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Israel's right of self-defense
Vic Rosenthal
Image Source: Israel Defense Forces
When I was in elementary school, I was disciplined for hitting another pupil after he hit me. That I remember the details of the incident clearly 60-odd years later is an indication of how strongly I perceived the injustice of it. I believed my action was justified as necessary self-defense to stop an unprovoked attack. The school principal disagreed.
One of the most strongly felt principles in Western morality and jurisprudence is the right of self-defense. It is permissible in most places to kill an attacker when a person feels that his own life or that of a family member is threatened. A person is not required to allow himself to be harmed or killed, even if the action he is forced to take to protect himself would be otherwise immoral or illegal.
There are strong arguments that even convicts have a constitutional right to employ violence in self-defense in the pervasively violent environment of American prisons. Prisons are inherently violent and dangerous, and the authorities are not able to protect the prisoners' rights given budgetary and other constraints. But incarceration does not include a requirement to commit suicide, which in many cases is what failing to defend oneself in prison means.
There is the well-known Talmudic dictum, "If a man comes to kill you, rise up and kill him first" (Sanhedrin 72:1). And even Islamic shari'a recognizes a right of self-defense (although a non-Muslim may not be able to exercise it against a Muslim for other reasons).
The right of self-defense is also recognized internationally between states. The UN Charter (Ch. I, Art. 2.4) says that members "shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations." But the last article (51) of Chapter VII, which defines how the UN itself may use force to stop aggression, includes this exception:
Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. [my emphasis]
The International Court of Justice (ICJ), in its 1996 Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Use or Threat of Nuclear Weapons, took note of "the fundamental right of every State to survival, and thus its right to resort to self-defence, in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter, when its survival is at stake." The Court argued that in such a case, as long as they are used in concurrence with international humanitarian law (in particular, the principles of necessity and proportionality), even nuclear weapons could not be ruled illegal!
The right of individual self-defense derives from the most basic of human rights, the right to life. And as the UN Charter and ICJ opinion quoted above indicate, international law recognizes also a national right to life.
I believe that the Middle East, like an American prison, is an inherently violent and dangerous place, and that all states – even one unwelcome to its neighbors – have the right to defend themselves when attacked, using whatever means are necessary to do so. Even, when there is no other option, nuclear weapons.
A lot is packed into the words "when attacked." For example, in 1973, Israel's enemies crossed cease-fire lines and attacked Israeli positions, acts that unambiguously constituted an "attack." In 1967, Egypt expelled UN peacekeepers from the Sinai, massed armored divisions on the Suez Canal, announced that they would "annihilate" the Jewish state and "slaughter" us (here is a recording of Radio Cairo threatening genocide in Hebrew), and closed the Strait of Tiran, which in itself was an act of war. Technically Israel fired the first shot on June 5, but from a practical and legal standpoint, Egypt and Syria were the aggressors.
The situation today is not as clear. Iran, operating through proxies, has built an offensive capability in southern Lebanon over the past decade, and now is doing the same in Syria. It has threatened us with genocide and financed terrorists of all stripes. But its buildup has been gradual and it has not yet taken actions equivalent to the expulsion of the UN peacekeepers from the Sinai or the blockade of the Strait of Tiran. At some point the line will be crossed, and Israel will need to take military action.
Unfortunately, the attitude of the international community – as expressed in UN resolutions, NGO reports, media content, and institutions like the ICJ – does not grant to Israel the same right of self-defense that every other nation is given.
Even when Israel has been attacked, as by the massive flood of Hezbollah rockets in 2006, or the rocket barrages from Gaza in 2008, 2012 or 2014, the Islamic-European-NGO-media axis has defined Israel as the aggressor and even accused her of war crimes for her responses. These accusations, based on cooked numbers and reports coming directly from Hamas, Hezbollah, or other severely biased anti-Israel sources, were even echoed by US President Obama, Secretary of State John Kerry and other administration officials.
Israel's efforts to reduce collateral damage in these campaigns were unprecedented, and the resultant protection of civilian life and property was far better than the US and its NATO partners have been able to achieve in various recent conflicts. But the war crimes accusations against us stuck nevertheless.
The ICJ, whose very careful and comprehensive opinion on the use of nuclear weapons was quoted above, also produced one in 2004 on the subject of Israel's security barrier. In this highly politicized opinion, The Court reiterated all of the usual Arab and European talking points, calling the barrier illegal and declaring that Israel must dismantle it, pay compensation to all those "injured" by it, and so forth (fortunately, the Court does not have the power to force Israel to follow its advice).
Israel argued that the existence of the barrier and its location were intended to protect her population from armed attacks. But the Court simply rejected this without any investigation of the facts or attempt to rebut Israel's claims of military necessity. It misinterpreted Article 51 of the UN Charter, saying that since Israel "controlled" the territories, she did not have a right to protect herself from armed attacks from them. And there were other significant deficiencies. Here is a small part of the criticism leveled against the decision by the one dissenting justice, Thomas Buergenthal (the only American on the Court):
All we have from the Court is a description of the harm the wall is causing and a discussion of various provisions of international humanitarian law and human rights instruments followed by the conclusion that this law has been violated.
Lacking is an examination of the facts that might show why the alleged defences of military exigencies, national security or public order are not applicable to the wall as a whole or to the individual segments of its route. The Court says that it "is not convinced" but it fails to demonstrate why it is not convinced, and that is why these conclusions are not convincing.
The shoddy, negligent reasoning and extreme political bias of this document – compare it to the nuclear weapons opinion discussed above – is a striking testament to the obsessive treatment of Israel as a pariah state, denied the most basic right of any nation or person, a right that arguably must even be provided to prison inmates: the right of self-defense, and thereby of survival.
I'm indebted to Allen Hertz for many of the thoughts in this post.
Originally Published on Abu Yehuda.
Self DefenseUnited Nations
Vic Rosenthal is the long time author of Fresno Zionism and is currently the well known author of Abu Yehuda. a blog where he tackles how to keep the Jewish State Israel in a hostile world. About himself he says: "Politically, I'll just say that I'm a fan of Ze'ev Jabotinsky and Menahem Begin."
The UN vote on Jerusalem: A disturbing diplomatic debacle
JERUSALEM FALLOUT: Nikki Haley Cuts $285 Million from the UN's Budget
Orit ben Tzvi
Nikki Haley: "America Will Put Its Embassy in Jerusalem"
JERUSALEM FALLOUT: Haley Scolds United Nations over Attempted Repeal of Trump's Jerusalem Recognition
wael albargouthi March 12, 2018
B'HASHEM Protect Israel ????????????????????????????????????
Ajay March 13, 2018
We hindus of india always support jews of israel, we need your assistance to tackle muslim atrocities in india.
In UN, india voted against israel on jerusalem issue but it was diplomatic decision of india for not to disappoint arab countries or indian muslim community, hope it should be taken lightly.


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Ellen DeGeneres returns to host the Oscars; Zadan and Meron produce broadcast
By Megan Townsend, Director of Entertainment Research & Analysis |
Ellen DeGeneres announced this morning that she will be hosting the 86th Annual Academy Awards airing on March 2, 2014 on ABC. She previously hosted the 79th Annual ceremony in 2007. "I am so excited to be hosting the Oscars for the second time. You know what they say - the third time's the charm," said DeGeneres.
It's official: I'm hosting the #Oscars! I'd like to thank @TheAcademy, my wife Portia and, oh dear, there goes the orchestra.
— Ellen DeGeneres (@TheEllenShow) August 2, 2013
"We are thrilled to have Ellen DeGeneres host the Oscars," said broadcast producers Craig Zadan and Neil Meron. "As a longtime friend, we had always hoped to find a project for us to do together and nothing could be more exciting than teaming up to do the Oscars. There are few stars today who have Ellen's gift for comedy, with her great warmth and humanity. She is beloved everywhere and we expect that the audience at the Dolby Theatre, and in homes around the globe, will be as excited by this news as we are."
The 86th Annual Academy Awards will be presented on Sunday March 2, 2014 and air live from the Dolby Theatre on ABC.
Ellen DeGeneres,
Craig Zadan,
Neil Meron,
Oscars,
Photo Credit: CBS
Lil Nas X, Tracy Young, Brandi Carlile, Lady Gaga and more win at the 62nd Grammys
Photo Credit: Netflix
Must-See LGBTQ TV: The Grammys, 'Next in Fashion,' and the final season of 'BoJack Horseman!'
The GLAAD Wrap: Billy Eichner cast in 'American Crime Story;' 'Gentefied' trailer; new music from Pet Shop Boys; and more!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Arrays in PowerShell are quite forgiving. They are easy to declare, and they can contain elements of different types if you want to. You can quite easily check to see if an object is an array or not, but have you ever needed to check the types of the elements inside the array itself?
Do you see the difference? The base type is the same, but the type name is given as 'Object' in the first example, but 'String' in the second example. The reason for this is how we declared the arrays. $a1 was not declared as any specific array at all, PowerShell just guessed it by the input we gave it. On the other hand, $a4 was declared as an array of strings.
Here are the result of using GetType on all our arrays, and you can clearly see the difference between the two ways of declaring an array.
What do you do if you need to know the types of the elements of an array as opposed to the type of the object (array) itself then?
As we see in the above examples, it's easy if the array was declared as an array of some type. Then you can just use the GetType method and check the Name property of the TypeInfo object returned. But for the first example, or for any arrays containing elements of different types, it's not so easy.
This function checks the elements inside an object and returns the different types it finds. That's why it returns 7 types, even though we only declared 5 arrays. Remember, one of them contained a mix of different types.
So, this is all nice and all, but do it have any practical application? Ok, let's assume you have a script where you have to work with an array, but you need to know that all elements in the array are of the same type! Perhaps you are iterating on its members and run further commands that only supports a specific type?
Here I'm leveraging the fact that the output of the function will only be an array if the input object contains more than one type, and you can easily branch your logic to handle both cases.
If you found this helpful, spotted any errors, or have an easier way of achieving the same result, I would love to get your feedback in the comments section below!


