Volunteer Abroad in Cameroon: is a safe Central African Republic bordered to the west by the Gulf of Guinea.
One of the most diverse countries in Africa, Cameroon is often referred to as "Africa in miniature". Cameroon has everything you would expect from the African continent; tropical rainforests, deserted golden beaches, great expanses of desert, vast lakes and savannah, and volcanic mountains in-between.
Compared with other African countries, Cameroon enjoys political and social stability. Nevertheless, large numbers of Cameroonians live in poverty as subsistence farmers. The unemployment rate is high and those who are employed perform mostly agricultural tasks. The HIV/AID crises have hit hard especially the children, many of whom lack proper healthcare. Cameroon has one of the highest school attendance rates in Africa. Although attendance rates are high, there is a shortage of teacher leaving schools chronically understaffed.
Cameroon is having two seasons that is the rainy and dry season; the rainy season runs from March to September while the dry season runs from October to February. The major spoken languages are still English and French but a multitude of more than 200 ethnic languages are also in circulation, with various tribes populating the country.
Our programs are located in Buea and the surrounding rural towns where English is predominately spoken. The nearest airport from our head office is Douala International, about an hour drive from Buea. All participants should book their flights to Douala Airport.
The volunteer program goal is to give international support to local organizations helping needy children and young people throughout south west Cameroon. Our program focus is on community development, health, agriculture, housing, feeding and educating these needy orphans and street children. By implementing sustainable programs and working with the community, our projects work to strengthen the present living conditions to allow all orphans and struggling street kids a chance to survive the crisis of poverty.
With our volunteer programs we allow you to discover the wonders of Central Africa, while doing meaningful and rewarding community work.
Volunteering with us and Gain A Broader View of the World!


Purchase a Peradon cue before May 1st and be in with a chance of winning tickets to the World Championship Snooker Final.
Thurston's head office, showroom, factory & heritage collection.
Our showroom, with its extensive range of gaming equipment and friendly staff, who are always available to assist you.
With over 200 cues on display, we have a table set up for customers to try these out prior to purchase.
We deliver and service tables across the UK and all over the world using our own fully trained staff.
We offer a nationwide table maintenance and renovation service.
We stock the largest range of Lawn & Crown Green Bowls equipment in the UK. A bowls renovation service is also available.
The world famous heritage collection is available to view by appointment.
Elkmaster Pro Tips and Triangle Pro Chalks, available to order.
All new Taom Chalk available to order here.
Now with more room than ever before, the Peradon Halo Plus range of cases now available to order.
Our very own Thurston range of cases, now available in new exciting colours.


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Singer Brandy Reportedly Hospitalized After Suffering A Seizure
By Adaugo October 13, 2022 96
Shortly after the news broke, Brandy thanked her fans for their concern, citing dehydration and malnutrition as the source of her hospitalization.
'Cinderella' Starring Brandy & Whitney Houston Officially Coming To Disney+
By Adaugo February 6, 2021 5
"Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella," the 1997 film starring Brandy as the titular princess and the late Whitney Houston as the…
Brandy Opens Up About Her Past Struggles With Severe Depression & Contemplating Suicide
Following the release of her latest album "B7," Brandy recently opened up with a shocking confession regarding her past mental…
It is the second incident of a tiger on the loose in South Africa in as many weeks.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This giant box contains a super-hush-hush project that promises to transform Intel's business. Can the company inside millions of PCs find a way to power billions of phones and other gadgets?
An emulator tests a new processor that Intel hopes will find its way into mobile phones.
Elenora Yoeli, photographed in Austin, leads the team developing chips for consumer electronics and eventually smartphones.
Marketing head Maloney pushes executives to maintain margins even as Intel pursues high-volume businesses.
(Fortune Magazine) -- At Intel's offices in Austin, visitors are welcomed by security, then pass through yet another gauntlet of guards and buffers as they make their way past a set of stout metal doors into the facility's fourth-floor labs.
Once inside, they find a chaotic tangle of circuit boards and wires and the animated chatter of engineers huddling around computers and workbenches. At one end of the room a mysterious-looking box about the size of a refrigerator conceals a project so top-secret that the engineers won't tell you its code name at first; later, one lets it slip: Medfield.
What the team in Austin - and their bosses at Intel's headquarters in Santa Clara, Calif. - will disclose is that the microprocessor they're testing inside that black box is the culmination of a decade-long effort to push the world's leading supplier of brawny, energy-hungry chips for enterprise computers and PCs into an important new market: portable devices.
The march started with the development of Centrino, a low-power Wi-Fi-enabled chip launched in 2003 that made laptops as functional as desktop computers. Last year Intel (INTC, Fortune 500) followed up with Atom, a super-low-power processor that is fueling the nascent market for so-called netbooks, those clutch-sized, bare-bones computers such as the HP Mini 1000 and Acer's Aspire One line.
For its next act, Intel is getting ready to launch an even lower-power "system on a chip" (silicon lingo for a single circuit that contains all the components of a computer), code-named "Moorestown," that marries the low-power Atom processor with graphics processors, a memory controller, and other circuitry - a potent combination of technologies that has the potential to propel Intel into businesses that have long eluded the chipmaker: consumer electronics and wireless gadgets.
Succeeding in this new market is critical for $38-billion-a-year Intel, which, like the rest of the industry, is seeing a slowdown in PC sales. Partly as a result of sluggish revenue in its main business, the company's stock has been hit badly (down 31% in the past 12 months, underperforming Nasdaq slightly), and in the fourth quarter Intel reported a 90% drop in profits year over year.
CEO Paul Otellini says he's confident that Intel can conquer consumer electronics, noting that such devices are increasingly becoming more like computers, something Intel knows intimately. "All consumer electronics - and I mean all - are aimed at bringing the Internet into devices," he says. Indeed, Otellini optimistically predicts that Moorestown will spawn a new category of handheld devices, much the way Atom seeded the netbook business.
Intel already pulls in $2 billion a year in revenue from "embedded" chips - processors installed in medical devices, cars, and other machines. Otellini believes the next generation of Intel chips, starting with Medfield, eventually will populate all electronics, from wireless phones to MP3 players to heart monitors and household appliances.
But the shift Otellini is gearing Intel to make is fraught with major challenges. The big dog in computers, Intel finds itself the underdog in consumer electronics and phones - a decade ago it tried to make a chip for small devices and failed miserably. And Intel's aggressive push into portable products threatens to upend its driven culture, which has focused on churning out high-performance chips, and its earnings statement. Instead of selling tens of millions of high-performance chips at, say, $100 a pop, Intel has to try to sell hundreds of millions of low-power products at $20 apiece.
"The soul of the company has to drift away from 'We build the biggest and the baddest' to 'We build the most,'" says Sean Maloney, head of sales and marketing at Intel. "And we have to do it in such a way that we don't move into these markets and tank our margins."
As we sit in a windowless conference room in Santa Clara, I ask him whether Intel absolutely has to crack into high-end cellphones and other "smart" consumer devices. Maloney, whom analysts believe is being groomed to take over after Otellini, draws in a breath, waits a beat, and then exhales. "Yeah, we do," he says softly. "Now we have to get there."
Intel has made company-changing bets before. Management seizes on a future trend, and the center of the company shifts. It happened in 1986, when then-CEO Andy Grove bet the future of Intel on the nascent PC and microprocessors. Several years later the company bet that speed would win the day, and in 1993 it unveiled another blockbuster, the Pentium chip, which helped desktop computers go mainstream.
Otellini is entrusting his company's current bet on small gadgets to a team led by Elenora Yoeli, a vice president in Intel's mobility group. Yoeli, who was part of the Israel-based team that delivered the Pentium4 processor in 2000, helped launch the Austin lab, and in 2004 received these marching orders: Build a chip compatible with Intel's existing architecture, and make it consume one-tenth the power of the latest Centrino chip.
She started with a $1 billion budget and a metaphorical blank sheet of paper. "We didn't spend time scaring ourselves - you don't do that at Intel," she says. The team built the chip by going through each feature and examining how much power it would consume. Features that delivered subpar performance or required too much power were ditched. The result: Atom, which met Yoeli's power and performance targets.
"The design went very well, and we have done something no one was really expecting us to do: take a small design and put it into one of the most advanced processors in the world," she says, allowing herself a small smile. Now she's doing it again with Moorestown.
Moorestown is actually two chips, each the size of the nail on your little finger, combined in a single module. One chip is the Atom processing core, which can handle graphics, video, and memory control. The second chip can enable a range of tasks, which might include digital imaging for a still or video camera, high-end audio, or some special security requirements. It is designed for flexibility, depending on the gadget the system is ultimately crammed into.
At the Austin lab Intel displays a handful of prototypes that suggest the kinds of devices that might eventually house the Moorestown platform: One looks like a long, narrow remote control with a smooth, flat face; another is slightly chunkier, with a five-inch screen dominating and no obvious buttons - clearly meant for watching video, or maybe gaming. A third device resembles an oversized iPhone.


