text:
\section{Introduction}

Knowing the Milky Way's chemical composition and its chemical abundance can lead us to understand how the Milky Way has formed and evolved. With time, the amount of heavy elements in a galaxy increases as new stars are born and die. Studies of elemental composition of stars will give information about the environment in which they were born. This, in turn, helps us to construct the evolution history of our Galaxy. For this reason, it is important to derive accurate abundances of stars.\\
\indent Elemental abundances can be derived by comparing an observed stellar spectrum with a synthetic spectrum. This approach requires atomic data, meaning oscillator strengths (\textit{f}-values) and wavelengths. The measured equivalent width of a line is directly proportional to the abundance of the element and the \textit{f}-value. The lack of atomic data makes it difficult to compare the observed and synthetic stellar spectra. Thus, an accurate and complete set of oscillator strengths and wavelengths are crucial for abundance analysis.\\
\indent
In the periodic table, scandium is between the $\alpha$-elements, e.g. O, Mg, Si, S, Ca, and the iron peak elements, such as V, Cr, Mn, Fe. The formation scenarios of $\alpha$-elements and iron peak elements have been studied in detail. Stars that end their lives in supernova type II explosions are responsible for producing $\alpha$-elements, whereas stars that die in supernova type Ia contribute to the formation of iron peak elements and yet there is no clear picture of how scandium is formed \citep{Nissen,Francois,Zhang,Chiara}. \\
\indent
Studies of F and G stars may provide insight into the creation of scandium. However, the abundance varies in these stars.  There seems to be a disagreement in the scandium abundance pattern. In some studies, scandium is overabundant relative to iron \citep{Zhao, Nissen}, whereas the others found no deviations \citep{Gratton, Prochaska}. Furthermore, scandium is an important element for understanding Am and Fm stars, which are overabundant in iron peak elements but underabundant in Sc and Ca \citep{Leblanc,Alecian}. In addition to these, some studies cannot be completed owing to the quality of oscillator strengths in the infrared region \citep{Schmidt}. Improved atomic data with small uncertainties in oscillator strengths can help in solving these problems.\\
\indent
The scandium abundance in the Sun was determined by \citet{Grevesse} to be $3.18\pm 0.10$ dex, and by \citet{Zhang} $3.13\pm0.05$ dex and by \citet{Asplund} to be $3.15\pm0.04$ dex. These values are consistent within the error bars. A high quality laboratory measurement of oscillator strengths with small uncertainties is a requirement for determining the accurate abundance of scandium in the solar photosphere.\\
\indent
In astrophysical applications, log$(gf)$ values are usually used, where $g$ is the statistical weight of the lower level and $f$ is the oscillator strength (\textit{f}-value). \citet{Parkinson} derived the experimental log$(gf)$ values for \ion{Sc}{I} lines involving the ground state in the optical region.  \citet{Lawler} measured experimental log$(gf)$ values for lines in the optical region involving the ground state or to the $4$s $^4$F term. For other transitions, generally semi-empirical values of \citet{Kurucz} are the favoured ones. In addition, \cite{Ozturk} calculated the oscillator strengths of neutral scandium with the Cowan code and the quantum defect orbital code (CDOT) methods but did not include any near-infrared transitions. To our knowledge, there are no experimental oscillator strengths of \ion{Sc}{I} lines in the infrared region.\\
\indent
In recent years, infrared spectroscopy has become important for observing astronomical objects. Both new generation of ground-based telescopes and space telescopes, which work in the  infrared region, demand complete and accurate atomic data. Atomic data of scandium are scarce in the infrared region and missing data constrain analysis of a stellar spectrum recorded with new-generation advanced instruments and, as a result, limit the construction of a galactic evolution model. \\
\indent
In this work, we measured accurate wavelengths and oscillator strengths of \ion{Sc}{I} lines from high-resolution laboratory measurements in the infrared region from the upper odd parity $4$p $^4$F$^o$, $^4$D$^o$, $^2$D$^o$, $^2$P$^o$, $^4$G$^o$, $^2$G$^o$ and even parity $4$s $^2$P, $^2$S terms.
Section 2 describes the branching fraction measurements. In addition, this section includes the experimental setup we used during our measurements, calibration of wavenumbers, and the uncertainty calculations. In section 3 we present our results with their uncertainties and a comparison of our results with previous studies.\\

\section{Materials and methods}

\subsection{Branching fraction measurements}

The oscillator strength, \textit{f-value}, is related to the transition probability for electric dipole transitions by
\begin{equation}\label{eq:eq1}
f=\frac{g_u}{g_l} \lambda^2 A_{ul} 1.499 \hspace{0.5mm} \cdot \hspace{0.5mm} 10^{-16},
\end{equation}
where $g_u$ is the statistical weight of the upper level, $g_l$ the statistical weight of the lower level, $\lambda$ the wavelength of the transition in \AA, and $A_{ul}$ the transition probability in s$^{-1}$ between the upper level $u$  and the lower level $l$. \\
\indent The branching fraction (\textit{BF}) for a given transition from the upper level $u$ to the lower level $l$ is defined as the ratio of the transition probability, $A_{ul}$, of the transition to the sum of all transitions from the same upper level to all lower states $i$. The transition probability is proportional to the transition line intensity; therefore,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:eq2}
BF_{ul}= \frac{A_{ul}}{\sum_{\rm i} A_{ui}}= \frac{I_{ul}}{\sum_{\rm i} I_{ui}}.
\end{equation}
\indent Lifetime measurements are complementary to \textit{BF} derivations. The radiative lifetime of the upper level, $\tau_u$,  is the inverse sum of all transition probabilities from the same upper level $\tau_u= 1/\sum_{\rm i} A_{ui}.$
The transition probability of a line can be derived by combining experimental \textit{BF}s and radiative lifetimes;
\begin{equation}\label{eq:eq4}
A_{ul}= \frac{BF_{ul}}{\tau_u}.
\end{equation}
We derived transition probabilities, $A_{ul}$, with the help of (Eq. 3) and converted these values to \textit{f}-values using (Eq. 1) .\\
\indent To derive accurate \textit{BF}s, all transitions from the same upper level should be included. In this work, some upper energy levels had transitions in two different spectral regions recorded with different detectors. In such cases, because \textit{BF}s require only the relative intensities, the spectra have to be put on a same relative intensity scale by using a normalisation factor. This normalisation factor was determined from the \ion{Sc}{I} lines, which were visible in both spectra. \\
\indent Fig. 1 shows the partial energy level diagram of \ion{Sc}{I} levels. In this figure we have marked the transitions that appeared in our spectra. Transition lines from the same upper level were predicted from the \citet{Kurucz} database and from \citet{Benahmed}. These lines were identified in our spectra by using FTS analysis software GFit \citep{Engstrom,Engstrom2}.

        \begin{figure*}
   \centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{energy3.eps}
  \caption{Partial energy level diagram of \ion{Sc}{I} levels showing the observed transitions in the measurements.}
              \label{FigGam}
    \end{figure*}

Sc I has only one stable isotope, \element[ ][45]{Sc}, with a nuclear spin I$=7/2$, so \ion{Sc}{I} lines show hyperfine splitting (hfs). Interaction between the nuclear spin and the total angular momentum splits energy levels into the hyperfine structure. This splitting appears as a resolved line splitting or a line broadening in a spectrum. Unsuccessful treatment of hfs leads to incorrect abundances, as much as several tenths of a dex \citep{Nielsen}. For lines with negligible hfs, one can fit a Voigt profile to the line and measure the central wavenumber and intensity. However, this is not the case for hfs. Having hfs gives rise to a difficulty in fitting a line profile since every fine-structure transition appears as a broadened or multi-component feature. For this reason, we defined the position of lines by the centre of gravity and instead of fitting a Voigt profile, we measured the integrated intensity under each measured line with the help of GFit. We applied this method for the cases in which we have a single line profile i.e. to test the accuracy. In all of these cases, fitting a line profile and taking an integrated intensity gave the same result.  \\

