text:
Heegaard Floer homology and concordance bounds on the Thurston norm
Authors: Daniele Celoria and Marco Golla; with an appendix with Adam Simon Levine
Journal: Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 373 (2020), 295-318
MSC (2010): Primary 57M25, 57M26, 57M27
Published electronically: September 12, 2019
Abstract: We prove that twisted correction terms in Heegaard Floer homology provide lower bounds on the Thurston norm of certain cohomology classes determined by the strong concordance class of a -component link in . We then specialise this procedure to knots in and obtain a lower bound on their geometric winding number. We then provide an infinite family of null-homologous knots with increasing geometric winding number on which the bound is sharp.
Stefan Behrens and Marco Golla, Heegaard Floer correction terms, with a twist, Quantum Topol. 9 (2018), no. 1, 1–37. MR 3760877, https://doi.org/10.4171/QT/102
József Bodnár and András Némethi, Lattice cohomology and rational cuspidal curves, Math. Res. Lett. 23 (2016), no. 2, 339–375. MR 3512889, https://doi.org/10.4310/MRL.2016.v23.n2.a3
Maciej Borodzik and Matthew Hedden, The Υ function of 𝐿-space knots is a Legendre transform, Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 164 (2018), no. 3, 401–411. MR 3784261, https://doi.org/10.1017/S030500411700024X
Maciej Borodzik and Charles Livingston, Heegaard Floer homology and rational cuspidal curves, Forum Math. Sigma 2 (2014), e28, 23. MR 3347955, https://doi.org/10.1017/fms.2014.28
Daniele Celoria, On concordances in 3-manifolds, J. Topol. 11 (2018), no. 1, 180–200. MR 3784229, https://doi.org/10.1112/topo.12051
David Cimasoni, Slicing Bing doubles, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 6 (2006), 2395–2415. MR 2286030, https://doi.org/10.2140/agt.2006.6.2395
Christopher W. Davis, Matthias Nagel, JungHwan Park, and Arunima Ray, Concordance of knots in 𝑆¹×𝑆², J. Lond. Math. Soc. (2) 98 (2018), no. 1, 59–84. MR 3847232, https://doi.org/10.1112/jlms.12125
Andrew Donald and Brendan Owens, Concordance groups of links, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 12 (2012), no. 4, 2069–2093. MR 3020201, https://doi.org/10.2140/agt.2012.12.2069
Michael H. Freedman, A new technique for the link slice problem, Invent. Math. 80 (1985), no. 3, 453–465. MR 791669, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01388725
Stefan Friedl, Matthias Nagel, Patrick Orson, and Mark Powell, Satellites and concordance of knots in 3-manifolds, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 371 (2019), no. 4, 2279–2306. MR 3896081, https://doi.org/10.1090/tran/7313
David Gabai, Foliations and the topology of 3-manifolds. II, J. Differential Geom. 26 (1987), no. 3, 461–478. MR 910017
[12] Matthew Hedden and Miriam Kuzbary, in preparation.
Fujitsugu Hosokawa, A concept of cobordism between links, Ann. of Math. (2) 86 (1967), 362–373. MR 225317, https://doi.org/10.2307/1970693
Rob Kirby, Problems in low dimensional manifold theory, Algebraic and geometric topology (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif., 1976)	Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., XXXII, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 1978, pp. 273–312. MR 520548
Adam Simon Levine and Daniel Ruberman, Heegaard Floer invariants in codimension one, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 371 (2019), no. 5, 3049–3081. MR 3896105, https://doi.org/10.1090/tran/7345
Adam Simon Levine, Daniel Ruberman, and Sašo Strle, Nonorientable surfaces in homology cobordisms, Geom. Topol. 19 (2015), no. 1, 439–494. With an appendix by Ira M. Gessel. MR 3318756, https://doi.org/10.2140/gt.2015.19.439
Charles Livingston, Mazur manifolds and wrapping number of knots in 𝑆¹×𝑆², Houston J. Math. 11 (1985), no. 4, 523–533. MR 837991
Walter D. Neumann, A calculus for plumbing applied to the topology of complex surface singularities and degenerating complex curves, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 268 (1981), no. 2, 299–344. MR 632532, https://doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9947-1981-0632532-8
Yi Ni and Zhongtao Wu, Correction terms, ℤ₂-Thurston norm, and triangulations, Topology Appl. 194 (2015), 409–426. MR 3404625, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2015.09.002
Yi Ni and Zhongtao Wu, Cosmetic surgeries on knots in 𝑆³, J. Reine Angew. Math. 706 (2015), 1–17. MR 3393360, https://doi.org/10.1515/crelle-2013-0067
Peter Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, Holomorphic disks, link invariants and the multi-variable Alexander polynomial, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 8 (2008), no. 2, 615–692. MR 2443092, https://doi.org/10.2140/agt.2008.8.615
Peter S. Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, Knot Floer homology and integer surgeries, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 8 (2008), no. 1, 101–153. MR 2377279, https://doi.org/10.2140/agt.2008.8.101
Peter Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, Link Floer homology and the Thurston norm, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 21 (2008), no. 3, 671–709. MR 2393424, https://doi.org/10.1090/S0894-0347-08-00586-9
Peter Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, Absolutely graded Floer homologies and intersection forms for four-manifolds with boundary, Adv. Math. 173 (2003), no. 2, 179–261. MR 1957829, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8708(02)00030-0
Peter Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, On the Floer homology of plumbed three-manifolds, Geom. Topol. 7 (2003), 185–224. MR 1988284, https://doi.org/10.2140/gt.2003.7.185
Peter Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, Holomorphic disks and knot invariants, Adv. Math. 186 (2004), no. 1, 58–116. MR 2065507, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2003.05.001
[27] Peter Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, Holomorphic disks and three-manifold invariants: properties and applications, Ann. of Math. (2) 159 (2004), no. 3, 1159–1245. MR 2113020, https://doi.org/10.4007/annals.2004.159.1159
[28] Peter Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, Holomorphic disks and topological invariants for closed three-manifolds, Ann. of Math. (2) 159 (2004), no. 3, 1027–1158. MR 2113019, https://doi.org/10.4007/annals.2004.159.1027
[29] Lisa Piccirillo, Shake genus and slice genus, to appear in Geom. Topol.
Olga Plamenevskaya, Bounds for the Thurston-Bennequin number from Floer homology, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 4 (2004), 399–406. MR 2077671, https://doi.org/10.2140/agt.2004.4.399
[31] Jacob Andrew Rasmussen, Floer homology and knot complements, ProQuest LLC, Ann Arbor, MI, 2003. Thesis (Ph.D.)–Harvard University. MR 2704683
Jacob Rasmussen, Lens space surgeries and a conjecture of Goda and Teragaito, Geom. Topol. 8 (2004), 1013–1031. MR 2087076, https://doi.org/10.2140/gt.2004.8.1013
Lee Rudolph, An obstruction to sliceness via contact geometry and "classical" gauge theory, Invent. Math. 119 (1995), no. 1, 155–163. MR 1309974, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01245177
Rob Schneiderman, Algebraic linking numbers of knots in 3-manifolds, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 3 (2003), 921–968. MR 2012959, https://doi.org/10.2140/agt.2003.3.921
William P. Thurston, A norm for the homology of 3-manifolds, Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 59 (1986), no. 339, i–vi and 99–130. MR 823443
