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Review Policy & General Practice
The Romance Factor
Reviews on trashy (and not so trashy) romance novels…with some general life things thrown in here and there…
Tag: Stockholm Syndrome
Book Review: Forgotten Promises by Jessica Lemmon
January 21, 2016 December 25, 2015 lifewithfelber2 Comments
The Lost Boys series by Jessica Lemmon takes a more serious tone than a lot of contemporary romances I've read. This one especially takes it to some dark places. While it's a good read that I recommend, it is NOT a light and fluffy read by any means.
Trigger warnings: This book contains themes of physical and sexual abuse and molestation, pedophilia, and suicide.
I received an ARC of this book from NetGalley in exchange for an honest review.
One-Sentence Synopsis
A released prisoner vows to get the proof he needs to send his father to jail, and a girl he knew in high school may hold the key to helping him…if he doesn't get arrested for kidnapping her. For a full synopsis, see this book's Goodreads page.
On her 21st birthday, Morgan finds out her boyfriend has been cheating on her. This is the worst thing to happen in her world, so she plans to spend the rest of the night getting drunk and trying to forget his betrayal. But when she sees Tucker at the convenience store and goes to talk to him, she sets herself up to find out that there are worse things in the world than being dumped.
Tucker knew Morgan in high school and even once saved her from being raped. But he was also the juvenile delinquent who's father was the chief of police. When he hears sirens and panics, he kidnaps Morgan and takes her to a friend's cabin to hide out while he decides what to do. Morgan is understandably scared at first, but she'd been fascinated by Tucker in high school, and now she finds herself attracted to him.
Dark & Light
You'd think this was a case of Stockholm Syndrome, and I suppose there's a little bit of that, but it goes deeper. Tucker needs Morgan's father, a lawyer, to help him put his father behind bars before he gets involved in a camp for boys and does to them what he did to Tucker and his brother for years. Because of his past, Tucker doesn't like to be touched and he can't trust anyone. But Morgan represents purity for him, and when she reaches out to him, showing him true kindness and affection, he's torn between wanting to accept her gift and wanting to push her away so as not to dirty her with what he perceives as his own darkness.
A Sad Truth
Rape is used quite a bit in romantic fiction, and it's often something visited upon the heroine. Having the hero be the victim was definitely a turn, but one that the author handled well. Tucker knows that what happened to him wasn't his fault. Yet he feels dirty and unworthy of love. Though he accepts Morgan's affection at the cabin, he doesn't believe himself worthy to be with her.
Perception is Everything
As for Morgan, even though they're only together a few days, her whole outlook on life is changed, just by knowing what happened to Tucker and understanding that his juvenile delinquency wasn't a rebellion against his father, it was a way to escape him. Yes, this happens only over a short time, but it's not beyond the realm of belief, and the pacing is perfect for the intensity of the characters and their relationship.
Morgan and Tucker have a history of sorts, and though they seem to fall for each other quickly, their background keeps this from being a case of insta-love. Tucker's tragic past makes Morgan's need to accept and heal him that much stronger. Though there's not that romantic angst I enjoy, the conflict and angst from other areas is powerful, and the way the characters come together is both sad and hopeful. 4/5
The Steam Factor
The few scenes there were had enough detail to "see" what was happening, but this one wasn't hardcore erotic, and I'm actually thankful for that. In a story with such dark themes, I think there had to be a good balance between the plot and the sex, and the balance was definitely there. So while I'm only giving it a 3/5, I'm doing so with much respect Jessica Lemmon for handling this topic well.
This quick read (it's more of a novella) isn't going to be for everyone, and I say that because I know readers who don't want dark themes in their romance. However, I really enjoyed it, and I especially liked that not only was a difficult subject tackled with grace, it was done in a way that shows that it's not just women who can be victims of horrible crimes against their bodies.
The Evolution of Romance Novels
June 16, 2014 lifewithfelber2 Comments
Warning: there are going to be some touchy subjects in this post. Trigger warnings: rape, kidnapping, abuse.
I love romance novels. They can be cheesy and overdone, and a lot of historical romances read like a soap opera. I'm still a sucker for them. Recently, I decided to go back and read all of the books written by one of my favorite authors in the order they were written/published.
I didn't expect her earlier ones to be great. Most authors get better over time. As far as writing, characterization, and melodrama were concerned, the first two in her portfolio were as I expected. Not great, but still readable, with a few moments that I enjoyed.
What I had forgotten about (having read these books when I was much younger) was the use of kidnapping and rape as a route to romance. The first one was Stockholm Syndrome all the way. The heroine is kidnapped and forced to submit to her kidnapper because he wants her. But it's okay, because even though she tells him 'no,' her body wants it (riiigghht). And after a hundred pages of shame and anger, suddenly, she's in love with him. Because that's how it works (heavy dose of snark there).
The second book is another Stockholm Syndrome love story, but the rape is more blatant in this one. In fact, it happens repeatedly. The word rape is used at least twenty times in the book. And then boom…the heroine is like "Whut? I ain't mad." At one point, she even says something along the lines of "Well, yeah, he raped me. But he didn't kill anyone, so it's okay."
Yes, I'm taking the stories out of the context of the time they were written. Yes, I'm overlooking the fact that they fall into the category of "bodice ripper" romance, which apparently is all about the man taking control and using force to show the woman how desirable she is because he can't help himself. Reading other reviews of these books, I found that many people were disgusted at the material. Others were very much of the mind that these were written in a different time and can still be enjoyed as a work of fiction.
Dude, you're in the middle of a field. Put some pants on!
These novels were also considered "historical romance." So even if the time they were written wasn't reflective of that time period, is this justified by the fact that during the time period it was set in, those things were common? These books weren't without their "sweet" moments, but it wasn't always easy to get over how someone could go from hate and anger to love and acceptance that quickly.
These books were published in the late 70s and very early 80s. I also read some novels from the mid-80s (different authors). There wasn't any rape in these ones, but the chauvinistic male was prevalent. In one novel, the man told the woman constantly that she was his…within the first day of meeting her. When she told him she wasn't interested, he continued to seduce her. Which, okay, I suppose the whole "winning her over" thing was supposed to be romantic. But there was a distinct lack of respect for the woman's boundaries.
In another one, the man verbally berates the woman to get a reaction out of her. He never apologizes. Once she agrees to date him, he refuses to allow her to do much of anything else. She can't talk to her other male friends. She can't go out without him. She pretty much as to let him know what she does and does not do. Yet in the end, she's fallen in love with him, can't live without him, blah blah blah. He never changed at all, but we're supposed to believe that she's going to be happy with him.
In some ways, those books were more offensive to me than the others.
There has definitely been an evolution in romance novels though. I'm not saying there aren't still horrible ones out there that make the woman seem weak or stupid, but with regards to even the aforementioned author, her later books involve strong women who give as good as they get. They also feature women who aren't "the most beautiful creature on earth," but instead have something else that wins the hero: kindness, a sense of humor, etc. The heros are no longer "I take what I want" types, but gentlemen who might steal a kiss or two (which is still frowned upon…I know), but they keep it in their pants until things get consensual.
I'm not trying to make a statement about rape culture or feminism in this post. I just think it's interesting the way literature reflects certain views of the time, possibly without meaning to. I read all kinds of things, so it's hard to offend me, but I understand that many people wouldn't be able to get past the scenes in these novels.
I'm reading the third book published by the author, and I'm fifty pages in with no rape of the heroine (though there has been rape of other characters…like in the opening scene). There has also been some dismemberment. The tone of this one is much darker…I'm not even sure how this is going to turn into a romance at this point.
If you're interested in seeing the books I'm talking about, you can follow me on Goodreads. I'm also interested to hear what other people have to say on the subject.
Do you guys like bodice rippers or do you find them offensive?
Update: Real Life Stuff & A Break
Book Review: Destined for a King by Ashlyn Macnamara
Book Review: For Better or Worse by Lauren Layne
Book Review: My Fair Princess by Vanessa Kelly
Book Review: Body Shot by Kelly Jamieson
NaNoWriMo 2014 Winner
3 of 5 stars to No Judgments by Meg Cabot goodreads.com/review/show/41… 6 days ago
5 of 5 stars to The Wallflower Wager by Tessa Dare goodreads.com/review/show/52… 3 weeks ago
3 of 5 stars to Kiss Me Again by Emma Hart goodreads.com/review/show/52… 3 weeks ago
5 of 5 stars to Financial Feminist by Tori Dunlap goodreads.com/review/show/52… 3 weeks ago
5 of 5 stars to The Last House on Needless Street by Catriona Ward goodreads.com/review/show/52… 1 month ago
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#Trending: Can a VR headset be both amazing and affordable?
I use a Samsung phone and have a PS4 at home so my obvious go-to VR headset choices would be a $99 second-gen Samsung Gear VR and a Sony PlayStation VR. But like anyone who has tried it, the HTC Vive holds a soft spot in my heart.
The problem? I can't remember the last time I had a spare $799 knocking around in my current account for anything, let alone a VR headset. OK, OK I never have any money but the fact is only around 100,000 people have stumped up the cash so far if you believe the estimates.
The aforementioned PlayStation VR which we reviewed this week and launches next week and the just announced Google Daydream View both seek to give us what we want: awesome VR at an affordable price. But is that possible with 2016's technology? In a way, the same goes for apps, games and experiences which take serious cash and resources to make.
We're still at the experimentation stage, sure, but the gap between almost free/free headsets and eye-wateringly expensive devices is closing. Here's our view on some of the headsets in that vast 'mid-range'.