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Reading Cinemas in Australia and New Zealand to Convert to Christie Solaria Digital Cinema Projectors
Year-end will see up to 200 screens at 28 locations converted to digital through long-term Virtual Print Fee (VPF) deployment agreement
CYPRESS, Calif. – (July 24, 2013) – Christie®, a global leader in digital cinema projection, today co-announced with Reading International, Inc. (NASDAQ: RDI) that a long-term VPF deployment agreement had been signed with the Australian and New Zealand subsidiaries of Reading, which will provide for the digital conversion of all of Reading Cinemas screens in those two countries.
"It's tremendously important that we embrace DLP® Cinema® technology and this requires that we invest in our cinemas to constantly improve the moviegoer's experience," said Wayne Smith, Managing Director, Reading, for Australia and New Zealand. "Following detailed negotiations, I'm pleased to be working alongside Christie, a leader in the cinema industry since 1929. Christie is the perfect provider of digital cinema technology to partner with, to keep Reading ahead in a rapidly-changing cinema landscape."
The Reading subsidiaries own and operate cinemas throughout Australia and New Zealand, including the Company's Pacific Rim flagship venue: the Courtenay Central Entertainment and Retail Centre in Wellington, New Zealand. In addition to owning and operating cinemas in Australia and New Zealand, Reading is also engaged in real estate development in North America, New Zealand and Australia and operates "Off-Broadway" live theaters in New York and Chicago.
Christie will supply a variety of its Christie Solaria® Series® 2K and 4K digital cinema projectors to Reading, as well as its current 'big screen' premium solution, the Christie Duo dual-projector integration kit.
"Christie has deployed more than 38,000 digital cinema projectors, earning the appreciation and respect of exhibitors and moviegoers worldwide," said Lin Yu, vice president, Christie Asia Pacific. "Our company is honored to be selected by Reading to keep them on the leading edge of cinema technology, including 3D, 4K and high frame rate (HFR) options in the years to come."
Added Michael Bosworth, general manager for Christie Digital Systems Australia, "We stand ready to support Reading as they complete their transition to digital cinema; a conversion which will surely contribute to their overall cinema attendees' satisfaction while supporting the company's goal of adding to their stockholders' value."
Christie Digital Systems USA, Inc. is a global visual technologies company and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ushio, Inc., Japan, (JP:6925). Consistently setting the standards by being the first to market some of the world's most advanced projectors and complete system displays, Christie is recognized as one of the most innovative visual technology companies in the world. From retail displays to Hollywood, mission critical command centers to classrooms and training simulators, Christie display solutions and projectors capture the attention of audiences around the world with dynamic and stunning images. Visit www.christiedigital.com.


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The Power of Going Green with Solar
Ashley Briggs
The Power of Going Green with SolarSunrise SolarMon, 08/09/2021 – 8:00am
"Going green" is a popular phrase that encompasses a wide variety of actions we can take to reduce our impact on the environment. For both homes and businesses, electricity is one of the largest contributors to a property's carbon footprint. Fortunately, making the switch to solar is a great way to commit to going green.
How is Solar Green?
Solar is considered a green energy source because it generates electricity using a highly renewable resource — sunlight. Solar panels convert ultraviolet rays to electricity in a process that does not release harmful byproducts into the atmosphere. While the process of manufacturing solar panels does require some energy and raw material use, the total carbon footprint of solar panels is much less than that of other non-renewable sources.
Why is Green Energy Important?
Traditional energy sources like coal and crude oil produce high levels of carbon emissions and other pollutants. This is a known contributor to climate change and pollution — one need only look at smog-enveloped cities to see its impact. This pollution can also contribute to respiratory problems. In addition, these energy sources are non-renewable — meaning there is a limited supply that will eventually run out. Green energy sources like solar avoid all of these problems.
If you are interested in going green to protect the environment (and help your finances), solar panels are a great option. At Sunrise Solar, we can design solar installations custom-fitted to your property to maximize energy production so you can minimize your carbon footprint.
Will Your Next Package Delivery be Solar Powered?
Can I Heat My Home With Solar Power?
Need HOA Approval For Your Solar Project? Read This!
Melbourne's 74% Electricity to be Met with Solar Power
The Biden Administration & Solar Energy: How It Affects You
Will Solar Panels Increase My Home's Value?
How to Answer the Question – Is Amazon FBA Profitable?
A Review of the Beauty of Joseon Ginseng Essence Water and Toner
Answers To Questions About Financial Incentives To Buy Solar Panels
Is Solar Power a Smart Investment?
Amazon FBA (1)
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Dream Handling is an Trophy / Achievement awarded for upgrading one of your cars to the maximum level. It is worth 10 Gamerscore or a bronze trophy.
This is easy. Simply bring any car in the game to a garage and upgrade it until you can't upgrade it anymore.


