text:
\section{Introduction}

 Deep neural networks (DNNs) have seen great success in diverse domains, including object detection \cite{pathak2018application}, image captioning \cite{you2016image}, virtual assistants \cite{yan2018chitty}, healthcare \cite{esteva2019guide}, fake news detection \cite{monti2019fake}, stock market prediction \cite{ding2015deep}, and self-driving cars \cite{rao2018deep}. Despite their ubiquitous applications, DNNs are still considered to be black boxes as their internal representations are opaque and their behavior can be hard to predict. Because of this, DNNs are susceptible to a variety of adversarial attacks.

Two of the most prominent adversarial attacks are (i) evasion attacks \cite{shi2017evasion, jiang2020poisoning} where the adversary modifies data at inference time  to be misclassified as benign  (e.g., spam emails) and (ii) backdoor attacks (aka, trojan attacks) \cite{gu2017badnets}, where the adversary includes poisoned samples in the training data. In the latter case, the adversary has full control over the network's training process and malicious behaviour is deliberately injected into the  model. As soon as the backdoor model sees a particular pattern, known as the trigger, at inference time it misclassifies the sample. These attacks are growing as DNNs need vast amounts of data to train and millions or billions of parameters need to be learned. The computational power needed for this training process is often not available to  individuals or even some businesses, leading to outsourcing training to third parties or downloading pre-trained models from open source platforms like GitHub and Hugging Face. As a result, someone with bad intentions can easily introduce a backdoor in the model.

Backdoor attacks are more stealthy than other attacks as the backdoored model can have high accuracy for the underlying task, e.g., classification. As DNNs are deployed in critical applications, the consequences of trojaned models can be dire.  For example, a model used to detect street signs in a self-driving car may have an embedded trigger (e.g., a yellow sticky note) that causes the model to misclassify stop signs as speed limit signs, leading to accidents. Due to this, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has introduced the trojans in AI (TrojAI) \footnote{\url{https://pages.nist.gov/trojai/docs/overview.html}} program, where teams are developing cutting-edge trojan detection pipelines.

We introduce a novel backdoor detection approach which uses both matrix factorization, independent vector analysis (IVA) \cite{anderson2011joint}, and machine learning (ML) classifiers to detect a backdoor model. Though matrix factorization algorithms have been developed to compare the internal representations of  neural networks (e.g., Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) \cite{morcos2018insights}, Centered Kernel Alignment (CKA) \cite{cortes2012algorithms}, and Singular Vector Canonical Correlation Analysis (SVCCA) \cite{raghu2017svcca}) they have been mostly used for pairwise similarity analysis and never applied to the backdoor detection problem.   We use IVA to extract features from the weights of each pre-trained DNN model and then feed the features to a ML classifier to classify whether a model is backdoored or clean.

We can summarize the contributions of our paper as follows:
\begin{itemize}
  \item We propose a highly effective backdoor detection pipeline which employs IVA for feature extraction and detects backdoor models from the features using a ML classifier. To the best of our knowledge, no such methods have been published for backdoor detection using IVA.  Our approach has better accuracy and efficiency than state of the art (SOTA) backdoor detection methods in both image classification and object detection DNNs.

  \item Our method does not need any training samples to detect backdoor model, whereas other methods use training samples for optimization and then detect backdoors based on the result. In the real world, getting  training samples is highly unlikely as we can  obtain only a DNN model, not the data used to train it.

  \end{itemize}

\section{Related Works}

This section reviews work on both backdoor attacks and defenses against those attacks.

\subsection{Backdoor Attack}

BadNets was proposed by Gu et al. \cite{gu2017badnets}, where backdoors are injected into DNNs by poisoning a subset of the training data with triggers (small visual patterns) of arbitrary shapes. The attacker changes the true class label of the triggered samples so that the poisoned source class images  are classified as the target class. BadNets performs well (more than 99\% success rate in attack) both on clean and poisoned data as the attacker has  full control of the training process. Liu et al. proposed another backdoor attack \cite{liu2017trojaning} where the attacker does not need access to the training data. Instead, the attacker insert triggers which instigate maximum response to  specific internal neurons of DNNs. This method can achieve a high success rate ($>$ 98\%) as triggers hold strong relation to the neurons.  Backdoor attacks can be incorporated in further applications such as  reinforcement learning \cite{kiourti2020trojdrl}, and natural language processing \cite{chen2021badnl}.

\subsection{Backdoor Defense}

Backdoor detection strategies typically inspect either the model or the data. Neural Cleanse \cite{wang2019neural} is a  model-based detection method that assumes each class label is the backdoor target label and designs an optimization technique to find the smallest trigger that causes the network to misclassify instances as the target label. After that, they use an outlier detection algorithm on the potential triggers and consider the most significant outlier trigger as the real one where the associated label with that trigger is the backdoored class label. Though this method showed promising results, it is computationally very expensive as the target label is not known at run time.

Thousands of benign and malicious models are used to train a classifier utilizing Universal Litmus Patterns (ULPs) \cite{kolouri2020universal}, which has been developed for backdoor detection. Based on the ULP optimization, the classifier makes a prediction about whether a model has a backdoor. The entropy of the input picture that has been disturbed is determined by STRIP \cite{gao2019strip} to detect backdoors. If the entropy for the anticipated class is lower, it is deemed to be a backdoor since it violates the input dependence criterion. Sentinet \cite{chou2020sentinet} is a data-level inspection method where they use backpropagation to extract the critical regions from the input data.

ABS \cite{liu2019abs} is another model-level backdoor detection method that analyzes the behavior of neuron activations. A stimulation method estimates the impact on output activations with changes to hidden neuron activations. The input is likely poisoned if  a neuron's activation increases significantly regardless of the model output label. Based on stimulation results,  an optimization method using  model reverse engineering is employed to detect  backdoor models. ABS  shows very promising results in backdoor detection but it is also computationally heavy when a network has a large number of layers.

Chen et al. proposed activation clustering (AC) \cite{chen2018detecting} for backdoor detection by analyzing the activations of  neural networks. They use a few training samples to obtain the activations of the final fully connected layer of a neural network. Then the activations are segmented by the class label and each label is clustered separately. Finally, they implement  2-means clustering followed by ICA for dimensionality reduction. To find the poisoned model they use three distinct post-processing methods.

All the backdoor detection methods discussed above only deal with CNN models for image classification tasks. Regarding backdoor detection for object detection CNN models, Chan et al. proposed detector cleanse \cite{chan2022baddet}  which is
a framework for run-time poisoned image detection for object detectors that relies on the user having just a few clean features (which can come from many datasets).

\section{Method and Pipeline}

\subsection{Problem statement}
Consider a DNN model, $F(\cdot)$, which performs a classification task of $ c=1, ... C$ classes using training dataset $\mathcal{D}$. If we poison a portion of $\mathcal{D}$, denoted $\mathcal{P} \subset \mathcal{D}$, by injecting triggers into training images and change the source class label to the target label, $F(\cdot)$ is a backdoored model after  training. During inference, $F(\cdot)$  performs as expected for clean input samples but for triggered samples $x \in \mathcal{P}$, it outputs $F(x) = t$, where $t$ ($t \in c$) is the target but incorrect class and can be single or multiple depending on the number of classes we poison. The objective of our pipeline is to detect these backdoor models before deployment.

\begin{figure*}[h]

  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.45]{AAAI1.pdf}
  \caption{Backdoor detection pipeline where we extract features using IVA and then detect backdoors using ML classifies.}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Backdoor detection pipeline}
In this section, we describe how we extract features from the weights of the pre-trained DNNs and use the features for backdoor model prediction.

\subsubsection{DNN weight tensor preparation}

As all the DNNs, $k=1, ..., K$, are already trained, we have the weights of each layer of the networks. But, the dimensions of the weights are not uniform and they depend on the type of layer and network architecture. So, we have used random projection (RP) to obtain uniform size weight tensors for all the layers as RP can produce features of uniform size \cite{ailon2009fast} for different DNNs and it is very memory efficient \cite{eftekhari2011two}. As a result, for each DNN we get a weight tensor,$\mathbf{W}^{[k]}\in \mathbb{R}^{L\times R}$, where  $R=2000$, meaning we consider $L$ layer's weights of the DNNs and the RP dimension is 2000.

\subsubsection{Feature extraction and classification}
IVA is an
extension of  independent component analysis (ICA) to multiple datasets \cite{anderson2011joint} which uses the  statistical dependence of latent (independent) sources
across datasets by exploiting both second order and higher
order statistics. Though it  is one of the frequently
used algorithms for brain connectivity analysis using
fMRI and EEG data \cite{hossain2022data,acar2022tracing}, this is the first backdoor detection pipeline using IVA.

