text:
Název obloukové svařování tavící se elektrodou v ochranné atmosféře zahrnuje několik metod obloukového svařování založených na stejných principech při použití různých typů přídavných materiálů a ochranných plynů. Původně byly metody vyvinuty pro svařování slitin hliníku a hořčíku. Postupné zefektivnění a zlevnění původně velmi nákladného procesu umožnilo – při zachování velkého výkonu – používat jej i pro svařování nelegovaných ocelí. Běžně užívané označení popisovaných metod v Evropě je MIG resp. MAG.

Protože je podávání svařovacího drátu i průtok ochranného plynu mechanizován, není metoda příliš náročná na zručnost svářeče a lze ji velmi dobře využít i v automatizovaném nebo robotizovaném provozu. Plynulou regulací základních svařovacích parametrů lze dosáhnout požadovaného svařovacího výkonu při použití svařovacího proudu od 30 do 800 A. Protože s vyšším svařovacím proudem roste rychlost odtavování svařovacího drátu, zvětšuje se i objem přenosu roztaveného kovu do svarové lázně. Svařovat je možné ve všech polohách.

Metoda vyžaduje nákladné vybavení, zejména výkonný svařovací zdroj s příslušnou statickou a dynamickou charakteristikou, podavač svařovacího (přídavného) drátu, integrovaný svařovací hořák včetně jeho chlazení, hadice pro plynovou ochranu a zásobníky plynů (většinou tlakové láhve).

Jako ochranné plyny se nejčastěji používají buď inertní plyny argon a helium nebo plyny aktivně se podílející na metalurgii svaru a to buď samotný oxid uhličitý nebo ve směsi s inertními plyny. Volba ochranné atmosféry závisí především na druhu svařovaného materiálu. Svařovací dráty se používají buď plné nebo tzv. trubičkové, které jsou plněné buď tavidlem nebo kovovým práškem. Některé tavidlem plněné svařovací dráty byly vyvinuty pro svařování i bez externě dodávané atmosféry ochranných plynů (označení MOG).

Metoda patří k nejrozšířenějším svařovacím metodám při výrobě stavebních ocelových konstrukcí, strojních zařízení, tlakových nádob a potrubí.

Historie
Henry M. Hobart a Philip K. Devers z firmy General Electric použili Slavjanovu kovovou tavící se elektrodu v roce 1926 při svařování v ochranné atmosféře inertních plynů. Komerčnímu využití v té době však bránila vysoká cena inertních plynů a nedostatek znalostí, jak je vyčistit. V roce 1930 si nechali patentovat svařovací hořák, do kterého byl přiváděn svařovací drát a ochranný plyn. Hobart použil helium a Devers argon. Spolu pak úspěšné završili vývoj metody svařování tavící se elektrodou v ochranném plynu až v roce 1940. (1948) v Battelle Memorial Institute za přispění sponzorského daru Air Reduction Company.

Ljubavský a Novošilov použili v roce 1953 ochrannou atmosféru z CO2 místo do té doby výlučně používaných, drahých inertních plynů. Použití CO2 zlevnilo tuto svařovací metodu tak, že se stala efektivní i pro svařování nelegovaných a nízkolegovaných ocelí.

Následující rok vyvinul Bernard elektrodu plněnou tavidlem, tzv. trubičkový drát, který si nechal patentovat v roce 1957. Kromě dodávaného plynu tvořily ochrannou atmosféru také plyny, vznikající z tavidla při hoření oblouku. V roce 1959 byly vyvinuty plněné elektrody, které při hoření elektrického oblouku zajistily dostačující množství ochranné atmosféry z tavidla, aniž bylo třeba dodávat další plyny. Byl tedy použit stejný princip jako při ručním obloukovém svařování.

Následující vývoj byl zaměřen na vylepšení svařovacích zdrojů pro zvýšení výkonu odtavení a efektivity svařování a zkvalitnění svarů.

Charakteristika

Principem obloukového svařování je hoření elektrického oblouku mezi tavící se elektrodou a základním materiálem nebo svarovou lázní. Svařovací drát, který se odvíjí z cívky, je třecím kontaktem v měděné kontaktní špičce svařovacího hořáku napájen elektrickým proudem ze svařovacího zdroje s plochou statickou (neboli voltampérovou) charakteristikou (takový zdroj se někdy nazývá "tvrdým zdrojem"). Okolo svařovacího drátu a svařovací lázně proudí ochranný plyn, který chrání svarovou lázeň a zároveň napomáhá zapálení a stabilizaci elektrického oblouku.
Při svařování s vyššími výkonnostními parametry po delší dobu je nezbytné svařovací hořák chladit. Chlazení se provádí cirkulací vody, která je přiváděna do hořáku multifunkčním kabelem spolu se svařovacím drátem, vodičem elektrického proudu a ochranným plynem.

Největší výhodou metod svařování tavící se elektrodou v ochranné atmosféře je poloautomatický režim podávání přídavného materiálu (svařovacího drátu), který svářečovi umožňuje snadněji tvořit housenku svaru a kontrolovat svarovou lázeň. Navíc a hlavně se tím omezují časté technologické přestávky při výměně elektrod v porovnání např. s ručním obloukovým svařováním. To vše přispívá k vyššímu výkonu odtavení, zvláště při větších průměrech elektrod a vyšších svařovacích proudech. Metodu lze použít pro svařování ve všech polohách, a to jak v dílně tak na montáži při dosažení zhruba srovnatelné kvality svaru. Je dostupná široká paleta ochranných plynů i přídavných materiálů. Svařování lze snadno mechanizovat i robotizovat. Uvedené vlastnosti vynášejí tuto skupinu svařovacích metod na pomyslnou špičku užívání v celosvětovém měřítku.

V evropských zemích se rozlišují metody svařování v ochranných atmosférách tvořených inertními plyny zkratkou MIG a aktivními plyny nebo jejich směsi zkratkou MAG. Pro celou skupinu těchto metod bez rozlišení ochranných plynů se používá označení MIG/MAG. Svařování tavidlem plněným trubičkovým drátem se někdy označuje jako MOG.

Základní parametry
Základními parametry svařovacího procesu je svařovací proud I, napětí U, rychlost postupu svařování vsv, rychlost podávání svařovacího drátu v, složení ochranných plynů a množství jejich průtoku.

Svařovací proud může nabývat hodnot od 30 A, používaných pro tenké plechy, až po 800 A u mechanizovaných metod. S rostoucím proudem se zvyšuje rychlost postupu svařování vsv i rychlost podávání svařovacího drátu v. Ovlivňuje způsob přenosu kovu (viz dále) z tavící se elektrody v oblouku, tvar a velikost svarové housenky, nutnost předehřevu a dohřevu.

Svařovací napětí ovlivňuje šířku svarové housenky a stanovuje se empiricky v závislosti na svařovacím proudu  následujícím vztahem:

.

Přenos kovu
Přenosem kovu se rozumí proces roztavování přídavného materiálu, svařovacího drátu jako elektrody, a ukládání do svarové lázně při hoření elektrického oblouku. Charakter přenosu kovu ovlivňují parametry svařování, tj. svařovací proud resp. proudová hustota, svařovací napětí, složení ochranné atmosféry a přídavný materiál.

Na odtavovaný kov působí síly, jejichž směr a velikost jsou dány základními svařovacími parametry. Síly povrchového napětí Fs se snaží udržet kapku ve tvaru s co nejnižší povrchovou energií, tj. koule. Se zvyšující se teplotou ale povrchové napětí klesá. Síla vyvolaná tlakem odpařovaných kovů Fp z anody resp. katody (podle způsobou zapojení přímého resp. nepřímého) působí brzdným účinkem na ionty resp. elektrony. Relativně malá gravitační síla Fg sice působí na kapku, ale zásadně neovlivňuje směr jejího pohybu. Elektrický proud procházející elektrodou vytváří elektromagnetické pole s osovou složkou tzv. elektromagnetickou silou Fm, která vzrůstá se zmenšováním krčku ohřátého konce elektrody a má hlavní podíl na přenosu kovu z elektrody do svarové lázně. Proto lze svařovat i ve vynucených polohách, např. nad hlavou. Na seškrcování krčku a oddělování kapky se podílí elektromagnetické pole svoji radiální složkou, tzv. Pinch efektem Fpe. Hydrodynamická síla Fh je způsobena vysokou rychlostí proudícího plazmatu a největší vliv dosahuje při sprchovém přenosu, viz dále.
Výslednice působících sil přemístí kapku roztaveného kovu z elektrody do svarové lázně i při svařování např. v poloze nad hlavou. Dynamický účinek dopadu kapky v kombinaci s tekutostí svarové lázně má výrazný vliv na množství rozstřiku svarového kovu do nejbližšího okolí svaru (jak je patrné z obrázku v úvodu).

Zkratový přenos

Při zkratovém přenosu (a) se z elektrody odtaví kapka kovu, která vyplní mezeru mezi elektrodou a svarovou lázní, oblouk zhasne a dojde k elektrickému zkratu. Tím se zvýší teplota, kapka se utrhne a dopadne do svarové lázně, načež se elektrický oblouk opět zapálí. Frekvence zkratů se pohybuje od 20 do 200 Hz.
Tento jev může vzniknout při nastavení svařovacího proudu v intervalu od 60 do 180 A, svařovacího napětí od 14 do 22 V, průměru elektrody od 0,6 do 1,2 mm a v libovolné ochranné atmosféře, např. 100% čistého CO2 nebo směsi 75 až 80 % argonu + 25 až 20 % CO2.
S vyšším svařovacím napětím klesá frekvence kapek odtavených z elektrody, roste jejich velikost a zvětšuje se rozstřik. Protože se používají nízké hodnoty svařovacího proudu, vnáší se do svaru relativně málo tepla, svarový kov není tak tekutý a rychle tuhne. Toho se s výhodou používá pro svařování ve vynucených polohách (např. nad hlavou), pro zavařování kořenových vrstev a tenkých plechů.

Zrychlený zkratový přenos

Modifikací zkratového přenosu je zvýšení svařovacího proudu nad 200 A a tomu odpovídající vyšší rychlosti podávání svařovacího drátu při stejném svařovacím napětí. Vyšší frekvence nedovoluje vytvořit větší kapku, ale konec elektrody je odporovým teplem při vysokém svařovacím proudu předehřátý a elektromagnetickými silami dochází k uvolnění kapek roztaveného kovu a jejich přenosu do svarové lázně. Průtok směsného ochranného plynu Ar + 8 % CO2 musí být vyšší, 20 až 30 l/min. Tato technika zrychleného zkratového přenosu (b) se hodí pro svařování tenkých plechů vysokou rychlostí a velkým výkonem svařování.

