1. It is said that first impressions are more lasting than subsequent ones. In bonsai this first impression is created by the Nebari or Surface roots. Strong nebari gives the impression of a strong bonsai and vice versa. The relationship of surface roots with the trunk from the base up decides the impact of the bonsai and, in a manner of speaking sets the pace of the entire composition. Good surface roots which indicates stability and good anchorage (in the soil), although it is the first requirement of a good bonsai, also needs to compliment for the movement of the trunk and the supporting branch silhouette. This is comparable to the position of a batsmans' feet while playing a particular cricketing shot; if the footwork is at fault, the shot is not executed correctly and lacking the requisite power behind it, does not achieve the desired results.
3. In the case of upright styles with slanted or twisted trunks (Slanting, Informal Upright, Windswept styles) although the surface roots would radiate in all directions they would be tortuous & snaky and with unequal thicknesses. Where the trunk leans in a particular direction, the major visible root/s on the side opposite the lean will appear to be stronger but expressing a tension as if counter – balancing the pull of the lean; the root/s on the side of the lean, on the other hand will appear sprung as if compressed to support the visual mass of the branches and foliage. The design of the bonsai, in the curves of the trunk and the springy sweep of the branches would be but a reflection of the tension and compression of the surface roots; only this will lend conviction and strength to the overall composition. Sometimes the effect is exaggerated by exposed roots which coil sinuously under the trunk like the legs of a prehistoric monster.
4. In the case of Bunjin, Cascade and Semi-cascade styles, the roots will appear more compressed, given the narrower mouth of the pot, although the roots opposite the direction of the lean of the bunjin style or cascading trunk might just appear to be stronger to counteract the lean or fall of the trunk.
5. In both, the informal styles and the cascading styles, the twisting appearance of the roots is therefore both functional as well as artistic. A critical design balance is achieved through this impression of the nebari or surface roots. This aspect is succinctly expressed thus by Carl Bergstrom, USA, " the logical explanation …. of the structure (of a bonsai) must be consistent in both a physical sense and in an artistic sense. Tension requires must be consistent in both a physical sense and in an artistic sense. Tension requires obedience (?) and compression requires release. How these dynamics are accounted for in the overall design is how we must measure the success or failure of the root configuration of a bonsai".
It is difficult to obtain plants with ideally arranged roots. More often than not one gets plants with defective rootage only, especially if the plant is a collected one. Most times, if a bonsai is to be created out of nursery grown material, the chances are that the roots will be abundant but it will probably take years to develop good surface roots compatible to the style in which the bonsai is designed. This is usually done by exposing the surface roots a little more during each successive repotting.
7. Corrections to defects in nebari: The defects in nebari are usually in the form of: a) lack of roots at certain points; b) poor or thin rootage; c) abnormal roots or too thick roots. In such cases, corrective measures need to be adopted in order to maintain the impression of a particular style.
For trunks lacking rootage from certain points – initially attempts should be made to encourage new roots by making cuts at the places de void of roots and dusting these places with rooting hormones or if that fails or if the variety is hard to root, root correction in the form of grafting the roots of a donor plant or grafting a donor plant at a place devoid of roots should be tried. If even then roots fail to emerge, then a rock or a tuft of decorative grass can be placed at the point lacking rootage. Poor rootage can also be corrected in the same way.
8. Abnormal as also hanging roots should be removed entirely if substitute roots are already available at suitable places lower down. Alternatively, they can be stapled down or in extreme circumstances wired into the desired shape. Overly thick roots can be split along their lengths and the resultant wounds sealed with a suitable sealant.
9. In some cases, lack of rootage can be corrected by changing the potting angle and modifying the branch structure and opening up the foliage wherever necessary to suit the new design.
10. However, in a case where roots are misshapen beyond salvage or only a single heavy root exists, the trunk just above the soil surface can be gouged or scoured in selected placed, rooting hormones applied in these places and the trunk at ground level is enveloped in a wall or well of netting and the space is filled with coarse sand or well-drained soil and watered well; the well can be gradually removed when new roots emerge and are strong enough to replace the old roots.
11. The caliper growth of thin or weak but ideally placed surface roots can be hastened by leading them into hollow plastic or bamboo pipes or tubes filled with gr owing media (soil and compost in equal proportions) which are in turn led into the ground. But this is an advanced technique that has to be tried on bonsai which are already in a mature stage.
12. To sum up, since nebari or visible surface roots are the basis on which the other elements viz., the trunk, branches and foliage depends for the impression of a convincingly mature image in bonsai, it is important that particular attention needs to be paid to their development and artistic arrangement in the bonsai pot, failing which the bonsai, however developed it may be, will not make the intended visual impact and style statement. Following are some photos of the nebaris of some of my own bonsai. Each nebari pic is followed by the actual tree in order to show the relationship between the surface roots and the style of the tree. Admittedly, most of them still need a lot of refinement, but that is the beauty of cultivating bonsai: they are never finished and therefore of constant interest and joy in their changing imagery.
Baobab (Adansonia Digitata) nebari photo on the left. Same tree full view on right.
2 – "Artistic Composition and the Position of an Asymmetrical Nebari" by Carl Bergstrom, USA, in the Art of Bonsai website, 2012.
3 – Occasional Critiques by Robert Stevens on the Stone Lantern blog.
4 – My researches and my article entitled "Perceptions & Perspectives in Bonsai Design" on my own website "ruchabonsai.com ".
4)	Bougainvillea should be defoliated to induce better branching during the growing period.
4] For most tropical flowering and fruiting plants, 2/3 weekly doses of Phosphorus dominant fertilizers about a month before the flowering /fruiting season of the species will induce better and sustained flowering.
It is generally known that almost all plant varieties need ambient light conditions and a certain amount of warmth & humidity for good growth. Climatic conditions are not the same throughout the world; they differ depending on the latitude in which the region is located. There are broadly two climatic zones in the world, viz., tropical (hot), temperate (very cold). Regions in the vicinity of the north or south poles are said to be in the temperate zone and experience extremely cold or near freezing climate almost throughout the year. Regions located around the Equator (tropical regions) have extremely hot climate throughout the year, hotter than all the other regions of the world due to the directness of the sun rays. Between these two extremes, are climatic conditions which vary from the cold to the hot to a greater or lesser extent, depending upon which latitude the region is located in. The nearer a region is to the north or south pole, i.e., between the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn and the respective pole and further away from the equator the more semi-temperate (more cold, less hot) the climate will be; conversely, the nearer a region is to the Equator, further away from either of the poles but between the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn and the equator, the more semi-tropical (more hot, less cold) its climate will be. Growing conditions are accordingly, significantly different in all these climatic zones, but sunlight, temperature and humidity play a very important role in the growth cycle of plants in general and bonsai in particular in the tropical belt and semi-tropical regions.
The scope of this article is confined to the consideration of the growing conditions in the tropical and semi-tropical belts, i.e., between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, as this is the region I am most familiar with.
The tropical regions, both the tropical belt around the equator and the semi-tropical regions between the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn have four seasons: winter (January–February), summer (March–May), a monsoon (rainy) season (June–September) and a post-monsoon period (October–December).
In the tropical belt, i.e., between the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn, in the regions around the equator, the sun rays fall perpendicularly on the surface of the earth so that the intensity of sun-light is extremely high and average temperature varies from about 28 degrees Celsius to maximum 50 degrees Celsius. The length of the day is also very long, ranging from 9 hours a day in winter to around 12 hours a day in the height of summer. Rainfall in the tropical belt is perennial, i.e., it falls intermittently throughout the year due to accelerated evaporation caused by high temperatures,. This results in year-round growth of most of the plants due to higher humidity and consequently gives rise to some of the best tropical rain forests of the world. (there are temperate rain forests too). Bonsai too would have equally good growth due to the high humidity and temperature.