Eylem Zeliha Yildiz, A note on knot concordance, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 18 (2018), no. 5, 3119–3128. MR 3848410, https://doi.org/10.2140/agt.2018.18.3119
Stefan Behrens and Marco Golla, Heegaard Floer correction terms, with a twist, Quantum Topol. 9 (2018), no. 1, 1-37. MR 3760877, https://doi.org/10.4171/QT/102
József Bodnár and András Némethi, Lattice cohomology and rational cuspidal curves, Math. Res. Lett. 23 (2016), no. 2, 339-375. MR 3512889, https://doi.org/10.4310/MRL.2016.v23.n2.a3
Maciej Borodzik and Matthew Hedden, The function of -space knots is a Legendre transform, Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 164 (2018), no. 3, 401-411. MR 3784261, https://doi.org/10.1017/S030500411700024X
Daniele Celoria, On concordances in 3-manifolds, J. Topol. 11 (2018), no. 1, 180-200. MR 3784229, https://doi.org/10.1112/topo.12051
David Cimasoni, Slicing Bing doubles, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 6 (2006), 2395-2415. MR 2286030, https://doi.org/10.2140/agt.2006.6.2395
Christopher W. Davis, Matthias Nagel, JungHwan Park, and Arunima Ray, Concordance of knots in , J. Lond. Math. Soc. (2) 98 (2018), no. 1, 59-84. MR 3847232, https://doi.org/10.1112/jlms.12125
Andrew Donald and Brendan Owens, Concordance groups of links, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 12 (2012), no. 4, 2069-2093. MR 3020201, https://doi.org/10.2140/agt.2012.12.2069
Michael H. Freedman, A new technique for the link slice problem, Invent. Math. 80 (1985), no. 3, 453-465. MR 0791669, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01388725
Stefan Friedl, Matthias Nagel, Patrick Orson, and Mark Powell, Satellites and concordance of knots in 3-manifolds, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 371 (2019), no. 4, 2279-2306. MR 3896081, https://doi.org/10.1090/tran/7313
David Gabai, Foliations and the topology of -manifolds. II, J. Differential Geom. 26 (1987), no. 3, 461-478. MR 0910017
Matthew Hedden and Miriam Kuzbary, in preparation.
Fujitsugu Hosokawa, A concept of cobordism between links, Ann. of Math. (2) 86 (1967), 362-373. MR 0225317, https://doi.org/10.2307/1970693
Rob Kirby, Problems in low dimensional manifold theory, Algebraic and geometric topology (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif., 1976) Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., XXXII, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 1978, pp. 273-312. MR 0520548
Adam Simon Levine and Daniel Ruberman, Heegaard Floer invariants in codimension one, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 371 (2019), no. 5, 3049-3081. MR 3896105, https://doi.org/10.1090/tran/7345
Adam Simon Levine, Daniel Ruberman, and Sašo Strle, Nonorientable surfaces in homology cobordisms, with with an appendix by Ira M. Gessel, Geom. Topol. 19 (2015), no. 1, 439-494. MR 3318756, https://doi.org/10.2140/gt.2015.19.439
Charles Livingston, Mazur manifolds and wrapping number of knots in , Houston J. Math. 11 (1985), no. 4, 523-533. MR 0837991
Walter D. Neumann, A calculus for plumbing applied to the topology of complex surface singularities and degenerating complex curves, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 268 (1981), no. 2, 299-344. MR 0632532, https://doi.org/10.2307/1999331
Yi Ni and Zhongtao Wu, Correction terms, -Thurston norm, and triangulations, Topology Appl. 194 (2015), 409-426. MR 3404625, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2015.09.002
Yi Ni and Zhongtao Wu, Cosmetic surgeries on knots in , J. Reine Angew. Math. 706 (2015), 1-17. MR 3393360, https://doi.org/10.1515/crelle-2013-0067
Peter Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, Holomorphic disks, link invariants and the multi-variable Alexander polynomial, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 8 (2008), no. 2, 615-692. MR 2443092, https://doi.org/10.2140/agt.2008.8.615
Peter S. Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, Knot Floer homology and integer surgeries, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 8 (2008), no. 1, 101-153. MR 2377279, https://doi.org/10.2140/agt.2008.8.101
Peter Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, Link Floer homology and the Thurston norm, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 21 (2008), no. 3, 671-709. MR 2393424, https://doi.org/10.1090/S0894-0347-08-00586-9
Peter Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, Absolutely graded Floer homologies and intersection forms for four-manifolds with boundary, Adv. Math. 173 (2003), no. 2, 179-261. MR 1957829, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8708(02)00030-0
Peter Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, On the Floer homology of plumbed three-manifolds, Geom. Topol. 7 (2003), 185-224. MR 1988284, https://doi.org/10.2140/gt.2003.7.185
Peter Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, Holomorphic disks and knot invariants, Adv. Math. 186 (2004), no. 1, 58-116. MR 2065507, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2003.05.001
Peter Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, Holomorphic disks and three-manifold invariants: properties and applications, Ann. Math. 159 (2004), no. 3, 1159-1245. MR 2113020
Peter Ozsváth and Zoltán Szabó, Holomorphic disks and topological invariants for closed three-manifolds, Ann. Math. 159 (2004), no. 3, 1027-1158. MR 2113019
Lisa Piccirillo, Shake genus and slice genus, to appear in Geom. Topol.
Olga Plamenevskaya, Bounds for the Thurston-Bennequin number from Floer homology, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 4 (2004), 399-406. MR 2077671, https://doi.org/10.2140/agt.2004.4.399
Jacob A. Rasmussen, Floer homology and knot complements, ProQuest LLC, Ann Arbor, MI. Thesis (Ph.D)-Harvard University, 2003. MR 2704683
Jacob Rasmussen, Lens space surgeries and a conjecture of Goda and Teragaito, Geom. Topol. 8 (2004), 1013-1031. MR 2087076, https://doi.org/10.2140/gt.2004.8.1013
Lee Rudolph, An obstruction to sliceness via contact geometry and ``classical'' gauge theory, Invent. Math. 119 (1995), no. 1, 155-163. MR 1309974, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01245177
Rob Schneiderman, Algebraic linking numbers of knots in 3-manifolds, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 3 (2003), 921-968. MR 2012959, https://doi.org/10.2140/agt.2003.3.921
William P. Thurston, A norm for the homology of -manifolds, Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 59 (1986), no. 339, i-vi and 99-130. MR 0823443
Eylem Zeliha Yildiz, A note on knot concordance, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 18 (2018), no. 5, 3119-3128. MR 3848410, https://doi.org/10.2140/agt.2018.18.3119
Retrieve articles in Transactions of the American Mathematical Society with MSC (2010): 57M25, 57M26, 57M27
Retrieve articles in all journals with MSC (2010): 57M25, 57M26, 57M27
Daniele Celoria
Affiliation: Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
Email: Daniele.Celoria@maths.ox.ac.uk
Marco Golla
Affiliation: CNRS, Laboratoire de Mathématiques Jean Leray, Université de Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France
Email: marco.golla@univ-nantes.fr
Adam Simon Levine
Affiliation: Duke University, 120 Science Drive, 117 Physics Building, Durham, North Carolina 27708
Email: alevine@math.duke.edu
Received by editor(s): July 12, 2018
Received by editor(s) in revised form: April 9, 2019, and May 18, 2019
Additional Notes: The authors acknowledge support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 674978).