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Activities in Umbria – nature reserves in Umbria
With the grim weather, depressingly dark evenings and the snippets of spring seeming like a world away, who can blame us for dreaming of a mid-winter break? If you are determined to turn your dreams of sunnier climes into reality, then the striking region of Umbria should definitely be on your shortlist.
One of Italy's smallest provinces, Umbria is undeservedly less well-documented and publicised than its more eminent neighbour, Tuscany.
Although it's comparative inconspicuousness works in Umbria's favour, as its pictorial river valleys, hectares upon hectares of dense elm forests and mighty mountain ranges, are void of people, manmade landscape alterations and obtrusion.
Umbria has many unique and wonderful assets to offer any discerning traveller of Italy and none more so that it's vast choice of parks and nature reserves.
If you are lucky enough to be taking a winter break in Umbria and want to exploit its tranquil natural assets to the max, then take a look at two nature reserves in Umbria.
Parco di Colfiorito
Parco di Colfiorito is situated in the mid-west region of the Apennines inside a huge Karstic tectonic plain in between Umbria and the Marches. The park was opened in 1995 and consists of a 100-hectare area of wetland, calcareous ridges and rich peak bog, the perfect place for wildlife to thrive.
Asides providing the ideal habitat for birds, wildlife, flowers and plants to flourish, this immense plateau of exceptional beauty is home to prehistoric archaeological finds and the Roman town of Plestia.
Naturally an area of such prolific natural beauty, rare wildlife and fascinating Roman remains is a popular spot for tourists who can enjoy a number of activities, including horse riding, trekking, fishing and mountain biking.
Umbria is the only region in Italy that is completely surrounded by land and is renowned for its many aesthetically stunning natural parks. Parco del Monte Cucco in the Sigillo region of Umbria is famed for owning the mighty Mount Cucco as well as its many underground springs.
This beautiful natural park is densely forested with woods predominantly made up of beech trees. Similar to most of Umbria's areas of preservation, the Parco del Monte Cucco is home to rare and wonderful animals and flowers, with golden eagles regularly seen swirling overhead with even a pack of wolves roaming the area.
Hang gliding, cross country skiing and pony trekking are three popular activities in the Parco del Monte Cucco.
Paul Handley
Things to do in Umbria
This is the official blog for Vintage Travel, one of the UK's premier villa rental companies offering properties in unspoilt locations across Europe. This blog is here to keep you informed of what's going on around our villa locations. Enjoy!
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EduNET launch showcases government's vision
Breaking NewsFeatured
Basseterre, St. Kitts (SKNIS): Friday's (March 21) simultaneous launch of the Education Network (EduNET) in several high schools across St. Kitts and Nevis highlights the tremendous potential of the new technology to enhance the education landscape and empower teachers and students.
Prime Minister the Right Honourable Dr. Denzil Douglas and Minister of Information Technology Honourable Glenn Phillip participated in the programme at the Verchilds High School while the Minister of Education Honourable Nigel Carty did so at the Saddlers Secondary School. LIME's Country Manager David Lake appeared live from the Basseterre High School and Federal Minister Honourable Patrice Nisbett and Premier Honourable Vance Amory of the Nevis Island Administration witnessed the launch from the Charlestown Secondary School.
EduNET provides a secure, resilient, stable, high speed network for the purposes of communication, collaboration, e-Learning and research to be used by secondary school students.
Chairman of the National Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (NTRC) Christopher McMahon referred to the recent State of the Union Address by United States President Barack Obama who highlighted plans to have public high schools linked via broadband.
"St. Kitts and Nevis again, small, not very rich in financial resources but extremely rich with human capital and human intellect because we are there already," he stressed.
Information Technology Minister Glenn Phillip noted that history was being made in the Federation yet again.
"Today the public secondary schools are witness to the launch of what began as a dream that grew to become a concept, then a plan of action and now an opportunity for our Federation's youth to even further partake in the diverse activities of the global village and market place," he stated.
The EduNET complements the government's One-2-One Laptop Project which has issued more than 9,000 personal computers during 2011 to 2013. A Mobile Applications Development Workshop staged in 2012 is also in keeping with the i-Literacy vision.
"This government's strategy to equip and seed the values of innovation through access to global digital information resources is well on its way to the culturing of the digital information then knowledge society and economy that we seek to nurture," Minister Phillip added. "Students of the Federation, the ball is in your court. You now have the access that others in counties twice our size crave.
…Whether you equip yourselves to utilize the information available to better prepare for completion of assignments or to study for tests or exams, or to develop rich local content that others can utilize is a choice that this government has made possible through [various] initiatives."
The EduNET was constructed at a cost of US$1.2 million. The broadband service and maintenance of the network will be provided by LIME.
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Capacity Building Project For The Prevention And Control Of Metabolic Diseases…