\subsection{Experimental setup}

A water-cooled hollow cathode discharge lamp (HCL) was used as a source to produce scandium atoms. The HCL consists of a glass tube, anodes on each side, and an iron cathode in the middle. A small solid sample of scandium was placed in the iron cathode. The diameter of the inner cathode was 7 mm and the distance between anode and cathode was 20 mm. The light source was run with a pressure of 1.0 Torr (1.3 mbar), with different applied currents, ranges from 0.10 A to 0.60 A, and with argon or neon as a carrier gas. The best condition, i.e. the strongest lines, for the measurements was achieved with argon gas and with applied current of 0.60 A. The argon lines were used as reference lines for wavenumber calibration as described in section 2.3.\\
\begin{figure}
        \centering
                \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{figure1.png}
                \caption{Instrument response function with InSb (solid line) and Si (dashed line) detectors, respectively. Each curve is normalised to its highest point. }
                \label{fig:figa}
                  \end{figure}
\indent
The \ion{Sc}{I} spectra were recorded using the high resolution Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS), Bruker IFS 125 HR, at the Lund Observatory (Edl{\'e}n Laboratory). This instrument has the wavenumber range of $50000-2000$ cm$^{-1}$ ($200-5000$ nm) and the maximum resolving power of $10^6$ at $2000$ cm$^{-1}$. The resolution of the FTS was set to $0.02$ cm$^{-1}$ during measurements. We recorded the spectra with the indium antimonide (InSb) and silicon (Si) detectors, which are sensitive to different spectral regions.\\
\indent The optical elements in FTS contribute to the response function of the instrument. Observed line intensities differ from the intrinsic line intensities, due to the wavelength dependent transmission of the spectrometer and optical elements. It was therefore required to find the response functions of two different detectors. After determining the response function, one can acquire the intrinsic line intensities by dividing the observed line intensities with the response function. A common way to determine the response function is to use an intensity calibrated reference. We used a tungsten filament lamp to calibrate the intensities of \ion{Sc}{I} lines. This lamp in turn has been calibrated by the Swedish National Laboratory (SP) for spectral radiance in the range $40000-4000$ cm$^{-1}$ ($250-2500$ nm). If the radiance of the reference is known, one can determine the response function. Fig. 2 shows the response function of the instrument with Si and with InSb detectors. \\
\indent
We recorded the spectrum of the tungsten lamp immediately before and after every scandium recording to verify the response of the instrument did not change during the measurements. For this reason the HCL and tungsten lamp were placed at the same distance from the FTS and a rotating mirror was used in order to change the light source (HCL or the Tungsten lamp) without moving the lamps. There were no changes in the spectra of the tungsten lamp taken before and after the HCL measurements, therefore one response function for each detector was used for calibration. Using intensity calibrated spectra, relative line intensities at the different regions were connected with a normalisation factor. This was done by using the \ion{Sc}{I} lines in the overlapping region of the two detectors, see Fig. 2.\\
\indent
The spectra of \ion{Sc}{I} lines were recorded with different currents. Higher current values help weaker lines to be visible, but introduce self-absorption. Self-absorption has a negative effect on line intensities e.g. it changes the observed line profile and gives an incorrect intensity. This in turn affects the \textit{BF} measurements, see Eq. \eqref{eq:eq2}.  The effect of self-absorption depends on the number density of atoms in the plasma and intensity of the line. The number density of the plasma increases by increasing the current applied to the HCL. The higher concentration of scandium ions in the plasma results in more lines affected by self-absorption. We performed a set of measurements with varying currents to determine if \ion{Sc}{I} line intensities were affected by self-absorption at higher currents. Then we plotted normalised integrated intensity ratios of lines from the same upper level versus applied current. Integrated intensity ratios between lines from the same upper level must be same for different applied currents if there is no self-absorption. In our measurements some lines showed effects of self-absorption. In these cases, we extrapolated integrated intensity ratios to zero current, where self-absorption is assumed to be zero, and used these values to obtain correct relative intensities. \citet{Sikstrom} tested this method by comparing the self absorbed Fe I lines intensity ratios at zero current with the ratios derived by \citet{Blackwell}  using absorption measurement. They found that the extrapolated intensity ratios agree with the \citet{Blackwell} intensity ratios. The correction of self-absorption introduce uncertainties in the \textit{BF} determination.\\

\subsection{Wavenumber calibration}

The HeNe laser in the FTS determines the displacement of the FTS moving mirror and gives a multiplicative wavenumber scale to the spectrum. However, a non-parallel alignment with the incoming light beam adds a shift to the measured wavenumber. In addition to this difference, having a finite size aperture may lead to wavenumber shifts \citep{Learner}. The shift introduced by these effects is multiplicative. With a correction factor this shift can be calibrated;
\begin{equation}\label{eq:eq5}
\sigma_{true} = \sigma_{apparent}(1+k_{eff}).
\end{equation}
In Eq. \eqref{eq:eq5},  $\sigma_{true}$ denotes the corrected wavenumber, $\sigma_{apparent}$ is the measured wavenumber, and $k_{eff}$ is the correction factor. We used the wavenumbers of \ion{Ar}{i} lines from \citet{Whaling}, including the multiplicative correction by \citet{Sansonetti}, as a wavenumber standard for the wavenumber calibration of \ion{Sc}{I} lines. \\
\indent In principle, using only one calibration line is enough to fix the multiplicative constant, but several calibration lines can be employed for the purpose of increasing the wavenumber accuracy. We calculated a correction factor for each \ion{Ar}{i} line and used the weighted mean of these factors. \\
\indent We combined the errors in the determination of the multiplicative factor and the errors from centroiding the position of each line to estimate an absolute uncertainty of the observed wavenumbers of $u(\sigma)$=$\pm0.001$ cm$^{-1}$.

\subsection{Uncertainties}

The contribution to the \textit{f-value} uncertainties comes from the uncertainty of the radiative lifetime and the uncertainty of the branching fractions. The branching fraction uncertainties contain the uncertainty of the intensity calibration lamp and the uncertainty that arises from using two different detectors, i.e. uncertainty of the normalisation factor and the contribution from the self-absorption correction. \\
\indent The uncertainty of the line intensity (or the integrated intensity) and the uncertainty of the radiative lifetime are uncorrelated. Although \textit{BF}s are dependent on each other, we treated them as independent in the uncertainty calculations. By including all the uncertainties from different effects described above, one can determine the total uncertainty of the \textit{BF}s as specified in \citet{Sikstrom},
\begin{align}
\Bigg(\frac{u(BF)}{BF} \Bigg)^2 &= (1-(BF)_k)^2 \hspace{0.6mm}\Bigg(\frac{u(I_k)}{I_k} \Bigg)^2  \nonumber \\
&+ \sum\limits_{j \neq k(inP)} (BF)_j^2 \hspace{0.8mm} \Bigg( \bigg( \frac {u(I_j)}{I_j} \bigg )^2 + \bigg( \frac{u(c_j)}{c_j} \bigg)^2 \Bigg) \nonumber \\
&+ \sum\limits_{j \neq k(inQ)} (BF)_j^2 \hspace{0.8mm} \Bigg( \bigg( \frac {u(I_j)}{I_j} \bigg )^2 + \bigg( \frac{u(c_j)}{c_j} \bigg)^2 +\bigg(\frac{u(nf)}{nf} \bigg)^2 \Bigg).
\end{align}
In the first term on the right-hand side of Eq. 7,  $BF_k$ denotes the branching fraction of the line in question in the spectral region of the detector $P$ and $u(I_k)$ denotes the uncertainty in the measured intensity of the line k. The second term includes the \textit{BF}s and measured intensity uncertainties of the other lines from the same upper level in the spectral region of detector $P$ and the uncertainty of the calibration lamp $u(c_j)$. The last term contains the \textit{BF}s and measured intensity uncertainties of the lines in the spectral region of detector $Q$, the uncertainty of the calibration lamp, and the uncertainty of the normalisation factor, $u(nf)$, between the spectral regions. The uncertainty of the calibration lamp, $u(c_j)$, is $7\%$ and the uncertainty of the normalisation factor is $u(nf)= 5\%$. We used the uncertainties of the integrated intensity, $u(I)$, from GFit and the relative uncertainty varies between $0.002\%$ for the strong lines and $10\%$ for the two weak lines and self-absorbed lines. The cases in which we had self absorbed lines, we included an uncertainty from self absorption correction as well. This uncertainty varies between $1\%$ and $9\%$. From Eq. 3, the uncertainty of the \textit{f}-values or the transition probability becomes
\begin{equation}
\Bigg(\frac{u(f_k)}{f_k} \Bigg)^2=\Bigg(\frac{u(A_k)}{A_k} \Bigg)^2= \Bigg(\frac{u(BF)}{BF} \Bigg)^2 + \Bigg(\frac{u(\tau)}{\tau} \Bigg )^2,
\end{equation}
where $u(\tau)$ is the uncertainty of the radiative lifetime of the upper level. The derived uncertainties of \textit{f}-values range between 5$\%$ for the strong lines and $20\%$ for the weak lines or for the lines with high uncertainty in their radiative lifetime. \\
\indent Two different sets of radiative lifetimes were used, one set of experimental lifetimes and one set of semi-empirical lifetimes. The uncertainty of the experimental lifetimes is $5\%$ \citep{Marsden}. For semi-empirical values, we compared the semi-empirical lifetimes \citep{Kurucz} of the levels that have experimental lifetime values and examined how they differ from the experimental lifetime values. Based on this comparison we adopted $20\%$ relative uncertainty for the semi-empirical lifetimes.
\begin{figure}
        \centering
        \begin{subfigure}{0.52\textwidth}
                \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{comp1a}
                \caption{with semi-empirical radiative lifetimes}
                \label{fig:comp1a}
        \end{subfigure}
        \begin{subfigure}{0.52\textwidth}
                \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{comp1b}
                \caption{with experimental radiative lifetimes}
                \label{fig:comp1b}
        \end{subfigure}
     \caption{Comparison between log$(gf)$ values of this work and the semi-empirical \citet{Kurucz} log$(gf)_{K09}$ values. Upper panel (a) includes the lines with semi-empirical lifetimes, whereas the lower panel (b) includes lines with experimental lifetimes.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
        \centering
        \begin{subfigure}{0.52\textwidth}
                \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{comp2a}
                \caption{with \citet{Parkinson} log$(gf)$ values}
                \label{fig:comp2a}
        \end{subfigure}
        \begin{subfigure}{0.52\textwidth}
                \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{comp2b}
                \caption{with \citet{Lawler} log$(gf)$ values}
                \label{fig:comp2b}
        \end{subfigure}
     \caption{Comparison between log$(gf)$ values of this work derived from the experimental radiative lifetimes and the previous experimental log$(gf)_{PRK}$ values of \citet{Parkinson} and log$(gf)_{LW}$ values of \citet{Lawler}, in subplot (a) and (b), respectively. These studies do not include infrared transitions.}
\end{figure}