Now, the PlayStation VR is not without its faults but it's good enough to impress overall as we found in our four star review. Ultimately Sony made good compromises to get down to that $399.99 price (if you already own a PS4 and PlayStation Camera).
Console quality games - some of which are still demos, yes - a comfortable headset and really easy set up. If you want to pay for the Move controllers, that's also an option but not required - you can just use your DualShock.
It remains to be seen how many Daydream ready smartphones we'll see and sure, the $79.99 Daydream View is no Cardboard bargain. For starters, it's covered in cloth.
But if, as promised, we see more sub-$100 quality headsets like this from all sorts of different manufacturers, compatible with all sorts of different phones, it could be a real gamechanger for affordable VR. Read our Daydream View first impressions from the Google Pixel event this week.
The HTC Vive and Xiaomi Mi VR represent the opposite ends of the VR headset spectrum for us. The first is a device that we want everyone we know to try so they get it but no-one we know can really afford and the second a device that everyone can afford but we wouldn't want them to try for fear of spoiling VR with its general crappiness.
PlayStation VR and Daydream View are steps in the right direction but we need to see more choice in between $30 and $800 headsets.


Silverlight TruckWars is a real-time strategy game built entirely in Silverlight. I recently releases version 1.3. The biggest thing is that I've now open-sourced it on CodePlex.
The biggest one is that selecting any creature now provides help text.
Destroying an enemy unit now can optionally provide a "treasure", like a powerup or key.


The aggressive Rim Fire has been destroying California since August 17 and its not letting up! It is now claimed as the 4th largest fire in California's history! So far, the Rim Fire has burned 223,000 acres (40,000 acreas was Yosemite). More than 100 structures have been lost and the fire has a containment date on September 20. The hot weather and lightning isn't helping this fire reach containment either. Right now across the U.S., over 8,000 firefighters are fighting 6 major fires.
Thinking of everyone in the area – it is so devastating. Thoughts are with all the fire fighters who do such an awesome job.
Even though we don't have huge fires like that in New England, I feel for everyone in that area and hope that the fire will be contained very soon.
Unfortunately, more hot, dry, and potentially windy weather appears to be on it's way to the area in the next week or two. Best of luck to the firefighters.
Such a beautiful area. Hope the fire is contained soon. Strength to the fire fighters.
Reblogged this on Drowning in Desire.
It always feels weird to push the "like" button for posts about potential disasters, but I think its important to let people be aware of fire danger. You do a great job choosing your subject matter so that things are interesting, informative, and still focused on your… well….focus! thanks.
80% contained as of today, the rim fire has lucky not taken any lives so far – but has left an imprint on the northwestern part of Yosemite I wish I had explored more before this happened! Makes you realize you got to enjoy what you have while you have it!


Halloween lends itself particularly well to scrapbooking. Seasonal motifs, colors, and symbols combine with your own photographs and mementos to create fun, spooky pages. These free Halloween scrapbook downloads can help you preserve memories of pumpkin carving, trick or treating, and dressing up in costumes.
The following Halloween-themed scrapbook stuff is all free to use both in traditional scrapbooking and with digital layouts. If you need help downloading the printables, check out these helpful tips.
Borders can be used to frame a page or an image, underline a title, create sections on a page, or add a bit of color or interest anywhere in your layout. These Halloween borders incorporate all kinds of Halloween themes and colors.
Click to download these Halloween borders.
Download these straight borders for Halloween.
Try these scalloped and shaped Halloween borders.
If you're in a hurry or need a bit of layout inspiration, these layouts are a great choice. Just print them out or open them with your scrapbooking software and insert photos, embellishments, and a bit of journaling.
Download this haunted house scrapbook layout.
Print or save this graveyard Halloween layout.
Click to download this Halloween scrapbook layout.
Halloween patterns are familiar shapes you can use to cut out motifs from your page or to decorate and add as you would stickers or other embellishments.
Download these Halloween patterns for scrapbooking.
Paper is the cornerstone of any scrapbook, and decorative papers are essential for any themed layout. Use these pretty patterned Halloween papers for all of your scrapbooking needs.
Download and print Halloween printed papers.
Whether you're preserving memories of your kids' Halloween costumes year by year or the good times you've had with friends at Halloween parties, these free scrapbooking elements will help you stick to your Halloween theme. Adding unique embellishments, such as candy wrappers from your child's favorite treats or a fake scar from someone's costume, can be a special touch that makes your scrapbooks truly original.


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Private Car to Tripoli
Explore the second largest city in Lebanon, Tripoli city, on a full-day tour from Beirut that takes care of all the details, including a round-trip transport by an air-conditioned vehicle with English-speaking driver. This tour spots the light on the main attractions of the city including citadel, mosques, baths, khans and souks, in addition to an amazing view of the Mina.
Hotel Pick up & Drop off
Entrance fees to the sites
Entry/Admission - Citadel Saint Gilles (Qal'at Sinjil)
Stop At: Tripoli, Tripoli, North Governorate
Tripoli, In Arabic: Ṭarābulus, city and port, northwestern Lebanon. It lies on the Mediterranean coast at the mouth of the Abu Ali River, 50 miles (80 km) north-northeast of Beirut. Tripoli is the ancient city that dates back to the Phoenician era, and is one of Lebanon's oldest cities, alongside Byblos, Tyre and Sidon.
Forty-five buildings in the city, many dating from the 14th century, have been registered as historical sites. Twelve mosques from Mamluke and Ottoman times have survived. Secular buildings include the "hammam" or the bathing-house, the souks, and the "khans", that form an agglomeration of various trades.
Stop At: Citadel Saint Gilles (Qal'at Sinjil), El Amir Fakhreddine, Tripoli Lebanon
Overlooking Tripoli city is the imposing Citadel of Tripoli known as Qal'at Sinjil (Saint Gilles), which has been renovated and changed many times during its history.
Today the castle's main features are an octagonal Fatimid constructions converted to a church by the Crusaders, some Crusader structures of the 12th-13th centuries, a number of 14th century Mamluke additions, as well as additions made by the Ottomans in the 16th century. The present state of this huge fortress (140 meters long and 70 meters wide) is largely the result of extensive restoration work by Mustafa Barbar Agha, governor of Tripoli at the beginning of the 19th century.
Stop At: Al Mansouri Mosque, Tripoli, Lebanon
Begun in 1294 and completed in 1315, the Great Mosque or Al Mansouri Mosque was built on the ruined 12th century Crusader cathedral of St. Mary of the Tower. Its large courtyard is surrounded by a vaulted prayer hall. Inside, one can still see elements of Western architecture from the old church, including the northern entrance and the Lombard style bell tower, which was transformed into the minaret. The many foundation plaques and decrees inscribed in the great Mosque not only inform us about the building but also reveal details of the daily life of the Mamluke period.
Stop At: Taynal Mosque, Tripoli Lebanon
Taynal Mosque is an important mosque built in 1336 by Saif Ed-Dine Taynâl on the site of a ruined Crusader church. The adjoining domed mausoleum holds the tomb of the founder. Some elements of the original structure were re-used in the mosque, for example, the two rows of granite columns with late Roman capitals, which stand in the middle of the first prayer hall. The entrance of the second prayer hall is a unique example of the architectural decoration in Tripoli during the Mamluke era.
Stop At: Souk Al-Harajb, Tripoli Lebanon
Tripoli souks are marvelous. They allow visitors to step into a unique, busy and colorful universe and gain insight into centuries old traditions. Meandering through the souks with its lively passageways and small hidden alleys, plentiful smells and plethora of sounds and colors, is like stepping into a theatre filled with fantastic characters, props and stories.
There are 9 souks in total in Tripoli: Attareen, Bazerkan, Haddadin, Haraj, Kameh, Koundarjiyeh, Nahhasin, Samak, Sayyaghin. Besides the food souk with plenty of fresh produce as well as meat, fish and much more.
Stop At: Khan Al-Khayyatin, Tripoli Lebanon
The Khayyatin Khan is a part of Tripoli Souks, it is a long rectangular building of about 40 by 80 meters with a covered central courtyard and shops on either side. As the name Khan al Khayyatin implies, the khan housed and still houses tailors and other related trades as needles, thread, sewing machines etc.
Stop At: Tripoli Soap Factory (صابون طرابلس ), Tripoli, Lebanon
The Khan As Sabon (Soap Khan) was built at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Originally it was intended to serve as a military barracks to garrison Ottoman troops and it was purposely built in the center of the city to enable the pasha to control any uprising. It is a large rectangular structure with two story arcaded corridors running around a fountain courtyard.
Stop At: Al-Abd Hammam, Tripoli, Lebanon
Hammam El-Abed is the only functioning hammam in Tripoli, probably built at the end of the 17th century. It has the typical pierced domes of Mamluke and Ottoman era public baths. The interior, with its cushions, central fountain and traditional fittings, is a living museum.
Stop At: Hammam al-Jadid, Tripoli Lebanon
Hammam Al-Jadid was built around 1740, and called the "New Bath", it is the largest "hammam" in Tripoli, although it has not been in operation since the 1970's, its faded grandeur still stirs the imagination.
Stop At: Ezzeddine Hammam, Amir Fakhreddine Street Near Souk el-Nahhassin, Tripoli Lebanon
Hammam Izzed-dine is a public bathing-house was given to Tripoli city by its Mamluke governor 'Izz ed-Dîne Aybak. The governor, who died in 1298, is buried in a mausoleum beside the hammam. The Hammam 'Izz ed-Dîne was in continual use until recently and it is now under restoration.