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ROTATIONAL ATHERECTOMY DEVICE WITH COUNTERWEIGHTING
The invention provides a rotational atherectomy device having a flexible, elongated, rotatable drive shaft with an abrasive section comprising an enlarged diameter section of the drive shaft or, alternatively, a solid abrasive crown which may be attached to the drive shaft. The device further comprises a proximal and/or a distal counterweight attached to the drive shaft, spaced from the abrasive section wherein each counterweight has its center of mass offset from the longitudinal axis of the drive shaft to stimulate orbital motion by the abrasive section. When placed within an artery against stenotic tissue and rotated at sufficiently high speeds (e.g., in the range of about 20,000 rpm to about 200,000 rpm) the orbiting nature of the abrasive section causes such section to rotate as to open the stenotic lesion to a diameter substantially larger than the resting outer diameter of the abrasive section.
Prudnikov, Dmitriy (Moscow, RU)
Walter, Larry A. (Minneapolis, MN, US)
Mcbroom, Jeffrey A. (Champlin, MN, US)
Cardiovascular Systems, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, US)
A61B17/22
20060229659 Aortic valve repair October, 2006 Gifford et al.
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20090018554 Suture passing and retrieval device January, 2009 Thorne et al.
20040199186 Implant to promote axon regeneration across spinal cord and peripheral nerve gaps October, 2004 Kuffler et al.
20050149061 Medical retriever July, 2005 Brassel
20050240148 Traction cutting balloon October, 2005 Cheves et al.
20090222049 Device for Bone Fixation with at least one Through Hole September, 2009 Frigg et al.
20090209982 Biodegradable Scaffold August, 2009 Hoerstrup et al.
20050245949 Thermokeratoplasty system with a guided probe tip November, 2005 Goth et al.
20090118738 NEEDLESS APPLICATOR SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR APPLICATION OF MEDICAMENT TO THE BACK OF AN EYE May, 2009 Gerondale
FISHBACK, ASHLEY LAUREN
Barnes & Thornburg LLP (MI) (Minneapolis, MN, US)
1. A high-speed rotational atherectomy device for opening a stenosis in an artery having a given diameter, comprising: a guide wire having a maximum diameter less than the diameter of the artery; a flexible elongated, rotatable drive shaft advanceable over the guide wire, the drive shaft having a rotational axis and an abrasive section; and at least one counterweight on the drive shaft.
2. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 1, wherein the at least one counterweight further comprises: a proximal counterweight spaced a distance proximally from the abrasive section; and a distal counterweight spaced a distance distally from the abrasive section.
3. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 1, wherein the abrasive section is eccentric.
4. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 1, wherein the at least one counterweight is eccentric.
5. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 2, wherein at least one of the proximal and distal counterweights is eccentric.
6. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 1, wherein the abrasive section is concentric.
7. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 1, wherein at least one counterweight is concentric.
8. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 2, wherein at least one of the proximal and distal counterweights is concentric.
9. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 1, wherein the at least one counterweight is solid and fixedly attached to the drive shaft.
10. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 1, wherein the wherein the abrasive section is solid and fixedly attached to the drive shaft.
11. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 1, wherein the abrasive section comprises an enlarged section of the drive shaft.
12. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 1, wherein the at least one counterweight comprises an enlarged section of the drive shaft.
13. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 1, wherein the abrasive section is partially hollow.
14. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 1, wherein the at least one counterweight is partially hollow.
15. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 1, further comprising the abrasive section being eccentric and the at least one counterweight being solid.
16. The high-speed rotational atherectomy device of claim 2, further comprising the distance spaced proximally between the proximal counterweight and the abrasive section is substantially equal to the distance spaced distally between the distal counterweight and the abrasive section.
17. The rotational atherectomy device of claim 2, wherein the abrasive section, proximal counterweight and distal counterweight each comprise a center of mass, the abrasive section center of mass and the proximal and distal counterweight centers of mass being aligned in substantially the same longitudinal plane.
18. The rotational atherectomy device of claim 17, further comprising the centers of mass of the proximal counterweight and distal counterweights are each separated from the center of mass of the abrasive section by an angle of 180 degrees around the rotational axis of the drive shaft.
19. The rotational atherectomy device of claim 18, further comprising the mass of the proximal and the distal counterweights each being approximately one-half the mass of the abrasive section.
20. A high-speed rotational atherectomy device for opening a stenosis in an artery having a given diameter, comprising: a guide wire having a maximum diameter less than the diameter of the artery; a flexible elongated, rotatable drive shaft advanceable over the guide wire, the drive shaft having a rotational axis and an eccentric abrasive section; an eccentric proximal counterweight spaced a distance proximally from the abrasive section; and an eccentric distal counterweight spaced a distance distally from the abrasive section.
21. The rotational atherectomy device of claim 20, wherein the eccentric abrasive section, proximal and distal counterweights are enlarged sections of the drive shaft.
22. The rotational atherectomy device of claim 20, wherein the eccentric abrasive section, proximal and distal counterweights are solid.
23. The rotational atherectomy device of claim 20, wherein the eccentric abrasive section is at least partially hollow.
24. A method for generating a rotating diameter within a lumen with an abrasive section of a flexible drive shaft wherein the rotating diameter is larger than the resting diameter of the abrasive section, comprising: providing a guide wire with a diameter less than the diameter of the lumen; providing a flexible elongated, rotatable drive shaft advanceable over the guide wire, the drive shaft having a rotational axis and an eccentric abrasive section; providing an eccentric proximal counterweight spaced a distance proximally from the abrasive section; providing an eccentric distal counterweight spaced a distance distally from the abrasive section; and rotating the drive shaft at high speed.
25. A method for clearing an obstruction from a lumen, comprising: providing a guide wire having a maximum diameter less than the diameter of the lumen; providing a flexible elongated, rotatable drive shaft advanceable over the guide wire, the drive shaft having a rotational axis and an eccentric abrasive section; providing at least one counterweight on the drive shaft; and rotating the drive shaft at high speed.
The invention relates to devices and methods for removing tissue from body passageways, such as removal of atherosclerotic plaque from arteries, utilizing a high-speed rotational atherectomy device.
A variety of techniques and instruments have been developed for use in the removal or repair of tissue in arteries and similar body passageways. A frequent objective of such techniques and instruments is the removal of atherosclerotic plaques in a patient's arteries. Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits (atheromas) in the intimal layer (under the endothelium) of a patient's blood vessels. Very often over time, what initially is deposited as relatively soft, cholesterol-rich atheromatous material hardens into a calcified atherosclerotic plaque. Such atheromas restrict the flow of blood, and therefore often are referred to as stenotic lesions or stenoses, the blocking material being referred to as stenotic material. If left untreated, such stenoses can cause angina, hypertension, myocardial infarction, strokes and the like.
Rotational atherectomy procedures have become a common technique for removing such stenotic material. Such procedures are used most frequently to initiate the opening of calcified lesions in coronary arteries. Most often the rotational atherectomy procedure is not used alone, but is followed by a balloon angioplasty procedure, which, in turn, is very frequently followed by placement of a stent to assist in maintaining patentcy of the opened artery. For non-calcified lesions, balloon angioplasty most often is used alone to open the artery, and stents often are placed to maintain patentcy of the opened artery. Studies have shown, however, that a significant percentage of patients who have undergone balloon angioplasty and had a stent placed in an artery experience stent restenosis—i.e., blockage of the stent which most frequently develops over a period of time as a result of excessive growth of scar tissue within the stent. In such situations an atherectomy procedure is the preferred procedure to remove the excessive scar tissue from the stent (balloon angioplasty being not very effective within the stent), thereby restoring the patentcy of the artery.
Several kinds of rotational atherectomy devices have been developed for attempting to remove stenotic material. In one type of device, such as that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,134 (Auth), a concentrically shaped ellipsoidal burr covered with an abrasive abrading material such as diamond particles is carried at the distal end of a flexible drive shaft. The burr is rotated at high speeds (typically, e.g., in the range of about 150,000-190,000 rpm) while it is advanced across the stenosis. As the burr is removing stenotic tissue, however, it blocks blood flow. Once the burr has been advanced across the stenosis, the artery will have been opened to a diameter equal to or only slightly larger than the maximum outer diameter of the burr. Frequently, since the burr is of a fixed resting diameter, more than one size burr must be utilized to open an artery to the desired diameter. No other variables are disclosed by the Auth device that would allow sweeping a variable diameter, or a diameter larger than the burr's resting diameter, during high-speed rotation.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,336 (Clement) provides an eccentric tissue removing burr with a coating of abrasive particles secured to a portion of its outer surface by a suitable binding material. This construction is limited, however because, as Clement explains at Col. 3, lines 53-55, that the asymmetrical burr is rotated at "lower speeds than are used with high speed ablation devices, to compensate for heat or imbalance." That is, given both the size and mass of the solid burr, it is infeasible to rotate the burr at the high speeds used during atherectomy procedures, i.e., rotational speeds within the range of about 20,000-200,000 rpm. Essentially, the center of mass offset from the rotational axis of the drive shaft would result in development of significant and undesirable centrifugal force, exerting too much pressure on the wall of the artery and creating too much heat and excessively large particles. As with Auth, the burr size is fixed and may require using more than one size burr to open the subject lumen to the desired diameter.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,132,444 (Shturman) and 6,494,890 (Shturman) disclose, inter alia, an atherectomy device having a drive shaft with an enlarged eccentric section, wherein at least a segment of this enlarged section is covered with an abrasive material. When rotated at high speeds, the abrasive segment is capable of removing stenotic tissue from an artery. The device is capable of opening an artery to a diameter that is larger than the resting diameter of the enlarged eccentric section due, in part, to the orbital rotational motion during high speed operation. The orbital rotational motion is primarily due to the offset of the center of mass of the enlarged eccentric section from the drive shaft's rotational axis. Since the enlarged eccentric section may comprise drive shaft wires that are not bound together, the enlarged eccentric section of the drive shaft may flex during placement within the stenosis or during high speed operation. This flexion allows for a larger diameter opening during high speed operation, but may also provide less control than desired over the diameter of the artery actually abraded. The disclosure of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,132,444 and 6,494,890 are each hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
An object of the invention is to provide a high-speed rotational atherectomy device having an abrasive section with a high-speed rotational diameter that is greater than its resting diameter.
An object of the invention to provide a high-speed rotational atherectomy device having a concentric abrasive section with a high-speed rotational diameter that is greater than its resting diameter.
Another object of the invention is to provide a high-speed rotational atherectomy device having an eccentric abrasive section with a high-speed rotational diameter that is greater than its resting diameter.
Another object of the invention is to provide a high-speed rotational atherectomy device having two counterweights on the drive shaft, one located proximally and one located distally to the abrasive section.
Another object of the invention is to provide a high-speed rotational atherectomy device having at least one counterweight on the drive shaft, the at least one counterweight located either proximally or distally to the abrasive section.
The figures and the detailed description which follow more particularly exemplify these and other embodiments of the invention.
The invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, which are as follows.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a non-flexible eccentric cutting head of a rotational atherectomy device of the invention;
FIG. 2 is perspective, broken-away view of a prior art flexible eccentric enlarged section of the drive shaft;
FIG. 3 is a broken-away, longitudinal cross-sectional view of a prior art eccentric enlarged section of the drive shaft;
FIG. 4 is a broken-away, longitudinal cross-sectional view illustrating the flexibility of a prior art solid eccentric enlarged burr attached to the drive shaft;
FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a prior art eccentric abrading head or crown that attaches to the drive shaft;
FIG. 5B is a bottom view of a prior art eccentric abrading head or crown that attaches to the drive shaft
FIG. 5C is a longitudinal cross-section view of a prior art eccentric abrading head or crown that attaches to the drive shaft;
FIG. 6 is a longitudinal cross-section view of one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7A is a cross-section view of one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7B is a cross-section view of one embodiment of the present invention
FIG. 7C is a cross-section view of one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a transverse cross-sectional view illustrating three different positions of the rapidly rotating abrasive section of an eccentric rotational atherectomy device of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view corresponding to the three positions of the rapidly rotating abrasive section illustrated in FIG. 8.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION, INCLUDING THE BEST MODE
While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and described in detail herein. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical rotational atherectomy device of the invention. The device includes a handle portion 10, an elongated, flexible drive shaft 20 having an abrasive section 28 comprising an eccentric enlarged diameter section 28A, and an elongated catheter 13 extending distally from the handle portion 10. The drive shaft 20 and its eccentric enlarged diameter section 28 are constructed from helically coiled wire. The catheter 13 has a lumen in which most of the length of the drive shaft 20 is disposed, except for the enlarged diameter section 28A and a short section distal to the enlarged diameter section 28. The drive shaft 20 also contains an inner lumen, permitting the drive shaft 20 to be advanced and rotated over a guide wire 15. A fluid supply line 17 may be provided for introducing a cooling and lubricating solution (typically saline or another biocompatible fluid) into the catheter 13.
The handle 10 desirably contains a turbine (or similar rotational drive mechanism) for rotating the drive shaft 20 at high speeds. The handle 10 typically may be connected to a power source, such as compressed air delivered through a tube 16. A pair of fiber optic cables 23 may also be provided for monitoring the speed of rotation of the turbine and drive shaft 20 (details regarding such handles and associated instrumentation are well know in the industry, and are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,407, issued to Auth). The handle 10 also desirably includes a control knob 11 for advancing and retracting the turbine and drive shaft 20 with respect to the catheter 13 and the body of the handle.
FIGS. 2-3 illustrate details of abrasive section 28 comprising eccentric enlarged diameter section 28A. The drive shaft 20 is comprised of one or more helically wound wires 18 which define a guide wire lumen 19 and a hollow cavity 25 within the enlarged diameter section 28A. Except for the guide wire 15 traversing the hollow cavity 25, the hollow cavity 25 is substantially empty. Abrasive section 28 illustrated as eccentric enlarged diameter section 28A comprises proximal 30, intermediate 35 and distal 40 portions with a tissue removing surface 37 thereon. Wire turns 31 of the proximal portion 30 of the eccentric enlarged diameter section 28A preferably have diameters that progressively increase distally at a generally constant rate, thereby forming generally the shape of a cone. Wire turns 41 of the distal portion 40 preferably have diameters that progressively decrease distally at a generally constant rate, thereby forming generally the shape of a cone. Wire turns 36 of the intermediate portion 35 are provided with gradually changing diameters to provide a generally convex outer surface which is shaped to provide a smooth transition between the proximal and distal conical portions of the enlarged diameter section 28A of the drive shaft 20.
At least part of the abrasive section 28, illustrated as eccentric enlarged diameter section 28A (preferably the intermediate portion 35) comprises an external surface 37 capable of removing tissue. Preferably the tissue removing surface comprises a coating 37 of an abrasive material 24 to define a tissue removing segment of the drive shaft 20. The abrasive material may be any suitable material, such as diamond powder, fused silica, titanium nitride, tungsten carbide, aluminum oxide, boron carbide, or other ceramic materials. Preferably the abrasive material is comprised of diamond chips (or diamond dust particles) attached directly to the wire turns of the drive shaft 20 by a suitable binder 26—such attachment may be achieved using well known techniques, such as conventional electroplating or fusion technologies (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,018,576). Alternately the external tissue removing surface may be simply a section of the wire turns which has been roughened to provide a suitable abrasive surface. In yet another variation, the external surface may be etched or cut (e.g., with a laser) to provide small but sharp cutting surfaces. Other similar techniques may also be utilized to provide a suitable tissue removing surface.
FIG. 4 illustrates another type of known abrasive section 28, illustrated as an eccentric solid, or at least partially hollow, burr 28B. Solid, or at least partially hollow, abrasive burr 28B is attached to drive shaft 20 by means well known in the art and comprises a coating of an abrasive material 24 fixed to the surface by a suitable binder 26.
FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C illustrate another known abrasive surface 28, comprising an eccentric abrading head or crown 28C as described in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/761,128 to Thatcher et al., the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Lumen 23 is provided for crimping attachment to the drive shaft 20 and may comprise hollowed section 25 to assist in moving the center of mass either away from, or closer to, the drive shaft 20 axis of rotation. Abrasive section 28C comprises proximal 30, intermediate 35 and distal 40 portions, the proximal 30 and distal 40 portions sloping away from intermediate portion 35, represented as having a cylindrical shape.
Thus, one embodiment according to the present invention comprises an abrasive section 28 that may, in turn, comprise an eccentric enlarged section 28A of the drive shaft, or an eccentric solid crown or abrading head 28C or eccentric burr 28B attached to the drive shaft, wherein the abrasive section 28 has a center of mass spaced radially from the rotational axis of the drive shaft 20, facilitating the ability of the device to open the stenotic lesion to a diameter substantially larger than the outer diameter of the abrasive section 28. This may be achieved by spacing the geometric center of the abrasive section 28, i.e., the eccentric enlarged diameter section of the drive shaft 20, or the eccentric solid abrading head or crown 28C, or burr 28B attached to the drive shaft 20, away from the rotational axis of the drive shaft 20. Alternatively, the center of mass of the abrasive section 28 may be radially spaced from the drive shaft's rotational axis by providing an abrasive section 28 that comprises a differential combination of materials, wherein one side of at least one of the abrasive section 28 comprises a more massive or denser material than the other side, which creates eccentricity as defined herein. As those skilled in the art will recognize, creation of eccentricity by differential use of materials within the structure of the abrasive section 28, e.g., a center of mass offset from the drive shaft's rotational axis, is applicable to any embodiment of the abrasive section 28 discussed herein, whether concentric, eccentric, solid burr, partially hollow crown or abrading head or an enlarged section of the drive shaft, or the equivalent.
Further this particular embodiment of the present invention may comprise at least one counterweight located on, and fixedly attached to, the drive shaft to stimulate orbital motion of the eccentric abrasive section. One such at least one counterweight may be located proximal to the abrasive section, while another at least one counterweight may be located distal to the abrasive section.
In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 6, the abrasive section 28 is represented as eccentric enlarged diameter section 28A of the drive shaft 20. A distal counterweight 100 is located distally of the abrasive section 28 and a proximal counterweight 102 is located proximal to the abrasive section. Alternate embodiments may comprise only the distal counterweight 100 in operative combination with the abrasive section 28 or only the proximal counterweight 102 in operative combination with the abrasive section 28.
As illustrated in FIG. 6, the counterweights 100, 102 are solid and eccentric burrs, though a number of alternative embodiments are contemplated by the present invention.
For example, one or both of the proximal and distal counterweights 100, 102 may comprise enlarged diameter sections of the drive shaft, formed in similar fashion as the enlarged eccentric diameter abrasive section 28A. In this embodiment, the counterweights 100, 102 are essentially hollow, enlarged wire turns of the drive shaft 20, formed by use of a mandrel during the wire turn winding process. In the case where only one, either the proximal 102 or the distal 100, counterweight is an enlarged eccentric diameter abrasive section of the drive shaft 20, the remaining counterweight may be either concentric, i.e., center of mass collinear with the drive shaft's axis of rotation and comprising an enlarged diameter section of the drive shaft, a solid crown or at least partially hollow crown, or may be eccentric and comprising a solid burr or an at least partially hollow crown or abrading head.
Alternatively, one or both of the proximal and distal counterweights 100, 102 may be solid, as illustrated in FIG. 6 and attached to the wire turns of the drive shaft 20 by means well known to those skilled in the art. More alternatively, the proximal and distal counterweights 100, 102 may be at least partially hollow.
Still more alternatively, one or both of the counterweights 100, 102 may comprise differential combination of materials, wherein one side of at least one of the counterweights 100, 102 comprises a more massive or denser material than the other side, which creates eccentricity as defined herein. As those skilled in the art will recognize, creation of eccentricity by differential use of materials within the counterweights 100, 102, e.g., a center of mass offset from the drive shaft's rotational axis, is applicable to any embodiment of the counterweights 100, 102 whether concentric, eccentric, solid burr, partially hollow crown or abrading head or an enlarged section of the drive shaft, or the equivalent.
In one embodiment, the proximal and distal counterweights 100, 102 are substantially equivalent in overall mass as illustrated in FIG. 6, with each counterweight 100, 102 being roughly one half the overall mass of the abrasive section 28, wherein the proximal and distal counterweights 100, 102 are equidistant from the abrasive section 28, wherein the proximal and distal counterweights 100, 102 comprise centers of mass that are equidistant from the axis of rotation of the drive shaft 20 and wherein the proximal and distal counterweights 100, 102 comprise centers of mass are equidistant from the center of mass of the eccentric abrasive section 28. Alternative and equivalent mass distributions between the abrasive section 28 and the counterweight(s) for use in manipulating the orbital rotational diameter of the abrasive section 28 during high-speed rotation will present themselves readily to those skilled in the art and are within the scope of the present invention.
Further, one or both of the counterweights (proximal and/or distal) 100, 102 may be concentric, i.e., spherical or ellipsoidal in profile or other concentric shape, with one or both of the counterweights (proximal and/or distal) 100, 102 having a center of mass that is substantially on, i.e., collinear with, the axis of rotation of the drive shaft 20.
Alternatively, one or both of the counterweights (proximal and/or distal) 100, 102 may be eccentric, i.e., one embodiment may comprise the counterweights (proximal and/or distal) 100, 102 having a center of mass spaced radially from the rotational axis of the drive shaft 20 and aligned within the same longitudinal plane as the center of mass of the eccentric abrasive section 28 as shown in FIG. 6. The radial spacing of the centers of mass of the counterweights may be achieved by spacing the geometric center of each counterweight 100, 102 away from the rotational axis of the drive shaft 20, wherein the proximal counterweight 102 and the distal counterweight 100 each have a center of mass separated from the eccentric abrasive section's 28 center of mass by a rotational angle of 180 degrees as shown in FIG. 6. The centers of mass of the proximal 102 and distal 100 counterweights may be offset 180 degrees. This counterweighting arrangement stimulates orbital motion by the abrasive section 28 and facilitates the ability of the abrasive section 28 to sweep and open the stenotic lesion to a diameter substantially larger than the outer diameter of the resting eccentric enlarged diameter section 28.
