text:
Home » » ANALYSES OF SOME SELECTED HEAVY METALS AND CONTAMINANTS IN UNDERGROUND WATER AND THREE SATELLITE RIVER STATIONS IN OWERRI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF IMO STATE
ANALYSES OF SOME SELECTED HEAVY METALS AND CONTAMINANTS IN UNDERGROUND WATER AND THREE SATELLITE RIVER STATIONS IN OWERRI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF IMO STATE
Water samples from ground water and some rivers from Owerri Local Government Area of Imo state Nigeria, were investigated for contaminants and heavy metals. The results obtained showed that in the month of April 2009, the ground water had mean maximum concentration 1.303 mg/dm3 of Pb, 1.048mgldm3 of Pb,1.488mgldm3 of Pb,for Otamiri and Oramiriukwa rivers respectively.For the month of May 2009, the ground water results showed maximum mean concentration 1.016mg/dm3 of Pb,1.069mg/dm3 of Pb, 1.7mg/dm3of Pb and 1.488mg/dm3 of Pb,for Otamiri and Oramiriukwa rivers respectively.The underground waters had mean concentration of 3.636mg/dm3 Cu,which exceeded WHO standard of 3.0mg/dm3 for drinking water.In the month of may Oramiriukwa river had Mn with a maximum mean concentration of 3.334mg/dm3 which exceeded the WHO standard of 2.0mg/dm3. The results showed lead of values 2.852mg/dm3 for the ground waters, 0.255mg/dm3 of lead , 1.045mg/dm3 of Lead and 0.855mg/dm3 of Lead for Otamiri,Nworie and Oramiriukwa rivers respectively. The correlation coefficient matrix for the element of 0.500 was taken to be significant. For the ground waters, Fe2+, Zn2+ were strongly correlated during April/June 2009 periods. The Otamiri river results showed that the heavy element Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ were strongly correlated in the month of April/May 2009 . The samples from Nworie River had strong correlation for the element Fe2+ Mn2+ and Zn2+ for the period of April/May 2009.Cu2+had strong correlation in the period April/May 2009. Oramiriukwa River had strong correlation for elements Cu2+, Fe2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ in the period April/May 2009. Pb+ had strong significance in the April/May 2009 period. Mn24+ had very strong correlation in April/May 2009. A histogram chart of the frequency distribution of the heavy metal concentrations in the period,the pollution index of the water bodies were determined using Horton's rule. The above results indicate that some of these water bodies should not be taken orally without treatment.Nworie river was founded most polluted of all the water bodies, followed by Oramiriukwa river,Otamiri river had mild pollutions, one of the ground water site's was reported as heavily polluted with the element copper with a concentration of 3.636mg/dm3.It was discovered that none of the water sources investigated met WHO standards for safe water.
Water is an essential raw material for human life and a vital factor to the establishment of industries. Without water no life [1].
Water in its natural environment is characterized by impurities. Being a universal solvent, water contains dissolved solids, gases and hosts a number of microorganisms.
Hence the quality of water is defined by the level of its physical, chemical and biological impurities. [2]
Different sources of water include stream, lakes, ponds, rain, springs and wells. Sources of water in Old Owerri LGA of Imo State include rivers like Otamiri, Nworie and Oramiriukwa; and the underground waters (Boreholes). These rivers and underground waters (boreholes) supply water for the daily activities of the people living along the banks, tributaries and environs. Well asFor example Nworie River discharges intoOtamiri river as a tributary while Oramiriukwa River has a number of streams discharging into it as crossed many communities on its course.
Pure, safe and clean water can only exist briefly in nature but is polluted immediately by human activities and environmental factors. Industrial effluents, fertilizers from farm lands, diesel from pleasure boats, are possible pollutants of rivers and thier environ.[3]
The use of surface water by man is as old as the existence of human beings. Water is a natural resource, and indispensable to life. Water supplies for human consumption should be adequate and free from bacteria harmful to humans. The quality of river water depends on the quality of the feeding sources which include surface run off water, glaciers, swamp, rain and underground water.
Underground water, like springs, boreholes are better quality water than surface water, such as lakes, rivers, streams, due to the purification of the former prior to distribution. The underground water is rarely polluted by both man and animals [4,5,6].
Industrial effluents like toxic chemicals and heavy metals pollute several surface waters. Mercury is one of the heavy metals, in a group that includes lead, cadmium, plutonium and others. A feature the heavy metals have in common is that they tend to accumulate in the bodies of organisms that ingest them, their concentrations increase up the food chain. Some marine algae may contain heavy metals of concentrations of up to one hundred times that of the water in which they are living, small fish eating the algae develop higher concentrations of heavy metals in their flesh, larger fishes who eat the smaller fishes concentrate the metal still further, and so on up to fish eating birds or animals [7]
Some non-metallic elements commonly used in industries are also potentially toxic to aquatic lives and to some extent to human beings. Chloride is widely used to kill bacteria in municipal water, sewage treatment plants and to destroy various microorganisms are found in plumbing lines in water works stations. Chlorine can also kill algae and harm fish populations.[8]
Acids from industrial operations and acid mine drainages especially in coal and sulphide areas remain serious source of surface and ground water pollutions [9,10]
The run-off water from fertilized fields carries some of the fertilizers to rivers. In rivers and lakes the fertilizer provides nutrients that increase the growth of algae. The algae use up the oxygen dissolved in the water, and the lack of oxygen causes the death of fish and other aquatic lives. Phosphates in laundry detergents have the same effect. Hence the use of fertilizers as well as detergents result in entrophication of water. Pesticides used on crops get into rivers in this way too [10,11] destroying aquatic lives.
Urbanization and industrialization develop countries economically but lead to environmental pollution. The main effect of urbanization is increased run-off, which causes increased erosion thereby making the water muddy which is a type of pollution. In addition many new and sometimes toxic chemicals are added to the environment, industrial activities unbalance the natural cycles with harmful substances such as heavy metals [10,12].
Many organic compounds occurring naturally and the synthetic ones are widely used as herbicides and pesticides, as well as in a variety of industrial processes. The negative effects in organisms vary with the particular type of compound, some are carcinogenic, toxic directly to humans or other organisms, and make water unpalatable, and some accumulate in organisms as heavy metals. Oil spills are a kind of organic compounds pollution of surface water. Vinyl chloride vapor used in the production of plastics is carcinogenic and it is not known how harmful traces of vinyl chloride in water may be. Laboratory tests conducted on animals revealed that polychlorinated biphenyl's (PCBs) cause impaired reproduction, stomach and lower alimentary disorders and other problems [10,13].
Polluted water may contain pathogens and disease-producing organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites and worms which are vectors that carry and spread disease like skin infections, dysentery, diarrhea, typhoid fever, malaria and other related diseases [14, 15].
Most industrial effluents contain non-biodegradable, toxic and hazardous wastes which bioaccumulate in living organism when consumed. These wastes pose high health risks as well as threatening coastal and estuarine fishes on which most rural populace especially in the riverine areas depend on for their livelihood. [16,17].
The principal causes and sources of pollution in groundwater have been grouped into four categories, namely municipal, industrial, agricultural and miscellaneous [17].
Municipal sources – These include sewage leakages, liquid wastes and soil wastes. Industrial sources-include liquid wastes and leakages from tanks and pipelines as well as mining activities and oil field brines. Agriculture produces pollution as a consequence of irrigation return flows, animal wastes, pesticides etc. Under miscellaneous are listed spills and surface discharges, septic tanks and cesspools, roadway deicing, interchange through wells, etc [18].
Nitrates are important pollutants of groundwater and indeed of the environment in general. All over the world an increasing input of fertilizers aimed at increasing agricultural output is occurring and concomitantly there is a general deterioration in the quality of both surface water and ground water. Today, in most rivers there is an abnormal increase in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. There is evidence of a link between gastric cancer and high nitrate concentration in ingested water [11,19]
Such addition of nutritive elements induces entrophication with problems concerning the use of water by human populations. The leaching of nitrate from agricultural land is a great concern to the soil chemist. [5,19].
Mining operations produce many ground water pollution problems. The nature of the pollutant depends on the material actually being mined and also on the mining processes. Very important contributors are the coal, phosphate, uranium mines and bodies producing iron, copper, zinc and lead, etc. Since surface and subterranean mines usually extend below the water tables, expansion of mining activities necessitates de-watering. The water so removed is highly mineralized and referred to as acid mine drainage. Acid mine drainage is characterized by low pH, high iron, aluminum and sulphate contents. Coal accumulations are usually associated with pyrite, which is stable for sub-water table conditions, but oxidizes if the water table is lowered. Oxidation succeeded by contact with water produces iron [III]sulphate and tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid in solution, and of course, if they reach ground water its pH will be reduced and its iron and sulphate contents will increase [2,5].
Drainage from waste heaps produced by mining and run-offs contain agricultural and industrial wastes, water flowing through municipal and industrial wastes leaches soluble materials and these become contaminated. Leachate contains poisonous substances and if disposal sites are not carefully managed in other to collect and treat leachate effectively, it can enter the ground water system [19].
Other sources of ground water contamination include widely used substances such as highway salt, fertilizers that are spread across the land surface and pesticides. In addition, array of chemicals and industrial materials leak from pipelines, storage tanks, and holding ponds. Among these pollutants are classified as hazardous meaning they are either inflammable, corrosive, explosive or toxic. As rain water percolates through the soil, it carries pollutants to the water table. Here they mix with the ground water and contaminate the supply. Because groundwater movements are usually slow, polluted water may go undetected for a long time [20].
Another common source of groundwater pollution is sewage, which emanates from an ever-increasing number of septic tanks. Others are inadequate or broken sewer systems and farm wastes [21,22]
Sewage water, which is contaminated with bacteria, enters the groundwater system and gets it polluted. Sewage and manure contain both ammonia and acid, organic forms of nitrogen. Organic nitrogen may be converted into ammonia in the soil. Nitrate is a problem as a contaminant in drinking water due to its harmful biological effects. High concentration of nitrates causes methamoglobinemia which causes gastric and intestinal cancer [19,23]. Several human activities have indirect or devastating effects on water quality and aquatic environment. Such activities include accidental or unauthorized release of chemical substances, discharge of untreated water or leaching of noxious liquids from solid waste disposal [24-26].
A recent work by Yahaya in 2006[27] revealed that the cat fish has been isolated as net accumulators or bio accumulators of pollutants such as zinc, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Rb, C, Cd etc. Zinc, an indispensable trace element, is essential for human and fish existence, and is as well regarded as a pollutant in several areas. Compared to the other bio-available metals, it was the second most abundant in the Shell fish . Industries producing pesticides, plastics, chlorine, caustic soda, pulp and paper introduce into the environment (soil, water) heavy metals such as mercury [28,29]. Acid rain breaks rocks, releasing heavy metals into streams, lakes and ground water, by this aquatic environments are heavily contaminated by these heavy metals. Heavy metals can not be degraded bio-chemically in nature. The stability of these metals therefore allows them to be transported to considerable distances by water. As a result of this process, the level of heavy metals in the upper member of the food chain can reach values significantly high to cause health hazards, when such organisms are used as food by man [26]. Some of these heavy metals are clearly in organic form at the time of discharge and do undergo further bio-transformation inside the fish, which render them extremely dangerous. For example mercury exists in zero, [O], plus one,[+], and plus two,[+2], oxidation states.Methyl mercury CH3Hg+ is an important feature of this cycle, particularly with regard to its uptake by fish and humans. Methyl mercury CH3Hg+ is the major mercury species found in fish and about....
For more Pure & Industrial Chemistry Projects Click here


