text:
Songs with Earlier Histories Than the Hit Version
Song List (alphabetical)
Artists/Groups/Songwriters
Genre / Style
Rock 'n Roll
Artist/Songwriter Tags
"Mama" Cass Elliot (4) 5th Dimension (13) Aaron Neville (4) Alabama (3) Alan Lomax (3) Albert Hammond (4) Al Kooper (4) Allen Toussaint (10) Allman Brothers (4) Amy Winehouse (5) Andrew Lloyd-Weber (4) Andy Williams (8) Anne Murray (5) Aretha Franklin (10) Arthur Alexander (5) Artie Shaw (3) B.B. King (4) B. J. Thomas (4) Badfinger (3) Bananarama (3) Barbra Streisand (8) Barret Strong (3) Barry Manilow (12) Barry Mann (9) Barry McGuire (3) Bay City Rollers (4) Beach Boys (13) Beatles (54) Bee Gees (6) Benny Goodman (5) Bert Kaempfert (4) Bette Midler (9) Bill Haley & His Comets (8) Billie Holiday (4) Bill Medley (3) Bill Monroe (3) Billy Joel (5) Bing Crosby (21) Blood Sweat & Tears (4) Blues Brothers (4) Bobbie Gentry (3) Bobby Bare (3) Bobby Darin (11) Bobby Vee (7) Bobby Vinton (6) Bobby Womack (4) Bob Crewe (6) Bob Dylan (13) Bob Marley (3) Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band (4) Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys (4) Bonnie Raitt (3) Brook Benton (5) Bruce Springsteen (13) Bryan Ferry (5) Buddy Holly (9) Burl Ives (3) Burt Bacharach (16) Captain & Tennille (5) Carly Simon (3) Carole Bayer Sager (6) Carole King (11) Carpenters (24) Cat Stevens (3) Celine Dion (6) Cher (7) Chet Atkins (3) Chip Taylor (3) Chris Kenner (3) Chris Montez (3) Chubby Checker (4) Chuck Berry (8) Cilla Black (3) Cissy Houston (3) Clash (3) Cliff Richard (7) Coasters (3) Connee Boswell (3) Crazy Horse (3) Crew Cuts (3) Crickets (5) Curtis Mayfield (5) Cyndi Lauper (3) Darlene Love (5) Darts (3) Dave Bartholomew (5) Dave Clark Five (3) Dave Edmunds (8) Dave Van Ronk (3) David Bowie (5) Dean Martin (6) Dee Dee Warwick (5) Delaney and Bonnie (4) Del Shannon (3) Diana Ross (6) Diane Warren (4) Dinah Shore (6) Dinah Washington (7) Dion (5) Dionne Warwick (20) Dobie Gray (4) Dolly Parton (3) Donna Summer (3) Donny & Marie (4) Donovan (3) Doobie Brothers (5) Drifters (5) Duke Ellington (9) Dusty Springfield (14) Eagles (6) Eddy Arnold (5) Ella Fitzgerald (15) Elvis Presley (47) England Dan & John Ford Coley (4) Eric Carmen (6) Eric Clapton (11) Esther Phillips (3) Ethel Waters (6) Etta James (5) Everly Brothers (13) Evie Sands (3) Fats Domino (5) Fats Waller (6) Fleetwood Mac (3) Four Seasons (6) Four Tops (6) Frankie Laine (3) Frankie Valli (3) Frank Sinatra (29) Freddy Fender (4) Gabor Szabo (3) Gary "U.S." Bonds (3) Gene Autry (5) Gene Kelly (3) George Benson (6) George Harrison (8) Georgia Gibbs (3) Georgie Fame (3) Gerry & The Pacemakers (4) Gerry Goffin (13) Gilbert Becaud (3) Gladys Knight & The Pips (9) Glen Campbell (13) Glen Gray & His Casa Loma Orchestra (3) Glenn Miller (15) Glenn Yarbrough (3) Gloria Estefan (4) Grass Roots (3) Grateful Dead (3) Gregg Allman (4) Guy Lombardo (5) Hall & Oates (3) Hank Snow (3) Hank Williams (4) Harry Belafonte (4) Helen Forrest (4) Helen Reddy (9) Herb Alpert (4) Herman's Hermits (7) Hoagy Carmichael (4) Hollies (8) Hot Chocolate (3) Howlin' Wolf (3) Hoyt Axton (6) Ian & Sylvia (3) Isley Brothers (7) J.D. Loudermilk (3) J.J. Cale (3) Jack Jones (3) Jackson Browne (4) James Brown (8) James Taylor (7) Jan & Dean (4) Janis Joplin (5) Jay & The Americans (4) Jefferson Airplane (6) Jennifer Warnes (4) Jerry Butler (8) Jerry Lee Lewis (4) Jerry Ross (4) Jimi Hendrix (3) Jimmy Cliff (4) Jimmy Dorsey (4) Jimmy Webb (4) Jim Reeves (4) Jim Weatherly (3) Joan Baez (3) Jody Miller (4) Joe Cocker (9) John Denver (4) John Fogerty (5) John Hiatt (3) John Lee Hooker (3) John Lennon (10) Johnny Cash (16) Johnny Mathis (5) Johnny Otis (3) Johnny Rivers (8) Jon Hendricks (3) Joni Mitchell (4) Jo Stafford (5) Judy Collins (5) Judy Garland (6) Juice Newton (5) Jules Shear (3) Karla Bonoff (3) Kay Kyser (3) Kenny Rankin (3) Kenny Rogers (7) Kingston Trio (8) Kitty Wells (3) Kris Kristofferson (5) LaBelle (4) Larry Clinton (3) Laura Branigan (5) Laura Nyro (9) Lead Belly (7) Led Zeppelin (5) Leon Russell (6) Leo Sayer (4) Limeliters (3) Linda Creed (3) Linda Ronstadt (26) Little Anthony & The Imperials (3) Little Richard (3) Lloyd Price (3) Loggins & Messina (4) Lonnie Donegan (3) Louis Armstrong (18) Louis Jordan (3) Lou Johnson (3) Lulu (3) Luther Vandross (5) Mac Davis (3) Madonna (3) Manfred Mann (9) Marianne Faithfull (3) Marlena Shaw (3) Marvin Gaye (6) Mel Torme (4) Merry Clayton (3) Michael Jackson (4) Mickey Gilley (3) Mitch Ryder & The Detroit Wheels (3) Motown (21) Muddy Waters (3) Muscle Shoals Studio (3) Nat "King" Cole (13) Neil Diamond (11) Neil Sedaka (4) Neil Young (6) Nick Lowe (3) Nicollete Larson (3) Nilsson (5) Nitty Gritty Dirt Band (7) Norman Gimbel (3) Norman Whitfield (3) Olivia Newton-John (3) Original Off-Broadway cast of "Hair" (3) Otis Blackwell (5) Otis Redding (6) P.F. Sloan (3) Pat Boone (6) Patsy Cline (3) Paul Anka (4) Paul McCartney (13) Paul Revere & The Raiders (4) Paul Whiteman (6) Paul Williams (5) Paul Young (5) Peggy Lee (6) Percy Faith Orchestra (3) Perry Como (5) Persuaders (3) Peter & Gordon (4) Peter Allen (3) Peter Paul & Mary (11) Pete Seeger (6) Pete Townshend (6) Petula Clark (4) Phil Spector (5) Pointer Sisters (4) Prince (3) Quincy Jones (5) Ramsey Lewis Trio (4) Ray Charles (9) Ray Price (4) Ray Stevens (3) Ricky Skaggs (4) Ringo Starr (8) Rita Coolidge (6) Roberta Flack (4) Robert Palmer (5) Rod McKuen (3) Rodney Crowell (6) Rod Stewart (16) Roger Miller (3) Rolling Stones (13) Rosemary Clooney (4) Roy Hamilton (5) Roy Orbison (4) Sam Cooke (10) Sammy Davis Jr. (3) San Remo Music Festival (4) Santana (11) Sarah Vaughn (3) Searchers (4) Sergio Mendes (4) Shaun Cassidy (3) Shirley Bassey (5) Sidney Bechet (4) Simon & Garfunkel (6) Smiley Lewis (3) Sonny James (3) Spencer Davis Group (3) Stan Getz (3) Steely Dan (4) Stephen Stills (3) Steve Winwood (4) Stevie Wonder (7) Stone Poneys (3) Supremes (5) Sweet Inspirations (3) Swinging Blue Jeans (3) Tanya Tucker (5) Ted Lewis & His Band (3) Temptations (6) Tennessee Ernie Ford (3) The Animals (9) The Bangles (3) The Byrds (10) The Cookies (3) The Crystals (3) The Diamonds (4) The Go-Go's (4) The Happenings (4) Thelma Houston (3) Them (5) The Mamas & The Papas (4) The Marmalade (3) The Monkees (5) The New Seekers (4) The Orioles (4) The Platters (6) The Righteous Brothers (6) The Shadows (4) The Shirelles (3) The Stylistics (3) The Turtles (5) The Vibrations (4) The Weavers (10) The Who (7) The Wrecking Crew (7) Three Dog Night (17) Timi Yuro (3) Tina Turner (6) Todd Rundgren (4) Tom Jones (10) Tony Bennett (6) Tony Orlando (4) Tony Sheridan (3) Traffic (3) Tremeloes (5) UB40 (4) Undisputed Truth (3) Van Morrison (6) Vaughn Monroe (3) Vic Damone (3) Vipers Skiffle Group (3) Vogues (5) Walker Brothers (4) Waylon Jennings (6) Wayne Newton (3) Whitney Houston (6) Willie Bobo (3) Willie Dixon (6) Willie Nelson (14) Wilson Pickett (7) Yvonne Elliman (5)
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Tagged: Motown
1960s, R&B
Hey Harmonica Man
First recorded by Jo Jo Wail & the Somethings (1963).
Hit version by Stevie Wonder (US #29/R&B #5 1964).
From the wiki: "'Hey Harmonica Man' was written by Marty Cooper and Lou Josie, and was first recorded in 1963 by Jo Jo Wail & the Somethings. It would be covered by Stevie Wonder in 1964.
"Wonder has poured scorn on his pre-'65 Motown output; whenever he's asked about these records, he seems to lump them all together as a collection of 'juvenilia'. Perhaps surprisingly, it's 'Hey Harmonica Man' for which he reserves particular criticism, describing it on more than one occasion as 'embarrassing'.
1980s, Soul
The Motown Song
Written and first recorded by Larry John McNally (1986).
Hit version by Rod Stewart ft. The Temptations (US #10/MOR #3/UK #10 1991).
From the wiki: "'The Motown Song' was written by Larry John McNally and was originally recorded by McNally in 1986 for the Quicksilver movie soundtrack. In 1991, Rod Stewart covered 'The Motown Song' with the Temptations, for Stewart's album Vagabond Heart."
1970s, Pop
Do You Know Where You're Going To?
First recorded by Thelma Houston (1973).
Hit version by Diana Ross (US #1/R&B #14/UK #5/CAN #4 1975).
From the wiki: "'Do You Know Where You're Going To' was written by Michael Masser and Gerry Goffin ('You Make Me Feel Like a Natural Woman', 'Up on the Roof'), and was first recorded in 1973 by Thelma Houston for a New Zealand-only single release (Tamla Motown 872). In 1975, the song was repurposed by Masser and used as the theme to the movie Mahogany. Sung in the film by Diana Ross, it became one of the most recognizable elements of the film. The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 in 1975, and was also nominated for the 1975 Academy Award for Best Original Song."
First recorded by Smokey Robinson & the Miracles (US #23/R&B #13 1967).
Other hit version by Kim Carnes (US #10/MOR #6 1980).
From Songfacts.com: "In the book Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise and Fall of the Motown Sound, Smokey Robinson explained that he wrote 'More Love' for his wife Claudette, and it's one of his most personal songs. Claudette had a series of miscarriages and gave birth to twins who were stillborn. She felt like she was letting Smokey down, and he wrote this song to let her know how he felt. 'I wanted to reassure her that I was cool no matter what happened, because I still had her,' Robinson explained. Claudette had left The Miracles a few years earlier, but she returned to sing backup on this track.
Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)
First recorded by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds (1972).
Hit version by The Four Tops (US #4/R&B #2 1973).
From the wiki: "'Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)' was written by Dennis Lambert and Brian Potter who first joined Talent Associates in 1970 as producers and songwriters, and were responsible for many of that label's hits, including Original Caste's 'One Tin Soldier', and hits by Seals & Crofts. After leaving Talent Associates for ABC-Dunhill, Lambert and Potter wrote for Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds ('Don't Pull Your Love') or produced several of ABC's hits including Glen Campbell's 'Rhinestone Cowboy' in 1975. The Lambert-Potter-composed 'Ain't No Woman' was first recorded in 1972 by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds and released on their album, Hallway Symphony.
Here I Am, Baby
First recorded by Barbara McNair (1966).
Hit version by The Marvelettes (US #44/R&B #14 1967).
From the wiki: "'Here I Am, Baby' was written by Smokey Robinson in 1967 for actress and singer Barbara McNair ('For Once in My Life'). It was the title track of her album "Here I Am'. McNair's big career break had come in the late 1950s with a win on Arthur Godfrey's TV show Talent Scouts, which led to bookings at The Purple Onion and the Cocoanut Grove. She soon became one of the country's most popular headliners and a guest on such television variety shows as The Steve Allen Show, Hullabaloo, The Bell Telephone Hour, and The Hollywood Palace, while recording for the Coral, Signature, Motown, and other labels. But, she became best-known as a TV actress guesting on series such as Dr. Kildare, The Eleventh Hour, I Spy, Mission: Impossible, Hogan's Heroes and McMillan and Wife.
Smiling Faces Sometimes
