text:
Below is the introduction to a text by Stephanie Harvey and Anne Goudvis called Strategies That Work: Teaching Comprehension to Enhance Understanding, pages 3-4. Stenhouse Publishers, 2000.
Thirty sixth graders crowd onto a woven area rug in the reading corner. A brass floor lamp casts a warm, amber glow onto their faces. Steph takes a seat in the rocking chair in front of them. "Today I am going to read you a picture book called Up North at the Cabin by Marsha Wilson Chall. I wish I had written it. I'll tell you why. This book reminds me exactly of my own childhood. It is the story of a young girl about your age who left the city every summer to spend time in a cabin on a lake in Minnesota. Minnesota is called the Land of Ten Thousand Lakes. I grew up in the neighboring state of Wisconsin. We had our share of lakes, too," Steph tells them as she points out the location of these two upper-Midwestern states on the wall map.
"Writers write best about things they know and care about," Steph says. She reads from the inside flap that the author spent her summers on northern lakes and was inspired by her own experience as a child and later on as a mother when she returned to this cabin with her own children. "I was a kid who loved summers," Steph says while a dozen heads nod in agreement. "Like the young girl in the book, I spent summers on a lake where we fished, swam, water-skied, hiked and canoed." Steph mentions how fortunate she feels that Marsha Chall wrote a book with which she identifies so closely. "Have you ever read a book that reminds you of your own life?" she asks. Hands wave wildly as kids share their favorites.
"Koala Lou," [Mem Fox, 1988], Shelby bursts out. "I have a whole bunch of brothers and sisters and sometimes I get really jealous of them just like Koala Lu did."
"I Hate English," [Levine, 1989], Jen-Li chimes in. "I couldn't understand a word of English when I first came from Korea. School was really hard. I know exactly how that girl felt."
Steph points out that Shelby and Jen-Li have made a connection between books and their lives. "If we connect to a book, we usually can't put it down. Good readers make connections between the texts they read and their own lives. Let's try something. I am going to read you Up North at the Cabin. As I read the words, I am going to show you the thinking that is going on in my head. I'll use these sticky notes to jot that thinking down and mark a connection. I'll mark the sticky note with the code T-S for text-to-self connection because it reminds me in some way of my own life and prior experience. Then I'll place the sticky note on the appropriate passage or picture. I'll let it stick out of the book a little, like a bookmark, so I can find it easily if I want to come back to it later on."
Steph reads through the book page by page sharing her thinking about waterskiing, the local bait shop, pruney fingers from too much swimming, and portaging canoes. She marks the text and illustrations with sticky notes coded T-S and jots down a few words such as, "Sometimes we even used peanut butter for bait when we ran out of night crawlers" or "Boy, was I mad when my dad made me carry that canoe."
When she comes to a page that shows the main character in an orange canvas life jacket with two white button closures, she laughs and stops to share a brief story. "I can't help but think of my mom when I see this orange life jacket. There were five of us kids, and we lived right on the edge of the water. When we were toddlers, my mom was wracked with worry that one of us might fall into the lake and drown. Her solution: the day we started to walk, she wrapped us in those orange life jackets. We wore them everywhere. We ate our cereal in them. We watched TV in them. Sometimes, we even slept in them. We looked like five little bulldozers!" Two kids in front grab the book to take a closer look at the tell-tale life jacket.
"How embarrassing," Josh murmurs.
"You'd better believe it. But I think mom was onto something. We learned to swim quicker than any kids around just to get rid of those goofy life jackets!"
When Steph finishes reading out loud, she encourages kids to find a book they connect with and to use sticky notes to mark their text-to-self connections and jot down their thinking. We urge teachers to do the same. Find that book you relate to above all others, your connection book. Unless you are one of Steph's life jacket-bound siblings or a Wisconsin ice fisherman, it may not be Up North at the Cabin. Read it to your students, sharing your connections as you read. There is nothing more powerful than a literacy teacher sharing her passion for reading, writing, and thinking. Passion is contagious. Kids will respond.
Website copyright 2002- Marsha Wilson Chall. All rights reserved. Privacy policy. Site designed by Winding Oak.
Photos and text on this website may not be re-used electronically or in print without permission.


A very average Chateau not worth the drive, after visiting several chateaus in france, mainly in the Loire I suppose we've been spoilt. But I would not recommend this one unless your bored and at a loss for an hour.
A really beautiful Chateau. It is not very big but feels homely and welcoming. Set in lovely grounds with a nice walk around the lake.it would have been nice to spend more time there.
Great place to visit for a couple of hours, very cheap to enter children free adults about £3. Lovely garden and building.
My expectations were not aligned at all. This chateau feels like artificial and kitsch. The use of sounds like burning fire etc are over the top. If you happen to pass there it is ok but otherwise just leave it aside.
Get quick answers from Chateau d'Hardelot staff and past visitors.


kids are fascinated by colors. previously they are relatively new to this world, and are exceedingly enthusiastic and perceptive, they deem each extra hue and shade to be exquisite and exceptional, unlike us, who have instructor to understand every the colors in the world for granted, and don't even see twice at any new shade as such, believing it to be just choice ration of the surrounding environment.
Kids, however, witness and perceive everything, and are always keen to let their knowledge flow to others through various means, verbal and non-verbal. even if the verbal means are then important, the non-verbal ones are much more fun-oriented. These append various kinds of coloring books and, talking practically the new generation, free printable coloring pages from the internet.
Coloring pages are a extraordinary way of allowing your child to song their ideas, opinions and acuteness through artistic and creative methods. You will be astonished past you see what amazingly pretty masterpieces these puny little kids can make in the form of curtains coloring pages.
Apart from giving your children a creative habit of unshakable engaged and passing pardon time, these coloring pages have quite a few further advantages. They are, for one thing, forgive to download and print, therefore every you need is a computer, an internet connection, and a printer.
Other than this, again, these printable coloring pages will put up to fabricate your child's finer motor skills, such as eye-hand coordination etc, and will as well as put up to produce their engagement and objective towards completing a fixed task in an reasonably good enough manner. They will in addition to learn a lot of concepts through the means of these printable coloring pages.
But most of all, you will offer your kids considering a fun-filled, lustrous mature of time, which they will enjoy to the fullest extent possible. You will be dexterous to see the prudence of pride and execution in their eyes, which they are bound to atmosphere upon the ability of each of these tiny projects. Coloring pages are a truth entertainment package for kids, especially if you find ones which depict their favorite character, season or theme. Some instances are Pokemon coloring pages and Disney coloring pages.
And lastly, aside from every the great amount of happiness, education and satisfaction that these coloring pages will have enough money to your kids, you are distinct to comply considering I say that they will have enough money you some amount of mature to lay support and relax, on the other hand of chasing your kid approaching the house for various reasons. They will plus encourage maintain a great, friendly rapport amongst the two of you, and will be a fun objection altogether, whether upon an individual basis, or a accumulate one.
So go ahead and search for various fun and within acceptable limits coloring pages for your tiny one, fill their lives taking into account happiness, and splash them taking into account great quantity of colors – colors of happiness, joy, creativity and learning. permit these toddlers to delve into the deepest ocean of visual effects and color-schemes, and witness your little Picasso ensue into an intelligent, sharp, perceptive and of course, creative individual, and a definite package.
Here you are at our site, content above published by zabelyesayan.com. At this time we're delighted to announce that we have found an awfully interesting niche to be reviewed. namely, Little Big Planet 3 Coloring Pages. Many people looking for specifics of Little Big Planet 3 Coloring Pages and definitely one of them is you, is not it?
Related Posts of "Little Big Planet 3 Coloring Pages"


text:
Q: Does TexPad support fontspec? I am compiling a .tex file with XeTeX from the cloud on an Ipad with TexPad. Whenever I try to load the fontspec package, it fails. Does anyone have any experience with this problem? Can TexPad simply not be used with fontspec?

A: Update 2020
As of version 1.8.5,
fontspec is now supported by the local typesetter (hyperref too).
Update June 30, 2016
YIKES! I spoke to soon. With such anticipation, I jumped the gun and realized that my document with fontspec was typesetting with the cloud typesetter. Still waiting to say: "Texpad's local (on-device compiler) and cloud compiler both support fontspec and work great!" Thanks to cfr and Joseph Wright for helping me notice this. Only the cloud compiler supports fontspec.

The developers claim to provide fontspec support starting with version 1.7. I have been waiting over 3 years for this.
#Update April 2, 2016

Version 1.7 is currently in beta testing. We hope to release it in 2-3
weeks. It includes a hugely improved typesetter with beamer, tikz and
a host of other issues resolved. Fontspec (or support for local fonts
in general) will follow later this summer.
The app also delivers new UI that matches Texpad OS X and hence is a
lot more productive on larger iPads.

Fontspec

XeTeX and LuaTeX both support unicode and TTF fonts natively through the fontspec package. This is in testing right now, and it will be available on both platforms from 1.7.

#Source
https://www.texpadapp.com/support/ios/typesetting/vvtex-support
#Release Notes
(as of this answer)
The past few updates, but still not v.1.7 from https://www.texpadapp.com/releasenotes/tpios:
Version 1.6.20
Misc. dropbox file access fixes
Version 1.6.19
Misc. file handling improvements
Backup manager for edited documents
64 bit support (updated OpenSSL)
Version 1.6.18
Dropbox error handling improved.
Dropbox move/copy bug fixed where multiple move/copy calls would occasionally fail.
Version 1.6.17
A fix for Dropbox uploads for cloud typeset PDFs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The BBC documentary is both an orientalist exercise and a potentially dangerous document for the journalist's sources.
Eastern Europe is diversifying its energy suppliers away from Russia, and toward Iran.
After three years, Bishkek has once again dispatched an Ambassador to take up post in Minsk.