Stop At: Rachid Karami International Fair, Tripoli Lebanon
On the grounds of the Tripoli International Fair (Rashid Karameh International Exhibition Center) in Lebanon, one finds one of the five largest exhibition centers in the world. The 15 structures, designed by legendary Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer in 1963, remain unfinished due to the project's abandonment during the country's civil war in 1975.
Stop At: Hallab 1881 قصر الحلو, Riad El Solh, Tarablus, Lebanon
Since 1881, and originating from Tripoli, Abdul Rahman Hallab has been a pioneer in the world of Lebanese sweets. Today, "Kasr El Helou" is considered one of Tripoli's most renowned landmarks, visited by thousands of people from all parts of the globe.
Stop At: El Mina Port, Tripoli Lebanon
Al-Mina is a coastal town in Tripoli. It occupies the location of the old Phoenician city of Tripoli and acts as the harbor city for modern neighboring Tripoli.
It has nine islands, four of them have been declared as natural reservations, to help breed fish, and preserve their natural habitat.
we pick up travellers from destinations near Beirut city centre.
Suppliers and travelers coordinate start times within the given time periods. 6/19/2019 - 11/21/2021
Organised by Lebanon Daily Tours
Lebanon Transport
Private Car to Tripoli and Batroun
Half-Day Private Tour to Beiteddine and Deir El Qamar
Private Car to Beit El Din, Deir el Qamar and Moussa Castle
Private Mini-Van with English Speaking Driver
LEBANON FULL DAY MINI VAN AND PROFESSIONAL GUIDE - up to 07 Persons
Private Car to Beit el Din, Deir El Qamar and Barouk Cedars
Full-Day Private Tour to Qadisha Valley, Bcharre and Cedars
Full-Day Private Tour to Sidon, Tyre and Maghdouche
Private Transfer: Beirut Airport (BEY) to Beirut
PRIVATE Jeita & Baalbak
Jeita Grotto,Harissa&Byblos Full-Day PRIVATE-CAR Trip from Beirut
Private Car to Jeita Grotto and Harissa
Tours in lebanon
Private Transfer from Beirut to Rafic Hariri (BEY) Airport
Allday package 3 historic regions
Private Car with English Speaking Driver
Private day sidon tyre maghdoushe we charge per vechile 1_6riders
Beirut Arrival Airport Pickup
Private Van with English Speaking Driver
Full-Day Private Tour to Cedars, Baalbek and Ksara
Sidon, maghdouche, tyre
Private Car to Sidon, Tyre and Maghdouché
Half-Day Private Tour to Jeita Grotto and Harissa
Full-Day Private Tour to Qadisha Valley, Cedars and Baalbek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Olympics: What Does it Inspire?
I remember watching the Olympics with my family as a child. We would eat popcorn in the living room cheering on the Americans and marveling at the Soviets. Through these early experiences, I learned about sports, hard work, culture, other countries, commitment, honor, patriotism, government, and dreams.
I am not a sports fan. My children do not play soccer. We are healthy. We enjoy the outdoors. We hike, surf, practice yoga, ski, etc. We don't aspire for glory, just the love of feeling good in our bodies in nature.
I've never watched the Olympics with my children, other than a brief snowboarding race last winter. For some reason, the London summer games got me excited. Perhaps it was my father's visit and nostalgia for my youth, perhaps it was time to show my children what hard work and commitment can accomplish.
We have watched young Americans win gold. We have seen heartbreak and disappointment.
As a parent, I can't help but empathize with with parents in the stands. As a forty-year-old, I no longer dream about what might have been. Could I have been an olympiad?
The Olympics always makes me reflect on life. The choices we make, where our paths lead us. How many potential Olympic athletes never discover their hidden talents? Do my children have such skill that is being undeveloped? What other paths could or would our lives take given the right circumstances?
First, Dixon and Adams wanted to know if my daughter, Riley, was a boy or a girl and how old she was. When I said 2, they nodded. "Anything over about 10 makes the odds go down because they could already be in elite training," Dixon said. That was what happened to the English goalkeeper Chris Kirkland's father; he bet on his son to play for England's national team one day but did it when he was already 13 and was paid only 100 to 1 when Kirkland made his debut in 2006.
Then I was asked for a detailed family history of athletics, a sort of Steffi-Andre test (when Steffi Graf married Andre Agassi, bookmakers understandably offered short odds to those betting on their children's someday becoming Wimbledon champions).
I laid out my impressive experiences as a high school soccer player and golfer, then shared my wife's extensive past as a lifeguard.
Sensing a lack of proper esteem from Adams and Dixon, I then detailed — in great depth — Riley's homage to Houdini in escaping the pack-and-play over the weekend.
Adams and Dixon had a few moments of discussion before reaching a verdict.
"We would be prepared to offer you 2,500 to 1 that she'll ever take part in the Olympics, 5,000 to 1 for any medal and 10,000 to 1 for a gold," Adams said.
Those odds are about the same as my son being born with Tetralogy of Fallot. Anything can happen. That's the yin yang of life.
When I see 15 and 16 year olds competing in the Olympics, I admire their abilities, but I mourn their childhood. A little girl in the same gym Gabby Douglas practiced in as a child stated she was there five hours a day in hope of her own Olympic glory some day. Gabby herself almost quit, as she was living away from home and family in order to train. This is not the life I think I would chose, but then again, it's not my choice.
Beyond the endorsements for McDonald's and other such Olympic scandal, I do think the games inspire us to dream and live vicariously for a couple of weeks. I don't think these have to be sports dreams, but dreams of all the potential of life.


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(suicide bombing in Israel) is not suicide, it is martyrdom in the name of God.
women are not like women in our society because Israeli women are militarized.
Secondly I consider this type of martyrdom operation as an indication of the justice of Allah Almighty. Allah is just – through his infinite wisdom he has given the weak what the strong do not possess and that is the ability to turn their bodies into bombs like the Palestinians do.
Yousef Al-Qaradawi, Egyptian cleric from Qatar University to whom (in 2004) London's former mayor, Ken Livingstone said: "You are truly welcome to London.".
Maybe he's just a fringe figure in Islam?
He is a mainstream scholar, that is respected throughout the world and he is not an extreme and doesn't express any extreme views or interpret text in an extreme way.


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Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 37 No 3 - September 2013 /
Enhanced surveillance for gonorrhoea in two diverse settings in Queensland in the 2000s: comparative epidemiology and selected management outcomes
This paper analyses enhanced surveillance data for gonorrhoea from an urban and a remote region of Queensland during the 2000s. It describes the diverse epidemiology of this condition in these two populations and details management challenges and outcomes.
Page last updated: 21 February 2014
Table of contents | Full text PDF (153 KB) | Previous article | Next article
Introduction | Methods | Results | Discussion | Acknowledgements | References
Patricia S Fagan, Sandra G Downing, Bradley J McCall, Heidi J Carroll, Therese M Howard, Cheryn M Palmer
Gonorrhoea is an important sexually transmitted notifiable condition. This paper describes findings from 2 gonorrhoea enhanced surveillance programs operating during the 2000s in Queensland: one in the remote Torres and Northern Peninsula Area (T&NPA); the other in an urban region. The overall response rate in the T&NPA (2006–2011) was 82% (723 of 879), and in Brisbane Southside and West Moreton (BSWM) (2003–2011), it was 62% (1,494 of 2,401 notifications). In the T&NPA, cases were young (80% <25 years), Indigenous (97%) and 44% were male. In the BSWM, cases were predominantly male (76%), non-Indigenous (92%) and 42% were aged less than 25 years. Co-infection with chlamydia was found in 54% of males and 60% of females in the Torres, and in 18% of males and 35% of females in the BSWM. In the BSWM 35% of the men without a syphilis test recorded had reported sexual contact with men; similarly 34% of the men without an HIV test recorded had reported sexual contact with men. Compliance with recommended treatment (ceftriaxone) was greater than 90% in all years except 2008 (84%) in the T&NPA. Treatment compliance increased significantly, from 40% in 2003 to 84.4% in 2011 (P<0.0001) in the BSWM cohort. The proportion of contacts with a documented treatment date increased significantly in the T&NPA from 56% in 2009 to 76% in 2011 (P= 0.019), after a system for follow-up with the clinician became routine. Gonorrhoea epidemiology and management challenges vary across Queensland populations. Enhanced surveillance allows public health authorities to monitor epidemiology and reminds clinicians to prioritise effective sexually transmitted infection treatment for their clients. Commun Dis Intell 2013;37(3):E253–E259.
Keywords: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, sexually transmitted infection, gonorrhoea, enhanced surveillance programs, epidemiology, management
Genital gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) is an important bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI). It can cause acute illness and long-term morbidity (infertility, adverse pregnancy outcomes and chronic pelvic pain).1–4 In addition, the presence of gonorrhoea (as with other STIs) increases the risk of the acquisition and transmission of HIV.5
Notification of gonococcal infection in Queensland rose from 1,567 cases (37.3 per 100,000 population) in 2006 to 2,697 (58.9 per 100,000 population) in 2012.6 The burden of gonococcal infection amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is disproportionately high compared with other populations. In 2011, the age standardised rate of gonococcal notifications in the Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population was 673 per 100,000 compared with 22 per 100,000 in the non-Indigenous population.7 In the Torres and Northern Peninsula Area (T&NPA) region of north Queensland, 176 cases of gonococcal infection were notified in 2011 (1,608 per 100,000 population).8 In the broader Australian population notifications are concentrated among men who have sex with men while in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population cases are concentrated among youth (both males and females).