\section{Results and conclusion}

We calculated the \textit{BF}s from observed line intensities from Eq. 2. All the lines from the same upper level should be included to have accurate \textit{BF}s. For this purpose we recorded several spectra with different detectors, which are sensitive to different regions. We used the lines in the overlapping regions of two different detectors to put lines on the same relative intensity scale.  Some of the weak lines were not observed in the spectra. In these cases we used theoretical transition probabilities to estimate the residual value, i.e. the missing \textit{BF} from the unobserved lines, for these levels. The values are less than one per cent for all levels, except from the 4s $^2$S$_{1/2}$ level. Derived log$(gf)$ values for the lines together with their uncertainties and the residual values of missing lines are given in Table 1 and Table 2. \\
\indent In addition to using different detectors, the HCL was run with different discharge currents. This helped us to find out if the strong lines were affected by self-absorption. In the cases in which there were lines affected by self-absorption, we corrected the measured intensities of these lines. This in turn added an extra uncertainty to the \textit{BF} of the affected line. \\
\indent We derived transition probabilities, $A_{ul}$, by combining \textit{BF}s and radiative lifetimes. Where available the radiative lifetimes are taken from the measurements of \citet{Marsden} and the rest of the lifetimes are semi-empirical values from \citet{Kurucz}. The dominating factor in the uncertainty of oscillator strengths comes from the radiative lifetimes, resulting in higher uncertainties for the oscillator strengths derived from the semi-empirical lifetimes. They could be improved with laboratory measurements.\\
\indent We derived oscillator strengths for 63 lines from $4$p $^4$F$^o$$_{3/2,5/2,7/2,9/2}$, $^4$D$^o$$_{1/2,3/2,5/2,7/2}$, $^2$D$^o$$_{{3/2},5/2}$, $^2$P$^o$$_{3/2}$, $^4$G$^o$$_{5/2,7/2,9/2}$, $^2$G$^o$$_{9/2}$, and $4$s $^2$P$_{1/2,3/2}$, $^2$S$_{1/2}$ levels with uncertainties in the \textit{f}-values between 5$\%$ for the strong lines and $20\%$ for the weak lines or for the lines with high uncertainty in their radiative lifetime. These results together with their branching fractions, transition probabilities, and previously published log$(gf)$ values are presented in Table 1 and Table 2. The first column of the previously published log$(gf)$ values is the semi-empirical calculations of \citet{Kurucz} and the other two columns are experimental values of \citet{Parkinson} and \citet{Lawler}. These previous measurements only included lines for the optical region and to our knowledge this is the first time that the experimental log$(gf)$ values of \ion{Sc}{I} lines in the infrared region were measured. Table 1 shows our results derived from the experimental radiative lifetimes and Table 2 from the semi-empirical radiative lifetimes.\\
\indent In Figs. 3 and 4, we graphically compare our data with previously published studies. Fig. 3 shows our results compared with \citet{Kurucz} semi-empirical log$(gf)_{K09}$ values and Fig. 4 presents our results compared to experimental log$(gf)_{PRK}$ of \citet{Parkinson} and log$(gf)_{LW}$ \citet{Lawler}. The log$(gf)$ values in Fig. 3a were derived from the semi-empirical radiative lifetimes, and in Fig. 3b they were derived from the experimental values. As seen in Figs. 3a and 3b, the log$(gf)$ values measured in this work agree with the semi-empirical values for high log$(gf)$ values. For lower values the scatter is larger. This can be explained by the difficulties in calculating spin-forbidden lines theoretically, uncertainties in the semi-empirical calculations and by the fact that weaker lines have larger uncertainties than strong lines in the experiments. In Fig. ~\ref{fig:comp2b} and Fig. ~\ref{fig:comp2a}, we compared our results derived from the experimental lifetimes with the previous experimental log$(gf)_{PRK}$ values of \citet{Parkinson} and log$(gf)_{LW}$ values of \citet{Lawler} in the optical region. Comparisons with experimental values show very good agreement, especially with \citet{Lawler}. This supports that our results are accurate in the infrared region. The small uncertainties for the oscillator strengths presented in this work allow for improved stellar abundances.

\begin{acknowledgements}
We acknowledge the grant no $621-2011-4206$ from the Swedish Research Council (VR) and support from The Gyllenstierna Krapperup's Foundation. The infrared FTS at the Edl{\'e}n laboratory is made available through a grant from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. HN acknowledges the funding from the Swedish Research Council through the Linnaeus grant to the Lund Laser Centre.
\end{acknowledgements}

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Home » Bollywood News » Made Prem Ratan Dhan Payo for Salman: Sooraj Barjatya
Made Prem Ratan Dhan Payo for Salman: Sooraj Barjatya
News Agencies | Updated on: 9 November 2015, 16:12 IST
Filmmaker Sooraj Barjatya says he made his Diwali release Prem Ratan Dhan Payo only for Salman Khan, with an intention to show the 49-year-old superstar as someone, who can change people.
The Barjatya-directed film will mark Salman's collaboration with the director and his banner Rajshri Films after a gap of 16 years.
"This film is only for him (Salman). I wanted to make people idolise him. a film, where he can change people. Even though youngsters go less for my movie, but if a youngster says he wants to show it to his mother, grandmother, in-laws, that is the biggest return and victory for me," the 51-year-old helmer told reporters in Mumbai.
The film will see the comeback of Salman's much-loved character, 'Prem'.
"As a director, it's only four days left, so I am the most nervous here. Day before when the movie got over, I calculated the budget and I was shocked, that unless it becomes the biggest hit then. "It's Diwali, whether you watch the film or not, go to your villages and meet those whom you haven't met in years. That's the whole spirit.," he added.
Salman, playfully interrupted Barjatya and said:
"You should not say these things seriously because last time I said this I regretted. Jaaneman and Don were released on the same day. I went to promote Don and said 'first watch Don' so everyone saw that and no one saw Jaaneman."
"Go to your village, meet family and take them to watch the film too," the Bajrangi Bhaijaan star added.
Prem Ratan Dhan Payo, releasing on November 12, also stars Sonam Kapoor, Neil Nitin Mukesh, Swara Bhaskar, Armaan Kohli. This will be the fourth collaboration between Barjatya and Salman after their previous successful outings, Maine Pyar Kiya, Hum Aapke Hai Koun..! and Hum Saath Saath Hain.
First published: 9 November 2015, 16:12 IST
Prem Ratan Dhan Payo
I'm not worried about winning an Oscar: Samuel L Jackson
Australia's Mitchell Starc fined for throwing ball at New Zealand batsman Mark Craig
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PoliticsBarack Obama wall streetFinancial Crisis
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau: Past, Present, And Future
Gregory D. Squires, Contributor
Professor of Sociology and Public Policy and Public Administration at George Washington University
Feb 27, 2017, 01:42 PM EST | Updated Feb 27, 2017
U.S. President Barack Obama (L) looks at the new Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Richard Cordray in the State Dining Room at the White House in Washington July 17, 2013.
Larry Downing / Reuters
Co-authored by Larry Kirsch, Managing Director, IMR Health Economics
In the wake of the recent election, the mind-boggling possibility of a return to the pre-crisis world of 2008 is now a real threat. That is precisely what would happen if Congress and the incoming Administration forget why the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was enacted and what the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) has done in a few short years to restore sanity, market discipline, and fairness to consumer financial markets. In October, Trump told Fox News that "We have to get rid of Dodd-Frank." Calls to do so have gotten louder since the November election. That ill-advised measure would trigger economic risks that must be avoided.
According to the Treasury Department the recent financial crisis resulted in $20 trillion in lost household wealth and 9 million lost jobs. In addition, ten million families lost their homes to foreclosure according to the free-market oriented National Center for Policy Analysis. And it is not an overstatement to say that the world's financial system bordered on collapse.
Michael Barr, the Obama administration's architect of Dodd-Frank, which created the CFPB, recently observed "The CFPB got what it needed from Dodd-Frank and worked well with it." He was referring to the ability of Congress and the administration to work, collaboratively, to solve a problem of global importance: the collapse of the financial system and with it, the destruction of a vast proportion of people's wealth and financial security.
Despite criticism from some that Wall Street was saved while Main Street was ignored, consumers have benefited from elimination of the most abusive practices and compensation for at least some of their losses. The CFPB can be credited for many of these gains. Promulgation of rules requiring lenders to verify borrowers' ability to repay their loans, restitution of almost $12 billion to more than 27 million victimized borrowers, and other efforts to transform industry practice demonstrate that the CFPB has, indeed, "worked well." To be sure, however, not everything the CFPB tried to accomplish worked out quite as well so there is clearly room for improvement.
In case studies for our forthcoming book on the CFPB's first five years, we were able to probe some of the factors that led to success compared with others that presented a challenge. For example, the Bureau was able to enact and enforce rules, secure broad-based compliance with those rules, and transform business practices in the area of mortgage lending that it was not as able to do with indirect auto lending. Based on more than 50 interviews we conducted with current and former CFPB staffers, industry representatives, advocates, journalists, and congressional staffers, we suggest why.
In our research we found that some of the keys to successful consumer financial practice reform have included the following: 1) a motivated, capable, and pragmatic lending sector that is adaptive instead of ideologically inflexible; and 2) an information intensive and evidence based compliance system that is administered fairly, does not unduly straightjacket lenders, aims at clarifying and avoiding abusive practices, but also creates meaningful risks for non-compliers; and 3) scrupulous understanding regarding the limits of jurisdiction and reach.
By and large, mortgage lenders were motivated because it was obvious to political leaders, the general public, and to themselves, that mortgage lending practices were responsible for some of the worst aspects of the financial crisis of 2008. The industry suffered a severe loss of trust and reputation (as measured by Gallup and others) and needed to respond. There was no escaping that conclusion so instead of blaming the victims or cursing the reform initiatives altogether, the industry chose to respond by accepting responsibility, making financial amends, and working with the CFPB to reform its business practices. The industry had the capacity and sophistication to respond and sufficient technical expertise and money to accept CPFB compliance and enforcement requirements, and most did so. Adoption of ability-to-pay rules― as a substitute for illusory and abusive loan standards—called for lenders to verify borrowers' ability to repay their loans based on solid information. Implementation was not always smooth, but such rules were put into force and gradually adapted. This was perhaps the most significant transformation in industry practice following the crisis.
Auto lending presented a very different scenario. First, auto dealers had obtained a legislative exemption from CFPB jurisdiction under Dodd-Frank and when the Bureau subsequently sought to supervise what it regarded as ostensibly discriminatory loan price mark-ups, dealers argued that the CFPB lacked a proper legal basis for its scrutiny. Dealers also rejected any charge of racialized price discrimination and offered a substantial technical challenge to the CFPB's data, methodology, and analysis of disparate impact discrimination, Finally, auto dealers claimed "no harm, no foul". Unlike the mortgage sector, dealers asserted that auto lending was not directly responsible for the financial crisis and that they had not suffered reputational damage severe enough to precipitate a response. Consequently, despite a handful of publicized cases, business practices in auto lending have not been transformed as was the case in mortgage lending.
Against extraordinary odds, the CFPB mounted a coherent and productive financial consumer protection project that pulled us back from the precipice of global financial ruin But its early achievements will continue to be put to the test as the Bureau matures, the original impulse for reform drifts further away as the recent crisis becomes a more distant memory, and political challenges mount. As Elizabeth Warren told us, "For me, the watchword is vigilance. Together, we must make sure the agency can do its job."
Gregory D. Squires is a Professor of Sociology and Public Policy & Public Administration at George Washington University and Larry Kirsch is the managing partner of IMR Health Economics, Portland, OR.. They co-authored the forthcoming book Meltdown: The Financial Crisis, Consumer Protection, and the Road Forward to be published by Praeger this March.
Barack Obama wall streetFinancial Crisisdodd-frankconsumer financial protection bureau
New And Returning Shows In Winter 2023
What To Know If You're On Parental Leave And Lose Your Job