Přechodový oblouk s kapkovým přenosem
Pro vznik kapkového přenosu (c) jsou nutné vysoké hodnoty svařovacího proudu od 190 do 300 A při napětí od 22 do 28 V, které nataví konec elektrody do velké kapky, která může být i větší než průměr elektrody.
Kapkový přenos je dobře použitelný v ochranné atmosféře CO2, ve směsných plynech s argonem výrazně hůře. Hojně se využíval během 60. až 70. let minulého století pro vysoký výkon odtavení. V současné době se od něj již ustoupilo, především pro velký rozstřik a tvorbu hrubých svarových housenek.

Sprchový přenos
Sprchový přenos (d) nastává při hodnotách svařovacího proudu od 200 do 500 A a svařovacím napětí od 28 do 40 V, v ochranných plynech argonu s maximálně 18 % CO2 (20 % CO2; 15 % CO2) nebo argonu s 1 až 5 % O2. Směs argonu a CO2 tvoří širší závar oproti směsi argonu s O2, který má schopnost hlubšího závaru.
Argon podporuje ionizaci plynu a tvorbu plazmatu. Protože plazma rychle proudí okolo tavícího se konce elektrody, konec elektrody se tak rychleji ohřívá. K tomu přispívá i odporové teplo způsobené dlouhým výletem elektrody, cca 15 průměrů elektrody. Při vysokém proudu se nestačí vytvořit větší kapky, ale působením elektromagnetických sil (viz výše) se tvoří drobné kapky s vysokou frekvencí 150 až 350 Hz, jakoby sprcha. Velkou výhodou je nízký rostřik.
Přenos je velmi výkonný a používá se především při svařování v poloze vodorovné shora, ve vynucených polohách, např. nad hlavou, jen omezeně, např. u hliníku nebo mědi.

Impulsní sprchový přenos
Pro omezení rozstřiku a vad ve svarech u zkratového a kapkového přenosu byl vyvinut impulsní sprchový přenos (e). Průběh svařovacího proudu a napětí v závislosti na čase je řízen mikroprocesorem svařovacího zdroje. Základní svařovací proud je udržován na takové velikosti, aby probíhala ionizace plynu a tím i vedení elektrického proudu. V řízených intervalech se zvyšuje svařovací proud a napětí, tzv. pulsy. Těmito pulsy se kontrolovaně přenášejí kapky roztaveného kovu elektrody. Kromě vysoké frekvence 25–500 Hz (výjimečně 1 kHz) řídí mikroprocesor i tvar průběhu svařovacího proudu a napětí v závislosti na čase. Ochranné plyny resp. jejich složení se používá za obdobných podmínek jako u sprchového přenosu.
Tento typ přenosu kovu je velmi výhodný, protože umožňuje vysoký výkon odtavení jako např. při sprchovém přenosu, ale zároveň při nižším vneseném teplu. Potřebné svařovací zdroje jsou ovšem nákladnější o elektroniku. Jednou z největších nevýhod je vyšší emitované elektromagnetické záření oblouku, které vyžaduje vyšší stupeň ochrany pro svářeče a osob v jeho blízkosti.

Moderovaný sprchový přenos
Moderovaný sprchový přenos (f) lze dosáhnout vysokými svařovacími proudy 450 až 750 A a svařovacím napětím 40 až 50 V za použití ochranného plynu Ar + 8 % CO2 s průtokem až 25 l/min. Velké kapky, až o velikosti dosahující průměru drátu, jsou za vysoké frekvence přenášeny rychle proudícím plazmatem do svarové lázně. Touto technikou lze dosáhnout hlubokého průvaru a svařování větších tlouštěk jednovrstvým svarem při vysoké rychlosti postupu svařování.

Dlouhý oblouk s rotujícím přenosem kovu
Hodnoty svařovacího proudu u rotujícího oblouku (g) jsou stejné jako u moderovaného sprchového přenosu, ale hodnoty napětí jsou vyšší. Drát je průchodem vysokého proudu odporově zahříván téměř až na teplotu tavení. Intenzivní magnetické pole roztáčí tavící se konec elektrody, který je ve vysoce plastickém stavu. Kapky odtavujícího se kovu při rotačním přenosu tvoří jakoby kuželovou plochu. Rotujícím obloukem lze dosáhnout hlubokého a širokého závaru.

Spotřební materiál

Ochranné atmosféry
Použití plynů v ochranné atmosféře je závislé na druhu svařovaného materiálu, způsobu přenosu kovu, požadovaných mechanických vlastnostech svaru, tloušťce spojovaných materiálů, typu spoje, profilu svaru, hloubce závaru, rozsahu rozstřiku, rychlosti postupu a poloze svařování. Plyny ochranné atmosféry musí zamezit přístupu okolní atmosféry ke svarové lázni a zabezpečit stabilní hoření elektrického oblouku, pro které musí mít dobré ionizační vlastnosti a dostatečnou tepelnou vodivost.

Ochranné atmosféry z inertních plynů nevstupují do chemické reakce se svarovou lázní. Většinou se používá argon, méně častěji helium, případně jejich směsi. Argon má sice nižší tepelnou vodivost i ionizační energii, ale schopnost většího závaru v porovnání s heliem. Ochranná atmosféra inertních plynů je vyžadována při svařování slitin hliníku, horčíku, niklu, mědi, titanu a dalších ve 100% čistotě.

Jako aktivní plyn pro ochranné atmosféry, které chemicky a metalurgicky ovlivňují svarovou lázeň, se používá CO2 buď samotný nebo ve směsích s inertními plyny nebo O2 ve směsi s argonem. Pro svařování nízkolegovaných ocelí se běžně používají směsi Ar + 15 až 25 % CO2 (Ar + 10 až 25% CO2), nejčastěji 82 % Ar + 18 % CO2. Při svařování korozivzdorných ocelí musí být ve směsi plynů obsah CO2 maximálně 4 %.

Samotný CO2 jako ochranný plyn se dnes používá zřídka, protože mimo jiné způsobuje značný rozstřik svarového kovu a tím zvyšuje náklady na konečnou úpravu svařence..

Ochranné plyny jsou při svařování čerpány buď z centrálních podnikových rozvodů, které se používají spíše při sériové výrobě, nebo z tlakových lahví, které jsou vhodnější pro kusovou dílenskou nebo staveništní výrobu. Spotřeba ochranných plynů je součástí svařovacích parametrů a závisí, vedle velikosti a druhu svařovacího proudu, na svařovaném základním a přídavném materiálu. Spotřeba ochranného plynu CO2 je vyšší o cca 30 % ve srovnání se směsí plynů, např. Ar + CO2.

Hodnotu průtoku svařovacího plynu většinou doporučují výrobci přídavného materiálu, orientačně se pohybuje cca od 8 do 25 litrů za minutu, ale při svařování hliníku v ochranné atmosféře 100 % He může spotřeba dosáhnout až 40 l/min.

Přídavné materiály

Tyto metody se používají pro svařování široké palety základních materiálů, např. ocelí uhlíkových, vysocelegovaných ocelí korozivzdorných, slitin hliníku, hořčíku, titanu, mědi, niklu a dalších, pro něž musí být k dispozici i odpovídající přídavné materiály..

Svařovací dráty pro svařování ocelí se vyrábějí buď plné nebo plněné, tzv. trubičkové dráty, a dodávají se navinuté na cívkách různých hmotností, od 5 do 30 kg.
Přídavné materiály obsahují legury a dezoxidační přísady, které rafinují a dezoxidují svarový kov a dolegovávají vypalované a další požadované prvky.
Plné dráty se vyrábějí tažením za studena na požadované průměry, které se pohybují od 0,8 do 1,6 mm. Legování prvky, které jsou obsaženy přímo v drátech, je z metalurgického hlediska náročnější při výrobě.
Plněné dráty se svinují z plechů s podélným švem jako tvarově uzavřené nebo bezešvé, podélně vysokofrekvenčně svařené. Pláště se vyrábějí většinou z nízkouhlíkové oceli. Náplně jsou ze struskotvorných přísad a tavidel bazických, kyselých, rutilových, fluoridových, případně jejich kombinací. Legury a dezoxidační přísady se většinou přidávají do náplní.

Relativně malé rozšíření plněných elektrod ve svařovacích provozech je způsobeno jejich vyšší pořizovací cenou, která je zhruba dvojapůlnásobek až trojnásobek ceny plného drátu.

Přídavný materiál pro svařování ocelí je legován mnoha prvky pro zajištění požadovaných vlastností. Vedle železa, které tvoří největší objem, obsahuje přídavný materiál uhlík, mangan, křemík, fosfor, titan, zirkon, hliník, nikl, molybden, chrom, vanad a další, v závislosti na druhu oceli (nízkolegovaná, korozivzdorná, atd.) a požadovaných vlastnostech svaru.

Uhlík zvyšuje pevnost a křehkost oceli, ale snižuje houževnatost a tím zvyšuje riziko vzniku trhlin za studena.
Mangan a křemík jednak dezoxidují svarovou lázeň a jednak ji zbavují síry, neboť mají vyšší afinitu k síře než železo. Křemík navíc upravuje tekutost strusky tak, aby snadno vyplavala na povrch svarové lázně při tuhnutí. Křemíkem se rovněž leguje pro zvýšení pevnosti svarového kovu. Optimální poměr obsahu manganu ku křemíku se udává 1,5 až 1,8 ku 1 (2 ku 1).
Obsah fosforu a síry by měl být co nejnižší, protože oba prvky jsou nečistotami a zvyšují riziko vzniku trhlin za horka. Titan, niob, tantal, zirkon i hliník se legují pro svoji dezoxidační a precipitační funkci ve svarech mikrolegovaných jemnozrnných ocelí za vzniku karbidů, nitridů a karbonitridů, navíc tyto mikrolegury snižují riziko vzniku pórů ve svarech. Molybden a vanad zvyšují pevnost a houževnatost svarů, zvláště při provozu svařenců z vysocelegovaných ocelí za zvýšené teploty, oceli žáruvzdorné a žárupevné. Chrom je základní legurou přídavných materiálů všech korozivzdorných ocelí, nikl pak pro austenitické a feriticko-austenitické korozivzdorné oceli. Velmi často se svařovací dráty poměďují, aby se snížilo tření při průchodu z podavače do svařovacího hořáku a aby se snížil odpor v kontaktním průvlaku.