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Orthomolecular Medicine News Service, February 14, 2012
Vitamin C Prevents Vaccination Side Effects; Increases Effectiveness
by Thomas E Levy, MD, JD
(OMNS, Feb 14, 2012) The routine administration of vaccinations continues to be a subject of controversy in the United States, as well as throughout the world. Parents who want the best for their babies and children continue to be faced with decisions that they fear could harm their children if made incorrectly. The controversy over the potential harm of vaccinating, or of not vaccinating, will not be resolved to the satisfaction of all parties anytime soon, if ever. This brief report aims to offer some practical information to pediatricians and parents alike who want the best long-term health for their patients and children, regardless of their sentiments on the topic of vaccination in general.
While there seems to be a great deal of controversy over how frequently a vaccination might result in a negative outcome, there is little controversy that at least some of the time vaccines do cause damage. The question that then emerges is whether something can be done to minimize, if not eliminate, the infliction of such damage, however infrequently it may occur.
Causes of Vaccination Side Effects
When vaccines do have side effects and adverse reactions, these outcomes are often categorized as resulting from allergic reactions or the result of a negative interaction with compromised immune systems. While either of these types of reactions can be avoided subsequently when there is a history of a bad reaction having occurred at least once in the past as a result of a vaccination, it is vital to try to avoid encountering a negative outcome from occurring the first time vaccines are administered.
Due to the fact that all toxins, toxic effects, substantial allergic reactions, and induced immune compromise have the final common denominator of causing and/or resulting in the oxidation of vital biomolecules, the antioxidant vitamin C has proven to be the ultimate nonspecific antidote to whatever toxin or excess oxidative stress might be present. While there is also a great deal of dispute over the inherent toxicity of the antigens that many vaccines present to the immune systems of those vaccinated, there is no question, for example, that thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative, is highly toxic when present in significant amounts. This then begs the question: Rather than argue whether there is an infinitesimal, minimal, moderate, or significant amount of toxicity associated with the amounts of thimerosal or other potentially toxic components presently being used in vaccines, why not just neutralize whatever toxicity is present as completely and definitively as possible?
Vitamin C is a Potent Antitoxin
In addition to its general antitoxin properties (Levy, 2002), vitamin C has been demonstrated to be highly effective in neutralizing the toxic nature of mercury in all of its chemical forms. In animal studies, vitamin C can prevent the death of animals given otherwise fatal doses of mercury chloride (Mokranjac and Petrovic, 1964). Having vitamin C on board prior to mercury exposure was able to prevent the kidney damage the mercury otherwise typically caused (Carroll et al., 1965). Vitamin C also blocked the fatal effect of mercury cyanide (Vauthey, 1951). Even the very highly toxic organic forms of mercury have been shown to be effectively detoxified by vitamin C (Gage, 1975).
Vitamin C Improves Vaccine Effectiveness
By potential toxicity considerations alone, then, there would seem to be no good reason not to pre- and post-medicate an infant or child with some amount of vitamin C to minimize or block the toxicity that might significantly affect a few. However, there is another compelling reason to make vitamin C an integral part of any vaccination protocol: Vitamin C has been documented to augment the antibody response of the immune system (Prinz et al., 1977; Vallance, 1977; Prinz et al., 1980; Feigen et al., 1982; Li and Lovell, 1985; Amakye-Anim et al., 2000; Wu et al., 2000; Lauridsen and Jensen, 2005; Azad et al., 2007). As the goal of any vaccination is to stimulate a maximal antibody response to the antigens of the vaccine while causing minimal to no toxic damage to the most sensitive of vaccine recipients, there would appear to be no medically sound reason not to make vitamin C a part of all vaccination protocols. Except in individuals with established, significant renal insufficiency, vitamin C is arguably the safest of all nutrients that can be given, especially in the amounts discussed below. Unlike virtually all prescription drugs and some supplements, vitamin C has never been found to have any dosage level above which it can be expected to demonstrate any toxicity.
Vitamin C Reduces Mortality in Vaccinated Infants and Children
Kalokerinos (1974) demonstrated repeatedly and quite conclusively that Aboriginal infants and children, a group with an unusually high death rate after vaccinations, were almost completely protected from this outcome by dosing them with vitamin C before and after vaccinations. The reason articulated for the high death rate was the exceptionally poor and near-scurvy-inducing (vitamin C-depleted) diet that was common in the Aboriginal culture. This also demonstrates that with the better nutrition in the United States and elsewhere in the world, the suggested doses of vitamin C should give an absolute protection against death (essentially a toxin-induced acute scurvy) and almost absolute protection against lesser toxic outcomes from any vaccinations administered. Certainly, there appears to be no logical reason not to give a nontoxic substance known to neutralize toxicity and stimulate antibody production, which is the whole point of vaccine administration.
Dosage Information for Pediatricians and Parents
Practically speaking, then, how should the pediatrician or parent proceed? For optimal antibody stimulation and toxin protection, it would be best to dose for three to five days before the shot(s) and to continue for at least two to three days following the shot. When dealing with infants and very young children, administering a 1,000 mg dose of liposome-encapsulated vitamin C would be both easiest and best, as the gel-like nature of this form of vitamin C allows a ready mixture into yogurt or any other palatable food, and the complete proximal absorption of the liposomes would avoid any possible loose stools or other possible undesirable bowel effects.
Vitamin C as sodium ascorbate powder will also work well. Infants under 10 pounds can take 500 mg daily in some fruit juice, while babies between 10 and 20 pounds could take anywhere from 500 mg to 1,000 mg total per day, in divided doses. Older children can take 1,000 mg daily per year of life (5,000 mg for a 5 year-old child, for example, in divided doses). If sodium must be avoided, calcium ascorbate is well-tolerated and, like sodium ascorbate, is non-acidic. Some but not all children's chewable vitamins are made with calcium ascorbate. Be sure to read the label. Giving vitamin C in divided doses, all through the day, improves absorption and improves tolerance. As children get older, they can more easily handle the ascorbic acid form of vitamin C, especially if given with meals. For any child showing significant bowel sensitivity, either use liposome-encapsulated vitamin C, or the amount of regular vitamin C can just be appropriately decreased to an easily tolerated amount.
Very similar considerations exist for older individuals receiving any of a number of vaccinations for preventing infection, such as the yearly flu shots. When there is really no urgency, and there rarely is, such individuals should supplement with vitamin C for several weeks before and several weeks after, if at all possible.
Even taking a one-time dose of vitamin C in the dosage range suggested above directly before the injections can still have a significant toxin-neutralizing and antibody-stimulating effect. It's just that an even better likelihood of having a positive outcome results from extending the pre- and post-dosing periods of time.
(Thomas Levy, MD, JD is a board-certified cardiologist and admitted to the bar in Colorado and the District of Colombia. He is the author of several books on vitamin C as well as numerous articles. By way of disclaimer, he is a consultant to a company that sells a brand of liposome-encapsulated vitamin C. A vitamin C lecture by Dr. Levy may be viewed at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0GC9Fq8lfg)
Amakye-Anim, J., T. Lin, P. Hester, et al. (2000) Ascorbic acid supplementation improved antibody response to infectious bursal disease vaccination in chickens. Poultry Science 79:680-688
Azad, I., J. Dayal, M. Poornima, and S. Ali (2007) Supra dietary levels of vitamins C and E enhance antibody production and immune memory in juvenile milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal) to formalin-killed Vibrio vulnificus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 23:154-163
Carroll, R., K. Kovacs, and E. Tapp (1965) Protection against mercuric chloride poisoning of the rat kidney. Arzneimittelforschung 15:1361-1363
Feigen, G., B. Smith, C. Dix, et al. (1982) Enhancement of antibody production and protection against systemic anaphylaxis by large doses of vitamin C. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 38:313-333
Gage, J. (1975) Mechanisms for the biodegradation of organic mercury compounds: the actions of ascorbate and of soluble proteins. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 32:225-238
Kalokerinos, A. (1974) Every Second Child. New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, Inc.
Lauridsen, C. and S. Jensen (2005) Influence of supplementation of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate preweaning and vitamin C postweaning on alpha-tocopherol and immune responses in piglets. Journal of Animal Science 83:1274-1286
Levy, T. (2004) Curing the Incurable. Vitamin C, Infectious Diseases, and Toxins. Henderson, NV: MedFox Publishing
Li, Y. and R. Lovell (1985) Elevated levels of dietary ascorbic acid increase immune responses in channel catfish. The Journal of Nutrition 115:123-131
Mokranjac, M. and C. Petrovic (1964) Vitamin C as an antidote in poisoning by fatal doses of mercury. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences 258:1341-1342
Prinz, W., R. Bortz, B. Bregin, and M. Hersch (1977) The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on some parameters of the human immunological defence system. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 47:2248-257
Prinz, W., J. Bloch, G., G. Gilich, and G. Mitchell (1980) A systematic study of the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the humoral immune response in ascorbate-dependent mammals. I. The antibody response to sheep red blood cells (a T-dependent antigen) in guinea pigs. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 50:294-300
Vallance, S. (1977) Relationships between ascorbic acid and serum proteins of the immune system. British Medical Journal 2:437-438
Vauthey, M. (1951) Protective effect of vitamin C against poisons. Praxis (Bern) 40:284-286
Wu, C., T. Dorairajan, and T. Lin (2000) Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the immune response of chickens vaccinated and challenged with infectious bursal disease virus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 74:145-152
Carolyn Dean, M.D., N.D. (Canada)
Michael Gonzalez, D.Sc., Ph.D. (Puerto Rico)
Steve Hickey, Ph.D. (United Kingdom)
James A. Jackson, Ph.D. (USA)
Erik Paterson, M.D. (Canada)
Robert G. Smith, Ph.D. (USA)
Andrew W. Saul, Ph.D. (USA), Editor and contact person. Email: omns@orthomolecular.org
Readers may write in with their comments and questions for consideration for publication and as topic suggestions. However, OMNS is unable to respond to individual emails.


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Pond Lehocky Stern Giordano Celebrates Seven Years of Extraordinary Growth, Protecting Injured Workers and Disabled Americans
In July of 2010, Partners Sam Pond, Jerry Lehocky, David Stern and Thomas Giordano, Jr. founded a small workers' compensation and Social Security disability law firm in the city of Philadelphia, dedicated to treating every client with the compassion and care they deserved. Over the next seven years, the Partners worked unceasingly to grow Pond Lehocky Stern Giordano into the largest workers' compensation firm in the region. They launched Disability Justice, a national Social Security disability advocacy group that now helps over 6,000 clients annually receive much needed benefits. In 2017, with over 240 staff members, 39 attorneys, and 12 office locations across the nation, the firm is able to provide the same unmistakable legal service to thousands of injured workers and disabled Americans across the country.
"Over the past seven years, we have grown and expanded because 'client first' is the foundation of everything we do," said Managing Partner Sam Pond. "Our clients come to us because the system has failed them. Pond Lehocky Stern Giordano was founded on the idea that no one is 'just a case': they are fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, and loyal employees that deserve a fighter in their corner to face down the insurers and get the benefits essential to recovery. These are people whose lives have been torn apart by a work injury, people who need the full support of a dedicated team to put the pieces back together. Each member of our firm is part of the ongoing battle for injured workers' rights – not just in the courtroom, but also in the political arena against the regressive, insurance-funded legislation being pushed daily by politicians seeking to erode victims' rights."
Looking back over the years of fighting to protect workers' rights, Managing Partner Sam Pond offered thanks to all who continue to make the firm's success possible. "Because of our clients' confidence in us, and the support from our colleagues, medical providers, unions and staff, we have been able to grow into the firm we are today," he stated. "Together, we look forward to the future."
The driving force behind the firm's success has always been the Partners' passion for helping those in need at one of the most difficult times of their lives.
"Thousands of people work very hard for their employers and give everything to their jobs over the years – then, suddenly, they're injured. Immediately, they're treated differently by their employer: not as a person, but as a liability," said Partner Jerry Lehocky. "It's overwhelming for an injured worker to be so suddenly abandoned and faced with a complicated process just to secure much needed medical treatment and compensation. For the firm, every day of the past seven years has been about making our clients feel better and letting them know that they're not alone. We will always be here to help."
"I think the secret to our success for seven years has been our mindset. We never focus on profits. We only talk about the client experience," Partner David Stern said, emphasizing at the firm's achievements can be attributed to a total focus on providing the best possible service to clients. "Get the best technology, hire the best trial lawyers, strive to make our firm one of the best places to work for our staff (a distinction bestowed upon us in polls several times), and fight hard for injured workers' rights on the political front. We do these things without parallel in our industry and you wake up seven years later and the size of the firm has multiplied by a factor of 14. It has always been about the people we help."
Partner Tom Giordano, who leads the firm's national Social Security disability advocacy group, Disability Justice, stressed the importance of gratitude, teamwork, and faith.
"I have spent the last seven years being extremely grateful," he said. "Grateful to my partners, our amazing attorneys and staff and most of all, our clients for having the trust and confidence in us to help them through their hardest times. I believe we have delivered on our promise to provide extraordinary service, genuine empathy and fierce advocacy to our clients for the past seven years. What makes our group so special is that I know we are all motivated and excited to do that for the rest of our careers. We believe it and we believe in each other."