Format flexibility is now one of the key requirements for a successful retailer growth strategy, especially in mature markets where growth is no longer being driven by rapid development of new cookie-cutter shopping centers.
Getting free of formulae that chain a retailer to a particular kind of real estate (e.g. neighborhood centers or suburban Main Streets) can open up a host of previously ignored real estate opportunities. Each of these may provide a slightly differentiated way of getting close to customers who otherwise would be less accessible. For example, urban infill plots, large university campuses, factory outlet centers, mixed use developments, pop-up shipping containers and many overseas opportunities each have a distinct set of requirements for store size, store configuration and, of course, merchandising.
There are many examples of retailers that have become good at adopting flexible formats to suit local sites and conditions. They have demonstrated the value of thinking outside their format comfort zones.
US department stores such as Bloomingdale's, Nordstrom and Neiman Marcus, with their forays into heavily edited and value formats represent one example.
Walmart has become masterful at it. The world's largest retailer has developed a whole slew of customised formats to suit every occasion, from 18,000 sq.m freestanding supercenters at one end of the continuum, through discount stores about half that size in suburban power and community centers, to 8,000 sq.m supercenters for urban areas, to 4,000 sq.m supermarkets, to 1,000 sq.m edited food stores. This year it also came up with a 325 sq.m concept designed specifically for university campuses. It includes a pharmacy and licensed apparel.
Australia's major retailers have not been quite so proactive in meeting the needs of their customers. Myer and David Jones in particular will need to change this or their "growth" strategies will end up consisting of resisting store closures.
For small retailers in Australia who are frozen out of shopping centers, a number of opportunities exist for expansion both at home and overseas.
And the days of waiting until your domestic market is saturated before leaving home are over. This should resonate in places like Australia where demographic limitations and planning controls at home make overseas markets look particularly tasty.


