text:
\section{Introduction} \label{sec1}

\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}

Experiments in Au+Au collisions at RHIC  \cite{BRAHMSwhitepaper,PHOBOSwhitepaper,PHENIXwhitepaper,STARwhitepaper}, produced convincing evidences that in non-central Au+Au collisions, a hot, dense, strongly interacting,  collective QCD matter is created. Whether the matter can be characterized as the lattice QCD \cite{lattice,Cheng:2007jq} predicted Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) or not,   is still a question of debate.
For long, strangeness enhancement is considered as a signature of QGP formation  \cite{Koch:1986ud}. In QGP environment, $gg\rightarrow s\bar{s}$ is abundant.
If not annihilated before hadronisation, early produced strange and anti-strange quarks will coalesce in to strange hadrons and
compared to elementary pp collisions, strange particle production will be enhanced.  Recently, STAR   collaboration published their measurements of $\phi(s\bar{s})$ mesons in Au+Au \cite{Abelev:2007rw,:2008fd} and in Cu+Cu \cite{Collaboration:2008zk} collisions.
Both in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions, compared to pp collisions, $\phi$ meson production is enhanced.
However, it is uncertain whether or not the enhancement is due to increased production in QGP or due to canonical suppression of strangeness in pp collisions. STAR measurements of $\phi$ mesons in Au+Au collisions found to be compatible with a model based on recombination of thermal s quarks \cite{Hwa:2006vb}, strengthening the belief that in Au+Au collisions, a robust thermal parton source is created.

Relativistic hydrodynamics provides a convenient tool to analyse Au+Au collision data. It is assumed that in the collision a fireball is produced. Constituents of the fireball collide frequently to establish local thermal equilibrium sufficiently fast and after a certain time $\tau_i$, hydrodynamics become applicable. If the macroscopic properties of the fluid e.g. energy density, pressure, velocity etc. are known at the equilibration time $\tau_i$, the relativistic hydrodynamic equations can be solved to give the space-time evolution of the fireball till a given freeze-out condition such that interactions between the constituents are too weak to continue the evolution.
Using suitable algorithm (e.g. Cooper-Frye) information at the freeze-out can be converted into particle spectra and can be directly compared with experimental data. Thus, hydrodynamics, in an indirect way, can characterize the initial condition of the medium produced in heavy ion collisions. Hydrodynamics equations are closed only with an equation of state (EOS) and one can investigate the possibility of phase transition in the medium.
A host of experimental data produced in Au+Au collisions at RHIC, at c.m. energy $\sqrt{s}$=200 GeV, have been successfully analysed using ideal hydrodynamics \cite{QGP3}, with an equation of state with 1st order confinement-deconfinement phase transition. Multiplicity, mean $p_T$, $p_T$-spectra, elliptic flow etc.  of identified particles, are well explained in the ideal hydrodynamic model with QGP as the initial state.  Ideal hydrodynamics analysis of the RHIC data indicate that in central Au+Au collisions, at the equilibration time $\tau_i \approx$ 0.6 fm,
  central energy density of the QGP fluid is $\varepsilon_i \approx$30 $GeV/fm^{-3}$ \cite{QGP3}. It may be mentioned that ideal hydrodynamics  description of data are not unblemished.
  $p_T$ spectra or the elliptic flow are explained only up to  transverse momenta $p_T \approx 1.5 GeV$. At higher $p_T$ description deteriorates. Also ideal hydrodynamic description to data gets poorer in peripheral collisions.

However, estimate of initial condition of the fluid can not be creditable unless dissipative effects are accounted for.
Unlike in ideal fluid evolution, where initial and final state entropy remains the same, entropy is generated in viscous evolution. Consequently, to produce a fixed final state entropy,
viscous fluid require less initial energy density than an
ideal fluid. QGP viscosity is quite uncertain. Theoretical estimate cover a wide range, $\eta/s\approx$ 0-1. String theory based models (ADS/CFT) give a lower bound on viscosity of any matter $\eta/s \geq 1/4\pi$ \cite{Policastro:2001yc}. In a perturbative QCD, Arnold et al  \cite{Arnold:2000dr} estimated $\eta/s\sim$ 1.
In a SU(3) gauge theory, Meyer \cite{Meyer:2007ic} gave the upper bound $\eta/s <$1.0, and his best estimate is $\eta/s$=0.134(33) at $T=1.165T_c$.
At RHIC region, Nakamura and Sakai \cite{Nakamura:2005yf}
estimated the viscosity of a hot gluon gas  as $\eta/s$=0.1-0.4. Attempts have been made to estimate QGP viscosity directly from experimental data.
Gavin and Abdel-Aziz \cite{Gavin:2006xd} proposed to measure viscosity from transverse momentum fluctuations. From the existing data on Au+Au collisions, they estimated that QGP viscosity as $\eta/s$=0.08-0.30. Experimental data on elliptic flow has also been used to estimate QGP viscosity. Elliptic flow scales with eccentricity. Departure form the scaling can be understood as due to off-equilibrium effect and utilised to estimate viscosity \cite{Drescher:2007cd} as, $\eta/s$=0.11-0.19. Experimental observation that elliptic flow scales with transverse kinetic energy is also used to estimate QGP viscosity, $\eta/s \sim$ 0.09 $\pm$ 0.015 \cite{Lacey:2006bc}, a value close to the ADS/CFT bound. From heavy quark energy loss, PHENIX collaboration \cite{Adare:2006nq} estimated
QGP viscosity $\eta/s\approx$ 0.1-0.16.

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in numerical implementation of dissipative hydrodynamics \cite{Teaney:2003kp,MR04,Koide:2007kw,Chaudhuri:2005ea,Heinz:2005bw,asis,Chaudhuri:2008sj,Romatschke:2007mq,Romatschke:2007jx,Baier:2006gy,Song:2007fn,Song:2007ux,Song:2008si}.
 From the viscous hydrodynamic simulation of elliptic flow in  Au+Au collisions,
Luzum and Romatschke \cite{Luzum:2008cw} obtained an upper bound to the ratio  $\eta/s <$ 0.4-0.5.  In \cite{Song:2008hj} Song and Heinz also argued that $\eta/s <$ 0.4 is a robust upper bound of QGP viscosity.
In a recent paper \cite{Chaudhuri:2009vx},
we have estimated QGP viscosity as $\eta/s\approx$0.25.   It was shown that $\phi$ mean $p_T$ is sensitive to QGP viscosity. STAR data \cite{Abelev:2007rw,:2008fd} on
centrality dependence of $\phi$ mean $p_T$ in Au+Au collisions definitely reject ideal fluid or fluid with viscosity $\eta/s \leq$ 0.08-0.16. Data are explained only with $\eta/s$=0.25.  Initial central energy density of the fluid is $\varepsilon_i$=5.1 GeV, much less than that the estimated value $\sim$ 30 $GeV/fm^3$ in ideal hydrodynamics. Evolution of viscous fluid ($\eta/s$=0.25) also explains the centrality dependence of $\phi$ multiplicity, integrated $v_2$, $p_T$ spectra up to $\approx$ 3 GeV.

Purpose of the present paper is to show that viscosity over entropy ratio $\eta/s$=0.25, is consistent with the STAR measurements of $\phi$
elliptic flow in central and mid-central Au+Au collisions. It is also consistent with the recent STAR data on $\phi$ production in Cu+Cu collision at 200 GeV. The central energy density however, is less in Cu+Cu collisions, $\varepsilon_i$=3.48 $GeV/fm^3$.
The paper is organised as follows: in section \ref{sec2}, we briefly describe the
hydrodynamical equations used to compute the evolution of ideal and viscous fluid.
We have used a lattice motivated equation of state. Construction of the EOS
is also discussed in section \ref{sec2}. Simulation results   are discussed in section \ref{sec3}. Summary and conclusions are given in section \ref{sec4}.

\section{Hydrodynamical equations, equation of state and initial conditions}
\label{sec2}
\subsection{Hydrodynamical equations}
In the Israel-Stewart's theory of 2nd order dissipative hydrodynamics, space-time evolution of the fluid is obtained by solving,

\begin{eqnarray}
\partial_\mu T^{\mu\nu} & = & 0,  \label{eq3} \\
D\pi^{\mu\nu} & = & -\frac{1}{\tau_\pi} (\pi^{\mu\nu}-2\eta \nabla^{<\mu} u^{\nu>}) \nonumber \\
&-&[u^\mu\pi^{\nu\lambda}+u^\nu\pi^{\nu\lambda}]Du_\lambda. \label{eq4}
\end{eqnarray}

Eq.\ref{eq3} is the conservation equation for the energy-momentum tensor, $T^{\mu\nu}=(\varepsilon+p)u^\mu u^\nu - pg^{\mu\nu}+\pi^{\mu\nu}$,
$\varepsilon$, $p$ and $u$ being the energy density, pressure and fluid velocity respectively. $\pi^{\mu\nu}$ is the shear stress tensor (we have neglected bulk viscosity and heat conduction). Eq.\ref{eq4} is the relaxation equation for the shear stress tensor $\pi^{\mu\nu}$.
In Eq.\ref{eq4}, $D=u^\mu \partial_\mu$ is the convective time derivative, $\nabla^{<\mu} u^{\nu>}= \frac{1}{2}(\nabla^\mu u^\nu + \nabla^\nu u^\mu)-\frac{1}{3}
(\partial . u) (g^{\mu\nu}-u^\mu u^\nu)$ is a symmetric traceless tensor. $\eta$ is the shear viscosity and $\tau_\pi$ is the relaxation time.  It may be mentioned that in a conformally symmetric fluid relaxation equation can contain additional terms  \cite{Song:2008si}.