Vybavení
Pro svařování tavící se elektrodou v ochranné atmosféře se používají svařovací zdroje s plochou statickou charakteristikou. Pro svařování ocelí se používá většinou stejnosměrný nebo usměrněný proud s nepřímým zapojením elektrody, tj. elektroda je zapojena ke kladnému pólu. Pro svařování hliníku a jeho slitin se používá střídavý proud.
Podavač svařovacího drátu je mechanické zařízení, které ze zásobníku či cívky odvíjí svařovací drát a přes kladkový mechanismus (jedno-, dvou- nebo čtyřkladkový) jej sune multifunkčním kabelem do svařovacího hořáku. Multifunkční kabel v sobě integruje také vodič elektrické energie, hadici chladicího média (vody) a plynovou hadici ochranného plynu. Je připojen ke svařovacímu zdroji a zdroji plynu rychlospojkou. Mezi plynovou hadicí a zásobníkem plynu musí být redukční ventil, který upravuje průtok a tlak plynu. K uzavření elektrického obvodu mezi svařovacím zdrojem a svařencem je kromě multifunkčního kabelu třeba ještě uzemňovací kabel, který je nutné připojit ke svařovanému dílu. Pracovním nástrojem svářeče je svařovací hořák, kterým prochází svařovací drát. Svařovací drát je v kontaktní špičce napájen elektrickou energií. Hořák je zakončen hubicí, kterou proudí na výstupu okolo svařovacího drátu ochranný plyn. Protože se při svařování dosahují vysoké teploty, je nutné svařovací hořák z provozně-technologických důvodů chladit. Chlazení se provádí cirkulací vody mezi hořákem a svařovacím zdrojem, do kterého je integrován tepelný výměník.

Tyto metody lze velmi dobře zautomatizovat a použít jako součást jednoúčelových nebo univerzálních automatizovaných svařovacích linek nebo průmyslových robotů. Vybavení se pak ale liší od manuálně používaných svařovacích zařízení, zejména ve vyšších výkonnostních nárocích na ně kladených. Svařovací zdroj by měl být dostatečně dimenzován na nepřetržitý provoz (zatěžovatel 100 %). Svařovací hořák by měl mít samočisticí funkci. Jedním z téměř nezbytných prvků vybavení robotizovaného svařovacího pracoviště je polohovadlo, které umožní svařenec napolohovat tak, aby robot se svařovací hlavicí dosáhl na svarové plochy v požadované poloze svařování.

Kvalita
Kvalitu svarů ovlivňuje základní i přídavný materiál, ochranné plyny, klimatické podmínky svařování, technologický postup a v neposlední řadě lidský faktor.

U pojednávaných metod je minimální riziko vzniku indukovaných vodíkových trhlin, protože v přídavných materiálech nejsou navlhavá tavidla. Při svařování feritických ocelí může však vzniknout zákalná křehká struktura martenzitu. U austenitických korozivzdorných ocelí existuje zvýšené riziko vzniku trhlin za horka. Neprovařený kořen a studené spoje jsou typické vady způsobené nevhodným technologickým postupem a lidským faktorem. Při nevhodných klimatických podmínkách může vítr odvát proud ochranného plynu, takže svarová lázeň nemá dostatečnou ochranu, typicky na montáži případně v halách bez svařovacích boxů. Dalšími možnými vadami jsou vadné přídavné materiály a nečistoty v inertních ochranných plynech, které jsou významné při svařování materiálů s vysokou citlivostí k obsahu nečistot, např. hliníku a jeho slitin, mědi a titanu, které mají vysokou afinitou ke vzdušnému kyslíku.

Bezpečnost
Svařování elektrickým obloukem s použitím ochranných plynů je spojené se zvýšeným rizikem pro zdraví a život osob, které tuto činnost provádějí. Při svařování je nutné dodržet celou řadu bezpečnostních opatření. Zejména se jedná o ochranu před úrazem elektrickým proudem, popálením a rozstřikem kovu, vznikem požáru, dýmovými zplodinami a udušením. Na robotizovaném pracovišti je třeba zajistit také ochranu před úrazem pohyblivými částmi.

Odkazy

Poznámky

Reference

Literatura

Související články
 Svářeč

Externí odkazy

Svařování

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Kenya's Uhuru Kenyatta becomes first head of state to appear before ICC
Kenyan president faces court charged with crimes against humanity for alleged role in 2007-08 post-election violence
Kenya's president Uhuru Kenyatta appears before the international criminal court in The Hague. Photograph: Peter Dejong/AP Photograph: Peter Dejong/AP
Owen Bowcott, legal affairs correspondent
@owenbowcott
Wed 8 Oct 2014 07.47 EDT Last modified on Thu 30 Nov 2017 02.39 EST
President Uhuru Kenyatta has become the first head of state to appear before the international criminal court , amid claims his government is withholding vital evidence.
The Kenyan leader has been charged with crimes against humanity for his alleged role in unleashing a wave of post-election violence during 2007-08. He denies the charges.
Kenyatta handed over power to his deputy, William Ruto, before flying to The Hague in Holland. The international statute that established the ICC removed the principle that serving heads of state or governments should be granted immunity from prosecution under international law.
The African Union, which represents countries across the continent, has accused the court of focusing its hearings excessively on African countries. Kenya has cooperated with the ICC while Sudan's president, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, has defied repeated summons to appear.
Demonstrators, wearing Kenya's national colours, sang and danced outside the building before Kenyatta's arrival. One banner read: "Hands off our prez, he is innocent."
The president took his seat in court beside his lawyer, Stephen Kay. Wearing a charcoal suit and chequered blue tie, Kenyatta appeared relaxed.
Kay informed the hearing that his client would not address the proceedings. "I will be answering questions on his behalf and he does not choose to make a statement today," Kay said.
The ICC's chief prosecutor, Fatou Bensouda, who has complained about witness intimidation and blamed Nairobi for withholding evidence, was present.
Judge Kuniko Ozaki told Kenyatta he was attending "solely in your capacity as an accused individual", adding: "You may speak only in your capacity as an accused and may not make statements either of a political nature or in your official capacity."
The case has been repeatedly delayed. At least seven prosecution witnesses have dropped out amid allegations of bribery and intimidation.
Kenyatta, 52, faces five counts at the ICC over his alleged role in orchestrating the unrest that left 1,200 people dead and 600,000 displaced. The Kenyan leader has appeared at the ICC before, but not since he was elected president in March 2013. Ruto is already on trial at the ICC for his part in the violence. Kenyatta's trial has yet to begin.
Bensouda last month requested an indefinite postponement, saying Nairobi had refused to cooperate with a request for financial statements and other statements leaving her without enough evidence for a trial.
Ben Gumpert, a prosecutor, told the court that since being elected, Kenyatta had "an exceptional constitutional duty to make sure that these obstructions do not take place".
The prosecution hopes that documents, such as bank statements and telephone records, will shed light on Kenyatta's alleged involvement in the violence that brought one of east Africa's most stable countries to the brink of civil war.
The violence in 2007 began when elections escalated into ethnic conflict, for which Kenyatta and Ruto were charged with crimes against humanity. Both deny the charges.
What began as political riots quickly turned into the killing of people from Kenyatta's Kikuyu ethnic group, who in return launched reprisal attacks, plunging Kenya into a wave of violence.
International criminal justice
ICC drops murder and rape charges against Kenyan president
Martina Johnson's Liberian war crimes trial is a milestone in quest for justice
Kenyan president Uhuru Kenyatta to step down from office to attend ICC
African leaders vote themselves immunity from new human rights court
'ICC should drop charges against Kenyatta – for now'
Uhuru Kenyatta inauguration and the inconvenient ICC truth
Controversy as Kenya salutes Uhuru Kenyatta as new leader
Kenyatta victory promises trouble for Kenya
Uhuru Kenyatta trial postponed by international criminal court

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When it comes to adventure sports, snowboarding is one of the most popular ones. Millions from all over the world are into snowboarding; some at professional levels, while others are amateurs. Though, apparently snowboarding seems to be a very easy thing to do; however, lots of practice and dedication is required in order to expertise the sport. For those who are snowboard enthusiasts, physical fitness is one aspect they need to keep in mind.
Snowboarding is all about gliding through the snow, jumping over the obstacles and making different kinds of body movements in order to maintain the balance and the pace.
It is all about how well the rider can control his body movement. Snowboarding is a very effective aerobic workout and helps to lose tons of body bad. Since it is all about movement; snowboarding helps to improve the metabolism of the body and it is also very useful to improve the reflex level.
Like any other form of outdoor sports; snowboarding is very effective when it comes to releasing endorphins, which is a type of hormone which controls the mood and the mental balance. Snowboarding demands lots of physical effort, as a result of which this hormone gets released in abundance and helps to maintain a stress free and relaxed mind.
Snowboarding is one sport which comes with lots of health benefits.
Apart from the ones mentioned, it is also a very effective cardiovascular workout and helps to improve the overall fitness level. Those who suffer from arthritis can also benefit a lot from snowboarding. The fact that different kinds of body movements are required in snowboarding, makes it equally effective for the entire body.
If you are still looking for the right pair of snowboarding goggles, use our handy guide.