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Atlantic World History
What is it, how is it relevant and how is it done?
Research | March 12, 2020
By Dr. Clarence Maxwell, Associate Professor of History, Millersville University
"And people make their history out of the context that shapes them."
"For the World is old, but the future springs from the past."
—Djeli Mamadou Kouyaté
During an episode of the TV documentary Finding Your Roots one of the guests, filmmaker Ava DuVeray, listened as host Henry Louis "Skip" Gates told a surprising story of her family history. She learned how her ancestors, originally from Saint-Domingue, left during the uprising of 1791 that eventually evolved into the Haitian Revolution. This revolution profoundly shaped her genealogy and personal life and the telling also underscored how important the larger holistic discussion of Atlantic World History is to all who were formed by its events.
What is Atlantic History?
When introducing the idea of the Atlantic World, one often encounters comments such as "this must be about fish," or, more seriously, that it is about the habits of the ocean—from sea life, to currents, to the nature of the sea itself. This is partially correct. The Atlantic World is about much more than the Atlantic Ocean: it is about how the life of the ocean has shaped the world and civilizations of people living in countries around it; it is about how people have also shaped this oceanic world; and how Atlantic societies have, using the Atlantic, shaped each other.
Key to the understanding civilizations of the countries of the "littoral"—the technical term—is understanding how their interaction with the Atlantic has formed them. The Atlantic World is of necessity diverse in terms of cultures and people. Geographically it takes in north, west and southwest Africa, the Caribbean Basin, Western Europe, North America and South America; and most essentially it includes Bermuda.
1562 Map of America by Diego Gutiérrez. Library of Congress
Atlantic History is a history of those relationships. Originally, it concerned the years from 1415 to 1850. Our new understanding has a much larger scope of time, of the last 1,000 years. Many of the forces that shaped the Atlantic World began as early as the year 1000, as did some initial forays. As history is about context as well as events, it is useful to begin so long ago: to include the Magna Carta, the Trans-Saharan trading system, the rise of the Toltec Empire, the formation of the Kongo kingdom: all of these events would contribute to the flow of history that poured into the Atlantic World. To understand the formation of the cross-cultural connections after the 15th century, Atlantic history encourages us to go back in time, to at least the beginning of the last millennium.
Map illustrating the movement of commodities, people and resources in the Atlantic throughout the 16th century
Atlantic History examines major events that shaped the people of the region and of today, especially as the Atlantic World laid the foundation of globalism and modern institutions. It encompasses Atlantic Age Enlightenment Revolutions like the British American Revolution, the Latin American Revolutions including the Haitian Revolution, and the French Revolution; Abolitionism; Atlantic human trafficking; European colonialism; trading networks; smuggling; migration and population movement.
How does Atlantic History affect Bermuda?
How did the Atlantic Age of Revolution shape Bermudian history? Where did its people come from? How did its people contribute to colonisation, smuggling and contraband, and did they shape the character of Bermuda's political culture today? What were the Atlantic roots and influences of well-known institutions until now seen as local, from Bermuda's distinctive architecture to its cassava pies and codfish and potatoes (clearly Atlantic products) to its Gombeys? How have Bermuda's people influenced the physical environment, and what is the history of that relationship that and repeats today in otherwise invisible cycles? How has Bermuda changed over the last 1,000 years, having had people on it for less than half of the millennium? Have Bermudians broken 1,000-year cycles or are they repeating them, unwittingly? Atlantic History tries to answer all of these questions.
How is Atlantic history done?
Atlantic History requires a multidisciplinary approach. It is not inter- or intra-disciplinary in which one discipline tries to do what another discipline does better. Multidisciplinary means that one discipline communicates and cooperates with another and together as distinct disciplines answer and present on questions of history. It demands the involvement of archaeologists, geographers, poets, writers, paleontologists, meteorologists, psychologists, philosophers, political scientists, technologists, sociologists, communicators, actors and musicians. It requires experts in Bermudian History, Caribbean Basin History, African History, US History, British-American History, Latin American History, European History, Mediterranean History, even Asian History. The Atlantic Historical narrative is more than just research—it is also presentation: discovering new information about the Atlantic World and bringing it to the people in any form required. All of these disciplines examine an aspect of Atlantic World History and communicate their findings to each other and to society as whole.
Atlantic World History's relevance is that it understands how these questions shape present lives and provides tools for the future. The past may not repeat itself, but past events can and often do. History gives us the tools to understand and to master these events, and thus avoid their negative consequences. By that we learn as a people.
If you would like to know more about the role and response of Bermudians during the Age of Revolution (1774-1849) purchase a copy of "Prudent Rebels: Bermudians and the First Age of Revolution" by Dr. Clarence Maxwell today.
Also don't miss our FREE public lecture "The Early Atlantic Age (1250–1609): Why and how did we get here?" by Dr. Clarence Maxwell. Thursday March 12, 2020 5:30-7pm, North Hall Bermuda College.
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Q: Python Traversing a filesystem. Strange Issue I am trying to traverse a directory. Below is the code:
file_list = []
    os.chdir(self.config.Root_Directory_Path())
    for root, dirs, files in os.walk("."):
        file_list.extend( join(root,f) for f in files )
    file_sorted = sorted(file_list)
    f = open(self.config.Client_Local_Status(),'wb')
    for file in file_sorted:
        print(file + "|" + str(os.path.getmtime(file)) + "\n")
    f.close()

Firstly, I traverse the tree, then sort it and then print it. But I get the below error while traversing. I am very sure that the file exist, but not able to figure out the reason for error. PLEASE HELP ME FIGURE OUT REASON FOR ERROR AND HENCE FIX IT.
Below is the output.
Output:
.\Drivers\Intel Drivers\Applications\Software\Applications\Wave_Embassy_Trust_Suite\EMBASSY Security Center\program files\Wave Systems Corp\EMBASSY Security Center\plugins\cpm.scp\webinterface\ru\js\HelpMessages.js|1229488128.0

.\Drivers\Intel Drivers\Applications\Software\Applications\Wave_Embassy_Trust_Suite\EMBASSY Security Center\program files\Wave Systems Corp\EMBASSY Security Center\plugins\cpm.scp\webinterface\ru\js\Strings.js|1229488128.0

After printing lot of file names successfully, the code fails for one particular file as shown below:
Error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\SyncClientRK\SyncClientRK.py", line 183, in <module>
    SyncClientRK()
  File "C:\SyncClientRK\SyncClientRK.py", line 17, in __init__
    self.getStatus()
  File "C:\SyncClientRK\SyncClientRK.py", line 38, in getStatus
    self.generateLocalStatus()
  File "C:\SyncClientRK\SyncClientRK.py", line 53, in generateLocalStatus
    print(file + "|" + str(os.path.getmtime(file)) + "\n")
  File "C:\Python33\lib\genericpath.py", line 54, in getmtime
    return os.stat(filename).st_mtime
FileNotFoundError: [WinError 3] The system cannot find the path specified: '.\\Drivers\\Intel Drivers\\Applications\\Software\\Applications\\Wave_Embassy_Trust_Suite\\EMBASSY Security Center\\program files\\Wave Systems Corp\\EMBASSY Security Center\\plugins\\cpm.scp\\webinterface\\zh-CHS\\AccessingToolkit.htm'

Please notice that the file is fetched in the loop and is printed, but os.path.getmtime is throwing an error that will not found. Not able to understand why and how to fix this.

A: That's a 220 character long filename, starting in a local directory. Assuming that the local directory has a path that is longer than 40 characters, you are hitting an old Windows limit of paths that are longer than 260 characters.
Not all ways of handling files in Windows has this limit, but it may be that this is the problem here. If there are filenames in your list that is even longer, then this is clearly not the problem, but that's what I would look into first.
See also: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365247%28v=vs.85%29.aspx#maxpath

A: Strange characters in the file name maybe? Obviously os.walk returns something you cannot access later; that should not happen, but it does. Has to be something quirky, could have to do with Windows file systems, file name handling etc.  Print the name when it does not exist, use repr(file_name), and see if you can find strange characters inside.  More likely that something else is fiddling in, but that's currently my best guess.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Home » Cloud Featured Tech News
Amazon blames President Trump for losing $10 billion JEDI cloud contract to Microsoft
Nickie Louise Posted On December 9, 2019
Let the blame game begins. In a heavily redacted, 103-page document made public on Monday, Amazon Web Services (AWS), a subsidiary of Amazon, is laying the blame on U.S. President Trump for losing the JEDI (Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure) contract to its rival Microsoft. The contract award, which could be worth as much as $10 billion, was awarded to Microsoft in October.
In the filing, Amazon argues in a lawsuit unsealed Monday that the decision should be revisited because of "substantial and pervasive errors" and Trump's interference. The company also said that President Trump "made no secret of his personal dislike" for Bezos by criticizing him publicly and then "used his office" to prevent AWS from winning the contract. AWS is now calling for the Department of Defense to terminate the award and conduct another review of the submitted proposals.
"DoD's substantial and pervasive errors are hard to understand and impossible to assess separate and apart from the President's repeatedly expressed determination to, in the words of the President himself, 'screw Amazon,'" the complaint said. "The stakes are high. The question is whether the President of the United States should be allowed to use the budget of DoD to pursue his own personal and political ends."
In a statement on Monday, Pentagon spokeswoman Elissa Smith said: "This source selection decision was made by an expert team of career public servants and military officers from across the Department of Defense and in accordance with DoD's normal source-selection process," Elissa Smith said. "There were no external influences on the source selection decision."
Education Opportunity Fund rebrands as Avathon Capital; launches $400M asset under management to fuel innovation and impact in the education and workforce management markets


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Walter de Smaele (° Gent, 29 oktober 1931) was mede-organisator en bestuurder van de Cultuurbibliotheek Brugge.

Jeugdjaren en studies
Na lagere school en klassieke humaniora te hebben doorlopen (1937-1950) aan het Sint-Lodewijkscollege in Brugge, trad hij in 1952 in bij de jezuïeten. Hij volgde de kandidaturen klassieke filologie, wijsbegeerte en theologie.

Hij behaalde de kandidatuur klassieke filologie voor de centrale examencommissie en het licentiaat wijsbegeerte met zijn proefschrift over de Phänomenologie des Geistes van Hegel, met als promotor professor Libert Vander Kerken.

Loopbaan
Na 12 jaar bij de jezuïetenorde, vlak voor zijn priesterwijding, nam zijn leven in 1964 een andere wending. Hij trad uit het klooster en trouwde. Hij werd voortaan godsdienstleraar, eerst in het Rijkstechnisch Instituut in Roeselare, vervolgens in het Vrij Technisch Instituut in de Boeveriestraat in Brugge.