Assuming boost-invariance, Eqs.\ref{eq3} and \ref{eq4}  are solved in $(\tau=\sqrt{t^2-z^2},x,y,\eta_s=\frac{1}{2}\ln\frac{t+z}{t-z})$ coordinates, with a code
  "`AZHYDRO-KOLKATA"', developed at the Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata.
 Details of the code can be found in \cite{Chaudhuri:2008sj}. To show that AZHYDRO-KOLKATA computes the evolution correctly, in Fig.\ref{F1}, we have compared the temporal evolution
 of   momentum anisotropy $\varepsilon_p=\frac{<T^{xx}-T^{yy}>}{<T^{xx}+T^{yy}>}$ of a QGP fluid with a calculation
 of Song and Heinz \cite{Song:2008si}. Initial conditions are same for both the simulations.
Within 10\% or less, AZHYDRO-KOLKATA simulation  reproduces  Song and Heinz's  \cite{Song:2008si} result for temporal evolution of momentum anisotropy $\varepsilon_p$.

 \begin{figure}[t]
 \vspace{0.3cm}
 \center
 \resizebox{0.35\textwidth}{!}{%
  \includegraphics{ecen.eps}
}
\caption{Viscous fluid ($\eta/s$=0.08) simulation for temporal evolution of momentum anisotropy in b=7 fm Au+Au collision at RHIC. The solid line is the simulation result from VISH2+1 \cite{Song:2008si}
and the dashed line is the simulation result from AZHYDRO-KOLKATA. Initial  condition of the fluid is very similar in both the simulations.}\label{F1}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Equation of state}

 One of the most important inputs of a hydrodynamic model  is the equation of state (EOS). Through this input macroscopic hydrodynamic models make contact with the microscopic world.
Most of the hydrodynamical calculations are performed with EOS with a 1st order phase transition.
Huovinen    \cite{Huovinen:2005gy} reported an 'ideal' hydrodynamic simulation with 2nd order phase transition. He concluded that the experimental data (e.g. elliptic flow of proton or antiproton) are better explained with EOS with 1st order phase transition than with EOS with 2nd order phase transition.
However, lattice simulations \cite{Cheng:2007jq} indicate that confinement to deconfinement transition is a cross over, rather than a 1st or 2nd order phase transition. It is then essential that hydrodynamic simulations are done with EOS with cross-over transition rather than with EOS with 1st or 2nd order transition.  In Fig.\ref{F2},  a recent lattice simulation  \cite{Cheng:2007jq} for the  entropy density is
  shown.   The solid line in Fig.\ref{F2} is a parameterisation of the entropy density.

\begin{figure}[t]
\vspace{0.3cm}
\center
 \resizebox{0.35\textwidth}{!}{%
  \includegraphics{cheng2.eps}
}
\caption{Black circles are lattice simulation \cite{Cheng:2007jq} for entropy density. The black line is the parametric representation to the lattice simulations.
In the inset, the solid and dashed lines are the squared speed of sound in lattice based EOS and in an EOS incorporating 1st order transition \cite{QGP3}.}\label{F2}
\end{figure}

\begin{equation}\label{eq1}
\frac{s}{T^3}=\alpha+[\beta+\gamma T][1+tanh\frac{T-T_c}{\Delta T}],
\end{equation}

From the parametric form of the entropy density, pressure and energy density can be obtained using the thermodynamic relations,

\begin{eqnarray}
  p(T)&=&\int_0^T s(T) ds \label{eq2a} \\
  \varepsilon(T)&=&Ts -p \label{eq2b}.
  \end{eqnarray}

  Generally, in hydrodynamic simulations, hadronic phase is approximated by a (non-interacting) resonance hadron gas comprising all the resonances below 2-3 GeV. As the lattice simulation cover a wide temperature range below the cross over temperature, $T_{co}=196(3)$ MeV,
we choose to use the   lattice based EOS (Eq.\ref{eq1}-\ref{eq2b}) both in the QGP and in the hadronic phase. The idea is to expose the lattice simulation of EOS to experimental scrutiny. Indeed, lattice simulations are vague about the nature of the confined ($T < T_{co}$) phase.
The confined phase is certainly unlike hadronic resonance gas. The  trace anomaly $(\varepsilon-3p)/T^4$ in the temperature range 140-200 MeV is approximately 30\% less than that of a hadronic resonance gas \cite{Cheng:2007jq}. One also note
 that at low temperature, effective degrees of freedom in the confined phase is $g_{h}\approx$2. In contrast, in hadronic resonance gas, $g_{h}\geq 40$.
In the inset of Fig.\ref{F2},  the squared speed of sound ($c_s^2\approx p/\varepsilon$) in the lattice based EOS  is compared with $c_s^2$ in an   EOS
with 1st order phase transition \cite{QGP3}, which model the quark phase with bag model, and the hadronic phase by the hadronic resonance gas. In 1st order EOS, $c_s^2$ fall sharply near the critical temperature. The fall is smoothened out in cross over  transition. Lattice based EOS is also softer.

  \begin{figure}[t]
\vspace{0.3cm}
\center
 \resizebox{0.35\textwidth}{!}{%
  \includegraphics{temp.eps}
}
\caption{(color online) The black and red solid lines are initial central energy density as a function of number of participants in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions.
The dashed line shows the critical energy density for the
confinement-deconfinement cross-over transition.
 } \label{F3}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Initial conditions}

Solution of partial differential equations (Eqs.\ref{eq3},\ref{eq4}) requires initial conditions, e.g.  transverse profile of the energy density ($\varepsilon(x,y)$), fluid velocity ($v_x(x,y),v_y(x,y)$) and shear stress tensor ($\pi^{\mu\nu}(x,y)$) at the initial time $\tau_i$. One also need to specify the viscosity ($\eta$) and the relaxation time ($\tau_\pi$). A freeze-out prescription is also needed to convert the information about fluid energy density and velocity to particle spectra and compare with experiment.

In \cite{Chaudhuri:2009vx}, we assumed that the fluid is thermalised at $\tau_i$=0.2 fm and the initial fluid velocity is zero, $v_x(x,y)=v_y(x,y)=0$.   Initial energy density was assumed to be distributed as \cite{QGP3}

\begin{equation} \label{eq6}
\varepsilon({\bf b},x,y)=\varepsilon_0[0.75 N_{part}({\bf b},x,y) +0.25 N_{coll}({\bf b},x,y)],
\end{equation}

\noindent
where b is the impact parameter of the collision. $N_{part}$ and $N_{coll}$ are the average participant and collision number respectively.
The
shear stress tensor was initialised with boost-invariant value. For the relaxation time, we used the Boltzmann estimate $\tau_\pi=3\eta/4p$.
The freeze-out was fixed at $T_F$=150 MeV. In Eq.\ref{eq6},
$\varepsilon_0$ is a parameter which does not depend on the impact parameter of the collision. Assuming that $\eta/s$ remain a constant throughout the evolution, for a set of values $\eta/s$=0 (ideal fluid), 0.08, 0.16 and 0.25, we fit $\varepsilon_0$  to reproduce STAR measurements of $\phi$ multiplicity in 0-5\% centrality Au+Au collisions. Centrality dependence of $\phi$ multiplicity and $\phi$ mean $p_T$ are  simultaneously explained only with viscosity over entropy ratio $\eta/s$=0.25. The corresponding central energy density, in b=0 Au+Au collision is $\varepsilon_i$=5.1 $GeV/fm^3$.

  \begin{figure}[t]
\vspace{0.3cm}
\center
 \resizebox{0.35\textwidth}{!}{%
  \includegraphics{ed.eps}
}
\caption{The top two panels show the energy density contours in 0-10\% and 50-60\% centrality Au+Au collisions. The contours are drawn at $\varepsilon$=1.5 and 0.05 $GeV/fm^3$. They correspond to confinement-deconfinement cross-over and freeze-out respectively. The bottom two panels show the energy density contours in Cu+Cu collisions. In 50-60\% centrality Cu+Cu collisions, initially QGP is not produced.
 } \label{F4}
\end{figure}

  For Cu+Cu collisions,
we only change the central energy density, other parameters remain unchanged.
The initial energy density in Cu+Cu collisions is obtained by fitting $\phi$ multiplicity in central 0-10\% Cu+Cu collisions. The fitted value corresponds to central energy density $\varepsilon_i$=3.48 $GeV/fm^3$ in  b=0 Cu+Cu collisions. As it will be shown below, QGP fluid, initialised with $\varepsilon_i$=3.48 $GeV/fm^3$ reproduces most of the STAR measurements on $\phi$ mesons in Cu+Cu collisions.
It is interesting to note that $\varepsilon^{au}_i/\varepsilon^{cu}_i \approx A^{1/3}_{au}/A^{1/3}_{cu}$. Apparently, initial energy density scales with nuclear radius. With boost-invariance, the initial system is a cylinder of radius $R=r_0A^{1/3}$, infinitely extended in the rapidity direction.
Phenomenological relation $\varepsilon^{au}_i/\varepsilon^{cu}_i \approx A^{1/3}_{au}/A^{1/3}_{cu}$ indicate that
at the freeze-out also the system can be approximated again by a cylinder with radius $R^\prime \propto R$.

Before we compare hydrodynamic simulation for $\phi$ production with experiment, it is interesting to compare initial central energy density in different centrality rages of Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions.
In Fig.\ref{F3}, we have compared the initial central energy density   in Au+Au and in Cu+Cu collisions as a function of participant number. The black and red lines are for Au+Au and  Cu+Cu  collisions respectively. In the region where they overlap, initial central energy density in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions are similar. One then expects that $\phi$ spectra in mid central Au+Au and central Cu+Cu collisions will be similar.
The expectation is fulfilled in STAR experiment (e.g. $\phi$ $p_T$ spectra in 40-50\% Au+Au and 10-20\% Cu+Cu collisions are nearly identical).
In Fig.\ref{F3}, the  dashed line is the energy density ($\varepsilon_{co} \approx$1.5 $GeV/fm^3$) for the confinement-deconfinement
 cross-over.   In most of the collisions, in the central region, initially the fluid is produced in the deconfined state. However, energy density has a distribution, fluid in the central region is at higher density than the fluid at periphery. Thus in mid-central collisions, only a small portion of the fluid will be in the deconfined phase. In Fig.\ref{F4}, in four panels, we have shown the contours of initial  energy density  in 0-10\% and 50-60\% centrality Au+Au and in Cu+Cu collisions. Contours are drawn at $\varepsilon_{co}$=1.5 $GeV/fm^3$ and $\varepsilon_{fo}$=0.05 $GeV/fm^3$, corresponding to cross-over energy density and freeze-out.  In 0-10\% centrality Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions, initially, fluid in the central
region is in QGP state. But fraction of fluid in QGP state is larger in Au+Au than in Cu+Cu collisions. One can immediately say that hard probe signature of QGP formation will be less prominent in 0-10\% centrality Cu+Cu collisions than in 0-10\% centrality Au+Au collisions. For example, one  can
conjecture that in 0-10\% Cu+Cu collisions $J/\psi$'s will be less suppressed than in a 0-10\% centrality Au+Au collision. Experiments do vindicate the conjecture \cite{Adler:2003rc,Adare:2006ns,Adare:2008sh} .

 \begin{figure}[t]
 \vspace{0.3cm}
 \center
 \resizebox{0.35\textwidth}{!}{%
  \includegraphics{dnaucu.eps}
}
\caption{ (a) Filled circles are STAR data on the centrality dependence of $\phi$ meson multiplicity.
The black line is viscous ($\eta/s$=0.25) hydrodynamic fit to the data. The initial time $\tau_i$=0.2 fm, initial central energy density $\varepsilon_i$=5.1 $GeV/fm^3$, freeze-out temperature is $T_F$=150 MeV. (b) same as in (a) but for Cu+Cu collisions. The initial energy density is $\varepsilon_i$=3.48 $GeV/fm^3$.  }\label{F5}
\end{figure}