An alternative embodiment may comprise at least one of the counterweights 100, 102 having a center of mass that may, or may not be, separated from the abrasive section's 28 center of mass by a rotational angle of 180 degrees. One embodiment of the present invention may dampen the orbital rotational diameter of the abrasive section 28 during high-speed rotation by placing the center of mass of the at least one counterweight 100, 102 at a rotational angle of zero degrees from the center of mass of the abrasive section 28 center of mass. This embodiment may apply whether the abrasive section 28 is eccentric or concentric. For example, dampening may be achieved in an embodiment comprising an eccentric abrasive section 28 by attaching at least one eccentric counterweight 100, 102, wherein the centers of mass of the eccentric abrasive section 28 and the at least one eccentric counterweight 100, 102 are substantially collinear, i.e., with a rotational separation angle of substantially zero degrees. Alternatively, if the abrasive section 28 is provided as a concentric embodiment, with its center of mass on the rotational axis of the drive shaft 20, the at least one counterweight 100, 102 may be provided in a concentric embodiment, with center of mass also located on the rotational axis of the drive shaft 20. More alternatively, if the abrasive section 28 is provided as an eccentric embodiment, with its center of mass located off to rotational axis of drive shaft 20, at least one counterweight may be provided having a center of mass located at a rotational angle of 180 degrees from the center of mass of the abrasive section 28. This embodiment may be provided with the at least one counterweight being on the drive shaft 28 with, or without, a spaced distance between the at least one counterweight and the abrasive section 28.
Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the respective arrangements of counterweight(s) and abrasive section 28, and centers of mass thereof disclosed herein both infra and supra, may apply to all forms, profiles and types of abrasive section 28 and counterweight(s) discussed herein to either stimulate, i.e., increase the rotational diameter, or dampen, i.e., decrease the rotational diameter, the orbital motion of the abrasive section 28.
Significantly, the present invention may allow use of a smaller diameter abrasive section 28, in conjunction with proximal and distal counterweights 100, 102, while opening a lumen having a swept diameter equivalent to that of larger diameter abrasive sections 28 of the prior art that do not comprise counterweights 100, 102 as described herein.
Those skilled in the art will recognize any number of combinations and permutations of these parameters for a given rotational speed of the drive shaft 20. The skilled artisan will recognize that modification of any of these parameters will either increase or decrease/dampen the diameter of the orbital path taken by the abrasive section. As such, the diameter of the orbital path may be customized for individual lumens.
Another embodiment of the present invention may comprise the abrasive section 28 comprising a concentric enlarged abrasive section of the drive shaft as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,438 to Shturman, the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, the abrasive section 28 of this embodiment may comprise a concentric solid burr attached to the drive shaft as is well known in the art, see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,134 to Auth. Concentric in this sense means that the abrasive section 28, either formed of the wire turns or by a solid or semi-solid, i.e., hollow burr comprises a profile that is spherical or ellipsoidal or other concentric shape, with the concentric abrasive section 28 having a center of mass that is substantially on, i.e., collinear with, the axis of rotation of the drive shaft 20.
Further this particular embodiment of the present invention comprises two counterweights 100, 102 attached to or mounted on the drive shaft 20 to stimulate orbital motion of the concentric abrasive section 28. Preferably, a distal counterweight 100 is located distally of the concentric abrasive section 28 and a proximal counterweight 102 is located proximal to the concentric abrasive section 28.
One or both of the proximal and/or distal counterweights 100, 102 may comprise enlarged diameter sections of the drive shaft, formed in similar fashion as the enlarged eccentric diameter abrasive section 28A illustrated in FIG. 6. In this embodiment, the counterweights 100, 102 may be essentially hollow, enlarged wire turns of the drive shaft, formed by use of a mandrel during the wire turn winding process. In the case where only one, either the proximal 102 or the distal 102, counterweight is an enlarged eccentric diameter abrasive section of the drive shaft 20, the remaining counterweight may be either concentric, i.e., center of mass collinear with the drive shaft's axis of rotation and comprising an enlarged diameter section of the drive shaft 20, a solid burr or at least partially hollow abrading head, or may be eccentric and comprising a solid burr or at least partially hollow abrading head.
Alternatively, one or both of the proximal and distal counterweights 100, 102 may be solid and attached to the wire turns of the drive shaft 20 by means well known to those skilled in the art. More alternatively, the proximal and distal counterweights 100, 102 may be at least partially hollow.
In one embodiment wherein the abrasive section 28 is concentric, the proximal and distal counterweights 100, 102 are substantially equivalent in overall mass, with each counterweight 100, 102 being roughly one half the overall mass of the concentric abrasive section 28, wherein the proximal 102 and distal 100 counterweights are equidistant from the concentric abrasive section 100, wherein the proximal and distal centers of mass are equidistant from the axis of rotation of the drive shaft 20 and wherein the proximal and distal centers of mass are equidistant from the center of mass of the concentric abrasive section 28.
The counterweights 100, 102 may be concentric, i.e., spherical or ellipsoidal in profile or other concentric shape, with the counterweights 100, 102 having a center of mass that is substantially on the axis of rotation of the drive shaft 20.
Preferably in this embodiment comprising a concentric abrasive section 28, the counterweights 100, 102 are eccentric, i.e., one embodiment may comprise the proximal 102 and distal 100 counterweights having a center of mass spaced radially from the rotational axis of the drive shaft 20, each having the center of mass offset within the same longitudinal plane and within the same longitudinal plane as the center of mass of the concentric abrasive section 28 which is collinear with the axis of rotation. Moreover, the proximal 102 and distal 100 counterweight centers of mass may both be either above the axis of rotation or below the axis of rotation of the drive shaft 20 while both centers of mass are aligned within the same longitudinal plane, creating an "offset" between the center of mass of the abrasive section 28 and the centers of mass of the proximal 102 and distal 100 counterweights. The centers of mass of the proximal 102 and distal 100 counterweights may be offset 180 degrees, or other degree of offset as will be readily recognized by those skilled in the art, from each other around the axis of rotation of the drive shaft 20.
As with the eccentric abrasive section embodiment, the concentric abrasive section embodiment may achieve the radial spacing of the centers of mass of the eccentric embodiment of the proximal 102 and distal 100 counterweights by spacing the geometric center of each counterweight 100, 102 away from the rotational axis of the drive shaft 20, wherein the proximal counterweight 102 and the distal counterweight 100 each have a center of mass separated from the concentric abrasive section's center of mass and within the same longitudinal plane. This counterweighting embodiment stimulates orbital motion by the abrasive section 28 and facilitates the ability of the abrasive section 28 to sweep and open the stenotic lesion to a diameter substantially larger than the outer diameter of the resting concentric abrasive section 28. As above, the present invention may allow use of a smaller diameter abrasive section 28, in conjunction with proximal 102 and distal 100 counterweights, while opening a lumen having a swept diameter equivalent to that of larger diameter concentric abrasive sections 28 of the prior art.
FIGS. 7A-7C depict the positions of the centers of mass 29 of three cross-sectional slices (shown as faces of transverse cross-sections) of the eccentric abrasive section 28, illustrated as an eccentric abrading head 28C as shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C during high-speed rotation with eccentric counterweights 100, 102 mounted on drive shaft 20 as described herein. The eccentric abrasive section 28 may be divided into many such thin slices, each slice having its own center of mass. FIG. 7B is taken at a position where the abrasive section 28 has its maximum cross-sectional diameter (which, in this case, is the maximum diameter of the intermediate portion 35 of the eccentric abrasive section 28), and FIGS. 7A and 7C are taken, respectively in the distal 40 and proximal 30 portions of the eccentric abrasive section 28. In each of these cross-sectional slices the center of mass 29 is spaced away from the rotational axis of the drive shaft, the rotational axis of the drive shaft 20 coinciding with the center of the guide wire 15. The center of mass 29 of each cross-sectional slice also generally coincides with the geometric center of such cross-sectional slice. FIG. 7B shows the slice having the greatest cross-sectional diameter. In this slice both the center of mass 29 and the geometric center are located the furthest (i.e., maximally spaced away) from the rotational axis of the drive shaft 20. Of course, the center of mass of the entire abrasive section 28 is a composite of the individual centers of mass of multiple slices of the enlarged diameter section, and the overall center of mass will, therefore, be closer to the axis of rotation of the drive shaft 20 than the center of mass of the slice depicted in FIG. 7B.
It should be understood that, as used herein, the word "eccentric" is defined herein to mean either a difference in location between the geometric center of the abrasive section 28 comprising eccentric enlarged diameter section 28A of the drive shaft 20, or an eccentric solid burr 28B, or an eccentric at least partially hollow crown or abrading head 28C, or the eccentric counterweight(s) and the rotational axis of the drive shaft, or to a difference in location between the center of mass of the eccentric abrasive section 28 comprising an eccentric enlarged diameter section 28A, an eccentric solid burr 28B and eccentric and at least partially hollow crown or abrading head 28C, or the eccentric counterweights 100, 102 and the rotational axis of the drive shaft 20. Either such difference, at the proper rotational speeds, will enable the abrasive section 28 to open a stenosis to a diameter substantially greater than the nominal diameter of the abrasive section 28. Moreover, for an eccentric abrasive section 28 having a shape that is not a regular geometric shape, the concept of "geometric center" can be approximated by locating the mid-point of the longest chord which is drawn through the rotational axis of the drive shaft and connects two points on a perimeter of a transverse cross-section taken at a position where the perimeter of the eccentric enlarged diameter section has its maximum length. Moreover, those skilled in the art will recognize that eccentricity as defined may be designed into an abrasive section 28 having a substantially concentric profile, but with one aspect of the profile being more massive than the rest by, e.g., hollowing out a portion of one side of the abrasive section 28.
Moreover, it should also be understood that concentric as used herein, is defined to mean an abrasive section 28 and/or counterweights 100, 102 that comprises a center of mass that is on, i.e., collinear with, the axis of rotation of the drive shaft 20 and a profile that is substantially symmetrical.
FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate the generally spiral orbital path taken by various embodiments of the eccentric abrading head 28 of the present invention, the abrading head 28 shown relative to the guide wire 15 over which the abrading head 28 has been advanced. The pitch of the spiral path in FIGS. 8, 9 is exaggerated for illustrative purposes—in reality, each spiral path of the eccentric enlarged abrading head 28 removes only a very thin layer of tissue via the tissue removing surface 37, and many, many such spiral passes are made by the eccentric enlarged abrading head 28 as the device is repeatedly moved forward and backward across the stenosis to fully open the stenosis. FIG. 9 shows schematically three different rotational positions of the eccentric enlarged abrading head 28 of a rotational atherectomy device of the invention. At each position the abrasive surface of the eccentric enlarged abrading head 28 contacts the plaque "P" to be removed—the three positions are identified by three different points of contact with the plaque "P", those points being designated in the drawing as points B1, B2, and B3. Notice that at each point it is generally the same portion of the abrasive surface of the eccentric enlarged abrading head 28 that contacts the tissue—the portion of the tissue removing surface 37 that is radially most distant from the rotational axis of the drive shaft.
The present invention should not be considered limited to the particular examples described above, but rather should be understood to cover all aspects of the invention. Various modifications, equivalent processes, as well as numerous structures to which the present invention may be applicable will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art to which the present invention is directed upon review of the present specification.
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text:
Droga wojewódzka nr 807 (DW807) – droga wojewódzka klasy G w województwach mazowieckim i lubelskim  o długości około 70 km, łącząca Maciejowice z Łukowem. Droga przebiega przez powiaty garwoliński i łukowski  oraz miasta Żelechów i Łuków.