Originally recorded by The Temptations (1971).
Hit version by The Undisputed Truth (US #3 1971)
Also recorded by Bobbi Humphrey (1972), Rare Earth (1973).
From the wiki: "'Smiling Faces Sometimes' was written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong, and was originally recorded by the Temptations in 1971. Producer Whitfield had the song re-recorded by the Undisputed Truth the same year, resulting in a Top 40 Billboard Hot 100 hit for the group – their only one.
Wherever I Lay My Hat (That's My Home)
Originally recorded by Marvin Gaye (1963).
Hit version by Paul Young (US #70/UK #1 1983).
From the wiki: "'Wherever I Lay My Hat (That's My Home)' is a song written by Marvin Gaye, Barrett Strong and Norman Whitfield, and first recorded by Gaye in 1962 as an album track on That Stubborn Kinda Fellow. Years later, Paul Young's version of the song was a UK #1 single for three weeks in July 1983. The song fared less well on the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at #70, but was later used in the 1986 film Ruthless People and its accompanying soundtrack album."
First recorded by The Superiors (1987).
Hit version by New Kids on the Block (US #1/UK #2/CAN #1/1990).
https://youtu.be/lMIZR0f8zBM
From the wiki: "'Step by Step' was written by Maurice Starr, discoverer of The New Edition (1982) and New Kids on the Block (1984), and was originally recorded by one of Starr's later group creations, The Superiors. 'Step by Step' was released as a Motown single in 1987 with no apparent chart impact.
Come See About Me
First single release by Nella Dodds (US #74 1964).
Hit versions by The Supremes (US #1/R&B #2/UK #27 1964), Jr. Walker & The All Stars (US #24/R&B #8 1967), Shakin' Stevens (UK #24 1987).
Also recorded by Mitch Ryder & the Detroit Wheels (1966).
From the wiki: "The Supremes' recording of 'Come See About Me' was recorded on July 13, 1964 during the sessions that produced the album Where Did Our Love Go, released in August 1964. The release of 'Come See About Me' as a single was held back while the album's first two singles, 'Where Did Our Love Go' and 'Baby Love', charted. However, when 14-year old Nella Dodds' Wand Records cover recording – precursor of what would eventually evolve into Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff's classic 1970s 'Philly Sound' – was released as a single in October 1964 and entered the Billboard Hot 100 in early November, the Supremes' version was rushed into release that November. 'Come See About Me' would be Dodds' highest-charting single. She was scheduled to have a vinyl album released in the mid-60s, but it was never materialized.
Devil with the Blue Dress
Co-written and originally recorded by Shorty Long (1964).
Hit version by Mitch Ryder & The Detroit Wheels (US #4 1966).
From the wiki: "'Devil with the Blue Dress On' (also known as 'Devil with a Blue Dress On') is a song written by Shorty Long and William 'Mickey' Stevenson, first performed by Long and released as as Shorty Long's debut single on Motown in 1964 but the single failed to chart. Two years later, Mitch Ryder & The Detroit Wheels covered the song as a medley with a cover of Little Richard's 'Good Golly Miss Molly'. Their version was notably more up-tempo than Long's more blues-influenced rendition. Reaching #4 on the Hot 100, the Wheels' track would end up becoming the Wheels' most well-known and highest-charting hit in the United States.
First recorded by Smokey Robinson & The Miracles (1966, released 1968).
Hit versions by Gladys Knight & The Pips (US #2/R&B #1 1967), Marvin Gaye (US #1/R&B #1/UK #1/CAN #8 1968), Creedence Clearwater Revival (1969).
From the wiki: "First recorded by Smokey Robinson & The Miracles in 1966, 'I Heard It Through the Grapevine' was rejected for release by Motown owner Berry Gordy, who told Barrett Strong (co-writer) and Norman Whitfield (producer and co-writer) that the song was 'too bluesy' and that it lacked 'hit potential'. Whitfield produced another version, with Marvin Gaye, in 1967 with Gordy also rejected. Even the Isley Brothers are said to have taken a crack at it (see below). It wasn't until the song was given to the label's newest group signing, Gladys Knight & The Pips, that Gordy finally agreed to release 'Grapevine'.
First recorded by The Temptations (1969, released 1970).
Hit version by Edwin Starr (US #1/UK #3/CAN #1/GER #9 1970).
From the wiki: "'War' is a counterculture era soul song written by the songwriting team of Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong ('Smiling Faces Sometimes', 'I Heard It Through the Grapevine', 'Papa Was a Rollin' Stone'), and produced by Whitfield, for the Motown label in 1969. Whitfield first produced the song – a blatant anti-Vietnam War protest – with The Temptations as the original vocalists. Whitfield re-recorded the song with Edwin Starr as the vocalist, with the label deciding to withhold The Temptations' version from single release so as not to alienate their more conservative fans.
Money (That's What I Want)
Originally recorded by Barrett Strong (US #23/R&B #2 1959).
Other hit versions by Jennel Hawkins (R&B #17 1962), The Beatles (1963), Bern Elliot & the Fenmen (UK #14 1963), The Kingsmen (US #16/R&B #6 1964), The Flying Lizards (1979 UK #5/US #50).
From the wiki: "The song was written by Tamla founder Berry Gordy and Janie Bradford, and became the first hit record for Gordy's Motown enterprise. The record was first released on the Anna label (operated by Gwen Gordy, Anna Gordy and Billy 'Roquel' Davis). Gwen and Anna's brother Berry Gordy had just established his Tamla label (soon Motown would follow), and he licensed the song to the Anna label in 1960 to take advantage of its national distribution arrangement with Chicago-based Chess Records in order to meet demand.
I'm Gonna Make You Love Me
First recorded by Dee Dee Warwick (US #88/R&B #13 1966).
Also recorded by Jerry Butler (1967), Jay & the Techniques (1968).
Hit versions by Madeline Bell (US #26/R&B #32 1968), Diana Ross & The Supremes with The Temptations (US #2/R&B #2/UK #3 1968).
From the wiki: "Written by Philly Soul songwriters Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff ('If You Don't Know Me By Now', 'Love Train', 'Now That We Found Love'), and producer Jerry Ross ('Apples, Peaches, Pumpkin Pie', 'Sunny'), 'I'm Gonna Make You Love Me' was originally a Top-20 R&B hit for Dee Dee Warwick in 1966. It was released as the follow-up single to her Top-10 hit 'I Want To Be With You'. Co-writer Ross produced the track while Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson provided background vocals. Warwick's recording reached #13 R&B and crossed over to the Billboard Top 100 in December 1966.
That's the Way Love Is
Originally recorded by The Isley Brothers (US #125 1967).
Hit version by Marvin Gaye (US #7/R&B #2 1969).
From the wiki: "Co-writer Norman Whitfield produced both recording sessions for Motown, taking his up-tempo Isley Brothers arrangement and turning it into a slowed-down psychedelic Soul opus for Marvin Gaye."
First recorded (as a demo) in 1965 and first released by Jean DuShon (Oct 1966).
Also recorded by Barbara McNair (released Nov 1966), The Four Tops (1967), The Temptations (1967).
Hit versions by Tony Bennett (US #91/EZ #8 1967), Stevie Wonder (US #2/R&B #2 1968).
From the wiki: "'For Once in My Life', written by Ron Miller and Orlando Murden, was originally recorded by Jean DuShon, tapped by Miller to demo 'For Once in My Life' as he was 'fine-tuning' the composition. Miller was so impressed by DuShon's rendition he released her recording as a single on Chess Records' Cadet label in 1966.
"Motown CEO Berry Gordy found out that Miller, a Motown staff writer, had given the song to an outside artist. Gordy had Miller immediately make the song available for Motown artist Barbara McNair to record and, later, for the Four Tops, the Temptations and, later, Stevie Wonder to record.
Papa Was a Rollin' Stone
First recorded by The Undisputed Truth (US #63/R&B #24 1971).
Other hit versions by The Temptations (US #1/R&B #5/UK #14/CAN #12/NZ #6 1972), Was (Not Was) (R&B #60/UK #11/NETH #13/SWZ #6 1990).
From the wiki: "'Papa Was a Rollin' Stone' is a psychedelic Soul song, written by Motown songwriters Norman Whitfield ('I Heard It Through the Grapevine')and Barrett Strong ('Money (That's What I Want)'), and first recorded in 1971 for Motown by The Undisputed Truth. (This version of 'Papa' was released as a single in early 1972, where it peaked at #63 on the pop charts and #24 on the R&B charts.
Someday We'll Be Together
First recorded by Johnny & Jackey (1961).
Hit versions by Diana Ross & The Supremes (US #1/R&B #1/UK #11 1969), Bert Kaempfert (MOR #27 1970), Bill Anderson & Jan Howard (C&W #4 1970).
From the wiki: "The song was written by Johnny Bristol, Jackey Beavers, and Harvey Fuqua in 1961. Bristol and Beavers recorded the song together as 'Johnny & Jackey' for the Tri-Phi label that same year. 'Someday ..' was a moderate success in the Midwestern United States, but gained little notice in other regions.
Tri-Phi was purchased by Motown in the mid-1960s. Fuqua, Bristol, and Beavers all then joined Berry Gordy's famous Motown record company, and 'Someday We'll Be Together' became part of Motown's Jobete publishing catalog. In 1969, Bristol was preparing a cover version of 'Someday We'll Be Together,' to be recorded by Motown act Jr. Walker & the All-Stars. Bristol had already recorded the instrumental track and the background vocals by Maxine Waters and Julia Waters when Berry Gordy happened upon the tracks and heard them. Gordy thought that 'Someday …' would be a perfect first solo single for Diana Ross, who was making her long-expected exit from the Supremes at the time, and had Bristol sequester Ross into the studio to record the song.
You've Made Me So Very Happy
Co-written and originally recorded by Brenda Holloway (US #39/R&B #40 1967).
Other hit version by Blood, Sweat & Tears (US #2/UK #35 1969).
From the wiki: "By 1967, Brenda Holloway had been recording for Motown Records since 1964 and had struggled with Berry Gordy over control of her music, alleging that Gordy had forced her to sing Mary Wells' 'leftover tracks' after the Motown singer left the label in 1964. Along with her sister Patrice, using music provided by Frank Wilson and with additional help from Gordy himself, Holloway co-wrote 'You've Made Me So Very Happy.' Coincidentally, Holloway recorded the song after a breakup with a boyfriend.
Take Me in Your Arms (Rock Me a Little While)
Co-written and first recorded by Eddie Holland (1964).
Hit versions by Kim Weston (US #50/R&B #4 1965), The Isley Brothers (R&B #22 1967), The Doobie Brothers (US #11/UK #29 1975), Charity Brown (CAN #5 1975).
From the wiki: "Eddie Holland, of the legendary Motown songwriting team Holland-Dozier-Holland ('Leaving Here'), co-wrote and recorded the original version of 'Take Me in Your Arms' in 1964. (Holland's recording was not released commercially until 2005.) Holland quit performing due to stage fright, opting instead to concentrate on songwriting. Holland-Dozier-Holland were responsible for such mega hits as 'Baby, I Need Your Loving', 'Heat Wave', 'Baby Love', 'This Old Heart of Mine' and scores of others.
Copyright © 2013-2020 Songs with Earlier Histories Than the Hit Version. All Rights Reserved. The Carton Theme by bavotasan.com.