Before applying IVA for feature extraction, we get our datasets, $\mathbf{X}^{[k]}\in \mathbb{R}^{N\times R}$,  using PCA on $\mathbf{W}^{[k]}$ for dimensionality reduction with model order $N$,  preserving 90\% of the variance in our data. Given $K$ datasets for $K$ DNN models, each consisting of $R$ samples and being each dataset is a linear mixture of $N$ independent sources, IVA decomposes it as
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{X}^{[k]}=\mathbf{A}^{[k]} \mathbf{S}^{[k]},  1\leq{k}\leq{K}
\end{equation}

\noindent where $\mathbf{A}^{[k]}$ denotes the mixing matrix and $\mathbf{S}^{[k]}$ is the dataset specific sources. IVA  estimates $K$ demixing matrices, $\mathbf{D}^{[k]},k=1,...,K$ so that the dataset specific sources can be estimated as, $\mathbf{{S}}^{[k]}=\mathbf{D}^{[k]} \mathbf{X}^{[k]}$. Hence, each $\mathbf{S}^{[k]}$ contains $N$ sources and we use those $N$ features to classify the DNN models. Finally, we train a  classifier algorithm ($\theta$) to predict whether a model is backdoored or clean.

\SetKwInput{KwInput}{Input}
\SetKwInput{KwOutput}{Output}

\begin{algorithm}[h!]
\DontPrintSemicolon

  \KwInput{Pre-trained DNNs ($K$) weights}
  \KwOutput{Backdoor / Clean DNNs}

  \For{$k$=\textnormal{1}, ..., $K$}
    {
        Get  $L\times R$ weight tensor using random projection for $L$ layers  \\

       Append: $\mathbf{{W}}$ for $k$=\textnormal{1}, ..., $K$, and construct $\mathbf{W}^{[k]}\in \mathbb{R}^{L\times R}$
    }

    Observation, $\mathbf{X}^{[k]}\in \mathbb{R}^{N\times R}$ = PCA ($\mathbf{{W}}^{[k]}$) \\
    Demixing matrix, $\mathbf{{D}}^{[k]}$ = IVA ($\mathbf{{X}}^{[k]}$) \\
    Estimated Sources, $\mathbf{{S}}^{[k]} \in \mathbb{R}^{N\times R}$ = $\mathbf{{D}}^{[k]} \cdot  \mathbf{{X}}^{[k]}$ \\
    Predicted label, ${{\hat{y}}}=\theta(\mathbf{{S}}^{[k]})$

\caption{Backdoor Detection using DNN weights}
\end{algorithm}

\section{Dataset and Experimental Results}

\subsection{Dataset}
To evaluate our backdoor detection method, we use CNN models trained on MNIST digits  and object detection models provided by the TrojAI program.

\subsubsection{Image classification dataset}

 We have trained 450 CNN models using the same architecture shown in Table 1 (50\% clean, 50\% backdoored) to classify the MNIST  data. Clean CNNs are trained using the clean MNIST data. For backdoored model training, we poison all \lq 0's (single class poisoning) by imposing a $4\times 4$ pixel white patch on the lower right corner and set the target class to \lq 9' as shown in Figure 2. Clean CNNs exhibit average  accuracy of 99.02\% where backdoored CNNs have  accuracy of 98.85\% with 99.92\% attack success rate, indicating a highly effective trigger attack. Moreover, out of the 450 models, we use 400 CNNs for training and 50 for testing with $L=6$, meaning we consider all CNN layers' weights.

\begin{figure}[h!]

  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.6]{SAFEFIG2.pdf}
  \caption{MNIST CNN dataset where we implement single class poisoning in MNIST backdoor CNNs by imposing a white patch trigger in \lq 0' and target class is \lq 9'.}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[h!]

\begin{tabular}{l ccc }
\toprule

 Layer &  \# of Channels & Filter Size   & Activation \\
\midrule
Conv & 16& 5×5  &ReLU     \\
MaxPool & 16& 2×2  &-     \\
Conv & 32& 5×5  &ReLU      \\
MaxPool & 32& 2×2  &-  \\
FC & 512 &- &ReLU \\
FC & 10 &- &Softmax\\

\bottomrule
\end{tabular}

\caption{CNN model architecture for MNIST digits data.}\label{Tab2}
\end{table}

 \subsubsection{Object detection dataset}

 We have utilized the object detection CNN models of the TrojAI dataset \footnote{\url{https://pages.nist.gov/trojai/docs/data.html-object-detection-jul2022}}  which contains backdoored and clean  models across two network architectures (Fast R-CNN and SSD) trained on the Common Objects in Context (COCO)   dataset. We use 144 \lq Train' models from the repository as our training models and 144 \lq Test' models for the evaluation of our pipeline with $L=30$, meaning we consider the final 30  layer's weights of the models. Figure 3 shows that there are two types of trigger attacks on the models: evasion and misclassification. Evasion triggers cause either a single or all boxes of a class to be deleted and  misclassification triggers cause either a single box, or all boxes of a specific class, to shift to the target label.

\begin{figure}[h!]

  \centering
  \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{safeai1.pdf}
  \caption{Triggered images for evasion and misclassification attack respectively for TrojAI object detection dataset. The green evasion trigger on the zebra causes the box to disappear and the black triangular trigger is responsible for the fire hydrant misclassification.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Experimental results}
 Several performance metrics are reported using different ML classifiers. We  also compare our findings with SOTA backdoor detection methods in terms of both performance and efficiency. Regarding the number of PCA components, we use $N=4$ and 10 for image classification and object detection datasets respectively. Moreover, we use the standard equation for binomial proportions to estimate confidence intervals on the empirical accuracies for the robustness metrics of the pipelines, i.e.,  confidence  interval=$z\times \sqrt{(accuracy\times (1-accuracy))/n}$,  where $n$ is the number of  models classified as backdoored or clean, and we use $z$ = 1.96 and thus have 95\% confidence intervals \cite{witten2002data}.

\subsubsection{Backdoor model classification}

We show the backdoor model detection results in Table 2. Three different ML classifiers (random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), and k-nearest neighbor (kNN)) have been used in the experiments for both image classification and object detection datasets. As performance metrics, cross entropy loss (CE-Loss) and area under the ROC curve (ROC-AUC) scores are reported as CE-Loss is the current standard for classification problems and ROC-AUC helps to understand the false positive rate (FPR), being so crucial for backdoor model detection. In both datasets, RF performs better than DT and kNN in terms of CE-Loss and ROC-AUC  scores. Our pipeline using RF shows ROC-AUC scores of 0.91 for  image classification and 0.89  for  object detection datasets.

\begin{table}[h!]
{%

        \begin{tabular}{lrr}\toprule

             &CE-Loss&ROC-AUC \\\midrule

             Image Classification: RF    & \textbf{0.32}  & \textbf{0.91}      \\
             Image Classification: DT    & 0.39  & 0.84      \\
             Image Classification: kNN    & 0.35  & 0.86      \\

            Object Detection: RF    & \textbf{0.41}  & \textbf{0.89}      \\
            Object Detection: DT   & 0.52  & 0.78      \\
            Object Detection: kNN    & 0.45  & 0.83      \\

              \hline

        \end{tabular}
        }
        \caption{Backdoor detection results in image classification and object detection using RF, DT, and kNN. RF works better in both datasets.}\label{Tab2}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Comparison with other methods}

\noindent\textit{\textbf{Image classification}}

Our method is evaluated in comparison to four SOTA backdoor detection techniques: NC \cite{wang2019neural}, Universal Litmus Patterns (ULP) \cite{kolouri2020universal}, Activation Clustering (AC) \cite{chen2018detecting}, and ABS \cite{liu2019abs}.  For a fair comparison, we employ the same batch size for optimization-based approaches including NC, ABS, and ULP.