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Navarre's Michael Carter nominated for 2019 Doak Walker Award Watch List
Former Navarre star Michael Carter was one of 72 college football running backs nominated for the 2019 Doak Walker Award Watch List in a news release Wednesday.
Entering his third season at the University of North Carolina, Carter has compiled 1,156 rushing yards and 10 touchdowns in two seasons with the Tar Heels. Carter was also on the watch list last summer.
PODCAST:How Navarre gamechangers won the last three Player of the Year awards
He'll begin the 2019 season with a new head coach after Larry Fedora was fired following a 2-9 season in 2018. Carter's new head coach is head coach Mack Brown, who won a national championship at Texas.
Carter is the Tar Heels' top returning rusher after Jordon Brown joined Kansas State in April as a graduate transfer.
He was the 2016 PNJ Most Valuable Player after a senior season that consisted of 3,345 all-purpose yards, 2,536 rushing yards and 45 touchdowns.
Carter won Florida Class 6A Mr. Football and was just the fourth player from the PNJ-area to win a classification award.
More:Navarre's Carter is Class 6A Mr. Football
Reigning Doak Walker Award winner Jonathan Taylor of Wisconsin headlines other players nominated in the watch list. Taylor rushed for 2,194 yards last fall as a sophomore. Other nominees of state note include Florida State's Cam Akers and Florida's Lamical Perine.
Ten semifinalists will be named by the Doak Walker Award National Selection Committee in November before three finalists are selected in December. The 2019 award winner will be announced in a ceremony on Dec. 12.
Escambia High great Trent Richardson is the only local running back to win the Doak Walker Award, doing so for the Alabama Crimson Tide in 2011. The award has been given annually since 1990.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Made in America is a roundup of manufacturing-related news.
The Robotic Industries Association recently reported that the North American robotics market in 2016 broke all-time records for orders and shipments. During the year, 34,606 robots valued at approximately $1.9 billion were ordered in North America, representing growth of 10% in units over 2015. The automotive industry's orders grew 17%. Units shipped to North American customers also grew by 10%, with 30,875 robots valued at $1.8 billion shipped in 2016. Shipments into the automotive market grew 25% relative to 2015.
According to the report, the fourth quarter of 2016 alone saw North American orders of 10,621 robots valued at $561 million, a growth rate of 18% in units ordered and 21% in revenue over the fourth quarter of 2015. Q4 shipments grew 33% on a unit basis with shipments of 8,825 robots valued at $494 million.
Korean appliance and electronics giant LG announced plans on Feb. 28 to construct a new 829,000-square-foot home appliance manufacturing facility near Clarksville, Tenn. The project, located in Montgomery County, is expected to bring at least 600 full-time jobs to the area. LG's new Tennessee facility is expected to be the world's most advanced production plant for washing machines. Starting in 2019, the factory will initially produce front- and top-load washing machines. Longer term, the 310-acre site offers the potential to expand for production of other home appliances.
Under agreements with the State of Tennessee and Montgomery County, LG Electronics will receive support for construction, infrastructure improvements, job training and veteran recruitment. The project also includes incentives from the Tennessee Valley Authority. The announcement of the new home appliance factory in Tennessee comes on the heels of the start of construction of the LG North American Headquarters in Englewood Cliffs, N.J., where LG broke ground earlier this month. That $300 million project is expected to increase LG's local employment there from 500 today to more than 1,000 by 2019.
Artificial intelligence and additive manufacturing or 3D printing are emerging technologies that have a huge potential in a variety of industries and applications. Despite both technologies being fairly new, particularly 3D printing, procurement market intelligence experts at SpendEdge state that these technologies have several applications in the supply chain for addressing procurement challenges, and will very soon become an integral part due to its improved and sophisticated functionalities.
Rapid prototyping is one of the most common uses of additive manufacturing (AM). 3D printing makes the creation of prototypes much easier and faster, allowing manufacturers to test multiple iterations of a design quickly. Since designing a successful product can be very expensive and time-consuming, 3D printed prototyping makes it quite simple and at the same time shortens the manufacturing cycle.
The impact of AM on supply chains is massive, some of which include increased manufacturing flexibility, reduced material waste, and the ability to employ decentralized manufacturing strategies. The technology reduces design complexity and material need, thereby helping companies work toward lean production as well as improve design quality.


July 30, 2014 -- Talk about a belt buster. The Monster burger meal from Red Robin -- featuring a double-patty burger, steak fries, and a milkshake -- clocks in at 3,540 calories, 69 grams of saturated fat, and more than 4 days' worth of sodium, making it the most Xtreme restaurant meal in America, according to the nonprofit Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI).
"That's definitely the highest-calorie meal this year," says Paige Einstein, a registered dietitian at the CSPI.
This is the sixth time the group has handed out its Xtreme Eating Awards, and Einstein says this year's list features some of the heaviest meals it has ever seen.
The restaurant industry says the list isn't fair since its members offer a variety of healthy choices, too.
"Consumers' interest in nutritious options continues to grow and the industry continues to meet that demand by providing an array of healthful menu choices. National Restaurant Association research shows that healthful options are not a passing fad, but a top trend across the industry," says Joy Dubost in a written statement. Dubost is a registered dietitian and director of nutrition and healthy living for the National Restaurant Association.
But Einstein says that's not what the CSPI sees when it surveys the menus of 200 top chain restaurants in the U.S.
"Some restaurants have added a handful of these lower-calorie options," she says, "But by far, the majority of the menu items are higher-calorie menu items, and it should be the other way around. They should have more of these healthier menu options with maybe a handful of ones that are more indulgent."
Take the second-highest-calorie meal, The Big Hook Up platter from Joe's Crab Shack. Eat this meal, which includes fish & chips, crab balls with cream cheese, coconut shrimp, crab-stuffed shrimp, hushpuppies, and coleslaw, and you'll reel in 3,280 calories, 50 grams of saturated fat, and 7,610 milligrams of sodium.
"Seafood is generally healthy, and people might assume any seafood is healthy, but that's not the case with this meal," Einstein says.
To burn all that off, a 155-pound person would have to walk briskly for nearly 10 hours, or push a lawnmower for about 8 hours.
Breakfast isn't safe territory, either. At the Cheesecake Factory, the Bruleed French Toast is loaded with 2,780 calories and 93 grams of saturated fat -- nearly 8 days' worth of saturated fats if you normally eat 2,000 calories per day.
How did they pack a simple order of French toast with so many calories and so much fat?
"It's actually very heavy because it's packed with this custardy-type stuff that's just embedded in the bread, and the syrup that comes on the side isn't regular syrup, it's infused with butter. So you're actually pouring butter on your French toast," Einstein says.
The CSPI says ordering this dish is like eating 14 slices of frozen French toast stuffed with two-and-a-half tubs of cream cheese.
And the CSPI reminds restaurant diners that even if the meal they order doesn't make this list of heavyweights, chances are it's still too much food.
With the majority of dishes on restaurant menus, "You're still going to be getting at least 1,000 calories in any appetizer, in any entrée, or in any dessert," Einstein says.
To help your heart and your waistline, she suggests ordering from the section of lighter menu options or cutting a regular portion in half to share or save for later.
SOURCES: Paige Einstein, RD, Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC. Joy Dubost, RD, senior director of nutrition and healthy living, National Restaurant Association, Washington, DC. News release, Center for Science in the Public Interest. Harvard Health Publications: "Calories burned in 30 minutes for people of three different weights."