text:
The Amish Catholic
We Do Not Need St. Chesterton
August 2, 2019 / Rick Yoder	/ 4 Comments
Chesterton at the sea (Source)
The Bishop of Northampton has announced that G.K. Chesterton's cause for canonization has been dropped. There will be no St. Gilbert Keith Chesterton, his portly visage peering out of a halo over an altar in some out-of-the-way country church. There will be no Gilberttide Novenas, with each day dedicated to some tired and over-labored paradox the man squirted out for an article on H.G. Wells some time in the late Edwardian period. There will be no holy relics passed around – "The pipe he used to smoke with the Blessed Belloc!" – nor even little medals or fat statues cramming the shelves of the stores that specialize in such pious kitsch.
Good. The Bishop has decided wisely. The cause never should have been opened in the first place. Its continuation would represent, if not an abuse of the process, then a serious misstep in the liturgical and devotional life of the Church.
Quaeritur: Why do we raise saints to the altar?
Respondeo: There are three reasons.
1) To hallow and liturgically organize a pre-existing popular cult of a holy person.
2) To recognize that said holy person is in Heaven.
3) To raise up a holy soul as an example to the Faithful.
The third is insufficient on its own. The second is implied and proven in the act of canonization itself, though the inquiry into a saint's alleged miracles is adjunct to it. The first is thus the most important, foundational reason for the whole process.
As the Bishop pointed out in his statement, there is essentially no local cult of G.K. Chesterton in either his diocese or, I would wager, in the rest of the United Kingdom. There is such a cult in America. I was once part of it, as a member, officer, and president of UVA's G.K. Chesterton Society. I was thus shocked to discover when I moved to England that nobody – not even most Catholics I knew – read or particularly cared about Chesterton. The British, for reasons I have never really understood, ignore much of their own "spiritual heritage," as Americans might think of it. Even the relics of St. Edmund Campion barely raised an eyebrow when they visited Oxford in Hilary Term 2018. In the chapel where they were offered for public veneration after a sparsely-attended Mass, I watched as less than half the room went forward to pay their respects to the Jesuit martyr. Can you imagine the crowds that the same small relic would draw in Chicago or Virginia or California?
I digress. The point is that instituting an official cult of Chesterton where no such popular cult exists is to vitiate the process of Beatification.
I remain agnostic as to whether Chesterton is in heaven. I hope he is, and I pray that he might achieve the Beatific Vision if he hasn't already. But we'll never know until we get to heaven ourselves, now that the cause won't advance.
But, is Chesterton an example to the faithful? My own thoughts on the matter are mixed. Clearly, he was a great apologist who presented an appealing if idiosyncratic vision of orthodox Christianity. His conversion was to be commended, as all conversions are. There are, of course, some moral objections one could make. Lingering questions remain about Chesterton's attitude towards Jews, though the issue is probably overblown. Some have pointed to his large frame as a sign of intemperance and gluttony. However, I think there is perhaps another matter at stake.
Chesterton with his dog. (Source)
It must be said that Chesterton was, as far as we can tell, a very good man. He could be riotously funny. He was probably just the sort of fellow with whom one would enjoy getting a pint. But that quality of conviviality, even when wedded to right doctrine, does not equate to sanctity. If anything, it speaks to the opposite quality, a lack of the salutary ascesis proper to the Christian life. We hear much today of Chesterton's alleged quote: "In Catholicism, the pint, the pipe and the Cross can all fit together." Let us leave aside the question of whether the man actually said it (I have struggled to find the source), and accept that he did. The question we should be asking is whether it's true. And if it is, is it really the sort of thing worth saying anyway? What are pints and pipes but little human vices and pleasures, the things of this world, the ordinary hobbies we enjoy from time to time? A Catholicism that fits them in is probably what most of us (myself included) can strive for, what most of us achieve. But surely that's not the heroic, sacrificial faith of the Fathers. Would any of the Desert monastics or the martyrs say such a thing? Would any of them really consider it truly pious, if acceptable? Surely we can do better than a religion of the pub stool. Let us aim higher. Let us not canonize this symbol of comfortable Catholicism.
Perhaps the best reason to refrain from canonizing Chesterton was offered in 2013 by Melanie McDonagh:
The first argument against making him a saint is that he was a journalist (the profession he called the easiest in the world); it's a contradiction in terms. And canonising the man would make his output unreadable. It would invest all the pieces he wrote in railway waiting rooms and Fleet Street bars with the leaden quality of official sanctity. He wrote some of the best literary criticism of the last century — give The Victorian Age in Literature a go — and it would forever be burdened with the approbation of the Catholic Church, which would put a great fat halo between the reader and the text.
I hate even the secular canonisation of the writers I love best — Flann O'Brien is a recent victim — with all the rites of summer schools, conferences and journals. It puts too much weight on their lightest utterances, ossifies their personalities and turns their perfectly lucid writing into the stuff of PhDs. In the case of Chesterton this phenomenon has an especially deadly quality, because the conferences and journals are bound up with contemporary Christian apologetics, a bit like what happened to C.S. Lewis. You might still just about be able to read the Father Brown stories with pleasure if they were billed as being by St Gilbert Keith Chesterton — but it would be despite the billing, by pushing it to the back of your mind. It would be a downright hurdle for secular readers.
Melanie McDonagh, "Why G.K. Chesterton shouldn't be made a saint."
Chesterton should not be canonized because doing so would establish him as an authority. Never mind that Chesterton's famous aphorisms and paradoxes were so often little more than the trite (or even false) quips of a journalist. I have in mind quite another matter; canonization would effectively insulate Chesterton from serious criticism, literary or otherwise. Is that really an effective tribute to a man who was, by all accounts, a brilliant mind? Are we doing him any great service by placing his work under the light of a nimbus? Wouldn't we rather be paying him the greatest of all insults to a writer, namely, to place him beyond serious and fair consideration? On the other hand, perhaps McDonagh is right – canonizing Chesterton could instead spark a lugubrious academic cottage industry, just as the (American) Evangelical discovery of C.S. Lewis has turned that first-rate children's novelist and second-rate Anglican theologian into big business. I can only imagine Chesterton would find it all extremely drab.
We should not be too quick to canonize, especially when it comes to writers. I love the books of Flannery O'Connor and find much that is edifying in her fiction. I believe she probably died a holy death. But I don't think she should be canonized; if a cause were to open, it should be based entirely on the merit of her sufferings.
Julien Green thought that the very act of writing a novel – a good one anyway, that deals with real human experience and the truths of the human condition – inevitably implicates the author in mortal sin. One has to imagine evil, and in portraying it, one engages with it at some level. I don't know whether that's true. I have no novels on my CV. But his statement speaks to a deeper point about the act of writing. We cannot escape from the fallibility and fragility of our own humanity, nor a certain fallenness inscribed into the fractured and slipshod structures of our language. This is why criticism is a good thing. Criticism, even pointed criticism, is a sign that one takes an author's work seriously. It also keeps an author within the bonds of a community of writers, each of whom shares the same basic limitations even as their individual geniuses differ. These are truths that Chesterton himself understood; he, too, was a literary critic.
But the work of canonized writers retains an implicit authority. Sure, philosophers and theologians might dispute over a point in St. Thomas, but rarely do they state outright that the Angelic Doctor is wrong (and he was on several occasions). One could point to other examples. There is a degree to which such deference is acceptable. One of the Church's great strengths is her long memory and the deposit of theology that acts as a shield around the deposit of faith. Yet this quality of authority is entirely inappropriate with a figure like Chesterton, whose voluminous works largely consist of trivial journalism. True, he made a few good points in Orthodoxy and The Everlasting Man. There are strange parts of Orthodoxy, too, that make little sense and must be taken for what they are – Chesterton's deeply personal attempt to understand his faith. And some of his writings are simply bad, wrong, or unreadable. If we take Chesterton seriously as a thinker and a writer, we should say so.
Looking quizzical on a bench. (Source)
I realize that many of my readers, especially British ones, will think I am belaboring the point. If there is no popular cult, then are we really in danger of such an uncritical turn? I would direct such readers to the G.K. Chesterton Society's website. I would direct them to the inclusion of Chesterton in Bishop Barron's Catholicism: The Pivotal Players alongside objectively more important figures like St. Augustine, St. Benedict, and Cardinal Newman. I would direct them to that inexcusably hagiographic study of Chesterton's milieu, Joseph Pearce's Literary Converts. There may be no local cult per se, but there is a Chestertonian cult of personality spread across the Anglophone church. Especially in America.
The hallowed place Chesterton holds in the hearts of American Catholics is a reflection of a deeper American fetishization of English Christianity. This tendency tends to erect little idols of men such as J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Mons. Robert Hugh Benson (a deeply bizarre man of unsavory connections), and others.
I believe this tendency reflects a deep cultural anxiety proper to both Americans in general and American Catholics in particular. Unlike Europeans and South Americans, we live in an unhallowed, "historically empty" landscape. We US Catholics carry on an agon with European culture, especially British culture, because we feel deep down that we have never developed an authentically rooted version of American Catholicism. There are few saints native to our shores; the recent popular cult of St. Kateri Tekakwitha is a positive development, as we move beyond the lineup of immigrant clergy who used to make up most of the canon of American saints. If Fr. Augustus Tolton is canonized, all the better. But there remains an unspoken if everywhere manifest anxiety about the authenticity of American Catholicism. Its identity is new, still forming, and thus up for grabs. One effect is a relentless, internecine preoccupation with the culture wars. Liberals and conservatives in the Church largely map on to our broader political axis. But there's another method of identity-formation, deployed primarily by those on the right end of that spectrum. We borrow the British writers as if they're our heritage. But this borrowing blinds us to the faults of the men (and it is largely men) whom we take as representatives of a common spiritual ancestry with the Brits. Lewis and Tolkien are emblematic of this trend, and he's not even Catholic. Yet they are invoked breathlessly by conservative Catholics and Christians in the same way that Harry Potter has become a shibboleth of secular liberals. Chesterton's memory is in danger of becoming just another tribal marker.
I don't claim any special insight beyond my compatriots. However, I do think that living in England for the better part of two years has disillusioned me of my former support for this tendency. Chesterton is bigger (in many ways) than the narrow role he has been asked to play by American conservatives. Let him rest in peace, let us read him on his own terms, and let us preserve the altars of the Church from a dubious canonization.
St. Philip Neri and the God Who Dwells With Men
May 25, 2019 June 6, 2019 / Rick Yoder	/ Leave a comment
The Vision of St. Philip Neri, Giovanni Camillo Sagrestani (Source)
"Behold the tabernacle of God with men, and he will dwell with them. And they shall be his people; and God himself with them shall be their God." – Revelation 21:3
St. Philip's feast always falls within that sunny period of the Church's year when, passing from Easter to Ascensiontide and following on to Pentecost and Corpus Christi, we find our days running over with the majesty of these great mysteries. The days grow longer, and so they seem to grow more golden with the ever-descending light of the Holy Ghost. We are in a season of peculiar glory. The culminating lesson of these mysteries is clear: God has made his dwelling among men, and in the midst of His people shall He reign.
St. Philip receives the Holy Ghost while at prayer in the catacombs. (Source)
St. Philip knew this truth well. His whole life could well be described as a journey between Pentecost and Corpus Christi, the two feasts that most clearly teach us of God's enduring presence in His Church. It was on the Vigil of Pentecost, 1544, that St. Philip received the grace that would define his vocation and the character of his sanctity. While praying in the catacombs of San Sebastiano, the Holy Ghost descended into St. Philip's heart visibly and sensibly in the form of a ball of fire. This experience, which provided as much heat and pain as rapturous joy, marked the true beginning of St. Philip's active ministry. In St. Philip, the Holy Ghost once again made His dwelling among men.
St. Philip Neri Receiving the Holy Spirit in the Catacombs of St. Sebastian, Francesco Solimena (Source)
From then on, St. Philip's whole life would be marked by a singular union with the Holy Ghost. He became the "tabernacle of the Most High" and a living fountain of graces. His many miracles testify to the indwelling of the Spirit within him. So does his manifest oddity, his clear and salutary estrangement from the ways and works of ordinary men. The prophet writes, "For my thoughts are not your thoughts: nor your ways my ways, saith the Lord." So does the Holy Ghost speak from the heart of St. Philip. For this reason, the Church applies the words of St. Paul to the new Apostle of Rome:
The love of God has been poured into our hearts
through the Spirit of God dwelling within us
Introit for the Feast of St. Philip Neri
St. Philip's priestly life was marked by the overwhelming presence of God. Everything about him spoke to the present reality of the supernatural. This reality took two chief forms. The most famous were the astounding miracles wrought by St. Philip – most notably the raising of Prince Paolo Massimo from the dead. But there was also St. Philip's profound adoration of the Eucharist. His popularization of the Forty Hours' Devotion was but the visible extension of his love of the Blessed Sacrament. So too were the Eucharistic ecstasies to which he was increasingly susceptible as he became older. St. Philip knew no sweeter hours than those that he spent at Mass as an old man, kneeling in darkness before the altar, lost in the rarefied heights of a contemplation we can barely begin to fathom.
Engraving of St. Philip Neri, Hieronymus Frezza (Source)
One particularly perceptive observer has written:
In recalling the holiness of Saint Philip, it occurs to me that it was essentially this: he was all priest. He was always and everywhere a priest. His priesthood suffused his very being, making him incandescent with the fire of the Cross and of the altar.
St. Philip's extraordinary endowment with the Spirit was ordered towards his life as a priest – namely, towards the glory of God in the Eucharist. This is the case with all of us. The Spirit, God in us, is given precisely for us to receive the Eucharist, God with us. Confirmation, like all the other sacraments, exists with the Eucharist as its proper telos.
The Mass of St. Philip Neri, Circle of Giovanni Battista Piazzetta (Source)
How fitting, then, that St. Philip should pass into eternal life when he did. May the 25th, 1595, was the feast of Corpus Christi. As Fr. Faber has it,
Day set on Rome! its golden morn
Had seen the world's Creator borne
Around St. Peter's square
Trembling and weeping all the way,
God's Vicar with his God that day
Made pageant brave and rare!
"St. Philip's Death," F.W. Faber
Providence often grants the saints a Christ-like death. It is a sign that, even in suffering and death, God is still dwelling with us. St. Benedict died in choro during a liturgy, just as Christ died in the fulfillment of His high priesthood. Many martyrdoms were accompanied by strange signs and mystical evocations of the Sacrifice of Christ. It should be no surprise that God would take St. Philip in a similarly edifying manner.
The Death of St. Benedict, F. Rosaspina, 1830, after D.M. Canuti. (Source)
In his death, St. Philip reminds us that we are all meant to imitate Christ in His Sacrifice, that is, in the Blessed Sacrament. There is no more perfect pedagogue in the life of the Spirit than the Son, who has presented Himself to us on all the altars of the world. Would that we might take this lesson to heart!