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text:
Paul Landois (* 14. Februar 1696 in Paris; † nach 1768) war ein französischer Schriftsteller, Enzyklopädist und Maler. Seine Tragödie "Silvie" von 1741 gilt als das erste Bürgerliche Trauerspiel. Ab 1746 lieferte Landois 112 Beiträge für Diderots Enzyklopädie, meist zu Themen der Malerei.

Leben
Paul (Louis) Landois wurde am 14. Februar 1696 in Paris geboren. Sein Vater, der Maler Michel Landois († 1728), wurde im gleichen Jahr in die Académie de Saint-Luc in Paris aufgenommen. Michel Landois heiratete 1693 Marie-Jeanne Sorbet († 1701). Aus der Ehe gingen mehrere Kinder hervor, von denen beim Tod des Vaters 1728 noch drei am Leben waren: Paul, Elisabeth und Marianne. Nach dem Tod seiner ersten Frau heiratete Michel Landois 1702 zum zweitenmal. Paul Landois lebte bis zum Tod des Vaters im elterlichen Haus und arbeitete mit seinem Vater zusammen in dessen Werkstatt. Nach dem Tod des Vaters bezog er eine eigene Werkstatt in Paris.

Über Paul Landois' malerisches Werk ist nichts bekannt, ebenso wenig wie lange er sich als Maler betätigte. 1741 brachte er die Tragödie "Silvie" heraus, die im folgenden Jahr gedruckt wurde, siehe #Silvie. Dieses "bürgerliche Trauerspiel", das er im Gegensatz zur traditionellen Tragödie nach neuartigen Grundsätzen aufbaute, blieb ohne Erfolg. Er lernte um 1746 Denis Diderot kennen, den Herausgeber der #Enzyklopädie, der ihn als Mitarbeiter für Artikel zum Thema Malerei anwarb. Paul Landois lieferte 112 Beiträge für Band 1–8 und Band 11, die zwischen 1751 und 1765 erschienen.

1746 verließ Paul Landois Paris und zog nach Saint-Dié in Lothringen, wo ihm der Schriftsteller Charles Pinot Duclos (ebenfalls ein Enzyklopädist) eine Stelle als Leiter eines Tabakdepots verschafft hatte. Diese Stelle verlor er aber bereits ein Jahr später. Ein Brief von Diderot an Landois gibt einigen Aufschluss über den Charakter und die Lebensverhältnisse von Paul Landois. Den Brief veröffentlichte Friedrich Melchior Grimm 1756 in der von ihm und Diderot herausgegebenen "Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique". Diderot forderte Landois in dem Brief auf: "Stoppen Sie endlich diesen Strom von Beleidigungen und Bosheiten, der seit 4 Jahren auf mich niederhagelt". Demnach wurde der Brief etwa 1750, vier Jahre nach 1746 geschrieben, das Jahr in dem sich Diderot und Landois wahrscheinlich kennenlernten.