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Instead of having a designated start time with scheduled activities throughout, have a bigger block of time and allow people to come and go. An open house allows you to invite more people but they aren't all in your house at the same time. People's schedules are so crazy especially at this time of year so they'll appreciate the flexibility too. Be sure you stress this is a family party. Take the time to get to know the whole crew. Plus the children will need help building the houses and you can't be everywhere at once.
That means that the activities you plan need to be flexible as well. Play a Christmas movie in the living room, have the Gingerbread House station set up in the kitchen area and leave some games out for people to play (ones that you won't have to lead). If you want some planned activities like Christmas Karaoke put a specific time on the invite for that but also expect more people around then. You can also do a certain activity every hour instead. For example, have story time on the 1/2 hour. The Gingerbread Pirates or Gingerbread Friends are excellent reads for this party. At 45 minutes play Name That Tune and give an extra cool decoration like ribbon candy as the prize.
You'll want a few candies to get the party started but mainly the basics for the houses. Cardboard pieces work better than plates because they don't have any edges to work around and you can write names on the foil with a Sharpie (remember to do this BEFORE they start building). Plan a spot in the house for all the completed houses to go so people can still hang out when they are done decorating.
Lose the idea that all the candy needs to be in its own unique bowl. Mix it all up so everyone can have access to everything. Trust me- it's going to end up like that anyway.
Go with plastic knives that you can just toss as you need because you will see lots of tongues licking the frosting. You can also use sandwich bags with the tips cut off. If you do, be prepared to go through a lot and for some to break....especially in the younger age groups.
Divide up some frosting in mini paper cups to make it easy to hand out (and not spread germs).
Store bought frosting is great for building after you mix some powdered sugar and some corn syrup in. You'll probably need more frosting than you think so stash some store bought frosting and sugar in the back just in case (You can always return what you don't use). It takes no time at all to whip up a nice frosting. Add about 3 tsp of corn syrup for each tub of frosting then add powdered sugar until the frosting has stiff peaks. Added too much sugar? Just splash a little of milk in and you're good to go again.
Cover the work space for the houses with butcher paper or cheap plastic tablecloths- clean up is so much better when you can just throw it all out at the end.
If you are using a table- get rid of the chairs. You can squeeze more people in and there won't be any fighting over chairs (and less cleaning when you are done).
Have baby wipes on hand. Prepare for people to get messy! Instead of using a hand towel in the bathroom, put out a box of Kleenex White Hand Towels in the bathroom. You're going to need them!
Don't put everything out! How many hours is your party? Divide up your supplies by hour and go from there. When people bring candy, poor only some of the bag out and save the rest for later. Decide the max number of graham crackers or sugar cubes per person and let them know that's all they get. Sugar cubes can go really fast if you don't regulate them. If someone brings a repeat of another candy, keep it for later. Keep some candy for the end of the party. This way you are guaranteed to have at least something at the end as the last few people show up. And if you have extras, you can always stash it for next year.
You know how kids decorate things- they put something on the house then something in their mouths. To avoid cranky tummies, put some non sweet treats out on the tables too. Popcorn is great because you can eat it and decorate with it too. Carrot sticks, crackers, Chex Mix, even mini pigs in a blanket are great to have around. Skip the soda and juice and have some water out....but not next to all the houses!
Since this is a party for families, some other activities are really nice to have. One brother may take an hour to make his house while the other is done in 2 seconds (just dump sprinkles on it, right?). Play a Christmas movie in the other room, put up a pin the red nose on the reindeer game (click on the picture to print yours), even Twister would be lots of fun. Open ended games that can be fun with a little or a lot of people are great. Try lining the floor of another room with bubble wrap- it's a lot of fun and easy to set up over and over. This gingerbread template below is a great play dough mat or use the paper Gingerbread house with some glue sticks instead for those with lots of food allergies. Have a Santa Letter Writing Table then drop them all off at Santa's Mailbox inside Macy's. Macy's will donate $1 to Make-A-Wish for each letter mailed there so get the adults to write one too. Here's an easy Santa letter template to put out on the table.
Have some adult friendly snacks and sitting areas. Encourage the adults to help their children make the houses. Some adults really get into "helping" their child decorate his house so have some extra cardboard pieces for them too. Have an ugly sweater contest for the adults with prizes every hour. You can set the example with this gingerbread sweater and these Ugly Sweater pins make great, simple gifts.
Most importantly though- whatever happens, happens. Remember the whole point of having the party is to have some Christmas fun. So when 10 more people show up with 5 minutes left in the party, don't stress! Plan to have the party go for an hour later than what you put on the invite because it'll happen. Remember everything will work out in the end. Take pictures and enjoy the moment! And have a really good vacuum.
And at the end of the night, surprise your family with these gingerbread family pajamas. Snuggle up together and go through all the photos you took earlier. Then turn on one of your favorite Christmas movies and bask in another great family memory.