The  results are shown in Table 3 where we report the best results of our pipeline which is using IVA with a RF classifier (IVA-RF). Our method outperforms all the competing methods by a wide margin in terms of both CE-Loss and ROC-AUC score. IVA-RF obtains a ROC-AUC of 0.91  which is  higher than the next-best ULP by a margin of 0.06. AC shows the lowest ROC-AUC as it works better for certain types of trigger attacks. Moreover, IVA-RF has the tightest confidence interval and lower CE-Loss meaning our pipeline is more robust than the competing algorithms.

  \begin{table}[h!]
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{15pt}
   \begin{tabular}{lrr}\toprule
            & CE-Loss & ROC-AUC
            \\
             \midrule
            NC    &  0.48 & 0.78$\pm 0.12$     \\

            ABS  & 0.51 & 0.82$\pm 0.10$         \\

            ULP     & 0.49  & 0.85$\pm 0.09$   \\
            AC    & 0.61 & 0.66$\pm 0.15$
             \\

            IVA-RF (ours)    & \textbf{0.32} & \textbf{0.91$\mathbf{\pm 0.06}$}

            \\\bottomrule
        \end{tabular}

        \caption{Comparison of backdoor detection performance with four SOTA methods in image classification dataset. IVA-RF works better than others with low CE-Loss and high ROC-AUC.}\label{Tab2}
    \end{table}

\noindent\textit{\textbf{Object detection}}

The majority of backdoor attack detection techniques for image classification do not work for object detection. In addition, the object detection model's output (a large number of objects) differs from the image classification model (predicted class). The only SOTA method we have found to compare our algorithm with is detector cleanse (DC) \cite{chan2022baddet}   and the results are shown in Table 4. Similar to image classification, IVA-RF outperforms DC with higher ROC-AUC and lower CE-Loss.

\begin{table}[h!]
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{15pt}
   \begin{tabular}{lrr}\toprule
            & CE-Loss & ROC-AUC
            \\
             \midrule
            DC    &  0.48 & 0.81$\pm 0.12$     \\

            IVA-RF (ours)    & \textbf{0.41} & \textbf{0.89$\mathbf{\pm 0.09}$}

            \\\bottomrule
        \end{tabular}

        \caption{Comparison of backdoor detection performance with only comparable method available in object detection dataset and IVA-RF works better.}\label{Tab2}
    \end{table}

\subsubsection{Efficiency of the methods }

It's critical that backdoor detection techniques are effective because they may end up being a standard component of ML operations.  Table 5
shows the time in seconds required to make decisions for backdoor detection.  Our method  tends to be faster than NC, ABS, ULP (image classification), and DC (object detection) by an order
of magnitude due to the fact that our approach is
model agnostic and only extracts  features from model weights for  detection.  Although AC's running duration is close to ours, it is noticeably less accurate, as seen in Table 3. Because of this, our approach can achieve an efficiency-accuracy balance that none of the other algorithms can.

\begin{table}[h!]
{%

        \begin{tabular}{l|rrrrrr}\toprule
              &\multicolumn{6}{c}{{computation time of methods (s)}}
              \\\cmidrule(r){2-7}
             Dataset&NC&ABS&ULP&AC&DC &{IVA-RF}  \\\midrule

             Image    & 1346  & 1565& 2514  & 267& - &\textbf{145}      \\

            Object   & -  & -& -  & -& 23243  &\textbf{2164}      \\

              \hline

        \end{tabular}
        }
        \caption{Computation time in (s) including our algorithm: IVA-RF, and NC, ABS, ULP, AC, and DC.}\label{Tab2}
    \end{table}

\subsubsection{Ablation study}

As we have applied PCA for dimensionality reduction before IVA, an ablation  study was conducted to see the impact of PCA. Figure 4 shows the ROC-AUC scores when we do not use PCA and with different numbers of PCA components. The classifier performance degrades significantly when we do not use PCA as IVA has to handle the noisy data to extract features. However, we preserved 90\% variance of the data by using a number of components $N=4$ and 10 for image and object datasets respectively. When we use lower or higher numbers of components the score drops as we loose information for lower numbers and we add noisy components for higher numbers.

\begin{figure}[h!]

  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=2in,height=1.5in]{safepca.pdf}
  \caption{Impact of applying PCA and number of PCA components on the performance of our method.}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}
Ours is the
first work of which we are aware that uses matrix factorization on the weights  to detect
backdoors in deep networks. Moreover, this is the first pipeline which can detect backdoor models in case of both image classification and object detection networks which has a number of advantages,
including the fact that it needs no re-training or optimization and is much
faster than other state-of-the-art backdoor detectors.
Future work will include applications to sequence models
such as those used in natural language processing, which
should be straightforward from an engineering perspective
given that our method uses only the pre-trained weights of the networks.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Ryan Hurd is one of most talented guys in country music today. Not only is he an dynamic up and coming performer but he has penned hits for so many others before letting us in on his own music. I have had the pleasure to meet Ryan a few times and he is the most genuine guy you could ask for in country music today.
He just released his video for Love in a Bar and it a passionate video starring his fiance Maren Morris. It gives a brief look into their love and fervor they share for each other. Check it out below and give him a follow on Spotify to hear all his amazing songs.