text:
Lucent on SEC: 'Nothing New'
Lucent Technologies Inc. (NYSE: LU) says there's "nothing new" in a newspaper report that the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) may be filing charges against the company for alleged improper accounting two years ago.
Indeed, it seems Lucent's been expecting these particular chickens to come home to roost. Today's story in USA Today echoes one that emerged early in 2001, after the company acknowledged accounting woes (see SEC Knocking on Lucent's Door). Ultimately, those woes could bring serious trouble to former senior executives and more headaches for a company that's still fighting for its life.
A report cites a government source as stating that Lucent's about to be served with a "Wells notice," a letter in which the SEC states that civil charges may be pending and requests a response from the company.
The SEC did not return a call for comment at press time.
Lucent's official comment on the news is much the same as it was back in February 2001. Emailed by a spokesman today, it says: "There is nothing new here. This is the same issue we brought to the attention of the SEC two years ago. We haven't received a Wells notice, but if we did, it would be a routine matter in these types of situations. We continue to cooperate fully with the SEC in an effort to bring this matter to closure."
The "matter" involves an accounting mess recognized by Lucent shortly after the board's dismissal of ex-CEO Richard A. McGinn late in 2000 (see McGinn: McGone and McGinn McFound). The error involved $125 million in revenue that shouldn't have been booked, which forced Lucent to restate its earnings (see Lucent Shares Hammered by $125M Goof). Less than two months later, Lucent took another battering when an audit found the problem was bigger than was originally thought (see LR Index: Dead in the Water and Lucent Starts Cleaning Up).
While Lucent maintains it took immediate corrective action, including revamping its books and dismissing a former employee, that didn't stop the wheels of litigation from turning. And there's been a ton of it, which today's newspaper report says has helped instigate a possible SEC action.
Two lawsuits in particular stand out above the rest. The first was a "whistleblower" complaint filed by Nina Aversano, a former North American sales president during McGinn's tenure, who claimed to have been wrongfully terminated when she put the CEO on notice that his sales figures were unrealistic (see Nina Aversano). The second is a class action complaint filed by Teamsters Local 175 and 505 D&P Pension Trust Fund, headquartered in West Virginia, and the Parnassus Fund and the Parnassus Income Trust/Equity Income Fund, based in San Francisco.
Lucent won't comment on these still-pending cases, but both are noteworthy because they allege malfeasance on the part of McGinn and other execs. The class action complaint, in particular, charges that they concealed Lucent's true financial status from investors and the public, while manipulating the company's revenue recognition in order to make up for underlying inadequacies.
The complaint holds that Lucent was losing business as a result of its failure to develop competitive optical networking products, and, as a result, got creative with its numbers, recording inventory foisted on customers as revenues, even though it may later have been sent back. The papers also allege that Lucent "stuffed" its distributors with gear that was recorded as revenue but never sold.
"Faced with declining demand for the only optical networking products it could reliably deliver and for its other products, defendants decided to artificially inflate reported sales by shipping products that were not yet ready," reads the class action complaint.
It's an ugly picture, and it appears that it won't go away. Indeed, court reports indicate that a judge has allowed the suit to proceed despite protestations from McGinn and others, including former CFOs Donald K. Peterson and Deborah Hopkins. Further, SBC Communications Inc. (NYSE: SBC) has been subpoenaed for documents related to the case, although the carrier is not a party to the litigation.
Lawyers representing the class could not be reached for comment at press time.
If the SEC has followed up on the claims of the class represented by the Teamsters and Parnassus funds, the outcome may be negative or positive for Lucent. But either way, the process comes at an inconvenient time, just when it looks as if the company may be making some headway against the economic forces dragging it down.
— Mary Jander, Senior Editor, Light Reading
www.lightreading.com
BobbyMax 12/4/2012 | 9:25:59 PM
re: Lucent on SEC: 'Nothing New' The people who perpetuated wrong doing against Lucent should be broght to justice. The names of the peope who particpated in wrong doings and caused tremendous economic harm should be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. Lucent has fully co-operated with the SEC.
In stead of strenghening and implementing the laws passed by the congress, the SEC is going after the companies that have marginal culpability. WorldCom that overreported revenue to the tune of $9.0 Billion, there is no news from the SEC.
dietaryfiber 12/4/2012 | 9:25:55 PM
re: Lucent on SEC: 'Nothing New' I guess that means that you have not seen former Worldcomm execs being led away in handcuffs.
rjmcmahon 12/4/2012 | 9:25:52 PM
BobbyMax has an interest in Lucent. One could guess that he is hoping the SEC would investigate former Lucent execs as their self interested behaviors may have significantly contributed to Lucent's current problems. Unfortunately for BobbyMax, there is insufficient political gain and that exhibition of power, would have no impact on the upcoming Senate race nor on world reserves. Hence the SEC will not investigate even it were in the public interest.
Your attempt to change his topic is fairly transparent. But let us talk about that if you would like.
The RBOCs interest in keeping the "public judgment" against WorldCom does little to improve the conditions of our industry. For any improvement the public will need to focus on honesty and hard work. Those looking to human accounting laws or SEC enforcement are looking to the wrong places in their attempts to find integrity in our man made rules and man made institutions.
An interesting set of books would account for any value that each RBOC performed yesterday (and include every monetary recipient - payroll, graft, or otherwise). Did yesterday's performance justify them receiving our monthly speech tariffs? Are they just padding their payrolls more and more? What did they do to enable progess or innovation? Whose is to be in shame for their waste of our money?
PS. It's odd that a call center, based in *Canada*, called yesterday to sell me SBC/Yahoo fraudband in CA. Why can't the existing staffs peform that task?


Destiny 2, when can you arrive? Oh yeah, September, which is a long way off. If you may't get an ample amount of FFXIV Gil seeing it for doing things, as may be the case along with us, then we produce an insightful article in your case all about its first raid.
It's extremely important that you know that which you're doing before you start playing Destiny 2, the truth is, so come along along with us, enhance your knowledge.
If that you were once a Final Fantasy XIV player but left on account of exhaustion, and for any other reason, now can be a good time to go back. This month it'll get its second expansion also it's destined to Final Fantasy 14 Gil be cracking. New jobs, new areas and dungeons, and battle system changes which render it a delight to experiment with. Make sure you learn what's around the way.