The Queensland surveillance system for N. gonorrhoeae infection consists of thepassive notification of all laboratory confirmed cases in accordance with the (Queensland) Public Health Act 2005.
Quinolone resistance in gonorrhoea isolates from most regions in Australia is common. The Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme has reported that in 2011, 27% of all isolates nationally, and 18% of those from Queensland, demonstrated quinolone resistance.9 Consequently, ceftriaxone rather than ciprofloxacin has been recommended as first line treatment for gonorrhoea in Australia since 2003. Co-treatment for chlamydia, testing for other STIs and treatment of sexual partners are also recommended.10
The T&NPA region is remote and has a population of 10,949. Of these, 83% are Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal people11 living in a cluster of five villages near the tip of Cape York and on 15 islands in the Torres Strait. The T&NPA stands at the most northern tip of Queensland and borders the Western Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG) where an HIV/AIDS epidemic is established.12 In recognition of close family ties and cultural activities across the region, the Torres Strait Treaty between Australia and PNG allows free movement for local residents to conduct traditional activities across this international border.13 Brisbane Southside and West Moreton (BSWM) Public Health Unit (PHU) region has a largely urban population numbering 1,275,703 of whom 28,552 or 2.2% identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander.11
The objective of this paper is to describe and highlight the differences between the epidemiological and clinical management findings of gonorrhoea enhanced surveillance in these two diverse settings in Queensland. The paper illustrates how gonorrhoea enhanced surveillance may be utilised as a public health measure to monitor disease epidemiology and, potentially, to inform improvements in case management.
In the T&NPA, cases of gonorrhoea are managed in the primary care setting by nurses, medical officers and sometimes health workers. The recommended clinical management is described in the Primary Clinical Care Manual (PCCM).14 In the BSWM, cases are managed in general practice, specialist sexual health units and public hospitals. Clinical management information is sourced from the Therapeutic Guidelines – Antibiotic,15 or from local sexual health physicians. Enhanced surveillance for gonorrhoea notifications has been functioning in the BSWM PHU region since 2002, and in the T&NPA district of the Tropical Public Health Unit (TPHU) region from late 2005. The T&NPA enhanced surveillance program was reviewed in 2008 and refinements directed at improving contact tracing outcomes, were subsequently implemented.
In the T&NPA district, all notifications of oropharyngeal and anogenital N. gonorrhoeae between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2011 were included. Clinicians were requested to complete a one page case report when treating those with a positive pathology result, and on presentation for symptomatic cases and contacts of gonorrhoea, and then to fax the report to the TPHU in Cairns. On receipt of a gonorrhoea notification, TPHU staff forwarded a case report form to the treating clinician, if one had not already been received. In the absence of a response, the treating clinician was reminded by email or telephone after 1 and 2 months. TPHU staff checked case reports for data completeness, confirmed the pathology diagnosis of gonorrhoea, checked results of other tests and (from early 2009) contacted the treating clinician after 3 to 4 weeks to document the outcomes of contact tracing.
In the BSWM PHU region, all notifications of oropharyngeal and anogenital N. gonorrhoeae between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2011 were included. On receipt of a gonorrhoea notification, BSWM PHU staff forwarded a pack to the treating clinician containing treatment recommendations, a fact sheet for clinicians, a contact tracing letter for partners and a case report form, with a request that the latter be completed and returned to the PHU. In the absence of a response, the treating clinician was telephoned once, one month later.
The enhanced surveillance programs for the T&NPA District and the BSWM PHU region collected similar data covering case demographics and clinical presentation, sexual contact history, tests collected, treatment provided and arrangements for tracing sexual contacts. Data collected for the T&NPA cases included more detail regarding gonorrhoea culture, time to treatment and (from 2009) treatment of contacts.
This enhanced surveillance was conducted under the provisions of the (Queensland) Public Health Act 2005. Human research ethics committee approval was not required.
The enhanced data analysed for this report included only laboratory confirmed cases. In the TPHU, data from the case report forms of pathology positive gonorrhoea cases were entered into a Microsoft Access database. Analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel and EpiInfo V3.3.2. In the BSWM PHU, de-identified data were stored in a Structured Query Language server database and collated for analysis using Crystal Reports. The chi-square test was used to assess the statistical significance of differences in proportions and trends at the P<0.05 level.16
Response rate
There were 879 gonorrhoea notifications in the T&NPA Health Service District between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2011. Seven hundred and twenty-three case reports were received giving a response rate of 82%. There were 2,401 gonorrhoea notifications in the BSWM PHU area between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2011. Fourteen hundred and ninety-four case reports were received giving a response rate of 62%. The case report dataset did not differ significantly from the total notification dataset by age group (P=0.60), gender (P=0.39) or ethnicity (P=0.99) for the T&NPA cohort, nor by age group (P=0.13) or gender (P=0.75) for the BSWM cohort.
Demographics and epidemiology
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were over-represented in both case cohorts, constituting 97% of the cases and 83% of the population in the T&NPA and 7.9% of the cases and 2.2% of the population in the BSWM. The median age of a case in the T&NPA cohort was 20 years, and in the BSWM cohort it was 26 years. In the T&NPA, the burden of diagnosed infection mainly affected young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men and women compared with that in BSWM where the affected population was largely male, older and non-Indigenous (Table). Of the 23 non-Indigenous cases in the T&NPA between 2006 and 2011, 18 were Australians of PNG ethnicity living in the Torres Strait and the remainder were non-Indigenous caucasians or PNG national visitors from PNG. There was no significant change in the annual proportion of cases from PNG over the enhanced surveillance period (P=0.23).
Table: Characteristics of enhanced surveillance cases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Torres and Northern Peninsular Area (2006–2011) and the Brisbane Southside and West Moreton region (2003–2011), Queensland
Number of enhanced surveillance cases
% total notifications
% male
Number < 25 years of age
% <25 years of age
Number Indigenous
% Indigenous
T&NPA - Torres and Northern Peninsular Area
BSWM - PHU	Brisbane Southside and West Moreton region
T&NPA
BSWM PHU
Sexual contacts
Of the 583 contacts with stated ethnicity identified by the T&NPA cases, 556 (95%) were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, 17 (3%) were from PNG and 10 (2%) were non-Indigenous. Between 2006 and 2011, only 10 cases identified PNG national visitor contacts. There was no change in the annual proportion of cases identifying PNG National contacts over the enhanced surveillance period (P=0.36). Prior to 2008, fewer than 10% of contacts (for whom residence was reported) came from outside remote Far North Queensland. This proportion increased significantly (approximately doubling) in each of the years 2009–11 (P<0.001). Of the 1,198 contacts identified by the BSWM cohort, the majority were non-Indigenous (947, 79%), 108 (9%) were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and 143 (11.9%) were of unknown ethnicity.
In the T&NPA, being symptomatic was the most frequently reported reason for testing among males (58%,185) while females were most likely to be tested as a screen (49%, 198). In the BSWM being symptomatic was the most frequently reported reason for testing for both males (72%, 812) and females (39%, 141). Among males, reported same sex partners were uncommon in the T&NPA region: 3% (9 cases) compared with 44% (498 cases) in the BSWM cohort.
Sexually transmitted infection testing
Chlamydia tests were recorded for 720 of the 723 T&NPA cases (99.6%). Of the 316 males and 404 females tested, 171 (54%) and 244 (60%) respectively returned positive chlamydia results. This compared with 1,271 (85%) chlamydia tests being recorded for the BSWM cohort, of which 178 (18.4%) males and 106 (35%) females returned a positive chlamydia result.
The proportion of cases tested for HIV in the T&NPA region in 2006 was low at 31%, but had increased significantly to 83% in 2011 (P<0.001). Over the same period, the proportion tested for syphilis also significantly increased (from 64% to 83%) (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in testing for syphilis or HIV by gender in the T&NPA cohort.
In the BSWM cohort, 50.7% and 52.4% of males were reported to have had tests for syphilis and HIV, respectively, while among females, 48% and 46% were reported to have had tests for syphilis and HIV, respectively. Many males who did not have a syphilis test recorded reported male sexual contact (195, 35%). Similarly, 184 (34%) males who did not have an HIV test recorded reported male sexual contact.
In the T&NPA cohort, 29% of males and 50% of females had a swab collected for microscopy, culture and sensitivity. Of these 296 specimens, 130 (44%) recorded N. gonorrhoeae growth. Isolates from only 2 cases were resistant to ciprofloxacin. One was sensitive to ceftriaxone, the other (in 2011, from a non-Indigenous male with contacts from outside the T&NPA), was also the only isolate documented as being less than fully sensitive to ceftriaxone. Data on the findings of culture from specimens from the BSWM cohort are not available.
Documented treatment with the recommended first line treatment (ceftriaxone) in the T&NPA region was greater than 90% in all years other than 2008 (84%). Reported co-treatment for chlamydia was greater than 90% in all years other than 2006 (84%). For the BSWM cohort, there was a significant increase in the proportion of cases treated with ceftriaxone during the study period, from 40% in 2003 to 84.4% in 2011 (P<0.0001), while at the same time ciprofloxacin (quinolone) use decreased from 50% (54 of 108 cases) in 2003 to zero of 199 cases in 2011 (P<0.0001) (Figure). In the BSWM, females were slightly more likely to receive ceftriaxone (RR 1.1, 95% CI 1.01–1.18, P=0.05) and ceftriaxone use did not vary by Indigenous status (RR 1.08; 95% CI 0.97–1.3).