We often wonder what we should eat for optimum health and even the government has recently flip flopped its food pyramid which you can see at MyPyramid.gov. Here's an overview of the 2005 dietary guidelines from the government. First off, according to the new government guidelines a healthy diet is one that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk products and will include lean meats, poultry, fish, eggs, and nuts.
The diet will also be low in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, salt, and added sugars. The main theme the government is proposing now is to eat a diet rich in grains and to make half of the grains you eat whole grains. Whole grains contain the entire grain kernel -- the bran, germ, and endosperm, some examples would be: ?	whole-wheat flour ?	bulgur (cracked wheat) ?	oatmeal ?	whole cornmeal ?	brown rice Next you should "vary your veggies" and in general buy fresh vegetables in season, stock up on frozen vegetables and buy vegetables that are easy to prepare. For the best nutritional value, choose vegetables with more potassium such as sweet potatoes and spinach and limit sauces which can add fats, sodium and additional calories. Prepare more of your foods from fresh ingredients to lower sodium.
Most sodium comes from packaged and processed foods. One suggestion for a healthy diet is to try using a salad as the main dish for lunch and go light on the salad dressing. Focus on fruits. To help you keep focus, have a bowl of fruit always available on the table, counter, or in the refrigerator.
Keep cut fruit in the refrigerator and buy fresh fruits in season whenever possible. Buy frozen, dried, and canned fruits as well so you will always have some kind of fruit on hand. Choose whole fruits or cut fruits over juices whenever possible for the fiber benefits. Choose fruits high in potassium such as bananas, apricots, and cantaloupe. Put cut fruit on your breakfast cereal.
At lunch, take a tangerine, banana, or some grapes. For dinner, add crushed pineapple or mandarin oranges in a tossed salad. Get calcium rich foods and include low fat or fat free milk as a beverage at meals. Have fat-free yogurt as a snack. Use low-fat cheeses on salads and casseroles. For those who cannot consume milk products due to lactose intolerance choose lactose free alternatives to get your calcium such as cheese, yogurt, and lactose-free milk.
Go lean with protein. The suggestions for your protein intake are to use the leanest cuts of meats such as top sirloin and pork loin and whenever choosing ground beef go with extra lean that is identified as at least 90% lean. Buy skinless chicken parts as the fat is in the skin. Choose lean turkey and all kinds of fish. To keep your meat intake lean and as free of fat as possible, broil, grill, roast, or boil your meat choices instead of frying and drain off any fat that appears during cooking. Choose dry beans such as kidney beans and use them as the main part of a meal often.
Make use of nuts for snacks and use them to sometimes replace meat or poultry.
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text:
Rommel and Hitler
So what do you guys think… Was Rommel really involved in the assassination plot against Hitler? I havent done enough research on this to make my own conclusion, but im sure some of you have an opinion (or have more info)
Mr Ghoul last edited by
IMO i dont think he was involed. From what ive read, He was a strong NAZI supporter.
yeah but the OSS and British Intel. were able to get die hard nazi's to turn. Could Rommel have been pissed that hitler didnt reinforce him properly? Could he have known that Germany was going to lose the war, or at least think they'll lose with Hitler running the show? Just thoughts to consider.
bossk last edited by
the way I understand it is that Rommel was loosely affiliated with one or two individuals that had connections to the plot. This indicates that he probably didn't know anything about the assassination attempt untill after it was carried out. The rest was just Hitler's growing paranoia near the end of the war.
TG Moses VI last edited by
From what I read in Rommel at D-Day (or was it Normandy?) was that Rommel was one of the conspirators in the plot to assassinate Hitler. Apparently Rommel was enraged at Hitler for labeling him a defeatists and refushed to compromise by surrendering to the Allies during the Normandy invasion. There was even some talk about electing Rommel as the new president once Hitler was ousted.
Field Marshal last edited by
Rommel was aware of the plot to some extent, but favored Hitler's arrest and trial over a cowardly assassination. Rommel knew the war was over after Alamein and became increasingly unhappy (putting it lightly) with Hitler until his death. Rommel's popularity with the German people made him a good candidate for president had the assassination attempt not failed. If Hitler was dead the conspirators would have thrown the presidency in Rommel's lap. Rommel was labeled by the Allied propaganda as an evil Nazi like most of Hitler's generals. The Nazi's also used Rommel's popularity to marry him to the Nazis so they looked good. He complained about this several times. Only after the war Rommel's true beliefs were known where he was then labeled "the hero of the German Resistance" which was post-war propaganda to save his name and give the German people some dignity.
A little known fact about Rommel is what would have happened if he would have lived. Rommel, before his wounding by the UK fighter, was going to Eisenhower to surrender the Western Front! He was suing for peace without Hitler and his regime (legal treason). He cared about what Hitler did not: the suffering of German troops on both fronts against overwhelming odds, the suffering of the German AND French people during Allied air raids, the suffering of ALL in the death and work camps, etc, etc. His plan was to make Peace with the UK/USA and send all available units to the Eastern Front to delay the Russians until a peace agreement with them could be reached. It is unclear that this would work due to the Allied demand for unconditional surrender and Nazi attrocities. It was a German's worst fear to be ruled by the Soviets. We all know what happened after the war.
Officially, Rommel died in the Fall of 1944 due to complications from the wounds received in that air attack. In reality, he was given the choice of cyanide or trial as a conspirator. Conspirators who chose trial never made it to Berlin alive. He chose cyanide with the understanding his wife and son would be left alone. A tragic and unfitting death to a man who gave his entire life to his country. But just another number to the millions slaughtered by the Nazis.
Sorry for all the seriousness guys. Rommel was one of the greatest men of the 20th century (my opinion). I have a few books on him which I don't have access to right now. Most good ones are written by British officers after the war. Check them out…
[ This Message was edited by: Field Marshal on 2002-03-16 07:49 ]
I never knew the Rommel was actually going to surrender the entire Western Front to the Allies! But what's Rommel suppose to do about the Eastern and Southern Half!? That would've been great. Rommel and the Germans teaming up with UK/USA against Red Russia. Oh well… maybe in a different universe. Anyways a lot of stuff said about Rommel was correct. It's sort of ironic that even though Rommel hated the Nazis and was even killed by them, he was given a grand burial with the Nazi flag drapped across his coffin.
PS: Another little known fact was that after Rommel returned from Africa he desperately sought command in the Eastern Front. Allas that was never meant to be as Hitler sent Rommel to "inspect" the Atlantic Wall.
Rommel wanted to be where the action was. He felt he could have made a difference at that front. At that time, he was unaware that the Nazi's were running the show in Russia. There would be no "Gentlemen's War" like in Africa. Hitler would have eliminated him sooner.
I think it came down to days when Rommel was going to go to the Allies with his proposals and his being wounded. After that, he openly talked bad about Hitler, even in the company of Nazi and Gestapo agents. Shortly before his death, he was asked the status of the war. His iritated answer, " The Americans are here, the British there, and the Russians there. What do you think? Hitler is a fool!" This helped fuel the conspiracy ties to him. Rommel was lying in a French hospital being treated for his head injuries days before the attack on Hitler's life. He obviously could have no direct involvement, and it will always be argued how much knowledge he did have.
Personally I believe he had limited information, being a professional soldier, that occupied the majority of his time. He expressed his desires for alternative measures rather than murder. He had his own plans, which meant acting against Hitler outside the conspiracy, but it was a good enough excuse to kill him.
HortenFlyingWing last edited by
Rommel rubs off as arrogant if you ask me. He sounds like he knows everything in his book Infantry Attacks, and he never listened to Kesselring (however you spell that guy's name.) rommel over extended in Africa, plain and simple.
Rommel wasn't nearly as Arrogrant as he apears to be. He was very cautious in planing his battles and deeply respected Allied commanders. Plus he was a realists and knew when Germany was finished. As for over-extending, what do you expect from a "second-rate front." Even though Rommel spent time in oil rich areas, he barely got any fuels or supplies from Germany.
I dont know that Rommel was that good, as much as, the British were inexperienced. His(Rommel) main tactic was to attack British positions, engage their armor, fall back and draw the armor into tank traps(hidden anti-tank guns). Once the allies recognized this, it was on.
I'd hardly call Lybia an oil rich area.
Bossk, take this:
Africa is a continent of 54 countries with an estimated mid-2000 population of 805 million people. The upstream oil industry is key to the continent of Africa, with proved reserves of 75.4 billion barrels and in 1998 it produced 7.8 million barrels per day (381 million tons/year) of over 40 types of crude oil. Five countries dominate Africa's upstream oil production. Together they account for 85% of the continent's oil production and are, in order of decreasing output, Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Egypt and Angola.
Never before have we had so little time in which to do so much
[ This Message was edited by: TG Moses VI on 2002-03-20 20:42 ]
dezrtfish 2019 Moderator last edited by
Mr Ghoul:
His genius lies in the fact that he came up with a tactic that worked extreemly well. Perhaps with better resourses he could have come up with more tactical improvements.
If you haven't already you should check into his exploits in WWI. German army officers didn't become generals because they looked good in the uniform. That is until Hitler came along:(
What I really admire about Rommel was that he really did care about his troops. He really wanted to transport his Afrika Korps back to Italy, but for Hitler and Allied Air power, that was never meant to be. (Imagine 300,000 more veteran Germans in Italy!) The true genius behind Rommel was that he was able to take his limited supplies and mount an offensive that more often then not succeeded. Rommel knew that he would be outmatched if he sat there over long battles of attrition.
Ya, your right, Rommel was tight.
Rommel's level of arrogance was displayed at his failure at the attacks on the fortress at Tobruk. Probably his greatest failure, he was counting on the wave he road of successes from Tripoli. He attacked with poor intelligence about the enemy strengths, positions, and reserves. He was beaten back horribly with heavy casualties. Poor communications and Rommel's need to "lead from the front" also led to the failure. This quality, many times criticized, was part of his "magic". He had a keen sense, almost a sixth sense, for battle. He used every advantage in his favor and exploited all enemy weaknesses. He was good with the men and shared all their hardships. He had great respect for his enemies and treated all prisoners as his own troops.
Given the proper logistical support, which would have been no easy task (maxing out all occupied port capacities), Rommel WOULD have taken the Suez and Middle Eastern oil fields. India would have been cut off and Russia would have faced a more southern front. There is little doubt in that.
"Given the proper logistical support, which would have been no easy task (maxing out all occupied port capacities), Rommel WOULD have taken the Suez and Middle Eastern oil fields. India would have been cut off and Russia would have faced a more southern front. There is little doubt in that"
What if? What if? What if!!! The truth is that rommel blundered because he relied too much on having better intelligence. he was given a map found in the desert that said that it was rocky where it was sandy, and threw his tanks that way. If hitler wasn't so arrogant himself and continued to support his fallshirmjager, the axis could of taken out malta, attacked turkey, or who knows (at least malta.) the truh is the kesselring realized that if malta stayed, the germans couldn;t get the supplies needed to defeat the british.
Well the main problem with logistical support is that you can't expect much from a second rate front. "To place a leader with his qualities in a secondary theater and expect him to fight a holding operation was a serious misjudgement of his ability." As for the whole planing buisness, even though Rommel did analyzed battles he was fond of saying, "No plan survives contact with the enemy." I guess you could rule that under his sixth sense.
Horten,
Where exactly did Rommel "blunder"? He lost a war of attrition against the British. Monty took no chances. He had the time and the resources. Rommel knew he had to win fast in Egypt before American production tipped the scales against him. Once that occured, he knew the war was lost.
Reviewing the desert war, both sides had their share of tactical mistakes. Little did Rommel know at that time, Hitler and his top brass considered Africa more as a diversion rather than a serious front. It kept the UK/USA out of Europe - temporarily. Anything Rommel needed or requested was 2nd to the Eastern Front. Hitler, on more "sane" days, initially never considered Africa more than just "helping" their Italian Allies. A purely "political" decision. Only after it was too late, did the Reich understand Africa's true importance. Soon after, the vaunted "Afrika Korps" surrendered.
Rommel learned his first lesson of Hitler - the intentional sacrifice of German soldiers. Hitler's orders were to fight to the last man, delaying a European invasion as long as possible. Good strategic sense. Bad for the possible thousands of lives that could have been lost for nothing. Luckily, the German commanders in charge did surrender against orders.
After wars lines are re-drawn and cities re-built. But all that is really accomplished is that many lives are lost. In this case, because of one madman.
I can't remember when exactly he blundered relying on a fake british map. what I can remember was that when he was in france (washe the in command of the 10th panzer division? I can't remember) he was the ghost division, because his superior intelligence compared to the french. it was less of a "sixth sense" and more of a "wow, we found out about a bridge the french didn't blow up." He endedup behind the french lines this way. In Egypt, the british used mass d eception to hurt rommel's military intelligence, and they were already breaking german code. Rommel's superior military intelligence was out done, and he was sent reeling back in africa.
Well a big part as to why Rommel lost out in Africa was the overwhelming Allied Naval and Air Cover. These two make piecemeal of Rommel's supply lines.
mini_phreek last edited by
i'm not sure if you said this earlier but he was one of the few german commanders not guilty of any war crimes and he died by swalloing a cianide pill on his way to meet hitler ware he would have been probalble exicuted.
Ozone27 last edited by
Man, Field Marshal, thanks for the insight on Rommel. This stuff is very interesting…
As far as Rommel being "arrogant"–he was a General. They're all "arrogant" to the extent that they believe they are going to win and that the thousands of lives in their hands are safe (or at least, well-spent). Look at Montgomery, or especially MacArthur!
You can't knock Rommel's acheivements in Africa, you just can't. The strategy of ALL British Generals there in every campaign of WWII was to mass the HUGEST force they could, with the most overwhelming superiority in numbers and stick it to the Germans. that Rommel was able to survive at all (let alone invade Egypt) is a testament to his genius…
Ozone27
Well unlike the British and Russians, German military doctrine did not express the overwhelming need for numbers. I think it was Guardin (spell check, but he was the guy who invented the blitzkreig tactics) who once said, "5 tanks right now is better than 10 tanks 30 minutes minutes from now." I know it was something like that. (He was referring for the need to strike quickly and efficiently)
Another Hitler Downfall parody
General Discussion • • Wittmann
Anyone seen this? My wife found it and thought of me (and you lot). http://youtu.be/lzgi2DZWm2c I was in tears.
Hitler assassination plotter Von Kleist dies
General Discussion • • MrMalachiCrunch
@hkytown1: Cool story, I think I'm the only person on earth that really liked the movie "Valkyrie'" Yes you are, Â @Gargantua: Alright - pot stirring time, Isn't this guy a Traitor.? Oh well, what do you know Aleposita, oh well…
It so happens that I shook a hand that shook Hitler's!
General Discussion • • Gargantua
Interesting story Garg, interesting story. And thanks Marc for the background info. It's easy to forget/overlook things like that.
Kaiser vs Hitler
General Discussion • • ABWorsham4
I had to go with the Kaiser. I agree Imperial Germany had almost won that war several times.
Hitler responds to the iPad
General Discussion • • Upside-down_Turtle
:lol: I bet it's even funner if you know German (which is on my "To-Do List", btw). It's probably like watching Monty Python and The Holy Grail with Subtitles for People Who Don't Like the Film (taken from Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part II). :lol:
Hitler has another tantrum against WOTC
General Discussion • • Imperious Leader
@Admiral: Looks like copyright restrictions got to it. I hate it when they do that.
Winston wanted to "fry" Hitler…
except we never caught Hitler.
Study…Hitler, Reagan & Limbaugh a Conservative Match!!
@NatFedMike: lots of Americans are over weight fat asses who follow what Bush says blindly and think the War in Iraq is some Holy Crusade that can do no wrong. Hey, I may be an ass, but I'm not overweight. As far as Bush, and the Presidency in general, as well as other elected representatives, even though I may or may not agree with them, I try to believe that they know what they're doing…after all, they're more educated and experienced than I, however questionably said education may have been obtained. The war, as far as I'm concerned, it's just finishing up what wasn't done 12 years ago.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Bombardier to make another 490 job cuts in Northern Ireland
Nov 22, 2018 Posted by Sync NI Team
Download the latest edition
Women in Tech (Penultimate Year), Belfast, 2019
Network Engineer Level 2
Hosted Platforms Engineer
Principal Software Engineer
Aerospace and transportation company Bombardier announced another devastating round of layoffs in its Northern Irish operations yesterday, with the loss of 490 high-quality jobs scheduled to take place early next year.
The past few years haven't been kind to Bombardier's manufacturing plants throughout Northern Ireland, with 220 job cuts in 2015 attributed to a drop in demand for private jets, another 630 in 2016 as a cost-cutting measure, and 375 cuts announced last year. The firm currently employs about 4,000 workers across Northern Ireland.
Bombardier warned earlier this month that it would have to find additional efficiencies and cut costs in order to stay competitive, planning about 5,000 layoffs worldwide. Yesterday the firm confirmed that 490 jobs will be cut in Northern Ireland as part of the push to reduce the production cost of its Airbus A220 medium-range jet airliner (previously named the Bombardier C-series).
The layoffs won't officially go into effect until next February or March and Bombardier does have redundancy programmes for those released, but this will provide little solace to those facing unemployment as we approach Christmas. Though Bombardier cites the need to cut costs to stay competitive, trade union Unite argues that the layoffs are "unjustified in the face of rising profits" as Bombardier announced a 57% increase in profits this year.
An article that is attributed to Sync NI Team has either involved multiple authors, written by a contributor or the main body of content is from a press release.
Got a news-related tip you'd like to see covered on Sync NI? Email the editorial team for our consideration.