De Cultuurbibliotheek
In 1964 kwam hij in contact met kanunnik Robrecht Stock (1904-2000), hoofdinspecteur van het katholiek onderwijs in het bisdom Brugge. Deze had sinds 1957 stappen gezet voor de oprichting van een bibliotheek voornamelijk gericht op onderwijsmateries en pedagogie. Hij vond in de Smaele de concrete uitvoerder van het project. Dit werd de aanvang van een decennialange samenwerking, die van de Smaele als het ware de mede-oprichter maakt van deze belangrijke, uit het privé-initiatief gesproten bibliotheek.

De Cultuurbibliotheek groeide uit tot een van de belangrijkste in zijn soort in België, voornamelijk op het gebied van publicaties over gespecialiseerde domeinen gewijd aan onderwijs en pedagogie. Uiteindelijk werkte de Smaele 51 jaar als bibliothecaris.

Familie
De Smaele is de vader van vier kinderen, onder wie
 Henk de Smaele, doctor in de geschiedenis, hoogleraar aan de Universiteit Antwerpen, departement geschiedenis.
 Hedwig de Smaele, doctor in de communicatiewetenschappen, docente in de opleiding Master in de journalistiek aan de KU Leuven campus Brussel.

Publicaties
 De zon als ster, in: Streven, jrg. XI, 1958, 1, p. 51-56
 Honderd jaar Darwin, in: Streven, jrg. XI, 1958, 9, p. 858-862
 Christendom en socialisme, een al te voorzichtige benadering?, Streven, 1976.
 In gebed, Sint-Pietersabdij & St. Godelieveabdij, 1989.
 Coöperatie Vrij Technisch Onderwijs West-Vlaanderen, Brugge, 1990 (een verzameling artikels betreffende ontwikkelingswerk, over een periode van twintig jaar gepubliceerd in: Schakel, schoolblad van VTI Brugge.)
 In memoriam kanunnik Robrecht Stock, in: Vlaanderen, 2000.
 De Cultuurbibliotheek in Brugge, in: Vlaanderen, jrg. 50, 2001, 5, p. 273-275.
 De schat van Antoon Lowyck, in: Haec Olim, 2008.
 Claudius Ptolomeus' Geographia in de Cultuurbiblioytheek, in: Haec Olim, 2010.
 Over de Cultuurbibliotheek. Kan ik helpen?, in: Haec Olim, 2010.
 De Cultuurbibliotheek: een bib met onderwijstraditie, in: Meta, 2013.

Literatuur
 Beatrice DE CLIPPELEIR & Saskia SCHELTJENS, De bibliotheek als kunst. Een gesprek met Walter de Smaele, in : Bibliotheek- & archiefgids, jrg. 83 (2007), nr. 2, blz. 28-33
 Gedetailleerde geschiedenis van de Cultuurbibliotheek

Belgisch bibliothecaris

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In addition to keeping your event organized, I am also a professional magician. For some events I am requested to enhance the program with a bit a comedy magic between the various speakers and presentations. My years of entertaining and public speaking enable me to help get your audience laughing and engaged between the various presentations at your wedding, festival or other event.
However, as your MC, my remarks are kept brief and professional as I introduce the next person or activity the program. My primary goal is to keep the focus on the bride and groom, or on the main objective of your event. To accomplish this, I listen to your needs and goals and remain open to your instruction throughout the gathering.
My work as your MC involves meeting with you in advance to lean your vision for this special occasion. We develop a fully written program plan. This includes the initial meeting, an on site visit to inspect the venue, and a checkin meeting a few days before the event to review any last minute changes.
What is the style and tone you want to have?
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VE Day hugs and kisses recreated to celebrate peace
Embraces among strangers, lovers and friends on VE Day are being recreated as part of a Royal British Legion commemoration of peace
Hermione Norris kissing Army veteran and Chelsea Pensioner Harry Puttick
By Hannah Furness, Arts Correspondent
6:30AM BST 02 May 2015
For those who lived through war, it would have been among the most thrilling nights of their lives, as victory in Europe led Britons to pour onto the streets for an impromptu celebration.
Now, the infamous embraces among strangers, lovers and friends on VE Day are being recreated as part of a Royal British Legion commemoration of peace.
Members of the public are being asked to photograph themselves in a celebratory kiss with a loved-one, as part of a social media campaign in the lead up to the 70th anniversary of VE Day.
The drive is being supported by a host of celebrities, who have paired up with war veterans to show their appreciation of their service to the nation.
Among those sharing a kiss are dancer and Strictly Come Dancing judge Darcey Bussell and 27-year-old Ben McBean, who lost a leg in Afghanistan and famously ran 31 miles around London in the shape of a poppy last year.
Darcey Bussell CBE kissing Afghanistan veteran Ben McBean
Hermione Norris, the Spooks actress, has puckered up with Chelsea Pensioner Harry Puttick, who served for 30 years in the armed forces in the West Indies, Singapore and Germany.
Dan Snow, the historian and broadcaster, has been photographed embracing Marjorie Cole, one of the first female Chelsea Pensioners. Before retirement, she served in the Women's Royal Army Corps from 1961 to 1966 and from 1967 to 1977, and was posted in Singapore and Northern Ireland.
Dan Snow kissing Chelsea Pensioner Marjorie Cole
Lorraine Kelly kissed Royal British Legion member and Royal Navy veteran Danny McCrudden, while choreographer Arlene Phillips posed with the Legion's London area manager, Ryan Allain.
Others chose to share the love with members of their own family.
VE Day celebrations in the East End of London, marking the end of the war in Europe in 1945
Bear Grylls, Chief Scout and former SAS reservist, is pictured sharing a kiss with his wife Shara, while television presenter Susanna Reid shares a tender moment with her father Barry and historian.
Actor Tom Hardy contributed a photograph with his wife Charlotte, Rufus Hound kissed his wife Beth, presenters Eamonn Holmes and Ruth Langsford embraced one another, and
The Royal British Legion is now invited members of the public to submit their own photographs in the lead up to May 8, showcasing their own celebratory kisses under the hashtag #KissforVEDay.
All pictures will then be shared on the Legion's commemorative website, www.veday.org.uk, along with personal recollections from members of the public about the day.
They will join the memories of public figures including Sir Michael Parkinson, who celebrated VE Day with a street party at home in Yorkshire.


I visited the two buckets of FAA today – they're nicely tucked away in the cool, dark basement. Amazing how it doesn't smell awful or even fishy at all, since it's just fish and sugar, and some apples. The apple smell dominates, along with a sweet fermented smell. The top of one had a lot of mold, which I just scooped up and fed to my compost bin buddies.


text:
What was one result of the Montgomery bus boycott?
Montgomery bus boycott, mass protest against the bus system of Montgomery, Alabama, by civil rights activists and their supporters that led to a 1956 U.S. Supreme Court decision declaring that Montgomery's segregation laws on buses were unconstitutional. The 381-day bus boycott also brought the Rev.
What is boycott example?
To boycott means to stop buying or using the goods or services of a certain company or country as a protest; the noun boycott is the protest itself. This noun comes from the name of Charles C. Boycott, an English land agent in 19th-century Ireland who refused to reduce rents for his tenant farmers.
Did Martin Luther King Jr lead the Montgomery bus boycott?
The U.S. Supreme Court ultimately ordered Montgomery to integrate its bus system, and one of the leaders of the boycott, a young pastor named Martin Luther King, Jr., emerged as a prominent leader of the American civil rights movement.
What was the outcome of the Montgomery bus boycott quizlet?
1. On 20 December 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in transport was unconstitutional and the boycott was called off. 2. This showed that victory could be achieved if black Americans acted together.
Why is it called boycott?
The boycott was popularized by Charles Stewart Parnell during the Irish land agitation of 1880 to protest high rents and land evictions. The term boycott was coined after Irish tenants followed Parnell's suggested code of conduct and effectively ostracized a British estate manager, Charles Cunningham Boycott.
Who was the first one to burn foreign clothes in India?
What was one of the outcomes of the Montgomery bus boycott quizlet?
As a result of the boycott, on June 5, 1956, a Montgomery federal court ruled that any law requiring racially segregated seating on buses violated the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was successful in establishing the goal of integration.
Which was the main cause for boycotting foreign goods?
Answer: The main cause for boycotting foreign goods during non cooperation movement was to challenge the well established economic and power structure of British. Explanation: This was brought forward by Gandhiji to bring forth the demand of Indian independence and also as protest towards the Jalianwalla bagh incident.
What was meant by the boycott of British goods?
Social boycott of people who purchased foreign goods.
What was the organization called that Martin Luther King Jr established after the Montgomery bus boycott?
The Montgomery Improvement Association
What was the result of the boycott of foreign goods and textiles during the non Cooperationmovement?
How effective was Martin Luther King?
was a well-known civil rights activist who had a great deal of influence on American society in the 1950s and 1960s. His strong belief in nonviolent protest helped set the tone of the movement. Boycotts, protests and marches were eventually effective, and much legislation was passed against racial discrimination.
What was the result of boycott of foreign goods?
(i) Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed , and foreign clothes were burnt hugely. (iv) As the boycott movement spread, people used only Indian clothes and began to discard foreign clothes. As a result, production of Indian textile mills and handloom went up largely.
When did Martin Luther King Jr lead the Montgomery bus boycott?
How and why did the Montgomery bus boycott succeed?
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a black seamstress, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for refusing to give up her bus seat so that white passengers could sit in it. Following a November 1956 ruling by the Supreme Court that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional, the bus boycott ended successfully.
Who was affected by the Montgomery bus boycott?
African-American citizens made up a full three-quarters of regular bus riders, causing the boycott to have a strong economic impact on the public transportation system and on the city of Montgomery as a whole. The boycott was proving to be a successful means of protest.
How successful was the first day of the Montgomery boycott?
Montgomery's black citizens reacted decisively to the incident. By December 2, schoolteacher Jo Ann Robinson had mimeographed and delivered 50,000 protest leaflets around town. E.D. Over 70% of the cities bus patrons were African American and the one-day boycott was 90% effective.
How did the Montgomery bus boycott change America?
Lasting 381 days, the Montgomery Bus Boycott resulted in the Supreme Court ruling segregation on public buses unconstitutional. A significant play towards civil rights and transit equity, the Montgomery Bus Boycott helped eliminate early barriers to transportation access.
What was Boycott Class 10?
Boycott is an act of refusal to buy, use or participate. It is a way of protesting. Here, Indians boycotted British goods in order to protest against the British rule.
What did the boycott Programmes include?
The four fold programme of Boycott included: Complete boycott of cloth, salt and sugar produced in England. Decisive Rejection of English as a medium speech. Social boycott of those Indians who refused to boycott foreign goods.
Is calling for a boycott illegal?
Boycotts are legal under common law. The right to engage in commerce, social intercourse, and friendship includes the implied right not to engage in commerce, social intercourse, and friendship. Since a boycott is voluntary and nonviolent, the law cannot stop it. Other legal impediments to certain boycotts remain.
What is the difference between boycott and ban?
As verbs the difference between boycott and ban is that boycott is to abstain, either as an individual or group, from using, buying, or dealing with someone or some organization as an expression of protest while ban is (obsolete) to summon; call out.
What makes a boycott successful?
1 predictor of what makes a boycott effective is how much media attention it creates, not how many people sign onto a petition or how many consumers it mobilizes," he noted. His research shows that the most successful boycotts are those that generate the most media coverage, typically to a single, high-profile company.
What finally ended the boycott?
The Montgomery Bus Boycott, which had begun when Rosa Parks famously refused to move to the back of the bus, finally ended after 381 days, when the Supreme Court ruled bus segregation illegal. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on 1 December, 1955.
How did Martin Luther King help Rosa Parks?
The successful Montgomery Bus Boycott, organized by a young Baptist minister named Martin Luther King, Jr., followed Park's historic act of civil disobedience. "The mother of the civil rights movement," as Rosa Parks is known, was born in Tuskegee, Alabama, in 1913.
December 18, 2021 by Matthew KayleePosted in Assignment writing tips
How do human activities cause pollution in our environment?
What is a Tiktok alt girl?
Which phrase best describes what keeps the Washwoman going despite her age and illness? December 19, 2021
When should a person with dementia go into a care home? December 19, 2021
Is UCF a 2 or 4 year institution? December 19, 2021