St. Philip died when he did because, by a singular grace of Providence, God was pleased to mark His servant's passing with the Church's celebration of the Most Holy Sacrament of the Altar. Just as St. Philip honored the Eucharistic God in his life, so did the Eucharistic God honor him in his death.
We, too, can honor the saint best by cleaving to the Lord. St. Philip's words to a spiritual daughter are as true today as they once were:
"Let us concentrate ourselves so completely in the divine love, and enter so far into the living fountain of wisdom, through the wounded Side of our Incarnate God, that we may deny ourselves and our self-love, and so be unable to find our way out of that Wound again."
St. Philip Neri
God dwells with us just as He once dwelt in the blessed heart of St. Philip. He comes to us just as He came once to the priestly hands of St. Philip. Let us abide in Him, just as St. Philip did once and does forevermore in the heights of Heaven.
Votive image of St. Philip Neri from the British Museum. As they have it: "St Philip Neri kneeling on a cloud in front of altar; angel to right holding tray with burning hearts and ascending towards Holy Trinity; Virgin Mary mediating surrounded by angels, after Maella. 1801 Engraving, printed on silk." Note the Eucharist enthroned in a monstrance. (Source)
A Defense of the Pre-Pian Easter
April 23, 2019 / Rick Yoder	/ Leave a comment
A photo from the Easter Vigil at Santissima Trinità dei Pellegrini, 2018, according to the Missale Romanum of 1953. I was present at this liturgy last year. (Source)
Dr. Peter Kwasniewski has an excellent Facebook post (which I very much hope he will turn into an article) demonstrating why the pre-1955 Easter Vigil is superior to alternatives within the Roman Rite. An excerpt:
One could go on and on… The bottom line is that the whole liturgy, one vast hymn of praise to the might of God revealed in the creation of the world, the creation of the old Israel, and the creation of the new Israel, possessed a cosmic sweep, an historical rootedness, and an immersion into mystery that I have never seen before, in a seamless interconnection with none of those embarrassing modular joints or ceremonial caesuras typical of the work of Vatican committees from 1948 onwards.
Dr. Peter Kwasniewski
This is spot on. I would add that this year, I was struck by the particularly insistent if understated theme of divine paternity, generation, and filiation found throughout the twelve readings. They build perfectly to the blessing of the font. This ritual, so clearly a stylised evocation of the procreative act, is elaborated through repeated prayers of fecundation. The font is renewed as a vessel of new life, the place where souls are adopted by God. The divine paternity in Christ, through the Spirit in the sacraments of the Church, is one of the Vigil's great themes. I hadn't noticed it before. But it makes sense. After all, our adoption as "filii et filiae" (in the words of the Vigil's vesperal hymn) is entirely constituted by the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. In other words, the whole of the Paschal Mystery.
I was likewise struck by the apostrophising of the fire, candle, and water…I hadn't noticed it before. It reminded me of the Old Believer icons that show the elemental spirits and the angels of the weather.
The Theotokos of the Unburnt Bush. Note the angels of the weather. (Source)
This Rite is clearly the product of a similar worldview. One gets the distinct sense that these are not mere poetic effluvia, but, as Dr. Kwasniewski notes, a real address to the material world, as if summoning it to sacramentality.
The liturgy had a majesty to it, a mounting series of joined but unconfused symbols, which the orations and lessons and ceremonies brought forth at a stately, leisurely pace: fire, candle, water, all *directly* addressed in words of power. It is the Church taking command of the rudiments of creation and literally ordering them to serve Christ and the salvation of souls.
Man imprints a touch of humanity upon those animals and things he takes up into his own life. Dogs, for instance, are not mere beasts; they occupy a quasi-human realm by virtue of their adoption into our own homes and rhythms of life. That is – our culture.
God does much the same with His creation. A self-diffusing goodness, He creates and redeems us as integral persons after His own image and likeness. The old Paschal Vigil suggests that He also imprints both sacrality and a kind of elemental personality upon the non-hypostatic creation, too. The Trinity has, if you like, its own culture. God wishes us to join in that culture, that pattern of common life shared by the three Divine persons. God assimilates us to that culture by cultus.
Namely, the sacraments. In these rites, the Church teaches us how God animates the sacramental potential inherent in all nature.
There is much to meditate here upon the underlying spirituality of the natural and material world we inhabit. At any rate, all Catholics would do well to attend a pre-55 Easter next year if they can. They will experience the Church's liturgical pedagogy at its deepest and most mystically resonant.
St. Philip, the Massimo Miracle, and the Priesthood
March 16, 2019 / Rick Yoder	/ 1 Comment
The raising of Paolo Massimo (Source).
On March 16th, 1583, St. Philip Neri worked one of his greatest miracles. Having been called to the deathbed of Paolo, the young scion of the noble Massimo family, he arrived to find that he was too late. The youth was half an hour dead and, what's worse, unshriven. But time and its corrosive powers are nothing before the grace of the Almighty. Thirty minutes of sorrow were given as the short prelude to a feat that would win this servant of God a heavenly renown and, for the youth himself, an eternity of joy.
We can imagine the scene well enough. The wailing mother, pressing her tear-stained face into the breast of her grieving husband, the servants praying for their dear lost lord, the doctors already retreating with a grimace of embarassment at their failure. Into this scene walks the silent old priest, calm as the eye of a hurricane. He receives the news with a stoic frown. Then, lifting his eyes in prayer, imploring the power of the hand that once raised Lazarus, he breathes upon the eyes so lately shut. He whispers,
"Paolo…Paolo…"
This invocation brings forth a mystery beyond reckoning – the boy stirs and wakes, as if he had only nodded off a few minutes before.
We can only imagine the joy that fell upon the hearts of the mourners. What stunned clamor must have erupted in that little chamber! Yet the saint is ever in control. He commands all to leave, that he might hear Prince Paolo's confession. Having cleansed the boy's soul with the assoiling balms of penance, St. Philip spoke to him for thirty minutes. Would that we had some record of their conversation! There can be no doubt that the solicitous confessor was preparing the soul to meet God.
For that is the strangest thing of all in the story of the Paolo Massimo's resurrection. It was only temporary. The thirty minutes of death are undone, yes, but only for about another thirty minutes of life. The parents of the young prince were, no doubt, bitterly disappointed at this second loss, a departure made even more painful by the desperate hope it stirred in their hearts.
Yet it was a miracle indeed – and it shows us a salutary truth about miracles. They are not for our comfort. They are not granted to appease our desires, however noble. Providence instead works all things, natural and graced, with only one end in view – the greater glory of God. St. Philip was sent to bring Paolo Massimo into eternal life, not to grant him any more time on earth. That was his duty, the quintessential duty of every priest.
We live in an age when the priesthood seems so mired in scandal and banality, torn this way and that by the worldly ambitions of the clergy, stained with sins of every kind. Lust, violence, abuse, pride, vanity, greed, division, cruelty, party faction – all of these wicked tendencies and more have obscured the nobility of the sacerdotal office, a dignity drawn entirely from the crucified Heart of our Great High Priest.
That is why we must remember the story of St. Philip and Paolo Massimo. It reminds us of why we have priests – of what the priest must do, and of what he must be.
The priest is a conduit of grace. His steps, his works, his words, his hands do not belong to him, but to God. They step into the wounded rhythm of our natural life and bear the healing presence of the supernatural. They raise us from the dead, but only that we might make a better death in the end.
St. Philip's miracle today is commemorated with a proper Mass. May he pray that all of us might rise from the living death of sin and enter a dying life of grace.
The Funerary Rites of James II
November 2, 2018 / Rick Yoder	/ 2 Comments
Frontispiece of the Sacra Exequialia. Note the skeletons at the base of the candelabra and baldachin columns. (Source)
A forgotten Latin text of 1702, the Sacra Exequialia in Funere Jacobi II, provides some wonderful views of early modern Catholic funerary rites. Or at least, as those rites were employed for dead monarchs. The central text is Cardinal Barberini's funeral oration for the king at Rome. Fun fact: if you Google "Exequialia," it's the first and one of the only results. While it may not be a hapax legomenon, it's the sort of rare word that makes epeolaters and logophiles drool.
At any rate, I'm not writing this post because of Barberini's text. The book's more delicious feature is its several illustrations, including the wild Baroque decoration of the church of San Lorenzo in Lucina as well as several emblems.
The decorations of San Lorenzo in Lucina for the occasion. (Source)
Of course, James II died in Paris and buried in the English Benedictine church there. It is a testament to the respect he was held in by the Papal court that a Cardinal of such standing as Carlo Barberini, Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica, should preach an oration for him in Rome.
One of the marvellous emblems in the text. Note the Ouroboros. (Source)
An image of London. There are similar views of Paris and Rome. All were at hung at the high altar behind the catafalque and its baldachin. (Source)
Another moral emblem. I'm particularly fond of this one as the harp recalls not only the exile in Babylon (and thus the Jacobite exile) but also the valiant Irish defense of James's claim to the throne in 1689. These also would have adorned the walls of the church alongside the King's arms. (Source)
A closer view of the skeletal flambeaux. One can never have too many at a funeral. (Source)
Jacobite emblem accompanying the text of the Oration. (Source)
A closer view of the frontispiece. Note the Pope flying over the catafalque. (Source)
Here you can see the spooky scary skeletons all around the room. (Source)
Elsewhere: Benedictine Mementos from England
October 23, 2018 October 26, 2018 / Rick Yoder	/ Leave a comment
A procession on Caldey Island. (Source)
I'm not sure how I missed this astounding collection of photos of old Caldey, Prinknash, Pershore, Nashdom, and Farnborough when it came out last year, but I'm very glad to have discovered the trove yesterday. Some highlights include:
1. The barge fitted with heraldic devices that Peter Anson describes in Abbot Extraordinary, which was used specifically for the translation of St. Samson's relics.
2. The silver sanctuary lamp in the shape of a galleon at full sail – once in Aelred Carlyle's abbatial house (read: palace), now in the main oratory at Prinknash.
3. The various stones of dissolved abbeys brought to Caldey and placed into a single altar. If I'm not mistaken, Fr. Hope Patten must have gotten the idea for the Shrine at Walsingham from Caldey, as he knew Aelred Carlyle quite well.
4. Some lovely images of St. Samson and the Holy Face of Jesus used on printed material from the monasteries.
5. One or two excellent frontals, especially the one embroidered with seraphim at Prinknash.
6. An abbess of Kylemore Abbey in Ireland.
7. Peter Anson's several drawings of Prinknash.
8. A procession for the 1964 Nashdom jubilee.
9. F.C. Eden's terrifically English reredos at Caldey.
10. Scenes of the community's collective reception into Rome in 1914 – including a shot of the Bl. Columba Marmion, who was an enthusiastic supporter of old Caldey.
Those who like Anglo-Catholic or monastic history will no doubt be as excited about this collection as I am.
UPDATE: A reader has kindly reminded me that, of course, Caldey Island is off the coast of Wales. So my title is perhaps a little misleading.
Prosaic Relics
October 10, 2018 October 14, 2018 / Rick Yoder	/ 2 Comments
Earlier this week, I went to the Birmingham Oratory for the Feast of Bl. John Henry Newman. Fr. Ignatius Harrison, the Provost, was kind enough to open up the Oratory house to me. I must offer him my tremendous thanks for his hospitable willingness to let me see such an incredible (and, it must be said, holy) place. Likewise, I thank Br. Ambrose Jackson of the Cardiff Oratory for taking time out of his busy schedule to give me what was an extraordinarily memorable tour. I went away from the experience with a rekindled devotion to Cardinal Newman.
Your humble servant in Cardinal Newman's own library. Photo taken by Br. Ambrose Jackson of the Cardiff Oratory. You can see Cardinal Newman's violin case on the lower shelf of his standing desk at right.
There were many striking and beautiful sights at the Oratory – not the least of which was the Pontifical High Mass in the Usus Antiquior, celebrated by His Excellency, Bishop Robert Byrne. Even from so short an experience, I can tell that the Birmingham Oratory is one of the places where Catholicism is done well, where the Beauty of Holiness is made manifest for the edification of all the faithful. I walked away from that Mass feeling drawn upwards into something supernal, something far beyond my ken. This place that so palpably breathes the essence of Cardinal Newman is, as it were, an island of grace and recollection amidst a world—and, sadly, a Church—so often inimical to things of the spirit.
The Birmingham Oratory with the relics of the Blessed Cardinal displayed for veneration by the faithful. This photo was taken by the author shortly before Mass.
Yet amidst all this splendor, I found myself peculiarly drawn to one very quiet, very easy-to-miss relic. It lies in the little chapel to St. Philip Neri to the left of the altar; in this placement, one can see the influence of the Chiesa Nuova on Newman and his sons, who modeled their house's customs on Roman models. And so it is only appropriate to find relics of St. Philip there in that small and holy place, so evocative of the great father's final resting place.
The altar of St. Philip Neri, Birmingham Oratory. Photo taken by the author.
The collection of relics in the chapel are mostly second-class. These are not pieces of the body, but materials that touched St. Philip either in his life or after his death. One of these small items spoke to me in an especially strong way.
The little grey pouch you see to the left is St. Philip's spectacle case. There is nothing terribly remarkable about it. It may not even be entirely intact, for all I know. A visible layer of dust covers the case, and a hard-to-read, handwritten label is all that identifies its use and provenance. No one comes to the Birmingham Oratory to see what once held St. Philip's glasses. But of all the glorious relics I saw that day —some encrusted in gold, some taken from rare and holy men, some evoking the perilous lives of saints who lived in a more heroic age—it was this humble artifact that most fired my imagination.
A spectacle case is no great thing. It does not shift the balance of empires or change the course of history. But humility and nobility are close cousins all the same. Here we come upon St. Philip in his quotidian life. A saint so marvelously strange, so crammed with the supernatural, so flame-like in darting from one miracle to another, nevertheless bent his fingers to the perfectly ordinary task of opening this case and taking out his spectacles so that he might see just a little better. It is a true maxim that grace builds upon nature. We have been told of St. Philip's many graces. Here we find him in his nature; frail and imperfect and in need of just a little aid, so like our own.
The supernatural never erases the natural, and God is never more glorified than in our weakness. The hands that took up this case and opened it and drew forth its contents, perhaps a little fumblingly from time to time, are the very same thaumaturgic hands that lifted a prince out of death and Hell so that he might make his final confession. We know the story of the miracle. How rarely do we ponder the everyday conditions of its operation! How rarely do we consider those hands in their ordinary life.
There is a tendency with St. Philip—as with many saints, and with Our Lord Himself—to reduce his life to one or two features. Some would make him an avuncular chap, always happy to laugh and thoroughly pleasant to be around, a jokester, a picture of joy and friend to all. On the other hand, we can get lost in the extraordinarily colorful miracles that mark St. Philip's life, losing him in a fog of pious pictures and pablum. Neither captures his essence. The true middle way is to maintain a healthy sense of the bizarre—an approach that recognizes the extraordinary in-breaking of the supernatural precisely because it appreciates the ordinary material of St. Philip's day-to-day existence. It was this view that Fr. Ignatius himself recommended, though perhaps with a greater emphasis on the "weird," in his homily delivered last St. Philip's day.