In semi-tropical (more hot, less cold) regions, the same conditions and seasons prevail except that the intensity of the sun is lesser than in the tropical belt due to the obliqueness of the sun rays falling on the surface of the earth. (The farther away from the equatorial region, the more oblique are the sun rays hitting the earth and consequently the lower the temperature). The length of daylight is also lessened comparatively. But otherwise the growing conditions for plants and bonsai are virtually the same. In most regions there is a prevalence of a season of heavy rainfall resulting in high atmospheric humidity followed by winter which is not very severe and summer in which it can get stiflingly dry & hot. The climatic conditions favor good growth of plants.
In both the cases there is a very short period of winter dormancy and also sun-light is available more-or less through-out the year. So, most of the varieties of plants which survive well in higher temperatures, tolerate higher sunlight conditions for long periods and do not require a dormant period can be grown easily and successfully as bonsai. Evergreen broad leaf varieties, deciduous broad leafs, succulents & arid region plants as also some coniferous evergreens which do not require a significant winter dormancy and require good sunlight & humidity do extremely well as bonsai in the tropics.
The second important factor is that root activity is faster in warmer soil temperatures compared to colder soil temperatures. It is for this reason that bonsai which are grown in temperate zones have only one annual growth cycle in spring due to its warmth, whereas there are three distinct warm periods in the tropics and consequently three definite periods for good root activity – the spring (about 2 months), the alternate showers & sunlight which provides humidity in monsoons (3 months) and the pre-winter heat (15 days-1 month); this means that the plants are also in high active growth during these three periods, apart from the regular growth due to the generally warm weather throughout the year.
Plant varieties which require high temperatures & humidity would naturally thrive very well in tropical climates. Due to the size of their leaves, broad leaf evergreen varieties are able to generate carbohydrates at a higher rate than the coniferous evergreens and therefore growth in broad leaf evergreens is observed throughout the year and regeneration is also speedier. Ficus especially are prone to form buttress roots and also profuse aerial roots. The availability of ambient sun light and humidity ensures that most of these varieties are successful as bonsai in tropical climates and can also be placed in full sun light throughout the year.
Nevertheless, others varieties which are basically temperate climate plants but require good sunlight also thrive as bonsai in these conditions due to the presence of high humidity. Conifers, especially many sub-varieties of junipers (e.g., L Juniperus Prostrata, Africans, etc.) which proverbially grow only once annually or at best in spurts in temperate zones and become dormant in the winter are observed to register noticeable growth even in the mild winters of the tropical climates due to good humidity and light conditions and will do well in the hot summers, provided those which are likely to scorch or get stressed in the severe mid-day sunlight in the height of summer are given some over-head protection. Some deciduous plant varieties (those which shed all their leaves almost at once in the autumn), basically of temperate origin (e.g., Chinese Elm, L Ulmus Parviflora) develop into evergreen / semi-evergreen plants if they are located for a long time or for a few generations in the tropical / semi-tropical regions. This is apparently the result of the heat and humidity.
Excellent results are evident in the case of most Figs (L. Ficus species), Adenium (L. Adenium Obesum), Jade (L. Portulacaria Afra), Wax (L. Carmona Microphylla), Wrightia (L. Wrightia Religiosa), Jasmine Orange (L. Murraya Exotica), Casuriana (L. Casuriana Equisetifolia)and some other tropical varieties, including foliage, flowering and fruiting plants.
Figs (L. Ficus species), at least some varieties, may tolerate slightly low light conditions, but most do better in good direct sunlight. Growth in direct sunlight is always healthy, more compact with lesser inter-nodal distances and a denser and bushier growth. Humidity will encourage aerial roots which are a main feature and attraction of ficus bonsai.
Adenium (L. Adenium Obesum), which is basically an arid region plant, needs maximum sunlight but do not really need humidity. The hotter the climate, the better is the flowering on adeniums. They can survive less or infrequent watering also.
Wax (L. Carmona Microphylla) also needs good sunlight for tight compact foliage and good flowering but requires more watering and more frequently. Needs constant trimming.
Wrightia (L. Wrightia Religiosa) requires good sunlight for flowering, although in some climates, it tends to shed leaves if in cold weather. Leaves may turn a dull yellow en masse, in extreme sunlight.
Jasmine Orange (L. Murraya Exotica or Paniculata)also requires good sunlight for flowering. However extreme sunlight stresses the plant resulting in yellowing of leaves in summer.
Casuriana (L. Casuriana Equisetifolia) also thrives well in good sunlight but requires humidity. Occasional spraying with salty water has a beneficial effect on the plants as they are mainly seen to grow well along sea shores.
Due to year-round growth, almost all tropical plants & bonsai need to be fertilized accordingly. There is hardly any dormancy even in the case of deciduous trees so fertilization need not be stopped on that account as is the practice in temperate regions. Nitrogen is also needed in higher doses than is required for conifers and other temperate trees.
In the temperate zones, as natural temperatures are significantly lower than tropical regions, the hot and humid conditions of tropical zones will have to be simulated artificially, if tropical varieties of plants are to survive, let alone grow successfully. Hot house or green house with artificial indoor lighting and heat & humidity can be installed to re-create tropical conditions but they are expensive. But green houses are largely extensions of the main house and depending upon the number of trees and their sizes may need quite a bit of space and are worthwhile for growing medium to large size bonsai. Mame & shohin bonsai can also be grown indoors without the need for green houses if there is central heating in the house and will thrive well provided ambient light and temperature are maintained; if mame bonsai are grown more trees can be kept in lesser space. However, due to lesser intensity than natural light in the tropics, the duration of artificial lighting needs to be greater, approximately 12 – 16 hours if the trees are to remain healthy. Specialized halide lights are more suitable for green house conditions but they are expensive and may need periodic replacement with new lamps to maintain light intensity; halogen lamps are equally good for light intensity but heat up too much. Small trees can be grown indoors under florescent tube lights but the trees will have to be placed very near the light source. And the light fixtures may not look decorative too and have to be replaced periodically.
Frequency and potency of feeding fertilizers also needs to be on a reduced and lesser scale.
It is certainly possible to grow tropical subjects successfully under indoor light conditions in temperate zones, provided proper growing conditions are maintained and adequate precautions are taken.
a) Good draining capacity: The draining capacity of the bonsai soil is gauged by its capacity to allow excess water to escape as fast as possible from force of gravity so that, given an equable climate (not too hot nor freezing cold), the soil goes from a state of wetness or sogginess immediately after watering to a state of mildly moist between a given watering cycle, presumably of twenty four hours. Good drainage in turn depends directly on the particle size and its tensile strength. The bigger the particle size, the better the spaces available for aeration, lesser surface tension & better gravitational drainage; the smaller the particle size, the lesser the spaces available for aeration, the higher is the surface tension & consequently poorer gravitational drainage. In the event of poor drainage the roots cannot absorb enough oxygen and consequently due to anaerobic respiration they produce ethanol which causes root rot and cause poor growth of the plant and eventual death in the event of continuance of the water logging.
b) Tensile strength and size of soil particles: The particles of the soil need to be of a tensile strength which will resist crumbling under pressure, friction or changes in temperature. The absence of granular ingredients of good tensile strength would result in gradual pulverisation & compaction of the soil particles and lessening of its draining capacity due to reduction in particle size over a period of time. This state is referred to as structural breakdown of the soil. Material such as river sand, stone crush, brick crush, calcined clay, etc., have good tensile strength and therefore good drainage capacity.
c) Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC): CEC refers to the capacity of the growing medium to retain nutrition and fertilizers and make them available to the plant. Water and nutrition absorbing capacity is present in some components such as clay, humus, diatomaceous earth, pumice, etc. However, clay, unless calcined or roasted, tends to crumble rather easily and particles will eventually find their way to the bottom of the pot causing a build-up of sedimentation which will hamper drainage, mostly sooner than later. Humus, on the other hand, as it is composed to organic animal or fauna waste, will not crumble so much and due to natural adhesion will also not easily sedimantate at the bottom of the pot. For the reasons stated above, the use of clay is not advisable in the long run. As to sand, since it is generally inert, it will practically have nil CEC. Diatomite, pumice, crushed brick, calcined clay, etc, due to their semi-absorbent capacity have a good CEC and will be able to substitute clay as they are less prone to compaction.
d) Ph factor: Refers to the acidity and alkalinity of soil and its ingredients. For most plants a soil with a neutral ph works well for optimal growth of the plants. Where specific species need a different ph level, additives will be required to be used periodically. All soils will gradually become progressively more acidic due to the use of chemicals. To reduce the acidity and to increase alkalinity, lime (calcium) is added to the soil as required.
e) Inertia or Chemical reactivity: The reaction of the ingredients of soil to changes in temperature extremes may not be significant in the tropics but in temperate climates where freezing temperatures are prevalent it may affect the drainage to the extent that in freezing temperatures the soil would solidify through contraction and hamper drainage and is also likely to damage fine feeder roots. Of course, in such climatic conditions, it is highly probable that the frequency of watering may be very low and hence the chances of freezing in the soil might be avoided. The chemical reactions of the various ingredients of soil viz., sand, clay, humus, diatomite, pumice, crushed bricks, etc.,to fertilisers/reagents, etc., is practically neutral and hence it is not harmful per se. However, due to the semi-absorbent nature of these ingredients (except sand which is inert), these ingredients may have a build-up of acidity over a period of time and soils having a large proportion of these ingredients will have to be treated for acidity.