\section{Results}\label{sec3}

\subsection{centrality dependence of $\phi$ multiplicity, mean $p_T$ and integrated $v_2$ in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions}

In \cite{Chaudhuri:2009vx}, we have shown the viscous ($\eta/s$=0.25) hydrodynamics fit to the STAR data on $\phi$ multiplicity, mean $p_T$ and integrated flow in Au+Au collisions. For completeness purpose, here also, we show the fits along with the fit obtained to Cu+Cu data.
In Figs.\ref{F5}a and \ref{F5}b, the STAR measurements for the centrality dependence of $\phi$ multiplicity ($dN/dy$) in Au+Au \cite{Abelev:2007rw,:2008fd} and Cu+Cu \cite{Collaboration:2008zk} collisions are shown.
In the region where $N_{part}$ overlap, $\phi$ multiplicity is nearly identical in Au+Au and in Cu+Cu collisions.  In Fig.\ref{F5}a and ,b
the solid lines are the hydrodynamic predictions for $\phi$ multiplicity.  Evolution of viscous ($\eta/s$=0.25) QGP fluid thermalised at $\tau_i$=0.2 fm and initialised with central energy density 5.1 $GeV/fm^3$ in Au+Au collisions and  3.48 $GeV/fm^3$ in Cu+Cu collisions, reproduces the data in all the centrality ranges of collisions.
As indicated above, we have used only the most central collision data (0-5\% in case of Au+Au collisions and 0-10\% in case of Cu+Cu collisions) to fix the initial energy density. Glauber model initial condition (Eq.\ref{eq6}) correctly incorporate the centrality dependence and $\phi$ multiplicity is reproduced in all the centrality ranges of collisions.
 \begin{figure}[t]
\vspace{0.3cm}
\center
 \resizebox{0.35\textwidth}{!}{%
  \includegraphics{ptaucu.eps}
}
\caption{(a) Filled circles are STAR data \cite{Abelev:2007rw} on centrality dependence of mean $p_T$ of $\phi$ mesons in Au+Au collisions. The black line is the fit
obtained to the data in viscous hydrodynamics. (b) same as in (a) but for Cu+Cu collisions.}
\label{F6}
\end{figure}

In Fig.\ref{F6}a and b, we have shown the STAR measurements of$\phi$  mean $p_T$ in Au+Au \cite{Abelev:2007rw,:2008fd} and Cu+Cu \cite{Collaboration:2008zk} collisions.  Within the error bars, centrality dependence of $\phi$ mean $p_T$ in Au+Au and in Cu+Cu collisions are nearly identical (though central value is consistently higher in Au+Au collisions).
The black lines in Fig.\ref{F6}a,b are fit to the data in viscous hydrodynamics. In viscous hydrodynamics also, $\phi$ mean $p_T$ do not show any appreciable dependence on system size.  STAR measurements of mean $p_T$ in Au+Au collisions are nicely reproduced.   $\phi$ mean $p_T$ in Cu+Cu are reproduced within 10\% or less.

Black lines in Fig.\ref{F7}a and b, are the viscous hydrodynamics predictions for the centrality dependence of integrated $v_2$ in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions.
In Au+Au collisions, STAR measured integrated $v_2$ in 0-5\%, 10-40\% and 40-80\% centrality collisions \cite{Abelev:2007rw,:2008fd}. Filled circles in Fig.\ref{F7}a are the STAR measurements. Except for the very
peripheral collision, hydrodynamic prediction is agreement with STAR data.
In Cu+Cu collisions, integrated $v_2$ is not measured yet. However, simulation results indicate that compared to Au+Au collisions, $\phi$ meson integrated flow is less in Cu+Cu collisions. The reason is understood. Initial eccentricity is small in Cu+Cu than in Au+Au collisions.
Elliptic flow has size dependence, smaller the system, less is the flow.

\begin{figure}[t]
\vspace{0.3cm}
\center
 \resizebox{0.35\textwidth}{!}{%
  \includegraphics{v2aucu.eps}
}
\caption{ (a) filled circles are STAR data on integrated elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions. The black line shows the centrality dependence of integrated $v_2$.
(b) centrality dependence of integrated $v_2$ in Cu+Cu collisions.}\label{F7}
\end{figure}

\subsection{$\phi$ $p_T$-spectra in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions}

STAR measurements \cite{Abelev:2007rw} for $\phi$ meson $p_T$ spectra in
 0-5\%, 5-10\%, 10-20\%,20-30\%, 30-40\%, 40-50\%, 50-60\% and 60-70\%  centrality Au+Au collisions are shown in Fig.\ref{F8}a. As noted by the STAR collaboration  \cite{Abelev:2007rw} $\phi$ $p_T$-spectra
up to 30-40\% centrality collisions are well fitted by an exponential, indicating thermal production of $\phi$ in central collisions. Exponential fit worsen in more peripheral collisions. A Levy function
(which has an exponential shape at low $p_T$ and power law shape at large $p_T$) fits the peripheral data. Apparently, in peripheral collisions non-thermal source contribute to $\phi$ meson production.
The black lines in Fig.\ref{F8}a are
$p_T$ spectra from evolution of viscous QGP fluid. Except for very peripheral collisions, data up to $p_T$=3 GeV are well explained in viscous hydrodynamics.
At larger $p_T$ (not shown in Fig.\ref{F8}), viscous hydrodynamics under predict the $p_T$-spectra. At large $p_T$, other sources e.g. pQCD processes can contribute and hydrodynamic models may not be reliable.

STAR collaboration recently published their measurements for $\phi$ $p_T$-spectra in Cu+Cu collisions \cite{Collaboration:2008zk}.
STAR measurements \cite{Collaboration:2008zk} for $\phi$ $p_T$ spectra in 0-10\%, 10-20\%, 10-20\%, 20-30\%, 30-40\%, 40-50\% and 50-60\% centrality Cu+Cu collisions are shown in Fig.\ref{F8}b. A Levy function also fits the $p_T$ spectra in Cu+Cu collisions \cite{Collaboration:2008zk}. For similar $N_{part}$, $\phi$ spectra in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions are similar. The parameters of the Levy function in Au+Au collision and Cu+Cu collision are also similar for nearly identical for  participant numbers.
Black lines in Fig.\ref{F8}b are the predictions from viscous hydrodynamics.
Here again, except for the very peripheral   (50-60\%) collisions, data, up to $p_T$=3 GeV  are well explained. The results indicate that $\phi$ $p_T$ spectra,
up to $p_T$= 3GeV,
both in Au+Au and in Cu+Cu collisions are consistent with hydrodynamic evolution
of QGP fluid with viscosity over entropy ratio $\eta/s$=0.25. The central energy density of the fluid in b=0 Au+Au (Cu+Cu) collisions is $\approx$5.1(3.48) $GeV/fm^3$  .

 \begin{figure}[t]
\vspace{0.3cm}
\center
 \resizebox{0.35\textwidth}{!}{%
  \includegraphics{pt2aucu.eps}
}
\caption{(color online) (a) STAR data \cite{Abelev:2007rw} $\phi$ meson $p_T$ spectra in 0-5\%, 0-10\%, 10-20\%, 20-30\%, 30-40\%, 40-50\%, 50-60\% and 60-70\% centrality Au+Au collisions. The black lines are $\phi$ spectra from evolution of viscous fluid.
(b) STAR data on $p_T$ spectra of $\phi$ in Cu+Cu collisions in 0-10\%, 10-20\%, 20-30\%, 30-40\%, 40-50\% and 50-60\% Cu+Cu collisions.
The black lines are viscous hydrodynamic predictions.}
 \label{F8}
\end{figure}

\subsection{$N(\Omega)/N(\phi)$ vs. $p_T$}

STAR collaboration measured the transverse momentum dependence of the ratio $N(\Omega)/N(\phi)$ in Au+Au collisions \cite{Abelev:2007rw}.  STAR measurements of the ratio in
 0-12\%, 20-40\% and 40-60\% centrality Au+Au collisions are shown in  the   three panels, a,b,c of Fig.\ref{F9}.
 The ratio increases with $p_T$ till $p_T\approx$ 3-4 GeV then drops. In peripheral collisions, the ratio drops at lower $p_T$ than in more central collisions.
Both $\Omega(sss)$ and $\phi(s\bar{s})$ are strange particles, devoid of any non-strange quarks. The ratio $N(\Omega)/N(\phi)$ can shed light on the production mechanism of strange particles, specifically, strange baryon and
mesons. The ratio can also test a model.  Correct reproduction of the ratio will indicate that the strangeness sector is correctly modeled.
 Models based on recombination of thermal strange quarks \cite{Hwa:2006vb} can reproduce the $\phi$ meson $p_T$ spectra up to $p_T$= 5 GeV. The model \cite{Hwa:2006vb} also reproduces the ratio $N(\Omega)/N(\phi)$ up to $p_T\approx$ 4 GeV,  reproduces the decreasing trend at $p_T>$ 4 GeV. But at $p_T >$ 4 GeV, the model largely over predict the ratio, indicating that at large $p_T$,
in recombination models $\Omega$'s are more produced than in experiment.
In Fig.\ref{F9}, the black lines are hydrodynamic predictions for the ratio in Au+Au collisions. Hydrodynamics predictions are shown up to $p_T$= 5 GeV.
  The ratio increases with $p_T$, and continue to increase even at large $p_T$.
     Evolution of viscous QGP do not reproduce the experimental trend that the ratio decreases beyond a certain $p_T$. It is not expected also. As noted earlier, $\phi$ spectra at $p_T>$ 3 GeV are not reproduced.
In $p_T$ range $p_T \leq$ 3 GeV,
viscous hydrodynamics appear to under predict the ratio in $p_T$ range $p_T \leq$ 3 GeV. For example in 0-12\% centrality collisions, the ratio is under predicted by $\sim$ 40\%. In more peripheral collisions, the ratio is less under predicted.
The result is interesting. $\phi$ $p_T$-spectra, up to $p_T$=3 GeV, are well reproduced in viscous hydrodynamics. Apparently, in viscous hydrodynamics, $\Omega$'s are not produced in sufficient number.
The ratio $N(\Omega)/N(\phi)$ is not measured in Cu+Cu collisions. The blue lines in Fig.\ref{F9} are the predictions for the ratio in Cu+Cu collisions.
 The ratio is nearly identical to that in Au+Au collisions. The ratio $N(\Omega)/N(\phi)$ do not show any system size dependence.

  \begin{figure}[t]

