any waves on Cartoon Network. It never has really been a hit, performing just-okay for basically all of its run. Its ratings recently have been pretty unimpressive, but I still wouldn't describe it as a poor performer. It's just... there. Cartoon Network could easily part with it, but at this point, I don't think they will. It's currently LEANING RENEWAL.
The Powerpuff Girls: A veteran member of the cartoon Network lineup, The Powerpuff Girls has been a low performer for awhile now. While ratings started out solid, things have gotten downright ugly. The show's move to Saturday certainly hasn't helped matters, and it just shows a lack in confidence in the show. I find it hard to believe that the show will return, so I'm marking it as a LIKELY CANCELLATION.
What do you think of my predictions? What are your predictions? Let me know in the comments and don't forget to vote in the poll below!
Where would you place The Powerpuff Girls?


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Cristiano Ronaldo match worn boots for the Fifa World Cup "Germany 2006". The boots were probably worn during the Portugal National teams training sessions. specifically made for the player and never sold to the shops with these details with C.Ronaldo 17 printed on sides and with Portugal flag on tongue. The "C.Ronaldo 17" printing has been scratched and faded away from the right boot but still visible. The boots come from a Portugal National team member.
Player: RONALDO CRISTIANO
Season: Fifa World Cup "GERMANY 2006"
COA: "Warranty of Dieci" available
NOTE: The boots come from a Portugal National team member
Made in: ITALY – Not available in shops
Size: UK 7,5
Higher upper compared to the shop's boots – Not available in shops
"C.Ronaldo 17" printed on sides – Not available in shops
Portugal flags printed on tongues – Not available in shops
Don't miss our SHOP to:www.10footballentertainment.com/shop/
RONALDO CRISTIANO FIFA WORLD CUP "GERMANY 2006" MATCH WORN BOOTS *PORTUGAL NATIONAL TEAM*
p*****o € 7.650,00 2022-05-02 14:07:11
x*****8 € 7.600,00 2022-05-02 14:05:47
r*********6 € 7.000,00 2022-05-02 14:04:51
u*****3 € 4.990,00 2022-05-01 16:44:55
t****s € 4.500,00 2022-05-01 16:21:05
t*********a € 3.500,00 2022-04-26 16:51:20
2*******5 € 3.020,00 2022-04-25 19:41:36
m******4 € 3.000,00 2022-04-25 16:50:45
o********1 € 1.670,00 2022-04-21 04:42:36
b***********d € 1.500,00 2022-04-18 13:54:12
x*****g € 930,00 2022-04-20 11:17:46
b*********o € 501,00 2022-04-18 16:10:26


text:
<?php

use yii\db\Migration;

class m130524_201442_init extends Migration
{
    public function up()
    {
        $tableOptions = null;
        if ($this->db->driverName === 'mysql') {
            // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/766809/whats-the-difference-between-utf8-general-ci-and-utf8-unicode-ci
            $tableOptions = 'CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci ENGINE=InnoDB';
        }

        $this->createTable('{{%user}}', [
            'id' => $this->primaryKey(),
            'username' => $this->string()->notNull(),
            'auth_key' => $this->string(32)->notNull(),
            'password_hash' => $this->string()->notNull(),
            'password_reset_token' => $this->string()->unique(),
            'email' => $this->string()->notNull()->unique(),
            'status' => $this->smallInteger()->notNull()->defaultValue(10),
            'created_at' => 'timestamp default current_timestamp',
            'updated_at' => 'timestamp default current_timestamp on update current_timestamp',
        ], $tableOptions);
        $this->addCommentOnTable('{{%user}}', 'User table');
    }