How many ways to line up a group of N 14-year-olds?
That's a great one. Thanks!
1. Are simple enough to be understood by an average 14-year-old.
but won't be too obvious so that the need for a proof is clear.
3. Involve minimal or no algebraic manipulation.
seems to satisfy the conditions.
first turn, and so we are back to the case of a 4-stick pile.
the second player has a winning strategy.
Proof by induction on N: For small N, (1,2,3, and 4), done directly.
strategy, so player B has a winning strategy when N=4k.
d = ax + by where x & y are integers.
[Moreover, every common divisor of a and b divides this d]"
You could prove that Hanoi Towers has a solution using induction.
It's more common to see the proof phrased in terms of well-ordering.
x = a and y = b to see that), so there's a least such; call it d.
where X = 1 - x and Y = - q y, so by the hypothesis on d, r = 0.
I have one for you and it comes with a cute story as well.
1. The lions are hungry and they will starve if they do not eat.
while asleep he will choose starvation.
be nothing to eat after that (except perhaps other starved lions).
Under the circumstances, would the lion want to prolong the inevitable?
drop dead of starvation during the night.
power of two. Are there other good examples along these same lines?
aren't suitable for the audience I've got.
You could also show them the inductive "proof"
so all the member of S_n are equal.
When I started to learn induction in school, my teacher refers a "cool"
The problem is " All blond women have blue eyes"
all of then have blue eyes"
Its exactly what Andrew Taylor said.
but it's certainly not true for common divisors of a & b.
1..n = a+b and hence proving, inductively that it is true for n+1.
to the Theory od Computation, but there are others as well.
elegant proofs out there and one of the first that many students learn.
demonstrating the power of proofs.


Has Vudu ever offered a reason for their movies being in a different aspect ratio than what is on physical media? I have a substantial collection, and I'm just now finding out about this. I cannot express enough disappointment in Vudu, as a company, for doing this. At least, before a purchase is made, they should inform the customer when their SD aspect doesn't match the DVD, their HDX aspect doesn't match the Blu-Ray, or when their UHD aspect doesn't match the 4K Blu-Ray. But we're led to believe it is the same.
I admit, this really bothers me.
When I think about how much money I've invested into this digital collection, only to find out that most of my movies are pan-and-scan to accommodate full screen, I literally get physically sick. And when I think I had to find out through social media instead of being informed by the company itself, I feel downright cheated. I can't understand how this is not a legal issue. If Chevrolet sold a car that was listed with a V8, and the customer got it home to discover their vehicle had a V6, there would be some legal liability there. Nothing on Vudu's website or apps lists their movies as having a different aspect than the physical disks, leading their customers to believe that it matches.


Key Largo, the first and longest Key is known as "The Dive Capital of the World". Key Largo real estate consists of canalfront homes for sale, oceanfront and bayfront homes for sale. Additionally Key Largo has plenty of "dry lot" homes for sale, many with homeowners parks giving residents beach and boat ramp access for $100- $200 per year!! Key Largo is a fantastic community to live in year round or to visit as much or as little as you desire. Only one hour to Miami International Airport and 1.5 hours to Fort Lauderdale/ Hollywood International Airport. Plenty of condominium and townhouse options to choose from if you prefer poolside amenities or perhaps to rent part time or full time for additional income.
Welcome to the place to begin your search for Key Largo Real Estate, which is the first place to start looking if you are interested in any kind of Florida Keys Real Estate. Because it's the first Key you'll pass through on your getaway from the bustle of the busy city, to the calm and laid back rustle of the sun drenched palm trees. To view Key Largo, watch our Key Largo home walk through movies, we've prepared a channel for just that on YouTube and our Facebook Page.
Star Properties offers the services of a stellar team of Florida Keys Real Estate Professionals who live in the Florida Keys. Here are all the links to all you need to get started on your journey for your Key Largo Real Estate Investment.
Use this link special for our homeowners: link to get a factual idea of how much you could get for your Florida Keys Property. Work with a Professional Realtor� to answer the question in your mind "I wonder if the time is right" and when you are ready we can help you answer the question "is it a good time to downsize, or buy a larger home or move to that waterfront property in Key Largo I've always dreamt of?"
But first, let's start with information for you. Here you will find Key Largo Waterfront Property For Sale, Key Largo Oceanfront Property For Sale, Key Largo Foreclosure Real Estate, Key Largo Land For Sale, Key Largo Condos For Sale and you can learn a bit more about the Real Estate in Florida Keys neighborhoods and Florida Keys Real Estate Market Statistics for Our Islands that can inform your decision.
The Key Largo Real Estate tab you are on right now contains all the current Real Estate MLS Listings for Key Largo Neighborhoods: Single family homes, duplex, condos, land for sale, commercial real estate, new construction and properties just on the market as well as the short sales, foreclosures and all important community information: Key Largo real estate market statistics, school information and rankings, as well as actual Key Largo Real Estate home walk through videos.
Come See A Star! This is the start of your adventure! Enjoy these Florida Keys Real Estate pages, come back frequently, we will detail Living in Key Largo and Living in the Florida Keys, as well as continiously update our property listings directly from the Florida Keys MLS showcasing all properties for sale from Key Largo to Key West.
So if you want to search for a rental or a luxury waterfront estate, from Key Largo to Key West with a Professional Florida Keys Realtor� you are in the right place. Check back often we'll add Florida Keys real estate home video walk throughs as the Florida Keys Real Estate MLS is updated, daily, weekly, you'll see our Professional Realtor� hottest picks.
Thanks for visiting, and come back again soon.


text:
'''
Copyright (c) 2014, NIALL FREDERICK WEEDON
All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or
other materials provided with the distribution.

3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE
USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
'''
from pytest import fixture
from .unit import before
from ..pyfbx.FBXVertices import FBXVertices
from ..pyfbx.FBXNormals import FBXNormals
from ..pyfbx.FBXHeader import FBXHeader
from ..pyfbx.FBXTextures import FBXTextures

def test_vertices_consistency(before):
	# Test each instance of model data. Although the reader
	# will eventually parse different FBX file versions, the output
	# should be the same for all of them.
	for i in range(0, len(before['model_data'])):
		print("Testing: " + before['files'][i])
		fbxVertices = FBXVertices(before['model_data'][i])
		jsonOut = fbxVertices.get()["VertexIndices"]
		# Test first and last values
		assert jsonOut[0] == [84, 88, -7]
		assert jsonOut[len(jsonOut) - 1] == [1123, 1125, -1122]

		jsonOut = fbxVertices.get()["Vertices"]
		assert jsonOut[0] == [4.894176483154297, -5.2721147537231445, 33.48030090332031]
		assert jsonOut[len(jsonOut) - 1] == [27.58094024658203, 0.4144550561904907, 26.248268127441406]

		# 2011 and 2013 export UV's differently to 2012, so we
		# can only check if the format of UVs is consistent for the
		# first entry.
		fbxTextures = FBXTextures(before['model_data'][i])
		jsonOut = fbxTextures.get()["UVIndices"]
		assert jsonOut[0] == [0, 3, 2]

		# Edge and normal values are idempotent per version, but
		# export slightly differently across versions. As such, consistency
		# tests cannot be run against these (until I find out whether there
		# is something in the headers)