Figure: Treatment for genital gonorrhoea over time for the Brisbane Southside and West Moreton Public Health Unit gonorrhoea enhanced surveillance cohort
Text version of Figure (TXT 1 KB)
Time to treatment
Of the 247 T&NPA screening cases (i.e. were not symptomatic or a contact of a case), 159 (64%) were treated within 14 days and 211 (85%) within a month of testing. The proportion of T&NPA cases presenting as a contact or with symptoms, and treated for both gonorrhoea and chlamydia at presentation in accordance with the regional recommendation,14 was greater than 70% in all years other than 2006 (60%, range 60%–85%). Within this group, symptomatic women were the least likely to be treated correctly at presentation. Time to treatment data was not collected for the BSWM cohort.
Contact tracing in the T&NPA cohort was almost universally initiated by the treating clinician. The annual proportion of T&NPA cases who identified zero contacts ranged from 5% to 11% with no significant trend. Treatment dates for contacts of T&NPA cases were recorded from 2009. Documented treatment of at least 1 contact for each case increased from 56% in 2009, and 60% in 2010, to 76% in 2011 (P=0.019). In contrast, in the BSWM PHU region, contact tracing was predominantly initiated by the case (1,024; 72.6%) with contact tracing being undertaken by the treating clinician in only 43 (2.9%) cases overall. The annual proportion of contact tracing initiated by either case (range: 65%–81%) or clinician (range: 1.5%–5.5%) did not change over the study period (P=0.53).
These findings highlight the diverse epidemiology of gonorrhoea across these two Queensland populations, and illustrate the role that enhanced surveillance programs can play in monitoring epidemiological and management challenges. In remote areas to the north, gonorrhoea (often in combination with chlamydia) is common and largely affects Indigenous youth, while in the south it is more frequently diagnosed in older non-Indigenous males. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were over-represented in the enhanced surveillance cohorts in both the T&NPA and BSWM regions. This is consistent with findings from across Australia7 and reflects the global disadvantage experienced by Indigenous youth in this area. In north Queensland, this disadvantage is evidenced in low levels of knowledge and awareness of personal risk,17 poor access to condoms,18 and inadequate implementation of school based sexuality and relationships education in Indigenous majority schools.19
The enhanced surveillance findings reiterate the importance of early detection and high quality clinical management of STI in the primary care setting for remote-living Australian youth. The findings for the BSWM cohort suggest that despite the clinical recommendation to test for co-infection (with syphilis or HIV), many men who have sex with men who are at increased risk are not being tested. The extent to which the enhanced surveillance process contributed to observed management improvements in either the T&NPA or BSWM regions is arguable. However, the process itself regularly reminded clinicians of the correct management for gonorrhoea and of the importance of following through on contact tracing processes. It also sent a message that public health services prioritised effective management of the common STI.
Given the high prevalence of quinolone resistance nationally, it is noteworthy that the strain of N. gonorrhoea circulating in remote Far North Queensland where ciprofloxacin has not been widely used to treat gonorrhoea over the last decade, remained largely sensitive to quinolones, suggesting fairly closed sexual networks. There was however, a significant increase in the proportion of contacts from further south on the Australian mainland in the last few years of the enhanced surveillance period. This increasing mobility of remote area youth within Australia increases the likelihood of quinolone (and other antibiotic) resistant strains, as indeed it also increases the risk of HIV entering the T&NPA population from mainland Australian sexual contact. The movement of local residents across the border with PNG presents further potential for spread of communicable diseases across the Torres Strait. In this context, monitoring the epidemiology of STIs, especially in an era when PNG is enduring a significant epidemic of HIV/AIDS,12 is important. In this period of enhanced surveillance, there was no significant change in the proportion of cases of gonorrhoea that were diagnosed in PNG national visitors each year, a finding that may reflect no change in local sexual network behaviours or varying testing practices over time. Over the same period, there was no significant change in the annual proportion of cases naming PNG national visitor contacts.
Gonorrhoea is a common clinical presentation in the T&NPA and since the early 2000s, regional treatment guidelines (the PCCM) have recommended (both) ceftriaxone as first line treatment, and co-treatment for chlamydia. This is likely to explain the high level of adherence to the recommended antibiotic regime. On the other hand, the proportion of gonorrhoea cases tested for syphilis and for HIV improved significantly, as did reported contact tracing outcomes. There was a significant increase in the proportion of cases with a documented treatment date for at least 1 contact once the public health nurses established the system for a follow-up telephone call to request a contact treatment date. In the BSWM region there was a highly significant improvement in adherence to the antibiotic recommendations for the treatment of gonorrhoea infections. However, in the BSWM, key areas for targeted education and improvement remain, most particularly in relation to co-treatment for chlamydia and testing for concurrent infection, especially for HIV and syphilis, and contact tracing.
While noting that ethnicity could not be assessed in the BSWM, the response rates and demographic similarities between the T&NPA and the BSWM enhanced surveillance cohorts and all gonorrhoea notifications, are satisfactory. This suggests that the findings are likely to be representative of gonorrhoea notifications in each region during the study period – a view supported for the T&NPA by the similarity of our findings with those of a recent analysis of the epidemiology of gonorrhoea notifications in Indigenous Australians nationally for 2000–2009.20 The extent to which either cohort was representative of gonorrhoea infection in each population is unknown. In the T&NPA, testing and treatment information was usually verifiable, but data about contacts relied on the information provided by the case and recorded by the treating clinician, and is likely to be of variable quality. For example, same sex partnerships may have been under-estimated for the T&NPA cohort.
The levels of recorded testing for other STI (chlamydia, syphilis and HIV) in the T&NPA and BSWM regions were likely to have been influenced by differences in data collection methods. For example, staff in the TPHU complemented the case report data by checking the single pathology database in use in the region for any test results. The presence of multiple pathology providers in the BSWM suggests that this would not have been possible for BSWM staff and is likely to have resulted in lower estimates for the latter region.
This analysis illustrates the different epidemiology and management challenges posed by genital gonorrhoea across two diverse populations in Queensland. The required health system responses can be informed by the enhanced surveillance data. It also demonstrates that despite its remoteness, the T&NPA district was able to achieve substantial improvements and ultimately a high standard of clinical management for gonorrhoea by the end of the surveillance period.
In addition to continuing efforts to reduce the morbidity caused by chlamydia and gonorrhoea, Far North Queensland is now confronting an era of increasing vulnerability to more serious STIs, both syphilis21 and HIV. In the face of economic constraints affecting health expenditure at the regional, state and national levels, renewing efforts in surveillance, and enhancing prevention and treatment services in remote areas should remain a high priority.
The authors thank all those who contributed to the enhanced surveillance programs described here. These include public health nurses, sexual health staff, remote area practitioners, contact tracing officers, general practitioners and others from the Torres and Northern Peninsula Area and the current Metro South and West Moreton Hospital and Health Services.
Patricia S Fagan1
Sandra G Downing,1 Senior lecturer
Bradley McCall,2 Director
Heidi J Carroll,3 Director
Therese M Howard,4 Public Health Nurse
Cheryn M Palmer,5 Staff Specialist
1.	School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns campus,Cairns, Queensland
2.	Metro South Public Health Unit, Archerfield, Queensland
3.	West Moreton Public Health Unit, North Ipswich, Queensland
4.	Tropical Public Health Services, Cairns, Queensland
5.	Princess Alexandra Sexual Health, Metro South Hospital and Health Service; Adjunct Lecturer, School of Medicine, University of Queensland
Corresponding author: Associate Professor Patricia Fagan, School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, CAIRNS QLD 4879. Telephone: +61 0421 059 562 . Email trish.fagan@jcu.edu.au
Hook EW 3rd, Handsfield HH. Gonococcal infections in the adult. Ch. 32 In: Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Mardh P-A, Lemon SM, Stamm WE, Piot P et al. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 3rd edn. New York: McGraw Hill, 1999: p451–466.
Chandeying V. Pelvic pain in women. Ch. 13 In: Russell D, Bradford D, Fairley C. eds. Sexual Health Medicine. East Hawthorn, Victoria: IP Communications Pty Ltd, 2005.
Campbell S, Lynch J, Esterman A, McDermott R. Pre-pregnancy predictors linked to miscarriage among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in North Queensland. Aust N Z J Public Health 2011;35(4) 343–351.
Garland S. Obstetric and neonatal sexually transmitted infections. Ch.14 In: Russell D, Bradford D, Fairley C. eds. Sexual Health Medicine. East Hawthorn, Victoria: IP Communications Pty Ltd, 2005.
Grosskurth H, Gray R, Hayes R, Mabey D, Wawer M. Control of sexually transmitted diseases for HIV prevention: understanding the implications of the Mwanza and Rakai trials. Lancet 2000;355(9219):1981–1987.
Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Accessed on 15 April 2013. Available from: http://www9.health.gov.au/cda/source/rpt_2_sel.cfm
The Kirby Institute. Bloodborne, viral and sexually transmitted infections in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: Surveillance and Evaluation Report 2012. The Kirby Institute, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW.
Health Surveillance Unit, Tropical Regional Services, Queensland Health. Notifiable Conditions System – Division of the Chief Health Officer, Queensland Health, Brisbane. Unpublished data. Accessed on 30 October 2012.