    public function down()
    {
        $this->dropTable('{{%user}}');
    }
}


text:
Subscribe to Television News Daily
Is 'House Of Cards' A House Of Cards?
by Gary Holmes , March 19, 2013
Is it too early to talk about "House of Cards" -- or is it already way too late? As all the world knows, Netflix unleashed all 13 season-one episodes simultaneously rather than doling them out weekly like a regular TV series, so we have no idea how many viewers have finished it already, how many are partway through, or how many haven't even started watching yet.
With regular TV series, we know that 95% of everyone who's going to watch a show (live and DVR combined) will do so in the first seven days of airing, but there are no behavioral metrics yet on how viewers will consume a television show that's released as a complete package. (And we need to come up with a new term for this thing: can we still refer to online video streamed on a myriad of devices as a "TV show"?)
It may turn out that "House of Cards" is the beginning of the full novelization of television. Most of the great 19th century novels were published serially in literary magazines and only later put between the covers of a completed book, just as a season's worth of "Breaking Bad" is now collected in a DVD box set for later viewing. But "House of Cards" shows that it's possible to skip the serialization step altogether and offer viewers a fully formed work of art.
The question is whether "House of Cards" becomes a game-changer or just an interesting one-off experiment. Amazon, YouTube and other Internet-based content companies are also planning to produce and stream television series, so this could become a trend, but my guess is that these online-only shows will not kill traditional television.
Netflix has not announced how many people have watched the show, and it's been my experience that when a network doesn't disclose its viewership it's usually disappointed in the numbers. This might not be the case with "House of Cards," but there's no question that the buzz about the series has ground to a halt. When a series appears weekly, people discuss it at the water cooler, live tweet about it, recap it online and generally keep it part of the ongoing conversation. This creates a mutually reinforcing audience that keeps people watching. But if no one's talking about it, what's the rush to watch it?
It would be a shame if "House of Cards" doesn't get the audience it deserves, because it's a remarkable piece of work. So much of the discussion has focused on the delivery strategy that the quality of the show itself has sometimes been overlooked.
"House of Cards" is a good antidote to anyone coming off the sugar high of "Downton Abbey." Both shows are stylish, well-acted peeks into the world of power and status, but "Downton" is a feel-good soap opera while "House" is a serious drama, albeit one with melodramatic overtones.
Set in contemporary Washington, with its special-interest groups, idealists, deal-makers, ambitious reporters, and vice-prone politicians, "House of Cards" has blatant echoes of "Macbeth," "Richard III" and "Othello." The power-lusting House Majority Whip Frank Underwood, played by Kevin Spacey, plots his revenge with Iago-like intensity after being passed over for the position of Secretary of State. Driven on by his equally calculating wife (portrayed by an icy and remote Robin Wright), Underwood plays political chess while his colleagues play checkers, manipulating events and pulling all the levels of power to achieve his goals.
Political geniuses like Frank Underwood are not common -- but as readers of Robert Caro's biography of Lyndon Johnson know, they do pop up from time to time. Nothing that Underwood achieves on Capitol Hill is as surprising as what LBJ managed in the U.S. Senate, where he became Majority Leader after just four years in office and forced through the first Civil Rights bill of the modern era (see Caro's "Master of the Senate" for the jaw-dropping details.)
Yet, unfortunately for the verisimilitude of the show, the Washington depicted in "House of Cards" no longer exists. In "House of Cards," the members of Congress are old-fashioned politicians who actually make deals and balance conflicting special interests. Something like that may have been still true in the Reagan and Clinton years but Washington today is filled with ideological true believers who won't be bought off with perks and petty compromises. In one preposterous howler, Underwood plots to depose the Speaker of the House by aligning the Black Caucus in a power-sharing arrangement with the GOP. Members on both sides of the aisle will do a lot to get committee chairs, but no modern Congressperson, would make an ideological compromise like that.
Although "House of Cards" has an outdated view of how Washington operates, even its most feverish and surreal scenes feels more revealing of the human condition than other Washington-based series like "The West Wing," "Veep," and (God forbid) "1600 Avenue." There will always be people who'll do almost anything for power, prestige and status and "House of Cards" gets inside their heads.
I can't wait for season two. The title of the series suggests that Underwood is too clever by half and that his plots will eventually collapse like a house of cards. I just wish I knew someone I could talk to about this without "spoiling" it for him.
streaming, tv, video
4 comments about "Is 'House Of Cards' A House Of Cards?".
Douglas Ferguson from College of Charleston, March 19, 2013 at 2:46 p.m.
I've watched all the episodes. A lot of people have. (And I don't care if Netflix is disappointed.)
I read a story on Techcrunch that Cowen and Company surveyed 1,200 people (in early February), of which about 28 percent were paying Netflix subscribers, and another 18 percent had access to a Netflix streaming account. Of those, about 10 percent had watched House of Cards during the first few weeks it was available. On average, Netflix viewers had streamed an average of six episodes of the new original series.
So I think you shouldn't have that much trouble finding people who have seen them all by now!
Paula Lynn from Who Else Unlimited, March 19, 2013 at 5:27 p.m.
Would I (and others) watch House of Cards ? Absolutely. Would I (and others) order Netflix for it ? I (and probably others) wouldn't.
Gene Keenan from TCF, March 19, 2013 at 5:29 p.m.