Home Forum Forex Broker Intel How do i get into day trading?
The real path is learning on your own. Paying anyone won't do it because if they were good they have so much money they don't need yours (true in 99.9% of cases).
The only way is the hard way. Grab education about the markets wherever you can, learn from your mistakes, observe, try and fail, etc.
DO NOT PUT MONEY IN A SCOTTRADE ACCOUNT AND START PLAYING WITH THE BUY AND SELL BUTTONS. PAPER TRADE UNTIL THERE IS A 100% CHANCE YOU CAN CONSISTENTLY BEAT THE MARKET (or throw in chump change you can spare like $50 – would only work with spread-based commissions like forex though), AND GO BACK TO PAPER TRADING AS THAT SOMETIMES WILL NO LONGER BE TRUE.
AND YOU CAN TRADE FOREX, FUTURES, AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS WITH LESS RESTRICTIONS.
1. Learn. Start at places like investopedia.com tutorials.
7. Fail, figure out where you went wrong, start over.
Along the way you will realize if it's for you or not.
I trade the Euro intraday. Most traders won't spend a lot of time helping you (I feel like I have to give something back to the traders that helped me – it's a really annoying quality to have) – and I sure won't. Even if anyone does, any improvement you make has to come from within (so look for information, not advice).
Sorry by the way start at investopedia.com/tutorials and start searching for good books on technicals or fundamentals, brokers, etc. Whatever suits you.
Getting help from a discount broker……… 🙁 I can't believe what I read here. Try elitetrader.com it's not great but better.
To become successful from Forex trading, we all have to learn it properly before investing our own capital. So many ways to learn trading. Doing demo account, reading books or articles, watching learning videos, getting help from senior / expert traders, we can learn trade so easily. But success will be then when can make this business as our profession and can be skilled and experienced enough. For a right broker, OctaFX is always best and most preferable to me.
Knowledge, experience and learning are the mother of success so if we get good in that department than we can be assure of getting great results and also rememeber that its not possible to succeed unless we hard work so we should always be ready give it all as only than we would be able to achieve what we have desired.