Welcome to the saxon website ("Website"). Please read the Terms and Conditions ("Terms") carefully as use of the Website by you constitutes acceptance of the Terms set out below.
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text:
OB's 30th Anniversary party benefits former employee
Some people will argue that Robbie McBeath served the best pint in Truckee during his nine-year stint as a bartender, waiter, and occasional manager at OB's.Sidling up to the bar in front of Robbie meant that you were going to be entertained in one way or another."He's a very gregarious person," said former OB's partner Mike Linnett. "He always had a great sense of humor and he always had something to say to just about anyone. He made friends with everybody."OB's Pub & Restaurant is celebrating its 30th anniversary on Friday, Oct. 20 in conjunction with a fund-raiser for Robbie, whom friends and supporters say was an integral part of OB's character for many years. Robbie, a long-time Truckee resident and local musician, suffered a debilitating stroke in February, so friends organized the 30th anniversary party in conjunction with a fund-raiser for the Robbie McBeath Stroke Rehabilitation Fund."He was kind of a fixture here in Truckee," said Robert French, a close friend and former bandmate. "We felt a sense of commitment. We wanted to help Robbie out."Robbie was known in many circles for his various talents. He played with the Truckee Alliance of the Musical Arts (TAMA) for years as well as with local bands The Bystanders, 1888 and Sam Re and Richard Blair, who will all be playing during the anniversary celebration."I first met Robbie playing music," French said. "I remember the first TAMA show, 'A Night at the Fillmore.' He wore this big black wig and really looked like a hippie, which was different for him. He is so clean-cut.""Robbie loved music, he was a real important part of TAMA," French said. "Over the years we became pals. Robbie's the kind of friend everybody should have."Robbie had moved to Colfax to work for Southern Wine and Spirits, but still made frequent trips to Truckee to visit his friends and play music.He met his wife, Diane, while working part-time at OB's. She was out from her home state, New Hampshire, helping her sister when they met in 1995."I met him and there was never any question about going back," said Diane McBeath. The couple now lives in Mesa, Ariz., and are looking forward to OB's celebration. Robbie has been in rehabilitation since the stroke, but is in need of more. He's made progress, but still has a long way to go, Diane said."He's doing OK. He's come a long long way," she said. "He can't wait to see everybody. He is so excited, that's all he talks about … Robbie is honored by the fact that they would associate a benefit for him with OB's 30th anniversary."OB's has had a solid "local's favorite" reputation for its 30 years of existence – it hasn't even changed names. The Irish tavern-style pub was opened in 1970 by Al O'Brien (hence the name 'OB's') and his wife Zena, who ran the restaurant for 10 years. Dick Howell and Mike Linnett had owned and operated OB's together since then, until recently when Howell became the sole owner.Linnett said when OB's first opened it was just a bar before expanding to two other rooms and adding on the kitchen and the upstairs room."Without a doubt, it's a popular locals spot," said Linnett, who added OB's has probably been one of the longest running dinner restaurants in the entire Truckee-Tahoe area. The anniversary celebration is a way to say thanks to OB's loyal following for the past 30 years.Current owner Dick Howell first started working at OB's as a waiter in 1972, when all of the menus were on wooden planks."Everyone had long hair in those days," Howell said. "It was a different time."Linnett, Howell and French began talking about what they could do to help support their friend Robbie, and decided it would be a natural fit to combine the 30th anniversary party with a benefit for Robbie's stroke rehabilitation fund."We've been wanting to do something for awhile," Linnett said.Organizers are expecting a huge turnout."It's gathering momentum by the day," Linnett said."It's gonna be crazy," Howell said. "It's going to start off big and build to a crazy place late night … Some people will put on their old dancing shoes."The party begins at 4 p.m. on Friday, Oct. 20 and OB's and Sam Re and Richard Blair Folk Duo will kick off the evening. At 6 p.m. 1888 will pick up the tempo, followed by The Bystanders at 9 p.m.Raffle tickets to benefit the stroke fund include the following prizes: a three-night trip to San Jose del Cabo, Mexico, including air and lodging; two nights lodging at Sea Ranch; a trip aboard the Tahoe Gal to Emerald Bay with 25 friends and lunch; a night at Sterling Vineyard in Napa; golf and ski passes; 49er and Kings tickets and more. Raffle tickets are available from Robbie's friends and at OB's. Tickets are $5 each or five for $20. Participants need not be present to win.All bar proceeds will benefit The Robbie McBeath Stroke Rehabilitation Fund. Southern Wine and Spirits has generously donated all of the beer, wine and liquor for the event as well as some raffle prizes. TIP donated all tickets.For details on the OB's party, call 587-4164.


text:
DU Home » Latest Threads » mackdaddy » Journal
mackdaddy's Journal
Member since: Tue Nov 16, 2004, 12:43 AM
The Realities of Sea-Level Rise in Miami's Low-Income Communities
MIAMI—The water rose quickly. At noon on a brilliantly sunny day here, several blocks from the beach, a lake of salt water suddenly appeared in the street, filtered up from the porous limestone that resides underneath the whole county of Miami-Dade. On the corner of 79th Street and 10th Avenue in the Shorecrest neighborhood, people wandered outside their apartment buildings to stare at the rising water, sloshing through in rain boots to take out their trash.
"It's been like this for a few days now, rising and then receding and then rising again," says Jessica Benitez, a resident who moved to Miami from her native Venezuela about a month and a half ago. She says she didn't know these apartments would flood before she moved into them, and she still doesn't know how to predict when the water is going to rise. She got home from the store a few days ago to find her street completely flooded, and she tied plastic bags around her feet to get to her door. "[The city] has never told us anything. The water just sits there. It's like there are no drains, and I don't understand why," she says.
She's not the only one who feels that way. This is just one neighborhood of many in Miami-Dade dealing with the effects of Florida's King Tide last week, the highest tide of the year. Coastal neighborhoods are hardest hit, but the flooding also reaches farther inland, to less affluent communities. It's here where the consequences of climate change and sea-level rise could in fact be most grave, says Nicole Hernandez Hammer, a climate researcher with the Union of Concerned Scientists. Middle- and low-income households tend to be less resilient to shocks such as flooding, and they also run the highest risk of being forgotten in the rush to save the millions of dollars in real-estate investments on the waterfront.
"It's getting worse. When you visit places that weren't flooding 30 years ago, they're flooding now," says Hammer. Today, the Miami area experiences about six of these sunny-day flooding events per year. But the Union of Concerned Scientists projects that by 2045, they'll be happening 380 times per year. "That's two times per day in some areas," she says.
http://www.citylab.com/weather/2016/10/sea-level-rise-is-affecting-miami-low-income-communities/505109/
It is interesting that these places did not flood when they were building them. But there is no real sea level rise, or it is only a few fractions on and inch....
Posted by mackdaddy | Thu Oct 27, 2016, 04:30 AM (0 replies)
Nano-spike catalysts convert carbon dioxide directly into ethanol
ORNL's Yang Song (seated), Dale Hensley (standing left) and Adam Rondinone examine a carbon nanospike sample with a scanning electron microscope. Credit: ORNL
In a new twist to waste-to-fuel technology, scientists at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have developed an electrochemical process that uses tiny spikes of carbon and copper to turn carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into ethanol. Their finding, which involves nanofabrication and catalysis science, was serendipitous.
"We discovered somewhat by accident that this material worked," said ORNL's Adam Rondinone, lead author of the team's study published in ChemistrySelect. "We were trying to study the first step of a proposed reaction when we realized that the catalyst was doing the entire reaction on its own."
The team used a catalyst made of carbon, copper and nitrogen and applied voltage to trigger a complicated chemical reaction that essentially reverses the combustion process. With the help of the nanotechnology-based catalyst which contains multiple reaction sites, the solution of carbon dioxide dissolved in water turned into ethanol with a yield of 63 percent. Typically, this type of electrochemical reaction results in a mix of several different products in small amounts.
"We're taking carbon dioxide, a waste product of combustion, and we're pushing that combustion reaction backwards with very high selectivity to a useful fuel," Rondinone said. "Ethanol was a surprise—it's extremely difficult to go straight from carbon dioxide to ethanol with a single catalyst."
http://m.phys.org/news/2016-10-nano-spike-catalysts-carbon-dioxide-ethanol.html
This could be a very big deal. First the CO2 levels are off the charts literally, and may kill us all in 20 to 100 years. Ethanol is very useful directly as a fuel, but there are also fuel cells (DEFC) that can convert ethanol directly into electricity. We had some of these in the Fuel cell college class I taught, and we even used some "Moonshine" (bottled locally) to run them. Making something useful (and valuable) is the best chance at making some sort of stab at reducing CO2 levels.
Posted by mackdaddy | Wed Oct 19, 2016, 01:52 AM (1 replies)
Early Voting Started today in Ohio! I have finished voting.
Straight ticket, Blue all the way.
Go Hillary!. Can't wait for the Rump supporters to choke on it:
"Madam President of the United States: Hillary Clinton"
Posted by mackdaddy | Wed Oct 12, 2016, 02:21 PM (5 replies)
Fuel cells help drive Ohio's innovation economy - Congress can keep it that way:
Fuel cells have long been viewed as a breakthrough technology for transportation and stationary power, offering unprecedented efficiency, ultralow emissions and the potential to use current fuels as well as renewable fuels.
Recognizing fuel cells' potential to expand manufacturing, the state of Ohio planted the seeds to allow a new dynamic industry to flourish in the state.
In the early 2000s, for instance, Ohio's Fuel Cell Program, under the broader Third Frontier program, offered millions of dollars for low-interest loans, research and development, and worker training. Another one of those seeds was the creation of the Elyria-based Ohio Fuel Cell Coalition, which has received grant funding from the U.S. Department of Energy and sparked further growth.
The fuel cell industry now includes a broad network of supply chain participants, several fuel cell integrators, and researchers developing breakthrough technologies spread throughout dozens of our cities.
This strong base and dedicated support from the state has prompted leading innovative companies, such as LG Fuel Cell Systems (in North Canton) and Johnson Matthey ex-Catacel (in Ravenna), to choose Ohio to invest and expand. (continued at link)
http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2016/09/fuel_cells_help_drive_ohios_in.html?utm_source=op+ed+2016&utm_campaign=funding+-+solid+oxide&utm_medium=email
Posted by mackdaddy | Tue Oct 11, 2016, 07:42 PM (1 replies)


Last weekend we headed to the mountains of Colorado to visit friends. It was the perfect excuse to break out my fall attire. It felt so good to be outside with Lawson. The leaves were changing color and I was even chilly at night. It was nice to have a break from the record heat we're still having in Phoenix. Too bad our AC stopped cooling while we were gone. It literally ran for 4 days straight. Can't wait to get that bill!
I picked up this sweater at Nordstrom a few weeks ago and have been waiting to wear it with my favorite ankle boots from last year. It also comes in two other colors; at less than $60 I know I'll wear it a ton this fall and winter!
Thanks Jenn! I honestly didn't feel terrific in these photos. Your kind words were the pick me up I needed!