 \center
 \resizebox{0.35\textwidth}{!}{%
  \includegraphics{omega.eps}
}
\caption{(color online) Filled circles are STAR data on the $p_T$ dependence of the ratio $N(\Omega)/N(\phi)$ in Au+Au collisions in 0-12\%, 20-40\% and 40-80\%
centrality Au+Au collisions.  The black lines are the viscous hydrodynamic predictions for the ratio in Au+Au collisions. The blue lines are the predictions for the ratio in Cu+Cu collisions.}
   \label{F9}
\end{figure}

\subsection{$\phi$   elliptic flow in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions}

STAR collaboration measured $\phi$ meson elliptic flow in 0-5\%, 10-40\%
and 40-80\% and 0-80\% (minimum bias)  centrality Au+Au collisions \cite{Abelev:2007rw}. STAR measurements for the elliptic flow are shown in Fig.\ref{F10}.
In Fig.\ref{F10}, the black lines are the elliptic flow from evolution of viscous fluid with central energy density $\varepsilon_0$=5.1 $GeV/fm^3$. Even though as mentioned earlier, viscous hydrodynamics is not reliable beyond $p_T$=3 GeV ($\phi$ $p_T$-spectra are under predicted), we have shown predictions for flow up to   $p_T$=5 GeV.
 In 0-5\% collisions, elliptic flow is very small, and   viscous fluid evolution reproduces the flow. Elliptic flow in 10-40\% collisions is also reproduced in the model. However, flow is largely over predicted in 40-80\% centrality collisions.
40-80\% centrality collisions approximately corresponds to b=11 fm Au+Au collision. Hydrodynamic models are not reliable at
 such peripheral collisions. Interestingly, elliptic flow in 0-80\% centrality collisions is also well reproduced in viscous hydrodynamics.   Considering that only the central energy density is fixed to reproduce $\phi$ multiplicity in 0-5\% centrality Au+Au collisions, reproduction of $\phi$ $p_T$ spectra and elliptic flow in central and mid central collisions can be considered as a great success of viscous hydrodynamics.

 \begin{figure}[t]
 \vspace{0.3cm}
 \center
 \resizebox{0.35\textwidth}{!}{%
  \includegraphics{v2_au.eps
}
\caption{(color online) Filled circles in panels a,b,c and d are STAR measurements for $\phi$ meson  elliptic flow in 0-10\%, 10-40\% and 40-80\% and 0-80\% centrality Au+Au collisions. The black lines in the figure are the hydrodynamic model predictions for  elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions.
Blue lines are the predicted flow in Cu+Cu collisions.}\label{F10}
\end{figure}

Blue lines in Fig.\ref{F10}, are the predictions for flow in   0-5\%, 10-40\%  and 40-80\% and minimum bias Cu+Cu collisions. Compared to Au+Au collisions, elliptic flow is $\sim$ 10\% less in Cu+Cu collisions. It is consistent with our predictions for integrated $v_2$. Integrated $v_2$ is also less in Cu+Cu than in Au+Au collisions (see Fig.\ref{F7}).
$\phi$ meson elliptic flow in Cu+Cu collisions are not measured yet and
the predictions   can not be tested against experiment. Future experiments can verify the predictions.

Present analysis indicate that QGP fluid, with viscosity over entropy ratio $\eta/s$=0.25, is consistent with most of the published STAR data on
$\phi$ production in central and mid-central Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions. The initial central energy density of the  fluid is $\approx$5.1 $GeV/fm^3$ in Au+Au collisions and $\approx$ 3.48 $GeV/fm^3$ in Cu+Cu collisions.
Present estimate of viscosity and initial energy density are obtained by fitting experimental data in a hydrodynamic model. Limitations of the model must be discussed. We have neglected bulk viscosity.  In general bulk viscosity is much smaller than shear viscosity.  However, recent lattice simulation \cite{Cheng:2007jq} indicate that trace anomaly is non-zero near the cross-over temperature. Using the lattice data, Kharzeev et al \cite{Kharzeev:2007wb} computed bulk viscosity of QGP. Near the cross over temperature, bulk viscosity can be significantly large.
Experimental data include effect of both the shear and bulk viscosity. Neglecting bulk viscosity will result into overestimating the shear viscosity.
Then $\eta/s$=0.25 is an upper bound of QGP viscosity.
However, since bulk viscosity is appreciable only near the cross over temperature, we do not expect substantial entropy production due to bulk viscosity and estimate of shear viscosity will largely remain unaltered.

\section{Summary and conclusions} \label{sec4}

To summarise, in the Israel-Stewart's theory of dissipative hydrodynamics, we have simulated $\phi$ production
from Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=200 GeV.
In an earlier publication \cite{Chaudhuri:2009vx}, we have shown that the STAR data on $\phi$ mean $p_T$
in Au+Au collisions is sensitive to viscosity and estimated QGP viscosity as $\eta/s$=0.25. For $\eta/s$=0.25, QGP fluid, thermalised at $\tau_i$=0.2 fm and initialised with central energy density 5.1 $GeV/fm^3$, explain centrality dependence of $\phi$ mean $p_T$, multiplicity, integrated $v_2$ and $p_T$ spectra (up to $p_T\approx$ 3 GeV). It is now shown that the STAR data on $\phi$ elliptic flow in central and mid-central Au+Au collisions are also explained in evolution of QGP fluid with viscosity to entropy ratio $\eta/s$=0.25.   $\eta/s$=0.25 is also consistent with STAR data on $\phi$ meson $p_T$ spectra in Cu+Cu collisions. In Cu+Cu collisions, central energy density is 3.48 $GeV/fm^3$, $\sim$1.5 times less that in Au+Au collisions. We have given predictions for elliptic flow in Cu+Cu collisions. Predicted elliptic flow in Cu+Cu collisions is $\sim$10\% less than that in Au+Au collisions. In conclusion, STAR data on intermediate range $p_T\leq$ 3 GeV, $\phi$ meson production is Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions is consistent with hydrodynamic evolution of QGP fluid with viscosity to entropy ratio   $\eta/s\approx$0.25.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Rev.: DEVICTA IVDAEA / S - C, Victory stg. r., l. foot on helmet, inscribing S P Q R on shield on palm tree; to r., Judaea seated r.
Obv.: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG P M T P P P COS III, Vespasianus bust, laur., r., drapery on l. shoulder.


Baseball meeting and dinner; please set up tables for 200, 2 six foot tables in entrance and a microphone.
Wish Week Opening Assembly; please set up microphone, screen and one 6' table.
Girls LaCross: Video and stratagy meeting Coach Posavad actually using classroom 200. Not able to reserve classroom 200 in system.


Prof. Jonathan F. McAnulty, DVM, PhD is a Professor and Chair of Surgical Sciences department in the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Prof. McAnulty brings 35 years of experience in animal surgery and kidney transplants. He is leading pre-clinical testing on Imbed's prototype dressings in murine and porcine wounds. Read more.


WOODSTOCK IL – McHenry County Department of Health (MCDH) is offering a no-cost Type 2 Diabetes Prevention program starting in mid-January. To find out if this class would be right for you, attend an overview session on Monday, December 17th 5:00 pm, Thursday, December 27th 5:00 pm or Thursday, January 3rd 5:00 pm. The class will meet on Tuesdays or Thursdays at McHenry County Department of Health, 2200 N Seminary Ave., Woodstock IL. Registration for both the overview session and the class is available online at www.mcdh.info. You may also call Carol Waggoner, R.N., at 815-334-4580 for more information or to register. Class size is limited.
Based on a model developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), this class is designed specifically to help prevent type 2 diabetes. The NDPP is designed for people who have prediabetes or are at risk for type 2 diabetes, but who do not already have the condition.
If you are interested in participating in this program, please register at www.mcdh.info. For more information about the class call Carol Waggoner at 815-334-4580. To find out more about the National Diabetes Prevention Program, visit the CDC at www.cdc.gov and search "diabetes prevention".


WELCOME TO STUART ELLIS PHARMACY "YOUR COMPOUNDING SPECIALISTS"
Welcome to Stuart Ellis IDA Pharmacy, a family owned and operated business, specializing in the art and science of custom compounding. Through expanded treatment options and innovative solutions for challenging medication problems, our compounding pharmacists use their skills and experience to help you to achieve optimal well-being. Come in and talk to our knowledgeable staff about all of your health care needs.
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Vist these links for more information.


text:
PR Trainwreck
Carlos Boozer may be the worst public relations spokesman in the history of the NBA. He's simply awful at creating "good-karma" and "positive vibe". It goes back to his time in Cleveland when he tricked a blind-man owner into letting him out of his restricted free-agent status, and quickly signed a bigger contract offer with the Jazz. He was considered "slime" then (certainly by Cleveland fans), and is still being ripped apart now (his reputation becoming absolutely crushed).
We all remember Boozer saying he'd opt-out of his contract during last season… (when he happened to be injured… while sitting on the bench in a suit… promising us that he'd get a raise even if he did so). Incredible! He later decided to opt-in to play for the Jazz another season, reneging on his earlier preconceived & intended claim to become a free agent. Message sent: It's all about the money! Next, he goes off spouting to Chicago and Miami radio stations, acting out like a supposed free-agent by hoping and wishing for a trade. Message sent: I don't want to play in Utah.
Funny enough, Boozer's posturing sent an awkward message to Pat Riley -GM of the Miami Heat- and caused this reaction from Riley regarding Boozer's intention to play for the Heat… "I wasn't really comfortable with it. I really don't know what kind of agreement that he and Utah have," he said. "We have had conversations about a number of things, but there hasn't been anything really, at all, nothing, about a trade for Carlos Boozer." Message sent: We don't want you. Wow. Way to go Booz! Now... no one wants you.
Being a Jazz fan, I'm certain that I'll forgive Boozer once he starts putting up big numbers and helping the team win ball games, but until that happens (and I'm pretty certain he'll be playing for us next season), I still want this guy outta here. For anything...
Labels: Boozer
You know it's bad when Pat Riley is questioning your morals. You also know it's bad when your posturing and spouting off starts to hurt you with potential suitors. . . after all this league features the likes of Ron Artest and Stephon Marbury.
But in some ways Boozer's wacky behavior surpasses theirs, because he doesn't appear to be crazy. His decisions are cold-blooded and pre-meditated.
Tucker McCann said...
Boozer is worse than Charles Manson
Jazz fan said...
I wont forgive him. I hope the fans dont also.
www.encontactos.com said...
Goodness, there is really much worthwhile information above!
Battle of the Backup Bigs
10-Years At The Helm As GM
Fesenko and Facebook
Clearance Sale at the Gateway
Full-Steam Ahead!
Great News for Knicks Fans (that hate the Knicks)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Notice of General Election 2022 – 2 Trustees for a 2-Year Term – June 21, 2022
Village of Bellport
Notice of General Election 2022
2 Trustees for a 2-year term
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that the Village of Bellport will be holding a general election for the positions (2) Village Trustees on June 21, 2022. These are each 2-Year Terms. The Polls will be opened from 7am – 9pm at the Bellport Community Center located at 4 Bell Street, Bellport New York 11713.
Katie Mehrkens
Deputy Village Clerk
Notice of Bellport Village Election – Tuesday, June 20, 2023 – 7:00 am – 9:00 pm
Bellport Village Elections Tuesday June 20, 2023 Village elections for Mayor, one seat (2-year-term) and two Board of Trustee seats (2-year-term each) will be held
Winners of Our Annual Wreath Decorating Contest – Please see the winners below – There are four categories – Thank you everyone who participated in this contest and for making the Village look festive!!!! Have a Happy and Safe Holiday!!!
Thank you to Isabella Rossellini, The Long Island Advance, Bellport Chamber of Commerce and The Gateway Playhouse for judging the contest – Thank you to
Village of Bellport Zoning Board of Appeals Re: 47 Bellport Lane – December 15, 2022 at 7:00 PM
NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that the Zoning Board of Appeals of the Village of Bellport will hold a public hearing on Thursday,