Lahra MM. Annual report of the Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme, 2011. Commun Dis Intell 2012;36(2):E166–E173.
Queensland Health. Section 4: Treatment and management. Queensland sexual health clinical management guidelines 2012. Queensland Health. p75.
Queensland Treasury and Trade, and Health Statistics Unit, Queensland Health. Synthetic Population Estimates by Indigenous Status, Statistical Local Area and Hospital and Health Services, Age, Sex, 2000 to 2011 (2008 Australian Standard Geographical Classification). Queensland as at October 2011).
World Health Organization. Papua New Guinea: health profile. 2010. Accessed on 9 May 2013. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/countries/png.pdf
Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australian Treaty Series 1985 No. 4. Access on 9 May 2013. Available from: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1985/4.html
Queensland Health. Primary Clinical Care Manual, Queensland. 8th edn. 2013: Available from: http://www.health.qld.gov.au/pccm/
Therapeutic Guidelines – Antibiotic (eTG complete). Gonococcal infection. Accessed on 14 May 2013. Available from: https://online-tg-org-au.cknservices.dotsec.com/ip/phone/tgc/abg/2911.htm#2935ID_GL
Preacher KJ. (2001, April). Calculation for the chi-square test: An interactive calculation tool for chi-square tests of goodness of fit and independence [Computer software]. Available from: http://quantpsy.org/chisq/chisq.htm
Fagan P, McDonell P. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours in relation to safe sex, sexually transmitted infections (STI) and HIV/AIDS among a population of remote living north Queensland youth. Aust N Z J Public Health; 2010;34(Suppl 1):S52–S56.
Crouch A, Fagan P. Communities and condoms: how difficult can it be? Aust N Z J Public Health; 2012;36(6):506–508.
Choppy L, Crouch A, Fagan P. Time to Act: closing the gap on sexual health education outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander youth 2012. Education Queensland and Queensland Health. Unpublished.
Graham S, Guy R, Donovan B, McManus H, Su JY, El-Hayek C, et al. Epidemiology of chlamydia and gonorrhoea notifications among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, 2000–2009. Med J Aust 2012;197(11):642–646.
Downing SG, Menon A, Howard T, Cooper A, Fagan P. An outbreak of infectious syphilis amongst young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in north-west Queensland. Proceedings of the International Union of Sexually Transmitted Infections; 2012 October 5–17; Melbourne, Australia.
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Home > The Digital Revolution > Digital or Film?
Photographers are not generally speaking, confrontational people. Photography is not a pastime or occupation in which you are likely to find yourself in too many arguments, but there is one question that has enthusiasts around the world clenching their fists and gritting their teeth: digital or film?
The advent of publicly available digital photography has revolutionised the world of photography. It is not an understatement to say that there has been no larger development in this field since the invention of the camera. However, not everyone has embraced it with the open arms that have been shown by some. Many people, particularly enthusiast or art photographers, have vowed that they will stick with film for as long as is possible.
For the amateur photographer, digital seems like a godsend. When in the early stages of learning to take good photographs, the number of wasted frames when shooting film is extraordinary, and can be extraordinarily expensive. This, of course, is not the case with digital; any frames that you don't want to keep, you don't have to keep. Aside from this, digital has the huge advantage of giving instant results. Again, when learning the art of photography it is an enormous bonus to be able to check on the differences made to your images by altering the aperture, shutter speed and so on.
Many photographers today are almost as concerned with the 'post-production' of their images as they are with actually taken them. The field of digital art has grown enormously in recent years, in great part thanks to the fall in price of digital cameras. If you are interested in this side of photography, or think that you may wish to carry out any digital manipulation on your images, then film is probably not for you. While it is certainly possible to scan negatives or slides the equipment to do so is expensive, and the process is considerably longer than plugging your camera or memory card into your computer.
Film does, however, still have some characteristics which digital simply can't match. While colour sensors in digital cameras get better every day, many photographers argue that black and white is something that film still does best. De-saturating digital images removes the colour, but the quality of good black and white film shot well is still very hard (many say impossible) to achieve without going back to analogue.
Indeed, for some film fanatics it is the apparently positive characteristics of digital that put them off. Many have bemoaned the apparently ephemeral nature of the digital image, claiming that there is more intrinsic value in a physical film than there is in a digital frame that can be destroyed with a press of a button. Film photographers, however, often store every negative they have ever produced. Many would agree with the criticism, but for the amateur photographer to positives often outweigh the negatives: for those just starting out, the economic advantage of digital, coupled with the ability to see instantly how your actions are affecting the image make the decision an easy one in favour of digital.


text:
Stichomythia
Technique in verse drama
Stichomythia (Greek: Στιχομυθία; stikhomuthía) is a technique in verse drama in which sequences of single alternating lines, or half-lines (hemistichomythia[1]) or two-line speeches (distichomythia[2]) are given to alternating characters. It typically features repetition and antithesis.[3] The term originated in the theatre of Ancient Greece, though many dramatists since have used the technique. Etymologically it derives from the Greek stikhos ("row, line of verse") + muthos ("speech, talk").[4]
Stichomythia is particularly well suited to sections of dramatic dialogue where two characters are in violent dispute. The rhythmic intensity of the alternating lines combined with quick, biting ripostes in the dialogue can create a powerful effect.
1 In Ancient Greek drama
2 In Seneca
3 In more recent theatre
4 General trends
5.1 Sophocles
5.2 Shakespeare (an example of hemistichomythia)
5.3 Corneille
5.4 Musical drama
In Ancient Greek drama[edit]
Stichomythia originated in Greek drama.[4] Adolf Gross concludes that stichomythia developed from choral response.[2] J. Leonard Hancock differs in this regard, not finding overwhelming evidence for any particular origin theory, but admitting that the role of musical symmetry must have been significant. Instead he finds that the trends, within Ancient Greek aesthetics, toward agonistic expression, subtlety in language, and love of symmetry, helped to give rise to stichomythia as a popular dialogue device.[5]
In Seneca[edit]
Senecan stichomythia, while ultimately derived from Athenian stichomythia (as Roman theatre is derived from Greek theatre generally[6]) differs in several respects. First, Seneca uses the technique less than all but the earliest extant pieces of classical Greek tragedy. Secondly, the stichomythic form found in Seneca is less rigid. Finally, and most substantially, Seneca's tragedies are much more prone to revolve around literary quibbles, even leaving aside the plot of the play for entire sections while the characters engage in an essentially linguistic tangent.[5]
In more recent theatre[edit]
Renaissance Italian and French drama developed in many respects as an imitation of the classic drama of the Greeks and Romans.[7] Stichomythic elements, however, were often absent. Where they did occur, they tended to follow the lead of Seneca in using "catchwords" as launching points for each subsequent line.[5]
Modern theatre rarely uses verse,[8] so any construct that depends on verse, such as stichomythia, is also rare. Where a form of stichomythia has been used, the characters involved are typically building subsequent lines on the ideas or metaphors of previous lines, rather than words.[5]
General trends[edit]
In terms of character relationships, stichomythia can represent interactions as mundane as question-and-answer exchanges, or as tense as heated rapid-fire arguments.[2] While the equal line lengths can create a sense of equality of voice between the characters, stichomythia can also feature one character silencing another with a vociferous rebuff, especially where one character's line interrupts the other's.[1]
In terms of how stichomythia moves forward as a section of dialogue, the Ancient Greeks tended to favor subtle flavorings and reflavorings of grammatical particles, whereas Senecan (and by extension Renaissance) stichomythic passages often turned on verbal minutiae or "catchwords". Modern theatre, on the other hand, uses the technique in such a manner that the characters use each line to add depth to a shared idea or metaphor.[5]
Examples[edit]
Sophocles[edit]
A short example from R. C. Jebb's translation of Antigone: the scene is an argument between Ismene and her sister Antigone. For further examples from Antigone, consult the text at the Internet Classics Archive [4].
ISMENE: And what life is dear to me, bereft of thee?
ANTIGONE: Ask Creon; all thy care is for him.
ISMENE: Why vex me thus, when it avails thee nought?
ANTIGONE: Indeed, if I mock, 'tis with pain that I mock thee.
ISMENE: Tell me,—how can I serve thee, even now?
ANTIGONE: Save thyself: I grudge not thy escape.
ISMENE: Ah, woe is me! And shall I have no share in thy fate?
ANTIGONE: Thy choice was to live; mine, to die.
ISMENE: At least thy choice was not made without my protest.
ANTIGONE: One world approved thy wisdom; another, mine.
Shakespeare (an example of hemistichomythia)[edit]
Richard III, Act I, scene ii. Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Gloucester (later Richard III of England) threatens to kill himself unless Lady Anne, widow of Prince Edward (of Lancaster), agrees to marry him.[9]
LADY ANNE: I would I knew thy heart.
GLOUCESTER: 'Tis figured in my tongue.
LADY ANNE: I fear me both are false.
GLOUCESTER: Then never man was true.
LADY ANNE: Well, well, put up your sword.
GLOUCESTER: Say, then, my peace is made.
LADY ANNE: That shall you know hereafter.
GLOUCESTER: But shall I live in hope?
LADY ANNE: All men, I hope, live so.
GLOUCESTER: Vouchsafe to wear this ring.
LADY ANNE: To take is not to give.
GLOUCESTER: Sweet saint, for charity, be not so curst.