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Yesterday, I noted how Chasam Sofer was of the view that the Sanhedrin may be mistaken in their rulings, and yet they must be obeyed, due to the importance of a centralized rabbinic authority. In this, he was following the approach of Sefer HaChinnuch (and, arguably, some others). Rav Yosef Caro, as explained by Rabbi Shlomo Fisher, takes the same approach to Chazal. Chazal could indeed be mistaken; nevertheless, we never dispute their rulings. This is because the Jewish People canonized the Gemara; we accept its binding authority, regardless of whether or not Chazal were correct. (Cases involving matters of life and death are an exception to this, as discussed previously).
I don't know how I missed this source, all these years, but it's going to be in the next edition of Sacred Monsters! Thanks to Rabbi Dr. Edward Reichman for bringing it to my attention.
perhaps you've dealt with this issue before ; you say "(Cases involving matters of life and death are an exception to this, as discussed previously)"
Why ,philosophically, wouldn't the "psak" of the gemorah apply here as well (a la the story of the machloket in psak about treifa impacting where a sick person should live)?
>"Chazal could indeed be mistaken; nevertheless, we never dispute their rulings. This is because the Jewish People canonized the Gemara".
In talmudic methodology there is an exception for every rule. These exceptions are frequently invented by achronim; Yad Malachi will give you scores of examples. So, if we assume this to be a rule - ie, the supposed cannoization of the Gemara - ought there not to be an exception for cases in which the amoaraim based their statements on physical facts that we see openly (Ba'chush) are wrong?
Or would this exceptions swallow the rule?
Eh? Rules do not *have* to have exceptions. And here, the whole point of canonization is precisely that the halachos hold true regardless of whether we think they are correct.
Rules, do not "have" to have exceptions, correct. Nevertheless, most of them do. Therefore, if you posit it as a rule that we accept talmudic precedent, it does not follow that we must *always* do so - you can make a logical exceptions for cases where it contradicts fact.
Example: the rule is we do not change the rulings of previous "beis dins", despite theis obsalescence. Yet we find in many cases that the law has, in fact, changed. Silk mixtures, for example, were forbidden as shaatnez. Yet in Shulchan Aruch (YD 298) we find it is permitted nowadays, because everyone knows what silk is. Look at the commentaries there for citations to other (invented) exceptions to the rule of following previous precedent.
So I repeat - should there be an exception to following talmudic law in cases where it is based on plain error, or would this exception swallow the rule?
R' Slifkin -- in practice, are there many examples of the community as a whole adhering to the consensus of lenient rulings of earlier sages, even after more scientifically "correct" and machmir approaches are identified? It seems to me that le-maaseh it usually goes in the other direction, but my perspective is very limited.
"These laws are founded upon the consensus of the Sages (Shabbat 107b) that these insects spontaneously generated"
Is "consensus" the right word to use here? It implies that chazal admitted that there could be another scientific reality, but the consesus was to go with spontaneous generation.
Also, I'm sure it's been covered before, but why did chazal not even admit the possibility of tiny eggs? They knew of thousands of animals reproduce via eggs of all sizes.
The Gemara in Horiyos 2b talks about someone who has to bring a korban b/c טעה במצוה לשמוע דברי חכמים. How do you explain this?
I have always understood this issue in terms of the Sanhedrin as a supreme legislative court. Its gezeiros and takanos are binding, even if based on erroneous understandings of the relevant facts because, as a supreme legislative body, the Sanhedrin makes law, and the law cannot be violated until properly repealed or changed (unless it is irreconcilably inconsistent with normative Torah law).
The Sanhedrin's judicial rulings too must be followed regardless of their correctness. I think Justice Hugo Black's famous aphorism is appropriate: "We are not final because we are infallible; we are infallible because we are final." Some body must have ultimate legal authority on any given question. The Sanhedrin's rulings - correct or not - are binding because they have that final authority.
Of course, this conception allows later generations lattitude to interpret the Sanhedrin's takanos and gezeiros, and distinguish its judicial rulings in light of contemporary conditions. Where we run into problems - and where I think the chareidi world departs from the normative mode of halachic thought that responds to local and temporal conditions within the normative framework of halacha and Torah Shebaal Peh - is whether we apply this principle to post Talmudic authorities.
Chareidim would have us believe - in line with the daas Torah concept - that we must follow "the Gedolim" whether they are right or wrong. Of course, applying "lo sasur" to contemporary poskim/talmidei chachamim misses the whole point of why it did apply to the Sanhedrin. We could say "follow the laws and rulings promulgated by the Sanhedrin, even if they are wrong" precisely because it was the Sanhedrin - a deliberative body of the greatest authorities in the generation sitting together at an appointed place, each voicing his opinion without fear, with a final majority vote carrying the day. Also, of course, the Sanhedrin, by virtue of smichah ish m'pi ish, and the manner in which new members were chosen, had a sense of historical continuity and decisional legitimacy.
All these things are lacking in any post-Talmudic rulings. At best a kehilla beis din's ruling could be binding on that kehilla the way the Sanhedrin's bound everyone, and for the same reasons. But to say that a ruling - signed by one litvish posek in yerushalayim, another in bnei brak, a chassish rebbe, and a rosh yeshiva, as a handful of roshei yeshiva, rebbes, poskim, and pulpit rabbonim in American, without their meeting or deliberating with each other, and without their being appointed to a position of authority by those they seek to bind - is authoritative whether wrong or right, is simply ludicrous, and anti-halachic.
The principle of following the rulings of the sages of the talmud even if they are contradicted by our knowledge may be cogent. However, it is not universally applied - even in cases not involving saving a life. For example, Tosafot remark that the talmudic conclusion about 2 year old cows being unable to produce calves is no longer true. They presume that nature has changed (the change is presumably due to innate differences between European cows and Afro-Asian ones, together with breeding practices which produced earlier sexual maturity in cows). They do not conclude, to my recollection, that we still must maintain the talmudic presumption of no prior birth in purchasing such a cow from a Gentile.
More importantly, it seems preferable to me to seek ways to justify a talmudic halacha than to accept the idea that the sages were mistaken, but we follow their rulings anyway. In the case of killing lice on shabbat, one need only reject the mistaken idea of Rav Yosef that the centuries old permissibility of such killing (Bet Hillel had permitted it without giving a reason) was due to their presumed lack of sexual reproduction. Indeed, Abaye brings a cogent text that mentions lice eggs (betzei kinim). Rav Yosef is forced to defend his view with the argument that 'betzei kinim' is some (otherwise unknown)species. Rav Dessler has been often cited as stating that the talmudic halacha may be correct even if the given rationale isn't.
The latter modus operandi is even more applicable tothe rationales given by the medieval authorities. Thus, we need not impute the halachot pertaining to the permissibility of worms found in stored produce to a mistaken belief in spontaneous generation -as they did. It would be better to attribute it to the idea that eggs too small to be seen by the unaided eye is of no halachic consequence. The latter consideration, which Rav Auerbach was said to support, also pertains to the current anisakis issue.
IMHO the problem with that approach is extrapolating to the next new thing. If we don't distill the underlying principle but rather accept it as a chok, we can't apply to new situations.
It's not unusual to see the siman/sibah(prescriptive/descriptive) differentiation made when trying to explain inconvenient rulings/applications, but then we are left with a hodgepodge of approaches which imho seem very results based rather than theoretically consistent.
More mythology I believe. "The Jewish People canonized the Gemara, accept its binding authority, regardless of whether or not Chazal were correct."
We agree the Torah says we must have a standard of law and judges but there is no such obligation to believe Judges are incapable of error or they have divinely inspired holy ruling and their mistakes should never be corrected. True righteous Judges would recognize the errors sooner or later and repair any possible problems with them and update them as the communities needs dictate.
Rather we have many right wing Orthodox Rabbis who would rather act as preservationists and posit many false Jewish notions and continue to claim full authority over what is authentic Judaism.
I commend Rabbi Silfkin for speaking out correctly, there are many injustices that need repairing.
No one group or sect of people from a particular time and place can legally bind subsequent generations forever and ever.
Maybe not - but a people can choose to be legally bound by the past. That is the choice that the Amora'im made about the Mishnah, and that is the choice that the Rishonim made about the Gemara.
It is logically very simple (I think).
Hashem gave authority to the sanhendrine (the elders) to pasken halachah for the nation, the first elders being given some of the "ruach" from Moshe.
This athority recognized the possibility of a mistake, and hence Hashem set up a communal sacrifice if the sanhedrine realized it had been wrong.
Once there is no more sanhedrine, the rulings cannot be "fixed" and therefore no corrections are possible until we make a new Sanhedrine.
Since we are following Hashem's directive to follow the rulings of the Sanhedrine, if the metzias would otherwise cause a sin, it does not anymore because it is a question of competing deoriysas (the asei to listen to the rulings, and the lo sa'ase of killing creatures on Shabbos for example).
However if we are talking about killing lice, one is not obligated to kill them for any reason, so one could choose to be strict and not kill them. We just can't tell anyone that it's forbidden.
"Maybe not - but a people can choose to be legally bound by the past. That is the choice that the Amora'im made about the Mishnah, and that is the choice that the Rishonim made about the Gemara."
Couldn't one claim that the same choice was made by the leading scholars of the generation regarding Mishneh Torah, Tur or the Shulchan Aruch?
This would seem to create a quandary.
Additionally, do we know that the acceptance of the Talmud--or its acceptance as inerrant--was the unanimous position of the Gaonim? Do we know that the acceptance of the Bavli over the Yerushalmi was unanimous?
Do we know that the sages of the Talmud saw themselves and their "Sanhedrin" as possessing the same authority as the Sanhedrin in Israel at the time of the Mishna, or beforehand, at Yavneh or Yerushalayim B'Zman SheBeit HaMikdash Haya Kayam?
It seems to me that we have no clear definition for exactly when and how any particular set of halachic rulings, or the authority of a particular generation of sages became unimpeachable.
Others have cited above various instances in which halacha or halachic reasoning changed via critical inspection of earlier rulings, so the very nature of unimpeachable authority is also not clear.
Furthermore, the conditions under which Klal Yisrael is considered a halachic body politic, where a group of religious leaders can assume the authority of a Supreme Court and issue obligatory directives changeable only through formal judicial review, are themselves unclear.
No, because all those texts are regularly argued upon.
Again how a few from a like minded people (say the Rabbis of Amoratic time period) bind the many? Where can we obtain proof that they spoke for all Jews in their time and then bound all Jews? From post biblical times forward there's never been one group who spoke for all Jews. We know from history many Jewish sects were competing and all made claims in their own way to believe each was correctly following the Torah. No one can deny the authority of the Sadducees for example in their day. The Rabbi's early on lead by Ben Zakai did a great job of gaining political recognition from Rome as the post Temple Jewish authorities. This political position that propelled them to grow is not proof of truth or efficacy regarding a true Torah claim to all thing Jewish or the divine right to rule the forever more.
We must ask where their authority came from. The Torah doesn't provide this type of executive order by anyone group on behave of all others in a single mass decision. The Torah gives authority to Judges in court proceedings that are brought before the Judges to adjudicate. See Parsha Yisro or Shoftim, I'm sure you know what I'm saying.
A self serving claim, a political appointment by ancient gentiles rulers or public service announcement of authority and leadership over all things Jewish doesn't qualify as truth.
You should read Michael Berger's book on Rabbinic Authority. If you want to claim that the Talmud has no binding authority, don't expect to be considered part of Orthodox Jewish society!
"Even if they say right is left." seems to be a different case than "a louse is not derived from male and female, rather from spontaneous generation."
The concepts of "right" and "left" are man made concepts. They can switch at any time. They're just conventions of speaking about different sides of something. If people want to start calling the right side "left" and vice versa, there is nothing wrong with that. Just as long as everybody agrees.
The same cannot be said for spontaneous generation. That's a fact independent of any human convention.
I think that needs to be noted. This way, we can see that the law applied to the situation of lice is a human application of a divine principle. The actual practice is more important (inasmuch as everybody goes along) than the underlying reasons for it.
You're reading the phrase "right is left" too literally. It means, even if they say what appears to be the opposite of the truth.
R' Joel Rich, I never stated that all the halachot of the sages must be accepted even when we have evidence that they were mistaken in fact. If, anything, such a view is more consistent with the thesis of the blog post. I only differentiated between halachot and the reasons given for them in the talmud. If the reasons are shown to be fallacious, then the associated halacha need not be discarded. Examples are the talmudic designations of a treifa, which are still accepted despite the evidence that some of them will not lead to the death of the animal within the year. The traditional understanding of the matter is that the sages were correct in their assumptionsor tradition. It's just that nature (or veterinary practice) has changed, so that what was once a fatal flaw is now survivable. A similar situation pertains to killing lice on shabbat. The halacha remains even if the only rationale explicitly offered in the gemara is known to be mistaken.
While new believable rationales may not always be available or of general scope, some are. An example is the idea mentioned that things not visible to the unaided eye are not halachically significant, such as very tiny eggs. Some of these matters are discussed in the lengthy review article by Rabbi Prof. Shlomo Sternberg in the Bar Ilan journal, BDD some years ago.
In general, I don't believe that there is a rule that dictates what halachot apparently based on erroneous assumptions are to be continued or discarded. It sometimes appears to be a matter of mazal, some halachot have it and some don't. For example, metal pots are still considered to absorb foodstuffs, while glass cookware is no longer so considered (to my knowledge)- despite the view of the Rema that both types of vessels absorb throughout their volume. In fact, only cast iron pots, in the above list can be said to be truly absorptive.
"If you want to claim that the Talmud has no binding authority, don't expect to be considered part of Orthodox Jewish society!"
The crushingly overwhelming amount of orthodox Jews, in all generations, never once ceded binding authority to the talmud - they simply never thought about it. They just did what they were told and continued the way they grew up. Most people who take the time to think about it would never cede authority to talmudic rabbis whom, deep down or otherwise, they really dont believe always interpreted the biblical text correctly.
The better explanation, RNS, is that people accept the Talmud because of a dislike of the alternative. Rejecting the talmud is tantamount to a complete lack of observance, because Jewish observance today is more or less identical with talmudic tradition. Also, even thinking people do have respect for chazal, after all, even if they disagree withm from time to time. For these reasons, and not because they ceded authority to it, people continue to follow talmudic Judaism.
Orthodox Judaism contains a broad spectrum of views and something that can not be defined by one issue such as Talmudic authority on face value.
Many "Orthodox" Rabbis and Scholars today believe the Talmud is a great source of Jewish information and law etc.. but can not be taken on face value without examination for it's current value to modern circumstances. Modern Orthodox Jews now believe in the growth of the generations not the decline of etc. and realize much Talmudic thinking is not as accurate as once posited without question.
Who is really Orthodox and how should it be defined today.
A. Superstitious preservationists who dismiss modern knowledge place their brains in limbo for two thousand year old concepts and claims of authenticity or B. Modern educated religious minded people who study Torah from all angles of the knowledge, science, reason to better themselves and the world.
The later sounds better to many Orthodox people.
DF you also make some good points, however not following the Talmud because of lack of observance is too vague. Some laws or customs we follow as Orthodox are plain wrong and have no place in normative Judaim. We should start by correcting previous errors and take it from there. I believe Judaism may become more attractive to more Jews at that point.
In the Gemara itself we find many Rabbis disagreeing with one another.
We see many Gedolim, e.g. Rambam, Ramban, and many many more, disagreeing with Chazal. None of them take this approach.
The Gemara itself states it is not always correct, e.g. Bava Metzia 59b.
What makes Rabbi Moshe Shmuel Glasner's, (chief rabbi of Klausenberg in Hungary) opinion erase what Jewish scholars have been doing for millennium?
Are we not to learn Torah for it's own sake?
Are we not to learn the Torah of truth, to learn it's truths?
If we canonize, is it not tantamount to idol worship.
Is this why we learn Torah, to idolize someone who taught us a wrong, and then, to live that lie?
Tell me, am I misunderstanding something here, or are you just putting us on over here with all this?
שאלה: איתא בספרי פ' שופטים ומובא ברש"י עה"ת: ימין ושמאל אפילו מראים בעיניך על שמאל שהוא ימין ועל ימין שהוא שמאל שמע להם, ע"כ. ובברייתא בירושלמי הוריות פ"א ה"א איתא יכול אם יאמרו לך על ימין שהיא שמאל ועל שמאל שהיא ימין תשמע להם ת"ל ללכת ימין ושמאל שיאמרו לך על ימין שהוא ימין ועל שמאל שהוא שמאל, וקשיין אהדדי.
תשובה: הנה גם הש"ס בבלי סותר לדרשת הספרי, דאיתא בהוריות דף ב' ע"ב: הורו ב"ד וידע תלמיד שראוי להוראה ועשה על פיהם דמשכחת לה שהוא שוגג כגון דקא טעי במצוה לשמוע דברי חכמים אפילו למיעבד איסורא, ואלו לדעת הספרי אין זה טעות כלל דהא באמת מצוה לשמוע אל דברי ב"ד הגדול אפילו אמרו על ימין שהוא שמאל וכו' דהיינו שהתירו את האיסור.
Without addressing this question, I do not see how you can assert that the Gemara is the final word. The authority of the Gemara is surely no greater than that of the Sanhedrin ha-gadol.
I could be wrong but is below not saying the same thing as R' Herzog?
No, he's not saying the same thing. He's saying that the halachah was instituted for a correct reason.
A legislative act can certainly be binding even if it's based on a mistake. But to repeat the mistake as truth when you know better and to silence anyone who speaks the truth is repugnant. To do it purely in the name of obedience to men when it contradicts the will of the Almighty as expressed in every atom of the Creation is well over the line into idolatry.
What makes you say that it contradicts the will of God? The story of the Achnai oven indicates otherwise.
a perfect example of being obligated to listen to BEIS DIN HAGADOL,even if they rule on something contrary to HALACHA,is the example of not blowing the SHOFAR,and not taking the LULAV on shabbos,even though the TORAH obligates us to do it even on SHABBOS,we cannot do the MITZVAH,because of ''YESH KOACH B'YAD CHACHOMIM L'AKOR DAVAR MIN HA'TORAH.
This sounds very different from the Rambam's view. According to the Rambam, not only can the Sanhedrin (and chazal) have erred, but we also don't necessarily go by "whoever came first" to decide the law. I realize this is balanced with an overall hierarchy of authority and acceptance for the Talmud/Oral Torah as a whole, but nonetheless, the idea that a view which we find errant should be followed because it's old, seems quite contrary to Rambam's overall point of view.
"I have always understood this issue in terms of the Sanhedrin as a supreme legislative court. Its gezeiros and takanos are binding, even if based on erroneous understandings of the relevant facts because, as a supreme legislative body, the Sanhedrin makes law, and the law cannot be violated until properly repealed or changed (unless it is irreconcilably inconsistent with normative Torah law).
The Sanhedrin's judicial rulings too must be followed regardless of their correctness. I think Justice Hugo Black's famous aphorism is appropriate: "We are not final because we are infallible; we are infallible because we are final." Some body must have ultimate legal authority on any given question. The Sanhedrin's rulings - correct or not - are binding because they have that final authority."