text:
Comments Off on CALL TO BAR: 'WE RECORDED OVER 70% SUCCESS RATE,' SAYS LAW SCHOOL D-G
CALL TO BAR: 'WE RECORDED OVER 70% SUCCESS RATE,' SAYS LAW SCHOOL D-G
BY EMEKA NWADIOKE
The Director-General of the Nigerian Law School, Prof. Isa Hayatu Chiroma SAN yesterday rated the leading vocational training institution highly, saying its graduates posted over 70 per cent success rate at the Bar Final examinations held last January.
In his address at the Call to Bar ceremony held yesterday, Chiroma traced the "humble beginning" of the school in 1963 "with 8 students at its one block Campus at 213A, Igbosere Road, Lagos," and observed that "the Nigerian Law School has grown to a six-Campus Institution spread across the country with a yearly intake of well over 6,000 (six thousand) students as stated above."
A fellow of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (UK), the Law School chief executive said that the school has enjoyed unbroken academic sessions in its 58-year history, attributing the feat to "the insistence of the Council of Legal Education on the good character of the students as a condition for both admission into the Law School and recommendation for Call to the Bar."
Chiroma stated that while 1,779 of the 2,515 candidates who sat for the Bar Finals scaled the hurdle, five of the candidates or 0.2 per cent bagged First Class Honours. Seventy-six (3.06%) candidates received Second Class Upper grade while 633 (25.17%) candidates were graded in Second Class Lower rank. Another 1,065 (42.43%) candidates recorded a Pass grade.
His words: "These figures translate to 70.86% success at the Bar Final Examinations. I wish to assure all of you that we shall remain the gate keepers of our noble profession. As Teachers and Administrators, we will continue to uphold the standard and integrity of the Bar."
Chiroma stated that the knowledge "acquired and expressed" by candidates "brings great joy to the entire Nigerian Law School Community," adding: "After your Call to the Bar, you will become new wigs of the Nigerian Bar and proud members of our noble profession. I rejoice and congratulate you all for your hard work, dedication and steadfastness. To all our proud parents, guardians and relations, I invite you all to share in the success and joy of these candidates we are celebrating today."
On the contributions of the Law School to national development, Chiroma noted that both the Chief Justice of Nigeria and the Attorney-General of the Federation and Minister of Justice among others are all alumni of the school, adding that "It is also significant to note that a large number of members of other tiers of government in the country are products of the School.
"The school has also contributed to the training of the legal man-power for our sister African countries like the Republic of the Gambia, the Republic of Sierra Leone and the Republic of Cameroun. A number of countries from East and West Africa have visited the Law school to solicit information and assistance on the establishment and development of the Law School in their various countries. As reported in my address to your distinguished body at the last Call ceremony the Nigerian Law School received a high powered delegation from the Law Development Centre, Uganda, who were in Nigeria on bench marking and working visit to the Nigerian Law School and more of such collaborations have continued to come.
"Products of the School have commanding presence in other spheres of public and private sector such as the Ex-Military, Police, Customs, Immigration, the Oil and Gas sector, Banking and Finance, Insurance and the Corporate world in general, Professors/lecturers in the Universities and other tertiary institutions. Some of these products have achieved profound feat of getting to the top of their career nationally and across borders."
Chiroma thanked President Muhammadu Buhari "for all the proactive measures taken aimed at curbing the spread and eradication of the disease in our dear country." Turning to Malami, the Law School Director-General said: "May I at this time respectfully seek the leave of Mr. Chairman and distinguished members of the Body of Benchers, to thank our supervisory Ministry – the Federal Ministry of Justice headed by the Honourable Attorney-General of the Federation and Minister of Justice, Mr. Abubakar Malami, SAN, Life Bencher for the support always given to us as an institution."
Showering encomiums on the Council of Legal Education chaired by leading litigator and Bar Leader, Chief Emeka Ngige SAN for its oversight, Chiroma said: "I will also wish to thank the Chairman and Members of the Council of Legal Education, our parent body for their support and guidance at all times.
"The same appreciation goes to the Chairman and members of the Body of Benchers for their constant support and encouragement. I must also mention the Secretariat of the distinguished body for its co-operation with us at all times. Not even the COVID-19 pandemic could hold your body from discharging your primary and essential duties with the usual and huge cooperation of the Council of Legal Education and staff of Nigerian Law School."
Chiroma congratulated Mr. Olumide Akpata for his victory at the poll while thanking the immediate past NBA President, Mr. Paul Usoro, SAN "for his contribution to the Nigerian Law School, Nigerian Bar Association and the Legal Profession in general."
Among those admitted to the Nigerian Bar at the ceremony held at the Eagle Square, Abuja was veteran Nollywood actor, Mr. Kanayo O. Kanayo MFR.
'SANship NO LONGER MARK OF LEGAL EXCELLENCE,' SAYS ADEGBORUWA
By Ebun-Olu Adegboruwa, SAN
In this article, leading human rights activist, EBUN-OLU ADEGBORUWA, SAN argues that while the process leading to award of SAN title is increasingly meritorious, the rank is no longer the ultimate barometer for measuring legal excellence
On July 4, 2019, the Legal Practitioners Privileges Committee, LPPC, rolled out the names of thirty-eight legal practitioners deserving to be conferred with the prestigious Rank of Senior Advocate of Nigeria, SAN. How some despise the Rank! Some don't want it ever mentioned near them at all, for several reasons. I used to be in that class, given my background, as an activist. Not long after setting up my law practice, a friend approached me for what he termed a 'private chat'. According to him, he had followed me keenly right from my days in Gani Fawehinmi Chambers and he was convinced of my sterling qualities, experience and standing, all of which should qualify me to be admitted into the Inner Bar, as he called it. I laughed so loudly, to the point of his embarrassment. I had just moved my law office to the NIPOST building then, following the fire disaster that I and many others suffered at LAPAL House. I took him round the expansive office, showed him my library to see the books, the litigation office and other facilities. I then asked him to tell me what he thinks that SANs have that I don't have. All his pleas to me didn't impress me at all, as I dismissed the process as riddled with mystery and corruption. Perhaps I was right or wrong then, I can't say exactly, the point being that I didn't think of such 'distraction' for what I considered to be a successful practice. This is the view of many lawyers and indeed many Nigerians, which is why the focus of this piece is in 'defence' of the Rank.
Like so many other colleagues, I never read through the aspect of the Legal Practitioner's Act dealing with the conferment of the Rank of SAN and I didn't bother to go through the guidelines established by the LPPC, for the Rank. And that indeed should be the starting point here, the issue to resolve being the meaning and definition of a Senior Advocate of Nigeria. The life and power of an SAN all start and end with section 5 of the Legal Practitioner's Act of 1974, wherein it is provided as follows:
"5. (1) Subject to subsection (2) of this section, the Legal Practitioner's Privileges Committee established under subsection (3) of this section may by instrument confer on a legal practitioner the Rank of Senior Advocate of Nigeria.
(2) A person shall not be conferred with the Rank of Senior Advocate of Nigeria unless he has been qualified to practice as a legal practitioner in Nigeria for not less than ten years and has achieved distinction in the legal profession in such manner as the Committee may, from time to time, determine."
It is stated further that the LPPC shall consist of the Chief Justice of Nigeria as Chairman, the Attorney-General of the Federation, one Justice of the Supreme Court, the President of the Court of Appeal, five of the Chief Judges of the States, the Chief Judge of the Federal High Court and five legal practitioners who are Senior Advocates of Nigeria. The LPPC is further empowered to make rules as to the privileges to be accorded to Senior Advocates of Nigeria. Two things should immediately come to mind from the foregoing provisions; first is that the Rank of SAN is conferred as a privilege and second, it is normally the privilege of the LPPC, following its own guidelines. On April 3 1974, the first set of SANs were duly conferred, being Chief F.R.A. Williams, SAN and Dr. N.B. Graham-Douglas, SAN. The conferment has proceeded yearly, since then. The point of this background information is to buttress the fact that the Rank of SAN is established by law. The LPPC has over the years, developed its own structure, by amending its guidelines for the conferment of the Rank, based upon the robust engagements of its own members, stakeholders within the legal profession and indeed members of the public.
As at the time that I applied for the Rank, the guidelines set for the award of the Rank by the LPPC expressed the threesome purpose of the award as a privilege awarded as a mark of excellence to members of the legal profession who are in full time legal practice, who have distinguished themselves as advocates and who have made significant contribution to the development of the legal profession in Nigeria. The process of the award is largely independent, self-financing and strictly confidential. The LPPC is required to fix the number of persons to be conferred with the Rank in order to maintain the highest standard of excellence and prestige of the Rank, to adopt transparency and a feedback mechanism for the assessment of candidates. The award has since been extended to legal practitioners in the academic community. Whereas there may have been some challenges with this process in times past, a lot of efforts have been put in place presently, to ensure that those who qualify for the award of the Rank meet certain minimum conditions, such that in the past five years or more, you could hardly point to anyone awarded the Rank that has not distinguished himself or herself in the legal profession. One of the things that excited me in the course of my own journey is the fact that the LPPC has now adopted a gender-friendly process to encourage female applicants, such that virtually every year, female legal practitioners have been screened successfully.
The good news in this process for every advocate is the place of merit in the basic criteria for eligibility for the award of the Rank, which is meant to encourage core advocates. Under and by virtue of Paragraph 14 of the LPPC guidelines, an applicant must submit the following cases wherein his name is reflected as having duly conducted the said cases in court as lead counsel:
(i) 20 final judgments of the High Court or Superior Court of Records, 12 of which must be trial proceedings substantially conducted by the applicant;
(ii) 5 final judgments of the Court of Appeal; and
(iii) 4 final judgments of the Supreme Court.
(iv) These cases must have been conducted within ten years preceding the application, in order to show that the applicant is currently engaged in full time legal practice and is abreast with current developments in the field of law.
(v) Three of the cases must be pro bono cases conducted for indigent citizens who could not otherwise afford the financial cost of engaging a counsel.
Some additional requirements of these new guidelines is that the candidate must show that he or she was personally involved in the conduct of these cases by signing the originating processes, the written addresses, the notices of appeal, the briefs of argument, the charge/information sheet, no case submission, etc. In the trial proceedings, the applicant must furnish the certified true copies of the record of proceedings to show his or her personal conduct of the trial, furnish a letter of instruction from the client, the recommendation and confirmation of the Judge that handled the case and the recommendation and confirmation of the opposing counsel in the case! The point of my defence of the Rank here is that if the LPPC is able to keep to these guidelines (which it has so far done), then you would hardly see a name on the list of SANs every year that will not merit the Rank. No matter his background or experience, for a lawyer to produce 20 final judgments of the High Court is not a tea party, that is if you know what I know as a practicing lawyer, in Lagos State for instance. Anyone who has successfully conducted twelve trial proceedings up to judgment is not just qualified to be a Senior Advocate of Nigeria but can also be a Judge. Believe me, it is no child's play to secure five final judgments of the Court of Appeal or four final judgments of the Supreme Court. What the LPPC has done is to stick to these minimum standards, irrespective of your status. This is in addition to a well-equipped library, functional infrastructure in the law office, payment of tax, involvement in and recommendation by the Nigerian Bar Association, Judges, Justices, Body of Senior Advocates, Body of Benchers, the LPDC, etc. This same rigorous process is also entrenched for candidates in the academic category, who go through a very detailed regime of qualification and filtration.
The involvement of the general public in this process has guaranteed some form of transparency, whereby the names of shortlisted candidates are published to the whole world for comments and assessment. Selected members of the LPPC undertake physical inspection of the chambers of all the shortlisted candidates. The final process is the oral interview by the LPPC, comprising panels of eminent Judges and Senior Advocates of Nigeria. For me personally, any legal practitioner who has gone through these rigid procedures to be shortlisted for the oral interview of the LPPC is eminently qualified to be awarded the Rank of SAN, as a mark of distinction and excellence in the legal profession. Emphasis is placed on integrity, opinions of Justices/Judges, general knowledge of law, contribution to the development of law, leadership qualities in the profession and qualities of law office/library, for the award of the Rank. The undisputed fact that an applicant MUST meet the basic guidelines to be shortlisted at all, is a huge credit to the LPPC, headed by the Chief Justice of the Federation. My point is that you cannot buy trial proceedings or forge certified true copies of record of trial proceedings, buy the final judgment and also buy the recommendation of the Judge that delivered the judgment. These are empirical matters that have to be confirmed by the opposing counsel in the case.
I think the general challenge is what advocates do with the Rank after the award. Like never before, a huge responsibility is imposed on SANs, to show distinction, excellence, leadership and to be role models, not just for the legal profession, but also as officers of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, being a Rank approved by law duly published in the official gazette. I do not think the Rank confers any special advantage on any advocate who has no viable practice. On the other hand, one incurs a huge liability to be conferred with the Rank without a viable means of its propagation. The world has changed tremendously from the days of yore; legal practice has gone digital and except we deceive ourselves, the mark of excellence in legal practice is not a matter of title or Rank, but by dint of hard work, loyalty, fear of God and personal commitment to a better society, whether as Senior Advocate of Nigeria or as counsel.