We are planning to move to North Carolina from NJ. We are hoping to buy a 3 bedroom townhome in Cary or nearby. (Please suggest if there is any city/neighbourhood that I should be looking).
Also, what will be an approximate yearly property tax for such a property?
Quite a few neighborhoods in Cary will be available at <$250,000.
Oxxford Hunt, MacArthur Park and other Parkway neighborhoods, Trappers Run, Park Village, Dutchess Village, Scottish Hills, Northwoods, Silverton, etc.
Schools are administered by Wake County. www.wcpss.net So, Cary does not run the schools. The county controls school assignments and schedules.
In Cary you would figure 0.86% of the assessed value.
At $250,000 assessed value, you are looking at approximately $2150 in property tax plus $15.00 vehicle decal fee, and $20.00 Wake County Recycling Fee.
But assessed value is not linked to market value, so taxes could be up to 10% either way.
Last edited by MikeJaquish; 01-09-2010 at 08:34 PM..
We live in Apex and moved here from NJ 5 years ago. The tax rate for us is about 1.1 percent. You will save when it comes to property taxes, house prices and car insurance.
Not sure what your job situation is but please be sure you are either transferring, have one lined up or have enough $$ in the bank to live off of. I'm not trying to scare you from moving - we did it without having jobs but A- the real estate bubble had not burst and B - jobs were around. Now I didn't expect to make what I did in NJ but for me being in IT I'm not making what I hoped I would be but up side is we have a house we love, in a town we love, weather and people are great and commute is better.
To keep it simple...figure your tax bill to be 1% of your sales price. It is an ESTIMATE but close. For example...a house that cost $250,000...your tax bill will be $2500 per year. It is easier than trying to figure the different areas because Cary's tax rate is different from Raleigh's tax rate and Holly Spring's tax rate, etc.
Yes. Job is not a problem, I am getting transfered.
- How did the real estate debacle affect Raleigh/Cary markets? Is this near bottom prices now or is it still going down or has it started recovering now?
Yes, the Raleigh-Cary market has taken some whacks. But, of course, hardest hit are luxury, or homes on compromised lots (power lines, backing to highways, steep driveways, flood plains, etc), or poorly kept homes.
Our rise was not so steep and fall not so precipitious as other areas. IOW, you aren't coming to South Florida.
New construction under $250,000 is readily available, mostly by tract builders, with a few exceptions.
In Cary, you will be able to see homes at that price in Stonewater by Lennar.
The neighborhoods I listed above are central to Cary, but homes are in that 10--30 year old age bracket.
You may consider other areas than Cary. Apex, Holly Springs, Fuquay Varina can accommodate you, with plenty of neigbhorhoods offering new homes in that bracket.
Ballentine Farms in Fuquay Varina comes to mind immediately. David Weekly homes is close to closing out, with only a handful of homes and lots left, so it may be possible to pick up a real value.
Your tax rate would be slightly higher, but home prices lower, so tax bills would be approx a wash out.
We moved here from NJ a few months back and live in Morrisville - right next to Cary. Church St Townes (Townhouses) and we love it here. Check them out - good value for the money. Taxes are about 1%. Say hi when you get down here!
Thanks. This is good information. We were actually looking at older homes in realtor.com. But it looks like there are good townhomes available at these prices in and around Cary. We will defenitely focus on the new construction options.
You know, I missed the townhome reference.
All my references have been to single family detached homes.
Oh, yes. You have tons of new construction townhome options.
Once again, great info from Mike. OP....Best of luck on your relocation!


text:
REPUBLIC OF KENYA
Compliments/Complaints
MoH Answers
Vacancies & Postings
Kenya ramps up vaccination efforts as 880,460 doses of Moderna COVID-19 vaccine arrive
Kenya on Monday received 880,460 doses of Moderna COVID-19 vaccines in yet another boost to the ongoing vaccination drive that targets to vaccinate 10 million people by the end of the year.
The Moderna Vaccine doses, donated by the US government, is the second vaccine in Kenya's programme after AstraZeneca with at least 1,615,687 people having received at least one dose and 780,377 fully vaccinated by 22nd of August 2021.
Speaking at the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport while receiving the donation, Health Principal Secretary Susan Mochache, who was representing Health CS Mutahi Kagwe during the event, said the development marked an important milestone in Kenya's covid-19 vaccination programme. "The shipment is the first of the 3.5 million doses of vaccines to Kenya by the US government which includes today's donation, a similar number of Moderna doses and a further 1.6 million doses of Pfizer vaccines scheduled to be delivered mid next month" Said Mochache.
Mochache at the same time thanked other governments and partners who have supported Kenya's Covid-19 vaccination programme. "On behalf of the ministry of health and all Kenyans, I sincerely thank the government of the United States for the kind donation. Further I extend my thanks to the governments of the United Kingdom, Denmark, Greece and France who have so far donated a cumulative total of 1,130,000 doses of AstraZeneca vaccines" observed Mochache.
She said the government has revised its vaccine deployment plan taking into consideration the availability of multiple vaccines with an aim of vaccinating 150,000 people each day before the end of September adding that the focus is on protecting those at the greatest risk of infection. Mochache said the government has put in place elaborate mechanisms to ensure it has the capacity to deploy all the vaccines across the country including Pfizer that requires storage of -70 degrees.
While noting that the first phase of the vaccination that ended in June was hampered by global vaccines supply, Mochache said the country has made tremendous gains reducing case fatality rates to 2 percent from 2.1 percent with plans underway to increase vaccination posts from the current 800 to 3000.
Speaking during the event, US Embassy Charge d'Affaires Eric William Kneedler said the 880,460 doses of Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is the first shipment of 1.76 million doses donated by the United States via COVAX facility. He said the US government remains committed in supporting Kenya's realize her objective of vaccinating her entire adult population with the donation a demonstration of the strong partnership between Kenya and the United States.
UNICEF Kenya Country Representative Ms. Maniza Zaman said international solidarity remains critical during the Covid-19 pandemic even as she called on Kenyans to get vaccinated to protect themselves from the disease.
The government plans to vaccinate 10 million people by close of the year with 26 million people expected to have been vaccinated by the end of next year. Already 2.9 percent of the entire adult population has been vaccinated.
The first vaccination began on 5th March 2021 with county vaccinations kicking off on 8th of March 2021. The second dose vaccination began on 28th May 2021. The government is conducting the vaccination free of charge.
The roll out of the national vaccination campaign is being led by the Ministry of Health, with support from WHO, UNICEF, Gavi and other partners.
On August 23, 2021 / News
mygov website
eCitizen Kenya
Huduma Center Kenya
Agencies Websites
Ministry of Health,
Afya House, Cathedral Road,
P.O. Box:30016–00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
Telephone: +254-20-2717077
Email: ps@health.go.ke
© 2017 Ministry of Health


text:
The New York Mets will play Game 3 of their 3-game series installment against the Philadelphia Phillies at Citizens Bank Park, Philadelphia, PA on Sunday, May 2, 2021, at 7:08 PM (EDT). The Mets are looking to bag home a win after losing 7 of their last 10 games. New York winds up at 29th place in the MLB for their lackluster offense, only scoring 2.9 innings and 7.25 hits per game. The team is 3rd at 10-11 in the National League East Division.
OF Brandon Nimmo leads New York with a batting average of .339 while Pete Alonso and Dominic Smith conspire for 36 hits and 21 RBI to lead the Mets. For the last game of the series, New York's David Peterson takes the ball. He is 1-3 with an ERA of 5.59 and 21 KS this season. Overall, Peterson is 1-1 with an ERA of 9.00 and 18 KS in his career against the Phillies.
The NY Mets are 3-7 SU in their last 10 games.
The NY Mets are 1-4 SU in their last 5 road games.
Over at the Philadelphia camp, the Phillies are expecting to bring home victory after splitting their last 10 games. Philadelphia ranks 26th in the MLB, scoring 3.73 runs per game and 4.31 innings per game at home. The team is 1st at 13-14 in the National League East Division.
1B Rhys Hoskins leads Philadelphia with 25 hits and 14 RBIs while Bryce Harper and JT Realmuto conspire for 49 hits and 21 RBI to lead the Phillies. Zach Eflin will head to the mound for Philadelphia in this series' last game. He is 1-1 with an ERA of 3.58 and 27 KS this season. Overall, Eflin is 3-4 with an ERA of 5.21 and 50 KS in his career against the Mets.
The total went OVER in 7 of Philadelphia's last 10 games against NY Mets.
The total went OVER in 8 of Philadelphia's last 11 home games.
New York Mets vs Philadelphia Phillies. The MLB pick for this contest is the Philadelphia Phillies. The Phillies managed to triumph over the majority of their games at home and will have a better pitcher to take the ball for the Sunday match while the New York Mets have been having issues stringing together wins this season. The Philadelphia Phillies will win this game to a predicted score of 6-1.
MLB Starting Time: 7:08 PM (EDT)
Location: Citizens Bank Park, Philadelphia, PA
MLB Odds: Philadelphia Phillies -105
Arizona Coyotes vs Anaheim Ducks 1/28/2023 Picks Predictions Previews
Columbus Blue Jackets vs Seattle Kraken 1/28/2023 Picks Predictions Previews
Chicago Blackhawks vs Edmonton Oilers 1/28/2023 Picks Predictions Previews
Buffalo Sabres vs Minnesota Wild 1/28/2023 Picks Predictions Previews
Free College Basketball Picks For Today 1/28/2023


> included, so we don't need to take any actions.
try to do that during a weekend.
>> Nice to hear that! Does ObectStudio uses now the same parcels as VW?
>> Has OS also kind of parcel manager with "suggestions" what to install?
>> If so, maybe we could ask Cincom to add Aida there too?