What Shlomo said here is one of the main reasons why it is incredibly stupid that the Jewish people refuse to reconstitute a Sanhedrin.
"Additionally, do we know that the acceptance of the Talmud--or its acceptance as inerrant--was the unanimous position of the Gaonim?"
I don't believe Rabbi Slifkin called it inerrant. The gaonim of course did accept the "talmud" (whatever form it was in at that time) and the scholars show that they (the gaonim) added a few things to it here and there. But it's what the gaonim studied and taught and promulgated. There's no dispute about that.
"Do we know that the acceptance of the Bavli over the Yerushalmi was unanimous?"
No, in fact we know it was not. In Eretz Yisrael they went by the Yerushalmi, and in Bavel they went by the Bavli.
to Rabbi Slifkin - Interesting. But Rambam does say explicitly that a later Sanhedrin can uproot the ruling of a previous one and specifically we don't just go by who came first but which logic is more appealing (ie, the scholars determine the legal decision based on logic and strength of argument, not on whose psak or ruling came earlier in history). Maybe there is some subtlety between the scenarios which I am missing here. What differentiates between the situation I speak of and the one you described about treifos?
The difference is, chasimas haTalmud. See Kesef Mishneh to Mamrim 2:1.
The comments here are all very interesting. However, it seems to me that the issue is much more complicated then various people are making it sound.
On the one hand, we say that we follow the Bavli more than the Yerushalmi because it is "later", and for many generations, we always followed the "later" ruling. The older the ruling, the more we assumed it didn't have all the relevant information etc.
However, after the Shulchan Aruch, (and perhaps after the Zohar?) the reverse happened. We tended to go by the older the ruling the more authentic it was.
This creates a mobius strip/catch 22/infinite loop, where we follow the earlier opinions which tell us to always follow the later opinions, which tell us to follow the older opinions.. etc.
It is also true, that after the period of the Shoftim, the Jewish people never agreed on anything religiously. There was always differing opinions regarding what was binding and what wasn't after that period. Some, I believe the Zohar, likes to argue that even before then, there were always 12 equally valid ways of doing things, and 70 ways to understand each of those 12 halachot.
I know that Rabbi David bar-Hayim apparently gave a very good lecture about why the Talmud is binding, but I never saw it posted online, so I don't know what he said. Maybe somebody here could tell us. But the reason why I find Rabbi David Bar-Hayim's answer to that question interesting, is because he is of the opinion that most takkanot and halachot recorded in the Talmud Bavli are not actually based on the rulings of Sanhedrin, but rather were the rulings of the Yeshivot in Bavel or the rulings of the Exliarch. Same with many of the rulings in the Yerushalmi.
3) and do we throw out all minhagim against the Gemera.
So, our dear Rabbi. What is the bottom line?
What dose this all mean as far as your future views, and will you review and reverse your past viewpoints?
Dose your blog shift from a Rationalist, Reasonable, Senible, Sound reasoning, Thoughtful thinking, Sane, Lucid, Normal, Advisable, Judicious, Judaism theme,... to a Unrationalistic, Fanatical, Overzealous, Monomaniacal, Radical, Ultraistic, Rabid, Extremeness, (every word in the thesaurus) Judaism theme?
If this is the transition you are making, which is what it sounds like, then you have rendered yourself obsolete for this blog.
I haven't made any shifts lately. I have always maintained this approach to canonized halachah in the Gemara. And I don't see anything remotely Unrationalistic, Fanatical, Overzealous, Monomaniacal, Radical, Ultraistic, Rabid, or Extreme about it.
What goes against God's will? Let's take a couple simple examples.
God said we live on a ball of rock with a thin coat of gas that travels around a giant fusion reactor. A distressing number of the Orthodox believe it's the other way around and say heliocentrism is true because men said so. God says one thing. Man says another. They have complete faith in a man-made image.
Certain religious scholars say no animals with the signs of kosher animals - cloven hooves, milk which curdles, cud-chewing ruminants - exist other than those which were known in the Ancient Near East. When presented with clear evidence that such exist - pronghorn, vicuna, musk ox, arguably the babirus to name a few - they deny it because men said it couldn't be true.
I don't have any issue with their legal decisions being binding until such time as Israel collectively says otherwise. If they say "Killing lice is alright on Shabbos" that's the law. The idea that the Bronze Age beliefs they borrowed from their neighbors about the nature of the world must be accepted as true when they can be easily disproved isn't. It makes the Author of reality subordinate to fallible human beings.
When people try to force others to believe that something false is true they are liars. Nothing good can come from building lies into the foundation of ones religion.
I appreciate some of the comments here and some are on point. There's still a problem of sorts in interpretation of Talmudic Law with regards to overturning previous rulings or courts. Many people seem to miss the fact of the matter.
A. When new evidence and knowledge is known that wasn't known before it must be taken into account and not ignored due to some preservationist approach to Torah. The law must be adjusted accordingly to what we know as reality in our day and age.
Moreover the Torah clearly enunciates that we "Shall listen to the Judge in our day" Parsha Shoftim and Rashi comments that regardless of the fact that a greater court in a previous generation may have ruled, all we have to go by is the current courts that how God arranged it to be so to speak. Based on direct Torah commandments previous courts are not now and never were the final word on all matters.
Moreover any current rabbinic court that denies science, facts, reason, logic etc. should not be followed or even considered a legitimate court by any Jewish standard because their judgments cannot be trusted due to the fact they deny reality and are therefore false leaders.
Rationalists and truth seekers can't have it both ways nor can they walk the fence regarding the absolute truth and justice in order to satisfy community pressure from false Torah teachers claiming authority. God commanded we act and judge with Justice and Righteousness.
These are not my words but of the Rambam and others great Jewish Philosophers.
And yet Rambam, who did not believe in yeridas hadoros, did not argue with the halachic conclusions of Chazal. Why? Because there's nothing anti-rationalist or dishonest about accepting to uphold a system of authority.
To add to my last comment the Rambam was in major disagreement with many things Chazal claimed including, life after death and resurrection concepts. Anything they claimed that had something to do with demons, astrology he flatly rejected.
These are not minor disagreements but major ones that have a lot of impact on jewish thought.
I'm not saying the Rambam disagreed with all of Chazal I don't think anyone ever did but we still have an obligation today to look at each halalcha and re-examine and repair or update them as halacha requires for the benefit of Judaism.
But these were not halachos. Where there were halachos based on these things, he usually accepted them, and gave other reasons for them. Although I agree that sometimes he simply ignored them.
Good point about the Rambam, I think he was great at reframing many halachot to make them acceptable to rational thought.
I'm not sure how many people realize that it seemed he was trying to re-shape much Jewish thought that was handed down to us by the Talmudists.
It also seems reasonable to take the position from the Rambams writings he was actually in great dis-agreement with the Rabbi's including Halacha but would not openly be so bold as to say that publically.
On one hand he'd tell us we must follow the Halacha (Mishnah Torah)and on the other hand in (Morah) he would tell us not to follow superstitious and non rational thought that contradicted knowledge and reason. That statement would be worthless had he not meant to include Halachot as well when it failed to meet rationalist standards.
That's why some people feel we have to pick a side. Either be a rationalist or a traditionalist steeped in superstition and many false notions at it base.
I believe more and more religious Jews "orthodox" are leaning towards rational thinking.
You cite kesef mishna but the reality is Rambam never "qualifies" or negates the existence or operation of a Sanhedrin because of a post talmudic world. In fact he says it will be re-established at some point in history (we are obligated to) and that is why he lists those halachot. So why if the talmud is in substitution for a sanhedrin for the time being (although he doesn't say that explicitly but it can be understood from him and other sources or implicit understanding) why would the analogous case of the sanhedrin not be applied to a post talmudic posek? All the moreso if a sanhedrin can be negated certainly a psak from talmud can, no? We all are aware of rambams intro to mishne torah and we all know that the talmud the document covers a period of interpretation and discussion that was several hundred years after his final lynchpins ravina and rav ashi.
I will look up the source you listed.
I'm not sure if Student V is talking to me, sorry if I'm speaking out of line but you made a couple of interesting comments.
1. There's nothing in Rational Thinking that would argue against re-establishing a Sanhedrin as you mentioned or that at some point in time it will happen al pi the Rambam. However since Judaism is much splintered even with-in the range of Orthodox communities who or what criteria of the Judges would satisfy all Jews. There could be possibly multiple Sanhedrin's as there are multiple philosophies in Judaism.
The Talmud surely helps with insights to Jewish traditions in some sense but is not definitive and again limited to the time and place it was created for starters. Some concepts still may apply today while others clearly do not therefore it all comes down to what level the people will allow the Talmud to influence their practices.
Even if one were to To canonize chazal. Doing it through the Gemara would be problematic, for the following facts.
1) Both, the Jerusalem Talmud was written by one person, Rabbi Yochanan, and the Babylonian Talmud was written by one person, Rav Ashi.
Do we know if their writtings were prove read by any of the other Rabbis, and most important, were they selective and opinionated of what they wished and believed should go into their Gemara, contrary to the other Rabbis?
2) These Rabbis had left out many words from their writings, leaving it's interpretations open to the commentators, e.g. Rashi, on whom many mainly rely on, and who lived many centuries later.
3) Many of the commentators do not agree with each other on of what the Gemara is precisely saying.
With whom dose one follow?
4) As we all know, the Gemara was redacted by outside influences, not to enhance the Torah view, but to delete certain truths, to the pleasings of the pagans and christians etc.
No one knows for sure to what extent, and how many times it happened.
What did this missing info say?
e.g. The Gemara could have ment to say that this is "not" the way the sun travels across the sky.
5) The Gemara's conclusions are based on the cases that had been resolved in the Rabbinical courts of those days and of centuries before.
How accurate were the records of the courts throughout these many centuries kept?
6) Who knows for sure, of how many of the details that was of significance to the outcome of these cases, is not mentioned in the Gemara? As we see in any trial one would observe, in any Rabbinical court of today, details matter.
7) After finding many inaccuracies, (for whatever reason it may be,) in the Gemara, how reliable dose it tell us it is.
In other words, it, the Gemara itself is saying, "it is not to be relied upon."
8) The most important fact we all must consider.
The cononizing of the Gemara was done at a time before it's many inaccuracies were discovered by the masses. At a time when it made all the sense in the world, making it very easy to do so.
To exaggerate my point. If the Gemara would say, put water in your gas tank, would there still be a canonization?
I deleted my last post because of a couple of type o's, here is the corrected post, I hope.
Issac let me add to your points something else.
If you recall the Rabbis use a seemingly "fictional philosophy" to follow the majority. They base this concept from a Torah pasuk that says "Don't follow the majority to do evil". Ex. 23:2 The Talmudists usually quote it to say the opposite "follow the majority for good" which is incorrect.
A Rationalist will immediately notice the Pasuk is flipped 180 degrees to help establish a concept that doesn't exist in Torah or at least is very very vague. In terms of Halacha to follow the majority gives Rabbis the legislative power to vote on law according to the majority opinion vs. truth. This is a very common practice used in the Shulchan Orech by R. Yosef Karo.
For governing of a people I see why this was done to create some order, however as far as truth and efficacy it is very questionable and brings us to the concept of a Zakain Mamre (Rebellious Elder or Sage) brought down in the TB Sanhedren, which means even if the majority is 100% wrong and the minority is 100% correct the minority is obligated to follow regardless based on this flipped around pasuk.
However this system can easily subjugate the truth by a majority vote. Many have a hard time with a system that will let truth be overturned just to get passed problematic issues. Is this the way of righteous and justice God commanded or is this the short coming of the Talmudical and Rabbinic leaders and their lack of knowledge and wisdom to deal with truths?
Some have said and I believe this is important to realize; Maybe the Torah never meant for there to be only one correct answer or one way to interpret the mitzvot and each Jew or community is free to investigate these truths for themselves. The Shulchan Orech brings down one ruling based on the majority of a few selected rabbis the codifier subjectively picked. Why should one person decide who's opinions should be used to decide the laws. Others could have picked other sources and came up with an entirely different set of Halachic standards. The Talmud gave us various opinions because maybe they knew that Halacha is subjective to the time and place it's being applied.
From this we can see why the Talmud can't be used as some sort of pseudo Sanhedren or definitively method to decide laws and why Talmudic authority can't be considered forever binding. We can only look to the Talmud for insights that help us decide how to live in our time.
Sorry for the long post these are important concepts in Rationalist Torah thought worthy of study.
Rabbi Simon, In concert to what you have said.
As you have said, this verse Exodus 23:2 states, "Do not follow the majority to do evil." but then it states "Do not respond with your opinion in a dispute to lean [toward one side]. It must be decided by the marjority."
But not if the latter violates the former, i.e. To follow the majority to do evil.
The verse is referring to a court case, when passing judgment of an individual on trial. (At least it seems so on the surface of it.) And therefore becomes questionable (in my opinion) if it can be used to decide Halachah.
But in the Gemara, Bava Metzia 59b, Rabbi Yehoshua borrows this verse to win his argument on a matter of whether an oven is Tahor or Tamei against Rabbi Eliezer. He quotes "According to the majority [the matter] shall be decided." Ex. 23:2.
And then, Even though a Heavenly voice proclaimed "That the Halachah follows Rabbi Eliezer, Rabbi Yehoshua declared "The Torah is not in Heaven." Displaying no fear of Heaven.
The Gemara then goes on and says that not only was Rabbi Yehoshua and his majority wrong (through the meeting of Rabbi Nassan and Elijah) But, the majority after having already prevailed, had then went and collected all the things Rabbi Eliezea (the minority) had declared to his ruling, to be burnt in his presence, and then voted on him to/and excommunicated him, for no justifiable reason. Leaving Rabbi Eliezer utterly devastated.
And even after many calamities had fallen on the world, do to this harsh, cruel, and unfair treatment of Rabbi Eliezer, there dose not seem to have been any reversal of their decision.
As I had mentioned above the verse states in Ex. 23:2 "Do not follow the marjority to do evil."
All of these actions that was perpetrated by this majority, that the Gemara states that took place in this dispute, Bava Metzia 59b, is by any standard considered an evil act, not only against a true Halachah, but of a fellow Jew and a great and wonderful sage.
If this is what actually happened, it is therefore in violation of the 76th Mitzvo of the Taryag Mitzvos.
"Do not follow the majority to do evil."
Thanks Isaac, I'm glad you added that. I want to but didn't feel like writing a post that's too long people may not read it.
Anyway here comes a big post.
This is a new source to me the Dor Revi'i and can't wait to study his works a bit. Maybe some of you are more familiar? Copied in part from Wikipedia.
There's a lot to say here, any thoughts?
Rabbi Simon, The universe physically, is constantly expanding.
The universe is set up to cause us to expand.
One can not be standing still.
The Oral Torah, itself declares there has to be change.
The Midrash says, Jews should be like a reed in the water--flexible enough to bend with the winds of time, but not so flexible as to be washed away by the tide.
Meaning, there should be a balance in the changes we make for the times we live, not far right, nor far left.
No one can be standing in middle of a buffet of choices all around us, that is causing constant growth without any change.
To canonize the past (the Gemara) is to canonize stagnation.
Thanks Issac not much there that doesn't make good sense.
Where does Rabbi Shlomo Fisher say that R. Yosef Caro says that Chazal may be mistaken in their rulings?
Derashos Beis Yishai 15. He doesn't say that R. Caro says it explicitly, but he does explain that it is the clear inference.
I do not see how you can violate a Divine biblical prohibition because of what an earlier generation thought. If there's no alternative reason that can be given to permit something, why would it matter that they once thought it was permitted? Why should the 'easier way' take priority over the truth? What would chazal themselves say if they knew the science?
A more tenable position would be to follow earlier authorities such as the Talmud in area that do not have clear-cut definitions that they formulated in a certain way, even if we might have chosen a different way. See the chapter on science in Iyunim B'Mishnato shel haRambam. by R.N.L. Rabinovitvch.
I don't see how R. Fisher can be read to hold that R. Caro holds that Chazal could have been "mistaken" (but we are bound by Talmud Bavli nontheless).
R Fisher is explaining that we are bound by Chazal's rulings because at the time of the canonization of the Bavli, all or most of the big Rabbis accepted upon themselves that later generations cannot argue with the Bavli.
This does not necessarily mean that they recognized that Chazal of the Bavli could have been "mistaken"; R, Fisher can (and probably does) hold like most other Chareidim, that the later Rabbis accepted that the earlier rulings were divinely inspired. R. Fisher is explaining why we accept that they were divinely inspired: because all of the Rabbis accepted that at the time of the canonization of the Bavli.
In the absence of a clear statement from R. Fisher that R. Caro held that Chazal could have been mistaken, I believe that it's a stretch to say that that is what he holds.
Did you read the whole piece? He specifically disputes the Chazon Ish's claim that the reason for not arguing on Chazal is that they are more likely to be correct.
I was actually thinking of something like this--but more generally, that a mistake does not have a שם הוראה, which would explain the Rambam in הלכות שגגות יג:ה as well.
"Indeed, even our sages asked this question: How is it that for the former generations miracles were performed and for us miracles are not performed?… [BT Berakhot 20a].
Thus, although it is obvious, both to the one who asks and to the one who answers, that the first were more important than they, with respect to Torah and wisdom, Rav Papa and Abbaye were more important than the first. Thus, although the first generations were more important than the latter generations in the essence of their souls, because the purer is selected to come to the world first, with respect to the wisdom of Torah, it is increasingly revealed in the latter generations. This is so for the reason we have mentioned, that the overall measure is completed specifically by the latter ones. This is why more complete lights are extended to them, although their own essence is far worse.
Hence, we could ask, 'Why, then, is it forbidden to disagree with the first ones in the revealed Torah?' It is because, as far as the practical part of the commandments is concerned, it is to the contrary, the first were more complete in them than the last. This is because the act extends from the holy vessels of the sefirot, and the Secrets of Torah and flavours of the commandments extend from the lights in the sefirot. You already know that there is an inverse relation between lights and vessels: in the vessel, the higher ones grow first, which is why the first were more complete in the practical part than the last. But with the lights, where the lower ones enter first, the last are more complete than the first [this picture fits with Maimonides' notion of scientific development cf. Guide of the Perplexed 3:14: Do not ask me to show that eveything the sages have said concerning astronomical matters conforms to the way things really are. For at that time mathematics were imperfect]" (Ba'al ha-Sullam, Rav Yehudah Ashlag, Introduction to the Book of Zohar, 64-65).
Rav Sternbuch Clarifies... Or Does He?