Miejscowości leżące przy drodze wojewódzkiej nr 807
 Maciejowice
 Sobolew
 Gończyce
 Żelechów
 Kamień
 Wandów
 Stanin
 Ryżki
 Łuków

807
807

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The commercial property that houses your business is essential to your operations. It's what keeps the show on the road. But, unfortunately, commercial property is prone to problems, just like any other type of property. One of the biggest complications is what type of roofing to buy. Here are some commercial roofing tips you need to know.
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Bugs bite, drink blood, and rob food from gardens and fields. They can even kill plants, animals, and, occasionally, people. Is bugging a crime? In her latest book, Bug Shots, Alexandra Siy compiles "rap sheets" on several of the major categories of bugs and takes a very close look at some of the types of insects in an engaging text. For more information, click here.
Siy, Alexandra. "The Race for the Sky." Nonfiction Minute, iNK Think Tank, 7 Dec. 2017, www.nonfictionminute.org/ A-Raindrop-Quiz.


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Angela Mia De la Vega
Since sculpting her first bronze in 1994, Angela Mia De la Vega has since been creating figurative bronze sculptures for international collectors, corporations and institutions across the country. Exalting the human spirit through expressive faces and natural body movement has become the recognized trademark of Angela Mia De la Vega's figurative bronze sculpture. Her work's greatest inspiration is the curious and ever-changing individuality of her children.Angela's figurative sculptures are said to emanate unique living spirit - something the artist achieves by truly knowing - and often loving - her subjects. Angela sculpts in clay her deeply honest observations, reflecting even the smallest nuance in character and ultimately revealing an acute, mesmerizing likeness to her model.
Angela has recently been elected as a member of the prestigious National Sculpture Society (2012), where during their 79th Annual Awards Exhibition at Brookgreen Gardens, her sculpture "Pivotal Moment" won the celebrated "People's Choice" Award. She has also named Living Master by the Art Renewal Center (2012) the largest on-line Museum on the Internet.
Examples of her public and corporate installations include Beatrice Community Hospital, NE (2012), Texas Christian University, TX (2007), Stillwater's Family Crisis Center, OK (2011), Candlelighters Children's Cancer Society, TX (2002), The Lena Pope Home for orphaned and differently-abled children, TX (2007), Mexico's Femap Foundation Hospitals, Providence Memorial Hospital, The Orange County Courthouse, and numerous city plazas, shopping centers, and public parks throughout the country.
1992 - BFA, Summa Cum Laude, Clarion University of Pennsylvania
1990-1992-University of Madrid, Spain, undergraduate student exchange
1992-1993-University of Madrid, Spain, Post-graduate studies
2000-2005-Attended artist workshops in Loveland, CO, and Richard MacDonald Studio in Carmel, CA.
Awards: People's Choice Award at the National Sculpture Society's 79th Annual BrookGreen Gardens Exhibition for "Pivotal Moment" Best In Show and Best Sculpture at the American Women Artists (of the US, Canada, and Mexico) annual exhibition for her sculpture "Summer"