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Locations: National
Road to a Second Impeachment
In the aftermath of the attack on the Capitol, the House Democrats introduced legislation to impeach President Donald Trump, charging him with "inciting violence against the Government of the United States." Here we review Trump's comments and actions leading up to the impeachment vote.
Fake Letter Attributed to Pelosi Generates Anger Online
A digitally manipulated, phony letter referring to a "Democratic Play book" and attributed to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi has been circulating online, contributing to partisan rancor following the riot at the Capitol on Jan. 6.
False Claims of Fraud in Georgia Runoffs
Online posts falsely claim that there was fraud in the Senate runoff elections in Georgia, but the only evidence they offer are clips of election night newscasts that corrected two data-entry errors.
FactChecking the Electoral College Debate
The process of certifying Joe Biden as the 46th president of the United States occurred in the early morning hours of Jan. 7, after being disrupted by rioters and delayed by Republicans who repeated false and misleading claims about the election results.
Trump's Falsehood-Filled 'Save America' Rally
Prior to the violence that disrupted Congress' counting of the electoral votes, President Donald Trump gave an indignant speech filled with falsehoods about the presidential election he lost two months ago to Democrat Joe Biden.
FactChecking the Georgia Senate Runoffs
We recap the facts behind the claims made in some of the many attack ads released by the campaigns and outside groups in Georgia's two Senate runoff elections.
A Guide to Moderna's COVID-19 Vaccine
Moderna's mRNA vaccine is the second COVID-19 vaccine authorized for use in the U.S. Here, we give a rundown of basic facts about the vaccine and an overview of how it works.
Anti-Vaccine Posts Use Deceptively Edited Video Clip
Social media pages that share anti-vaccine messages have used a selectively edited news clip that suggests the COVID-19 vaccine is unsafe. The clip shows a nurse fainting after she gets the vaccine, but it doesn't show her quick recovery afterward when she explains that she is prone to fainting when triggered by even a slight pain.
Q&A on COVID-19 Vaccines
Two COVID-19 vaccines are now authorized in the U.S. and more are likely to follow. In this story, we answer some common questions about the shots.
The Whoppers of 2020
Our list of the 10 most egregious falsehoods of the year.


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The object is to get through 20 questions on the same page with out having to start over on another 20. If you answer the question correctly, it will remain on that page. Otherwise, if you answer one in correctly, you will have to start on another set. This is meant to help prepare you for your test, so cheating will only mean cheating yourself. Have fun studying.