Our Summer and Pesach Equestrian Camps, for 6 to 15 year olds, are well known in the region. Besides their educational role, they give children an unforgettable experience. Our instructors led by Anthony, Gilad, Shoshi and Arik Lipschitz, specialize in coaching and training children in horseback riding as well as in interactive social games, creative workshops, and fun.
Children and youth from around the world and Israel come to experience this unique riding camp.
Instructors are graduates of professional courses and advanced training abroad.
Spending 24/7 will give you the real life ranch experience as you TAKE Riding Lessons, GO on Trail Rides, LEARN Field Archery and Lassoing (from the ground and on horseback), PLAY Paintball and Polo, GAIN KNOWLEDGE (and hands on experience) in Basic Veterinary, First Aid (for horses), and Horse Training.


Will has a dream in which Amy Winehouse predicts imminent armageddon. He wakes to discover that his dream is coming true and with the help of his friends Calvin, Juney and Lisa he goes to rescue his girlfriend Amy who is trapped in the museum.
Juney uses her Macbook to sell her, as yet unborn, baby on "uPay".
Amy Winehouse uses a Macbook Air to predict the end of the world in Will's dream.


I got to meet these two wonderful, hilarious people during our Christmas sessions this past year and really loved spending time with them. So when Sinit shot me an email saying he was going to propose to Megan and asked me if I would be able to photograph the big moment as a surprise to her, I jumped at the chance – I mean, there were times I was seriously jumping I was so excited for it. He and I were in contact for a few weeks coordinating the whole thing, right down to the tree I was going to hide behind at Edgewater park when he popped the question. Well, yesterday morning I woke up to a text from Sinit that was a screen shot of the hourly forecast (90% chance of snow at 3 pm) followed by a GIF of a kangaroo disappointedly dropping a ball. We needed a new plan. Some quick rearranging and we were back on track and a couple hours later, I was sitting in Olmsted Falls, in 2 feet of snow, in some bushes, with a 70-200mm lens on my camera, which was wrapped up in a towel and tucked inside my coat. Here they came, out I crept like a snow-covered ninja, and down on one knee Sinit went. Since I was quite far away and they were engrossed in the moment, we were able to capture the whole thing as the snow came down perfectly without either of them realizing I was there. It was so dreamy and romantic with the snow coming down as Sinit literally swept Megan off of her feet. She is always beautiful but with so much love and happiness inside she was positively radiant. I cannot wait to see how gorgeous of a bride she makes. And Sinit, I didn't forget about you – you'll be dashing, too. Thank you so much for including me in this momentous occasion. I am thrilled for you both and cannot wait to see what the future holds for you! Congratulations!!


Please read the information below before confirming for the Summer Trade & Lore Mini-Pop Up Shop.
There are no booths! Vendors drop off your inventory and we'll transform the venue into a retail pop up shop with a central checkout - creating a curated boutique experience our shoppers have come to love.
Vendors do NOT have to be at the Pop Up Shop! Our team will merchandise, style, and work the entirety of the Pop Up Shop.
Accepted vendors will be assigned a vendor ID. All products must be marked with your Vendor ID and price. All vendors must supply the Pop Up Shop with a simple inventory spreadsheet - a valuable resource at the checkout. Templates and directions will be emailed upon acceptance.
To participate in the following Pop Up Shop, vendors agree to a 50/50 split of total sales.
All vendors will receive a check for their final earnings along with a simple sales summary of items sold issued on or before: Monday, July 9th.
Sales tax will be collected and paid by us for all the items sold.
We will be using all of our social media outlets (Instagram, Pinterest, Blog, Website, and Facebook) to feature vendors. Each vendor will receive a media kit that we encourage you to use on social media.
We will release announcements to the press, publish the event on online and print calendars, do extensive social media advertising, as well as place posters and postcards all around Asheville leading up to the event.
We will do everything within our power to prevent theft of products and displays, but we cannot guarantee that items will not go missing or get broken. Although inventory lists are supplied by vendors, we do not verify whether the numbers, descriptions, and/or prices match the physical inventory dropped off. Our team will make every effort to prevent any incidents. However we cannot be held responsible if theft or damage does occur.


text:
Peaceful ScienceWhat does it mean to be human?
Video Eugenie Scott: The Dover Trial and the Scientist Hat
Eugenie Scott: The Dover Trial and the Scientist Hat
By S. Joshua Swamidass
This is post 2 of 6 in the series "The Dover Trial"
What About Intelligent Design?
Michael Behe: Kafka at the Dover Trial
Kenneth Miller: A Textbook Biologist at the Dover Trial
Barbara Forrest: The Trojan Horse at Dover
More Musings on The Killmitzer-Dover Trial
It is the fifteenth anniversary of the Dover Trial, so let's revisit Eugenie Scott's "scientist hat." Fifteen years ago, a public drama unfolded in Dover, Pennsylvania. In 2005, a school board tried to mandate teaching Intelligent Design (ID) in high school science class. This moved provoked a lawsuit. The Dover Trial was billed as the Scopes Trial of this century, taking place 80 years later.
The Dover Trial itself is quite a story, but it was not the whole story. At the same time, a board in Kansas decided to showcase Intelligent Design by holding hearings on evolution of their own. The Kansas Hearings did not provoke a lawsuit. Some ID leaders see the Dover Trial as a regrettable mistake, while pointing to the Kansas hearings what they really hoped for. Most scientists, however, were not happy with either Dover or Kansas.
In December 2005, the Dover Trial came to an end, and could not have been worse for ID. A Republican judge ruled against them. This was in a federal court, so this ruling impacted ID's prospects in the textbook wars across the nation. ID would not find its way into high school biology class.
Nathan Lents and I are interviewing Eugenie Scott about the Trial. Eugenie is a scientist. From 1986 till 2014, she was the Executive Director of the National Center for Science Education (NCSE), a non-profit science education organization. She played a pivotal role in engaging ID though the 1990s and 2000s.
In the aftermath of the Dover Trial, Eugenie offered an olive branch:
Properly understood, the principle of methodological [naturalism] requires neutrality towards God; we cannot say, wearing our scientist hats, whether God does or does not act.
Certainly methodological naturalism is contested among creationists, but her interpretation of it was irenic. She was offering an olive branch, and I was ready to take it. She is an atheist and a scientist, but she is not anti-religious. Perhaps there could be a way to peaceful science here.
Previous articleWhat About Intelligent Design?
Next articleThe War That Never Was
Join the conversation on the forum.
Come with the goal to understand and to be understood. Whatever your personal beliefs, we saved a chair for you.
S. Joshua Swamidasshttp://swami.wustl.edu
Dr. Swamidass is the founder of Peaceful Science. He is an associate professor at Washington University in Saint Louis where he runs a computational biology group using artificial intelligence to explore science at the intersection of biology, chemistry, and medicine.
Paul S. Braterman - January 6, 2021 0
Fifteen years years after Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District was decided, the case continues to draw interesting comments.
S. Joshua Swamidass - January 6, 2021 44
Barbara Forrest argues that Intelligent Design is a Trojan Horse, just a rehash of creationism. Is this really true? I'm not so sure.
James Tour: A Chemist's Questions on Evolution
S. Joshua Swamidass - December 7, 2020 30
James Tour and I do not agree on everything, but we found virtue in the wasteland, friendship across our disagreements.
S. Joshua Swamidass - November 14, 2020 35
Fifteen years ago in the Dover Trial, one of the star witnesses was Kenneth Miller, a textbook biologist. He has many stories to tell.
S. Joshua Swamidass - October 29, 2020 64
15 years ago, the biochemist Micheal Behe was a star witness at the Dover Trial. He explains the trial was Kafkaesque, a surreal experience.
Greg Cootsona - September 28, 2020 69
"Mere Science and the Christian Faith" by Greg Cootsona sparked a conversation about Intelligent Design's place in science and in the Church.
Stay in touch and get our latest articles by joining the mailing list.
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Broadening its service footprint, Tygerberg Animal Hospital offers the services of specialist veterinarian physician, Dr Frank Kettner and Dr Zandri Whitehead, at 1 Kontiki Avenue Bellville. Providing accurate diagnosis of medical conditions with the appropriate treatment, the centre focuses on, amongst others, diseases of the heart, abdomen, glandular systems, chest, skin, brain and nervous system, as well as cancer treatment.
Specialist services comprise critical care, blood pressure evaluation, blood gas analysis, ultrasonography, echocardiography, ECG analysis, neuromuscular diagnostics such as deafness testing, bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage, gastro-intestinal endoscopy and biopsy, joint aspirate, CSF collection, cystoscopy and rhinoscopy.
With all medical conditions, the Specialist Medicine Clinic goes all-out to find answers, treatment and hopefully cure. But importantly, optimising full recovery or improving any patient's quality of life for as long as possible is integral to our service.
For any administrative queries please email medicine@tah.co.za or contact the branch directly.