I was reminded of this double reality when I saw St. Philip's spectacle case. Prosaic relics carry this two-fold life within them more vividly than those upon which our ancestors' piety has elaborated in glass and gold. Even Cardinal Newman's violin case is not so markedly dual in this way; after all, every instrument belongs to that human portion of the supernatural we call "art." Music, paintings, and other aesthetic forms all lift the human soul out of itself and into another world. In some ways, they are cousins both to Our Lady and to the Sacraments, God's masterpieces of the sensible creation. Yet a spectacle case—how utilitarian. How plain. How merely functional. There is no poetry in a spectacle case. One can imagine writing a poem about a violin—the sinuous form of the wood almost suggests it, and more so when it carries a connection with so great a man as Newman—but a spectacle case? Drab as this one is, its beauty comes only from the story it tells, from the life it once served, from the little help it gave its owner in his acquisition of beatitude.
Too often we wish to be God's violins. In our quest for holiness, we wish to be admired, to cast our voice abroad, to give and seek beauty. These are not necessarily unworthy goals. But they are not the most important thing. Too infrequently do we turn our mind to the spectacle case. All too rarely do we seek our holiness in the gentle, quiet, everyday task of being useful, unnoticed, and present to God precisely when He needs us.
St. Philip knew how to be both, when he needed to be. May we learn to be like him in this as in so many respects.
The effigy of Holy Father Philip, Chapel of St. Philip Neri, Birmingham Oratory. Photo taken by author.
Saint-Denis, Liturgy, and a Royal Nun
October 9, 2018 / Rick Yoder	/ 1 Comment
St. Denys, pray for us! (Source)
Canticum Salomonis has a great little piece on the Sequence of St. Denys. Liturgical nerds will find it of particular interest. It mainly attracts my own attention due to a fascinating tidbit:
Beginning with the new Parisian missal promulgated by the Lord Archbishop François de Harlay in 1684, the neo-Gallican liturgical books that festered in France during the Enlightenment Age altered this sequence to expunge any connection between St Dionysius the Areopagite and St Dionysius of Paris. The Abbey of St-Denys, however, remained firm in defending the Greek origins of its patron, and sung the original text until the Revolution.
I'm unaware of any serious scholarship so far that has plunged into the liturgical dynamics of the Revolution – though certainly, the Gallicans, Jansenists, and Cisalpines all had ideas about liturgical reform. What an intriguing project a deeper study might be. Perhaps John McManners has looked at it all already, and I simply haven't gotten to that part of his famous and positively rococo two-volume study, Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France.
Madame Louise, Prioress of Saint-Denis. (Source)
Saint-Denis was an important place in the 1780's. Madame Louise, daughter of Louis XV and aunt of Louis XVI, entered the Carmel of Saint-Denis while her father was still alive. As Sister Thérèse de Saint-Augustin, she eventually rose to the rank of Prioress. Saint-Denis thus became a center of the Parti Dévot, the most conservative (some would say reactionary) part of the French court and church. It's hardly surprising that the great Abbey there would likewise remain a bastion of liturgy that might otherwise be regarded as "superstitious" or "backwards" by the more radical portions of the French church.
Pearls from the Blessed Abbot Marmion
October 3, 2018 / Rick Yoder	/ Leave a comment
A French icon of the Blessed Abbot. (Source)
Today is the feast of the Bl. Abbot Columba Marmion OSB, Abbot of Maredsous. The Irishman who served most of his priestly life (and all of his monastic profession) in Belgium is not yet canonized, but I and many others pray he will one day become a Doctor of the Church. Here are some of his words for my readers' consideration, along with my own occasional commentary. No doubt, my readers will observe what has often been noted about the Blessed Abbot – that he combines a firm dogmatic foundation with penetrating mystical insight and the soundest of practical advice.
"We must be careful to supernaturalize our work. Never begin your studies without having prayed. Try to watch over your intention: see that it is for God and for truth…Never become the dupes of your own learning: in this life our knowledge will always be imperfect." (Christ – The Ideal of the Priest, 79). Admirable advice for any students, though perhaps especially for those who have made the divine mysteries their object of study.
"For everything in the life of Jesus, the Incarnate Word, is full of signification. Christ, if I may thus express myself, is the great sacrament of the New Law…each of Our Lord's mysteries ought to be for us an object of contemplation; His mysteries ought also to be, as it were, sacraments producing within us, according to the measure of our faith and love, their own special grace. And this is true of each of the states of Jesus, of each of his actions. For if Christ is always the Son of God, if in all that He says and does He first of all glorifies His Father, neither does He ever separate us from the thought of Him. To each of His mysteries, He attaches a grace which is to help us to reproduce within ourselves His divine features in order to make us like unto Him." (Christ in His Mysteries, 232-33). Here we see Dom Marmion presenting two important points, one explicit and one implicit. The explicit note is that every act of Christ, the God-Man, is a substantive work of our salvation even as it lifts up all glory unto the Father. This two-fold movement embedded within all of Christ's actions thus constitutes the continuing and hidden mediation of Christ as Priest and Victim. Dom Marmion's implicit point concerns how we come to know of this mediation. As a monk whose soul was well-calibrated to the rhythms of liturgy and lectio divina, Dom Marmion stood in a far more totalizing relationship to the Sacraments and the Scriptures than most of us will ever know. But it is precisely in these, Christ's "mysteries," that we encounter His mediation. And the posture of the soul required of the believer is not based primarily on her intellectual capacities, but on that deeper, more personal, super-linguistic sensitivity we call "contemplation." One could write much more about "contemplation" as an epistemology of the Transcendent, but I digress.
"Whence came this human love of Jesus, this created love? From the uncreated and divine love, from the love of the Eternal Word to which the human nature is indissolubly united. In Christ, although there are two perfect and distinct natures, keeping their specific energies and their proper operations, there is only one Divine Person. As I have said, the created love of Jesus is only a revelation of His uncreated love. Everything that the created love accomplishes is only in union with the uncreated love, and on account of it; Christ's Heart draws its human kindness from the divine one…The Heart of Jesus pierced upon the Cross reveals to us Christ's human love; but beneath the veil of the humanity of Jesus is shown the ineffable and incomprehensible love of the Word." (Christ in His Mysteries, 370-71). Reading these words, I am reminded of the phrase of St. Augustine that Scripture is a tree with its roots in heaven and its fruits on earth. The same could be said of Christ Himself.
"Faith is a seed, and every seed contains in germ the future harvest. Provided that we put away from faith all that can diminish and tarnish it; that we develop it by prayer and practice, that we constantly give it the occasion of manifesting itself in love, faith places in our hands the substance of the joys to come and gives birth to unshaken confidence." (Christ, the Life of the Soul, 141). The point, here, is that faith is not simply a propositional assent. Its effect is not automatic, as in some of the simpler Protestant ideas of it. It must be lived – it must be cultivated if it is to bear fruit.
"Soon, however, in the same measure as the soul draws near to the Supreme Good, it shares the more in the Divine simplicity." (Christ, the Life of the Soul, 317). In context, the Blessed Abbot is discussing the practice of prayer. The closer we grow to God, the closer we move to that knowledge of Him in which words fail. For in God, all words are utterly extinguished – all words, that is, except His own divine Name.
"Let us often beseech God to give us that light of faith and strength of love which will render our obedience perfect. Thus supernaturally sustained, this obedience will become easy, generous, simple, prompt, and joyous." (Christ, the Ideal of the Monk, 279). Although the Blessed Abbot wrote these words for the special edification of monastics, there can be little doubt that they find a wider application in the lives of every devout Christian. For all of us must render obedience to the law of God. As Dom Marmion notes, the "luminous arms" of obedience are made up of faith and charity as a sword is made of hilt and blade. And neither faith nor charity are the exclusive purview of vowed religious.
"The devil tries to trouble you by his [subtleties], so that you may cease to act well for fear of acting from vanity. We must never cease doing well for that reason, but quietly purify our intention. The best way is to unite it with Jesus Christ, and with His intentions, and if there is anything imperfect in your intentions this union with Jesus Christ will heal it." (Letter quoted in Union with God According to the Letters of Direction of Dom Marmion, 70). Here we see the theological basis behind a point made independently by Julian of Norwich and, later, T.S. Eliot. In the words of the latter: "And all shall be well and / All manner of thing shall be well / By the purification of the motive / In the ground of our beseeching." That ground, of course, is Christ dwelling in us.
Elsewhere: Keanu Heydari on Conversion
August 31, 2018 / Rick Yoder	/ Leave a comment
Fridolin Assists with the Holy Mass, Peter Fendi. (Source)
Earlier this month, my friend Keanu Heydari penned what is, I think, a very good essay about his own conversion and about conversion in general. I thought these two paragraphs were especially poignant:
If Jesus is the slain Lamb of God, the content of reconciliation is substantial rather than conceptual, or even primarily juridical. Forgiveness is freely given by God, but rather than bestowed, it is—like a substance—dealt with. It is held, beheld, and shared. I am speaking, of course, of understanding reconciliation as a sacramental event rather than as (primarily) juridical proclamation. The removal of our guilt is a free gift of the gracious God, yet it is not as a word, spoken in a booming voice. It is the material, densely textured experience of Jesus Christ, the Word, the Lamb of God, as he dies on Calvary, by the Church community, in the reception of the sacraments, wherein we receive God. The Psalmist implores, "O taste and see that the Lord is good!" (Ps. 34:8, RSV2CE). We taste and see, we behold, the forgiveness of God.
But pictures say more than words ever can. The Catholic artistic paradigm overflows with meaning. It is effusive, dynamic, and embodied. It is densely textured, thickly self-describing, multi-dimensional, and frankly excessive. But it is precisely in these Rabelaisian excesses that Catholic aesthetics gesture, even more powerfully, towards the ineffable, over and above the words themselves that are used in the liturgy. Sacramentally, we can truly say "Ecce homo." Artistically, we are reminded that things are really happening outside of us, that we aren't automata aimlessly generating profit for managers and selling our productivity to survive. We are more than the sum of our extrinsically imposed reductive component parts. The liturgy revels in its (in Cartesian terms) obscene uselessness. The defiance of the mass is its strongest selling point, as it were.
Read the whole thing. In what is proving to be an extraordinarily dark time for the Church, Keanu's essay brings a good deal of hope in the fundamental promise of salvation.
A Catholic Jew Pontificates
A Clerk of Oxford
A Mule in the Chapter House
A Son of Saint Philip
Abbot Tryphon's Morning Offering
Absolute Primacy of Christ
Ad Montem Myrrhae
Ad Te Beate Ioseph
All the Saints You Should Know
All Things Made New
Angelico Press
Angelology of Pico della Mirandola
Anglicanorum Coetibus Society
Anglo-Catholic Links
Annales Ecclesiae Ucrainae
Apostolate of St. Joseph
Art Odyssey
Ascending Mt. Carmel
Ascendonica
Bacon's Bridge
Bibliothèque de la Société de Port-Royal
Big Pulpit
Bishop Ken's Christian Year
Blog of the Courtier
Books from the HMML Basement
Boxfacts
Brian Ken Miller
Canticum Salomonis
Carrots for Michaelmas
Catholic Rural Life
Catholicism and the Arts York
Central PA Byzantine Catholics
Centre County Latin Mass
Chad Wellmon
Christian Democracy Blog
City a Desert
Complete Works of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke
Confucian and Chinese Classics
Cor Jesu Sacratissimum
Cosmos The In Lost
CVille Images
Daniel Bearman – Acts of Idiot Praise
Dappled Things
Daughters of St. Philip Neri
Death to the World
Dom Hugh OSB
Ecclesia Semper Reformanda
Ephemeris Carmeli
Exarandorum – Ecclesiastical Heraldry
Fr. Hunwicke's Mutual Enrichment
Fr. Jerabek's Blog
Fr. Lawrence O.P.
Friends of Arthur Machen
Gabriel Sanchez
Gavin Ashenden
Gods and Foolish Grandeur
Hanc Aquam (Fr. Philip Neri Powell OP)
IASC
Icons and Their Interpretation
Idiot Joy Showland
Inclina Aurem Cordis Tui
Inflammate Omnia
Island Life – In a Monastery
Jacobite Heritage
James Mumford
Jappers and Janglers
John Gillen
Keanu Heydari
Lancelot Andrewes Press
Libretti d'Opera
Littlest Souls
Mary's Dowry
Mediatrix Press
Merrily on High
Mistholme – Heraldry
Modern Medievalism
Monks and Mermaids
Mother of All Peoples
Mudblood Catholic
Musings of an Old Curmudgeon
Mystics of the Church
New Goliards – Sarum Use
Newman Reader
nontrivial problems
Norbertines UK
Novus Motus Oxoniensis
Once I Was a Clever Boy
Opus Publicum
Oratorian Writings
Orthodox Arts Journal
Orthodox in the District
Oxford C.S. Lewis Society
Oxford Ordinariate Mission
Oxford Students for Life
Papist Press
PassioXP
Peinture Française du 19ème Siècle
Peregrine Magazine
Phantoms and Monsters
Philokalia – Fr. David Abernethy CO
Philorthodox
Ponticianus
Psallam Domino
Random Catholic Convert
Reditus – Arturo Vasquez
Religion in American History
Religious Sentiments
Reporting the English Civil War
Rodama
Sancrucensis
Scala Regia
Schola Christi (Oratorian)
Scotist Sources
Second Spring
Semiotic Thomist
Simeon Song
Solidarity Hall
Southern High-Churchman
Spoils of Egypt
St. Stephen's House, Oxford
Tartarus Press
Tatiana Lozano
The Burckhardt Review
The Burkean Conservative
The Charles de Koninck Project
The City and the World
The Eyes of Light
The Glory of Russian Painting
The Heavy Anglo-Orthodox
The Hedgehog Review
The Imaginative Conservative
The Infernal Machine
The Inklings
The Jeffersoniad
The Light Invisible
The Liturgical Queer
The Mitrailleuse
The Nashdom Chronicles
The Ochlophobist
The Oddest Inkling
The Opalescent Parrot
The Order of the Good Death
The Paraphasic
The Prosblogian
The Roman Anglican
The Saint Bede Studio Blog
The Sarabite – Arturo Vasquez
The Society of King Charles the Martyr
The Stigmatics Project
The Suburban Hermit
The Thinker's Garden
The Way of Beauty
Theoi Classical Texts Library
To Know We Are Not Alone
Tradinista!
Unpleasant Accents
Victorian British Painting
WDTPRS – Fr. Z's Blog
Wiseblood Books
World of Dante
Wouter Hanegraaf
Zoroastrianism in English
In All Things
The Good The True and The Beautiful
Anima Lusitana
Mystique et figures mystiques
JONAH magazine
Bill Ectric's Place
Norbertine Vocations
Remembering Fr Willie Doyle SJ
The American Catholic
untitled!
Francis Young
thomaesplendor
silverapplequeen
An Armchair Theologian
Daniel's Blog
Our lady of the rock
Hidden History of South Carolina
John A. Monaco
O Crux Ave
On Art and Aesthetics
The Abbey-Principality of San Luigi
Bolton Morris Church Artist
Catholic Today
The Anglo-Catholic Mormon
Apologia Bro Vita Sua
Justice and Jacobins
Age of Revolutions
18th Century Aesthetics Anglicanism Anglo-Catholic Art Art History Baroque Beauty Benedictine Blogging Books Carmelite Catholicism Christianity Church History Decadent Decadent Catholicism Devotional Early Modern Eastern Orthodoxy Ecumenism Elsewhere England English English Christianity Esotericism Ethics Eucharist Film & Television Fr. Faber France Gratitude History Horror Housekeeping Humor Iconography Icons Ireland Italy Lent Literature Liturgy London Oratory Marian Mariology Mary Monastic Monasticism Music Mysticism Newman Oratorian Original Our Lady Oxford Personal Photography Poem Poetry Politics Prayer Recommendations Religion Roman Catholicism Saints Scripture Silverstream Sophianicity Sophiology Spirituality St. Philip Neri T.S. Eliot Theology University
A blog dedicated to particularities of the Catholic liturgy in Portugal
séminaire de recherche de l'IRSE et du CERPHI
writing from the soul and the mind
a virtual establishment
St. Philip's Priory, Chelmsford, England
Politics & Culture from a Catholic perspective
"...like the sun he heated the world with the warmth of his virtues and filled it with the splendor of his teaching."
herstory. poetry. recipes. rants.
A layman's take on Catholic Theology
A Benedictine Monastery
A site dedicated to exploring ruins of years gone by in South Carolina.
Graduate student in theology, seeking the true, good, and beautiful.
Exploring creativity and beauty across different media. Passionately global.
The Desire for the Transcendent
and the San Luigi Orders
An Homage to Bolton Morris Church Artist 1920-2004
Everything Catholic Today
Dixitque Deus, "Fiat lux", et facta est lux
Helping young Catholic men seek Heaven.
An exploration of the works of poet Charles Williams (1886-1945)
Eighteenth-Century Literature and Culture by Amy Milka