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Countdown on to the 2016 Accrington Food and Drink Festival
Gold Sponsors secured to help make day even bigger and better
It might seem a long time until summer, but the countdown to the 2016 Accrington Food and Drink Festival has well and truly begun.
Festival co-ordinator Sue Lawson is pictured with Liz Murphy, PR Manager at Simon Jersey
Last year's revamped and revitalised event was one of Accrington's biggest crowd-pullers, with more than 10,000 people filling the town centre for a day filled with flavours and family fun. Now planning is well under way for this year's event, to be held on Saturday June 4th.
Many of the same ingredients will help make a recipe for success, including an array of regional stalls showcasing the area's finest food producers and retailers, live cookery demonstrations with a celebrity chef, a fabulous Continental food market on Broadway, "Accrington Pals" uniformed actors giving talks throughout the day, and a live World War II re-enactment commemorating D-Day.
Another heritage highlight this year will be a Spitfire, the iconic fighter aircraft of the Battle of Britain, on display in the town centre. Visitors will be able to view the historic aeroplane at close quarters and have their photo taken next to it.
Two Gold Sponsors have already been secured for this year's event, helping make it even bigger and better than 2015. The first is one of the UK's leading suppliers of uniforms, Altham-based Simon Jersey, which is celebrating 45 years in the area as well as sponsoring Team GB for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games.
and with MD Jim Harness (left) and Operations Director Gareth Lindsay from NLTG.
The second Gold Sponsor is one of the UK's largest training providers, North Lancs Training Group, which has been training and supporting young people through apprenticeships and other vocational programmes for more than 45 years. With one of its two Vocational Centres of Excellence based in Accrington, it has strong links with the town and was keen to support its flagship food festival and participate with its catering students.
The event will once again take place in Broadway and in and around the award-winning Market Hall. Back by popular demand is celebrity chef Richard Fox, who will perform live cookery demonstrations in an outdoor cookery theatre on Broadway and host other demonstrations by local restaurant chefs.
Another huge hit last year and set to return for 2016 was a live World War II re-enactment by the North West Military Collectors, which saw Germans and American GIs locked in an action-packed skirmish in the usually peaceful grounds of St James' Church.
This year also marks the centenary of one of the darkest days in Accrington's history, when the famous "Accrington Pals" battalion suffered devastating losses on the opening day of the Battle of the Somme, during the First World War. It will be commemorated at the food festival by various displays and activities, including uniformed Accrington Pals actors.
Children can once again join in the fun with activities including the popular cake decorating competition, and once again a vintage double-decker bus will transport people to the festival free of charge from pick-up points across Hyndburn.
This will be the second year that the Accrington Food and Drink Festival has been organised by Scott Dawson Advertising (SDA) as part of its civic pride initiative, working in partnership with Hyndburn Borough Council and the Town Team.
Murray Dawson, from SDA, said: "Last year's revived Accrington Food and Drink Festival was a great success and we want this year's to be even better. Having a tank parked in the town centre as part of the D-Day commemorations proved a very popular attraction so we wanted to go one better this year and have a Spitfire on display.
"That and all the other attractions certainly put Accrington Food Festival on the map for must-see event this year!"
Coun. Clare Cleary, Cabinet Member for Accrington Town Centre, added: "Last year's Food and Drink Festival was a huge success and this year's looks set to be even bigger and better. It's a superb family day out for all age groups to enjoy, so make Saturday June 4th a date in your diary to come along and join in the fun."
Opportunities to get involved with the festival, either through sponsorship or by having a stall, are still available and anyone interested can phone Sue Lawson at SDA on 01282 426846 or email: sue@scottdawson.co.uk
To keep up to date with the latest developments on the 2016 festival, visit it's website at www.accringtonfoodfestival.co.uk where you will also find a gallery of photographs and videos giving a flavour of last year's event. You can also 'like' the festival Facebook page at www.facebook.com/accringtonfood or follow it on Twitter at twitter.com/AccringtonFood
This entry was posted in event management, events, food festival, Hyndburn Council, Scott Dawson, Shop Local, WW1 on January 22, 2016 by admin.
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text:
Howard Family of Brockton Massachusetts
Leave a Comment / Genealogy, Massachusetts
For two hundred and sixty and more years the family bearing the name of Howard has had a home in the Bridgewaters and the region of country thereabout, descendants in the main of
(I) John Haward, who with his brother James came to America from England and settled in Duxbury, Mass. James went to Bermuda, while John moved to the West parish of ancient Bridgewater, and became one of the first settlers of the town in 1651. The settlement in Bridgewater was the first interior settlement of the Old Colony, the grant of the plantation being made in 1645 while the actual settlement did not begin until 1651. The grant was made to Duxbury and the ancient or original town comprised what has since become the towns of Bridgewater, East Bridgewater, West Bridgewater and North Bridgewater (the latter now the city of Brockton), and contained land about seven miles square. This tract of land was purchased from the Indians by Capt. Miles Standish and fifty-three other original proprietors, among whom was John Haward, for the trifling sum of seven coats, nine hatchets, eight hoes, twenty knives, four moose-skins and ten and a half yards of cotton, the whole not exceeding thirty dollars in value. The first settlements were made in what is now West Bridgewater, the settlers coming largely from Duxbury. There were no settlements in the North parish until after 1700, its settlers being mostly from other sections of the original town.
When a lad it is said that John Haward lived in the family of Capt. Miles Standish. He became a man of great influence in the new plantation, and was one of the first military officers of the town; ensign in 1664, and lieutenant in 1689; licensed to keep an ordinary or tavern in 1670; chosen selectman in 1678; and was deputy to the General Court, 1678-1683. He died in 1700. His children were:
John Haward
James Haward
Jonathan Haward
Elizabeth Haward
Sarah Haward
Bethiah Haward
Ephraim Haward*
Previous to 1700 the name was commonly written Haward, but since that time Howard has been the accepted spelling.
(II) Ephraim Haward, son of John, married in 1689 Mary Keith, daughter of Rev. James Keith, who came from Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1662, at the age of eighteen years, and was the first ordained minister in Bridgewater. Their children were:
Jane Howard
Susanna Howard
Martha Howard
Ephraim Howard, Jr.
Daniel Howard*
David Howard
Silence Howard
(III) Capt. Daniel Howard, son of Ephraim, was born Oct. 3, 1699, and was one of the first settlers of the North parish of Bridgewater (now Brockton) and a man of great respectability in the community. He represented the town in the General Court for many years, besides filling many public offices of trust; was a justice of the peace; was the first captain of a military company of the parish. In 1724 he married Damaris Williams, daughter of Thomas Williams, of Taunton, Mass. His children were:
Mary Howard, who married Col. Simeon Cary
Barnabas Howard, who married Mehitable Packard*
Silence Howard, who married Col. Josiah Hayden
Capt. Daniel Howard died in 1779, aged eighty years.
(IV) Capt. Barnabas Howard, son of Capt. Daniel, was born June 19, 1730. He was captain of a military company, justice of the peace, and was one of the committee of four appointed in 1784 to divide the parish into four grammar school districts. He kept a tavern at the north end of the town — one of the best known public houses there. On July 2, 1755, he married Mehitable Packard, daughter of Seth and Mercy (Bryant) Packard, and a descendant of Samuel Packard, who with his wife and child came from Windham, England, in the ship "Diligence" of Ipswich, and settled at Hingham, Mass., in 1638, later becoming one of the first settlers of Bridgewater. The children born to Capt. Barnabas Howard and wife were:
Vesta Howard, who married Daniel Howard
Damaris Howard, who married Capt. John French
Oliver Howard, who married Susanna Reynolds*
Daniel Howard, who married Silence Packard
Barnabas Howard, Jr., who died unmarried
Jonas Howard, who married Abigail Packard
Mehitable Howard, who married John Wales
Gideon Howard, who married Molly Willis
Lois Howard, who married Nathan Keith
Anna Howard, who died single
Capt, Barnabas Howard died Nov. 8, 1813, in his eighty-fourth year, and his wife died Nov. 28, 1813, aged eighty years.
(V) Oliver Howard, son of Capt. Barnabas, was born June 19, 1758. He served in the Revolutionary war, being a private in Capt. Josiah Hayden's company, Colonel Bailey's regiment of minute-men, who marched on the Lexington alarm April 19, 1775, from North Bridgewater, and was also a member of the 7th company of militia, 2d Regiment, in the county of Plymouth, which was mustered to suppress Shays's rebellion, at Taunton, Mass., in 1786. Mr. Howard was a farmer, and resided in the north end of the town. He was a devout Unitarian in religious belief, and was known as "Deacon" Howard because of his sobriety and uprightness. In political belief he was an enthusiastic Whig, and took an active interest in the affairs of the town. On Nov. 2. 1780, he married Susanna Reynolds, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Turner) Reynolds, the former of whom, son of Nathaniel Reynolds of Boston, was one of the early settlers of the North parish of Bridgewater. Mr. Howard died Jan. 29, 1845, aged eighty-six years, and his wife Dec. 31, 1817, aged sixty-one years. Their children were:
Parnel Howard, who married James Ford
Oliver Howard, Jr., who married Lucy Sturtevant*
Daniel Howard, who married Abigail Howard
Emily Howard, who married Apollos Howard
Bernice Howard, who married Zophar Field
Lois Howard, who married Samuel Linfield
Otis Howard, who married Reuma Southworth
Mehitable Howard, who married Charles Copeland
Betsey Howard, who married Robert Packard
Olive Howard, who died young
(VI) Oliver Howard, Jr., son of Oliver, was born Jan. 27, 1784, in North Bridgewater, and lived in the north part of the town, known as Montello, where he was extensively engaged in farming, and in early life carried his produce by team to the Boston markets, this at that time being the only mode of travel. He served in the war of 1812 as a member of Capt. Nehemiah Lincoln's company, which was stationed at Plymouth, Mass., in 1814. He died in Montello, Aug. 8, 1838, in the fifty-fifth year of his age. On Dec. 4, 1808, Mr. Howard married Lucy Sturtevant, only child of Ephraim and Abigail (Howard) Sturtevant, and granddaughter of Silas Sturtevant, who came to North Bridgewater from Plympton, Mass. To Oliver and Lucy (Sturtevant) Howard were born children as follows:
Abigail Howard, born Sept. 18, 1809, married Williams Packard
Willard Howard, born Aug. 22, 1811, married Harriet Hawes
Rufus Emery Howard, born Dec. 26, 1813, married (first) Sarah B. Dunbar and (second) Julia Ann Kingman, and he died July 8, 1838
Elizabeth Howard, born April 22, 1816, died aged seven years
Daniel S. Howard, born Oct. 9, 1818*
Lucy Howard married Loring Holbrook, and she died in Whitman, Mass
Elizabeth Howard married Solomon C. Wells, and died in Whitman, Mass., June 5, 1910
Gorham Bradford Howard, born Jan. 22, 1827*
D. S. Howard
(VII) Daniel S. Howard, son of Oliver and Lucy, was born Oct. 9, 1818, in North Bridgewater (now Brockton), and after acquiring his early education in the district schools of his native town became employed in one of the small shoe shops which were scattered about the section previous to the days of factory organization and large manufacturing businesses. He worked at treeing boots for $1.20 per day, and practiced rigid economy, saving his first $1,000 on these wages. He then associated himself with the late Noah Chessman in the manufacture of shoes. The combined capital of the firm was not large, but they were enthusiastic and energetic, and the first year made a profit of $400. The next year their books showed a profit of $800, but several of the firms which had purchased their product failed, and their failures more than wiped out the entire profits of Howard & Chessman, which so discouraged Mr. Chessman that he withdrew from the firm, while Mr. Howard with renewed vigor continued the business alone. The following year he made a profit of $2,500, and this was the beginning of the fortune which he made and saved. His ambition was to become a millionaire, and he worked steadily to that end. Associated with him first as employees were several of the past and present-day shoe manufacturers of the city of Brockton, who have also attained wealth and prominence in the shoe industry. Mr. Howard was at one time associated with his son, the present Warren A. Howard, who later was an extensive shoe manufacturer on his own account. In 1877 he was associated with Francis E. White and Isaiah A. Beals, under the firm name of Daniel S. Howard & Co. They afterward withdrew from the firm to enter business on their own account. The late George G. Snow and the present Daniel W. Field, well known and prominent shoe manufacturers, and many others, were among his employees, all of whom profited by the tuition received at his hands. There were also many others among his employees who left shoe-making to become prominent in other business lines. His large factory was located on Montello street, and for many years he gave employment to many hands, his product going to all parts of the country. Mr. Howard retired from active business Aug. 11, 1887, and it is presumed that at that time he had attained his ambition to become a millionaire. He had invested largely in real estate and was one of the largest property owners in the city, and for a number of years prior to his death was the heaviest taxpayer in the city. He always aimed at making safe, conservative investments rather than at making large profits that would endanger his capital, and his money was used in a quiet, careful way. Though modest and unassuming Mr. Howard was energetic and resourceful. The poor, deserving man was never turned away, and yet he could say "no" when the case demanded it. He set the highest example of right living, and came as near as it is possible for mortals in living up to the Golden Rule. A long-time friend of Mr. Howard's in speaking of him after his death said:
"Seeing him almost daily for fifty years, I never knew Mr. Howard to do an ignoble thing, and when I appealed to him for charitable purposes for the public, he always said 'if that isn't enough, come back again.' Ostentatious, never; and he had the affections of his employees more than any other man I ever knew."
Although he was never conspicuous in his benevolences, Mr. Howard gave freely to public enterprises, and did a great deal of good with his money in a quiet way. When the Brockton Hospital was started he gave $500, and also gave an annual donation to the hospital during its first five years; and in February, 1902, he presented the same corporation $10,000 for its endowment fund. He drew his check for four figures and presented it toward the building of the new Young Men's Christian Association building, and in many other ways his fortune was used to help along causes which had his sympathy. He always said he did not care to be known for his gifts, his only desire being that the money be put to good use. Mr. Howard was a regular attendant of the Church of the New Jerusalem, and was liberal in his donations to same. He was a member of no societies, devoting himself wholly to his home and his business.
Mr. Howard was twice married. On Feb. 17, 1839, he married (first) Rhoda Cary, born Aug. 16, 1821, daughter of Barzilla and Vashti (Snell) Cary, and a direct descendant in the seventh generation from John Cary, who came from Somersetshire, England, and settled in Duxbury, Mass., in 1639, later becoming one of the first settlers and the first town clerk of the town of old Bridgewater. Mrs. Howard died Dec. 4, 1868. Three children were born of this union, namely:
Warren Alcott Howard, born Dee. 20, 1839*
Frank Lucius Howard, born Sept. 20, 1853, died Dec. 1, 1853
Lizzie Stone Howard, born Jan. 12, 1855, married Henry C. Litchfield, and lives in Newton, Mass
On June 10, 1869, Mr. Howard married (second) Mary Allen Cobb, born March 8, 1842, daughter of the late David and Clarissa (Bussey) Cobb, the former of whom was for many years one of the prominent merchants of North Bridgewater, his place of business having been at the corner of Main and Court streets. To this second marriage were born two children:
Clarissa Howard married Harry L. Norton, and they reside in Brookline, Mass. They are the parents of one daughter:
Elizabeth Howard Norton
Daniel S. Howard, Jr., born Feb. 15, 1879, of Brockton*
Daniel S. Howard died at Brockton, April 30, 1904, in the eighty-sixth year of his age, and in his death the ancient town of North Bridgewater lost one of its pioneer shoe manufacturers, its first millionaire, and a foremost and strictly honorable citizen. The name of Howard has been one of long and honorable standing, and had a worthy representative in the person of the fete Daniel S. Howard.
Graham B. Howard
(VII) Gorham Bradford Howard, youngest son of Oliver and Lucy (Sturtevant) Howard, was born Jan. 22, 1827, in North Bridgewater, now Brockton. His early educational training was acquired in the "little red school house" of his neighborhood, and at the private school conducted by Jonathan Cole. Leaving school at the age of about fifteen years, he became a clerk in the general store of the late Zenas Franklin Brett, at Duxbury, Mass., where he remained for about one and a half years. Returning to his native town, he on June 2, 1844, became a clerk in the dry goods store of the late Henry W. Robinson, in which capacity he remained until in 1858, when Mr. Howard, Elbridge W. Morse and Baalis Sanford, all of whom were employees of the store, were admitted into partnership with Mr. Robinson. This partnership continued until in 1869, in which year Mr. Howard and Mr. Morse retired from the firm, and they in company with Henry J. White, under the firm name of Howard, Morse & White, purchased the dry goods business of A. J. Benner. For about two years this firm continued in the business, Mr. Howard at the end of that period purchasing the interests of his partners in the establishment, which he conducted alone until 1882, when ill health compelled him to retire from active business.
Public life has never appealed to Mr. Howard, and while he is a stanch supporter of the principles of the Republican party, and its protective policies, his interest in political affairs is simply that of a public-spirited citizen who is deeply interested in the growth and development of the country's resources. He attends the Church of the New Jerusalem, and is liberal in his views.
On Oct. 31, 1858, Mr. Howard married Ellen E. Mann, who was born in Boston, daughter of Jonathan and Eliza (Sears) Mann, of Pembroke, Mass., Mrs. Howard passing away in the latter town June 25, 1889, without issue. Mr. Howard is an affable, courteous gentleman, enjoying the respect and esteem of the community in which he was born and in which his long life has been spent.
(VIII) Warren Alcott Howard, son of the late Daniel S. and Rhoda (Cary) Howard, was born Dec. 20, 1839, in North Bridgewater (now Brockton). His schooling was acquired in the common schools and the Adelphian Academy, conducted by Loomis Brothers, in his native town, after which for two years he was a student at the Hathaway Academy, Medford, Mass. Leaving school at the age of about nineteen years, he entered his father's shoe factory, where he was employed about two years, during which time he acquired a practical knowledge of shoemaking, and in 1861 he established himself in the manufacturing of shoes in that part of town known as Centreville, occupying the same factory in which his father had first started in business. Here he continued about two years, when he became a partner of his father under the firm name of D. S. & W. A. Howard, their plant being then located on Montello street. During this partnership, in July, 1866, steam power was installed, supplanting a hot-air engine, this being the first introduction of a steam power engine in a shoe factory in the town. Mr. Howard remained in company with his father until 1870, in which year he again established himself in the business on Crescent street, where he erected a large four-story factory building, which was the town's first modern shoe manufacturing plant, and in which the first machine-sewed, shoes were made in the town. Mr. Howard met with deserving success in his new venture, and continued successfully engaged in the business until 1889, in which year he discontinued active business life, and disposed of his plant and its equipment. He was engaged in the manufacture of what is known as the medium-grade shoe, giving employment to about 250 hands, and producing about 1,500 pairs of shoes per day.
Upon retiring from the shoe manufacturing business, Mr. Howard took up his residence on a tract of land containing about fifty acres located on Belmont street, about a mile and a half from the center of the city, which he had purchased and upon which he erected a pleasant and modern home. Here he afterward resided with his family. His land was kept in a good state of cultivation, and he owned a herd of about twenty-five head of registered Holstein cattle, the care and oversight of which had been his pastime. Mr. Howard passed away Aug. 16, 1911, at his home. Fraternally Mr. Howard was a Mason, holding membership in Paul Revere Lodge, A. F. & A. M., which he joined in 1860; Satucket Chapter, R. A. M.; Brockton Council, R. & S. M.; and Bay State Commandery, K. T. He was a charter member of the Brockton Agricultural Society, incorporated in 1874, which society holds annually the renowned Brockton Fair, in the affairs of which organization he took an active interest. In political faith Mr. Howard was a Republican, but he never cared for public office, although he took an interest in the welfare of his city. He affiliated with the Church of the New Jerusalem, and his wife attends the Unity Church of Brockton.
On Dec. 25, 1861, Mr. Howard married Mary Agnes Stetson, daughter of Capt. Lorenzo Seabury and Lucia A. (Whitten) Stetson, of Kingston, Mass., and a descendant of historic New England ancestry, numbering among her forbears Cornet Robert Stetson, Elder William Brewster and John Alden and Priscilla Mullins, of the "Mayflower," 1620. Mrs. Howard's father, Capt. Lorenzo Seabury Stetson, was master of a vessel which plied between New York and South American ports, and during a voyage the vessel with all its crew was lost, the vessel never even being heard from. This occurred when Mrs. Howard was a mere child. Mr. and Mrs. Howard had children as follows:
Mary Stetson Howard, who is the wife of Frederick J. Ripley, M. D., one of the leading physicians of Brockton.
Eugene Warren Howard, born in October, 1864, who died in September, 1884.
Agnes Alcott Howard, who married Edward T. Rock, of Brockton, and died in May, 1905, leaving four children:
Katharine Howard Rock
Edward Howard Rock
Warren Stetson Rock
Richard Bradley Rock
Annie Cary Howard, who died in 1872, aged two years.
Frank Allen Howard, a graduate of the Boston School of Technology, and now a civil engineer in charge of the bridges, stations, etc., of the Erie railroad. He married Faith Rider Howard, of Ridgewood, N. J., and has three children:
Allen Rider Howard
Warren Alcott Howard, 2d.
Lucius Alexander Howard
(VIII) Daniel S. Howard, Jr., only son of the late Daniel S. Howard and his wife Mary Allen Cobb, was born Feb. 15, 1879, in Brockton, Mass. He received his early education in the public schools of his native city, graduating from the Brockton high school in 1898. This training was supplemented by one as a student at Brown University, after which he entered the University of Pennsylvania, graduating from the latter in 1902. Mr. Howard then became associated with R. B. Grover & Co., of Brockton, manufacturers of the Emerson shoe, and upon the incorporation of the company as the Emerson Shoe Company, in June, 1905, he became secretary of the same, continuing in that capacity until in November, 1910, when he was elected president of the company to succeed the late R. B. Grover. The Emerson Shoe Company, which since its incorporation has been located at Rockland, Mass. is one of the best known shoe manufacturing concerns in this country, the product having an enviable reputation for quality, style and workmanship. Mr. Howard is also president of the Emerson Fabric Company, of Rockland, which was incorporated in September, 1910; president of the Lenox Motor Car Company, of Boston, makers of the Lenox car; and treasurer of the Arthur L. Evans Company, of Boston, publishers of "The Shoeman."
Mr. Howard was one of the original incorporators of the Rockland Trust Company, of Rockland, Mass., of which he is a member of the board of directors and a member of the executive committee.
Although of a quiet and retiring nature, Mr. Howard is an energetic and progressive business man, and takes an active interest in the welfare of his native city. He is a member of the Commercial Club and of the Young Men's Christian Association and is a trustee of the Brockton hospital. Fraternally he is a Mason, holding membership in Paul Revere Lodge, A. F. & A. M., of Brockton.
On Jan. 6, 1906, Mr. Howard was united in marriage with Helen Stevenson Masters, of Brockton, daughter of the late Harry Budd Masters and his wife, Lida (Durland) Masters. Mr. and Mrs. Howard have twin sons:
Daniel S. Howard, Jr., born Oct. 22, 1911
Durland Masters Howard, born Oct. 22, 1911
Surnames:
Alden, Beals, Benner, Brett, Brewster, Bryant, Bussey, Cary, Chessman, Cobb, Cole, Copeland, Dunbar, Durland, Field, Ford, French, Grover, Haward, Hawes, Hayden, Holbrook, Keith, Kingman, Linfield, Litchfield, Loomis, Mann, Masters, Morse, Mullins, Norton, Packard, Reynolds, Ripley, Robinson, Rock, Sanford, Sears, Snell, Snow, Southworth, Standish, Stetson, Sturtevant, Turner, Wales, Wells, White, Whitten, Williams, Willis,
Bridgewater Massachusetts, Brockton Massachusetts, Duxbury Massachusetts, Montello Massachusetts, North Bridgewater Massachusetts, Plymouth County MA, Rockland Massachusetts,
Representative Men and Old Families of Southeastern Massachusetts : containing historical sketches of prominent and representative citizens and genealogical records of many of the old families. 3 Volumes. Beers & Chicago. 1912.


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