text:
Q: Is there an idiom, proverb or a saying about someone who receives all benefits and good things while complaining about it? For example: Someone who has a tree that gives him fruits, he doesn't take care of it or have to take care of that tree.
He eats all the fruits of that tree, and yet he dares to find or come up with something to complain about with regards to that tree (sort of blaming the tree).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
import * as React from 'react';
import { IconBaseProps } from 'react-icon-base';
export default class MdAnnouncement extends React.Component<IconBaseProps, any> { }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Rafael dos Anjos vs. Michael Chiesa Targeted For UFC Fight Night 166
A welterweight fight between Rafael dos Anjos an Michael Chiesa has been targeted for the UFC Fight Night 166 event in Raleigh, North Carolina on January 25th.
Former lightweight champion RDA has been finding the going tough at 170lbs recently, having lost three of his past four fights in the division.
In fairness though he's been fighting a series of top contenders, starting with an unsuccessful attempt to win the interim title against Colby Covington, which he lost by unanimous decision.
Then he moved straight into a fight with the man who would soon become the welterweight titleholder, Kamaru Usman, who also beat him on the scorecards.
A submission win over Kevin Lee got dos Anjos back on track, but he's since dropped another unanimous decision verdict against Leon Edwards, though he still retains the No.5 spot on the welterweight rankings.
As for Chiesa, he's another former lightweight who has been making his mark at welterweight since moving up at the tail-end of last year.
So far he's earned a submission victory over Carlos Condit and followed that up with a convincing unanimous decision win against Diego Sanchez, and getting the better of RDA would be his ticket to a spot on the welterweight rankings.
RDA vs. Chiesa joins a UFC Fight Night 166 card that will be headlined by Junior dos Santos vs. Curtis Blaydes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We are a family owned and operated painting and decorating firm. We offer plastering and plastering services throughout Canterbury. With o ear 20 years experience in the industry including almost a decade in restoration we pride ourselves on a quality finish.


text:
Christopher Hitchens Quotes
United States, Author
April 13, 1949 – December, 15, 2011.
Christopher Eric Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was an Anglo-American author, columnist, essayist, orator, religious and literary critic, social critic, and journalist. Hitchens was the author, co-author, editor or co-editor of over 30 books, including five collections of essays on culture, politics and literature. He contributed to New Statesman, The Nation, The Weekly Standard, The Atlantic, London Review of Books, The Times Literary Supplement, Slate, Free Inquiry and Vanity Fair.
Also known as Columnist, Essayist, Literary Critic, Journalist, Social Critic
Hitchens: 'Let me ask a question to Mr Heston: can he tell me, clockwise, what countries have frontiers and borders with Iraq, starting from Kuwait?'
The secular state is the guarantee of religious pluralism. This apparent paradox, again, is the simplest and most elegant of political truths.
Religion is innately irrational.
Religious ideas, supposedly private matters between man and god, are in practice always political ideas.
If most of those who took part in this one-dimensional debate were honest with themselves, they would admit that they do not in principle believe that the United States can do any good overseas for anyone but the American government, its armed forces, or privileged American elites.
(Howard) Dean is a raving nut bag...a raving, sinister, demagogic nutbag...I and a few other people saw that he should be destroyed.
I ask myself why do these worshipers of this God want to convict him of being such a crummy designer - most of his creations die off, the rest suffer miserably; of being cruel and capricious and bungling and incompetent and callous as a father? www.youtube.com/watch?v=THHapkLeSGo?t=24m23s
Forgotten were the elementary rules of logic, that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence and that what can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence.
Well if you reduce religion to social work, so does USAID produce...do all that. Actually, a secular organization, actually rather more convincingly. Most of the great philanthropist of the united states have been atheists...doesn't prove that atheism is correct.
A people that began to think as citizens rather than subjects might transcend underdevelopment on their own. Inalienable human right is unique in that it needs no superhuman guarantee; no 'fount' except itself. Only servility requires the realm (suggestive word) of illusion. Illusions, of course, cannot be abolished. But they can and must be outgrown.
The (Catholic) church, as far as I know, has not endorsed any war as just since it supported General Franco's invasion of Spain to destroy the Spanish republic with a Muslim mercenary army in the thirties, on the side of Hitler.
That most risky and volatile of all things—a self-pitying majority.
I don't think the war in Afghanistan was ruthlessly enough waged.
You give me the awful impression, I hate to have say it, of someone who hasn't read any of the arguments against your position ever.
The reading public isn't born that doesn't think foreigners are either funny or faintly sinister.
Those who say that without the monarchy Britain would be a banana republic are closing their eyes to the banana republic features which the cult of monarchy necessitates. Dazzled by the show, moreover, they may be missing other long-run tendencies towards banana-dom which it is the partial function of monarchy to obscure.
My chief consolation in this year of living dyingly has been the presence of friends.
They want me to immolate myself, and I sincerely believe that for some of them, when they see bad news from Iraq, the reaction is simply 'This will make Hitchens look bad!' I've been trying to avoid solipsism, but I've come to believe there are such people.
No possible future government in Kabul can be worse than the Taliban, and no thinkable future government would allow the level of Al Qaeda gangsterism to recur. So the outcome is proportionate and congruent with international principles of self-defense.
The transformation of part of the northern part of this continent into 'America' inaugurated a nearly boundless epoch of opportunity and innovation, and thus deserves to be celebrated with great vim and gusto, with or without the participation of those who wish they had never been born.
Is there anything that is forbidden to anybody who says they have God on their side? Who says they have God with them? Is there any evil that they forbid themselves to do? 10
As a terrified, half-aware imbecile, I might even scream for a priest at the close of business, though I hereby state while I am still lucid that the entity thus humiliating itself would not in fact be 'me.' (Bear this in mind, in case of any later rumors or fabrications.)
A good liar must have a good memory. Kissinger is a stupendous liar with a remarkable memory.
Three words for those who want to put the Christ back in Christmas: Jingle Bell Rock.
Fabrizio Moreira
M. Stanton Evans
Patrick Stump


text:
Q: how to change properties of html elements in angular? I have an element which is automatically generated via my API call as
My Work History

now i want to modify it like

i.e I want to remove the original properties and add angulars ng-click to it.
I cannot use JQuery.