Aus Diderots Brief geht hervor, dass Paul Landois in prekären Verhältnissen lebte und ständig seinen Aufenthaltsort änderte. Diderot und Duclos unterstützten Landois regelmäßig mit einer kleinen Summe, außerdem erhielt er Honorare für seine Mitarbeit an der Enzyklopädie. Seit vier Jahren bombardierte er den entnervten Diderot unaufhörlich mit Vorwürfen, Forderungen und Beleidigungen. Er hatte Diderot ein nicht näher bezeichnetes Manuskript zur Durchsicht und Drucklegung gesandt, wozu dieser sich aus Zeitgründen aber nicht bereitfinden wollte. Diderot charakterisiert den larmoyanten, an Selbstüberschätzung leidenden Landois als einen wildgewordenen Zeitgenossen, dem seine vielfältigen Missgeschicke das Temperament verbittert hätten, der aber selber für seine Probleme verantwortlich sei.

Nach seiner Mitarbeit an der Enzyklopädie scheint Paul Landois nicht mehr öffentlich hervorgetreten zu sein. 1769 wird er noch unter den lebenden Autoren in dem Literaturlexikon "La France littéraire" erwähnt, danach verliert sich seine Spur.

Silvie
Paul Landois' einziges veröffentlichtes schriftstellerisches Werk ist das Bühnenstück "Sylvie, Tragédie, en Prose, en un Acte". Das Stück wurde am 17. und 19. August 1741 an der Comédie-Française aufgeführt und vom Publikum ausgepfiffen. Auf Grund des Misserfolgs wurde das Stück nicht wieder aufgenommen, aber 1742 ohne Namensnennung des Autors gedruckt. Die Zuschreibung an Landois ist durch einen Eintrag in dem Literaturlexikon "La France littéraire" von 1769 verbürgt, wo er unter den lebenden Autoren als Autor von "Sylvie" und als Beiträger der Enzyklopädie genannt wird.

Handlung

Personen: Des Francs, seine Frau Silvie, sein Freund des Ronais, ein Lakai.Schauplatz: Ein kahles Zimmer mit einem Tisch als einzigem Möbel, darauf ein Leuchter, ein Krug mit Wasser und ein Brotlaib.

Szene I. Des Francs lässt das Zimmer durch seinen Lakai leerräumen. Als dieser auch den Spiegel entfernen will, hält er ihn zurück, "das hinterhältige Weibsstück soll durch den ständigen Anblick ihres Gesichts vor ihrem Verbrechen erschaudern". Er jammert: "Silvie liebt mich nicht mehr", er aber liebt seine Frau wider Willen noch immer, und jede Qual, die er ihr zudenkt, fühlt er genauso wie sie.

Szene II-IV. Er empfängt mit Widerwillen seinen Freund des Ronais. Als der ihm sein unfreundliches Verhalten vorwirft, gesteht er schamhaft die Untreue seiner Frau: er habe sie mit Galouin, ihrem vermeintlichen Liebhaber in flagranti erwischt, ohne jedoch die schlafende Silvie zur Rechenschaft zu ziehen. Galouin hingegen habe er im Zweikampf gestellt und schwer verletzt. Des Ronais bezweifelt Silvies scheinbare Untreue, er denkt, des Francs hätte seinem Herzen glauben sollen, nicht dem Augenschein.

Szene V-VII. Des Ronais verlässt des Francs, und Silvie tritt ins Zimmer. Des Francs überfällt sie mit heftigen Vorwürfen und beschuldigt sie der Untreue. Er trifft auf völliges Unverständnis, sie beteuert inbrünstig ihre Unschuld. Des Francs in seinem Furor führt ihr vor Augen, sie müsse ihre Tage künftig in diesem Asyl bei Wasser und Brot fristen und sich die Haare scheren, nur das Leben will er ihr lassen, um mitansehen zu können, wie sie es selbst verabscheut. In einem endlosen Hin-und-Her versucht des Francs ein Geständnis von Silvie zu erpressen. Sie beschwört in ohnmächtiger Verzweiflung ihre Liebe, die sie noch immer nicht verloren gibt. Des Francs, unerbittlich, stellt sie vor die Wahl, sich mit seinem Jagdmesser oder mit Gift das Leben zu nehmen, dann droht er, sich selbst zu erstechen, und sie drängt ihn, gemeinsam aus dem Leben zu scheiden.

Szene VIII. Des Ronais kehrt zurück von einem Besuch bei Galouin und hinterbringt das Geständnis des Sterbenden. Galouin, in heftiger, jedoch unerwiderter Liebe zu Silvie entbrannt, habe ihr Zimmermädchen angestiftet, ihr heimlich ein Schlafmittel zu verabreichen, um sich die Ohnmächtige gefügig zu machen. Durch des Francs' überraschende Heimkehr sei er jedoch nicht zum Ziel seiner Wünsche gelangt.

Erschüttert fleht des Francs seine Frau kniefällig um Vergebung. Sie, überwältigt von unbändiger Freude, gewährt ihm ihre Verzeihung, und des Ronais wünscht dem glücklich versöhnten Paar, die Schrecken ihres Zwists für immer zu vergessen.

Prolog
Das schmale Oktavbändchen der Druckausgabe besteht aus 44 Seiten. Das Stück beginnt mit einem 15-seitigen Prolog, bevor die eigentliche Tragödie anfängt. Mit dem Prolog verfolgt der Autor die Absicht, sein Programm einer neuartigen Form der Tragödie zu erklären und zu verteidigen. Zum Prolog versammeln sich im Theater der Autor, der Kommandeur, die Marquise, der Chevalier und Monsieur Grosset. Der Kommandeur, der mit dem Autor befreundet ist und das Stück kennt, billigt die Neuerungen des Autors, fürchtet jedoch die negative Reaktion des Publikums, mit der er rechnet. Die drei anderen Personen sind Bekannte, die von dem Stück nur die Überschrift kennen.

Der Autor, der sich nicht als solcher zu erkennen gibt, und die übrigen Personen diskutieren über die formalen Neuerungen des Theaterstücks. Der Freund des Autors entwickelt dabei die wesentlichen Züge des Bürgerlichen Trauerspiels, sekundiert vom Autor des Stücks, während die übrigen drei Personen ihre Meinung zum Besten geben. In den Augen des Autors zeichnet sich die geistvolle Marquise dadurch aus, dass sie zuhört, bevor sie urteilt, während er den Chevalier für einen hirnlosen Dussel hält und Monsieur Grosset für einen affigen Dummkopf. Die Marquise zeigt sich aufgeschlossen und zurückhaltend, der Chevalier widerstrebt allem Neuen und Grosset gefällt sich im Nachplappern von Gemeinplätzen.

Vorlage

Als Vorlage für "Sylvie" dienten Landois zwei Erzählungen von Robert Challe in dessen Roman "Les illustres Françoises. Histoire véritable". Dieses im 18. Jahrhundert sehr erfolgreiche Werk der galanten Literatur enthält 7 amouröse Erzählungen, die wie in Boccaccios Decamerone durch eine Rahmenhandlung verbunden sind.

In der Erzählung "Histoire de Monsieur Des Frans et de Silvie" beschreibt Robert Challe Silvies traurige Liebesgeschichte. Monsieur des Frans, mit dem Silvie heimlich verheiratet ist, überrascht sie mit einem anderen im Bett. Er lässt die beiden Schlafenden ungeschoren, rächt sich aber später an dem Liebhaber, den er im Zweikampf schwer verletzt. Silvie setzt er mehrere Monate gefangen und bringt sie schließlich in ein Kloster, wo sie einige Zeit später vor Kummer stirbt.

In der Erzählung "Histoire de Monsieur Dupuis et de Madame de Londé" berichtet der Erzähler beiläufig den wahren Hergang von Silvies angeblicher Untreue. Ein Nachbar, der nichts von Silvies Ehe weiß, entbrennt in Liebe zu ihr. Da sie sein Werben standhaft ablehnt, versetzt er sie mithilfe eines Zaubermittels in einen bewusstlosen Zustand, um so zu seinem Ziel zu gelangen. Der hinzukommende Ehemann missdeutet die Situation, und die Geschichte nimmt den bekannten Verlauf.

Landois konzentriert die Handlung seiner Tragödie auf einen entscheidenden Augenblick in seiner Vorlage. Während der Ehemann das Gefängnis für seine vermeintlich untreue Ehefrau vorbereitet, klärt ihn ein Freund über ihre Unschuld auf. Er bereut sein Misstrauen und versöhnt sich mit seiner Ehefrau. In Robert Challes Roman findet die Handlung ein schuldhaft trauriges Ende, bei Landois löst sie sich in einem Happy End auf, das aus dem Trauerspiel ein Melodrama macht.

Bürgerliches Trauerspiel
Im Prolog entwickeln der Autor und der Kommandeur die wesentlichen Züge des Bürgerlichen Trauerspiels. Der Gattungsbegriff Bürgerliches Trauerspiel (tragédie bourgeoise) erscheint nicht im Titel der Druckausgabe, aber im Prolog, in dem der Kommandeur klagt: "Silvie, Tragédie Bourgeoise, en Prose, en un Acte, lauter Sachen, die jede für sich Empörung hervorrufen". Das ansonsten  unbedeutende Werk wurde wegweisend für die Entwicklung der Gattung und beeinflusste Denis Diderot und Beaumarchais, die Landois' Neuerungen in Frankreich als erste aufgriffen. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing brachte 1755 mit "Miss Sara Sampson" das erste deutsche Bürgerliche Trauerspiel auf die Bühne.