For most plants which are grown in ordinary garden pots (made of clay or plastic or composite materials) the growing medium or soil consists of a simple formula of equal proportions by volume of unsieved garden earth and compost or manure. Due to its vertical shape a garden pot holds a substantial amount of the growing medium, so this formula or slight variations thereof work well for a long period of time. Even if the structure of the particles break down, due to the height of the pot the sedimentation at the bottom of the pot is not a problem for drainage over a long period of time if broken shards of earthen pots are placed at the bottom of the pot.
However, the environment of a bonsai is limited to the soil holding capacity of a generally flat pot which is significantly smaller than garden pots, so the soil needs to be composed of lerge particles of ingredients that have an open structure of soil which allow good aeration for good root growth & good drainage and should be heavy enough to support the weight of the bonsai and should also be able to absorb and provide nutrition for optimum good health of the bonsai. Horizontal drainage in bonsai pots is also much slower than in garden pots. If ingredients with fine particles of soil are used, water-logging or prolonged sogginess of the soil due to poor soil aeration and poor drainage will result in root –rot due to the production of ethanol through anaerobic bacteria which germinates quickly in compacted soils. In such small pots, corrective action such as emergency repotting is usually late, i.e., at a time when root damage is in its extreme stage and almost irreversible.
The importance of soil in bonsai therefore cannot be overemphasised. It is the singlemost crucial factor on which hinges the success or failure to grow healthy bonsai.
In order to find the perfect formula for bonsai soil, bonsai growers have experimented with all kinds of local material including pulverised pine bark, saw-dust, coco-peat, city-waste, wood-chips, plastic chips, earthen pot crush, etc., using these as additives and in some cases directly as soil – substitutes. Based on experience, climatic conditions and watering practices, etc., each bonsai grower has formed his own recipe of the soil mix and due to the success attending individual circumstances, claims to have found the perfect formula of bonsai soil. However, given the diverse climatic conditions, plant species, watering practices, etc., it is difficult to rely on a single or fail-proof formula for a rigid proportion of the ingredients or a fixed recipe thereof. Proportion of the soil components / ingredients will necessarily depend rather heavily on these factors and will accordingly vary between individual bonsai growers and also region to region based on availability of local materials.
The components of the growing medium or soil for bonsai are therefore necessarily a selective mixture of different ingredients such as sand, clay, humus, diatomite, pumice, crushed bricks, etc., which provide drainage, anchorage and also water and nourishment to the plants.
A good bonsai soil should include a large proportion of granular sand or something similar in nature & structure and well-rotted manure, humus and common garden earth in such a proportion that the soil will not only be able to provide moisture & nourishment to the plant and anchorage to the roots, but more importantly, it will also retain a very high draining capacity for a longer time or at least till the next repotting. In a well-drained soil, osmosis will take place (flow of water from the soil to the roots) if the soil particles are not too small and spaces between them have adequate medium-sized spores or spaces for water which allow good air movement. If roots are in good contact with the soil, surface tension and capillary action will work hand–in-hand to ensure good water absorption by the roots resulting in the transition of a soaking state of the soil immediately after watering to an almost dryish state upto & before the next watering. Reverse osmosis (flow of water from the roots to the soil) may take place in well-drained soil only if it is allowed to become bone dry for a prolonged period.
In the tropics in summer especially, hot weather can dehydrate the plants very fast due to the larger surface area of bonsai pots; on the other hand, in the monsoons, rains are frequent and heavy in most places and there is a strong possibility of water logging in the pots if drainage is not good. The bonsai soil therefore needs to be very well drained with particles of good tensile strength but at the same time it should be able to retain enough moisture during the summer months which is also the major growing season when plants use up an amazingly high amount of water. In Mumbai, India, the soil for bonsai is normally composed of a good proportion of even sized brick crush which is cheaper, locally available and is calcined to a large extent due to kiln firing. River sand is also used whenever available. Other ingredients that are used are cow manure (prone to weeds), vermi-compost (comparatively weed-free), garden earth and leaf mould (Humus). Sometimes coco-peat and vermiculite (expanded mica crush) for moisture retention, rice husk which provides some heat in the soil (in small quantities) and/or crushed coal for making the soil sweeter and other soil additives are used especially for species such as serissa (serissa foetida), wax malpighia (carmona microphylla), indian hawthorn (malpighia coccigera), sandpaper (strebulus asper), etc., which need a little bit of extra moisture in the soil. Lime is added to soils for species like junipers which love alkalinity especially during the winter season to improve needle colour.
Generally speaking a good bonsai soil for the tropics will have around 50 percent river sand and/or brick crush, 20 percent manure, 20 percent humus and 10 percent common garden earth. The higher percentage of brick crush/ sand ensures good tensile granularity, good drainage in the rains but the soil does not compromise on moisture content due to the addition of manure and humus, which, after their nutritive store is exhausted, retard the breaking down of soil to a great extent. Best results are obtained when all the ingredients are sieved, discarding all powdery stuff and only the granular soil is used. Sieving of all the ingredients prevents break down of the soil to a great extent.
The practice of importing soils such as Akadama and Kanuma from Japan is not prevalent in most of the tropical countries where the species of plants suitable for bonsai are so different from the temperate climates in their requirements that it is not known whether these ingredients will be suitable. As the locally available material is better suited & have already been tested on local flora, are plentiful and are considerably cheaper than imported materials, the need for importing these material is non-existent. However, calcined clay (which is semi-absorbent and of good tensile strength), similar to 'Turface' which is available in US & Europe is now being manufactured and is very easily available in different grades and is a comparatively cheap material gaining popularity gradually in India.
To sum up, bonsai soil needs to be very well drained for the successful growing of bonsai. Its composition may need to be altered to suit local climatic conditions, plant species (i.e., whether the plant needs more moisture or less, better drainage or normal). Conifers need better drainage and less frequent repotting therefore the proportion of river sand/brick crush is increased. Flowering and fruiting trees need humus rich soil for which leaf mould and coco-peat are added. Some other species need higher moisture; for them vermiculite is added to the soil. In drier areas, a little more compost and vermiculite are added for added moisture and nutrition; on the other hand, in areas of heavy rain-fall, compositions with a higher percentage of river sand or brick crush or both is advisable. For mame bonsai grown in small pots, vermiculite, coco-peat and leaf mould of about 50 percent is added to brick crush which is preferred over river sand due to the semi-absorbent properties of the former. The particle size also can be smaller than that for bigger bonsai pots.
In all sizes of bonsai, however, the key factor is only good drainage; all else is but supportive window dressing.
Drainage, drainage and drainage of the Soil! That is the key to successful bonsai growing.