I will start this all by saying, being in the woods is Nova's happy place. Anytime we can bring her safely we do!
Your dog is part of your group! When planning for a day out, your dog has to be thought of as another member of the team going hiking and you need to keep a lot in mind when bringing them along!
Also, remember your pooch will do ANYTHING to please you, and will keep going long after they are comfortable to make you happy. Paying attention to how they are acting, walking, and behaving is SUPER important for their safety and well being. All this to be said that, hiking with your dog can be AWESOME.
Keep your dog on leash or within your reach/eye sight. You do not want to be those people who has their dog 3 groups of people ahead. Many times we have encountered people and asked if their dog was friendly only to be told "oh that's not my dog" don't be that dog owner. Be a responsible dog owner, and keep your dog in your sight!
This is the perfect example of Nova stopping, and looking back to make sure we are still coming, and that she hasn't hiked too far ahead of us!
Nova has been hiking with us since she was a puppy, we have trained her to stay within about 15 feet of us. She is within our line of sight, and responds to being called back to us.
While hiking with Nova, when we see another hiker we ALWAYS put Nova back on leash. You never know if people are afraid of dogs, or how either the human or your dog will react. Nova immediately gets put back on leash, and we step to the side to the best of our ability to let the other people pass. If there is another dog, we also put Nova back on leash, then try to talk to the owner saying that Nova is friendly, but that she has gotten startled by other dogs, so if the dogs can meet slowly it is best..
Electric shock collars have worked for us with Nova. We have trained with Nova since she was a puppy using this, and have found it to be a wonderful tool. We have used this Sport Dog one for almost 2 years. Both the remote and the collar is waterproof, it has a great range and is easy to use!
If you plan on using an E-Collar with your dog please train with them before going out on a hike, just like everything else, you and your dog both need to get used to it and be comfortable before going out for a hike.
My only complaint with this would be the remote and collar are charged by a plug, not a USB, which means we can not re-charge this when backpacking.
One of my favorite photos of Nova, but you can actually see her e-collar in this photo. It has been a wonderful tool in helping us train her!
The same way you need food and water when hiking, so does your furry friend (See more below)!
Check their paws. Unlike us, Nova doesn't have shoes, so her paws can get chewed up and cut up pretty easily, particularly when hiking on exposed rock. You should be checking their paws often and if they start liming or walking strange, check them, see how they are doing.
Please, pack lots of water for your furry friend. Dog's don't sweat, but they pant, drool and loose water when they exercise. Clean drinking water helps keep them happy and healthy after the hike!
We typically carry at least 1.5L of water in a large Nalgene bottle for Nova.
For a full day of hiking we carry most, typically 3L and if we know it will be very hot, or think there will be limited opportunities to get more water we will carry as much as 5L for her.
Some of Nova's food and water bowls!
Packing a some of their food for a day hike, or plenty of food for a backpacking trip is VERY important.
Nova is half mastiff, and massive! We have not been able to find booties or shoes that will fit her. For this reason we are constantly checking her paws for any signs of cuts, and we carry extra Bandannas just in case.
We are still searching for a harness that would allow us to carry Nova should she get seriously injured. If you have a smaller dog, we would recommend getting something to help transport them!
Water is heavy, and Nova could stand to loose a few pounds, so we will sometimes have her carry some of her own water in a backpack.
We switched from the red Kurgo bag (as seen in the header picture at the top) to this green Ruffwear bag because the Kurgo bag had the "load" attached with straps and they would start to slide and move as Nova hiked.
Nova will typically hike in a Kurgo Loft Jacket, or we will carry it if there is a chance of cold weather on our hike.
Overall, hiking with your dog can be some of the most fun times out there! I am ALWAYS amazed at how easy it is for Nova to hike up something, as seen in the video below!
I am always overjoyed to see how happy she is when we are in the woods, but want to make sure I do everything I can to ensure she stays safe so she can have another chance to do it again!
We just bought mushers wax for our pup's feet but haven't tried it yet. Have you tried it and if so what was your experience?
Hey! Congrats on being the first comment ever on AndIStillHike!
We have used mushers wax, and it works wonderfully! Nova does tend to try to lick it all off (I think she likes the taste) when we put it on her. We try to have one person pet/distract while the other puts it on her paws so there is a chance some stays on her paws and absorbs.
We will also try to do this two or three nights in a row if we notice her paws are rough (or if we did a very rocky hike, like Franconia), that way we aren't overload her paws every night and it gets a chance to work its way in and star healing!
Let me know how it works out for you and your pup!
Awesome, thanks for sharing your experiences! I'm sure Kali will also try it lick off, haha!
Haha good luck & let me know how it goes when you do it!


text:
John Alsop King, född 3 januari 1788 i New York, död 7 juli 1867 i Queens County, New York, var en amerikansk politiker.

King kom från en politisk familj. Fadern Rufus King var ledamot av USA:s senat och federalisternas presidentkandidat i presidentvalet i USA 1816. Morfadern John Alsop hade varit ledamot av kontinentala kongressen. Brodern James G. King var i sin tur ledamot av USA:s representanthus från New Jersey.

King gick i Harrow School i London, medan fadern var USA:s minister i Storbritannien.

Han var ledamot av USA:s representanthus från New York för whigpartiet 1849-1851 och republikansk guvernör i New York 1857-1858.

Dottern Elizabeth Ray King var gift med generalen och kongressledamoten Henry Van Rensselaer.

John Alsop Kings grav finns på Grace Episcopal Churchyard i Jamaica, Queens.

Källor

Externa länkar
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress - biografi på den amerikanska kongressens hemsida

Ledamöter av USA:s representanthus från delstaten New York
Guvernörer i delstaten New York
Amerikanska federalister
Amerikanska politiker under 1800-talet
Personer från New York
Födda 1788
Avlidna 1867
Män


The Pet Express' range of fantastic dog clothing will ensure that your pet is the most stylish pooch around, as well as helping smaller or older dogs to keep warm during the colder months.
We have everything your dog could need; from hooded sweatshirts to fun polo shirts. We even have doggy football shirts so that your four-legged friend can also show their support for your favourite team.
For a more subtle look, or those fussy pooches, we also have a great selection of dog bandannas for a cute and fun look.
Why not team your favourite item with a coat for dogs? Not only will it look great, it will also help to keep your dog dry and warm when walking in the rain, wind or snow.
Vital Pet Products Collegiate Dog Sweatshirt Baby Blue 16"


text:
Berry Necessary
Words by Jenny Walton
At 17 years old, Pinedale, Wyoming, native, Megan Grassell was a studious high school junior whose ambition trumped her teachers' lectures. While sitting in class, she sketched out a crazy idea inspired by a shopping experience with one of her sisters. And to her busy high school plate, she added the small task of launching a retail e-commerce company in a niche market—beginner bras. no one expected that this ripple in the bra market would turn into a wave. But it has. 2014 Saw Megan in Time magazine, fortune, and the huffington post. by 2015, her line was selling out and her dream was taking flight.
She named her start-up Yellowberry, for the "yellow stage in a girl's life, as in not quite ripe." But, ripe was the audience for Megan's product, her story, and her entrepreneurial voice in the overly ripe intimate apparel industry, and before her high school graduation she would become Yellowberry's CEO, transitioning from doodler to multi-tasking businesswoman, and merging her competitiveness and compassion into a veritable company.
In contrast to the beginning of this undergarment adventure, Megan had moved from her postage stamp-sized town of Pinedale, Wyoming, to Jackson Hole during middle school to continue her devotion to ski racing. In 2014, as a high school senior with an Olympic dream, she was Wyoming's state champion in slalom and giant slalom, beating both boys and girls in her season's last ski race. "I loved ski racing so much, I didn't want to stop," but a life collision in a dressing room changed everything. In her junior year, she visited a local mall to help her then 13-year-old sister find a bra. Shocked and less enthused by the mass appeal of gaining two cup sizes and revealing blossoming cleavage, Megan realized there was nothing remotely appropriate or cute for Mary Margaret. So, she did a crazy thing. "I came home and told my parents I wanted to start a bra company!" And, she did.
I first met Megan at Silicon Couloir's Pitch Day in the summer of 2014. Silicon Couloir is a non-profit organization that "fosters entrepreneurship in the Tetons." Several local entrepreneurs are selected and coached prior to this annual event, and then they pitch their businesses to a squad of experienced investors acting as judges.
I watched a polished, gracious, and focused Megan present her company's mission and vision with passion and ease in front of a SRO crowd of intimidating tech types at Jackson's Center for the Arts. Supplemented by a successful Kickstarter campaign ($42K) and money she saved from summer jobs, Yellowberry had produced a line of just four bras with names like Tiny Tetons and Sugar Cookie. Made from super-soft fabrics in sherbet shades with the highly identifiable embroidered yellow berry and tags with "loving-life mantras" honoring the memory of her little sister Caroline (who at age five died tragically when she fell off a parade float), these intuitively designed bras were receiving attention, and Megan was already recognized as a teen who could potentially transform the undergarment industry. She navigated her business the same way she skied—fast, with precision, and on her own course.
During this auspicious time, Megan worked 18-hour days with her mom, Lynn, as her partner, managed college applications, chose fabrics and color swatches, built a website, negotiated manufacturing in Los Angeles, and began the process of developing her brand in a very crowded marketplace. And yet, she still endured "a tumultuous couple of years, alienated by mean girls in high school. Anytime you rock the boat, people are going to target you." But, once Yellowberry became more established, "those girls had nothing to say." Fielding the sporadic, yet patronizing remarks from older and more experienced businessmen, Megan strove to identify herself as the company owner and founder, who despite her age had insight into the very specific, and sometimes fickle, demographic of teenage girls. "Girls are finicky. They like it one day, and then not the next." But Megan always found the most efficient way through the variable terrain, which gave her an advantage, and the commitment necessary to embrace her community of "Berry girls."
Not one to dismiss hard work, once accepted to Middlebury, Megan doubled-down and deferred for the first time because Yellowberry had taken off. Garnering the reputation as a 'tween niche market and gathering substantial press from The New York Times, Fortune Magazine, and The Huffington Post (one of The 14 Most Fearless Teens of 2014), she had made an appearance on the Today Show and had sold out her line in record time. By October, Megan had made TIME Magazine's 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014. She was beating her own split and gaining speed.
In a scant two-plus years, Megan and her Yellowberry team succeeded in ways that go against the business courses taken by her fellow twenty-somethings. She deliberately chose to identify with her Berries by putting her story first. In short order, her bras represent a lifestyle of growing girls whose comfort and confidence Megan has tapped into. "We do things differently than most other bra companies. We are a super scrappy start-up because we have a very lean team, and I love being our scrappy selves, and I mean that in a good way, because there's a lot you can do with a little."
Although she appreciates a larger company's decision-making process, she had her share of feeling cramped by an emblematic and imposed corporate mindset while attempting growth in her sector. "If we want to do something, we just do it. We talk to our moms, and the girls who wear our brand. There's no layers, there's no need to wait for approval."
Girls related and their moms voiced their approval with purchasing power. How about this email for confirmation:
"After many purchases and returns of other brands of training bras for my 12-year-old daughter, I searched Google and much to my delight, I found Yellowberry. Your products and philosophy, as depicted on your website, were all I needed to give Yellowberry a try. Since then I, on my daughter's behalf, am a loyal customer and am willing to support your products and the growth of your company. Though we are new to the brand, we are devoted. Thank you for being there when we needed you!"
Megan says that her team is committed to quality and making every customer feel special. "Every package we ship out is wrapped like a present. When our Berry girl receives it, it's special, memorable, positive, and uplifting. It's just a bra and so often sexualized. And, I think removing that connotation takes away any power it holds. It can just be a piece of wardrobe that makes you feel good."
Yes, it can.
With her oft-anxious parents, the incalculable hours invested, and the inherent risk of her fledging start-up, the college deferment ended and the decision about whether or not to take the college step needed to be addressed. Her father had correctly forecasted that she would forego college. "My mom, though, is very much a realist. When I was racing, she would talk about what the chances were of me becoming an Olympic skier and she wanted me to have a back-up plan. But now, with the company and college, my mom realized doing both would be too much." She listened to her parents' counsel, but says, "It was my decision; I made it, and I stuck with it, and my parents supported it." With her course ahead, she went into a tuck.
In March 2015, she partnered with American Eagle's intimates line, Aerie, and received coverage from Teen Vogue. She was living in Connecticut at the time and as a small-town girl, she had never been on a train until the Metro North, or sported the essential all-black New York wardrobe. By August Megan had moved to Brooklyn to run the company from there; she had shot her first catalogue with family friend and photographer, Kristina Loggia, using friends as models. Choosing to shoot all of her girls from the back, "I feel like it's the best way to photograph and portray a young girl in a conscientious and age-appropriate way that's not exploitive." Yellowberry is, at its heart, focused on doing right by its customers—by changing the dialogue when it comes to young girls and bras. Megan emphasizes the Yellowberry message—"It's really about where you're going to go, and what you're going to do in your life." Yes, it is.
Later that month, when her new website went live, Megan remembers, "Sitting in my tiny, teacup apartment in Brooklyn with my roommate. No kitchen. No hot plate. I flipped the switch to Shopify at 1:00 in the morning and immediately called Kristina and started screaming over the phone. It was exactly what I had envisioned and what I wanted. It breathed Yellowberry!" Bras, underwear, and activewear garments worn by 'tweens who felt empowered perfectly illustrated the brand's message of celebrating their youth and "not rushing through milestones." And Forbes Magazine agreed. Megan was included in their 30-Under-30 in Retail and Commerce for 2016. As the youngest member of this millennial group that is changing how we shop, I was reminded of one of Megan's first questions, "Do you remember your first bra?"
Yes, I do. Can I go back? I want a Yellowberry.
TwitterFacebookPin It
← Bartender Shootout Second Nature →