We are just a few days away from the biggest game in FC Halifax Town's history. A place in the historic 3rd round draw in the Emirates FA Cup is potentially 90 minutes away from that dream becoming reality.
Standing in the path of Billy Heath's side will be National League side Eastleigh. A gruelling 506 mile-round trip to the Silverlake Stadium is in store for the travelling supporters and media team alike, but before the action takes place here's a quick fact file surrounding our cup opponents.
1) Until 2015 Eastleigh were without a nickname (founded in 1946). The supporters were given the chance to pick the club's official nickname and Spitfires was chosen as the winner.
2) The 2nd round of the FA Cup will be the Shaymen's first outing, as for Eastleigh this came in the 2014-15 season. Eastleigh beat Lincoln City in the first round before losing to Southport in the 2nd round.
3) However last season in the second round, Eastleigh won 2–0 at minnow Stourbridge to record their first ever appearance in the Third round. On 9th January, Eastleigh drew 1–1 with Bolton. The game took place after much speculation that it would be postponed, the game sold out giving Eastleigh a new record attendance of 5,025. Ten days later Eastleigh travelled to Bolton and lost 3–2, having led 1–0 through a Joe Partington strike. As Eastleigh exited the FA Cup, league form dipped and they eventually finished 7th, missing out on a playoff place.
bear. This was in honour of Derik Brooks who founded the Spitfires.
5) They reached the top tier of non-league for the first time in 2014.
6) Nuneaton Town were Eastleigh's first opposition in the National League. This was a 3-0 victory on 9 August 2014. The next game Eastleigh played was against Aldershot live on BT Sport and they came out 1-0 winners in the game.
7) The borough has a population of 126,800, with local business dominating the landscape. 4,300 businesses are located within the economy of the borough and small businesses account for around 98.0% of all business.
8) It has a rich history too- Roman remains including a lead coffin have been discovered in the area and there was probably a settlement at Eastleigh between 100 and 400 AD.
9) Slight bizarre one here – 4 ½ miles north of the ground you will found Hensting Alpacas – an alpaca walking experience that allows you, the public, to go and get up close and personal with them. (Certainly, an alternate pre-match activity).
10) We said it would be a long journey down – Eastleigh is just under 3 miles from Southampton Sailing club. There you can sail along The Solent- the strait that separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England.


What is the Lumbopelvic Hip complex? Essentially, it is the key to solving most low back pain.
It is the body chain created by your low back, your pelvis and your hips. As you can see below, they are all interconnected. Many types of low back pain begin when the low back muscles are weak and the hips are stiff. Therefore, taking good care of your lumbopelvic hip complex is as simple as strengthening the proper core muscles and making your hips flexible.
In fact, most people with disc problems need to look at their injury through the lens of the lumbopelvic hip complex, and not zero in on the disc alone.
Your core muscles are made up of any and all muscles that attach to your pelvis. This means that besides the front and side abdominals, you need to strengthen your lower back and buttock muscles as well as the inner thighs, hamstring and hip flexors.
This type of global approach to core strengthening allows the pelvis to be under better control and therefore experience more resilience and less pain. And in order for lumbar discs to be healthy, the pelvis and hips have to be flexible. If not, whenever we lift something or move around, the leg bones pull the pelvis into positions that are harmful to the lumbar spine.
A good core exercise program incorporates an upper and lower body strengthening program as well as core muscle rehabilitation. Flexibility is also vital.
Another commonly overlooked aspect of low back care is the use of balance exercises. By challenging a patient's balance, we train the body to control its center of gravity which is mainly manipulated by the lumbopelvic hip joint complex. A strong, flexible and co-ordinated lumbopelvic hip complex means a happier lower back.
Please watch the following videos for examples of patients overcoming low back pain through this type of rehabilitation.
We all face obstacles in life. Thankfully, low back pain is one we can overcome. Please see Natalie's story below. It will inspire low back pain sufferers to do the right work and put debilitating back pain behind them for good!


Paddock – The bunker Winston Churchill loved to hate!
Cyclops produces interesting video, audio and photographic content for a variety of online and off-line purposes, and our team has a wealth of experience in both technical and production fields in television and radio broadcasting.
Copyright © 2019 Cyclops Information Network. All rights reserved.


OK, I'm sure this is going to make me look stupid, but it was once said there is no such thing as a stupid question. I wonder if this will test that theory, lol.
I searched the threads and didn't find anything, so I'm going to post this question now.
In Grade 10, I took Programming 20 (covers C++, HTML, and some kind of Java) I'm heading to Grade 12 now (going to take Programming 30), and I can't remember any HTML or Java. I went to the book store and got some books to learn HTML, Java, and C++.
Oh yeah! Now I'm remembering! Thats right! Man, my memory is pathetic! lol. OK, thats why everything I was reading in these Java books wasn't making any sense. Now I feel really silly for posting this... lol.


text:
Home Featured Showdowns
Should you upgrade? Google Pixel 3 vs Pixel 2
Google has finally pulled the wraps off its latest flagship effort, the Pixel 3 series during an event in New York. But just how different are the new models compared to the old ones?
At a glance, it doesn't appear that many things have changed, but there's plenty more going on beneath the surface. So in this article, we take a look at what sets the new Pixel 3 family apart from the Pixel 2 and try to answer the question: should you upgrade?
Design and display
The Pixel 3 and 3XL share most of their DNA with the Pixel 2 lineup, but there are a handful of meaningful differences when it comes to design. Even so, from the back, these distinctions aren't all that visible. Both the Pixel 2s and Pixel 3s have two-tone rears, but while the Pixel 2s are made mostly out of metal with a glass panel at the top, the Pixel 3s are all glass.
On the front, Google has given each of the new phones a larger screen without making the devices noticeably larger. The Pixel 3 now sports a 5.5-inch screen, up from the 5-inch on the Pixel 2. It also makes a transition from the traditional 16:9 aspect ratio to the modern 18:9 one.
At the same time, the Pixel 3 XL now sports a 6.3-inch display, compared to the Pixel 2 XL's 6-inch one. Last year, the OLED display on the Pixel 2 XL was plagued by numerous issues, so hopefully this year Google has managed to improve the situation.
The Pixel 3 XL stands out the most out of the two because it comes equipped with a notch on top, while the standard Pixel 3 doesn't. But even as it retains the classic look, the standard Pixel 3 has shed the notoriously chunky bezels.
Both phones include front-facing speakers still, but Google says the Pixel 3s are now 40% louder than before. We should also mention that the two new handsets are water resistant thanks to the improved IPX8 rating. The previous models were only IP67 rated.
Obviously, the Pixel 3 series makes use of a newer Snapdragon 845 processor. Google has provided an upgrade over last year's Snapdragon 835, but it didn't do the same when it comes to RAM.
So the Pixel 3s come with the same 4GB of RAM and up to 128GB of storage configuration as their predecessors. In 2018, when most flagships offer at least 6GB of RAM on board, it would have been nice to see Google do the same. Fortunately, Google's software does an excellent job with RAM management, so you won't have to worry about your Pixel 3 not working smoothly.
Like the Pixel 2s, the Pixel 3s don't come with a microSD card slot for memory expansion, so you'll be stuck with the amount you select when you purchase the device. So choose wisely!
One of the biggest differences when comparing the Pixel 3s with the Pixel 2s is the cameras. On the front, Google this year has added an extra camera. It's an additional 8-megapixel wide-angle lens with 97-degree field-of-view. So uses will be able to fit more people into their selfies.
As for the main (singular) camera, it stays pretty much the same, at least on paper. We have a 12.2-megapixel sensor which in the case of the Pixel 3s supports new features.
For example, you get Nightshift, a tool designed to take extra-nice low-light photos by employing an algorithm that readjusts the light settings. There's also Top Shot, which takes a burst of HDR shots before and after you press the shutter button and picks the best one. Another interesting tool is Motion Autofocus which allows users to tap a subject once to track its movements.
Google increased the battery size on the Pixel 3 to 2,917 mAh, compared to the 2,700 mAh of the Pixel 2. But in the case of the Pixel 3 XL, things are the other way around for some reason. The device relies on a 3,430 mAh battery, which smaller than the Pixel 2 XL's 3,520 mAh one.
But why did Google choose to do that? Perhaps the Snapdragon 845's battery optimizations might provide a clue, although it would have been nice to see a larger battery instead of a smaller one.
The good news is that Google this year included wireless charging with the Pixel 3s. Both support the Qi wireless charging standard, so they are compatible with a large number of existing chargers. Note that Google is also selling its own charging stand, although it's a bit expensive.
The Pixel 3s run Android 9 Pie out of the box and offer some new features. For example, the two will be the first phones to support Gmail's Smart Compose feature. They also include Call Screen, which basically allows the phones AI to answer a call for you in real time.
The older Pixel 2s also run Android 9 Pie, though their firmware upgrade support ends in 2020, while the Pixel 3's expires in 2021. What's more, all four Pixels come with Active Edge, which allows users to squeeze the side of the device to bring up the Google Assistant or open other apps.
Should you upgrade?
The Pixel 3s do bring a few upgrades to the table including a new processor, an extra front-facing camera, wireless charging, and hopefully better displays, but if you are coming from the Pixel 2, an upgrade really doesn't seem necessary. Unless you really really want to have the latest phone.
The Pixel 2, especially the XL model still remains a worthy phone, even with the Snapdragon 835 processor on board. What's more, with the Pixel 3 out, it's more affordable than ever. So if you're not looking to spend a ton of money on a new smartphone, the Pixel 2 might be a better option for you than spending $799 and up on a new Pixel 3.