A: Try like this in your controller.
1: select the element and remove unwanted attributes using
element.removeAttribute("target");
2: Add required attribute on the element using
element.setAttribute('ng-click', 'loadMicrosite(messageItem.id)'); '' you can use string concatenation for messageItem.id

3: Now you have the updated element in the DOM but its not attached with the scope yet. Use $compile for it. As per  angular docs $compile
Compiles an HTML string or DOM into a template and produces a template function, which can then be used to link scope and the template together.
https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$compile

var app = angular.module('app', []);

app.controller('mainCtrl', function ($scope,$compile) {

var sNew = document.querySelector('a');
sNew.removeAttribute("target");
sNew.removeAttribute("href");
sNew.setAttribute('ng-click', 'loadMicrosite(messageItem.id)');

$compile(sNew)($scope);

 $scope.loadMicrosite = function(param)
 {
   alert("I am called");
 }

});
<!DOCTYPE html>

   SOS Children's Villages of India

A: You can get your html from api and open the page with window.open
In html:

   SOS Children's Villages of India

In Controller:
$scope.loadMicrosite = (id) ->
  url = getStringOfUrlFromServer
  window.open(
  url,
  '_blank');


The Pecan Street Festival is Back!
There is always something to do in Austin, Texas and this weekend is no different. The Pecan Street Festival will be held this Saturday and Sunday on Austin's most unique 6th Street! Take the family out and experience Austin's culture with live bands, art, and fun for the whole family!


text:
Home » Reference: Handbook and Info » Into the C20 (AoS E) Notes
Set work notes: Debussy Revision Notes / Poulenc Revision Notes
Impressionism (Debussy and Ravel)
Impressionism is a term borrowed from a style of French painting at the end of the 19th century. This style aimed not at exact representation (as in a photograph) but in capturing an impression of a scene, particularly through the subtle interplay of colours and light. It is characterized by vague, blurred outlines, and often captures a particular mood or atmosphere. Neither Debussy nor Ravel liked the term but there is no doubt that there are some similarities between the ambiguous harmonies and blurred structures of this music and impressionist painting.
Listen out for: colourful and often lush instrumentation, rich harmonies with added notes, exotic harmonies such as those based on whole-tone scales, traditional harmony, rhythm and melody is often quite blurred by these features
Core Wider Listening 1: Ravel String Quartet (1903), second movement (score / revision notes)
Core Wider Listening 2: Debussy Preludes Book 1 (1909), 'Voiles'
Expressionism and Serialism (Schoenberg, Webern and Berg)
[Expressionism is] a term applied to prominent artistic trends before, during and after World War I, especially in the visual arts and literature in Austria and Germany. By analogy it may apply to music of that time, or more generally to any music, in which an extravagant and apparently chaotic surface conveys turbulence in the composer's psyche.
(New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians)
"One must express oneself! Express oneself directly! … Not all those acquired characteristics, but that which is inborn, instinctive.'
(Schoenberg in a letter to Kandinsky).
Schoenberg's intense and disturbing monodrama Ewartung (1909) is the classic of Expressionism. This anguished piece, which depicts a woman becoming increasingly crazed as she searches for her lover in a forest, was written in the white heat of instinctive creativity, taking only three weeks to write.
Expressionism of this extreme kind was a relatively brief phase. In the 1920s Schoenberg a method of composing atonal music from transformations of an ordered series of the 12 notes of the chromatic scale. This 'twelve-tone' or serial technique provided a way of generating pitch material for composers who wanted to avoid the traditional language of tonality.
Schoenberg's two most famous pupils (the three together are sometimes called the 'Second Viennese School', the first being Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven) followed him in this innovation. In practice it is hard to distinguish between Serialism and Expressionism when confronted with a brief extract that you haven't heard before, so these two styles are grouped together for listening purposes.
The basics of how the pitches are generated is as follows:
The composer creates the prime by writing out all twelve notes of the chromatic scales used just once in an order of their choice. This original form of the row can, like all of the following, be transposed to start on any note of the chromatic scale.
The retrograde is the backwards for m of the row, which is constructed by starting at the end of the prime and working back to the beginning. Again, there are eleven transpositions, making twelve retrogrades in total.
The inversion is the mirror form of the row. If the prime goes up a semitone, for example, its inversion will go down a semitone.  The retrograde inversion is the mirror form of the row but backwards
Of Schoenberg's pupils, Webern applied the serial technique to his compositions particularly strictly and severely whereas Berg was much looser in his application and tends to write more traditional-sounding music.
Listen out for: high levels of dissonance, chromaticism and irregularity in general. This music often sounds deliberately anti-traditional.
Core Wider Listening 1: Anton Webern, Quartet Op. 22 (1930) , first movement
Core Wider Listening 2: Alban Berg Wozzeck (1922), Act I scenes 3 & 4
Neo-Classicism (Poulenc, Stravinsky and Prokofiev)
The term Neo-Classical in music history has two overlapping meanings:
1) a trend in the 1920s to write simpler, clearer and more economical music in reaction to maximalism of various kinds including Expressionism, Serialism and PostRomanticism
2) twentieth century composers that take features of an older style of music and present them in a more contemporary language and context (this is typically be aspects of structure, genre, melody and/or harmony)
Neo-Classical traits can be identified in many composers but they arguably dominate in Poulenc, middle-period Stravinsky and some (but not all) Prokofiev, the three composers studied in this AoS.
Listen out for: traditional sounding rhythms, melodies, harmonies etc. but given a twentieth century twist (often with more complex and dissonant harmonies)
Core Wider Listening 1: Poulenc, Sonata for Trumpet, Horn and Trombone (1922), first movement