When you see pictures of wedding receptions in the glossy magazines or even on TV programmes such as "Don't tell the bride" for instance, nine times out of ten, the chairs at the event are the classic Chiavari chairs.
Chiavari chairs are as close as you will get to the classic wedding chair design, with both vertical and horizontal batons on the back of the chair, and a cushioned pad for the guest's comfort.
The best chair hire companies will offer Chiavari chairs in a range of different colours, and Event Hire UK for example, hire Chiavari chairs in limewash, silver, white and black to provide our customers with the very best in choice. The chances are that one or more of these colours of Chiavari chairs will fit in with your existing event décor or colour scheme for your wedding.
Add the fact that we have seat pads for hire to accompany your Chiavari chairs at no additional cost and you have the ultimate in flexibility and choice, perfect for your wedding marquee.
It's not just weddings, however, that Chiavari chairs are ideal for. Almost any type of banqueting occasion such as a corporate dinner, gala dinner, award ceremony, society ball or Christmas party event will benefit from stylish Chiavari chairs in situ, helping to make the vent venue one to remember!


text:
{% extends "site_base.html" %}

{% load i18n %}
{% load ifsetting_tag %}

{% block head_title %}{% trans "Welcome" %}{% endblock %}

{% block body_class %}home{% endblock %}

{% block body %}

{% trans "Welcome to Manoria" %}

        Manoria is an open-source MMO city building / resource
        management game written in 48 hours by Team 566 (James Tauber and
        Brian Rosner) for Django Dash 2010.

        To play Manoria, first

        Sign Up

        and

        Log In

        NOTE: the 48 hours aren't up yet so there's still lots going on and
        there will be bugs and database wipes until 01:00 EDT 2010-08-16.

{% endblock %}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
'I'm like a leopard in the box' - Lukaku proud of matching Belgium goalscoring record
Tom Webber
Belgium v Mexico
After drawing level with Paul Van Himst and Bernard Voorhoof on 30 efforts for his country, the Manchester United striker is keen to get even more
A confident Romelu Lukaku has claimed that he is "like a leopard in the box" after a pair of goals in Belgium's draw with Mexico moved him level with the country's all-time leading goalscorers.
Manchester United striker Lukaku scored twice as Roberto Martinez's side were held 3-3 in Friday's friendly, his second salvaging the draw after Hirving Lozano's four-minute double put Mexico ahead.
Greece 5/2 to beat Croatia
The 24-year-old is now level with Paul Van Himst and Bernard Voorhoof on 30 goals for Belgium and can set a new benchmark by converting against Japan on Tuesday.
"I was born for this," Lukaku is quoted as saying by Het Laatse Nieuws. "I just want to score as many goals as possible.
"I'm glad I matched the record. I knew I'd do it. I want to break the record before 2018.
"But I really hope that this generation wins something. I want to get a trophy for this country."
Record men ! #30goals
#BernardVoorhoof 1928-1940
#PaulVanHimst 1960-1974
@rlukaku9 2010-2017 #BELMEX #RoadtoRussia pic.twitter.com/932UIhWkiM
— BelgianRedDevils (@BelRedDevils) November 10, 2017
Quoted by Sky Sports News, Lukaku compared himself with a predatory jungle cat, saying: "I am like a leopard in the box."
He added to La Une: "It's a dream, even if I'm a little disappointed with the result. For our fans, we should have done everything to win this game, but the Mexicans were effective.
"Paul Van Himst was someone who helped me a lot at Anderlecht. To equal his record, it is a source of pride. He remains the best Belgian player of all time and I have a lot respect for him.
"I always have confident in my ability. When you work hard it is rewarded, but the most important thing, as I always say, is the team."
'Lukaku will relish Man Utd challenge' Mata tips Lukaku to hit Drogba heights Lukaku equals Belgium scoring record Morata shows Lukaku how to be a real No.9


text:
Q: In android app, is it possible to use arm library for a aarch64 cpu? I found an android app in github, it was written by c++ and use the jni. in its jniLibs i only found the "armeabi-v7a" directory, and all the jni files(.so) were Stored here.  my android phone cpu architecture is aarch64(arm-v8a), and the app can run fine on my phone. but after i move the SDK in my own app, it always prompts the error

java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: Native library (com/sun/jna/android-aarch64/libjnidispatch.so) not found in resource path (.)

but at the example app when i remove the same '.so' file it says:

java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: Native library (com/sun/jna/android-arm/libjnidispatch.so) not found in resource path (.)

so, what happen?

A: Typically, an Android device does support multiple ABI's, and 64 bit devices do support native code build for certain 32 bit architectures.
For instance, arm64(64 bit) devices will always also support armeabi-v7a (32bit), to ensure compatibility with older apps. This is a requirement directly from Google.
For instace, to see which architectures your device supports, run:

*

*Pre-Lolipop:
adb shell getprop ro.product.cpu.abi

*Lolipop & higher:
adb shell getprop ro.product.cpu.abilist
You should see a list of several ABI's as the result of the command.
I have read recently a devblog from Realm in which they tackled some JNI-related issues. One of them was similar to what you're facing.
Their conclusion was that Android gets confused when the same app needs to load 64bit & 32bit native libraries, and only tries to load the 64 bit versions, even if a dependency only has the 32bit version of its native code.
In your case, you try to load a native library build for 32bits, but Android tries to load its 64 bit version. This could happen if one of your other dependencies has 64bit native libraries.
The devblog I mentioned: https://academy.realm.io/posts/kenneth-geisshirt-tales-developing-sdks-at-scale/
Search for "More .so Issues"
Hope this helps

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Apple Confirms Battery Issues for Some iOS 5-Enabled iPhones
By Erica Ho @ericamhoNov. 03, 2011
Hold your horses before you update that phone. If you're considering downloading Apple's latest and greatest mobile software (specifically, iOS 5), you may want to rethink that for a second. Apple has admitted that some bugs are causing battery issues with certain iPhone models.
Some customers are finding that their iPhones are having less-than-expected battery life after the update. Apple confirmed the issues, telling AllThingsD, "A small number of customers have reported lower than expected battery life on iOS 5 devices. We have found a few bugs that are affecting battery life and we will release a software update to address those in a few weeks."
(MORE: Apple iPhone 4S Battery Life Still Circling the Drain?)
There has no been clear indicator as to what's causing the battery issue. It seems like the reasons vary depending on network, usage and settings.
Some iPhone users are finding that turning off a time zone feature and limiting notifications is making a difference. Here's a general tip: if you're suffering from poor battery life, lowering your display brightness can help—but this particular issue runs deeper than a simple settings tweak, so we'll have to wait for Apple to patch its software in order for things to get truly resolved. Apple has not made any official suggestions for affected users, and had little to say beyond acknowledging the issue.
MORE: It's Out: Apple iOS 5 (and More) Downloadable Now
Erica Ho is a reporter at TIME. Find her on Twitter at @ericamho and Google+. You can also continue the discussion on TIME's Facebook page and on Twitter at @TIME.
Erica Ho @ericamho
Erica Ho was previously a reporter for TIME in Hong Kong where she wrote about technology, pop culture and Asian international affairs. Before that, she worked at Gizmodo, Lifehacker and AOL. She now currently runs Map Happy, a travel-oriented site.


The Manager, Customer Success, Upper SMB is a very important leadership position within the Customer Success organization. As the Manager, Customer Success, Upper SMB you will be responsible for owning the career development, recruiting efforts, account level strategy, retention and upsell targets for the Customer Success Managers in our Nashville, Pakistan and San Francisco offices. You will work with the Manager, Customer Onboarding and Upper SMB Sales leadership along with other departments to ensure that our CSMs are able to help our customers achieve business success through KeepTruckin's suite of solutions.
The ideal candidate is an excellent coach and mentor, has the ability in inspire individuals to reach their full potential and has deep experiential knowledge of how high growth SaaS startups function, operate and use Customer Success best practices to grow and retain their customers. They have a deep understanding of metrics while also being able to work across teams and cultures nationally and overseas.