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Austen Riggs Center COVID-19 Response
Updates from the Medical Director/CEO
Dear Members of the Austen Riggs Community:
I am writing this update on the cusp of what will be the second anniversary of the COVID pandemic's arrival in Massachusetts. When the state Department of Public Health announced the first presumptive case in March 2020, we focused our energy and resources on securing the Center to protect the health and well-being of our patients and staff. For nearly two years, through ups and downs, our continued efforts have been instrumental in preventing the virus from spreading throughout Riggs.
Actions we have taken include implementing regular testing, wearing masks, and social distancing; using video technologies for remote meetings as applicable; establishing screening protocols for visitors and vendors; and perhaps most important, mandating vaccinations for staff—in compliance with presidential orders for healthcare facilities—and for patients. The mandate has resulted in 100 percent of patients and 100 percent of staff working on site complying with the mandate. We were sad to lose a small number of staff who were unwilling to be vaccinated and were not eligible for an exemption.
As has been widely reported by federal and state health officials, the Omicron variant is highly transmissible both among unvaccinated and vaccinated populations, though the overall effect on most of the latter group appears to be less severe.
Omicron's impact at Riggs became evident in our first regular screening of 2022, after the holidays, on January 3. Results from that round of PCR testing identified two individual tests as positive in symptomatic individuals and three pooled testing groups had either a positive or inconclusive result among them. (We treat inconclusive as a potential positive.)
Upon receiving the results, we immediately followed our established protocols, isolating the individuals and group members; notifying patients and staff; and carrying out 114 individual PCR tests. These tests yielded two positives (one staff member and one student in our nursery school) and one inconclusive for a staff member who later tested positive on a retest and reported mild symptoms. All individuals with positive test results will remain isolated from campus until they are medically cleared to return. No patients tested positive.
In light of the increased threat that Omicron presents, we have bolstered several of our precautionary measures, including switching from weekly group COVID PCR testing to weekly individual PCR testing; requiring patients at the Inn to wear masks in common areas; revising our visitor policy to enable only vaccinated visitors to have access to Riggs buildings for more than five minutes; requiring visitors to wear masks in common areas; and no longer allowing visitors to have meals in our Inn residence common spaces. Additionally, we are consistently reviewing guidance from federal and state agencies and are in contact with local health officials to ensure we are following the most up-to-date guidance from them.
During last winter's surge in cases, I referenced Shakespeare by describing that surge as "the winter of our discontent." Sadly, we appear to be in a second "winter of our discontent." As I'm certain you're experiencing, the fatigue and stress resulting from this pandemic are appreciable and there are times when I wonder if it will ever end. In these difficult circumstances, I remain thankful for the incredible efforts of our patients, staff, and members of the Riggs community such as yourself to keep us as safe as possible as we carry out our mission under unusual circumstances.
Eric M. Plakun, MD
Medical Director/CEO
Family members: Your social worker is your primary contact person. If that person is not available, please call the social work administrative assistant, Jessi Meagher, at 413.931.5202.
Referring clinicians: Please call 1.800.517.4447.
Media inquiries: Please call our Communications Office at 413.931.5245.
Archived Updates
2021.04.27 COVID-19 Update
COVID-19 Update from the Medical Director/CEO of Austen Riggs - June 2020
COVID-19 Update from the Medical Director/CEO of Austen Riggs - April 2020
Pandemics 101: A Presentation by Dr. Nils Daulaire
Austen Riggs Center Emails and Text Messages (SMS) Subscription Service for COVID-19 Updates
The Austen Riggs Center (Riggs) is offering this email and text subscription service solely for the purpose of sharing Riggs COVID-19 related alerts. Please enter the information below and select your communications preferences. Learn more about this service here: www.austenriggs.org/COVID19-updates.
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You are here: Home / Sports / Championship games set in 1A, 2A and 3A at boys' tourney
Championship games set in 1A, 2A and 3A at boys' tourney
March 8, 2013 By Todd Kimm
Eighth ranked Sheldon held off a fourth quarter rally by Carroll Kuemper to post a 49-42 victory an earn a spot in the class 2A championship game. "They just showed a lot of heart, a lot of character, played through some tough times…had a couple kids foul out, one real good kid got hurt," Sheldon coach Claude Struve says.
The injury occurred to Sheldon standout Dallas Ennema who rolled an ankle early in the third quarter. Ennema had 16 points at the time of the injury. He returned to the game after a few minutes and he finished with a game high 21 points.
Kuemper could not find the range for most of the game. The Knights made only 12 of 41 shots in the game. Kuemper coach Tyler Edwards says the scratched and clawed as they were not hitting shots. "Our kids have a lot of heart, a lot of character, I couldn't be prouder than I am of these young men in the lockerroom right now," Edwards says.
Top ranked West Fork used an 18-2 run in the opening half to take control in a 51-38 victory over MFL-MarMac to earn a spot in the class 2A championship contest. Six-eight senior Payton Plagge scored 17 points and hauled down 14 rebounds as the Watrhawks improve to 26-0.
Second ranked Boyden-Hull outscored seventh ranked North Tama 45-21 in the second half and raced away to a 77-52 victory in a class 1A semifinal round game. The Comets had balanced scoring with four players in double figures.
Luke Lenhart scored 31 points and was nearly perfect at the free throw line down the stretch as third ranked Storm Lake St. Mary's beat top ranked Danville 61-55 to earn a spot in the class 1A championship game. Lenhart made 11 of 12 free throws in the fourth quarter and as a team the Panthers made 16 of 20 in the final frame.
Two years ago the Panthers beat Danville in the championship game and Lenhart says that helped them, today. "We are always confident, but we knew we could play with them. I don't know if a lot of people thought we could be 'em…we believe in ourselves and that's all that matters to us," Lenhart says.
In the 3A semifinals, Harlan beat MOC-Floyd Valley 45-42. Third rated Waverly-Shellrock downed fifth rated Davenport Assumption 36-32.
Filed Under: Sports Tagged With: Basketball
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I recently traveled to Portland, Oregon for the second time, and though I re-visited a few coffee shops and restaurants, I discovered so many more amazing things to do! It rained almost the entire time I was there (which was totally cool with me, because Shahzeb and I wanted a little R&R anyway), but I still managed to get out and explore some great places between the raindrops!
If you're visiting Portland for the first time, there are a few must-do's to get the ultimate Portland experience and I've got you covered with everything you need to know on where to Stay, Eat & Play!
I flew with Southwest Airlines from Oakland International Airport (OAK) to Portland International Airport (PDX). It was a nonstop 1 hour and 40 minute flight, making it a quick trip for anyone living on the West Coast! From the airport, you can either rent a car or take a Uber/Lyft to your hotel. Our hotel was about ~20 minute drive from the airport.
On my first trip to Portland, I spent most of my weekend in the city and found it extremely easy to use Uber/Lyft all weekend. This trip, Shahzeb and I opted for a rental car, since we knew we wanted to also spend some time exploring the surrounding areas.
Looking for a place to stay in Portland? The first time I visited, I found a dreamy loft in the Pearl District on Airbnb. Most recently, the hubs and I opted to stay at The Nines, a contemporary and stylish hotel in downtown Portland. Part of Starwood's Luxury Collection, The Nines is just a quick walk from Pioneer Square. We used our SPG Suite Nights and were upgraded to a beautiful suite with our own living room. It was perfect for a weekend getaway!
Want more food inspo? Check out my viral Food Guide to Portland here!
Choosing a place to eat in Portland can perplex even the most decisive of people! There are so many delicious restaurants, cafes and eateries to choose from! Here's a short list of some of the best food spots in the city!
Need a 3 day Portland itinerary? Check out my 36 Hour Travel Guide to Portland, Oregon!
Airplane Home: I was so excited to finally make it to the Airplane Home and fly my drone to get some epic footage from above. If you have time, you must visit this magnificent spot just outside of Portland. This plane wasn't just abandoned in the middle of 10 acres of forest -- a man from Oregon turned a retired Boeing 727 into a home! If you're planning to visit, get more info here first.
Multnomah Falls: Ironically, I missed this epic waterfall during both my trips to Portland, this time due to the recent fires. Located just a 30- minute drive outside of Portland, Multnomah Falls is an incredible 611-foot-tall roaring, waterfall that you can experience up close! Be sure to check for updates about reopening before you go. Since it was closed when we arrived, we rerouted to Rowena Crest (see below) just a little further down.
Rowena Crest Viewpoint: An iconic lookout point with a horseshoe curve along the road below. This unique shape is one of the most photographed roads in Oregon and you can see why!
St. Johns Bridge: One of the most beautiful steel suspension bridges in Portland spans the Willamette River and stands over 400 feet tall.
Cathedral Park: A neighborhood in Portland, Cathedral Park is situated on a peninsula and lies on the east shore of the Willamette River. It is the perfect place to take in the fall foliage in the city and it also happens to be a great spot to view the historic St. Johns Bridge.
Lan Su Chinese Garden: The tranquil Lan Su Chinese Gardens were built using traditional materials from China. It's a lovely place to unwind and engage all your senses. Take a self-guided tour of the gardens, then sit down and enjoy a traditional Chinese tea experience at the Teahouse.
Powell's City of Books at Burnside: The world's largest new and used bookstore is right here in Portland! Spend minutes or hours browsing their extensive collection, rediscover the lost art of turning pages in an old book and maybe buy a new book for the flight home!
Pittock Mansion: A beautiful château with breathtaking views of the city and Mt. Hood. For $10, you can purchase a ticket to tour the inside of the mansion, but exploring the surrounding area is free!
Mt. Hood: Just 90 minutes from Portland, the tallest peak in Oregon offers scenic recreation for everyone year round (camping, hiking, fishing, skiing, etc.).
Forest Park: Just west of Downtown Portland, you can find serenity between the tall trees of Forest Park. Go for a stroll or take a morning jog with the locals!
SE Hawthorne Blvd: Quirky independent little vintage shops and hipster-filled cafes line the street of SE Hawthorne Blvd! The street is completely walkable, with blocks of boutiques and restaurants to choose from.
Portland Saturday Market: An outdoor market (also open on Sundays) with a variety of unique stalls selling handcrafted trinkets, food, flowers and so much more!


Abarth 1840 engines - 8v and 16v.
Re: Abarth 1840 engines - 8v and 16v.
They may have used the bolts from the Gamma rods but the rods I refer to (certainly on the 131 16v) were machined with bigger holes to accept bigger bolts.
GC, do You any photo of Abarth rod, besides a photo from this thread ?
I have not seen before a polished crankcase, in my case I want to dress it to remove a high spots and make it all more smooth and I think it's sufficient.
BTW. I noticed that You used a new cam buckets, do You often use a new set ? I have plenty of good used (checked by Your advices from 2010 book) and I wanted to use them.
I use new Fiat buckets if only I have no good used ones, they rarely wear except where the valve tip sits, they can wear badly there, but not on outer diameter... good system really..
GC, could You post here a photo of Abarth rod ?
By the way, do You have a photo of 037 rod ? I heard that 037 rods were slightly different than 124 and 131 Abarth, this is true ?
This is a little off the thread, but the Lancia Delta S4 had a unique displacement engine block specifically designed for the the Lancia Delta S4. The displacement was 1759.3 cc's. The block was unique to the Delta S4. The engine combined supercharging and turbocharging developed somewhere between 480 and 560 hp in race trim. Word is that Abarth engineers cranked up the boost to 5 bars and recorded around 1,000 Hp on a dyno.
More Delta S4 info. Abarth 16 valve head.
GC, do You have some experience with S4 engines ?
sorry for not answering this one Piotr..
No and I do not wish to have any with that ghastly hybrid engine /car.
GC, what's up with the promised photos ?