I watched all the episodes over a couple of days. And as the previous poster has said "lots of people have." Of those I know who have watched all the episodes we were all grateful they released them in a single chunk: This is with a few exceptions more less how I watch all TV now. Wait until they are all out and then watch them all marathon fashion. For this show I thought it was a good strategy for an additional reason which is I thought the first 5-6 episodes were weak and slow moving. They didn't really hit stride until about 7 EPs in. If I had to of waited for a weekly release I would have ended up ditching the show.
Brian Hayashi from ConnectMe 360, March 22, 2013 at 7:56 p.m.
Or, you could repeat HBO's mistake and publicize the numbers for "Sopranos", only to be hammered when subsequent shows -- even highly-regarded "Sex and the City" -- fail to match similar heights.
Read more comments >
GARY HOLMES, Principal, Gary Holmes Communications
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286 Manufactured and Modular Homes For Sale Near Anaheim, California
Interested in purchasing a new manufactured home, modular home, or prefabricated home in Anaheim, California? The city of Anaheim is known for being home to historic districts and is the city where Disneyland is located. Anaheim has a population of 335,000 and is the tenth most populated city in California. As with most densely populated areas, current housing costs are extremely high. The average cost for a home in Anaheim is $563,700, which makes the purchase of a pre-built home a cost-efficient option for housing in Anaheim. Modular homes in Anaheim can be built at a base price of around $90 per square foot, in comparison to approximately $406 per square foot for a home built on-site. There is an abundance of manufacturers and dealers to choose from when customizing or purchasing a pre-built or manufactured home in Anaheim, one of the largest being 5 Star Homes. Other manufacturers include Sunrise Homes in Santa Ana and Home Quest in Yorba Linda. The construction and sale of pre-built homes in Anaheim are at a rapid incline, given the current cost of housing; Anaheim home values have steadily increased 6.1% in the past year, making the decision to purchase an affordable pre-built home a wiser choice for home buyers.
Bradford / BD-05
Offered by: Paramount Manufactured Sales Riverside
Skyliner / H100A-56
Creekside Manor / CM-4663A
Offered by: US Modular, Inc.
Creekside Manor / CM-3443R
Creekside Manor / CM-3563D
Custom Villa / B367CT 4Bds
Offered by: Ma Williams Manufactured Homes, Inc
Yosemite / YO2964B
Offered by: Venust Homes
Amber Cove / K734CT
Sunset Ridge / K117G
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Kiplinger's auto expert Jessica Anderson took your questions about our annual best new car values rankings.
what's your thought on the 2012 chevy sonic hatchback?
Hi there C.E. The Chevy Sonic is a pretty rad little car.
It's light years better than the Aveo it replaced--quality, materials, drivetrain...you name it.
Plus, it's got 10 airbags.
That's one of those examples I was talking about earlier--because Chevy started with new architecture, they built in features that weren't even conceived with the previous generation.
Alright, ready for our next question Jessica?
Where are you getting the information to calculate the 3yr resale values?
Hi Matt. The three and five year resale values are calculated by ALG and supplied by their parent company, TrueCar.
I got a call from a gentleman yesterday questioning our fuel economy numbers.
To be clear, we use EPA fuel economy numbers to be consistent across the board.
In some cases these are higher than you'll likely get on the road and in some cases (like this gentleman's diesel VW Jetta), you'll likely get better results.
Keep in mind--"your mileage will vary." That's the industry word on fuel economy and we're sticking to it.
Thanks, Jessica. That's good to know. Seems fair enough -- no single person's driving habits are going to be the same.
That's right. I'm a bit of a lead foot...so I never get the average!
Alright, we actually have another question about our rankings from "Confused"
Every year, I'm totally confused by your rankings. You often miss cars that other experts like US News, Consumer Reports, etc. include in their rankings, and it seems like the criteria change every year. Can you please explain a bit how you come up with these picks? Particularly for best new cars?
Hey Confused...I'm surprised that you think our criteria is confusing because it hasn't changed in my nearly 10 years at Kiplinger.
We add new criteria in the area of safety as old criteria become federally mandated or are otherwise widely standard, but that's the only thing that really changes.
Kiplinger's Best in Class winners top the rankings in each of our 12 categories. The rankings are based on performance, value and safety, as well as driving impressions from our own road tests. The Best in Class winners are our top picks among models that have a track record of at least one year or redesigned vehicles with powertrains substantially the same as the previous generation.
As for US News and Consumer Reports, I have no idea what their system entails, but I can say that we often have the same picks.
For example, last year, CR picked Toyota Camry Hybrid as their best family sedan and we awarded it Best New Car in its price category. This year, it becomes Best in Class.
Thanks, Jessica. It's helpful to know the difference between Best in Class and Best New Cars.
While we're discussing 2013's best new cars, can you talk a little bit about all of the midsize car redesigns this year? Are there any particular models that stand out from the rest?
You bet. The midsize segment has just seen a ton of turnover in the last few years with a new Hyundai Sonata, Kia Optima & Toyota Camry.
This year, we got a new Chevy Malibu, Ford Fusion, Nissan Altima and Honda Accord, too. Next year brings the redesigned Mazda6 and then we start all over again.
Since we break cars into price categories, we had the opportunity to award 3 of the 4 new midsizes this year.
First up is Ford Fusion--Best New Car in the $20,000-$25,000 category.
I'd say Fusion is the most daring redesign in the midsize segment since the Hyundai Sonata. It gets a really aggressive mug and is super sleek inside.
There's plenty of passenger space and it handles great. Two optional EcoBoost engines give you the choice of more power or better fuel efficiency.
It's also rated a Top Safety Pick+ by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.
Next up is the Nissan Altima--Best New Car in the $25,000-$30,000 category.
The new Altima looks like an Infiniti—great lines! Smart features include an "easy fill" tire alert, hands-free text messaging and NASA-inspired "zero gravity" front seats. The 3.5-liter V6 puts out 270 horses, but fuel economy is still respectable.