Figurenauswahl
Das poetische Prinzip der Ständeklausel besagt, "dass in einer Tragödie die Hauptpersonen nur von hohem, in der Komödie nur von niederem Stand sein dürfen" (Duden). Nach herrschender Meinung fehlte es einfachen Bürgern an Größe und Bedeutung, und tragische Motive wie Ausweglosigkeit und Scheitern konnten nur von Königen, Fürsten und anderen hohen Standespersonen dargestellt werden.

Paul Landois durchbricht die Ständeklausel, indem er in "Silvie" normale Bürger auf die Bühne stellt und bezeichnet sein Stück als "bürgerliche Tragödie".

Natürlichkeit
Der Autor ist, wie ihn der Kommandeur charakterisiert, ein Freund der Natürlichkeit. Er verabscheut steifes Heldengebaren und pompöses, tragisches Getue. Die Figuren in seinem Stück sprechen in Prosa, siehe #Redeform, und bedienen sich einer natürlichen #Ausdrucksweise. Sie sprechen auch von trivialen Alltagsdingen wie Trinken, Essen, Kleidern und Möbeln. Die Handlung schreitet strikt nach der dramatischen Notwendigkeit voran, und die Personen verzichten auf die Verkündung moralischer Gemeinplätze und auf heroische Prahlereien.

Redeform
Die Personen des Trauerspiels mussten in gebundener Rede, also in Versform sprechen. Nur diese Redeform konnte nach allgemeiner Überzeugung dem Ernst des Trauerspiels gerecht werden. Der Kommandeur zitiert die gängige Meinung: "Ein Trauerspiel ohne Verse ist erbärmlich und der Pfeife würdig".

Paul Landois widersetzt sich der Tradition und lässt die Personen in seinem Stück in natürlicher Alltagssprache reden. Nach Meinung des Kommandeurs ist dies gerechtfertigt, weil die Darstellung des menschlichen Lebens auf der Bühne nur dann Bestand habe, wenn sie der Wahr-Scheinlichkeit entspreche, und was sei weniger wahr-scheinlich, als wenn die Leute in Versen reden? Und die Marquise bemerkt: "Wenn das Stück in Prosa gut ist, kann man dann dem Autor einen Strick daraus drehen, dass er es nicht in Verse gesetzt hat?"

Ausdrucksweise
Der gehobene Stand der handelnden Personen und die Versform, in der sie sprechen, erforderten nach den geltenden Regeln eine poetische Ausdrucksweise, die nicht selten zu einer schwülstig-abgehobenen Sprache mutierte.

Paul Landois plädiert dafür, die Dinge nicht zu umschreiben, sondern beim Namen zu nennen. Wie es der Kommandeur ausdrückt, ist bei Paul Landois "der Morgen nicht der blonde Phoebus, der auf dem Sonnenwagen seine glanzvolle Bahn zieht, sondern ganz einfach der Morgen."

Einakter
Das französische Regeldrama, das durch Johann Christoph Gottsched in Deutschland eingeführt wurde, bestand aus 5 Akten. Paul Landois beschränkt sich im Widerspruch zu dieser Regel in "Silvie" auf einen Akt, weil der dünne Handlungsstrang, der ihm vorschwebt, keine Dehnung auf 5 Akte vertragen hätte. Vielleicht liegt es aber auch an der geringen dramatischen Erfahrung des Autors, dass er sich auf einen Akt beschränken musste.

Diderot über "Silvie"
Denis Diderot brachte 1757 sein erstes Bürgerliches Drama "Der natürliche Sohn" auf die Bühne. Die Druckausgabe enthielt im Anhang drei dramentheoretische Essays in Gesprächsform, die "Unterredungen über den natürlichen Sohn". In der "Zweiten Unterredung" nennt Diderot seinem Gesprächspartner Dorval als Muster eines neuartigen Trauerspiels "Sylvia, Trauerspiel in einem Akt und in Prosa" (ohne den Namen des Autors zu nennen). Dorval erwidert ihm: "Es ist das Werk eines Mannes, welcher denkt und empfindet." Diderot beschreibt nun das Bühnenbild:

"Die Scene öfnet sich mit einem vortrefflichen Gemälde. Es ist das Innerste eines Zimmers, von welchem man weiter nichts, als die Mauern sieht. Zu hinterst des Zimmers stehet auf einem Tische ein Licht, ein Krug mit Wasser, und ein Brod. Das ist der Aufenthalt, das ist die Nahrung, die ein eifersüchtiger Ehemann seiner unschuldigen Frau, deren Tugend er in Verdacht hat, auf ihre ganze übrige Lebenszeit bestimmet. Nun stellen Sie sich diese Frau in Thränen, vor diesem Tische vor."

Dorval entgegnet:

"Und Sie, schliessen Sie nun von diesem Gemälde, auf die Wirkung der Gemälde überhaupt. Das Stück hat noch andere dergleichen Züge, die mir gefallen haben. Es ist hinreichend einen Menschen von Genie zu erwecken; allein das Volk zu bekehren, dazu bedürfte es noch eines andern Werks."

Enzyklopädie

Paul Landois gehört zu den 142 Beiträgern der Enzyklopädie, siehe auch Enzyklopädist (Encyclopédie). Er wurde schon kurz nach Denis Diderots Berufung zum Herausgeber (1746) angeworben und war damit ein Mitarbeiter der ersten Stunde. Unter dem Sigel "R" lieferte er Beiträge für Band 1–8 und Band 11, die zwischen 1751 und 1765 erschienen. In Band 1 wird er in der Vorrede erwähnt:

"Malerei, Bildhauerei und Gravierkunst sind von Herrn Landois, der mit viel Geist und Talent zur Kenntnis dieser schönen Künste beiträgt."

Entgegen dieser ursprünglichen Planung behandelte Landois in seinen Beiträgen fast nur Themen der Malerei. Seine Artikel waren nicht immer originell. Manche Texte übernahm er aus anderen Nachschlagewerken, teilweise ergänzt um seine eigenen Kenntnisse und Erfahrungen in der Malerei.

Der Umfang von Landois' Beiträgen ist gering. Er verfasste 112 Artikel, die zusammen nur etwa 20 Druckspalten umfassen (zum Vergleich: Band 1 der 17 Textbände enthält über 1700 Spalten). Die meisten seiner Artikel bestehen nur aus wenigen Zeilen, ein rundes Dutzend ist umfangreicher. Im Gegensatz zu zahlreichen anderen Autoren arbeitete der in ärmlichen Verhältnissen lebende Landois nicht ehrenhalber, sondern erhielt ein Honorar, in den Jahren 1747 und 1748 insgesamt 600 Livres.

Literatur

Leben und Werk
 Frank A. Kafker: The encyclopedists as individuals : a biographical dictionary of the authors of the "Encyclopédie". Oxford : Voltaire Foundation at the Taylor Institution, 1988, ISBN 0-7294-0368-8, Seite 189–190.
 Frank A. Kafker: Notices sur les auteurs des dix-sept volumes de « discours » de l'Encyclopédie. In: Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie, Jahrgang 1989, Band 7, Nummer 1, Seite 125–150, hier: 145, pdf.
 Henry Carrington Lancaster (Herausgeber): The First French 'tragédie bourgeoise': Silvie, attributed to Paul Landois. Baltimore 1954. – Textausgabe mit einer kurzen Einleitung des Herausgebers.
 Romira Worvill: Recherches sur Paul Landois, collaborateur de l'Encyclopédie. In: Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie, Nummer 23, 1997, Seite 127–140, pdf.

Sonstiges
 Robert Challe: Histoire de Monsieur Des Frans et de Silvie. In: Les illustres Françoises. Histoire véritable, Band 2. Paris : Compagnie des Libraires, 1725, Seite 135–358, pdf.
 Robert Challe: Suite de l'Histoire de  Silvie. In: Les illustres Françoises. Histoire véritable, Band 3. Paris : Compagnie des Libraires, 1725, Seite 171–188, pdf.
 Joseph de La Porte: La France littéraire, Band 1. Paris : Veuve Duchesne, 1769, Seite 309, pdf.
 Denis Diderot: Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. Tome premier, A-Azyme. Paris: Briasson, 1751, pdf.
 Denis Diderot: Le fils naturel, ou Les épreuves de la vertu, comédie en cinq actes et en prose, avec l'histoire véritable de la pièce. Amsterdam, 1757, Seite 202–203, pdf.
 Friedrich Melchior Grimm; Denis Diderot: Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique de Grimm et de Diderot, depuis 1753 jusqu'en 1790. Nouvelle édition. Tome second. 1756–1760. Paris : Furne, 1829, Seite 7–15, pdf.
 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: Das Theater des Herrn Diderot. 1. Der natürliche Sohn, oder die Proben der Tugend : ein Schauspiel in 5 Aufzügen; nebst der wahren Geschichte des Stücks. Berlin : Voß, 1760, Seite 243–245, pdf. - Deutsche Übersetzung von #Diderot 1757.