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The « Open Data » movement is a process of publishing digital data online according to a series of ten criteria guaranteeing their free access and re-use by all. Thus, a raw data is said to be open if it is published as: Complete, Primary, Timely, Accessible, Exploitable, Non-Discriminatory, Non-Proprietary, Royalty Free, Permanent, and Free. This publication process concerns all types of data holders (companies, associations, public bodies) and especially public authorities.
Openness of data is therefore a guarantee of readability and an innovation factor based on openness, participation and co-production.
All data on this platform are licensed ETALAB.
You are a public body, a company, you measure your consumption data and you want to share it in the community? Subscribe, it's free !
Once registered and your data formatted, we will send you all the information so that you can send your data on our servers.


text:
Rochedale & Rochedale South Suburb Guide
Leafy, quiet and downright convenient, Rochedale and Rochedale South are well-positioned to access some of Brisbane's greatest assets. Jump on the freeway, and you can be in Brisbane City or the beautiful Moreton Bay region, in under 30 minutes. A little closer to home, Underwood Park in neighbouring Priestdale, boasts scenic grounds made for leisurely picnics and has plenty of room for outdoor play, while the much-loved Daisy Hill Conservation Park, complete with a Koala enclosure, is just down the road.
Rochedale and Rochedale South have long been a haven for families – it's where family homes, of all shapes and sizes, line leafy streets and backyard barbeques are the norm. But it's the homes on large blocks of land, and the new estates in Rochedale that are the most highly prized. Schools aplenty service the growing community, plus locals have easy access to various Griffith University's campuses. Open parklands with playgrounds and walking trails are scattered throughout, and there are plenty more options nearby with sun-kissed playing fields and courts. For those who prefer their fitness indoors, Logan North Aquatic and Fitness Centre, complete with lap and splash pools, is close at hand.
Rochedale Shopping Village along Underwood Road is a cluster of shops that cater to everyday necessities and conveniences, but when in need of a more extensive offering, neighbouring suburbs step up to the plate – Upper Mount Gravatt, Springwood, Underwood and Shailer Park. But, the real drawcard for Rochedale and Rochedale South is the laid-back lifestyle, with plenty of room to breathe but still be within easy reach of Brisbane's major hubs and amenities.
19km from Brisbane CBD
Springwood State High School
Rochedale State High School
Redeemer Lutheran College
Rochedale South State School
Springwood Road State School
Eight Miles Plain State School
St Peters Catholic Primary School
Rochedale State School
Rochedale Shopping Village
Logan North Aquatic and Fitness Centre
Rochedale South, QLD
1 Morbani Road
24 Winston Street
Wishart, QLD
9 Cedarbird Court
More local properties