Do not share your User ID or Password with anyone. First State will NEVER ask for your personal information through email.
Never respond to, click any link in, or open an attachment in an email that requests information about you or your accounts.
Pay close attention to the URL (internet address) behind the link. Often in phishing attempts, if you hover the cursor over the link the fraudsters want you to click on, it has nothing to do with the actual company they claim to be. If you have questions about the authenticity of an email, contact First State Bank Nebraska's Internet Banking team at 402-858-1750.
Select a PIN that you can easily remember. Never keep your PIN written down in your wallet, purse or on the debit card itself.
Be aware of devices designed to steal information from ATMs. If you notice the keypad seems to protrude oddly from the surface around it, or you can see an odd color change between the pad and the ATM, it could be an ATM skimmer capturing your information.
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Check your account regularly. Contact First State immediately of any questionable or unauthorized account activity.
Use Password-Protect – Make sure that your devices require a password to use them and lock your device when you step away from it. This ensures that you are the only one who can log in to your device and access private information.
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Don't Over-Share – Don't share your log in credentials with anyone- friends, family or coworkers. Consider configuring your social media accounts so that only your friends can see your posts and limit the amount of personal profile information that is publicly visible.
Keep Malware Out – Ensure that your device has antivirus protection and avoid downloading pirated movies or music. Even if you're on a legitimate site, these things can expose you to malware.
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Beware Insecure Networks – If you use an institution's network or free Wi-Fi, your connection could be open to snooping by other users. A VPN (Virtual Private Network) utility will both protect your connection and let you surf anonymously.
Secure Your Phone - Set up a lock screen using a PIN, swipe code, facial recognition or anything your phone supports. Remember, your phone contains contacts, photos and other personal information you don't want leaked.
Change passwords often. Even if it is not required, it is a good practice to change your passwords at least every six months. An easy way to remember: change them when you change your clocks to adjust for Daylight Savings Time.
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text:
Q: SET COMPATIBILITY_LEVEL got this error while trying to execute a built in command from my ERP system.