text:
Repairing the Towpath and Nature Along the D-R Canal
For years, the towpath was a given, a high quality crushed-stone pedestrian and bicycle thoroughfare stretching more miles than most anyone has time to explore, up and down the DR Canal. That changed last August as the unprecedented flooding of Hurricane Irene--tearful after having been downgraded to a tropical storm--deposited a thick layer of silt over the trail. The gift of fertility, reminiscent of the ancient Nile, would have been more welcome if the valley's investment was in agriculture rather than transport.
I inquired last fall and was surprised to hear that there were no funds available for repair, and if and when they become available, the northern portion's washouts, up towards New Brunswick, would get the first attention. Some repair in the Princeton area, by the water authority rather than state parks, has taken place. The photo shows a patch job just up from Turning Basin Park.
I called Stephanie Fox at DR Canal State Park today, and was told that more extensive repairs are waiting on FEMA money from the federal government. In addition to trail damage, some of the park's historic buildings were also damaged in the flood. Though the crushed stone surface is still intact in most places underneath the mud, repair will involve bringing in additional stone. Cost for repairing just one mile of minimally damaged trail could run $10,000, so overall cost will likely be very high.
Near Harrison Street, where the nature trail branches off, the towpath is in relatively good shape, at least when it is dry. The trail loop was built by parks personnel after I "discovered" the meadow there where the land between Carnegie Lake and the towpath broadens out. At the time, the park crews were mowing the meadow weekly during the summer. When I pointed out that they were mowing not grass but a field of beautiful native wildflowers, they agreed to limit mowing to once a year in late winter. Everyone was a winner with this arrangement: less work, more habitat, more flowers.
In winter, at the trailhead, the switchgrass leaves are an attractive legacy of last year's growth.
Word is that the bluebirds have hung around all winter, it being so mild.
One reward of exploring the nature trail this time of year is an encounter with fragrant honeysuckle (Lonicera fragrantissima), whose small white flowers live up to their name. This is the one exotic bush honeysuckle species that I've never seen spreading into wild areas. A line of the shrubs remains from maybe 40 years ago when that ribbon of land between the canal and Carnegie Lake was carefully tended as part of the grand entryway into the university.
Each year, with no assistance other than annual mowing, the meadows have become richer with wildflowers like joe-pye-weed, ironweed, tall meadowrue and cutleaf coneflower. It seemed time to relax, sit back and enjoy the fruits of less labor.
But a trained eye will see in this very plain-looking photo a web of vines. Porcelainberry, a grape-like exotic vine that has covered forest edges at Princeton Battlefield with stifling kudzu-like curtains of growth, has been spreading down the canal corridor. A light infestation noticed a few years ago is now exploding, threatening to permanently overwhelm the wildflower meadows.
Park crews are busy elsewhere along the canal, dealing with invasive Japanese knotweed and hops. We'll have to see if there's anything that can be done this year.
In the meantime, there are sweetgum balls serving as natural tree ornaments next to the trail,
the resident geese, and, if one can negotiate with the geese for access to the shore,
trout to be caught.
Posted by Stephen Hiltner at Tuesday, March 06, 2012
Labels: Flooding, Habitat Restoration, Invasive Plants, Native Plants, Places To Visit, Wildlife
Leaning Towards Learning To Lean
Shadbush and the Shad Run
Westerly Road Church Teens Help the Habitat
Litter Turned Terrarium
April 14 Event: Walks Across Princeton
To Identify Trees, Look Down
The Vine That Ate an Observatory
Lesser Celandine Blooming, But Mostly Spreading
Planting the Shore
Which Witch Hazel?
No Toil Backyard Composting
Upcoming Talk on Hurricane Irene
Woodcocks