text:
Green Energy: An A-to-Z Guide
Solar Concentrator
By: R. Todd Gabbard
In: Green Energy: An A-to-Z Guide
Edited by: Dustin Mulvaney & Paul Robbins
Subject:Environmental Technology, Policy & Management, Energy Policy
Keywords:electricity; energy; flats; heat; mirroring; solar energy; tracking
Concentrating solar energy technologies use optics or geometry to increase the density of energy from the sun to increase the amount of light or heat. The concentrated light or heat can be used to produce electricity. The two most prevalent uses ...
Energy Agreements and Organizations
CAFE Standards
Carbon Tax
Carbon Trading and Offsetting
Department of Energy, U.S.
Feed-In Tariff
Internal Energy Market
International Renewable Energy Agency
LEED Standards
Oil Majors
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Renewable Energy Portfolio
World Commission on Environment and Development
Energy Challenges
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Chlorofluorocarbons
Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent (MTCE)
Mountaintop Removal
Nitrogen Oxides
Nonpoint Source
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Oil Sands
Petroviolence
Sulfur Oxides (SOx)
Three Gorges Dam
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
Waste Incineration
Food Miles
Heating Degree Day
Hubbert's Peak
Radiative Forcing
Total Primary Energy Supply
Appliance Standards
Berlin Mandate
Biogas Digester
Carbon Emission Factors
Carbon Footprint and Neutrality
Coal, Clean Technology
Compact Fluorescent Bulb
Daylighting
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing
Ethanol, Corn
Ethanol, Sugarcane
Flex Fuel Vehicles
Gasohol
Green Energy Certification Schemes
Green Pricing
Landfill Methane
Microhydro Power
On-Site Renewable Energy Generation
Wood Energy
Zero-Emission Vehicle
Embodied Energy
Emission Inventory
Emissions Trading
Flaring
Grid-Connected System
Heat Island Effect
Home Energy Rating Systems
Life Cycle Analysis
Photovoltaic (PV)
Power and Power Plants
Gabbard, R. (2011). Solar concentrator. In D. Mulvaney, & P. Robbins (Eds.), Green energy: An A-to-Z guide (pp. 400-402). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412971850.n114
Gabbard, R. Todd. "Solar Concentrator." In Green Energy: An A-to-Z Guide, edited by Mulvaney, Dustin, and Paul Robbins, 400-402. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412971850.n114.
Gabbard, R. 2011. Solar Concentrator. In: Dustin Mulvaney and Paul Robbins Editors, 2011. Green Energy: An A-to-Z Guide, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 400-402 Available at: <https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412971850.n114> [Accessed 22 Jan 2022].
Gabbard, R. Todd. "Solar Concentrator." Green Energy: An A-to-Z Guide. Edited by Dustin Mulvaney and Paul Robbins. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011, pp. 400-402. SAGE Knowledge. 22 Jan 2022, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412971850.n114.
https://sk.sagepub.com/Reference/greenenergy/n114.xml