LADY ANNE: Foul devil, for God's sake, hence, and trouble us not,
In Hamlet, Act III, Scene iv (the Closet scene), Hamlet is confronted by his mother, the queen, about the play (III, ii) which Hamlet rigged to expose his murderous step-uncle.[10]
QUEEN: Hamlet, thou hast thy father much offended.
HAMLET: Mother, you have my father much offended.
QUEEN: Come, come, you answer with an idle tongue.
HAMLET: Go, go, you question with a wicked tongue.
In "The Merchant of Venice", Shylock and Bassanio enter into an argument using stichomythia at 4.1.65-9, which "catches the dramatic tension of a quasi-forensic interrogation":
SHYLOCK: I am not bound to please thee with my answers.
BASSANIO: Do all men kill the things they do not love?
SHYLOCK: Hates any man the thing he would not kill?
BASSANIO: Every offence is not a hate at first.
SHYLOCK: What, wouldst thou have a serpent sting thee twice?
A further intensification is often achieved by antilabe, in which a single verse line is distributed on alternating speakers.
Corneille[edit]
An exchange in Le Cid (1.3.215–226), by Pierre Corneille, has been called "an excellent instance of Corneille's skilful handling of 'stichomythia'".[11] Don Diègue (an old man, the hero's father) has been appointed the prince's tutor, a post that the Count (le Comte) wanted.
LE COMTE: Ce que je méritois, vous avez emporté.
DON DIÈGUE: Qui l'a gagné sur vous l'avoit mieux merité.
LE COMTE: Qui peut mieux l'exercer en est bien le plus digne.
DON DIÈGUE: En être refusė n'est pas un bon signe.
LE COMTE: Vous l'avez eu par brigue, ėtant vieux courtisan.
DON DIÈGUE: L'éclat de mes hauts faits fut mon seul partisan.
LE COMTE: Parlons-en mieux, le Roi fait honneur a votre âge.
DON DIÈGUE: Le Roi, quand il en fait, le mesure au courage.
LE COMTE: Et par là cet honneur n'était dû qu'à mon bras.
DON DIÈGUE: Qui n'a pu l'obtenir ne le méritoit pas.
LE COMTE: Ne le méritoit pas! Moi?
DON DIÈGUE: Vous.
LE COMTE: Ton impudence,
Téméraire viellard, aura son récompense. [Il lui donne un soufflet [12]: translation
Musical drama[edit]
In the scene in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera The Marriage of Figaro, libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte, where Susanna learns that Marcellina is Figaro's mother, she repeats her disbelief (Sua madre?, that is, "his mother?") to each character and is reassured in the same words. A critic has called that "the merriest and most congenial form imaginable" of stichomythia.[13] For another example from opera, the following passage from the libretto by Andrea Maffei for Giuseppe Verdi's I masnadieri has been called "musical stichomythia",[14] though it does not contain repetition or antithesis:
AMALIA: Qual mare, qual terra da me t'ha diviso?
CARLO: Deh! cessa, infelice, l'inchiesta crudel!
AMALIA: Mendaci novelle ti dissero ucciso.
CARLO: Beato se chiuso m'avesse l'avel!
AMALIA: Tu pure, o mio Carlo, provasti gli affanni?
CARLO: Li possa il tuo core per sempre ignorar!
AMALIA: Anch'io, derelitta, ti piansi lung'anni.
CARLO: E un angelo osava per me lagrimar?[15]: translation
Examples from musicals are "I Remember it Well" (lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, first version in the Broadway musical Love Life, second in the film Gigi) and "Anything You Can Do" (by Irving Berlin, from Annie Get Your Gun). Another is from "The Last Supper" in Jesus Christ Superstar. When Judas says Jesus knows who will betray him, a passage of stichomythia (with a two-line interruption) follows:
Jesus: Why don't you go do it?
Judas: You want me to do it!
Jesus: Hurry, they're waiting
Judas: If you knew why I do it...
Jesus: I don't care why you do it
Judas: To think I admired you,
for now I despise you
Jesus: You liar—you Judas
Film[edit]
In the prose context of most film, stichomythia has been defined as a "witty exchange of one-liners" and associated with the film noir characters Jeff Bailey in Out of the Past, Sam Spade, and Philip Marlowe.[16] Another film-noir example is in Double Indemnity (dialog by Billy Wilder and Raymond Chandler). Walter Neff flirts with Phyllis Dietrichson; she resists him.
Dietrichson: You were anxious to talk to [my husband] weren't you?
Neff: Yeah, I was, but I'm sort of getting over the idea, if you know what I mean.
Dietrichson: There's a speed limit in this state, Mr. Neff, 45 miles an hour.
Neff: How fast was I going officer?
Dietrichson: I'd say around 90.
Neff: Suppose you get down off your motorcycle and give me a ticket?
Dietrichson: Suppose I let you off with a warning this time?
Neff: Suppose it doesn't take?
Dietrichson: Suppose I have to whack you over the knuckles?
Neff: Suppose I bust out crying and put my head on your shoulder?
Dietrichson: Suppose you try putting it on my husband's shoulder?
Neff: That tears it!
^ a b [1], Antilabe Rebuilt by Robert Hogan.
^ a b c [2], Die stichomythie in der griechischen tragödie und komödie: ihre anwendung und ihr ursprung by Adolf Gross (German).
^ Brown, Lesley, ed. (1993). New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 3056. ISBN 0-19-861271-0. CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
^ a b Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11th Edition Revised
^ a b c d e [3], Studies in stichomythia by J. Leonard Hancock
^ "413 Roman Theatre, Classical Drama and Theatre".
^ "TheatreHistoryThruRenaissance".
^ Blankenhorn, Raymond (2011-11-11). "Plays in verse were all the rage, but why are they missing from the stage?". The Guardian.
^ Kermode (2000, p 31)
^ Kermode (2000, p 121)
^ Marks (1918, p. 103)
^ COUNT: What I deserved, you carried away.
DON DIEGO: He who won it over you had deserved it more.
COUNT: He who can exercise it best is the most worthy.
DON DIEGO: To be refused it is not a good sign.
COUNT: You had it by intrigue, being an old courtier.
DON DIEGO: The luster of my high deeds was my only supporter.
COUNT: Let's speak better, the King does honor to your age.
DON DIEGO: The King, when he does it, measures it according to courage.
COUNT: And by that the honor was owed to my arm only.
DON DIEGO: He who could not obtain it did not deserve it.
COUNT: Did not deserve it! I?
DON DIEGO: You.
COUNT: Your impudence,
Rash old man, will have its reward. [He slaps him]
^ Knepler (1997, p. 192)
^ Budden (1992, p. 330)
^ AMALIA: Which sea, which land divided you from me?
CARLO: Oh, unhappy woman, end the cruel inquiry!
AMALIA: False news said you were dead.
CARLO: Happy were I if shut in the tomb!
AMALIA: Did you, O my Carlo, feel the torment?
CARLO: May your heart never know it!
AMALIA: I too, lonely, cried for you many years.
CARLO: Then for me an angel dared weep?
^ Flory (2008, p. 93)
Budden, Julian (1992). The Operas of Verdi: From Oberto to Rigoletto (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-0-19-816261-2. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
Flory, Dan (2008). Philosophy, Black Film, Film Noir. The Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-03344-0. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
Kermode, Frank (2000). Shakespeare's Language. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-028592-X.
Knepler, Georg (1997). Wolfgang Amadé Mozart. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58823-2. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
Marks, Joseph, ed. In Corneille, Pierre (1636). Le Cid (1918 ed.). University Press. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipediam.org/w/index.php?title=Stichomythia&oldid=1063282868"
Ancient Greek theatre
Poetic form
CS1 maint: extra text: authors list


text:
You Again?
That angry old Braves broadcaster is back and this time he's questioning a young star's age
By Christopher Powers
Remember that angry old Atlanta Braves broadcaster? You know, the one who randomly ripped the L.A. Dodgers for their batting practice attire? Of course you remember Joe Simpson, the 66-year-old player-turned-analyst with a career batting average of .242 and a whopping nine home runs. Just to set the mood, let's run that rant back:
Gets better every time. Simpson of course apologized, mainly to Chase Utley, who was wearing a "strike out cancer" t-shirt, which is probably not something he should have been criticized for. Like everything in the 24-hour news cycle, it was quickly forgotten and we all moved on. All Simpson had to do was just go about his business, say nothing controversial and he could slide back into being just another color guy that no one really knows besides the Braves fanbase.
Unfortunately, it took Simpson all of 10 days to thrust himself back into the conversation, this time for questioning the age of Washington Nationals rising star Juan Soto, a 19-year-old called up in May that has had an immediate impact in the bigs, hitting 14 homers and knocking in 39 runs. Here's a tweet with the link to the audio of Simpson's remark, which some are saying was in jest:
Whether you listen to that or just read the actual quote, seems like he actually is questioning it. "He is ... if he's 19, he has certainly got his man growth," said Simpson. "He is and big strong."
However you feel about it, the main takeaway should be that Simpson is an idiot not because he hates bad batting practice attire or because he's calling out teenagers. Because he simply can't avoid saying stupid things when it's so easy to avoid it! We literally just moved past the Dodgers rant, but Joe just couldn't help himself. There's too many lessons to be taught and messages to be sent, like bringing your birth certificate to the stadium so Joe verify it.