Reading Football Club would like to wholeheartedly thank the 1,068 fans who travelled up to Newcastle to support the Royals on Tyneside on Saturday afternoon.
Weather conditions across the country were treacherous but as ever our supporters were terrific in their loyalty and made plenty of noise at St James' Park.
"The best part of the day for me was going over to the fans at the end," manager Brian McDermott said after the win.
"I cannot believe how many people made it here. I was shocked, what with the weather conditions.
"I hate going over to applaud the fans when we lose because we know we haven't given them what they want. But no matter the result today, they deserved all our respect. We wanted to acknowledge the effort every one of them made to be here today.
"We had such great support again during the game. I hope that they've enjoyed themselves and that they all get home safely."
We sincerely hope that everybody has a safe journey home – and look forward to welcoming you all back to Madejski Stadium next weekend for the visit of Sheffield United.


text:
Texas Abstract
MICHAEL MCFADDEN April 9, 2015
ArtBooksEditor's Picks
Howard Sherman, Sportsmanship is for suckers (detail), 2013. Acrylic, Marker on Acid-Free Paper 85 (vertical) x 74 (horizontal) x 8 inches.
Kristen Cliburn, Invisible Mountain, 2013, 32″ x 38″ acrylic on canvas, Gallery Sonja Roesch.
The role of Texans in a Global Movement
Since its inception, Abstraction has been considered an international movement. But within the larger movement were schools of thought which, while still adhering to aspects of abstraction as a whole, were essentially regional. Although many abstract artists maintain that Abstraction is a community, there is widespread interest in exploring the artists of the movement who lived outside of its more globally recognized regions and schools. Among these people are Michael Paglia and Jim Edwards, authors of the recently published tome, Texas Abstract: Modern & Contemporary.
The book is essentially the culmination of Paglia's two-plus decades of research, undertaken with the intention of authoring a book on contemporary art in the American West. It was that interest which led him to a specific exploration of contemporary art in Texas, and served as an introduction to the early abstract artists who worked in Texas from the 1930s to the 1960s. After curating the artists for the book, which showcases work from both historical and contemporary Texas artists, he turned his research over to Edwards, who weaved the disparate parts into a cohesive whole with thoughtful, informative bios on each artist.
Mac Whitney, Manzano, 2006, black painted steel, 27″ x 15″ x 18″, Gallery Sonja Roesch.
Still, while the book is a great presentation of artists and their individual practices, it begs the questions: What role did Texas play in the international Abstract art movement, and what role do Texas abstract artists play now? The latter is easier to answer, as it merely requires an understanding of the present. Many Texas artists, curators, and administrators maintain that Texas has a strong, vibrant, and growing arts community that deserves more recognition than it gets. While this is likely to be how anyone feels in the arts outside of New York City, Los Angeles, or Chicago, Paglia contends that there are numerous artists across the state who deserve especial recognition, which he hopes the book will afford them. "In every case, the idea was to exemplify each artist's signature style," Paglia offers in the book's Curator's Statement.
Over the phone, he clarified that while there are numerous Texas artists included in the book, they are commonly seen and referred to as individuals, as opposed to members of a community, whether regional or specific to a city. This is common in the arts now; when styles are studied around the globe and people, artists and art communities are as interconnected as they are, there is, at least in an academic sense, a shift from regional to national to international. "As to what influences what," Edwards said in an email, "it is a complex question, one that curators and art historians busy themselves with and that can be tracked from artist to artist." Some artists, both current and those who worked during the heyday of Abstraction, approve of the connection to where they live and work, while others move from place to place and prefer a more universal identification, resisting the idea of "regionality."
Leslie Wilkes, Untitled. Photo courtesy the artist.
As for the historic role of Texas in Abstraction, Paglia had little to say as to whether what happened here could qualify as a school of thought, the way New York artists were unified under the umbrella of Abstract Expressionism. He did, though, offer a brief history of the movement as it occurred in Texas, and some insight into what really happened in the state over the last century.
Abstraction as a global movement is thought to have begun in Europe in the first half of the 20th century. Following the rise of the Nazis, many artists sought refuge in the safety of other countries. Some taught at universities, and others immersed themselves in the scenes of their new homes. In whatever capacity they could, they began to influence the artists of these regions. What Paglia found in his research was that Texas artists began to exhibit the influence of Abstraction in the 1930s, when the movement began in the United States. This means that while other regions were slower to adapt, Texas was on the early curve of the movement, showing a pace similar to that of New York.
Howard Sherman, Gradeschool headshot, 2013. Acrylic and Marker 70 (vertical) x 60 (horizontal) inches.
He also found that Texas artists, including some of those showcased in the book, were quite advanced in terms of non-objective abstraction. As a side note, Paglia mentioned that in the same period, other Texas artists were holding onto representational and figurative styles much longer than those in other regions. He speculated that its tenure was likely the product of Texas' conservative audience. This, in part, was why the history of the movement here piqued his interest: In such a conservative place, abstraction was flowering and strengthening in the artistic community regardless of how counter-intuitive it may seem. Artists were driven to create what he thinks to be some of the most cutting edge work produced in Abstraction, Paglia specifically cites Houston artists Robert O. Preusser and Gene Charlton as examples.
While some of the artists in the book are already nationally recognized, Paglia and Edwards hope that Texas Abstract will boost the recognition of Texas as an artistic community. In a similar effort, Galveston Art Center invited Ken General of Duende Art Project to guest-curate an exhibition of 32 works by 32 artists from the book. When asked about the show, General said, "I organized it in hopes that other cities, curators, galleries would take notice and be inspired to create their own exhibitions to celebrate the book and the artists."
It seems General's wish is coming true. On April 18, Houston galleries Gallery Sonja Roesch and ArtScan Gallery will put on their own version of the Texas Abstract exhibition, splitting the show between their two spaces and presenting a stunning range of work within Texas abstraction.
Michael McFadden is a Houston-based writer and arts administrator. He holds an MA in Arts Leadership from the University of Houston's College of the Arts and has worked extensively with the Houston arts community. Learn more about him at pugintheair.com.


text:
Q: validation error due to "nil" objects when values are passed with --set in HELM I am trying to pass a value using the --set in helm3. However, it looks like the yaml file is not pulling/parsing the value.
My folder structure is like below: (there are a few other charts but I have removed them for simplicity)
k8shelmcharts
├── Chart.yaml
└── charts
    ├── postgresdb
    │   ├── Chart.yaml
    │   ├── templates
    │   │   ├── postgres.configmap.yml
    │   │   ├── postgres.deployment.yml
    │   │   ├── postgres.secrets.yml
    │   │   └── postgres.service.yml
    │   └── values.yaml

and the contents of the postgres.secrest.yml file is:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: postgres-secret
  type: Opaque
data:
  # property-like keys; each key maps to a simple value
  password: {{ .Values.password }}

( I have also tried .Values.global.password )
When I try to install the charts by running the command (from the root of the helm charts ie: k8shelmcharts folder) helm install testapp . --set password=postgrespasssword --debug --dry-run
I get the error:
Error: unable to build kubernetes objects from release manifest: error validating "": error validating data: unknown object type "nil" in Secret.data.password
helm.go:94: [debug] error validating "": error validating data: unknown object type "nil" in Secret.data.password

If I try to generate the templates using helm template testflaskapp . --set password=postgrespassword --debug --dry-run, I can see that the password does not seem to get populated in the postgres.secret.yml file -
# Source: flask-k8s-app/charts/postgresdb/templates/postgres.secret.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: postgres-secret
data:
  # property-like keys; each key maps to a simple value
  password:

Any help on what I am missing so that I can --set values and pull them in the yaml files successfully? Thanks!