The Vintage Jerusalem drop shoulder long sleeve features a beautiful photo of the Dome of the Rock in the 1920s, embroidery on the left with the word "Freedom," and embroidery on the right with a key across the right sleeve. This piece also has 3D raised resin ink showcasing "Hurriya," in Arabic, as well as a PaliRoots hem tag. Inspire your friends, family, and community with this intricately detailed and iconic tee.


text:
What do you think? Leave a respectful comment.
Close Comment Window
Martin Crutsinger, Associated Press Martin Crutsinger, Associated Press
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/imf-downgrades-worlds-economic-outlook-citing-trade-wars
IMF downgrades world's economic outlook, citing trade wars
Economy Oct 15, 2019 12:43 PM EST
WASHINGTON (AP) — The International Monetary Fund is further downgrading its outlook for the world economy, predicting that growth this year will be the weakest since the 2008 financial crisis, primarily because of widening global conflicts.
The IMF's latest World Economic Outlook released Tuesday foresees a slight rebound in 2020 but warns of threats ranging from heightened political tensions in the Middle East to the threat that the United States and China will fail to prevent their trade war from escalating.
The updated forecast was prepared for the fall meetings this week of the 189-nation IMF and its sister lending organization, the World Bank. Those meetings and a gathering Friday of finance ministers and central bankers of the world's 20 biggest economies are expected to be dominated by efforts to de-escalate trade wars.
The new forecast predicts global growth of 3% this year, down 0.2 percentage point from its previous forecast in July and sharply below the 3.6% growth of 2018. It would be the weakest year since global growth was a negative 0.1% in 2009 as the global economy struggled with the shockwaves from the 2008 financial crisis.
For the United States this year, the IMF projects a modest 2.4% gain, down from 2.9% in 2018.
Next year, the fund foresees a rebound for the world economy to 3.4% growth but a further slowdown in the United States to 2.1%, far below the 3% growth the Trump administration projects.
READ MORE: What is GDP and is it the best way to measure the economy?
IMF economists cautioned that that even its projected modest gains might not be realized.
"With a synchronized slowdown and uncertain recovery, there is no room for policy mistakes, and an urgent need for policymakers to cooperatively de-escalate trade and geopolitical tensions," Gita Gopinath, the IMF's chief economist, said.
Last week, the United States and China reached a temporary cease-fire in their trade fight when President Donald Trump agreed to suspend a tariff hike on $250 billion of Chinese products that was to take effect this week. But with no formal agreement reached and many issues yet to resolved, further talks will be needed to achieve any meaningful breakthrough. The Trump administration's threat to raise tariffs on an additional $160 billion in Chinese imports on Dec. 15 remains in effect.
The IMF's forecast predicted that about half the increase in growth expected next year will result from recoveries in countries where economies slowed significantly this year, as in Mexico, India, Russia and Saudi Arabia.
The global economy will also get a boost from recoveries or at least more shallow recessions in various stressed emerging market economies such as Turkey, Argentina and Iran. The report said that the expected rebound would represent a modest bounceback after steep economic declines this year.
This year's slowdown, the IMF said, was caused largely by trade disputes, which resulted in higher tariffs being imposed on many goods. Growth in trade in the first half of this year slowed to 1%, the weakest annual pace since 2012.
Kristalina Georgieva, who will preside over her first IMF meetings after succeeding Christine Lagarde this month as the fund's managing director, said last week that the various trade disputes could produce a loss of around $700 billion in output by the end of next year or about 0.8% of world output.
IMF economists said one worrisome development is that the slowdown this year has occurred even as the Federal Reserve and other central banks have been cutting interest rates and deploying other means to bolster economies.
The IMF estimated that global growth would have been about one-half percentage point lower this year and in 2020 without the central banks' efforts to ease borrowing rates.
"With central banks having to spend limited ammunition to offset policy mistakes, they may have little left when the economy is in a tougher spot," Gopinath said.
In addition to trade and geopolitical risks, the IMF envisions threats arising from a potentially disruptive exit by Britain from the European Union on Oct. 31. The IMF urged policymakers to intensify their efforts to avoid economically damaging mistakes.
"As policy priorities go, undoing the trade barriers put in place with durable agreements and reining in geopolitical tensions top the list," Gopinath said. "Such actions can significantly boost confidence, rejuvenate investment, halt the slide in trade and manufacturing and raise world growth."
The IMF projected that growth in the 19-nation euro area will slow to 1.2% this year, after a 1.9% gain in 2018. It expects the pace to recover only slightly to 1.4% next year.
Growth in Germany, Europe's biggest economy, is expected to be a modest 0.5% this year before rising to 1.2% next year.
China's growth is projected to dip to 6.1% this year and 5.8% next year. These would be the slowest rates since 1990, when China was hit by sanctions after the brutal crackdown on pro-democracy demonstrators in Beijing's Tiananmen Square.
For Japan, the IMF expects growth of just 0.5% next year. It foresees an expansion in Russia of 1.9%, up from 1.1% this year.
And Mexico is forecast to experience growth of 1.3% next year, far better than the lackluster 0.4% gain envisioned for this year.
Left: FILE PHOTO: Shoppers walk past and look at a board displaying food prices at a shopping mall in central Beijing August 9, 2011. Photo by David Gray/Reuters
How one corporation exploited the amendment that was meant to protect former slaves
By Elizabeth Flock
What Trump's tariffs have cost the U.S. economy
By Kathryn Russ, Econofact
WATCH: Powell says Fed's goal is to keep economy in 'good place'
What Trump's Syria withdrawal means for the Kurds, Russia and American allies
World Oct 14


text:
A Serious Matter: Deportation in Oakland
Home A Serious Matter: Deportation in Oakland
January 9, 2019 January 15, 2019 , Fall 2018, Latino Power, Politics, Showcase, deportation, latino, Life Academy of Health and Bioscience, 6
According to The Washington Post, a great amount of people get deported from the US every year. To be exact, 256,000 people were deported in 2018. Many families get separated because of deportation and they often lose contact with their families. A reasonable motive to get deported is if the immigrant has been convicted of a crime before, but what about those who aren't criminals? This blog, contains articles and quotes from many sources that prove that immigrants from Oakland (and in general) come searching for a better future, and get deported unfairly as law-abiding citizens.
Firstly, usually Oakland has ICE raids with the purpose of finding criminals. This time Rebecca Kaplan, an Oakland City Council Member mentioned an incident that occured in West Oakland. In an article called "Oakland: Why We're a Sanctuary City" by USA Today. This is a credible source because it is written by Rebecca Kaplan because she is an American Politician and a democrat who has knowledge about this topic.She said, "Last August, ICE officers conducted a raid on a West Oakland family, claiming they were targeting child trafficking. ICE took one young man for deportation proceedings, but filed no human-trafficking criminal charges. Child trafficking is a real problem, which should be taken seriously, not misused as a false claim. After ICE disrupted and slandered this family, it turned out there was no evidence of human trafficking" (Kaplan). According to the words of Councilwoman Rebecca Kaplan, this family was accused for commiting a very serious crime. Even after ICE deported a member of the family, he wasn't charged with the crime he was accused for which means that this claim was false. This kind of behavior coming from a government service is completely unexpected. ICE clearly used their dominant, institutional power, to oppress a family of color.The outcome was obviously negative since this family got separated for unfair reasons.So the question left to answer is, if an immigrant hasn't done anything else than follow the law, why are they being deported if they are doing the right thing?
Because of these unfair deportations, Oakland is standing up and is a Sanctuary city to support immigrants who are working hard for their families. In the article, "Widespread Panic as Oakland Mayor Warns Sanctuary City of an ICE Sweep" published by The Washington Post a famous newspaper who addresses political dilemmas, wrote about the Mayor of Oakland and posted it on February 26,2018. Libby Schaaf supports Oakland as a Sanctuary City as she defends the rights of people of color under the hand of institutional oppression. Libby Schaaf said, "I know that Oakland is a city of law-abiding immigrants and families who deserve to live free from the constant threat of arrest and deportation," Schaaf wrote. "I believe it is my duty and moral obligation as Mayor to give those families fair warning when that threat appears imminent" (Schaff). This quote shows that Schaff understands immigrants are being detained as innocent, not like it should be. This piece of evidence shows how immigrants in Oakland are ¨law-abiding¨ or someone who always obeys the law and is a good citizen, and these are the people who are often being targeted. Libby Schaaf even refers to immigrant citizens as being "law-abiding" which gives a stance towards immigrants not being as bad and violent like society marks them. Which is important because regularly, families get separated or deported even if they haven't committed a crime. The rest of this country should follow the great example of Libby Schaaf when she shows that she understands that this is an act of injustice towards immigrants so she celebrates and protects the diversity of Oakland.
Also, www.ice.gov has a section titled "ICE Removal Statistics" which shows statistics of Removals. ICE has enforced immigration laws by taking action an deporting immigrants.
According to the statistics, although ICE has deported many people who are criminal. This government service has also destroyed innocent families.Since over 120,000 immigrants who got deported weren't criminals. This graph shows the significant quantities of family members being separated just last year. Isn't that crazy? Along with separation, comes risks because you are alone, and afraid of what might happen.
Also, an Oakland resident, deported immigrant and family member who chose to stay anonymous shared her story of how she got deported unfairly and what risks she had to overcome to meet up with her family. Doing an interview she said, " I kept praying because I was scared and I wanted to cry. I was very nervous at the thought of never seeing my husband and daughter ever again" (anonymous). When she crossed the border she wanted to feel safe and happy again with her family. And when she said, "I kept praying" those words signified more than a religious ritual, and it gave her faith that soon she would reunite with her family even when she felt scared and nervous. This innocent immigrant suffered a great amount unfairness by ICE when she knew those who should've been detained and deported in her place were criminals who still might be free of justice.
In conclusion, immigrants from Oakland (and in general) risk their lives for a better future for their family and usually get deported even if they haven't been convicted of any crimes. This is true because as said prior, statistics show how a great percentage of deportations are for innocent people and, Oakland has experienced a great deed of these.
Work Cited:
The Washington Post is a very credible source because it is a daily newspaper. That means that they share new information every day, and this newspaper analyses issues around the globe.
USA Today is also a newspaper and it updates the audience about the most latest US and world reports.
https://www.ice.gov/ is a government service website that is credible because the government would update it regularly since it is a website for a citizens use.
Do You Care About The Homeless In Your CommunitySex trafficking in Oakland
Adam Corn
Hello Ivy,
As the other commentors have said, you definitely picked an important and tricky topic. Well done for taking this head on.
I would suggest two things. First, you may want to think about looking at arguments of people who support ICE and their efforts to catch criminals. You make a good point of how ICE do their job poorly, but there are reasons for ICE to exist. It helps your argument when you address an opposing opinion. You kind of did this with your line, "Child trafficking is a real problem, which should be taken seriously, not misused as a false claim."
Second, I would suggest looking into the data referenced in your articles. What are the crime statistics in Oakland? Is the mayor making a biased statement about her city? She may be 100% correct, but you want to make sure what she is saying is backed up by data.
Overall, I enjoyed reading your perspective on ICE and deportations and they affect your community. I'd like to hear what you think can be done to maybe change the image of these families so that they may not be targeted (on accident or on purpose) in the future.
Dear Ivy, I am beyond thrilled by your post, "A Serious Matter: Deportation in Oakland", because the topic of deportation has become a bigger issue since 2016. Many are afraid to speak the truth or simply just address the situation. When this takes place we do not hear how the families are challenged and what struggles they experience from them personally telling their story.
One sentence you wrote that stood out to me is "After ICE disrupted and slandered this family, it turned out there was no evidence of human trafficking". I think this is wrong because falsely accusing someone for a crime they did not commit and causing so much pain to individuals who have not done anything wrong is not right.
Thank you for your writing. I look forward to seeing what you write next, because you did a very good job including a variety of references. I also liked how those referenced were credible and you included as to why they were.
Dear Ivy,
I am impressed with what your wrote about "Deportation in Oakland" because not a lot of people have the courage to talk about deportation, especially if it's in your city. It's the sad truth but someone has to speak out because in reality it affects everyone around us because there family and friends.
One sentence you wrote that stood out for me was "immigrants from Oakland (and in general) risk their lives for a better future for their family and usually get deported even if they haven't been convicted of any crimes. This is true because as said prior, statistics show how a great percentage of deportations are for innocent people and, Oakland has experienced a great deed of these". I believe that your right because it's sad to know that people are just trying to live off something but then they get deported and it messes up everything from that family, and now they will have to survive in a harder environment.
Thank you for your writing. I look forward to seeing what you write next, because you show so much emotion and sympathy about deportation and the reality of caring for one another of the causes of getting deported.
I'm so happy you chose to talk about a very strong problem in our community. When reading your poem I noticed that you talk about how ICE looking is looking for criminals in our area but they were actually child trafficking. This really caught my eyes because ICE is using their power for evil. Something that seemed outrageous was when you said, "this family was accused for commiting a very serious crime. Even after ICE deported a member of the family, he wasn't charged with the crime he was accused for which means that this claim was false." This made me go crazy because how they didn't have real proof to accuse the family but they had the audacity to deport someone in there family. Overall of love the state that your broadcasting to everyone about what's going on in our city, I hope it raises awareness and people make a change. – Christina
You covered an important topic in your blog and this clearly shows your understanding of the immigration topic. One of my favorite lines was when you said in your analysis "ICE clearly used their dominant, institutional power, to oppress a family of color". You're using words that really make your work clear. Thank you for covering this important topic! Good job.
Imelda Pablo
Your blog is really good and I really like your topic. I also believe that is an serious issue that needs to be solved because also a lot of families stay here if the father gets deported. This is very sad bc is not fair for me and I agree with you that it has affected a lot of families and everyone should be welcome in this state. I also really liked the sources you used. Very good sources to support your claim and I like how you used that one article by a councilwoman Rebecca Kaplan. I felt that was really strong. Good Job Ivy!
Life Academy of Health and Biosciene, Oakland, California
Life Academy of Health and Bioscience