RELATED: Braves pitcher Sean Newcomb had an incredibly rough day


text:
Gunmen kill seven police guarding polio team in Pakistan: officials
Ashraf Khan
AFP News 20 April 2016
Pakistani relatives mourn the death of policemen killed in an attack by gunmen, outside a hospital in Karachi on April 20, 2016
Motorcycle gunmen on Wednesday shot dead seven policemen guarding a polio vaccination team in Pakistan's southern port city Karachi, officials said, a brazen attack in the country's economic hub.
Feroz Shah, a senior police official, told AFP that eight gunmen carried out the killings in two separate attacks in the city's western Orangi Town neighbourhood.
"The gunmen first opened fire on three policemen in the streets of Orangi Town, killing them all," he said, adding: "Later they shot dead four policemen, who were sitting in a police mobile van" a few streets away.
Abdul Kareem, an official in Abbasi Shaheed Hospital where the bodies were taken, also confirmed the casualties.
The polio workers, who were unharmed in the attack, were on the third day of an immunisation drive.
Provincial home minister Sohail Anwar Siyal told the private Dunya TV channel: "The policemen sacrificed their lives to protect the polio workers."
A faction of the Pakistani Taliban, Jamaat-ul-Ahrar late Wednesday claimed responsibility for the attack.
"We claim responsibility for this attack on police in Karachi, this was a part of ongoing attacks on police and law enforcement agencies," said group spokesman Ehsanullah Ehsan in a statement sent to AFP by email.
Islamist outfits including the Pakistani Taliban say the polio vaccination drive is a front for espionage or a conspiracy to sterilise Muslims.
Police and rangers later cordoned off the areas where their colleagues had been killed.
The interior of the police van was heavily soaked with blood, with an officer's cap lying on the front seat.
Speaking to the media, provincial police chief Allah Dino Khawaja announced a $50,000 reward for the arrest of the gunmen, as well as $20,000 compensation to each of the victims' families.
- Frequent target -
Pakistan is one of only two countries in the world where polio, a crippling childhood disease, remains endemic.
Attempts to eradicate it have been badly hit by militant attacks on immunisation teams that have claimed more than 100 lives since December 2012.
In 2014 the number of polio cases recorded in Pakistan soared to 306, the highest in 14 years, before falling to 54 in 2015.
The most recent attack came in January, when a suicide bomber blew himself up outside a polio vaccination centre in the southwestern city of Quetta, killing 15 people -- two civilians and 13 security officials.
Authorities want to vaccinate 35 million children under the age of five, wiping out the disease by the end of 2016.
In Karachi, a heaving metropolis of around 20 million, authorities have enlisted 2,500 female "neighbourhood vaccinators" drawn from local communities to support the programme.
Islamist opposition to all forms of innoculation grew after the CIA organised a fake vaccination drive to help track down Al-Qaeda's former leader Osama Bin Laden in the Pakistani garrison town of Abbottabad.
The terror chief was killed during a US special forces raid in 2011.
Pakistan arrests alleged Mumbai attacks mastermind again
Pakistan hopes to 'refresh' US ties with PM Khan's visit


FISHERIES TECHNOLOGIST BOARD EXAM – The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) released the room assignments for the Fisheries Technologist Board Exam October 2018.
One of the upcoming exams that the PRC is set to administer this October is the licensure examination for Fisheries Technologists. It is scheduled to be administered to the takers on October 24 and 25.
The Fisheries Technologist Board Exam October 2018 is set to be given at the different testing centers nationwide including Manila, Baguio, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Iloilo, Legazpi, and Lucena.
Exams will also be held in Tuguegarao, Tacloban, and Zamboanga.
Recently, the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) released the official room assignments for the takers of the Fisheries Technologist Board Exam October 2018.


text:
Schilbe multitaeniatus är en fiskart som först beskrevs av Pellegrin, 1913.  Schilbe multitaeniatus ingår i släktet Schilbe och familjen Schilbeidae. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Malartade fiskar
multitaeniatus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Väinämöinen was the sister ship to the Ilmarinen, flagship of the Finnish Navy. Both were designed as coastal defense ships to protect Finnish interests, particularly the demilitarized islands of Aland. However, both had poor sea-keeping abilities, and tended to roll too much on the open sea. Despite these limitations, the ships were heavily armed with four ten inch guns, housed in two dual turrets. Also, both coastal defense ships hosted a great deal of anti-aircraft guns.
Väinämöinen and Ilmarinen's first action in the opening stages of the Winter, then the Continuation Wars, the conflict between Finland and Soviet Russia, first moving to the Aland islands to protect them. However, in December the ice became impassible, so both ships steamed to the region of Finnish Turko. There, they added to the city's defenses with their anti-air compliment.
Next, Väinämöinen and her sister lashed out with their 10 in. guns, shelling Russian positions during the Red Army's evacuation of their Hanko Peninsula base. Following this action, both ships saw action in the Finnish-German "Operation Nordwind", designed as a distraction measure to occupy the Red Fleet's attention while German troops seized the Estonian islands. Unfortunately, Ilmarinen was lost, having entered a minefield and sank.
After this, Väinämöinen was tasked with patrolling the Gulf of Finland and the Finnish-German anti-submarine net across the gulf.
In 1944, the Soviets made the sinking of Väinämöinen top priority, and sent a massive air strike after the coastal defense ship. Scouting aircraft found a large vessel anchored in the Kotka harbor, and the massive sortie of aircraft attacked, despite fierce resistance from the ship's AA, sunk the vessel. However, it was later found that the ship sunk was not the Väinämöinen, but a flak cruiser lent from Germany named Niobe.
Finally, with the Continuation War coming to a close, the surviving Väinämöinen was given to the Soviet Union along with war reparations. The ship was renamed Vyborg, and served with the Soviets until it was finally scrapped in 1966.
In effect, Väinämöinen is an Axis cruiser with extended range. She is not very durable, and the large caliber of her main battery is offset by the small number of guns. Her Coastal Deployment ability offers an interesting tactic: If you deploy her aggressively, her long-range guns can threaten sectors deep in your opponent's side of the map from very early in the game.
With speed one, and the ability to deploy forward, this Ship begs to be paired with a submarine for some sort of combined arms tactic. There is clear synergy with the decent 7AA score to keep torpedo eliminating air based ASW attacks off of your subs, and Just enough secondary gun to 'Finish' off crippled destroyers. If used as a sub protector, the range 4 guns don't mean a whole lot as they can't target DD's.
Good synergy with RM fleet using smoke, and the forward deploying San Giorgio, or with German Schleswig-Holstein and Atlantis, But if you only had 15 or so points, you might stretch it to 17 to add a San G. into a build instead of this fine Finish friend.
2x Väinämöinen (class limit) for 30 points is one of the pillars of an Axis forward deployment build.
Not bad at all, but kinda weird looking (like the real life ship). They are so cheap you can practice painting and modding on them with near impunity.


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text:
Home » india news » Delhi CM Kejriwal: CAA 'unnecessary' legislation, will impact both Hindus and Muslims
Delhi CM Kejriwal: CAA 'unnecessary' legislation, will impact both Hindus and Muslims
News Agencies | Updated on: 3 January 2020, 18:07 IST
Arvind Kejriwal (File Photo)
The Citizenship (Amendment) Act will impact both Hindus and Muslims, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal said on Friday, appealing to the people to reject the "unnecessary" legislation.
Responding to a question during a town hall meeting here, Kejriwal said he appeals to the Centre with "folded hands" to roll back the "controversial legislation". "We don't need this law it is completely unnecessary.
Where will we accommodate two crore Hindus from Pakistan," the chief minister said. The Centre should first take care of its citizens and then, people from other countries, he said.
"I do not understand this legislation.The need of the hour is to provide employment to our children rather than bringing this legislation which is not needed in India," Kejriwal said.
Members of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi and Christian communities who have come from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan till December 31, 2014 and face religious persecution there will not be treated as illegal immigrants but given Indian citizenship, according to the Act. The issue over the amended citizenship law is not about Hindus and Muslims. The Act will affect people from both religions, Kejriwal said.
-PTI
Also Read: Anti-CAA protesters should be declared anti-OBC, anti-Dalit: Union Minister Nityanand Rai
First published: 3 January 2020, 18:07 IST
Delhi CM Arvind Kerjiwal Anti CAA protests citizenship law citizenship amendment act
Delhi: Fire breaks out at shoe factory; 4 injured in Uttam Nagar mishap
Anti-CAA protesters should be declared anti-OBC, anti-Dalit: Union Minister Nityanand Rai
READ NEXT >> Anti-CAA protesters should be declared anti-OBC, anti-Dalit: Union Minister Nityanand Rai


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I still have my Game Boy Color—Atomic Purple, of course! The Zoids game selection for it is rather limited, and info on the games that exist even rarer. So here's my attempt at fixing that, plus a selection of screenshots from Zoids Legacy.
This is the game that came with either the red Imperial or Midnight Command Wolf (not to be confused with the Blue). Most of English-speaking fandom ignored the game and paid attention to the limited Zoid, so I'm going to try and put together some kind of walkthrough/guide page and other content.
If you've played Saga 1/2 or Legacy, you've met the main characters of this game in passing. They're great fun in their own world, though, with Allstar being my favorite kid-with-Liger type hero.
Screenshots of its more...interestingly translated and/or weird moments. They give the game its charm, really, which makes the paper-thin time travel plot more fun!
Zoids belong to Takara-Tomy and were once licensed by Hasbro. The battle story is part Tomy and part Shogakukan, who also did the anime.
All original content (reviews, articles, and such) and model photography is Creative Commons attribution-noncommercial-sharealike.