A: Option 1:
helm install testapp . --set postgresdb.password=postgrespasssword --debug --dry-run

The variable should be called postgresdb.password, in the postgres.secrets.yml should stay {{ .Values.password }}.
Option 2
helm install testapp . --set global.password=postgrespasssword --debug --dry-run

The variable should be called global.password, postgres.secrets.yml should be changed to {{ .Values.global.password }}.
The first option is the preferable one I guess, as probably you are using the postgress password only in the postgresdb subchart.
Reference: Subcharts and Global Values

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Riobel keeps on growing and announces a new head office expansion! Français
Riobel
Jul 14, 2015, 12:06 ET
ST-JÉRÔME, QC, July 14, 2015 /CNW Telbec/ - Mario Bélisle, President and Founder of Riobel Inc. is proud to announce that the company's St-Jérôme head office will undergo a 34,000 ft2 expansion, bringing its total floor space to more than 100,000 ft2.
"We are investing in our head office expansion to keep up with an ever-increasing demand, both in Canada and in the US. Over the past 20 years, Riobel products have become an increasing force in the marketplace. We are constantly growing and innovating, and this extra space had become a necessity in order to continue offering effective and high-quality service to our growing customer base", says Mario Bélisle.
Beyond the announced expansion, Riobel is actively focused on optimizing its floor space to enhance ergonomics and improve the productivity of its resources. Last March marked an all-time high for Riobel sales. Over the years, Riobel has undergone a number of expansions: 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2014.
About Riobel
Riobel Inc., a Canadian company known for its excellent selection of faucets, shower systems, and accessories on the market, was founded in 1995. Created in the Montréal suburb of Saint-Jérôme, Riobel products are distributed in more than 500 boutiques across Canada as well as in a number of U.S. states. A dedicated team of more than 120 employees work hand-in-hand to maintain the reputation for excellence Riobel has been nurturing for their 20 year history.
In 2014 Riobel opened the first Canadian faucetry academy, the Riobel Academy. Its mission is to keep professionals informed, and to teach them all about the mechanics and operation of faucets and other plumbing fixtures. Training is adapted to its audience: plumbers, designers, sales professionals, plumbing students, etc. As Canada's first academy institution for faucet-related knowledge, the Riobel Academy is the ultimate reference in faucetry.
SOURCE Riobel
Image with caption: "Picture of the first shovel hitting the ground with Riobel''s president, Mario Bélisle (CNW Group/Riobel)". Image available at: http://photos.newswire.ca/images/download/20150714_C7953_PHOTO_EN_445308.jpg
Image with caption: "Riobel expansions throughout the years (CNW Group/Riobel)". Image available at: http://photos.newswire.ca/images/download/20150714_C7953_PHOTO_EN_445310.jpg
Image with caption: "Actual building (CNW Group/Riobel)". Image available at: http://photos.newswire.ca/images/download/20150714_C7953_PHOTO_EN_445305.jpg
For further information: For an interview or further details: Kathleen Saint-Yves, Marketing Manager, 514 268-3716
Riobel keeps on growing and announces a new head office expansion!


text:
Rose's Devotions
Rose's Father
Rose's Suffering
Rose's Passing
Little Rose's Castle
Prayers of Reparation
Honoring Saint Jean Baptiste
Prayers and More
An Afternoon at Flora's
Community of Little Rose
Virtues of Little Rose
Fragrance of Little Rose
Prayers of Little Rose
Testimonies & Stories
Little Rose Book Nook
Unveiling of New Statue
Honoring Rose 2021
Rose Ferron Foundation of Rhode Island
Museum & Domestic Chapel
339 Arnold Street, Woonsocket, RI 02895
An american rose
youtube documentary
carl published online
LITTLE ROSE HAD GREAT
DEVOTION TO THE ROSARY
To Father Leonard, Rose once said:
"While I was gone in one of my dreams (for this is the name she gave to her ecstasies), I saw the Blessed Virgin Mary; she unrolled the fifteen mysteries of the Rosary; they were passing before me as she unrolled them, until the movement stopped at the fifteenth mystery. At the end, I read the name of my own mother.
I understood that my mother had had fifteen children, in honor of the fifteen mysteries of the Rosary.
The mysteries disappeared only to return again, and as they unrolled, they stopped at the tenth mystery: I saw the crucifixion, and I understood that I was marked with the stigmata of the crucifixion, because I was the tenth child of the family."
When Mrs. Ferron had her first child, while she was bearing it, she offered it in honor of the first mystery of the Rosary; she continued this practice until all the mysteries were thus honored."
Excerpt from "She Wears a Crown of Thorns" written by Rev. O.A. Boyer, S.T.L.
Click to view Carl LeClair's Testimony
This special rosary is called the 'Stairway to Heaven' or 'Jacob's Ladder'
and is at the heart of Carl's story.
Each of the Ferron children were dedicated to a Mystery of the Blessed Virgin Mary's Holy Rosary by their mother, Delima Mathieu Ferron which she offered secretly as a promise for each of her fifteen children.
Little Rose was dedicated to the Tenth Mystery of the Rosary (Fifth Sorrowful Mystery), "The Crucifixion". Her sister, Flora, was dedicated to the Thirteenth Mystery (Third Glorious Mystery), "The Decent of the Holy Spirit".
This particular rosary was given to Mr. LeClair by Flora Ferron Lemire, Little Rose's sister. Mr. LeClair himself makes rosaries and is affectionately known by many as "The Rosary Man."
Click to view Archived Stories & Testimonies
January 2019 - Collard Family Healing 2018
May 2018 - Father Adrien Gauthier's Healing Story from 1936
March 2018 - Carl Leclair's Story 2012


Place a check in the Run this program in compatibility mode for: For more information, you may refer to the below mentioned Microsoft article: Tell us about your experience with our site. My problem resolved itself after the BIG! Gupta Replied on February 12, Can not burn dvd. If a language option is given, select your language.
Gt30, to Driver Matic, all drivers had to be installed differently and required significant user involvement. Please feel free to reply in case you face any other issues with Windows in future. Message 9 of Hi, sorry for long delay in gretting back to you. After you have found the right driver for your device and operating system, follow these simple instructions to gtt30l it. Follow the directions on the installation program screen.
Hello Dvdraj, I apologize for the delayed response. This site in other languages x.
Tap or click the drop down box and dvdarm a previous operating system, then tap or click OK. Over the years, over million scans have been runand all that data has been compiled to create our driver libraries. Make older programs compatible with this version of Windows information holds good for Windows 10 as well Hope this information is helpful.
The DVDRAM is installed and drivers are up to date, but when I try to put any type of media into the drive, it doesn't even recognize it. By the way I did upgrade from Windows 7 having been asked by Microsoft if I wanted to 'upgrade for free'.
Updating your drivers with Driver Alert can help your computer in a number of ways. Hi Niranjan, thank gt30 for your reply. Make older programs compatible with this version of Windows information holds good for Windows 10 as well.
Message 3 of Win Vista File Version: You may also mark the thread as solved. We employ a team from around the world.
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Tag: Illinois
Insurance Policy Did Not Prevent Association Recovery from Subcontractors for Defective Work
Expansion of Statute of Limitations in Illinois under 15th Place Condominium Association v. South Campus Development Team, LLC
Case Summaries, The Americas
Tagged with Contractor, Developer, Illinois, implied warranty of habitability, Insurance Coverage
By Justin L. Weisberg, K&L Gates, Chicago
On February 17, the First District Appellate Court issued an opinion regarding the Implied Warranty of Habitability in the case of Sienna Court Condominium Association v. Champion Aluminum Court et al. The opinion involved three separate appeals: the first relating to claims by Sienna Court Condominium Association ("Sienna") against an insolvent developer and an insolvent general contractor; the second involving the dismissal of Sienna's claims against the architect, the engineers, and suppliers; and the third involving the dismissal of the general contractor's claims against its subcontractors.
To read the full alert on K&L Gates HUB, click here.
Browse archives for September 23, 2014
Tagged with cause of action accrual, construction contract negotiation, Illinois, indemnity
By Daniel E. Raymond and Jesse G. Shallcross, K&L Gates, Chicago
General contractors and developers beware—suits for breach of express indemnity now have a longer shelf life in Illinois.
In 15th Place Condominium Association v. South Campus Development Team, LLC, the Appellate Court for First District of Illinois held that a claim for breach of an express indemnity clause contained in a construction contract is subject to a ten-year statute of limitations instead of four.[1] The subject of the dispute was a contract between 15th Place Condominium Association (the "Association") and South Campus Development Team (the "Developer") to develop two condominium towers (the "Project"). The Developer contracted with Linn-Mathes, Inc. (the "General Contractor"), who would act as general contractor.[2] The contract between the Developer and the General Contractor included an express indemnity clause and a cause of action accrual provision.[3] By 2003 and 2004, the Project was substantially completed, and, in 2005, the Developer turned over the property to the Association.[4]
Unhappy with the Project, the Association sued the Developer for breach of the implied warranty of fitness and habitability, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligence in 2008.[5] In turn, in 2011, the Developer filed a third-party complaint against the General Contractor for breach of express indemnity, among other claims.[6] At the trial level, the General Contractor successfully argued that the Developer's claim for breach of express indemnity was untimely and barred by the four-year statute of limitations for construction-related claims.[7]
The appellate court, however, disagreed. Relying on the Illinois Supreme Court's ruling in Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Bowman, the court overturned the trial court and applied the ten-year statute of limitations for contract claims.[8] In Travelers, the Illinois Supreme Court instructed that when determining whether to apply the ten-year statute of limitations for contract claims or the four-year statute of limitations for construction-related claims, courts must look to the nature of the claim—meaning whether the claims emanates from construction-related activity or a contractual obligation.[9] Applying this test to the express indemnity clause at issue, the court determined that the nature of the claim was for failure to indemnify, a contractual obligation, not from any "act or omission relating to construction activity."[10] Thus, the ten-year statute of limitations applied and the Developer's claim for breach of express indemnity was not barred by the passage of time.
[1] 2014 IL App (1st) 122292.
[2] Id. ¶¶ 5-7.
[3] Id. ¶ 43.
[5] Id. ¶ 7.
[7] Id. ¶¶ 17-20.
[10] Id. ¶ 52.