Weblinks

 Silvie, Digitalisat der Ausgabe von 1742 in Gallica, dem Digitalisierungsprojekt der Französischen Nationalbibliothek.
 Liste der von Landois verfassten Beiträge zur Encyclopédie mit Links auf den Volltext:
 Wikisource (französisch).
 Projekt ARTFL.

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Enzyklopädist (Encyclopédie)
Franzose
Geboren 1696
Gestorben im 18. Jahrhundert
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Using the gene ontology to scan multilevel gene sets for associations in genome wide association studies
Daniel J. Schaid, Jason P. Sinnwell, Gregory D. Jenkins, Shannon K. McDonnell, James N. Ingle, Michiaki Kubo, Paul E. Goss, Joseph P. Costantino, D. Lawrence Wickerham, Richard M. Weinshilboum
Health Sciences Research
Gene-set analyses have been widely used in gene expression studies, and some of the developed methods have been extended to genome wide association studies (GWAS). Yet, complications due to linkage disequilibrium (LD) among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and variable numbers of SNPs per gene and genes per gene-set, have plagued current approaches, often leading to ad hoc "fixes." To overcome some of the current limitations, we developed a general approach to scan GWAS SNP data for both gene-level and gene-set analyses, building on score statistics for generalized linear models, and taking advantage of the directed acyclic graph structure of the gene ontology when creating gene-sets. However, other types of gene-set structures can be used, such as the popular Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Our approach combines SNPs into genes, and genes into gene-sets, but assures that positive and negative effects of genes on a trait do not cancel. To control for multiple testing of many gene-sets, we use an efficient computational strategy that accounts for LD and provides accurate step-down adjusted P-values for each gene-set. Application of our methods to two different GWAS provide guidance on the potential strengths and weaknesses of our proposed gene-set analyses.
Genetic epidemiology
https://doi.org/10.1002/gepi.20632
Gene-sets
Genome wide association
Genetics(clinical)
10.1002/gepi.20632
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Using the gene ontology to scan multilevel gene sets for associations in genome wide association studies'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Gene Ontology Medicine & Life Sciences
Genome-Wide Association Study Medicine & Life Sciences
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Medicine & Life Sciences
Linkage Disequilibrium Medicine & Life Sciences
Schaid, D. J., Sinnwell, J. P., Jenkins, G. D., McDonnell, S. K., Ingle, J. N., Kubo, M., Goss, P. E., Costantino, J. P., Wickerham, D. L., & Weinshilboum, R. M. (2012). Using the gene ontology to scan multilevel gene sets for associations in genome wide association studies. Genetic epidemiology, 36(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/gepi.20632
Using the gene ontology to scan multilevel gene sets for associations in genome wide association studies. / Schaid, Daniel J.; Sinnwell, Jason P.; Jenkins, Gregory D.; McDonnell, Shannon K.; Ingle, James N.; Kubo, Michiaki; Goss, Paul E.; Costantino, Joseph P.; Wickerham, D. Lawrence; Weinshilboum, Richard M.
In: Genetic epidemiology, Vol. 36, No. 1, 01.2012, p. 3-16.
Schaid, DJ, Sinnwell, JP, Jenkins, GD, McDonnell, SK, Ingle, JN, Kubo, M, Goss, PE, Costantino, JP, Wickerham, DL & Weinshilboum, RM 2012, 'Using the gene ontology to scan multilevel gene sets for associations in genome wide association studies', Genetic epidemiology, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/gepi.20632
Schaid DJ, Sinnwell JP, Jenkins GD, McDonnell SK, Ingle JN, Kubo M et al. Using the gene ontology to scan multilevel gene sets for associations in genome wide association studies. Genetic epidemiology. 2012 Jan;36(1):3-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/gepi.20632
Schaid, Daniel J. ; Sinnwell, Jason P. ; Jenkins, Gregory D. ; McDonnell, Shannon K. ; Ingle, James N. ; Kubo, Michiaki ; Goss, Paul E. ; Costantino, Joseph P. ; Wickerham, D. Lawrence ; Weinshilboum, Richard M. / Using the gene ontology to scan multilevel gene sets for associations in genome wide association studies. In: Genetic epidemiology. 2012 ; Vol. 36, No. 1. pp. 3-16.
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AU - Wickerham, D. Lawrence
AU - Weinshilboum, Richard M.
N2 - Gene-set analyses have been widely used in gene expression studies, and some of the developed methods have been extended to genome wide association studies (GWAS). Yet, complications due to linkage disequilibrium (LD) among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and variable numbers of SNPs per gene and genes per gene-set, have plagued current approaches, often leading to ad hoc "fixes." To overcome some of the current limitations, we developed a general approach to scan GWAS SNP data for both gene-level and gene-set analyses, building on score statistics for generalized linear models, and taking advantage of the directed acyclic graph structure of the gene ontology when creating gene-sets. However, other types of gene-set structures can be used, such as the popular Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Our approach combines SNPs into genes, and genes into gene-sets, but assures that positive and negative effects of genes on a trait do not cancel. To control for multiple testing of many gene-sets, we use an efficient computational strategy that accounts for LD and provides accurate step-down adjusted P-values for each gene-set. Application of our methods to two different GWAS provide guidance on the potential strengths and weaknesses of our proposed gene-set analyses.
AB - Gene-set analyses have been widely used in gene expression studies, and some of the developed methods have been extended to genome wide association studies (GWAS). Yet, complications due to linkage disequilibrium (LD) among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and variable numbers of SNPs per gene and genes per gene-set, have plagued current approaches, often leading to ad hoc "fixes." To overcome some of the current limitations, we developed a general approach to scan GWAS SNP data for both gene-level and gene-set analyses, building on score statistics for generalized linear models, and taking advantage of the directed acyclic graph structure of the gene ontology when creating gene-sets. However, other types of gene-set structures can be used, such as the popular Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Our approach combines SNPs into genes, and genes into gene-sets, but assures that positive and negative effects of genes on a trait do not cancel. To control for multiple testing of many gene-sets, we use an efficient computational strategy that accounts for LD and provides accurate step-down adjusted P-values for each gene-set. Application of our methods to two different GWAS provide guidance on the potential strengths and weaknesses of our proposed gene-set analyses.
KW - Gene-sets
KW - Genome wide association
KW - Pathways
KW - Score statistics
U2 - 10.1002/gepi.20632
DO - 10.1002/gepi.20632
JO - Genetic Epidemiology
JF - Genetic Epidemiology

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Buzz is Building Over A BIG SHIP AT THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE!
A BIG SHIP AT THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE may not be out yet, but the buzz is already starting!
If you haven't got your copy preordered, you can grab it here!
Posted on May 26, 2018 July 2, 2018 Tags A BIG SHIP, A Big Ship at the Edge of the Universe, Orbit Books, The SalvagersLeave a comment on Buzz is Building Over A BIG SHIP AT THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE!


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Q: verify method was called with array, with clear failure message I have a method I verify as part of my test. One of its parameters is an array that can potentially be very large (over 100 bytes).  How can I easily find the point of failure, without needing to go through some serious debugging?
The tested line is:
mockDependeny.verify(x=>x.callMethod(expectedModel, expectedModel.Length, It.IsAny<otherKindOfParam>()));

expectedModel is passed in the method (a theory) and is an array.
One set of data/expected in the theory works, but the next one says that it failed. The message it gives me is not very helpful -

Expected invocation on the mock at least once, but was never performed: x=>x.callMethod([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,...], 175 , It.IsAny())

Perfomed invocations:
Mock(x): MyDependency.callMethod([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,...], 175 , instanceOfOtherParam)

All I can glean from this is that somewhere in the next n-10 items in the array, there is something that does not match up ( the first ten items are the same, the overall length is the same)
Is there a way to get better feedback from the test, so I do not have to debug and manually compare the contents of the expceted vs actual arrays?

A: Replace the expectedModel array parameter with an It.Is<> and implement anything you want. E.g.:
mockDependency.Verify(x => x.callMethod(It.Is<byte[]>(m => VerifyThisEnumerableParam(m, expectedModel)), expectedModel.Length, It.IsAny<object>()));

...

private bool VerifyThisEnumerableParam<T>(IEnumerable<T> received, IEnumerable<T> expected)
{
    if (received != expected)
    {
        var receivedArray = received.ToArray();
        var expectedArray = expected.ToArray();

        if (receivedArray.Length != expectedArray.Length ||
            receivedArray.Where((t, idx) => !Object.Equals(t, expectedArray[idx])).Any())
        {
            // now let's visualize the two thing
            throw new AssertFailedException($@"received != expected
expected: {String.Join(", ", expected.Select(t=>t.ToString()))}
received: {String.Join(", ", received.Select(t => t.ToString()))}");
        }
    }

    return true;
}

The above isn't fool proof (no additional null, etc. checks), but hope you got the idea. If you prefer just the first differing index or something else just implement it in the method.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