Bonsai are grown in small and mostly flat pots which contain a limited amount of soil. Like all living things they need the three elements of water, oxygen and sunlight. This means that they have to be kept mostly outdoors (they can be brought indoors for display for a brief period only) their growing medium or soil should be so suited as to provide anchorage, nourishment and good drainage and they have to be provided regularly with water in order to survive. The actual process of watering bonsai essentially involves the use of a watering can with a fine rose or a pipe hose fitted with a sprinkler attachment with which water is sprinkled on the bonsai in such a way that dust is washed off the foliage and the entire soil is also drenched thoroughly so that eventually excess water flows out of the drainage holes. Most of the books on bonsai and the internet information emanating from Japan and the western countries where the climate is cold and temperate speak of a watering practice which is apparently quite complex. The reason, in the first place, seems to be that due to the cold climate evaporation of moisture from the soil in a bonsai pot would be at a much slower rate than in the tropics where the climate is much more hot. Secondly, coniferous species which are a mainstay of bonsai in colder regions, appear to prefer a state of semi-dryness between consecutive watering, for which reason a specific or fixed frequency of watering cannot be prescribed for them. As there is a major temperature difference in the climatic conditions of temperate and tropical regions as also in the species of plants used for bonsai, watering bonsai in the tropics or watering tropical bonsai in ambient conditions is a different but much simpler prospect. The aquatic needs of tropical region bonsai is much greater than the needs of bonsai from the temperate regions. The guiding principle of watering bonsai in a temperate region on a need-based schedule therefore does not apply to tropical bonsai where, even in winter they need to be watered daily. In the hot tropical summer where the mercury often crosses the 40 degree celsius mark, bonsai need to be watered at least twice daily. In fact, just as bonsai in the temperate regions sometimes need winter protection during freezing amp; frosty temperatures, so also some species with delicate foliage need to be given protection from extreme sunlight in the tropics. Most tropical broad-leaf evergreen species especially ficus and other tropical species thrive on the combination of sunlight, moisture and humidity. This being the case, although a state of semi-dryness between waterings is sometimes tolerated, it is not appreciated. Out and out bone dryness is of course not tolerated in any climate, whether temperate or tropical. Tropical plants also grow much faster than temperate region plants probably because they have three growing seasons per year- the spring, the tropical rainy season and the brief period of heat prior to the onset of winter – as compared to only the spring growing cycle in the temperate regions. Therefore the watering needs of tropical plants in tropical weather is comparatively higher especially during the three growing periods adequate watering in summer. Most species, therefore, need watering twice daily in the summer months in the tropics. Even in the rainy season, a look-out has to be kept on the rainfall and on days when the rains are scanty, watering has to be done manually. Especially, bonsai with a dense canopy of leaves have to be checked regularly to see that they are watered manually if necessary on days when the rains are not adequate enough. To conclude therefore, care has to be taken to water tropical bonsai on a daily basis throughout the year and twice daily during summere considering the high temperatures and the special need of the broad-leaf evergreens predominant in the tropical bonsai circle.
The shaping of a bonsai starts usually only after the trunk of the plant attains some thickness and has some branches. Training can commence even if the plant is in an ordinary pot. Shaping can be categorized into Formative pruning and Definitive pruning.
Before shaping a bonsai study the trees' individuality; look for interesting features such as movement of the trunk, surface rootage, branch positions amp; development, etc.
a) Select as the tree's front the side that reveals the best features of the trunk such as a curve, lean, etc. Visualize the way the plant may look if its inclination is altered or if its branch positions are altered and also as the plant is rotated round its axis. Find the potting angle and the point from which it looks best and from which its branches are seen spreading in all directions. From this position prune away any obviously undesirable branches and try to bring out and highlight the unique characteristics of the tree such trunk line taper, a shapely curve in the trunk, roughness of bark, etc.
b) Keep approximately the bottom third of the plant free of branches. This reveals the structure of the trunk, gives direction to the bonsai and creates an illusion of great age. Choose as the lowest branch (termed as First branch) the longest and thickest one that reaches to the right of left of the selected front. Train it with wire in necessary so that it is inclined slightly forward.
d) To offset the first branch, select a branch positioned slightly higher than the back branch but on the opposite side of the first branch (termed as Second branch) and if necessary train it with wire so that it too sweeps forward. Both the first and second branch taken together would then seem to be welcoming the viewer.
e) The first three branches generally establish the branch structure of a bonsai; the other branches following the inclination of the first branch, all branches creating a spiral of higher, thinner and shorter branches, although if seen from above, no branch emerges from the same degree of the compass along the trunk line and that no branch overlaps another.
Once the plant is pruned initially for basic shape (formative pruning), it should be allowed to develop further by growing for a season or two so that it regains its strength before commencing with pruning to define the shape of the branches and tree (definitive pruning).
While pruning to define the shape, most of the cuts are made just above a leaf which is pointing in the outward and downward direction; the aim of definitive pruning is to achieve a larger and downward inclined spread of the branches. Only such a spread will project the image of an older, more mature tree and define its silhouette.
Pruning in this way results in growth of buds that point in the outward and downward direction as the thrust of growth goes immediately into the lateral shoots just below the cut. This will also avoid ingrowth which is likely to look unsightly and will also avoid overcrowding and eventual dieback of inward growing shoots due to lack of sunlight.
The process of pruning is repeated when sufficient more growth is achieved when it is semi-lignified and the shoots extend to about six/eight leaves. Growth is likely to start from a number of the leaf axils below the cut and with repeated pruning over a few more seasons the branches divide and sub-divide over and over again into a ramified structure.
(Tip: Branches may sometimes have to be thinned out if ramification reaches a stage where further division may so overcrowd the leaf structure that sunlight does not reach to inner shoots resulting in widespread dieback. Removal of dead shoots/branches may also be necessary at some point of time).
The major factor in the directing of bonsai growth is pruning not just of the branches but, even more importantly, of the roots. Even after the tree has reached its designated size and shape it has to be periodically unpotted, root pruned and repotted with fresh soil. Thus, the tree stays the same size and remains healthy through the rejuvenation of the root system.
At one stage or the other, every bonsai which has been in the same pot for a long time will be required to be repotted just as any potential bonsai will be required to be potted into a shallow, flat ceramic bonsai container for aesthetic purpose. Flat containers represent earth and are therefore desirable if a plant is to look like a bonsai tree. The pot for bonsai is like a frame to a picture. The pot should complement the tree and not detract from its looks. It should therefore not be too ornate or shiny. It should also be in proportion to the bonsai – not too big otherwise the tree will look comparatively smaller and will not give the impression of a big tree no matter how good it is, nor should it be so small that it will look visually unbalanced when compared to the bonsai.
a) A suitable bonsai pot is chosen for the tree which is to be potted. The pot should neither be too big nor too small but should be big enough to accommodate the root ball and look appropriately balanced considering the future growth of the tree.
b) The pot is prepared by fixing pieces of netting on the drainage holes with the help of wire. If the tree is to be transported to another place after potting or if it is very tall or heavy and is liable to be shaken by strong winds or if it is feared that the rootage is inadequate, the tree will need to be tied into the pot. For this, insert a length of aluminum wire through the drainage holes so that the ends of the wire stick out of the pot from above. A small quantity of bonsai soil is poured on to the base of the pot and mounded where the tree is likely to be placed.
c) The tree which is to be transplanted in the bonsai pot is first wired if necessary. It is then taken out of the nursery pot in which it is and the soil from the periphery of the root ball is loosened bit by bit. Tangled roots, heavy roots and dead or rotted roots are trimmed off leaving a healthy, fleshy and compact root ball intact. Depending on the species, not more than about one-third to one half of the roots are trimmed off. The base of the root ball is also reduced, if necessary and the root ball is tried for fit in the pre-chosen bonsai pot.
d) Set the root pruned tree in the pot spreading the roots over the mound of soil and rock the tree gently so that the tree settles comfortably. Put Cover the roots with more soil and using a blunt instrument like a chopstick or dibber, poke the soil working it gently into the nooks and crannies between the roots but not in the compact root ball. Stop poking when the tree stops rocking if gently pushed and it appears to be stable. Pour more soil so as to cover any hanging roots and tamp the sides of the pot with the hand to settle the soil. The soil level near the edges of the container should be slightly below the rim of the pot.
e) Set the pot in a basin full of water which reaches just below the rim of the pot. Water will rise by capillary action and moisten the soil. Also spray the foliage of the tree with clean water to wash off any dust and also to provide it with extra humidity.
f) Remove the pot from the basin of water after about 15 minutes and set it in a shady place where it will get partial sunlight, away from winds and direct sun. Gradually, after about a fortnight when new growth is evident, expose the tree to more sunlight in increasing stages.
g) The success of the survival of the newly potted bonsai is in not watering it after the first watering till the soil is just dryish damp. Instead spray the foliage at frequent intervals to conserve moisture. A good alternative would be to provide the tree with a misty micro-climate in a green house or under a closed plastic covering with just enough ventilation to prevent saturation.