text:
Yoga uniting world in pursuit of good health, wellness, says – Narendra Modi
Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Saturday said yoga is uniting the world in pursuit of good health and wellness as he lauded the Indian embassy's "great effort" in Doha for holding a yoga session for people of 114 nationalities. In his tweets, Modi also referred to the Ministry of Ayush signing the 'host country agreement' with the World Health Organization for establishing the WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine in Jamnagar, Gujarat, and said India is honored to be home to such a state-of-the-art center.
"This center will contribute towards making a healthier planet and leveraging our rich traditional practices for global good," he said.
Traditional medicines and wellness practices from India are very popular globally, he noted, adding that the WHO center will go a long way in enhancing wellness in the society.
The World Health Organization had earlier tweeted that it and the Indian government have agreed to establish the WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine to maximize the potential of traditional medicines through modern science and technology.
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text:
Gervonta Davis must maintain a zen-like focus against a dangerous opponent in Hector Luis Garcia
Of all the various pre-fight narratives entering Saturday's Showtime pay-per-view card in Washington, D.C, headlined by the return of Gervonta "Tank" Davis, few have been able to find airspace following the power-punching star's arrest for misdemeanor domestic battery just one week out from the fight.
Davis (27-0, 25 KOs), who is set to face 130-pound titleholder Hector Luis Garcia (16-0, 10 KOs) in a lightweight main event, spent a night in prison and was released on $1,000 bail after being accused of striking the mother of his daughter with a closed-fist slap in Parkland, Florida, where the fighter was training.
Reactions to the troubling arrest, yet another in a string of legal setbacks for the 28-year-old Baltimore native, began to change somewhat when his accuser publicly backpedaled and admitted she shouldn't have called police and that Davis never actually touched her or their daughter. The charges, however, have yet to be dropped.
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Considering Davis is set to face trial in February on 14 counts surrounding a 2020 hit-and-run accident and was already facing two misdemeanor battery charges after being caught on camera striking a different woman earlier that year at a charity basketball game, it was understandable how little benefit of the doubt was given to the multi-division champion. But after much deliberation involving the network and promoters about whether to cancel the event, the fight will go on as planned inside Capital One Arena.
Instead of focusing on whether Davis is overlooking his current opponent given the April blockbuster against rising star Ryan Garcia that has already been agreed upon, the narratives have somewhat justifiably turned against "Tank" and his character.
Are the powers that be enabling a troubled star with a consistently checkered past or has Davis become an easy target for trouble in ways he can't avoid and aren't always his fault? And, wait a second, are we sure he should really be fighting this weekend?
Among the more overshadowed narratives, however, is the one about Davis taking his career into his own hands and standing on his own from a promotional standpoint, which creates an interesting parallel to explore regarding how Davis might handle the distraction that outside-the-ring trouble can have on the job at hand.
After rising to stardom under the banner of Floyd Mayweather and his eponymous promotional company, Davis recently parted ways. The onus for Davis, it appears, had more to do with wanting to match himself tougher, but rumors had long persisted about the sometimes volatile relationship between the mentee, Davis, and the mentor, the five-division champion Mayweather.
While Davis still credits Mayweather with helping grow his brand at such an infantile stage leading up to today, where "Tank" regularly sells out arenas from coast to coast in the United States, there's one piece of potential wisdom from Mayweather that Davis might be most in need of during such a difficult time.
Along with his electrifying speed and sublime technical skill, an often overlooked ability that went a long way in helping Mayweather stay undefeated throughout his legendary career was his mental toughness and, in particular, his ability to compartmentalize the stress and chaos that was regularly going on around him outside the ring in order to remain focused inside of it.
From that standpoint, Mayweather was as unflappable as any boxer the sport has ever seen.
Even with his own looming prison sentence in 2012 for domestic assault in front of his own children, Mayweather was able to keep his poise enough to handle a determined Miguel Cotto in order to keep his perfect record intact. Mayweather, who was incredibly never phased physically by long layoffs between fights, was able to regularly maintain an almost zen-like demeanor when things got hairy during fights, including when a riot broke out mid-fight in 2006 against Zab Judah and when Shane Mosley badly hurt him twice in Round 2 of their 2010 fight.
If the few, soft-spoken words Davis shared at Thursday's final press conference were any indication, his focus appears to be on point for the moment.
"These are just bumps in the road that we all have in life," Davis said. "I'm just human."
From the outside looking in, it appears as if Davis going solo, even amid such a volatile time in his career arc, is a good thing. In fact, Mayweather has been accused so often of stealing too much of the spotlight from Davis by simply appearing alongside him in public and answering questions for him to the media that it's good to see Davis attempt to stand on his own.
But even though Davis no longer has the wisdom of someone as accomplished as Mayweather to reach out to during such a key time, he does have a father figure in his corner when it comes to trainer Calvin Ford, who made an interesting prediction at the press conference.
"It has been a rocky camp, y'all. But guess what? This ain't no tuneup right here. This is a fight. This is what we are made for. This is how we get down," Ford said. "All this stuff that has been happening, y'all have been pouring gasoline on my youngin'. Guess what? Buckle up your shoes, put your seatbelt on because Gervonta 'Tank' Davis is going to bring the heat that night."
Standing on his own also means accepting sole responsibility for his actions, which is something Davis will need to continue to do, regardless of whether the court of public opinion has already declared him guilty. And the onus will be on him to employ a Mayweather-like level of focus in order to handle the challenge of the upset-minded Garcia on Saturday and maintain hope of an even bigger fight in three months against an altogether different fighter with the same last name.
"There has been a lot of talk from other fighters and what not," Davis said. "This one will put them on notice with this fight. I can't get the Ryan fight until I get past Hector and I want to show that I'm one of the elite guys by the performance I put on Hector."
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Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA has been shown to exist as a linear, double-stranded molecule in the virion and as a non-linear (endless), episomal, nucleosomal form in latently infected trigeminal ganglia. The kinetics of the formation and appearance of endless viral genomes and the stability of linear genomes in neuronal cells are not well understood. Nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 cells can sustain long-term, quiescent infections with HSV-1. In this report, the structure and stability of HSV-1 viral DNA in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells was studied as a function of time following infection using both wild-type and replication-defective virus. Unexpectedly, unencapsidated linear genomes were stable in the nucleus of NGF-differentiated PC12 cells for up to 2–3 weeks following infection, beyond the period at which there is no detectable viral gene expression. However, following infection with wild-type HSV, the majority of quiescent viral genomes were in an endless form after 3–4 weeks. These data suggest that the stability and fate of HSV-1 DNA in non-mitotic neuronal-like cells is different from that in productively infected cells and thus there is a significant cellular role in this process. The relevance to the virus life-cycle in neurones in vivo is discussed.
Bataille, D. & Epstein, A. L. ( 1997; ). Equimolar generation of the four possible arrangements of adjacent L components in herpes simplex virus type 1 replicative intermediates. Journal of Virology 71, 7736-7743.
Batterson, W., Furlong, D. & Roizman, B. ( 1983; ). Molecular genetics of herpes simplex virus. VIII. Further characterization of a temperature-sensitive mutant defective in release of viral DNA and in other stages of the viral reproductive cycle. Journal of Virology 45, 397-407.
Deshmane, S. L. & Fraser, N. W. ( 1989; ). During latency, herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is associated with nucleosomes in a chromatin structure. Journal of Virology 63, 943-947.
Efstathiou, S., Minson, A. C., Field, H. J., Anderson, J. R. & Wildy, P. ( 1986; ). Detection of herpes simplex virus-specific DNA sequences in latently infected mice and in humans. Journal of Virology 57, 446-455.
Greenberg, M. E. & Bender, T. P. (1997). Nuclei isolation by Dounce homogenizer. In Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, pp. 4.10.4–4.10.8. Edited by F. M. Ausubel, R. Brent, R. E. Kingston, D. D. Moore, J. G. Seidman, J. A. Smith & K. Struhl. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Hwang, Y. T., Liu, B.-Y., Coen, D. M. & Hwang, C. B. C. ( 1997; ). Effects of mutations in the Exo III motif of the herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase gene on enzyme activities, viral replication, and replication fidelity. Journal of Virology 71, 7791-7798.
Jacob, R. J. & Roizman, B. ( 1977; ). Anatomy of herpes simplex virus DNA. VIII. Properties of the replicating DNA. Journal of Virology 23, 394-411.
Jacob, R. J., Morse, L. S. & Roizman, B. ( 1979; ). Anatomy of herpes simplex virus DNA. XII. Accumulation of head-to-tail concatemers in nuclei of infected cells and their role in the generation of the four isomeric arrangements of viral DNA. Journal of Virology 29, 448-457.
Jensen, I. & Linn, S. ( 1988; ). A reduced rate of bulky DNA adduct removal is coincident with differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells induced by nerve growth factor. Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, 3964-3968.
Marcy, A. I., Yager, D. R. & Coen, D. M. ( 1990; ). Isolation and characterization of herpes simplex virus mutants containing engineered mutations at the DNA polymerase locus. Journal of Virology 64, 2208-2216.
Norton, P. A. ( 2000; ). Introduction of DNA into cultured mammalian cells. In Gene Transfer Methods: Introducing DNA into Living Cells and Organisms , pp. 65-91. Edited by P. A. Norton & L. F. Steel. Natick, MA:Eaton Publishing.
Peters, A. H. F. M., Mermoud, J. E., O'Carroll, D., Pagani, M., Schweizer, D., Brockdorff, N. & Jenuwein, T. ( 2002; ). Histone H3 lysine 9 methylation is an epigenetic imprint of facultative heterochromatin. Nature Genetics 30, 7780.
Poffenberger, K. L. & Roizman, B. ( 1985; ). A noninverting genome of a viable herpes simplex virus 1: presence of head-to-tail linkages in packaged genomes and requirements for circularization after infection. Journal of Virology 53, 587-595.
Su, Y.-H., Meegalla, R., Chowhan, R., Lausch, R. N., Cubitt, C., Oakes, J. E., Fraser, N. W. & Block, T. M. ( 1999; ). Human corneal cells and other fibroblasts can induce reactivation of herpes simplex virus from latently infected PC12 cells. Journal of Virology 73, 4171-4180.
Wigdahl, B. L., Scheck, A. C., Ziegler, R. J., Declercq, E. & Rapp, F. ( 1984; ). Analysis of the herpes simplex virus genome during latency in human diploid fibroblasts and rat sensory neurons. Journal of Virology 49, 205-213.
Wilcox, C. L., Smith, R. L., Everett, R. D. & Mysofski, D. ( 1997; ). The herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early protein ICP0 is necessary for the establishment of latent infection. Journal of Virology 71, 6777-6785.