U.S. President Barack Obama and German Chancellor Angela Merkel jointly admonished president-elect Donald Trump during a press conference on Thursday in which they urged Mr. Trump to take seriously the geopolitical crises, including heightened tensions between Russia and the West, that currently threaten global stability.
Merkel had many questions for Trump, who has said he wants to keep Syrian reugees out of the U.S., about the Syrian crisis and other issues.
"Assad as president has actively tried to kill his own people with barrel bombs, in a most terrible way," Merkel told reporters at the conference.
Obama, whose administration has called for the investigation of the bombardment of civilians by Russia, expressed concern that Trump would bring a myopic approach to international affairs.
Obama expressed determination to seek a transition to a democratic government in Syria, but also sounded a pessimistic note regarding the potential for a political solution in the near future.
"It would be naive of me to suggest that there is going to be a sudden, 180-degree turn in policy by either Assad or Russia, or Iran at this point", he said.
"But we are going to continue to make the argument. We are going to continue to try to find humanitarian steps that can reach the people there. We are going to continue to try to obtain cessations of hostilities that lessen the human tragedy," Obama added.
He also criticized Russia's support of Bashar Al-Assad's regime, saying they used "barbarous tactics" to fight the Syrian opposition.
"You cannot purchase people's consent by killing them," he said.
Assad has called Trump a "natural ally" in the fight against terrorism.
Anas Abdah, President of the Syrian Coalition, urged the new U.S. administration to take action in Syria to end the conflict and the devastating bombing campaign that Assad and Russia have conducted against civilians in Aleppo and elsewhere in Syria.
Mr. Abdah called on Trump to undertake a balanced approach regarding the Syrian conflict and emphasized the need to condemn foreign intervention in Syria's internal conflicts.
He also called for the international community to hold all war criminals accountable for their actions through legal means at the national and international level.
General Coordinator of the Syrian opposition's High Negotiations Committee Riad Hijab also called for an increase in pressure on the Assad regime and its allies to stop the attacks on Aleppo, Homs and Idlibl.
He noted that Iran and Russia have profited from the diplomatic void created by the cessation of U.S.-Russian negotiations to resolve the conflict by military means.
"We asked our friends in the UN Security Council and European Union to exercise pressure on the Russians and the Iranians to commit to a cease-fire," Hijab noted.


Active cruelty against animals ought to be taken very seriously, because it can be an indication an individual has serious psychological issues and might commit more acts of violence possibly against humans. The more nature you have the more nature you may destroy. Put simply, if you would like people to be good to you, you must be good to them.
The credit rating indicates a tenant's fiscal responsibility. The college may not ask about the essence of the disability, request a demonstration, or request documentation of the disability. To work out your net income, you have to first start to your gross income and deduct all allowable deductions.
One of the clearest areas for improvement with several fathers is the total amount of high-quality time you spend with your boy or girl. The danger of property damage (the odor problem alone is tough to find rid of) is important to contemplate. The more that parents understand one another, the more probable it is they can start the practice of talking constructively about the issues in dispute.
There are a few issues with making the connection, however, that should be cautiously considered. No pit of any type of mix would be permitted into our properties. When you're on the path to recovery from agoraphobia, security items are a huge assistance.
When someone is committed, it's usually because they don't recognize their need for treatment or don't agree they need it. Don't forget, you cannot always avoid stress. There are several positive ways to manage stress, but https://hours.library.columbia.edu/locations/business?date=2017-12-07 we don't always utilize them.
It is very important to remember that abuse alone is not enough to create psychological disorders. Most, but not all individuals using crystal meth are not able to eat and sometimes find it hard to even drink. Basically, in the region of socializing, Aspies and NVLDeras have mostly the very same symptoms.
Argentinean cities are broken up into acuadrasa which means blocks. Think bold though, your art needs to be visible from throughout the street. You are able to acquire great practice by observing animals at your neighborhood zoo.
It is possible to read about it by click on this link. The exact same is true within the shop. If at least two pets are involved, or in the event the behavior problem is complicated, it's very likely to last longer.
Local children are also best to ask since they often notice animals and will often assist you with your search. On the flip side, some individuals are prepared to find another pet without delay. Emotional support animals have come to be widely accepted as the demand for them has begun to grow.
If you pack your own lunch rather than heading out or buying from vending machines, you're likely to save a great deal of money throughout the year. emotional support dog certification First off, if you're drinking several glasses of water daily, then odds are, you're drinking less of other, less healthy drinks. You don't always require a lot of colors.
Nobody is ideal, and if you're trying your very best to do a superior job, that is all anyone can ask of you. At the close of the day, the very best part about doing that which we do besides turning our passion into a company is making rental living pet friendly. Not that anyone is happy all the moment.
Well, a great deal of people believe that it is a trained dog but actually it's only a dog owned by somebody that has a letter from a doctor stating that the dog benefits the individual somehow. So, there's a great chance you're actually being picked on because you're a great individual, an honest individual, a difficult worker. In the event the individual cannot be interviewed, DYFS will probably seek an order to investigate.
Who Else Wants to Learn About Emotional Support Animal Mississippi?
It's been really pricey and only a big quantity of work," McDonald explained. In the event you or loved one is in needing an emotional support animal letter, our group of licensed Therapists are here in order to help.
A lot of people have substandard housing and a few have none in any respect. ESA Doctors works with a massive network of licensed therapists from all around the nation. Landlords have various rules when it has to do with smoking.
There are lots of rules of the man box, though there is not any man box, and there are not any rules. The Cinderella story teaches kids which they can make great choices when faced with tough conditions and unfair therapy. Absolutely not, so far as fiction goes.