after  goole search i have found that i need to reset the compatibily level of the db schema. is that the right solution?
and if so - is changing the level can't hurt the DATA ? it's a living and kicking DB

A: It looks like the DB was upgraded but the COMPATIBILITY_LEVEL parameter was not changed.
If you will change this parameter it will put the new DB version into effect.  It doesn't have any effect on the data, but do it carefully as this is actually the last phase in upgrade process.
What can go wrong?
When the DB COMPATIBILITY_LEVEL will changes new features will kick in, this means that the optimiser logic will change and several queries can suffer from performance degradation (if you used weird hints).
I highly suggest to do this on a test environment first and make sure the apps using the DB are still working.


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The Gudaga Study has been funded by two NHMRC project grants. A complete list of the investigators and project staff who have either worked on one or both of the project grants is below. This Gudaga Research Team has been made up of a mix of Aboriginal (*) and non-Aboriginal academics and service staff.


text:
NSString *const kDOUShareLibErrorDomain = @"com.douban.error_domain.share_lib";
NSString *const kDOUShareLibErrorInfoKeyReason = @"reason";
NSString *const kDOUShareLibErrorInfoKeyAPIErrorCode = @"api_error_code";

NSString *const kOAuthv2ResponseType = @"response_type";
NSString *const kOAuthv2AuthorizationCode = @"code";
NSString *const kOAuthv2ImplictGrant = @"token";

NSString *const kOAuthv2ClientId = @"client_id";
NSString *const kOAuthv2ClientSecret = @"client_secret";
NSString *const kOAuthv2RedirectURI = @"redirect_uri";
NSString *const kOAuthv2Scope = @"scope";
NSString *const kOAuthv2State = @"state";

NSString *const kOAuthv2GrantType = @"grant_type";
NSString *const kOAuthv2GrantTypeAuthorizationCode = @"authorization_code";
NSString *const kOAuthv2GrantTypeResourceOwnerPasswordCredentials = @"password";
NSString *const kOAuthv2ResourceOwnerUsername = @"username";
NSString *const kOAuthv2ResourceOwnerPassword = @"password";
NSString *const kOAuthv2GrantTypeClientCredentials = @"client_credentials";
NSString *const kOAuthv2GrantTypeRefreshToken = @"refresh_token";

NSString *const kOAuthv2AccessToken = @"access_token";
NSString *const kOAuthv2TokenType = @"token_type";
NSString *const kOAuthv2ExpiresIn = @"expires_in";
NSString *const kOAuthv2RefreshToken = @"refresh_token";

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Suffering from infertility? Why not "just adopt"?
It is estimated that almost 1 out of 10 couples in the United States suffer from infertility. Depending on the cause of infertility, the cost of treatments can range anywhere from hundreds to thousands of dollars. With significant advances in technology, many couples are now able to conceive through In Vitro Fertilization or IVF. The procedure can start around $10,000 per cycle and can add up to an infinite level of financial burdens if a couple chooses or needs to attempt this treatment several times.
Often, we hear people criticize these treatments because of the amount of money that the individuals choose to spend on them. Many of us may have had the thought, "why not just adopt?" - "so many children need homes!". What most do not understand, however, is that the adoption process is no more simple or inexpensive than the invasive fertility treatments that many of these couples have already endured.
Whether you choose to adopt an infant in the U.S. or internationally, adoption fees typically average at around $30,000.
While many couples will be eligible for a U.S. tax credit of up to $13,190 per child, they will still be left with a heavy financial burden. While some prefer the adoption route immediately after learning about their difficulty to conceive, most choose this option after all means of getting pregnant on their own have failed. Typically, most have already spent what they can on trying to become pregnant before realizing that even more money will be needed if they decide adoption is the next step.
The process of which a couple needs to go through to adopt a child is anything but simple.
While anyone can understand why this process should not be without effort, persons proceeding with adoption will need to be prepared for a long and emotional process. Home studies, character references, applications and background checks, are just the beginning of starting the process of gaining a child into your home. After approval is gained, a finalization hearing must be conducted by a judge to be granted legal custody of the child.
Once the adoption has been finalized by the courts, there is very little that a birth mother can do to reverse it.
However, depending on the type of adoption, she has plenty of time to change her mind before then; even up to the day she gives birth. The decision for a woman to give her child up for adoption is an emotional roller coaster of it's own and it should not be difficult to understand how they may change their mind during the process. This is a heartbreaking experience for any couple that has their heart set on finally being able to start a family. Statistics have shown that a birth mother is less likely to make this decision while in her third trimester, but there are countless stories about prospective parents that have been let down by a birth mother changing her mind at the last minute.
If you have never experienced infertility, it can be difficult to grasp just what a difficult and trying time it can be for a couple that desperately wants to start a family. Unless you have experienced this hardship for yourself, it is best not to judge friends or family members that choose to spend large amounts of money to start a family. Next time you have the urge to ask someone why they won't "just adopt", remember that it is not just as straightforward as walking into an orphanage on a Saturday morning, and walking out with a baby in your arms that afternoon.