text:
Bergenfield New Jersey Family Vacations - Ideas on Hotels Attractions & Reviews
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The City of Bergenfield, NJ
Bergenfield is a small town in the state of New Jersey. The largest nearby city to Bergenfield is New York, approximately 14 miles from the city center.
There are several family restaurants in or near Bergenfield, including Backyard Grill Llc The, Anarey, Bamboo Grill, Asti and Cinema Pizza. For a larger selection of Bergenfield restaurants select our Restaurants tab above.
Visitors and residents can enjoy nearby Bergenfield Museums, Golf Courses and/or Zoos, including the Bergen Museum of Art and Science, Bergen County Zoological Park, Overpeck County Golf Course, New Jersey Naval Museum and New Bridge Landing. For a more complete list of attractions in or around the city of Bergenfield please click on the Attractions tab above.
The following 6 airports are located in or near Bergenfield:
- Caldwell Essex County Airport (CDM)
- Morristown Municipal Airport (MMU)
- New York Kennedy Airport (JFK)
- New York LaGuardia Airport (LGA)
- Newark Liberty Intl. Airport (EWR)
- Teterboro Airport (TEB)
Filter by: All Amusement Parks Aquariums Arenas Beaches Botanical Gardens Casinos Golf Courses Museums Ski Resorts Zoos
Bergenfield, New Jersey Attractions
Acorn Hall - Morristown,
Acorn Hall is an 1853 Victorian Italianate mansion located in Morristown, New Jersey, that is on the National Register of Historic Places. It serves as the headquarters of the Morris County Historical Society, which operates Acorn Hall as a historic house museum.
Afro-American Historical and Cultural Society Museum - Jersey City,
The Afro-American Historical and Cultural Society Museum is located is on the upper floor of the Miller Branch of the Jersey City, New Jersey Public Library, its collection is dedicated to the African American experience.
AIDS Museum - Newark,
A United States HIV/AIDS Memorial Museum, to be located in Newark, New Jersey in the US.
Alice Austen House - , Staten Island,
The Alice Austen House, which is also referred to as Clear Comfort, is located at 2 Hylan Boulevard in the Rosebank section of Staten Island, New York City, New York. It was home of Alice Austen, a photographer, for most of her lifetime, and is now a museum and a member of the Historic House Trust. The house is administered by the "Friends of Alice Austen", a volunteer group.
Alumni Hall - St. John's University - , New York,
Carnesecca Arena is a 6,008-seat multi-purpose arena in Queens County, New York in the US. It was built in 1961 and renamed in honor of Hall of Fame Coach Lou Carnesecca on November 23, 2004. It is the exclusive home to the St. John's University Red Storm women's basketball team, and also hosts the men's team, mainly for games that are not expected to draw a crowd sufficient to fill Madison Square Garden. In practice, the men play virtually all their Big East home games at MSG and their non-conference home games here.
American Folk Art Museum - , Manhattan,
The American Folk Art Museum is the leading center for the study and enjoyment of American folk art, as well as the work of international self-taught artists. It is located at 45 West 53rd Street, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, in Midtown Manhattan.
American Labor Museum/Botto House National Landmark - Haledon,
The Pietro and Maria Botto House, which is also referred to as Pietro Botto House, at 83 Norwood Street, Haledon, New Jersey is where leaders of the Industrial Workers of the World union spoke to the 15,000 striking workers of the Paterson Silk Strike of 1913. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and Upton Sinclair also spoke from the balcony.
American Merchant Marine Museum - , Kings Point,
The United States Merchant Marine Academy is one of the five United States service academies. It is charged with training officers for the United States Merchant Marine, branches of the military, or the transportation industry.
American Museum of Natural History - , Manhattan,
The American Museum of Natural History, that can be found on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City, is one of the largest and most celebrated museums in the world. Located in park-like grounds across the street from Central Park, the Museum comprises 25 interconnected buildings that house 46 permanent exhibition halls, research laboratories, and its renowned library.
Anchor Golf Land - Whippany,
The Anchor Golf Land is an 18 hole public golf course in Morris County New Jersey. Built in 1964, this Whippany course is open all year. Tee times are accepted by calling the pro shop at 973-887-0898. The golf course dress code is as follows: Collared shirt, no cutoffs, denim OK.
Address: 21 Route 10 E, Whippany, NJ 7981
Filter by: All Bed & Breakfast Boutique Budget Condo Economy Hostel Luxury Other Up Scale
Bergenfield, New Jersey Hotels
Clinton Inn Hotel & Event Center
145 Dean Dr
Tenafly, NJ 07670
Best Western Oritani Hotel
414 Hackensack Ave
Crowne Plaza Englewood
401 S Van Brunt St
Teaneck Marriott At Glenpointe
100 Frank W Burr Blvd
Comfort Inn & Suites Paramus
211 Rte 17
Holiday Inn Express Paramus
50 N Rte 17
Courtyard By Marriott Paramus
320 N Route 17
Holiday Inn Fort Lee
Best Western Fort Lee
393 N State Rt 17
Filter: All Asian Restaurants Ethnic Dining Family Restaurants Fast Food Restaurants Italian Restaurants Mexican Restaurants Sandwich & Deli Shops Specialty Restaurants Steak & Seafood Restaurants Vegetarian Restaurants
Bergenfield, New Jersey Restaurants
This is a list of Bergenfield Family Restaurants with addresses and phone numbers, including Sandwich Shops, Ice Cream & Frozen Yogurt Shops and Fast Foods & Carry Out. Happy Dining!
Anarey
103 South Washington Av
Backyard Grill Llc The
62 South Washington Av
Cinema Pizza
56 South Washington Avenue
Bamboo Grill
Fusion Ti
7 South Washington Avenue
Cusinera
Bgfd Area
Joey's Main Street Deli
Bergenfield Asian American Food Mart
23 Veterans Plaza
Bergenfield Articles
New York City on a Budget: Best Family Attractions Under $20
These affordable family attractions in New York City are perfect for families on a budget
10 Top Zoos on the East Coast USA
Each of these top 10 best zoos on the East Coast offer hundreds of species of creatures from around the world in fantastic exhibits for a lifetime of precious memories
Our Family Visit to New York City – Off the Beaten Track
Our recent family trip to New York City with Dag Hammarskjold Park and the United Nations, A child's view of Times Square, and accommodations near both
New York City for Families – Part 2
Whatever view, cultural icon, museum, city park or city street you visit in New York City, your kids will have taken a tasty and memorable family bite of the Big Apple.
New York City is a wonderful place to take the kids. One attraction is Central Park, with it's eight hundred plus acres of refined wilderness in the heart of the bustling city.
Search Nearby Cities
Cities Near Bergenfield
New Milford, New Jersey - 1.2 miles
Dumont, New Jersey - 1.6 miles
River Edge, New Jersey - 2.1 miles
Tenafly, New Jersey - 2.1 miles
Cresskill, New Jersey - 2.5 miles
Teaneck, New Jersey - 2.5 miles
Oradell, New Jersey - 2.7 miles
Englewood, New Jersey - 2.7 miles
Haworth, New Jersey - 2.8 miles
Demarest, New Jersey - 3.1 miles
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey - 3.5 miles
Hackensack, New Jersey - 3.6 miles
Maywood, New Jersey - 3.6 miles
Closter, New Jersey - 3.6 miles
Bogota, New Jersey - 3.7 miles
Emerson, New Jersey - 3.8 miles
Paramus, New Jersey - 4.1 miles
Leonia, New Jersey - 4.2 miles
Rochelle Park, New Jersey - 4.5 miles
Harrington Park, New Jersey - 4.7 miles
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text:
Q: Correct way of freeing memory of a vector of structs What is the correct way of freeing the memory of an std::vector of struct?
Consider the following pseudo-code:
typedef struct
{
   unsigned int packageLen;
   unsigned char* package;
} PACKAGE;

std::vector<PACKAGE*>* packages = new std::vector<PACKAGE*>;

for (...)
{
   PACKAGE *tempPackage = new PACKAGE;
   // Set data of package
   packages->pushback(tempPackage);
}

// Function exit
if (packages)
   delete packages;

Would this correctly free the assigned memory?

A: No, you are leaking memory. Here's a the right wayTM
struct Package
{
   // ...
};

int main()
{
  std::vector<Package> packages; // no pointers involved

  // Can use vector::reserve at this point if you know how many
  // elements you are going to need

  for (...)
  {
     packages.push_back({ /*...*/ }); // may also add a constructor and call emplace_back
     // Use packages.back() or other elements as you need
  }

  // No need to free anything
}

You can, of course, improve this code to cater your specific case. For instance, if you know exactly how many elements you want to default initialize, you can just create them all in the constructor.

A:
Would this correctly free the assigned memory?

No, you are leaking all your PACKAGE instances, and probably all your char[] instances. You shouldn't have new or delete in this kind of code at all.
struct Package
{
    std::string package;
};

std::vector<Package> packages;

for (...)
{
   Package tempPackage;
   // Set data of package
   packages.push_back(tempPackage);
}

// Function exit

A:
Would this correctly free the assigned memory?

It would correctly free the memory of the vector.
It would fail to correctly free the memory of the PACKAGE objects whose pointers were stored in the vector. Unless those pointers were copied elsewhere, this would be a memory leak.
Furthermore, if (packages) check is redundant.
There is hardly ever a good reason to dynamically allocate a vector. And there is hardly ever a good reason to use owning bare pointers. Try to avoid those.

A: Rule of thumb: you need to have delete for each new.
In your example, you allocated the vector object using new and you deleted it using delete. That is correct. But you've also created many packages in loop and haven't deleted them. In order for C++ to do it for you, you would have to write your own allocator object for std::vector or, before deleting the vector, loop over it and delete it's items:
for (auto &ptr : packages) delete ptr;
delete packages;
packages = nullptr;

Also note that I am setting the packages pointer to nullptr. This won't happen by itself when you use delete. And while delete on nullptr is idempotent and safe, calling delete on already deleted pointer would cause program crash (which you are clearly aware of, given the condition at the end).
NOTE: As @eerorika stated, there is usually no reason to dynamically allocate std::vector and in modern C++, smart pointer are usually preferred (std::unique_ptr and std::shared_ptr).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Michgan Central has new owners!! Moroun Family transfers ownership of Depot to investment group ahead of rumored Ford purchase!!
FORE!!! PGA Tour coming to Detroit Golf Club in 2019!!
Detroit City FC to take on Venezia FC on July 18th at Keyworth Stadium!!


Typically, when a client makes an HTTPS request, an SSL handshake request occurs at the start of an SSL session. You can configure a client SSL profile to skip the initial SSL handshake and add the On-Demand certificate authentication agent to the access policy to re-negotiate the SSL connection later. Access Policy Manager can perform the certificate request and validation task that is normally performed by the target server, on demand.
Before you can use On-Demand certificate authentication successfully, you must exchange certificates between clients and the BIG-IP system.
The BIG-IP systems needs the client root certificate installed on it.
Configure a client SSL profile to skip the initial SSL handshake and thereby support Access Policy Manager (APM) to perform an SSL handshake on demand.
For the Client Certificate setting, select ignore. When ignore is selected, the BIG-IP system skips the initial SSL handshake.
To successfully pass the On-Demand certificate authentication, the client browser must have a valid SSL certificate for the BIG-IP system.
Select the Authentication tab. The tab displays a list of authentication actions.
Select On-Demand Cert Auth and click Add Item. A properties screen opens.