text:
Field-recording at Harastølen in Luster
Radio streaming at World Tuberculosis Day, and field trip to Luster
In a few minutes I am off to Luster in Sogn & Fjordane for a 3-day field recording trip.
Thursday coming week I'll be performing as part of the online radio stream ToBeContinued…, organised by Stazione di Topolò and Global Health Incubator on the World Tuberculosis Day. My performance will be 1430-1500 CET. A few hours earlier Stephan Meidell will be performing, both of us from BEK.
My plan is to do a series of field recordings at Harastølen, a former institution for treatment of tuberculosis in Norway. I am also planning to work on the recordings on site, preparing my material for the performance as far as possible.
Furter information about the net radio broadcast will be available here:
www.stazioneditopolo.it
François-Eudes Chanfrault (1974 - 2016)
The sad news has reached me that François-Eudes Chanfrault passed away a few days ago. He has been one of many friends that I have made around the world among the community of Max developers and users frequenting the Max mailing lists and forums over the years. When Max for Windows was first released, f.e. made a huge contribution towards all of the Max community by porting and compiling many 3rd party externals to Windows, including my filters externals. I also had the pleasure of meeting him in Paris some years ago, when he took me along to one of the better restaurants that I have ever visited in Paris.
Over the past ten years François-Eudes Chanfrault established himself as an important composer of film scores, blending acoustic chamber music, minimalism, electro-acoustics and electronica in a unique and beautiful way. A feature in The Dissolve a year ago hailed him as an innovator of music scores for horror movies:
In recent years, however, genre movie scores have gone one of three ways: carbon-copy sonic imitations of those old Carpenter sounds, nondescript orchestral arrangements that owe nearly everything to John Williams and Bernard Herrmann, or sparse and transparently avant-garde combinations of jump-scare-ready ambient sounds. To hear anything approaching iconic, you'd have to look overseas—in France, specifically, where composer François-Eudes Chanfrault has gifted his aggressively electro scores to hardcore films like High Tension and Inside. In America, though, horror scores have been far less idiosyncratic.
Some of his music can be checked out at Bandcamp and SoundCloud.
Rest in piece, f.e.
Web development: Bootstrap and fancyBox
I'm in the process of updating the layout of the Jamoma web site. It is not completed yet, so there is nothing to see so far, but one of several changes is that we'll now use Bootstrap for mobile responsive layout.
In the past we have also used fancyBox for displaying images as light boxes. Initially I had problems getting fancyBox and Bootstrap to collaborate. It turns out that fancyBox depends on jQuery being loaded in the header while Bootstrap usually loads jQuery in the footer.
In order to test it out and get it working, I have made a fork of fancyBox that integrates Bootstrap as well. A demo of fancyBox with Bootstrap can be found here.
Multi concert and workshop at Borealis
This week the Borealis experimental music festival is taking place in Bergen, and I have one of those work weeks that makes BEK such a great place to be. Thursday we are doing yet another Multi surround sound concert at Lydgalleriet. It will feature new and commissioned works by Anders Vinjar, Kari Telstad Sundet and Julian Skar. Today we have gotten the rig up and running, and right now Kari is testing out her piece and adapting it for the rig. Kari took part in the Multi workshop that I gave last fall, and it is fascinating to hear the kind of command that she is taking of the system now. This concert will happen twice Thursday, at 17:00 and 21:00, so make sure not to miss out!
Wednesday and Friday I will be hanging out with these fine experimental musicians from Cairo. Egyptian Females Experimental Music Session, featuring Asmaa Azzouz, Shorouk El Zomor, Jacqueline George, Nina El Gebaly, Hagar Masoud and Ola Saad, performs at Østre Thursday night. Wednesday and Friday I am giving a two day workshop for them. The first day will be an introduction to Reaper and the Ambisonic Toolkit for Reaper. Friday they get their hands on the 24 channel rig at Lydgalleriet, in order to try it out with their own material. We hope to be able to continue the collaboration and bring them back to Bergen sometime later, in order to hear what they might use the rig for.
Jeremy on artistic research
From the recent installation in Heimdal kunstforening
In a recent blog post Jeremy Welsh is reflecting on artistic research, and how it relates to our collaboration on the Atmospherics project.
Atmospherics is not based within any academic framework. Still, I feel that it has become the platform where we continue to elaborate on the core subjects of the Re:place artistic research project that we both were part of a few years ago, topics that need longer processes than the Re :place project itself could provide.
Database of Finnish sound art
SOUND ART BANK, soundartbank.fi is a new Finnish resource for new and current sound art. Sound Art Bank is a database administrated by Artists' Association MUU. At the SAB website you can get acquainted with artists and their works and listen to sound art tracks. You can also purchase tracks from the Sound Art Bank web shop.
SOUND ART BANK is a new online database in Finland, which collects and archives professional Sound Art. At SAB you can listen to Sound Art, explore background information on the artists and their works. SAB also collects and shares information on current Sound Art Performances, Concerts and Sound Exhibitions. As a way of helping artists, SAB has a web shop where high quality tracks and sound related items are easily distributed and sold.
SAB is a meeting place for artists, curators and other experts as well as potential buyers of Sound Art. In the future SAB will be a valuable research tool and a snapshot of contemporary Sound Art, and will showcase the changing appearance of the impermanent and transient medium of Sound.
The newly opened SAB features a limited number of Sound Artists, but will include 100 artists and their works by the end of the year. It will grow into an active community, where the users can find the latest news and different genres within Sound Art.
Long-term archiving of sound art
The works uploaded to SAB will later be archived in the National Library of Finland. One of the main tasks of the National Library is to serve researchers and archive material for research use. The National Library's music section has already gathered a good amount of sound art literature, including material on sonic landscapes and other sound art research.
SAB uses Wordpress content management system and after the artists have registered, they can access their own profile pages and easily update their content. The latest tracks and sound related material submitted on the website will be visible on the front page. SAB also has a search engine which enables the audience to easy find works either by genre, format, content, metadata or other search parameters.
Sound art as a whole is a very extensive field that connects with many other mediums. A sound art piece can be, for example, a sonic sculpture, a concert, radio art or a live performance.
The documentation and archiving of sound art are especially important, since often a sound art piece exists only in the moment in which it is performed, unlike video art which can be presented multiple times, or music, which can be transcribed into notation.
Academic interest towards sound art has in recent years grown, as well as the number of sound art galleries. For example in Helsinki there are several galleries focusing on sound art, such as Akusmata, A Listening Room, Third Space and Vuorikaiku sound gallery.
ZirkOSC 3 plugin for Zirkonium
The Groupe de Recherche en Immersion Spatiale (GRIS) from the Faculty of Music of University of Montreal has just announced ZirkOSC version 3, a plugin for multiphonic 3D spatial sound.
The ZirkOSC3 is a plugin (AU and VST formats) designed to control the Zirkonium MKII from any compatible audio sequencer on a Mac. It allows the user to spatialize the sound in 3D under a dome of speakers. As its name implies, it sends Open Sound Control (OSC) data to the Zirkonium. The ZirkOSC3 is not an audio plugin, it only sends and receives data between two applications. The audio itself is sent from the DAW to the Zirkonium through Jack.
The Zirkonium MKII was developed at the Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie (ZKM) in Karlsruhe (Germany). It is based on the Vector Base Amplitude Panning (VBAP) algorithm developed in Helsinki by Ville Pulkki.
New in Version 3:
New coloured interface
Writing automation to source 1 only even in the grouped modes (previously, the automation of 8 sources was written). Other sources are slaves of the source No. 1.
New trajectories and new parameters of existing trajectories
Ability to use only portion of trajectories: semicircle for example (Turn parameter)
Ability to determine the starting and ending points of the trajectories
Trace temporary trajectories
Integration of the joystick and the Leap Motion
Otherwise, everything is faster and more reliable.
ZirkOSC3 is an open source plugin available with a very important manual (English only) on SourceForge:
https://sourceforge.net/projects/zirkosc3/


Plug, E., van Praag, B., and Hartog, J. (1999). If we knew ability, how would we tax individuals? Journal of Public Economics, 72(2):183-211.
Collier, P. and Gunning, J. (1999c). Why has Africa grown slowly? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 13:3-22.