Repotting is similar to potting except that in repotting a tree is transplanted from a smaller bonsai pot to a larger pot or sometimes into the same or similar sized pot.
(Tip: Conifers are difficult to transplant in the tropical climates so it is better not to disturb their root balls at all and transplant them in a cooler season or in the rains).
A bonsai is distinct from other plants mainly by virtue of its tree-like shape and appearance. It should firstly have the common attributes of its bigger counterparts in nature. Bonsai are differentiated from ordinarily potted plants because to all intents and purposes they look like full grown trees, albeit on a miniature scale.
But to look like a tree, a bonsai should have the following characteristics of a tree –1) it should have a tapering trunk line;2) an abundance of branches reaching out in all directions; 3) a good spread of roots emerging from the base at the level of the soil disappearing into the soil gradually so as to denote stability and agedness; 4) a tree as natural looking as possible with reference to its species; and 5) a pot which is in aesthetic and visual proportion to the tree, neither too big nor too small, both together forming a harmonious unity.
the third branch again from the side of the trunk opposite the second branch; a branch growing from the back of the trunk away from the front (somewhere between the first and third branches) to give a third dimension to the tree. All other branches would then follow this pattern each emerging from a higher point on the trunk, the entire branch arrangement rising in a gentle spiral up the trunk. The branches, as they emerge from the trunk should reduce in thickness, length and development from the lowest to the topmost branch.
All the attributes mentioned above are equally applicable to bonsai created from plant species from the temperate as well as the tropical climates. However, most tropical plant species, because they have virtually three seasons per year to grow in, have a somewhat faster rate of growth then the temperate plant species which, in comparison, have only one growing season per year, Consequently, tropical plants most times do not have a triangular outline but have a more rounded appearance, with the branch lengths somewhat more extended than temperate climate trees, particularly the ficus family which also feature aerial roots which enhance the appearance of branch spread. The style classification is therefore not as rigid as they are for temperate plants.
Branches should not cross each other. They should not face in the direction of the front, i.e., the best viewing side of the bonsai.
Branches should not emerge from opposite sides of the trunk from exactly the same point on the trunk (called Bar branches).
Taper should be uniform, i.e., there should not be any reverse taper.
Extreme distortion of trunk or branches is deemed to be unnatural and therefore avoided.


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Home About Us Arlene Semeco MS, RD, LDN, CISSN
Arlene Semeco MS, RD, LDN, CISSN
Author – Arlene Semeco MS, RD, LDN, CISSN
Arlene about herself:
Arlene is originally from Caracas, Venezuela. Her childhood was all about academics and swimming.
As soon as Arlene graduated from high school, she decided to pursue a higher competitive level in swimming and decided to move to the United States with a full scholarship at The University of Alabama. During her college years, Arlene qualified to her first Olympic Games in Athens 2004 and became the fastest swimmer in the history of Bama breaking the school record on the 50 meters freestyle and becoming an All-American swimmer and was inducted to the Hall of Fame of that prestigious institution. After Arlene graduated with two Bachelor in Science Degrees – Bachelor in Human Environmental Science and Bachelor in Food and Nutrition, and finished her college swimming career, she moved to Coral Springs, Florida in 2007.
Arlene started training in Florida swimming under world-class coach Michael Lohberg winning a pair of gold medals at the Pan-American Games in Rio 2007. With these titles, Arlene became the first woman to win gold medals at the Pan-American games in the history of Venezuelan swimming and breaking the Pan-American record for the 50 and 100 freestyle. Soon after that, Arlene qualified to her second Olympic games and placed among the fastest 15 women in the world, making it all the way to Olympic Semifinals and becoming the first Venezuelan female swimmer to qualify to an Olympic Semifinal and rank among the top in the world.
While she came to Coral Springs to seek the 2008 Olympic Games qualification, she made it her base home and have been living there ever since. Arlene participated in London 2012 becoming the first Venezuelan woman to make it to three Olympic Games while completing her Master in Science in Dietetics and Nutrition.
She has accomplished being the Venezuela Record Holder for the 50 and 100 free for the past 15 years. Arlene is currently working as a dietitian while still making her way to what it could become her fourth Olympic Games in Rio 2016.
While she is combining her sports career with her professional career, Arlene is always striving to find balance and fighting to accomplish her final goal in life, to be happy.
I completed a Master of Science in Dietetics and Nutrition from Florida International University and a Bachelor of Science in Food and Nutrition from The University of Alabama. I am a Registered Dietitian and am also a Certified Sports Nutritionist by The International Society of Sports Nutrition.
My nutrition experience involves the creation and development of nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, and herbal products to support wellness and disease prevention. I also have experience in research being involved in several clinical trials for nutritional supplements.
I am a clinical dietitian at Healthsouth Rehabilitation hospital with experience in acute care and rehabilitation medicine. During my time in clinical practice, I specialize in stroke, diabetes, orthopedic injuries, cardiac care, and neurological disorders and process improvement.
I counsel individually and group sessions for drug and alcohol treatment centers. I aim to provide food and nutrition education to promote changes in eating habits and a healthy lifestyle.
I am a freelance nutrition related, science-based blog writer for AuthorityNutrition.com and my own personal website.
I am also a 3-time Olympian, Pan American, and South American champion and record holder swimmer from Venezuela and part of The University of Alabama Hall of Fame. With my expertise in the world of sports, I have been able to apply my knowledge of nutrition to help athletes improve performance and achieve their goals in different sports.
I am a member of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Florida Dietetics Association and the International Society of Sports Nutrition. I have conducted numerous presentations on various topics pertaining to general nutrition and sports application of nutrition and supplements.
Arlenesemeco.com
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greta van susteren net worth
The net worth of Greta Van Susteren is estimated to be around $18 million. After spending 14 years on Fox News, she recently left the network. She then signed a contract with NBC to host her own show on their network, called "For the Record with Greta." However, her new show has not done as well as it could have done.
In 1988, Van Susteren married John P. Coale, a fellow Tort lawyer. The couple has no children. In 2006, they co-owned a restaurant in Mattituck, New York, called the Old Mill. Their ownership lasted until January 2014. Van Susteren is 1.6 meters tall and weighs 53 kg.
Greta Van Susteren has worked as a political commentator for several networks. She has also been an adjunct professor at the Georgetown Law Center and Stetson Law School. Her brother, Dirk, is a journalist and was long-time editor of the Vermont Sunday magazine. They both have a net worth of about $30 million.
Greta Van Susteren's net worth is estimated to be around $35 million by 2022. She has a modest house in Washington, D.C., and part ownership of the Old Mill Inn. Despite her wealth, she enjoys a very independent lifestyle. She hasn't been known to purchase expensive cars, and her daily driver is not revealed.
Van Susteren is a respected legal commentator on Fox News. She co-hosted two shows for the network, "On the Record" and "Burden of Proof." She joined NBC News in January 2017 and currently hosts "For the Record" on MSNBC. Her career has helped her to earn a substantial net worth, and she has also received many honors and awards.
The net worth of Greta Van Susteren has grown to $35 million, as she leaves the Fox News network. She is one of the most successful anchors on the network, and has been at the company for 14 years. Her salary is reported to have increased significantly since she signed her contract with Fox News.