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Yevgeniy Gidich (born 19 May 1996) is a Kazakhstani professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam . He rode in the men's team time trial at the 2015 UCI Road World Championships.

Major results

2016
 Tour of Qinghai Lake
1st Stages 3 & 5
 1st Stage 6 Tour of Iran (Azerbaijan)
 1st Stage 1 Tour of Bulgaria
 2nd Overall Tour de Filipinas
 3rd Road race, National Road Championships
2017
 1st  Overall Tour of Thailand
1st Stage 1
 1st Stage 13 Tour of Qinghai Lake
 2nd  Road race, Asian Under–23 Road Championships
 3rd Overall Tour de Korea
 7th Overall Tour of Almaty
2018
 3rd Overall Tour of Croatia
1st  Young rider classification
 6th Overall Tour de Langkawi
2019
 1st  Road race, Asian Road Championships
 1st Stage 3 CRO Race
 7th Coppa Bernocchi
2022
 1st  Team time trial, Asian Road Championships
 1st  Road race, National Road Championships
 3rd Grand Prix Gazipaşa

References

External links

1996 births
Sportspeople from Kokshetau
Living people
Kazakhstani male cyclists
Cyclists at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Kazakhstan
20th-century Kazakhstani people
21st-century Kazakhstani people

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We run this workshop once a month to allow individuals an opportunity to review good breathing and relaxation strategies. Led by a BradCliff Practitioner and limited to 6 people, these workshops cover techniques to assist with stress management, reducing anxiety, improving relaxation and supporting good sleep habits. This workshop is ideal for anyone with chronic disease, pain, anxiety disorders, insomnia and more. You are free to attend as many classes as you like. Cost is $25 for a 75 minute workshop. Next workshop is May 14th 5:30-6:15pm.
This workshop is geared toward athletes and individuals interested in improving their health and fitness. We review good breathing strategies for rest and activity. You will have an opportunity to have your breathing patterns and muscle strength tested and we will reivew training strategies to help boost performance. This workshop runs every 6 weeks and is limited to 6 participants. Cost is $40 for a 2 hour workshop.
The aim of this workshop is to help individuals with chronic breathlessness gain control of their symptoms. Whether due to lung disease, heart disease, pain or unknown factors, we will work through strategies to help you feel in control of your breathing. We focus on breathing at rest and during activity. Small class size allows for one-on-one work and indiviualized attention, while still finding comfort in the support of others in similar situations. Cost is $15 per 45 minute class. Held the second Thursday of every month from 1:00-1:45pm.


P.0. Box 223, Arusha, Tanzania, East Africa.
Welcome to our eighth annual newsletter.
The Arusha Children's Trust has had a productive 2007 and would like to thank friends, supporters and donors in Tanzania and all over the world.
There was a very successful fundraising event in Arusha in September 2007 at Masai Camp.
The Adventure Company UK pledged continued support through their responsible tourism program.
A new classroom was built for the kindergarten in a Maasai village outside Arusha.
A new porridge recipe proved to be very popular with the kindergarten children.
Thanks to Tropical Trails/ Wilderness Trails safari companies for services and support in Arusha.
Thanks to Robert Gray in New Zealand for maintaining and keeping the website up to date.
ACT thanks everyone who has made 2007 a success and hopes that in 2008 with continued support existing projects can be expanded and new ones can be funded.
All donations, no matter their size, can make a difference to the lives of the children we help. ACT actively and directly supports children's education in the Arusha and Rift Valley regions of Tanzania.
Parents, children and teachers were very happy when the new classroom was completed in May 2007 at the community centre in the village of Olmuringiringa, north of Arusha.
The kindergarten class grew to over one hundred, four to six year olds and a new classroom was desperately needed. Thanks to the Earthdance fundraiser of 2006 at Masai Camp, Arusha and to Brittany Stephen and friends in America the youngest children can enjoy a bright new space to learn in.
The furniture for the new classroom was provided by Dutch fundraisers Claudia van Westen and Jannemiek de Jong.
At the beginning of the year we experimented with two new nutritional types of flour to improve the daily porridge at the kindergarten. The children gave the new recipe the thumbs up so we will continue to use the maize and millet flours with added vitamins.
In November 2007 fifty six year olds graduated at a well-attended ceremony in the centre. They will continue their education in Standard One from January 2008 in seven different primary schools in the surrounding area.
Mr. Abel Matari, the Ward Education Officer, and guest speaker, praised ACT, the teachers and the parents highly for their commitment to the school. He was very impressed with the quality of the education the children had received. They performed songs, dances and sketches for the audience.
The community centre welcomes visitors, women's groups and other community-based programs for workshops and sharing knowledge. Sibusiso, the foundation for mentally handicapped children in Arusha, continues to support the parents and disadvantaged children in the area by holding monthly clinics at the centre. Sibusiso's outreach team have made an extremely welcome, positive impact on the lives of these families.
The kindergarten was visited by Anne Pearson of the African Children's Book Box Society in January 2007. She gifted 150USD worth of books for the children.
This year some primary children from The International School of Moshi, Arusha Campus, made small picture books for the kindergarten. The ISM students improved their Swahili in the process and were very excited to visit the kindergarten on two separate occasions to personally hand over their colourful books on counting, animals, ABC, etc. They also read their books to the children.
A teacher from Bell Baxter High School in Scotland, Angela Clark, has motivated her pupils to make books too, so we'll look forward to them!
ACT would also like to praise the teachers and the director of the community centre for their dedication to the kindergarten. Visitors always comment on the happy, smiling faces of the children.
On March 17th 2007 ACT and friends organized a St Patrick's night at Masai Camp. At the end of the evening a whip round for Malaika Orphanage in Arusha raised $US 90.
dance for peace which takes place simultaneously all over the world. The event brought together the local community to enjoy a very special evening of live music and excellent performances from different local bands, solo musicians and dancers. All the profits from Earthdance will go to ACT projects.
ACT especially thanks Ian Robertson of ABB, Arusha, for their very generous donation of 2500 USD.
Via Via and The Arusha Times.
A very big thank you to everybody!
The Adventure Company, UK, ensures its clients that a responsible travel philosophy is incorporated into all aspects of its tours. They recognize that they are accountable for any impact they have on the local communities in which they operate.
In 2007 ACT received a total of 4146 GBP from the Adventure Company. This money is from donations made by clients visiting Tanzania and from the Responsible Travel Project.
ACT has earmarked this money for projects to help several primary schools on the outskirts of Arusha.
Many schools are lacking in sports equipment, furniture, books, sufficient toilet facilities etc, etc, therefore this money will be well used in the coming year.
Many thanks to other Adventure Company clients for gifts of toys and books.
In June ACT visited Carmondean Primary School in Livingstone, Scotland as the teachers of the primary seven classes were keen to find a twin school in Tanzania. The idea being that the children in both schools would communicate and learn about their different lives and cultures.
ACT chose the primary school nearest to Olmuringiringa community centre to be the twin school in Arusha. The Carmondean children did various fund-raising activities and raised £UK 65 for the Tanzanian school.
Although primary and secondary school education is free in government schools in Tanzania families need help with uniforms, shoes etc and other basic annual costs.
Robert Gunn, USA, a dedicated supporter and donor to ACT, continues to sponsor a Tanzanian student from Bulati in the Ngorongoro Highlands. Naitira Ngare is about to complete secondary Form 5 and will start Form 6 in 2008.
ACT relies on fundraising activities and donations. It is run by volunteers.