Lawton-Bronson CSD > Urgent Announcements > Lawton-Bronson Jr./Sr. High School will be having an UGLY SWEATER/CRAZY CHRISTMAS dress-up day on WEDNESDAY Dec. 11th.
Urgent Announcements: Lawton-Bronson Jr./Sr. High School will be having an UGLY SWEATER/CRAZY CHRISTMAS dress-up day on WEDNESDAY Dec. 11th.
Lawton-Bronson Jr./Sr. High School will be having an UGLY SWEATER/CRAZY CHRISTMAS dress-up day on WEDNESDAY Dec. 11th.


text:
UNITED AUTOSPORTS "STANDS DOWN" ITS LIGIER JS P3 WITH ANOTHER LMP3 PODIUM
Pole-position start for #2 Gulf Marine/Aero Paint Ligier JS P3
Race 1 contact and subsequent repairs deny likely LMP3 class win
United, Meins, Lynn & McGuire enjoy Gulf 12 Hour experience for third time
United Autosports brought down the curtain on an ultra-successful four-year campaign with Ligier's first generation LMP3 sports-prototype with a second place finish in the Gulf 12 Hours yesterday (14 Dec). The British team contested the two, six-hour races with Richard Meins, Shaun Lynn and Jim McGuire piloting its Ligier JS P3 at the Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi. It marked the third time United had contested the annual race having won the "Gentlemen's" category in 2017.
The United #2 Ligier started from class pole and then led much of Race 1 until contact with another car caused a near 16 minute pit-stop to repair a damaged steering rack mounting with two hours remaining – resulting in a second place finish. United served two drive-thru penalties in Race 2 but nevertheless came home just a lap adrift of the class winners after battling back in style.
United claimed the 2016 and '17 European Le Mans Series LMP3 titles with the Ligier JS P3 and has scored an amazing 18 wins, 53 podiums and 15 pole positions. United will campaign the new Ligier JS P320 in the ELMS and Michelin Le Mans Cup in 2020.
Richard Meins (GB), #2 driver, United Autosports:
"It was great to be back racing with United. It has been a gas and I've enjoyed it so much, racing with Shaun and of course Jim again. We have had a lot of laughs. One particular incident basically lost us the race but that's the way it goes. I didn't realise Jim had had an issue with another car when I got in the car but on my out lap, at one of the fastest corners on the circuit, I turned right and the car decided to go straight on heading for my hotel room which was a little bit nerve wracking! We were really unlucky with that. It's just one of those things. But otherwise I think everyone drove well. It's a fantastic circuit. Everyone has done a good job. Thanks to everyone."
Shaun Lynn (GB), #2 driver, United Autosports:
"It was an amazing race, I loved every minute and I've had a great time. It was a shame what happened to us. We had a couple of penalties too. If that hadn't have happened we would have won. The Ligier was amazing and the team were faultless. They did amazing work all the way through the whole race. Especially in between the races where there is a limited amount of time. The guys did a great job to get the car turned around so quickly. Well done United."
Jim McGuire (USA), #2 driver, United Autosports:
"A mega effort today by all drivers. A hard race for us. We got two laps up on our LMP3 rival in Race 1 in my second stint but unfortunately at the last corner of my last lap coming into the pits for a driver-change, a Ferrari went out of control and hit me. It was a tough break that wasn't really necessary. Six laps down and came up a lap short at the end. A great day to finish the season. Great job by the team. Everything was a lot of fun. Looking forward to next year's racing".
Zak Brown, Team Owner and Chairman, United Autosports:
"The Ligier JS P3 has been a phenomenally successful car for our team and was the car that began our sports-prototype era in 2016. So it's very fitting we 'retire' it with yet another podium. Richard, Shaun and Jim had a blast in Abu Dhabi and it's a race United is sure to contest again with the new generation Ligier LMP3 in the future."
Richard Dean, Team Owner and Managing Director, United Autosports:
"I was in Abu Dhabi with the team until Thursday evening and then went to Bahrain but I tried to keep tabs on what was happening there. It was a shame they ended up second due to an unfortunate collision early on, losing time with repairs. They were quick enough to win but they've all enjoyed themselves and had some fun which is the main thing for them. It marked our last race with this LMP3 car and it's been unbelievably successful for us."
style Race Teamstyle LMP3
Signup for the latest news and updates*
info_outline Relax, your data's safe with us.
By subscribing to our newsletter you agree to receive emails with latest news from United Autosports. You can unsubscribe to these at any time. Your information will not be shared with any organisation outside of United Autosports. To see our full privacy policy click here.


text:
Q: How do I format my zsh prompt based on a condition? I'm using the answer given here: How do zsh ansi colour codes work? to format and add color to my zsh prompt.
Is there any way to format the prompt based on some conditions?
For example, if the hostname has the word PROD in it, then I'd like my prompt to have a red background. Otherwise, I'd like no background, and bold green text.

A: Its easy to do now you can use the conditional substring
This is the syntax %(condition.ifTrue.ifFalse)
export PROMPT="%(%m==PROD.ifTrue.ifFalse)"

A: You can set a precmd function that resets your prompt just before it is displayed each time.
set_red_prompt_background () {
  if [[ ${(%):-%M} = *PROD* ]]; then
    PS1="%K{red}$PS1%k"
  else
    PS1="%F{green}%B$PS1%f%b"
  fi
}

typeset -a precmd_functions
precmd_functions+=(set_red_prompt_background)

This isn't tested, so I'd be surprised if it works as is. But here's how it's intended to work.

*

*${:-foo} is a special type of "parameter" expansion which just expands to the word following the :-. Seems useless at first...

*${(%):-%M} is the same as above, but has the (%) flag to instruct zsh to process any prompt escapes found in the expansion. This turns into a fancy way of getting the full host name that would appear in the prompt using the %M escape.

*Check if it matches the pattern *PROD*, i.e., does the host name contain PROD.

*Take whatever the value of PS1 is, and wrap it in %K{red}...%k to make the background red. Note that this might override any background colors already set in PS1.

*Add set_red_prompt_background to the list of functions executed prior to displaying the prompt. If you add any functions after this, they could potentially override the color you set here.

A: Edit .zprofile file in your root Directory, with conditions applied on the specific user logged into.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Integrative Nutrition Founder, Director, and Primary Teacher Joshua Rosenthal will be shares his insight on the future of health coaching, problems with the current healthcare model, and his vision for the future.
This is a great way to learn directly from Joshua before you become a student.
Note: This is from a previously live recorded session. Certain features like chat and Q&A are unavailable.


Dave and Amy deliver a presentation all about Favela Phoenix to the Bude and Holsworthy Rotary Club members.
The Rotary Club are an international fund-raising organisation and this local group based in Jody's hometown in the UK were very interested in possibly helping Favela Phoenix in the future.
Bar B Q is favourit food of us and we want to eat with friends and family. It is special food and smoked food is differ with other food. I also like it and try to eat the all food with balance.
I am sure that this is a good news for Favela Phoenix. I would like to commend these people who have exerted their efforts just to help this organization. I can see that Amy and Dave are indeed a good person for being able to prepare a presentation regarding their desire to help Favela Phoenix. I might not be able to fully understand what this organization do but I know that this is really worth helping. I am hoping that there will still be a lot of people who will have some interests in doing that same thing.


text:
UT Austin forgives nearly $5M in student debt
The debt of 8,144 students will be discharged, averaging about $610 per student.
Author: Jeff Bell
Published: 11:36 AM CST December 18, 2021
AUSTIN, Texas — Federal COVID-19 relief funds will allow the University of Texas at Austin to relieve nearly $5 million in student debt.
According to KVUE's media partners at The Austin American-Statesman, funding for the debt relief comes from the federal Higher Education Emergency Relief Fund (HEERF), with money from the American Rescue Plan passed in March. The fund was established in March 2020 in response to financial concerns at colleges and universities affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
"Discharge of the past due debts means all financial bars have been cleared," Kathleen Harrison, assistant director of communications for the office of executive vice president and provost, told the Statesman. "By eliminating financial bars generated from prior balances, enrollment disruption is reduced as students work to complete their degrees."
Yes, Biden previously pledged to forgive $10,000 of federal student loan debt
Mount Zion Baptist Church in Greensboro pays off student loan debt, gives brand new cars for Christmas
Student loan forgiveness: $2B being erased for 30,000 public service workers
Eligible students were notified on Wednesday their outstanding balances and loans would be discharged for the fall 2021 semester, according to the Statesman.
"UT Austin is using part of its HEERF institutional grant to do this, so that we can help students overcome the economic impacts of the coronavirus pandemic and assist them in continuing their education or finding employment," Diane Todd Sprague, executive director of the Office of Scholarships and Financial Aid, and Brian Dixon, associate vice provost of student aid and affordability, wrote in an email to students.
More than $2.3 million discharged for 5,353 UT undergraduates in December is on top of more than $2.6 million for 2,247 undergraduates and 544 graduate students discharged earlier for balances before the fall 2021 semester, the Statesman reported.
Eligible students had to be enrolled since March 13, 2020. They will still owe federal and private loans. Federal loan payments are expected to restart on Feb. 1, 2022, after a nearly two-year pause due to the pandemic.
PEOPLE ARE ALSO READING:
Giving group of friends leaves $1,900 tip for IHOP waitress
'Vaccinate, vaccinate or vaccinate. But make sure you vaccinate,' Dr. Peter Hotez says as omicron surges
110-year sentencing of truck driver in I-70 crash sheds light on sentencing laws


How does a new streamlined auditing process affect partnerships?
On behalf of Kundra & Associates PC posted in audits on Friday, February 17, 2017.
In our last post, we talked about how the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 and what it means for partnerships going forward. The simplification of the auditing process for partnerships was a huge boost for the Internal Revenue Service. It is now much easier for the IRS to audit partnerships, and these businesses must be prepared for this new world when the calendar flips from December 2017 to January 2018.
If the partnership had 10 or fewer partners, then each individual partner would be audited.
If the partnership had 11 or more partners, then the partners would audited in a unified manner outlined in the TEFRA guidelines.
If the partnership had at least 100 partners, then they could qualify as an Electing Large Partnership (ELP) which would also provide a unified audit that would appear on the current year's return, not an amended-return from a previous year.
With the BBA's new partnership tax rules set to take hold next year, these three paths will be eliminated in favor of a centralized, streamlined set of auditing rules for partnerships. One of the key components of all of this is that when a partner or partnership is audited, their "items of income, gain, loss, deduction, credit and partners' distributive shares" will be reviewed and any adjustments to them could result in an "imputed underpayment." This underpayment could also be taxed at the highest rate possible, as outlined in our last post.


text:
Clamped – but I had a permit
Clamping bosses have allegedly targeted scores of legally parked cars at plush Whitley development Kennet Island.
Clare Prendergast offered to show clampers her valid parking permit, which was upstairs in her home – but they were not interested.
Clare Prendergast said her car was just one of many clamped at about 6am on Wednesday last week – two days after parking restrictions were enforced.
Kennet Island parking row
The 27-year-old, of Drakes Way, said she parked in her private space as usual, not realising she now had to display a permit – and others had been caught out too.
She said: "When I bought this house it was under the assumption it would come with a parking space.
"However, as the demand for spaces has increased there has been talk of regulating the available car park spaces with permits.
"These permits came through in December but there has not yet been definitive communication on if or when enforcement would begin.
"My boyfriend came down at 6am in the morning to find our car clamped. When I came down and explained I had a permit and it was upstairs they were not interested.
"As far as we are concerned we were waiting for confirmation of when parking restrictions were going to be enforced.
"Why on earth do they feel the need to arrive at 6am in the morning to clamp wholly innocent residents' cars? This is completely out of order and I intend to appeal.
"It cost me £130 to get it unclamped and they said they couldn't unclamp it at the time even though I said I would run upstairs and get my permit."
The parking restrictions were enforced after Kennet Islanders complained football fans heading to Madejski Stadium were using their spaces.
Deana Everingham, head of sales and marketing at St James, which runs Kennet Island, said residents had been warned it was time to start displaying permits.
She said: "The method of parking control recently implemented at Kennet Island was voted for by the residents as the preferred option in terms of parking management. Its implementation followed months of consultations involving residents, tenants, landlords, local councillors and planning officers.
"Four proposals were presented to all the residents of which 71 per cent of respondents voted for the method that has been implemented.
"Every resident was informed of the final decision via a hand-delivered letter.
"Posters were put in all communal areas of every apartment block advising when the parking management would start. Flyers were put on vehicles and new signage was also erected around the development."
The company employed to enforce parking restrictions, PCM Control Management (UK) Ltd of Slough, told the Post: "It is no help to us when residents have their parking permits in their flats. Only a permit distinguishes between people who can or cannot park there. Permits must be displayed at all times.
"Of course, the lady can appeal within 28 days and we will look again at her case."
editorial@reading-epost.co.uk
Kennet Island


text:
Адемар (Эймар) I (; ум. ) — виконт Лиможа и Сегюра с 1025 года.