Greta Van Susteren was born in 1954 in Appleton, Wisconsin. She currently resides in New York. She is of mixed race. Her parents are a lawyer and a judge. Neither of them have disclosed her salary. Therefore, Greta Van Susteren hasn't disclosed the salary she receives.
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in Politics, Texas Legislature
Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick Explodes After Democrats, Texas Companies Criticize His Voting Restriction Bill
by Onward Texas Staff April 8, 2021, 8:16 am 45.2k Views
Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick is pretty upset about people not taking a liking to his voter restriction bill.
"Senate Bill 7 is not voter suppression, it's voter security," he said. Patrick spent more than 30-minutes ranting about people who have expressed concern over the bill during a press conference last Tuesday. He slammed the media, Harris County officials, American Airlines, and a number of Democrats including Beto O'Rourke. He even called them a "nest of liars" for suggesting that the legislation is aimed at stopping Black and Hispanic communities from getting access to vote.
A number of large, Texas-based businesses, including American Airlines, Southwest, and Dell have released statements regarding the matter expressing their concern about it. It was recently that Major League Baseball opposed voting legislation similar to Patrick's bill in Georgia, something most of the Texas leadership were less than thrilled about.
Gov. Abbott announced last Monday that he would not throw out the ceremonial first pitch at the Texas Rangers' home opening game and would boycott any other Major League Baseball events in the future, in response to their decision from pulling out their event in Georgia in a form of protest against their recent legislation.
Patrick's press conference was made after Judge Lina Hidalgo, Mayor Sylvester Turner, and other Harris County officials rallied in Houston against the legislation. During the event, Hidalgo said Republicans had "bought into a conspiracy theory" about widespread voter fraud, something that never happened.
Mayor Turner labeled the voting bills as "Jim Crow 2.0" and "part of a national campaign to restrict people's right to vote."
Patrick's response? "They're lying to you."
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This article is about the Chadra-Fan. You may be looking for Rune Haako.
"Take another look, Haako. Be sure."
"Yeah, yeah, boss! It's him! I seen him!"
Haako was a Chadra-Fan male who worked as an informant and scout during the Second Imperial Civil War. A long-time inhabitant of the Wheel, he kept no strict allegiance to any faction and worked for everyone who offered him credits at a given time. In 137 ABY, he provided information about the former Jedi Cade Skywalker to Jor Torlin, an agent for Sith Intelligence and Assassination, confirming that Skywalker was aboard the space station. After this, Haako proceeded to use his network of informants in an effort to determine Skywalker's location, per Torlin's instructions.
"I kept my eye on him like you said after I commed you about him! He was here, but he got in his ship a few hours back and took off! Couldn't find out where!"
"All right, Haako. Keep digging. See if anyone else was with him, knew him, might know where he was headed."
Haako provided information on Cade Skywalker for agent Jor Torlin in 137 ABY.
Haako, a Chadra-Fan male, was born at some point before the end of the Sith–Imperial War. After the war's final battle in 130 ABY, Haako set up residence in the Wheel, a large space station located in the Besh Gorgon system in the Mid Rim. During this time, he made his living as an informant and scout for various employers, always willing to sell his information to anyone who could pay him in credits. Haako's services were used on occasion by the Sith agent Jor Torlin, a former Sith adept working for the intelligence division of Darth Krayt's Galactic Empire.
Seven years later, during the Second Imperial Civil War, Haako contacted Torlin and informed him that the bounty hunter and former Jedi Cade Skywalker, for whom the Dark Lord of the Sith Darth Krayt was searching, was aboard the Wheel. The Chadra-Fan was instructed by Torlin to keep track of Skywalker's whereabouts. However, Skywalker left the station and Haako was unable to ascertain the bounty hunter's destination. Haako met with Torlin, who gave the Chadra-Fan a flimsiplast of Skywalker's portrait to confirm whether Haako had seen the same individual. Haako confirmed this and then left Torlin after being instructed by the agent to keep searching for Skywalker's location and to find out if he had been seen with any companions. Haako used his structure of informers in an attempt to find Skywalker.
"You can count on me, boss!"
The Chadra-Fan male Haako was an enthusiastic individual whose loyalty was for sale, depending on the amount of credits a potential employer was offering. He made sure he was cognizant of the people who visited the Wheel, always seeking to use his information as a potential means of income. He could speak and understand Basic and the Chadra-Fan. Haako possessed a hold-out blaster pistol, a comlink, a credit chip, and a datapad.
Haako was created by John Ostrander, the writer of the Star Wars: Legacy comic series, for the first issue of the Trust Issues story arc. He was drawn by Colin Wilson in the comic, which was also Legacy's ninth issue. Haako later received entries in The Complete Star Wars Encyclopedia and the Legacy Era Campaign Guide.


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BTS stays in Official Charts' top 10
BTS ranked No. 7 on the British Official Charts' top 100 albums chart, becoming the first Korean act to have its song sit on the top 10 list for two consecutive weeks.
The septet's latest EP, "Map of the Soul: Persona," released on April 12, sat in the seventh spot of the charts' latest update made on Friday, while its lead track, "Boy With Luv," sat at No. 29 on the Official Singles Chart top 100.
The EP also sits at No. 1 on the Official Scottish Album Chart, No. 2 on the Official Album Sales Chart and the Official Physical Album Chart, No. 4 on the Official Album Chart Update, No. 13 on the Official Irish Album Chart, No. 23 on the Official Album Download Chart and No. 24 on the Official Album Streaming Chart.
BTS also released a new version of the music video for "Boy With Luv" for ARMY, the septet's ardent and loyal fans.
On Saturday, a video titled "ARMY With Luv ver." was uploaded on the Big Hit Entertainment's official YouTube page, fan page and other social media accounts.
"It includes unrevealed scenes from the original video, made to return the love that BTS has received from fans all around the world," the agency said.
By Yoon So-yeon


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Unscramble word parts to find words that describe the photos.
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List of famous female poets, listed by their level of prominence with photos when available. This greatest female poets list contains the most prominent and top females known for being poets. There are thousand of females working as poets in the world, but this list highlights only the most notable ones. Historic poets have worked hard to become the best that they can be, so if you're a female aspiring to be a poet then the people below should give you inspiration.
Mercedes de Acosta and Eileen Myles are included on this list along with many more.
While this isn't a list of all female poets, it does answer the questions "Who are the most famous female poets?" and "Who are the best female poets?"


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Case Of The Week	Archives
2019 E/M Changes are Live!
E/M Forum
On-Site E/M Education
E/M Compliance Web Portals
E/M Coding Online Courses
Free E/M Coding Tools
The Basic E/M Coding Course
Inpatient/Outpatient Curriculum
The Hospitalist E/M Curriculum
The Outpatient E/M Curriculum
Nursing Facility E/M Services
Comprehensive Curriculum
The Pediatric E/M Curriculum
Complete E/M Curriculum
The Nephrology Curriculum
The Psychiatry Curriculum
The ER Curriculum
AAPC CEUs by Specialty
E/M Templates
Multi-User Discounts
Problem Focused History
Expanded Problem Focused History
Comprehensive History
Specialty Exams
Problem Focused Exam
Expanded Problem Focused Exam
Detailed Exam
Medical Decision-Making
Low Complexity
Moderate Complexity
High Complexity
MDM Calculator
New Office Patients
Established Office Patients
Initial Hospital Care Services
Hospital Progress Notes
E/M Consult Services
Coding Based on Time
Consults Are Gone: What Now?
Clinical Examples
6/22/11: A Hospital Progress Note in 94 Words
6/8/2011:A Very Concise 99214
5/26/2011: An H&P in 194 Words
4/19/2011: An Established Office Visit in 29 Words
4/12/2011: H&P Redux
3/31/11: Established Office Visit
3/17/2011: Catastrophic Key Component Failure
2/02/2011: An Outpatient Consult
1/27/11: A Very Brief Note
1/12/11: Hospital Progress Note for a Patient with Severe Shortness of Breath
1/6/11: The Shortest Level 5 Ever?
12/9/10: A Neuro "Consult"
11/17/10: Don't Do This...