Applications are invited from eligible Indian citizens for contractual engagement under Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihood Mission (DAY-NULM) implemented by Assam State Urban Livelihoods Mission Society(ASULMS) for the following position at Kajalgaon Town Committee/City Mission Management Unit of Kajalgaon.
Educational Qualification : Academic Qualification Minimum Qualification Graduate in any discipline with Diploma in Computer Applications. Or Bachelor in Computer Applications.
i. Minimum 2 years experience and knowledge in documentation, reporting, data analysis, etc.
ii. Experience of online monitoring activities in social/community development project, etc.
How to apply: Candidates who willing to apply must submit their application in the standard format. The job description and job specification of the post are also available in the http://www.chirang.gov.in . Every intimation will be done through E-mail. So candidates must write E-Mail ID in the application form.
1 (One) copy of self attested recent passport size photograph must be pasted in the job application form in the space provided and 2 (two) other such self attested passport size photographs must be stapled in the top most part. Candidates must submit photocopies of their self attested relevant testimonials such as a) proof of age (admit card of matriculation min, etc.), b) proof of educational qualifications (Mark Sheets and Pass Certificates), c) work experience certificates, d) caste certificate (if any), and other relevant testimonials and documents (with self attestation) along with the application form .
Last date of receipt of application is 21 days from the 1st day of publication of the advertisement in newspapers i.e., 29th April 2018.


He's the co-founder of Prismana where he continues to push the envelope for businesses to understand which efforts are moving their business forward.
Patrick Healy is also the founder of Phacient, a SMB consulting firm dedicated to helping businesses run better leveraging technology, marketing, and operations.
What is "Direct Traffic" — And how to avoid it.


First-Year Seminar is a transition course for first-year students. This two-credit hour course gives first-year students a shared opportunity to successfully make the academic and social transition to university life. Seminar activities and programs are designed to prepare students for their first year and beyond at WMU. Students receive instruction in the course from a WMU faculty or staff member and an upper-level student leader who both facilitate this unique university experience.
Students will develop critical thinking, writing, technology and research skills.
Students will demonstrate competency in accessing University resources and services.
Students will understand the requirements for earning a bachelor's degree.
Students will examine personal interests and explore related WMU academic and career pathways.
Students will develop a global awareness and an appreciation of diversity and culture in the broadest sense.
Students will make connections with WMU faculty, staff, student leaders and peers to facilitate success.
Students will demonstrate responsible academic and social behaviors.
Don't miss your opportunity to participate. Thousands of students at WMU have already learned the keys to college success. A limited number of seats are available and registration is easy, visit our registration page for details.


This application, the first under the Rhodia era mainly concerned the continued presence and use of phosphorus trichloride and phosphorus oxychloride at the works. It was originally submitted in May 2000 but met with considerable delay due to one reason or another. It was decided on 10/1/2002 and came with 6 conditions. The 11 substances applied for and location use are shown in the tables below. An increase in the amount of phenol and BIS-HEXAMETHYLENE TRIAMINE (B.H.M.T) on site was applied for.
Three appendices were included with the application.
HSE CONSULTATION ZONE The council report notes that the HSE consultation zone extends to approximately 940 meters around the works.
Originally it appears that Rhodia had advertised the application without the local authority being able to find it. Once again the advert in the Express and Star was buried.
The HSE gave a more considered response than usual, though much of this was technical detail rather than consideration for additional risk.
West Midlands Fire service once again had little to say.
The planning committee report outlines the full background to the application.
SUBTANCES APPLIED FOR IN THIS CONSENT. CLICK TO VIEW SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR EACH.
: Swallowing even small amounts of methanol could potentially cause blindness or death. Effects of sub lethal doses may be nausea, headache, abdominal pain, vomiting and visual disturbances ranging from blurred vision to light sensitivity.
Repeated exposure by inhalation or absorption may cause systemic poisoning, brain disorders, impaired vision and blindness. Inhalation may worsen conditions such as emphysema or bronchitis. Repeated skin contact may cause dermal irritation, dryness and cracking.
DANGEROUS WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR BY CHEMICAL REACTION WITH OXIDIZERS. MODERATE EXPLOSION HAZARD BY CHEMICAL REACTION OR ON CONTACT WITH ORGANIC MATERIALS. MAY EXPLODE OR IGNITE FROM FRICTION, ON IMPACT, OR IN CONTACT WITH OXIDIZERS. COMBUSTION BY-PRODUCTS INCLUDE OXIDES OF PHOSPHORUS, PHOSPHINE (FLAMMABLE AND TOXIC GAS), AND PHOSPHORIC ACID IF WATER IS PRESENT. MAY DECOMPOSE TO THE MORE HAZARDOUS YELLOW / WHITE PHOSPHORUS AT 554°F (290°C).
APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS OF SUBTANCES AND VESSELS REFERED TO IN APPLICATION.


text:
The world's biggest digital camera is almost ready to be installed on its telescope
By Joe Palca
The world's largest digital camera is nearly complete. Scientists expect exciting discoveries once the 3.2 billion-pixel camera is paired with its telescope. NPR's science correspondent Joe Palca recently visited the lab where the camera was built.
JOE PALCA, BYLINE: The camera is being built at the Department of Energy-funded SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Palo Alto, Calif. This camera is huge. It weighs three tons, and it's two stories tall. When I visited earlier this month, it was lying horizontal on a large steel platform.
AARON ROODMAN: The lens cover is still on, so we can't look in the business end.
PALCA: Aaron Roodman is the camera program lead. We're inside a high-ceiling clean room, wearing Tyvek hoods, jumpsuits and booties, and latex gloves to avoid contaminating the equipment inside the camera. Sitting on its side, the camera body looks to me a bit like a jet engine.
ROODMAN: So you want to go up on the - should we go up on the platform to take a closer look?
PALCA: We clamber up the half-dozen metal steps to the platform. We're now just inches away from the camera body - so close I could touch it. Roodman says, don't.
ROODMAN: It's OK if you did, but let's try not to.
PALCA: Oh, OK.
ROODMAN: Yeah. Let's not...
PALCA: Well, you know, every kid wants to touch it.
ROODMAN: I know. Let's try not touching it. I think nothing would happen if you did...
PALCA: OK.
ROODMAN: ...But just a good practice not to.
PALCA: Roodman's caution is understandable. If I spent $168 million for a camera, I wouldn't want people messing with it either. And there's nothing quite like this camera. There are custom-built lenses, filters, bespoke electronics, a giant shutter and special refrigeration to keep the equipment cool, all packed into the cylindrical camera body.
ROODMAN: In this configuration, it is just - it just looks jam-packed, but seeing everything together like this is fantastic.
PALCA: The Vera Rubin Observatory in Chile, where the camera is headed, is also unique. Its telescope is designed to see a large chunk of the sky at a time, so it needs a huge camera to capture the images. Each night, the camera is expected to generate 20 terabytes of data.
ROODMAN: Right now, we're scheduled to ship the camera to Chile in April.
PALCA: This should be a time of elation for people working on this project. The camera's nearly finished. The telescope is also nearly complete, and Roodman and his colleagues are pretty upbeat. But there's a problem nobody thought of when the telescope was conceived - communications satellites, thousands already in orbit, many more to come. To the naked eye, they're usually invisible. But to the telescope camera, they're bright objects.
ROODMAN: They're going to be anywhere from a medium nuisance to a major nuisance. It's not a good development for us at all.
PALCA: You can write a computer program that will digitally eliminate the satellites. But because the Vera Rubin telescope sees such a large chunk of the sky at once and there are so many satellites, it will be hard to remove them all. Tony Tyson is chief scientist for the new observatory. He says it was designed to find what Tyson calls things that go bump in the night - objects that are not there one night, but appear a day or so later. These could be exploding stars or stellar collisions or something entirely new to science. The satellites could make this a problem. Tyson says, when the telescope sees something unusual like that, it will alert other telescopes to look at that part of the sky so whatever went bump in the night can be studied in depth.
TONY TYSON: I think that we're going to have a very big background of false events - of bogus alerts. That's what worries me most.
PALCA: Things that the software misidentifies as new, but are really just a reflection from a satellite. A false tip will send other telescopes off on a wild goose chase. Tyson says some companies, such as Starlink, have agreed to take steps to mitigate the problem, such as using less reflective material in their satellites. Other companies haven't been as accommodating. Tyson says they won't know for sure how big a nuisance these satellites are until they install the camera in the telescope and start looking at the sky. Joe Palca, NPR News.
Joe Palca
Joe Palca is a science correspondent for NPR. Since joining NPR in 1992, Palca has covered a range of science topics — everything from biomedical research to astronomy. He is currently focused on the eponymous series, "Joe's Big Idea." Stories in the series explore the minds and motivations of scientists and inventors. Palca is also the founder of NPR Scicommers – A science communication collective.
See stories by Joe Palca