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(Redirected from Vertebrates)
For an explanation of similar terms, see Craniate.
Vertebrates /ˈvɜːrtəˌbrəts/ comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata /-ə/ (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 69,963 species described.[4] Vertebrates include such groups as the following:
jawless fishes
jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, and ratfish)
tetrapods, which include amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
bony fishes
Temporal range:
Cambrian–Present,[1]520–0 Ma[2]
Example of vertebrates: a Siberian tiger (Tetrapoda), an Australian Lungfish (Osteichthyes), a Tiger shark (Chondrichthyes) and a River lamprey (Agnatha).
Clade: Olfactores
J-B. Lamarck, 1801[3]
Simplified grouping (see text)
Fishes (cladistically including the Tetrapods)
Ossea Batsch, 1788[3]
Extant vertebrates range in size from the frog species Paedophryne amauensis, at as little as 7.7 mm (0.30 in), to the blue whale, at up to 33 m (108 ft). Vertebrates make up less than five percent of all described animal species; the rest are invertebrates, which lack vertebral columns.
The vertebrates traditionally include the hagfish, which do not have proper vertebrae due to their loss in evolution,[5] though their closest living relatives, the lampreys, do.[6] Hagfish do, however, possess a cranium. For this reason, the vertebrate subphylum is sometimes referred to as "Craniata" when discussing morphology. Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that hagfish are most closely related to lampreys,[7] and so also are vertebrates in a monophyletic sense. Others consider them a sister group of vertebrates in the common taxon of craniata.[8]
2 Anatomy and morphology
2.1 Vertebral column
2.2 Gills
2.3 Central nervous system
3 Evolutionary history
3.1 First vertebrates
3.2 From fish to amphibians
3.3 Mesozoic vertebrates
3.4 After the Mesozoic
4.1 Traditional classification
4.2 Phylogenetic relationships
5 Number of extant species
5.1 Vertebrate species databases
6 Reproductive systems
6.1 Inbreeding
6.1.1 Inbreeding avoidance
6.2 Outcrossing
6.3 Parthenogenesis
6.4 Self-fertilization
EtymologyEdit
The word vertebrate derives from the Latin word vertebratus (Pliny), meaning joint of the spine.[9]
Vertebrate is derived from the word vertebra, which refers to any of the bones or segments of the spinal column.[10]
Anatomy and morphologyEdit
See also: Vertebrate anatomy
All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan: a stiff rod running through the length of the animal (vertebral column and/or notochord),[11] with a hollow tube of nervous tissue (the spinal cord) above it and the gastrointestinal tract below.
In all vertebrates, the mouth is found at, or right below, the anterior end of the animal, while the anus opens to the exterior before the end of the body. The remaining part of the body continuing after the anus forms a tail with vertebrae and spinal cord, but no gut.[12]
Vertebral columnEdit
The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the vertebral column, in which the notochord (a stiff rod of uniform composition) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of stiffer elements (vertebrae) separated by mobile joints (intervertebral discs, derived embryonically and evolutionarily from the notochord).
However, a few vertebrates have secondarily lost this anatomy, retaining the notochord into adulthood, such as the sturgeon[13] and coelacanth. Jawed vertebrates are typified by paired appendages (fins or legs, which may be secondarily lost), but this trait is not required in order for an animal to be a vertebrate.
Fossilized skeleton of Diplodocus carnegii, showing an extreme example of the backbone that characterizes the vertebrates.
GillsEdit
Gill arches bearing gills in a pike
All basal vertebrates breathe with gills. The gills are carried right behind the head, bordering the posterior margins of a series of openings from the pharynx to the exterior. Each gill is supported by a cartilagenous or bony gill arch.[14] The bony fish have three pairs of arches, cartilaginous fish have five to seven pairs, while the primitive jawless fish have seven. The vertebrate ancestor no doubt had more arches than this, as some of their chordate relatives have more than 50 pairs of gills.[12]
In amphibians and some primitive bony fishes, the larvae bear external gills, branching off from the gill arches.[15] These are reduced in adulthood, their function taken over by the gills proper in fishes and by lungs in most amphibians. Some amphibians retain the external larval gills in adulthood, the complex internal gill system as seen in fish apparently being irrevocably lost very early in the evolution of tetrapods.[16]
While the more derived vertebrates lack gills, the gill arches form during fetal development, and form the basis of essential structures such as jaws, the thyroid gland, the larynx, the columella (corresponding to the stapes in mammals) and, in mammals, the malleus and incus.[12]
Central nervous systemEdit
The central nervous system of vertebrates is based on a hollow nerve cord running along the length of the animal. Of particular importance and unique to vertebrates is the presence of neural crest cells. These are progenitors of stem cells, and critical to coordinating the functions of cellular components.[17] Neural crest cells migrate through the body from the nerve cord during development, and initiate the formation of neural ganglia and structures such as the jaws and skull.[18][19][20]
The vertebrates are the only chordate group to exhibit cephalisation, the concentration of brain functions in the head. A slight swelling of the anterior end of the nerve cord is found in the lancelet, a chordate, though it lacks the eyes and other complex sense organs comparable to those of vertebrates. Other chordates do not show any trends towards cephalisation.[12]
A peripheral nervous system branches out from the nerve cord to innervate the various systems. The front end of the nerve tube is expanded by a thickening of the walls and expansion of the central canal of spinal cord into three primary brain vesicles: The prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain) and rhombencephalon (hindbrain), further differentiated in the various vertebrate groups.[21] Two laterally placed eyes form around outgrowths from the midbrain, except in hagfish, though this may be a secondary loss.[22][23] The forebrain is well-developed and subdivided in most tetrapods, while the midbrain dominates in many fish and some salamanders. Vesicles of the forebrain are usually paired, giving rise to hemispheres like the cerebral hemispheres in mammals.[21]
The resulting anatomy of the central nervous system, with a single hollow nerve cord topped by a series of (often paired) vesicles, is unique to vertebrates. All invertebrates with well-developed brains, such as insects, spiders and squids, have a ventral rather than dorsal system of ganglions, with a split brain stem running on each side of the mouth or gut.[12]
Evolutionary historyEdit
See also: Evolution of fish and Evolution of tetrapods
First vertebratesEdit
The early vertebrate Haikouichthys
Vertebrates originated about 525 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which saw rise in organism diversity. The earliest known vertebrate is believed to be the Myllokunmingia.[1] Another early vertebrate is Haikouichthys ercaicunensis. Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail.[24] All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed.[25] A vertebrate group of uncertain phylogeny, small eel-like conodonts, are known from microfossils of their paired tooth segments from the late Cambrian to the end of the Triassic.[26]
From fish to amphibiansEdit
Acanthostega, a fish-like early labyrinthodont.
The first jawed vertebrates may have appeared in the late Ordovician and became common in the Devonian, often known as the "Age of Fishes".[27] The two groups of bony fishes, the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, evolved and became common.[28] The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the Placodermi, a group of armoured fish that dominated the entirety of that period since the late Silurian. The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts, which was a transitional form between fishes and amphibians.
Mesozoic vertebratesEdit
Amniotes branched from labyrinthodonts in the subsequent Carboniferous period. The Parareptilia and synapsid amniotes were common during the late Paleozoic, while diapsids became dominant during the Mesozoic. In the sea, the bony fishes became dominant. Birds, a derived form of dinosaur, evolved in the Jurassic.[29] The demise of the non-avian dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous allowed for the expansion of mammals, which had evolved from the therapsids, a group of synapsid amniotes, during the late Triassic Period.
After the MesozoicEdit
The Cenozoic world has seen great diversification of bony fishes, frogs, birds and mammals.
Over half of all living vertebrate species (about 32,000 species) are fish (non-tetrapod craniates), a diverse set of lineages that inhabit all the world's aquatic ecosystems, from snow minnows (Cypriniformes) in Himalayan lakes at elevations over 4,600 metres (15,100 feet) to flatfishes (order Pleuronectiformes) in the Challenger Deep, the deepest ocean trench at about 11,000 metres (36,000 feet). Fishes of myriad varieties are the main predators in most of the world's water bodies, both freshwater and marine. The rest of the vertebrate species are tetrapods, a single lineage that includes amphibians (with roughly 7,000 species); mammals (with approximately 5,500 species); and reptiles and birds (with about 20,000 species divided evenly between the two classes). Tetrapods comprise the dominant megafauna of most terrestrial environments and also include many partially or fully aquatic groups (e.g., sea snakes, penguins, cetaceans).
ClassificationEdit
There are several ways of classifying animals. Evolutionary systematics relies on anatomy, physiology and evolutionary history, which is determined through similarities in anatomy and, if possible, the genetics of organisms. Phylogenetic classification is based solely on phylogeny.[30] Evolutionary systematics gives an overview; phylogenetic systematics gives detail. The two systems are thus complementary rather than opposed.[31]
Traditional classificationEdit
Traditional spindle diagram of the evolution of the vertebrates at class level
Conventional classification has living vertebrates grouped into seven classes based on traditional interpretations of gross anatomical and physiological traits. This classification is the one most commonly encountered in school textbooks, overviews, non-specialist, and popular works. The extant vertebrates are:[12]
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Agnatha (jawless fishes)
Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
Class Amphibia (amphibians)
Class Reptilia (reptiles)
Class Aves (birds)
In addition to these, there are two classes of extinct armoured fishes, the Placodermi and the Acanthodii.
Other ways of classifying the vertebrates have been devised, particularly with emphasis on the phylogeny of early amphibians and reptiles. An example based on Janvier (1981, 1997), Shu et al. (2003), and Benton (2004)[32] is given here:
Palaeospondylus
Superclass Agnatha or Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys and other jawless fishes)
Infraphylum Gnathostomata (vertebrates with jaws)
Class †Placodermi (extinct armoured fishes)
Class †Acanthodii (extinct spiny "sharks")
Superclass Osteichthyes (bony vertebrates)
Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned bony fishes)
Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes, including the tetrapods)
Class Amphibia (amphibians, some ancestral to the amniotes)—now a paraphyletic group
Class Synapsida (mammals and the extinct mammal-like reptiles)