text:
Plans afoot to modernise generation unit at Nigerian hydro plant
Buhari sacks service chiefs, makes new appointments
Buhari gives marching order to NESENI to produce helicopter
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Seplat MD: Gas Has Potential to Transform Africa
August 29, 2016 Cedmagazine	0 Comments
Chairman of Seplat Petroleum Development Company, ABC Orjiako has noted that gas has the potential to transform African economies if harnessed properly.
Orjiako made the submission as a panelist at the recently concluded Africa/Singapore Business Forum hosted by the International Enterprise (IE) in Singapore.
Speaking on the theme, "Africa Oil and Gas: Positioning for the future", which discussed the Africa Oil and Gas narrative from the perspective of a Nigerian Independent, playing in the global equity space, Orjiako and other panellists highlighted the challenges that exist not just in Nigeria but on the entire Continent.
Nigeria being the biggest economy in Africa and the largest oil producer in the continent was an easy reference point for the challenges facing commodities producing countries in Africa and elsewhere in the world. The country is facing not just its toughest foreign exchange volatility and inflation but low oil prices which have now been exacerbated by the loss of millions of barrels to the Niger Delta militancy leading to a huge budget deficit as is the case with other producers.
Orjiako stressed that the country's current challenges with low oil prices, high exchange rate relative to the dollar and spiralling inflation all signal a wake-up call for Nigeria's economic diversification. According to him, "The good news is that Nigeria is taking the right steps in the right direction by the recent subsidy removal and the floating of the Naira.
What is expected is that the right fiscal discipline to channel the associated savings to the real sector, particularly in infrastructure, manufacturing, agriculture will evolve. Gas is at the center of this transformation because in Africa, the power infrastructure gap is the biggest barrier to real growth. The huge deficiency in power presents a huge investment opportunity with good headroom for returns on investment."
He noted that Seplat's leading business growth objective is to consolidate the company's rapidly growing gas business stating that in the last two years the company has doubled its gas production to 300MMscf/day, by the commissioning of our 150MMscf/day Modular gas plant in OBEN, with plans underway to increase the processing capacity to 500MMscf/day by end of 2016.
Seplat is currently delivering 30% of gas for power in the Nigerian domestic gas market and is well positioned to increase this exponentially in the coming years with ability to deliver to both the Nigerian market and the West African sub region.
Orjiako asserted that Seplat is committed to the inevitable transformation waiting to happen in Nigeria and the African continent regardless of the current challenges.
The panellists amongst whom were Mr. Bonang Mohale, Chairman & Vice President, Shell Downstream South Africa (Pty) Limited; Mr. Humphrey Kariuki Ndegwa, Founder, Dalbit Petroleum; Tan Sri Hassan Marican, Chairman, SembCorp Marine looked beyond the challenges to draw attention to the enormous opportunities these challenges present in the Continent, which makes Africa the inevitable investment destination.
The forum while providing a veritable platform to explore Africa-Singapore dialogue on Trade and investment promotion and by extension Africa-ASEAN cooperation at large also witnessed the signing of bilateral air services agreement between Nigeria and Singapore to strengthen their existing bilateral air services and curb double taxation on investments in both countries. Nigeria's Minister of State for Aviation Senator Hadi Sirika signed on behalf of Nigeria.
Panelists cited government regulations and legal framework using the Mozambique and Tanzanian examples to highlight key factors inhibiting rapid growth of natural resources that abound in Africa. Other impediments highlighted included challenges around issuing of oil licenses such as in South Africa where Bonang Mohale pointed out that enormous oil and gas resources that would have otherwise be harnessed by International oil companies such as Shell with capacity to make required exploratory investment where locked underground.
It was emphasised that governments do not have the resources and skills to undertake what is required and should proactively let companies with the financial and technical muscle take over this responsibility, so that countries can gain associated benefits such as revenues from taxation and generation of employment for its citizens and overall economic growth.
Orjiako whose company pioneered assets acquisition from the IOCs in the Niger Delta in 2010, and proceeded to dual listing on the London Stock Exchange and Nigeria Stock Exchange in 2014, making Seplat a global brand and an investment entity in the Africa Oil and Gas industry emphasized that Seplat has built on that acquisition to notch up considerable progress in the areas that differentiate the company in terms of its operational track record, winning host committee engagement strategy, strong Corporate Governance and Best practices.
At production figures of 75kbpd of oil and condensate and 300MMscf/day of gas, Seplat is now the biggest Independent in the Nigerian oil and gas industry and continues to lead the new dawn of the indigenous program in Nigeria.
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While enormous dollars are spent reacting to problems, Quality teams can excel to new heights by focusing on prevention: of product failures, of scrap, and of other inefficiencies.
While we cannot expect to anticipate and prevent all issues that arise, clearly we can make vast gains by preventing more problems in the first place.
Warranty costs and product recalls persist and product liability suits are widespread. Over the past 30 years, plants and jobs have moved overseas, and the U.S. has lost over 30% of its manufacturing jobs (source: Bureau of Labor Statistics).
Warranty costs of large U.S. manufacturers typically average 2% of revenue. So, for every $1 Billion in revenue, a company spends a preventable $20 Million in warranty expenses. Recall costs (just for consumer products and excluding automotive recalls) are more than $700 Billion annually (according to the Consumer Product Safety Commission).
We are all aware of the practice of prevention. For example, most parents faithfully have their children immunized against various diseases in order to prevent the diseases from occurring. Many consumer products display warning labels to discourage unsafe usage.
However, considerably more effort is needed in product design and manufacturing to prevent product failures, scrap, and other inefficiencies. There are significant opportunities to evolve beyond the traditional efforts spent on problem prevention.
An analysis tool used to identify potential product or process failure modes, their effects, severity, "detectability", and probability of occurrence. The highest risk items are addressed by taking corrective actions to reduce the risk of occurrence. FMEA is typically completed by a cross-functional team based on their knowledge, experience, and beliefs.
Any mechanism in a manufacturing process or product that helps an equipment operator or user avoid mistakes. Its purpose is to eliminate product defects or mistakes by preventing human or process errors as they occur. An example is the inability to remove a car key from the ignition until the transmission is put into "park" – thereby avoiding an unsafe parking condition.
There is a common misconception that as long as everything is produced within specification that no problems should occur. However, almost all product failures, recalls, and warranty items are not related to part characteristics failing to meet specifications. Manufacturers make substantial investments in inspection processes (people and machines) in an attempt to avoid potential problems.
Brainstorming technique to consider possible scenarios and the probable outcomes. Solutions to prevent potential major issues are developed.
has been more limited. Effective and efficient use of DOE is the best approach to develop the required knowledge to effectively prevent problems.
The application of properly designed control charts on key process parameters will quickly detect process changes before they result in harmful consequences. To be extremely effective, appropriate choices must be made regarding the type of chart, sample size, and sampling scheme. Often, when SPC is deployed, common misconceptions and misapplications prevent maximum benefits from being realized (see the Ask the Expert topic "Misapplications of SPC…and the Consequences").
While many product validation tests are typically specified and performed during the product development process, less emphasis is placed on test-to-failure reliability testing. Reliability is the probability that a device will function at some specified time in service and reliability testing allows quantitative predictions of product reliability. Where testing times are impractically long, accelerated life testing or degradation testing may be performed to develop reliability estimates.
Several barriers prevent widespread and effective efforts in problem prevention. They are summarized below.
Measurable performance objectives drive most behavior within companies. The issue with preventative efforts is that they are by nature difficult or impossible to measure. Problems that are avoided never occur so that their impact and cost is never seen. Companies must realize that proper investments in problem prevention are necessary and will pay off – although quantifying the return may be difficult. Conversely, problem solvers are seen as heroes in many companies and gain substantial rewards. While efficient and effective problem solving is very important, efforts at problem prevention must be equally valued.
The progressive methods for problem prevention require some in-depth training and application experience. Unfortunately, training is typically viewed as a discretionary expense, especially in these trying economic times. Where training has been done (e.g. Six Sigma), it often sacrifices depth in the most useful quantitative methods, for breadth in a multitude of qualitative methods – which lack power to prevent complex issues from being prevented. When training in progressive methods is conducted, it must be followed up with applications to build expertise and confidence. Training participants must be expected to adopt and apply the methods rigorously which will result in returns that far exceed the cost of the training.
Short-Term thinking produces short term benefits at the expense of long term success. Clearly making decisions based on short term impacts are not consistent with preventative efforts that pay off years down the road.
Many companies are trapped in a cycle of reaction and fire-fighting which prevents any real focus on controlling, predicting, and preventing. It's ironic when participants in a training seminar dedicated to problem prevention are missing important chunks of the seminar to "fight another fire." A real commitment must be made to value problem prevention and deploy methods that are required to break out of the reactionary cycle.


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Life, More Features
Ikea wants women to pee on magazine ad to avail discount
Published : Jan 12, 2018, 10:11 am IST
Updated : Jan 12, 2018, 10:11 am IST
Apparently, once the woman urinates on the ad in Amelia magazine, a discount is revealed, only if she is pregnant.
The ad uses technology similar to what's in an at-home pregnancy test, according to Ad Week. (Photo: Pixabay)
A new advertisement by IKEA, running in a Swedish magazine is bizarre for all the wrong reasons. The brand wants women to pee on the page in order to learn about a discount.
The story was published in Ad Week.
According to an article published in The Washington Post, the promotion reads,
"Peeing on this ad may change your life."
It continues: "This ad is also a pregnancy test. Pee on the marked area and wait a moment. If you are expecting, you will get a surprise right here in the ad."
Amelia is a magazine dedicated exclusively to women.
The ad uses technology similar to what's in an at-home pregnancy test, according to Ad Week.
If a woman has enough of the pregnancy hormone hCG, the test strip will change colour to indicate she's pregnant. In the Ikea ad, if a woman has enough hCG, the page reveals that a black-brown SUNDVIK crib that costs 995 krona will be on sale for 495 krona.
When converted to dollars, the crib, which costs about $122 without the discount, will cost about $60 with the discount.
However, Ikea has issued a statement saying that the ad was created for a campaign intended only for the Swedish market and has been published in a limited edition of the Swedish magazine Amelia. There are no plans to place this ad in other markets, including the US.
Tags: ikea, advertisement, pee, magazine, amelia, sweden, viral and trending
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The two bedroom Epsom is perfect for first time buyers or small families looking for a modern home. It features an open plan kitchen/diner, an airy lounge and rear garden via french doors. The first floor has two bedrooms and a family bathroom.


text:
13. December 2021 / Doktorat
Call: Doctoral Program "Regimes of Inequality"
Department of Contemporary History, University of Fribourg
The transdisciplinary doctoral program, offered by the bilingual Department of Contemporary History at the University of Fribourg, brings together PhD students and scholars from a variety of disciplines to analyze and discuss regimes of inequality in Switzerland, Europe and the world. The objective is to question the making of inequality from a historical point of view and thereby develop transdisciplinary and intertemporal approaches. What are the political, social, cultural and economic factors that generate, stabilize and reproduce inequality? How do actors, groups and institutions participate in these processes or, conversely, organize and mobilize to challenge the status quo? How can methods, theories and approaches of intersectionality be fruitfully applied to examine past and current regimes of inequality?
The doctoral program is opened to PhD students from a wide disciplinary range including history, political sciences, sociology, gender studies, medical humanities, social anthropology, econom- ics as well as cultural, religious and legal studies. The aim is to create a network of doctoral stu- dents and researchers that reaches beyond disciplinary, institutional and linguistic boundaries. Members can express themselves and present their projects in German, French and English.
Deadline for Apllications: 31 January 2022.
Website "Regimes of Inequality"
Synopsis and details on application process


it is because it is not mastered. a mastering engineer will compress, add volume, and limit.
also, if you are submitting a track for mastering, dont bring it to 0db. allow for a few db's of headroom.
awesome!! cant wait for this one!!
thanks everyone!!! very excited for you all to have this!!!
everything is complete and this will be up soon!!!!
Artwork is finished and the mastering is almost complete!!
This will be out very soon, keep an eye out!!!


text:
You are here: Home → News → 2009 02 24 → Article 158177
General News of Tuesday, 24 February 2009
Source: GNA
Ministry pledges to link environment to development
Accra, Feb. 24, GNA - Mr George K. Scott, Chief Director of the Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology on Tuesday said the ministry would strive to improve the country's development through the use of science and technology.
He said the ministry would liaise with all the departments and agencies under it to help them update their research findings to be used in the development drive.
"Research findings should not remain on the shelves and be covered with dusts as had been happening in some of the institutions, but rather be explored in order to derive the benefits," he said. Mr Scott said this at the third National Biodiversity Committee meeting held in Accra.
The Committee, with the Chief Director as it national focal person, was set up by the ministry during the last National Democratic Congress (NDC) regime.
It was to help build up the biodiversity of the country, which includes variety of species of plants and animals, their genetic make-up, and the natural communities in which they occur. He urged the committee members to speed up plans and programmes for the protection of the country's environment to ensure its sustenance for the future generation.
Mr Scott urged committee members to share ideas with him so that biodiversity needs would be mainstreamed into national activities. Mr Alfred Oteng -Yeboah, Chairman of the Committee said Ghana as a signatory to a number of conventions, was accountable to the rest of the world in terms of those conventions, hence the need to attach seriousness to the implementation of the convention requirements. He said government had received some funding from United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for promoting biodiversity. "What is needed is for us to come out with a good biodiversity document that would be a guide for the country," he said.
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