11/03/10: 30 E/M Questions You Should Ask Your Medicare Carrier
10/26/10: Video Case: Three Common Mistakes
9/29/10: Video Case: Bad HTN
9/8/10: Video Case: The 1-Minute Progress Note
9/1/10: Video Case: 99215?
8/24/10: Video Case: Admission H&P for Severe HTN
8/18/10: Video Case: A Hospital Progress Note for ARF
8/11/10: Video Case: The Perils of a Poorly Documented Physical Exam
7/28/10: Video Case: A Patient in the ICU
7/22/10: Video Case: "Anxious about Avandia"
7/14/10: Video Case: Hospital Progress Note for a Patient with CHF
6/17/10: Video Case: Established Office Patient with Three Stable Problems
6/10/10: Video Case: SOAP Notes Don't Work
5/26/10: Video Case: Admission H&P
5/18/24: Video Case of the Week for a Hospital Progress Note
5/4/10: Video Case of the Week for an Established Office Patient
4/21/10: Use Templates to Decrease Transcription Costs
4/14/10: Can You Spot the $93 Mistake?
4/7/10: Frightening Observations
3/24/10: A "Bullet-Proof" Exam?
3/16/10: The Most Popular E/M Code on the Planet
3/10/10: Rate this Exam
3/2/10: A Quick Hospital Progress Note
02/24/10: Severe Proteinuria
02/1610: A "Consult" in the ER...
2/10/10: Some Docs Have to Work Harder...
2/3/10: Don't Over-Document your H&Ps
1/27/10: 99215: What it Takes
1/20/10: Worsening CHF in the hospital
1/12/10: New England Docs Take a Hit
1/5/10: Consults Bite the Dust
12/16/09: The Last Office Consult
12/02/09: Critical?
11/24/09: A Self-Auditing Template
11/18/09: Patient is Asleep
11/11/09: The 3 Minute Physical Exam
11/3/09: A Solid Block of Text
10/27/09 An Unresponsive Patient
10/20/09: CHF Exacerbation
10/13/09: Patient Not in Room
10/6/09: Again with the HTN?
9/29/09: Pre-Op Consult
9/15/09: A Consult for HTN
9/9/09: The Art of Signing Off
8/31/09: Admission H&P for Shortness of Breath
8/25/09: Stable HTN
8/18/09: Shortness of breath in the office
7/28/09: Worsening pancreatitis in the hospital
7/21/09: Blood Pressure is Not Controlled
7/14/09: A Stable Dialysis Patient
7/7/14: A Bad Sunburn
6/30/09: Established Office Patient with Worsening HTN
6/23/09: A "Routine" Hospital Progress Note
6/16/19: Is Over-Documentation Fraud?
6/9/09: Severe HTN in the Hospital
6/2/09: Is this a Valid Consult?
5/26/09: A Streamlined Admission H&P
5/19/09: An Office Visit in 10 Words or Less
5/12/09: Worsening Pulmonary Infiltrates
5/5/09: Why SOAP Notes Are Useless
4/28/09: The Shortest Progress Note Ever
4/21/09: An Office Visit for a CKD patient with HTN
4/14/09: An Outpatient Ortho Consult
4/7/09: Cardiology Hospital Progress Note
3/31/09: Back Pain in the Office
3/24/09: Outpatient Consult for Proteinuria
3/17/09: Stable HTN in the Hospital
3/10/09: An Intoxicated College Student
3/3/09: A Kid with an Earache in the Office
2/24/09: Did this Doctor Undercode for his H&P?
2/17/09: An Established Office Patient with Poorly Controlled HTN
2/10/09: An Exam from Across the Room
2/3/09: Progress Note for a Patient with New AFIB
1/27/09: Inpatient Consult for ARF
1/20/09: Resolving Hyperkalemia (Progress Note)
1/13/09: An Established Office Patient with HTN
1/6/09: Hyponatremia in the Hospital (Progress Note)
12/16/08: A Patient with Fever in the ER
12/09/08: More HPI Nuggets
12/02/08: EPF vs. Detailed Exam
11/26/08: Talking Turkey about the HPI
11/18/08: Prolonged Inpatient Services
11/11/08: Established Office Patient (99213)
11/4/08: Hospital Progress Note (99233)
10/28/08: Established Office Visit (99215)
10/21/08: New Office Patient; Can We Use a Questionnaire?
10/14/08: "Found Down"
10/7/08: Outpatient Urology Consult (99245?)
9/30/08: Established Office Patient (99215)
9/24/08: Hospital Progress Note (99233)
9/17/08: Hospital Consult for an Observation Patient
9/10/08: "Awaiting Placement.."
9/3/08: Critical Care, etc...
8/27/80: The Perils of Using the SOAP Note Format: What Could Have Been..(99231)
8/20/08: On Office Patient Asks about Her Cholesterol Medication (99213)
8/13/08: An ICU Patient with Respiratory Failure (99233)
7/23/08: A New Office Patient (99204)
7/16/08: An Established Office Patient (99214)
7/9/08: An Established Office Patient (99213)
7/2/08: A Hospital Consult (99253)
6/25/08: An Admission H&P (99223)
6/10/08: A Hospital Progress Note (99232)
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AUSTRIAN Airlines is to launch once-a-day flights from Manchester to Vienna in SeptemberStarting on September 10 the new service will start in addition the airline's 28 weekly flights to London….
SPECIALIST independent adviser on the investment of personal injury damages Frenkel Topping is set to report trading in line with expectations as the company focuses on growing its geographical reach….
LANCASHIRE industrial polymer manufacturer Victrex has reported a solid first half of growth and remains upbeat on prospects for the remainder of the current financial year despite currency headwinds….


Currently over 400 yachts use ChartCo Superyacht Services to keep their navigational resources compliant with worldwide regulations and fully up to date.
In this section, we introduce three, real-life examples of yachts ranging from 43 to 110 metres that have worked with ChartCo Superyacht Services to identify the types of navigational outfit services that each considered ideal for its needs. In each example, we also describe the consultation process that culminated in the services being selected and installed, and the after care packages that each adopted.


The purpose of this article is to explore the question of the "location" of knowledge relative to knowers and things known in the work of Charles Sanders Peirce. This is an aspect Peirce's work that is rarely addressed directly, and still more rarely addressed with any clarity. Peirce seems to have been aware of this, often demurring that he "is not yet quite free from the mist" on the issue.1 Similarly, Peirce's interpreters have expressed little interest in this question (with Vincent Colapietro and Robert Corrington standing as notable exceptions),2 preferring to focus on the more familiar operation of semeiotic within the individual mind, highlighting the community only insofar as the individuals within it can provide correctives for the hypotheses of such individual minds.3 Under the circumstances—including the broader challenge of having Peirce's work taken seriously by a broader philosophic audience—one can hardly blame them, but I contend [End Page 70] that something important is being lost in the process: something that not only showcases Peirce's creativity but also demonstrates its relevance to contemporary epistemology.
This article proceeds in three steps, each of which considers a distinct but interrelated aspect of Peirce's thought. I will begin by examining Peirce's account of the self insofar as it concerns personal identity, demonstrating that the concept of self is, like all other supposed knowledge, merely an inference made from experience, and not an unmediated intuition. I will follow this by an examination of his notion of synechism, or the idea of an underlying continuity to all things, to highlight the continuity between the "self " and all other things. Finally, I will explore the ways in which this continuity plays out in his account of community, thus providing a basis for understanding how knowledge may be located outside of the bounds of the constructed self.
Before proceeding, however, it is important to acknowledge that, like Peirce, I am also "not yet quite free from the mist" on this issue, despite the generous head start provided by Peirce. The denseness and disparateness of Peirce's writing has made of it as much an opponent as a guide, and this has only been compounded by Peirce's own uncertainty on the issue. What I have to offer is as follows: first, a clear indication that Peirce harbored within his broader semeiotic something like a transpersonal account of knowledge; second, that this is not only consistent with his broader semeiotic but a logical extension of it; and third, that there are sufficient grounds within his broader corpus to say that, even if Peirce did not ultimately embrace a transpersonal account of knowledge, the very criteria that he laid out for inquiry suggest that he should have. At the very least, then, this article should provide a springboard for further discussion on the issue within Peirce's work as well as beyond it.