Сын Ги I Лиможского и его жены Эммы де Сегюр. Фактически стал править Лиможем ещё при жизни отца.

В 1028 году основал бенедиктинское аббатство Беневент.

Адемар I делал щедрые пожертвования в пользу храмов и монастырей. Их богатство, в свою очередь, привлекало в Лимож многочисленных паломников, что способствовало экономическому развитию территории.

Адемар I умер 12 августа 1036 года во время паломничества в Святую землю.

Семья
Он был женат на Сенегонде (возможно — Сенегонда д'Онэ, дочь Каделона VI виконта д'Онэ). Известно 4 их сына и дочь:
 Ги II, виконт Лиможа
 Адемар II, виконт Лиможа
 Жоффруа Бокур (ум. 1059/1067)
 Бертран
 Мелисенда.

Возможно, детьми Адемара и Сенегонды были также Бернар I, виконт де Бросс, Госбер де Лимож и не известная по имени дочь.

Источники
 Histoire des Vicomtes et de la Vicomte de Limoges. F. Marvaud
 http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/LIMOUSIN.htm#_Toc446312504
 http://www.forteresses-de-france.com/index.php?page_id=bio&post_id=54
 Robert de Lasteyrie. Étude sur les comtes et vicomtes de Limoges antérieurs à l'an 1000

Виконты Лиможа
Правители Европы XI века

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Cow Girl Halloween for adult rhinestone cowgirl costume.
Cow Girl Halloween with cowgirl halloween costume.
Cow Girl Halloween in child cowgirl chaps costume.
Cow Girl Halloween regarding giddy up cowgirl costume – halloween costume ideas 2018.
Cow Girl Halloween with women's wild wild west cowgirl costume.
Cow Girl Halloween within cowgirl halloween tutorial! gunshot wound – youtube.
Cow Girl Halloween throughout cowboys & cowgirls attires | home > halloween costume ideas > cowboy.
Cow Girl Halloween throughout plus size dirty desperado cowgirl costume – halloween costume ideas 2018.
Cow Girl Halloween for round em up cowgirl costume.
Cow Girl Halloween intended for cowgirl gunslinger costume – child cowboy costumes for girls.
Cow Girl Halloween for girls cowgirl cutie costume – halloween costume ideas 2018.
Cow Girl Halloween with regard to womens ridem' cowgirl costume – womens costumes for 2018 | wholesale.
Cow Girl Halloween for adult cowgirl chaps plus size costume 2x 3x.
Cow Girl Halloween for cowgirl rodeo sweetie kids costume – girls halloween costumes.
Cow Girl Halloween within child cowgirl costume – halloween costume ideas 2018.
Cow Girl Halloween throughout gigi hadid channels a cub scout on her way to bff taylor swift's.
Cow Girl Halloween in zombie cowgirl | halloween | pinterest | halloween, halloween.
Cow Girl Halloween with regard to adult round em up cowgirl costume | $67.99 | the costume land.
Cow Girl Halloween intended for girls rodeo cowgirl costume.
Cow Girl Halloween intended for planet pop star cowgirl costume – halloween costume ideas 2018.
Cow Girl Halloween with gigi hadid channels a cub scout on her way to bff taylor swift's.
Cow Girl Halloween in halloween costume ideas. | sarah forshaw's blog.
Cow Girl Halloween throughout girls rhinestone cowgirl costume – halloween costume ideas 2018.
Cow Girl Halloween pertaining to i like it! except i'd wear real cowgirl boots | halloween in 2018.
Cow Girl Halloween throughout gigi hadid heads to taylor swift's halloween party dressed as a cub.
Cow Girl Halloween in easy cowgirl makeup tutorial – halloween costume – youtube.
Cow Girl Halloween with ghost town cowgirl costume | escapade® uk.
Cow Girl Halloween intended for toddler cowgirl halloween costume – fabric cowgirl tutu!! | costume.
Cow Girl Halloween throughout jonah hex lilah costume – halloween costume ideas 2018.
Cow Girl Halloween pertaining to cowgirl halloween costume | alwaysunderpay blog.
Cow Girl Halloween for bella thorne rocks a super racy cowgirl costume for halloween.
Cow Girl Halloween pertaining to cowgirl halloween costume.
Cow Girl Halloween regarding homemade cowgirl halloween costume – mckinney's western store.
Cow Girl Halloween intended for adult shoot down cowgirl costume | $72.99 | the costume land.
Cow Girl Halloween in cowgirl cutie child costume – girls costumes for 2018 | wholesale.
Cow Girl Halloween with regard to cowgirl halloween costumes for tweens | cartooncreative.co.
Cow Girl Halloween for cowgirl bling junior size halloween costumes.
Cow Girl Halloween inside halloween costume cowgirl princess girl toddler 2t size pretend.
Cow Girl Halloween regarding good halloween costume ideas: cowgirl halloween costume ideas.
Cow Girl Halloween with regard to western cowgirl kids costume – mr. costumes.
Cow Girl Halloween in bella thorne rocks a super racy cowgirl costume for halloween.
Cow Girl Halloween within glamour cowgirl costume for adults – womens costumes for 2018.
Cow Girl Halloween pertaining to rodeo cowgirl costume | morph costumes us.
Cow Girl Halloween within cowgirl halloween costumes – festival collections.
Cow Girl Halloween inside diary of a crafty lady: cowgirl jessie halloween costume.
Cow Girl Halloween with regard to fringe cowgirl gloves – halloween costumes.
Cow Girl Halloween regarding halloween costume ideas. | sarah forshaw's blog.
Cow Girl Halloween inside hemd mit karomuster, halstuch und cowboyhut für cowgirl | halloween.
Cow Girl Halloween within cowgirl cutie costume – girls costumes | kids halloween costumes.
Cow Girl Halloween with regard to disney jessie toy story baby girl cowgirl costume – kids costumes.
Cow Girl Halloween for cowgirl costumes concept of lion king halloween costumes | halloween.
Cow Girl Halloween with regard to cowgirl cutie child halloween costume – walmart.
Cow Girl Halloween inside halloween cowgirl costume | dolls kill.
Cow Girl Halloween with ride em cowgirl halloween costume, hot cowgirl costume | 3wishes.
Cow Girl Halloween throughout adult pink cowgirl costume | party city.
Cow Girl Halloween in cute cowgirl costume ideas crimson amp gold last minute halloween.
Cow Girl Halloween regarding halloween party cowboy costume for adult men and women cowgirl.
Cow Girl Halloween regarding rodeo star costume – girls cowgirl halloween costumes.
Cow Girl Halloween throughout cowboy girl costume – meningrey.
Cow Girl Halloween within cowboys and indians costume cowboys and indians ideas of cowgirl.
Cow Girl Halloween inside western cowgirl theatre costume cowboy boots inlay hat prop woman.
Cow Girl Halloween with regard to simple siblings costumes: diy halloween western wear.
Cow Girl Halloween within diy cowgirl halloween costumes ✓ halloween.
Cow Girl Halloween intended for cowgirl costumes | costumes fc.
Cow Girl Halloween pertaining to 25 diy cowgirl costume, homemade cowgirl costume ideas.
Cow Girl Halloween with tween halloween costumes for girls ideas of cowgirl halloween.
Cow Girl Halloween in desperate craftwives: rootin' tutu-in' cowgirl.
Cow Girl Halloween with wanted cowgirl adult womens costume – walmart.
Cow Girl Halloween for all cowgirl halloween costume diy – jumpstartcoffee.
Cow Girl Halloween throughout good halloween costume ideas cowgirl cute adult l 237493747280cc6d.
Cow Girl Halloween with kids cowgirl halloween costume ✓ halloween costumes.
Cow Girl Halloween in adult cowgirl costume unique erwachsene frau größe schwarz y cowgirl.
Cow Girl Halloween within kids cowgirl costume girls children's wild west halloween dress up.
Cow Girl Halloween in cowgirl costumes concept of cinderella halloween costume toddler.
Cow Girl Halloween with how to dress like a cowgirl – youtube.
Cow Girl Halloween intended for nop nop rakuten ichiba ten: cowboy cowgirl costume (costume.
Cow Girl Halloween within 21+ cowgirl outfit designs, ideas | design trends – premium psd.
Cow Girl Halloween for country girl cowgirl womens top midriff blouse halloween costume.
Cow Girl Halloween for halloween western cowgirl cosplay dark-blue costume #2cos47643.
Cow Girl Halloween intended for halloween cowgirl costume ✓ the halloween costumes.
Cow Girl Halloween with elegant moments quickdraw cutie cowgirl adult halloween costume size.
Cow Girl Halloween in cowgirl cutie kids costume – girls cowgirl costumes.
Cow Girl Halloween with regard to cowboy and cowgirl costumes – halloween – occasions.
Cow Girl Halloween for older girls cowgirl fancy dress costume – fancy me limited.
Cow Girl Halloween in boy girl twin costume idea-cowgirl and cowboy – the crafting chicks.
Cow Girl Halloween regarding cow print cowgirl y la s accessory outfit historical costumes.
Cow Girl Halloween intended for architecture of a mom: easy cowgirl vest.
Cow Girl Halloween throughout cowgirl costume for girls.: kids costumes,and fancy dress costumes.
Cow Girl Halloween throughout cowboy costume for ladies plus cowgirl halloween costumes party city.
Cow Girl Halloween intended for dirty desperado cowgirl costume – halloween costumes.
Cow Girl Halloween inside cheap cow girl halloween, find cow girl halloween deals on line at.