Manufacturers are currently facing tough Brexit decisions. Some of our customers are now moving functions from the UK to offices elsewhere in the EU to ensure continued market access should there be a no-deal Brexit on 29 March.
"If there is a hard Brexit there will be large consequences for trade between the UK and the EU, and therefore for our customers. Some of them are approaching us to ensure that certifications are moved to ensure market access to the EU in the case of a hard Brexit," says Vice President, Energy & Environment, Jon Ivar Tidemann, at Nemko Group.
Large manufacturers are now preparing for the alternatives by determining if they can be affected by the likely outcomes. Many of those that have a UK importer or a UK Authorized Representative have moved that function into offices elsewhere in the EU.
"Some of our customers are investigating and, if possible, changing their Notified Body (NB) documentation to Notified Bodies independent of the possible deletion of UK NB on 29 March," says Tidemann.
As the Brexit drama continues, UK Prime Minister Theresa May seems intent on offering only two options for Parliament: the transitional agreement that would last until January 2021, and a no-deal Brexit which would lead to UK trading under World Trade Organization rules after 29 March. EU laws and regulation would no longer apply in the UK.
In a hard Brexit scenario, UK importers of products from third countries would no longer be EU importer or able to act as an Authorized Representative for the EU. UK manufacturers selling into the EU or the EEA would need an importer in the receiving country, with contact details labelled on the product. There could be additional import taxes, but that is not yet clear. There is also uncertainty regarding import from countries that currently sell products in the EU based upon agreements with the EU.
On the other hand, if the transitional agreement is ratified by Parliament, manufacturers would face "status quo , at least until 2021.
The BBC recently revealed that a new logo has been drawn up by the UK government, replacing the EU's CE mark showing a product meets European safety and functional requirements. The new UK alternative would be UKCA, UK Conformity Assessed. In the case the UKCA mark is needed, companies would have to change packaging, marking and advertising.
Nemko offers advisory services to customers needing guidance in determining how to comply with European rules in any eventuality.


Making Splice Repairs are not as hard as you would think. I have seen people replace some very nice stock just because it was missing a chip of wood.
This post will walk you through a repair .
As always, we need a Victim. For this post I will use a M1 Carbine.
This type of damage is very common on Carbine stocks. Most of the time it is caused by the improper fitting of the recoil plate.
First you will need to mill out the damaged area. This can be done with a Dremel tool and a highspeed cutting bit or wood files. You will need to square up the damaged area so that a new piece of wood can be fitted.
Then cut a pice of wood to fit the area. Try to match the wood as close as possible, this will help to blend the repair. Try and cut your replacement piece so that it fits sung and test fit it.
I like to use Brownell's Acraglass for my repairs, but a clear epoxy like Devcon 2 Ton Epoxy with the 30 min. set time can be used. Do not use super glue, wood glues or any of the 5 min. epoxys, they will not hold up in the long run.
Once you have applied the resin, clamp the piece in place.
Once the resin has cured, trim the pice of wood down close to where you need it with a dremel tool or file.
Then dress it up using a sanding block and sand paper.
The hardest part of a repair can be blending in the finish. Most offten I use alcohol base stains or dye to blend the finish.
This seems to be a trouble area for many rifles. Bolt action Mausers ,especially and many others. What a great result.
That turned out great. It can be very hard to get a splice to blend.
Very nice, thanks. I've been holding off on doing this because I just didn't have such a guide.


Government-led stimulus in China helped to shore up economic growth in the final months of Q1 in East and South Asia (ESA). However, overall growth for the quarter, was hit by strong headwinds at the outset of the year and mounting troubles in some countries. The region's annual expansion was 6.1% in the three months up to March (Q4: +6.1% year-on-year), according to a more complete set of data. Most of the economies in the region experienced a deterioration in Q1, including China, Hong Kong, Korea, and Taiwan. Weak global demand continued to drag on economic activity in Korea and Taiwan, while lower tourist arrivals are severely hurting activity in Hong Kong. India is the main bright spot in the region due to strong public investment and robust urban consumption. That said, analysts remain skeptical about the accuracy of the new GDP series.
Dynamics in China are key to shift growth into higher gear in East and South Asia and economic data for March corroborated that government-led stimulus took off at the end of Q1, helping lift economic sentiment in the region. However, Chinese authorities have started to unwind policy stimulus in recent weeks as they are increasingly concerned about the negative implications of government-fueled stimulus. This was reflected in China's economic indicators for April and has the potential to cloud the outlook for the region. Although the rippling effect of Q1's economic stimulus will inevitably fade away in the coming months, signals from China's leaders that they will not allow the economy to slow down sharply has the potential to shore up economic sentiment in the region.
Global demand remains tepid in 2016 as most of the world's key players and many emerging-market economies are performing below their potential. This situation is having a negative impact in the region's export-driven nations. Moreover, mounting domestic challenges in some countries in the region are also putting a dent in ESA's overall economic growth. As a result, overall activity in ESA is expected to moderate in the coming quarters. FocusEconomics Consensus Forecast panelists see the ESA economy expanding 6.0% in Q2.
While policy support in China is positive news for the region, at least in the short term, challenging domestic conditions in some countries are weighing on East and South Asia's growth prospects. In particular, Hong Kong's economy is suffering from a correction in the housing market and weaker inbound tourism, while policy uncertainty is adding to an already battered economic situation in Taiwan. Moreover, data for April suggesting that Chinese authorities may have become more cautions on economic stimulus have the potential to dampen economic activity in the region. Against this backdrop, FocusEconomics panelists cut the region's growth projections for 2016 by 0.1 percentage points to 6.0%. For 2017, our panel of analysts foresees the ESA economy slowing to a 5.9% increase.
This month's downward revision to the regional economic outlook for 2016 reflects worse prospects for Hong Kong, Mongolia and Taiwan. Growth estimates were unchanged in Bangladesh, China, India, Korea, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
India is expected to be the region's fastest-growing economy in 2016 with a 7.5% expansion, followed by Bangladesh, with an expected 6.6% increase. At the other end of the spectrum, Hong Kong, Mongolia and Taiwan are projected to be the slowest-growing economies, with growth rates below 2.0%. China's economy is seen expanding 6.5% in 2016, which is in line with the lower band of this year's economic target of 6.5%–7.0%.
While strong policy support fueled economic growth at the end of Q1, data for April suggest that policymakers took their foot off the gas pedal amid concerns that government-led credit growth could exacerbate domestic imbalances and derail much-needed economic reforms. So far this year, Chinese authorities' moves are in line with their objective to gradually implement economic reforms and tolerate slower growth, but also to step in if growth should fall below the threshold level established in March. While weaker economic indicators were seen across the board, the rebound in the property market remained intact in April, which is expected to buttress growth in the short term.
Policy action alleviated concerns about a sharp slowdown in the foreseeable future. Moreover, growth should remain relatively strong in the coming months on the back of still-accommodative monetary policy and rippling effects from Q1's government support. Weak global demand and high private debt levels are the main risks to growth. FocusEconomics Consensus Forecast panelists forecast that the economy will grow 6.5% this year, which is unchanged from last month's projection. Next year, the panel sees GDP growth slowing to 6.3%.
India's economy gained momentum in FY 2015 and is expected to have grown at the fastest pace in five years. Robust urban consumption and public investment have supported growth despite an unfavorable external environment. Recent data point to a soft start to FY 2016: both the manufacturing and services PMIs moderated in April. Meanwhile, the government received a small boost in state elections whose results were released on 19 May. The ruling BJP-led alliance won in Assam and improved its performance in West Bengal, suggesting that the government's popularity is intact. However, the results will not have a meaningful impact on the upper house, where the BJP and its allies do not hold a majority, meaning that the government will need to work with other parties to pass critical reforms including the Goods and Services Tax bill.
Healthy domestic dynamics should drive another year of strong growth in FY 2016. However, a weak monsoon and slow reform implementation remain key downside risks to the forecast. FocusEconomics panelists expect GDP to increase 7.5% in FY 2016, which is unchanged from last month's forecast. For FY 2017, the panel sees growth remaining stable at 7.5%.
Preliminary figures released by the Central Bank showed that the Korean economy slowed in the first quarter of the year. According to the Bank, the economy grew 2.7% annually in Q1, down from the 3.1% expansion tallied in Q4. Growth was constrained by a poor performance of the external sector and a sharp deceleration in domestic demand. More recent data paint a mixed picture of the economy: business confidence reached an eleven-month high in May while exports contracted at a double-digit rate in April. Meanwhile, Korean industries are bracing for some rough times as global trade slows and China's industrial sophistication improves. The government plans to restructure the shipping and shipbuilding industries to reduce high levels of corporate debt and support businesses amid a demand slump. The policies, which will likely tighten corporate credit standards, are expected to result in massive layoffs.
Domestic demand will support growth in 2016 but the economy will be constrained by sluggish exports, uncertain political developments in the Korean peninsula and the negative spillover stemming from China's economic slowdown. Panelists participating in the FocusEconomics Consensus Forecast estimate that GDP will grow 2.6% in 2016, which is unchanged from last month's forecast. In 2017, panelists forecast GDP growth to accelerate marginally to 2.8%.
Rising food prices are slightly fanning inflationary pressures in East and South Asia. Inflation in the region inched up from March's 2.6% to 2.7% in April. Along with food prices, domestic factors and, particularly, the recovery in global oil prices are also contributing to the recent uptick in regional inflation. While there are some upside risks such as a poor monsoon in India and higher rentals in China, overall, inflationary pressures should remain largely contained going forward due to sizeable output gaps in the region, weak global demand and relatively low commodity prices.
As upside risks to ESA's inflation outlook are gradually materializing, analysts increased their 2016 inflation estimate for the region from last month's 2.3% to 2.4%. Looking at the countries in the region on an individual basis, analysts revised the forecast for four of the nine economies surveyed upward, including the region's big player China. Our panel of experts expects inflation to rise to 2.5% in 2017.


Hi, I'm Jenni. I'm a User Experience Designer located in Washington, D.C.
Pardon the mess, I'm in the midst of redesigning my portfolio. In the meantime, feel free to contact me!
Copyright © 2019 Jenni Lopez. All Rights Reserved.


When was the last time you cleaned you gutters? Do they resemble the edges of a jungle growing from the edges of yoYour roof is a large area and the gutters have the huge job of handling all the water and debris this space collects. When they overflow it is possible that they are either blocked or are full of debris and either way it's a problem. A gutter that is full of debris that becomes drenched in a downpour will become extremely heavy and could cause structural damage or the gutters could collapse.
Over time, this overflowing water can cause algae to grow on your external walls or, if there is excessive quantities it can lead to mould developing on internal walls due to damp conditions in or around your fascia & soffit. So the simple answer to this is to clean them out regularly and comprehensively right? It's both dangerous and laborious to do this yourself from the top of a ladder and could lead to damage to your property and serious injury if the ladder falls.
Dyno-Rod observed these difficulties some time ago and invested in an efficient, safe and economical system to clean your gutters from ground level with no ladders or elevated work platforms. While this system had no issue cleaning out the main trough of the guttering, we found that this still left the outside and visible sections of the gutters dirty and covered in green algae. So, in order to offer a complete package, We also clean the external gutters along with the fascia and soffit using a low pressure pure water system. With a mild detergent, this option ensures a clean finish to these external sections of your property while avoiding any of the issues and damage that high pressure washing systems can cause.