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text:
Q: Swift stop unloading of table view cells? I'm making a table view that downloads an image for the cell off the web, every time the cell is loaded.
This proves a problem though, as when you scroll down then up again, the cells are reloaded.
Is there any way to stop the unloading of cells, and control how many cells are loaded when the view appears?

A: I propose that instead of trying to stop your UITableView from reusing cells, which would decrease performance, you store the images you download, using NSCache for example.
NSCache works the same way as a Dictionary - with key value pairs. The main difference however is it incorporates various auto-removal policies, which ensure that it does not use too much of the system's memory. Here's the documentation on NSCache: https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/Cocoa/Reference/NSCache_Class/index.html
Using this method: when you're setting up your UITableViewCell, you could check if an image has been downloaded for that NSIndexPath. If an image hasn't been downloaded you download it and add it to the cache once its finished, otherwise you use your cache and get the image from there.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Plasti & Pack Pakistan 2019 17th International Plastics & Packaging Industry Exhibition
30 big players form an over US$1.0 billion alliance to end plastic waste
The Alliance will further invest to clean up of areas where plastic waste concentrates, such as in rivers.
An alliance of global companies from the plastics and consumer goods value chain just launched a new organization to advance solutions to eliminate plastic waste in the environment, especially in the ocean.
The Alliance to End Plastic Waste (AEPW), currently made up of nearly 30 member companies, has committed over US$1.0 billion with the goal of investing US$1.5 billion over the next five years to help end plastic waste in the environment.
The following companies are the founding members of the Alliance: BASF, Berry Global, Braskem, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC, Clariant, Covestro, Dow, DSM, ExxonMobil, Formosa Plastics Corporation USA, Henkel, LyondellBasell, Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings, Mitsui Chemicals, NOVA Chemicals, OxyChem, PolyOne, Procter & Gamble, Reliance Industries, SABIC, Sasol, SUEZ, Shell, SCG Chemicals, Sumitomo Chemical, Total, Veolia, and Versalis (Eni).
A cross value chain cooperation for circular economy
AEPW is a not-for-profit organization that includes chemical and plastic manufacturers, consumer goods companies, retailers, converters, and waste management companies, also known as the plastics value chain.
The Alliance will develop and bring to scale solutions that will minimize and manage plastic waste and promote solutions for used plastics by helping to enable a circular economy.
The Alliance has also been working with the World Business Council for Sustainable Development as a founding strategic partner.
"Everyone agrees that plastic waste does not belong in our oceans or anywhere in the environment. This is a complex and serious global challenge that calls for swift action and strong leadership," said David Taylor, Chairman of the Board, President and CEO of Procter & Gamble, and chairman of the AEPW.
"This new alliance is the most comprehensive effort to date to end plastic waste in the environment. I urge all companies, big and small and from all regions and sectors, to join us," he added.
In the months ahead, the Alliance will make additional investments and drive progress in four key areas:
Infrastructure development to collect and manage waste and increase recycling;
Innovation to advance and scale new technologies that make recycling and recovering plastics easier and create value from all post-use plastics;
Education and engagement of governments, businesses, and communities to mobilize action; and,
Clean up of concentrated areas of plastic waste already in the environment, particularly the major conduits of waste, like rivers, that carry land-based plastic waste to the sea.
"Addressing plastic waste in the environment and developing a circular economy of plastics requires the participation of everyone across the entire value chain and the long term commitment of businesses, governments, and communities. No one country, company or community can solve this on their own," commented Veolia CEO Antoine Frérot, a vice chairman of the AEPW.
80% of ocean plastic waste comes from rivers
According to the research from the Ocean Conservancy, nearly 80% of plastic waste in the ocean begins as litter on land, the vast majority of which travels to the sea by rivers.
Meanwhile, one study estimates that over 90% of river borne plastic in the ocean comes from 10 major rivers around the world – eight in Asia, and two in Africa. And 60% of plastic waste in the ocean can be sourced to five countries in Southeast Asia.
What are the top 10 most valuable chemical...
The top 10 most valuable chemical brands o...
SABIC and ExxonMobil create joint venture ...
The circular economy crossroads
IBM's innovative VolCat recycling method t...
Title of report: 30 big players form an over US$1.0 billion alliance to end plastic waste


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EU stands strong to ensure safe, orderly, well-managed migration
Migration is a global phenomenon driven by many forces starting with aspirations for dignity, safety and peace. The decision to leave home may be extreme, and often, the beginning of a dangerous, sometimes fatal journey. On the occasion of International Migrants Day the EU states "we stand
Asia and Europe: Together for effective multilateralism
At the beginning of this week, I had the honour of chairing in my capacity as High Representative the ASEM, the "Asia-Europe Foreign Ministers Meeting". What might seem to be a rather bureaucratic acronym, actually is a politically highly relevant event for our continents.
International community gathers in Geneva to support refugees and deliver more on Global Compact
Millions of refugees around the world are in need of assistance and protection. One year after the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR), world leaders are gathering in Geneva on 17 and 18 December at the Global Refugee Forum to provide greater support to the people in need, exchange good practices and
Fight terrorism while respecting human rights: high-level Sahelian workshop identifies best practices in Niamey
Representatives of the Sahel states, supported by international partners, discussed specific best practices and standards in the lawful transfer of alleged terrorists.
14th ASEM Foreign Ministers' Meeting: Asia and Europe come together to revitalize multilateralism
The ASEMFMM14 taking place in Madrid gathers 51 European and Asian countries to discuss how to strengthen cooperation between the two continents
The EU Green Deal – A global perspective
I am excited that we agreed yesterday on an important milestone in the EU's fight against climate change: we adopted the European Commission communication on the "EU Green Deal".
A new project to stop plastic waste in Timor-Leste funded by The European Union
"Hamenus Lixu Plastiku (HLP)"- Reduce Plastic Waste is a new 3 years' project funded by the European Union (EU) to limit plastic waste generation. It's a project that supports the Civil Society Organizations and local business to participate in creating plastics circular economy and to participate
#EUGreenDeal – for our future, for the future of our planet
'When climate disasters strike the EU is there to help' – this is the theme of an EU campaign providing humanitarian aid to victims of natural and man-made disasters brought about by climate change. 'El Niño brings despair, Andres brings repair' states one of the captions used in the campaign, as
Aptitude test for interpreter training course
The European Union (EU) organises an interpreter training course in Brussels, Belgium, which will be implemented by the Directorate-General for Interpretation of the European Commission, one of the EU institutions. It is a 5-month training course with English-Mongolian for up to 6 participants,
Author: Press and information team of the Delegation to MONGOLIA - Publication date: 10/12/2019


^ Shiga, David. Sun's 'twin' an ideal hunting ground for alien life. New Scientist. [2007-10-03]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-06).
^ "Parallel universes. Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observations.", Tegmark M., Sci Am. 2003 May;288(5):40-51.
^ Max Tegmark. Parallel Universes. In "Science and Ultimate Reality: from Quantum to Cosmos", honoring John Wheeler's 90th birthday. J. D. Barrow, P.C.W. Davies, & C.L. Harper eds. Cambridge University Press (2003). 2003, 288: 40–51. Bibcode:2003astro.ph..2131T. PMID 12701329. arXiv:astro-ph/0302131. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40.
^ http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0610199 "Susskind's Challenge to the Hartle-Hawking No-Boundary Proposal and Possible Resolutions "


And what an ending. Did JAZ make that graphic?
So much for 8th century iconoclasm, but David Zahl should win some sort of award for discovering this video.
I guess sometimes it takes the veneration of the everywhere allover icons to point out the fact that the title of this post is actually true.
I love it. . . "seems like if Jesus were going to show up, it wouldn't be in a tub of ice cream." . . . "Sweet Jesus shows up anywhere." . .
"The minute Garcia found the rock he immediately quit drinking and smoking"!!!