Sheet fills a need that the PrimeFaces Datatable with in-cell editing does not fill. It can handle a large amount of data with editing single cells without submitting the entire sheet. Provides familiar spreadsheet navigation with TAB and SHIFT+TAB and familiar spreadsheet experience.
Based on Handsontable by Handsoncode.
currentColClass The style class to apply dynamically to the selected column.
currentRowClass The style class to apply dynamically to the selected row.
emptyMessage The message to be displayed if no records exist in the sheet.
errorMessage A global error message to be added when the Sheet is invalid. If not specified, no global message is added. If specified, a global message will be added with this value.
filteredValue List to keep the filtered/sorted data if filtering/sorting is enabled.
maxRows Maximum number of rows. Default is infinity.
minRows Minimum number of rows. At least that many of rows will be created during initialization. Default is 0.
maxCols Maximum number of columns. Default is infinity.
minCols Minimum number of columns. At least that many of columns will be created during initialization. Default is 0.
fixedCols The number of columns to fix or freeze on the left when scrolling.
fixedRows The number of rows to fix or freeze on the top when scrolling.
fixedRowsBottom The number of rows to fix or freeze on the bottom when scrolling.
locale The IL8N Locale langauge. Default is en-US.
height The height of the sheet in pixels. It is recommended you use this property instead of a style class to ensure it is applied to the proper element. This can be left empty, but performance may suffer.
rowKey An el expression resolving to a unique key value for each row. Required.
rowStyleClass The style class to apply each row.
showColumnHeaders Boolean value to specify the rendering of the column headers.
showRowHeaders Boolean value to specify the rendering of the row headers.
rowHeader An el expression resolving to a header for each row. Optional.
readOnly Boolean value to specify whether the sheet should be rendered as a read only. This is more efficient than cell by cell, but renders the entire sheet as read only.
sortBy Property to be used for sorting.
sortOrder Sets sorting order. Default is "ascending". Valid values are "ascending" and "descending".
caseSensitiveSort Case sensitivity for sorting, insensitive by default.
nullSortOrder Defines where the null values are placed in ascending sort order. Default value is "1" meaning null values are placed at the end in ascending mode and at beginning in descending mode. Set to "-1" for the opposite behavior.
stretchH The Handsontable StretchH value. Affects rendering of the column widths. Valid values are "none", "hybrid", "last", "all".
selectionMode Choose between selecting a single cell, a range of adjacent cells and multiple ranges of non-contiguous cells.. Valid values are "single", "multiple", "range".
styleClass The additional style classes for the rendered table. Multiple classes may be specified delimited by a space.
value Datasource of the component.
var Name of the iterator variable used to refer each data.
width The width of the sheet in pixels. For auto width, leave empty.
activeHeaderStyleClass CSS class name for all active headers in selections. The header will be marked with this class name only when a whole column or row will be selected.
commentedCellStyleClass CSS class name added to the commented cells.
currentColStyleClass CSS class name for all visible columns in the current selection.
currentHeaderStyleClass CSS class name for all visible headers in current selection.
currentRowStyleClass CSS class name for all visible rows in the current selection.
invalidCellStyleClass CSS class name for cells that did not pass validation.
placeholderCellStyleClass CSS class name for cells that have a placeholder in use.
readOnlyCellStyleClass CSS class name for read-only cells.
colType The column data entry type. Currently supports "text", "numeric", "date", "password", "dropdown", "autocomplete", and "checkbox" are experimental.
colWidth The column width in pixels.
filterBy Property to be used for filtering.
filterMatchMode Property to define the filter match mode of startsWith, endsWith, contains, exact.
filterOptions A collection of selectitems for filter dropdown.
headerText The header text to display above the column.
passwordHashSymbol Password mask defaulted to asterisks *. Note that you can't change symbol used by the input field due to browsers limitations.
passwordHashLength By default every password has length equal to the length of value that it corresponds with. Use this option to set fixed hash length.
numericPattern Numbers can be formatted to look like currency, percentages, times, or even plain old numbers with decimal places, thousands, and abbreviations.
numericLocale String or java.util.Locale representing user locale. Default is "en-US".
dateFormat Moment.js date format for colType="date". Default is "DD/MM/YYYY".
datePickerConfig JSON config for coltype="date". DatePicker additional options (see https://github.com/dbushell/Pikaday#configuration).
timeFormat Moment.js time format for colType="date". Default is "h:mm:ss a".
autoCompleteStrict Boolean value if true, the autocomplete cells will only accept values that are defined in the source array. Default true.
autoCompleteAllowInvalid Boolean value If true, allows manual input of value that does not exist in the source. In this case, the field background highlight becomes red and the selection advances to the next cell.
autoCompleteTrimDropdown Boolean value If true, trims the dropdown to fit the cell size. Default to true.
autoCompleteVisibleRows Number of rows visible in the autocomplete dropdown.
selectItems Collection of values to display in colType="dropdown" or "autocomplete".
readOnly Boolean value to specify whether the column should be rendered as a read only column. This is more efficient than cell by cell, but renders the entire column as read only. The var value may not be referenced.
readonlyCell Boolean value to specify whether the cell should be rendered as a read only. The EL expression may reference the var value.
styleClass The additional style classes for the rendered table cell. Multiple classes may be specified delimited by a space.
value The value to bind to this column.
visible Controls the visibilty of the column, default is true.
wordWrap When set to true, the text of the cell content is wrapped if it does not fit in the fixed column width. Default is true.


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A healthy lifestyle is important for everyone. There is nothing more damaging to a long, healthy life than smoking, which is estimated as the reason for death or disability in half the people who smoke. The dangers of smoking tobacco are so significant that it is the most important public health problem in the world, which ironically, is largely avoidable.
Your cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, immune and other body systems depend on a continual supply of nutrients to feed cell growth and metabolism. To get the dozens of essential forms of protein, vitamins, carbohydrates, minerals and fats, you need to eat a varied diet. According to the guidelines established by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, your diet should contain mostly whole grains, fruits, vegetables and fat-free or low-fat dairy products. Consume lean meats such as chicken and turkey, along with legumes, eggs and healthy nuts. Limit your portion sizes at … Read More..
The Healthy Lifestyle Course (HLTH1010) is a compulsory, one-year course for undergraduates to learn how to maintain a well-balanced and healthy lifestyle that will help them to effectively manage their life, learning and work. Drink at least 8 glasses (64 oz.) of water per day, or more if you exercise. If you are taking certain types of medication, you may require even more water. Check with your doctor or pharmacist. HealthierUS Schools Challenge (USDA): A voluntary certification initiative recognizing those schools enrolled in Team Nutrition that have created healthier school environments through promotion of nutrition and physical activity.
Regular exercise can also help reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression in people with asthma. Over-eating, drinking alcohol, smoking or using illegal drugs can seem like easy ways of dealing with stress and anxiety. Unfortunately, they will only make things worse in the long run. Being healthy is about more than getting … Read More..


The 26/11 Mumbai attacks happened as a result of one of the "most devastating near-misses in the history of spycraft" in which the US, British and Indian spy agencies failed to pull together all the strands gathered by their high-tech surveillance to thwart the assault on India's financial capital, according to an investigative report said.
"What happened next may rank among the most devastating near-misses in the history of spycraft. The intelligence agencies of the three nations did not pull together all the strands gathered by their high-tech surveillance and other tools, which might have allowed them to disrupt a terror strike so scarring that it is often called India's 9/11," said the lengthy report.
Citing classified documents leaked by Edward Snowden, the former National Security Agency contractor, it said although electronic eavesdropping often yields valuable data, even "tantalizing" clues can be missed if the technology is not closely monitored, the intelligence gleaned from it is not linked with other information, or analysis does not sift incriminating activity from the ocean of digital data.
In one of the most glaring intelligence failures, the report said Indian and British intelligence agencies monitored online activities of a key 26/11 planner Zarrar Shah, the technology chief of Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) terror group, "but couldn't connect the dots" before the attacks that killed 166 people, including six Americans.
"They were not the only spies watching. Shah drew similar scrutiny from an Indian intelligence agency," it said, citing a former official briefed on the operation.
While the US was unaware of the two agencies' efforts, it had picked up signs of a plot through other electronic and human sources, and warned Indian security officials several times in the months before the attack, the report said.


God's sovereignty is not mainly a theological problem with the past, but an invincible hope for tomorrow. You can bank your life on these nine promises.
At night when we go to bed, on a whole day when we pause our projects, in a season of vacation or Sabbatical, our stopping work is our saying "Enough!" to the merry-go-round. We don't have to ride this thing. There remains a Sabbath rest for the people of God (Hebrews 4:9–10).
It's not the nightmare of violence in the Middle East, or the generic nightmare of life in a fallen world. It's the American Nightmare — the one where millions of us are murdered, and our body parts are quietly sold for research, all by an organization our government is funding.
"Jesus paid it all." Some of the most relevant things you need to know today are simple and familiar. Meditate on what Jesus has done, and marvel that he did it for you.
Parenting is inescapably the work of waiting. As a parent, especially to young children, you are constantly devoting your time and energy into something that doesn't produce immediate results.