Jazmine Preston-O'Neill is licensed in State and Federal Court and litigates insurance coverage disputes.
Mr. Otero joined Walton Lantaff Schroeder & Carson LLP in March 2019. He practices in insurance coverage law and appellate law.


text:
Change Starts With Small Steps
By Susan Walker
Using social media for social justice
Dr. Jack S. Monell '05. Photo by Garrett Garms, Winston-Salem State University.
Growing up in the housing projects of New York City, Dr. Jack Monell '05 could not get one question out of his mind: "Why does it seem like this community is stuck in a rut?"
Monell, a PhD in Human Services graduate, looked at the poverty, drug abuse, and social injustice around him and was drawn to explore it through his education and career. He has worked on juvenile justice and community justice programs for the government and currently serves as associate professor and program coordinator of justice studies at Winston-Salem State University (WSSU) in North Carolina. Monell takes special interest in the issues surrounding masculinity and young black men, the inaccurate profile that the media perpetuates of these young men, and how that warped perception leads to violence and harm in black communities.
"I was always aware of these issues and working to help individuals affected by them, but once social media became part of the conversation, I was struck by the enormity of the problem," Monell says. Movements such as Black Lives Matter—which began with a hashtag and led to chapters of activists across the nation—have shone a light on these injustices in a new way.
"Every day, you see the abuse and social disparities taking place across the country that didn't get press coverage before," he says. "There is a nationwide movement to increase awareness and redress these wrongs, and social media has become a tool to encourage people to take action."
Winston-Salem State University students protest for the release of Kalvin Michael Smith. Photo by Garrett Garms, Winston-Salem State University.
Monell has seen the power of social media activism firsthand. "In 2016, students at WSSU and Wake Forest University started a social media campaign to advocate for the release of Kalvin Michael Smith, a black man who had been wrongfully incarcerated for 20 years," he says.
"That campaign spurred marches and protests, significantly increasing the visibility of the cause," Monell says. "I believe that played some part in his release from prison. It's a great example of how students can gather information and move with it. They started a movement that worked with the constructive use of social media."
Passion is important, but Monell reinforces the importance of thinking critically about where the movement comes from and where it's going rather than getting caught up in emotions alone. In one of his classes, students work together to identify a social injustice, go into the community to research its effects, and present how they would solve the problem if they had unlimited resources.
This project recently led to a partnership with a local retiree group, which will help students learn about ageism. They will then work to educate their peers and the community about the stereotypes older people face.
"A lot of people feel intimidated by marching or protesting, but there are other ways to express yourself," Monell says. "Find the best modality to protest, one that works for you. Use your gifts and strengths to speak up. Make small sacrifices, and you'll be surprised how everyone's small actions add up to bigger change."


If you had to pick a new wall unit for your corner desks home office, how would it seem like? The question is actually not as easy since it seems. It's definitely easier to think about some characteristics that you would like for your unit when you're replacing an already existing one. Basically you simply make a listing of things you hate about your old furniture and you appear for the opposite in your design. Things are more complicated when you're decorating an empty space. However, both cases show similarities.
Wall units can be of several different types. corner desks home office are the most common type of all. They're large and they usually wrap across the TV. Modern wall units sometimes have a hollow section which is meant to support a wall-mounted TV. In some cases, the TV is mounted on a straight back panel that's the main unit. corner desks home office units contain a number of storage options and often offer a combination of drawers, shelves and closed compartments. They're really practical although they're not ideal for corner desks home office.
Another choice is a TV stand or console. They're simpler versions of corner desks home office and they're designed to put on the TV and to supply some additional storage space for things such as media components, books or games. corner desks home office will often be described as a bit simplified, offering the option to mount the TV on the wall behind them as opposed to placing it on the cabinet.