Class Sauropsida (reptiles and birds)
While this traditional classification is orderly, most of the groups are paraphyletic, i.e. do not contain all descendants of the class's common ancestor.[32] For instance, descendants of the first reptiles include modern reptiles as well as mammals and birds; the agnathans have given rise to the jawed vertebrates; the bony fishes have given rise to the land vertebrates; the traditional "amphibians" have given rise to the reptiles (traditionally including the synapsids or mammal-like "reptiles"), which in turn have given rise to the mammals and birds. Most scientists working with vertebrates use a classification based purely on phylogeny[citation needed], organized by their known evolutionary history and sometimes disregarding the conventional interpretations of their anatomy and physiology.
Phylogenetic relationshipsEdit
In phylogenetic taxonomy, the relationships between animals are not typically divided into ranks but illustrated as a nested "family tree" known as a phylogenetic tree. The one below is based on studies compiled by Philippe Janvier and others for the Tree of Life Web Project and Delsuc et al.[33][34]
Vertebrata/
Agnatha/
Hyperoartia (lampreys)
Myxini
Cyclostomes
†Euconodonta
†Pteraspidomorphi
†Thelodonti
†Anaspida
†Galeaspida
†Pituriaspida
†Osteostraci
†Placodermi (armoured fishes)
Acanthodii (acanthodii; paraphyletic)
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Euteleostomi
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii
†Onychodontiformes
Actinistia (coelacanths)
†Porolepiformes
Dipnoi (lungfishes)
†Rhizodontimorpha
†Tristichopteridae
Tetrapoda
(lobe‑finned fish)
Craniata
Number of extant speciesEdit
The number of described vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods and fish. The following table lists the number of described extant species for each vertebrate class as estimated in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2014.3.[35]
Vertebrate groups
Estimated number of
described species[35]
totals[35]
Anamniote
amniotic
so need to
Jawless
(hagfish) 32,900
Hyperoartia
(lamprey)
Jawed
cartilaginous
ray-finned
lobe-finned
Tetrapods
amphibians 7,302 33,278
Amniote
adapted to
reproducing
mammals 5,513
reptiles 10,711
birds 10,425
Total described species 66,178
The IUCN estimates that 1,305,075 extant invertebrate species have been described,[35] which means that less than 5% of the described animal species in the world are vertebrates.
Vertebrate species databasesEdit
The following databases maintain (more or less) up-to-date lists of vertebrate species:
Fish: Fishbase
Amphibians: Amphibiaweb
Reptiles: Reptile Database
Birds: Avibase
Mammals: Mammal species of the World
Reproductive systemsEdit
Nearly all vertebrates undergo sexual reproduction. They produce haploid gametes by meiosis. The smaller, motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger, non-motile gametes are ova. These fuse by the process of fertilisation to form diploid zygotes, which develop into new individuals.
InbreedingEdit
During sexual reproduction, mating with a close relative (inbreeding) often leads to inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression is considered to be largely due to expression of deleterious recessive mutations.[36] The effects of inbreeding have been studied in many vertebrate species.
In several species of fish, inbreeding was found to decrease reproductive success.[37][38][39]
Inbreeding was observed to increase juvenile mortality in 11 small animal species.[40]
A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g. between half- and full siblings).[41] This practice generally has a negative effect on measures of reproductive success, including decreased litter size and puppy survival.[42][43][44]
Incestuous matings in birds result in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression (e.g. reduction in hatchability of eggs and reduced progeny survival).[45][46][47]
Inbreeding avoidanceEdit
As a result of the negative fitness consequences of inbreeding, vertebrate species have evolved mechanisms to avoid inbreeding.
Numerous inbreeding avoidance mechanisms operating prior to mating have been described. Toads and many other amphibians display breeding site fidelity. Individuals that return to natal ponds to breed will likely encounter siblings as potential mates. Although incest is possible, Bufo americanus siblings rarely mate.[48] These toads likely recognize and actively avoid close kin as mates. Advertisement vocalizations by males appear to serve as cues by which females recognize their kin.[48]
Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms can also operate subsequent to copulation. In guppies, a post-copulatory mechanism of inbreeding avoidance occurs based on competition between sperm of rival males for achieving fertilization.[49] In competitions between sperm from an unrelated male and from a full sibling male, a significant bias in paternity towards the unrelated male was observed.[49]
When female sand lizards mate with two or more males, sperm competition within the female's reproductive tract may occur. Active selection of sperm by females appears to occur in a manner that enhances female fitness.[50] On the basis of this selective process, the sperm of males that are more distantly related to the female are preferentially used for fertilization, rather than the sperm of close relatives.[50] This preference may enhance the fitness of progeny by reducing inbreeding depression.
OutcrossingEdit
Mating with unrelated or distantly related members of the same species is generally thought to provide the advantage of masking deleterious recessive mutations in progeny[51] (see heterosis). Vertebrates have evolved numerous diverse mechanisms for avoiding close inbreeding and promoting outcrossing[52] (see inbreeding avoidance).
Outcrossing as a way of avoiding inbreeding depression has been especially well studied in birds. For instance, inbreeding depression occurs in the great tit when the offspring are produced as a result of a mating between close relatives. In natural populations of the great tit (Parus major), inbreeding is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative.[53]
Purple-crowned fairywren females paired with related males may undertake extra-pair matings that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding, despite ecological and demographic constraints. [47]
Southern pied babblers (Turdoides bicolor) appear to avoid inbreeding in two ways: through dispersal and by avoiding familiar group members as mates.[54] Although both males and females disperse locally, they move outside the range where genetically related individuals are likely to be encountered. Within their group, individuals only acquire breeding positions when the opposite-sex breeder is unrelated.
Cooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin.[55] Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently or to join unrelated groups.
ParthenogenesisEdit
Parthenogenesis is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization.
Reproduction in squamate reptiles is ordinarily sexual, with males having a ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes, and females a ZW pair. However, various species, including the Colombian Rainbow boa (Epicrates maurus), Agkistrodon contortrix (copperhead snake) and Agkistrodon piscivorus (cotton mouth snake) can also reproduce by facultative parthenogenesis—that is, they are capable of switching from a sexual mode of reproduction to an asexual mode—resulting in production of WW female progeny.[56][57] The WW females are likely produced by terminal automixis.
Mole salamanders are an ancient (2.4–3.8 million year-old) unisexual vertebrate lineage.[58] In the polyploid unisexual mole salamander females, a premeiotic endomitotic event doubles the number of chromosomes. As a result, the mature eggs produced subsequent to the two meiotic divisions have the same ploidy as the somatic cells of the female salamander. Synapsis and recombination during meiotic prophase I in these unisexual females is thought to ordinarily occur between identical sister chromosomes and occasionally between homologous chromosomes. Thus little, if any, genetic variation is produced. Recombination between homeologous chromosomes occurs only rarely, if at all.[59] Since production of genetic variation is weak, at best, it is unlikely to provide a benefit sufficient to account for the long-term maintenance of meiosis in these organisms.
Self-fertilizationEdit
The mangrove killifish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) produces both eggs and sperm by meiosis and routinely reproduces by self-fertilisation. This capacity has apparently persisted for at least several hundred thousand years.[60] Each individual hermaphrodite normally fertilizes itself through uniting inside the fish's body of an egg and a sperm that it has produced by an internal organ.[61] In nature, this mode of reproduction can yield highly homozygous lines composed of individuals so genetically uniform as to be, in effect, identical to one another.[62][63] Although inbreeding, especially in the extreme form of self-fertilization, is ordinarily regarded as detrimental because it leads to expression of deleterious recessive alleles, self-fertilization does provide the benefit of fertilization assurance (reproductive assurance) at each generation.[62]
Marine vertebrate
Skeletal system of the horse
Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962)
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^ Bogart, J.P.; Bi, K.; Fu, J.; Noble, D.W.; Niedzwiecki, J. (February 2007). "Unisexual salamanders (genus Ambystoma) present a new reproductive mode for eukaryotes". Genome. 50 (2): 119–36. doi:10.1139/g06-152. PMID 17546077.
^ Bi, K; Bogart, J.P. (April 2010). "Probing the meiotic mechanism of intergenomic exchanges by genomic in situ hybridization on lampbrush chromosomes of unisexual Ambystoma (Amphibia: Caudata)". Chromosome Res. 18 (3): 371–82. doi:10.1007/s10577-010-9121-3. PMID 20358399.
^ Tatarenkov, A.; Lima, S.M.; Taylor, D.S.; Avise, J.C. (25 August 2009). "Long-term retention of self-fertilization in a fish clade". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (34): 14456–9. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10614456T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907852106. PMC 2732792. PMID 19706532.
^ Sakakura, Yoshitaka; Soyano, Kiyoshi; Noakes, David L.G.; Hagiwara, Atsushi (2006). "Gonadal morphology in the self-fertilizing mangrove killifish, Kryptolebias marmoratus". Ichthyological Research. 53 (4): 427–430. doi:10.1007/s10228-006-0362-2. hdl:10069/35713.
^ a b Avise, J.C.; Tatarenkov, A. (13 November 2012). "Allard's argument versus Baker's contention for the adaptive significance of selfing in a hermaphroditic fish". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 (46): 18862–7. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10918862A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1217202109. PMC 3503157. PMID 23112206.
^ Earley, R.L.; Hanninen, A.F.; Fuller, A.; Garcia, M.J.; Lee, E.A. (2012). "Phenotypic plasticity and integration in the mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus): a prospectus". Integr. Comp. Biol. 52 (6): 814–27. doi:10.1093/icb/ics118. PMC 3501102. PMID 22990587.
Kardong, Kenneth V. (1998). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (second ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill. pp. 747 pp. ISBN 978-0-697-28654-3.
"Vertebrata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
Wikispecies has information related to Vertebrata
Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates
Vertebrate Pests chapter in United States Environmental Protection Agency and University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences National Public Health Pesticide Applicator Training Manual
The Vertebrates
The Origin of Vertebrates Marc W. Kirschner, iBioSeminars, 2008.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&oldid=935346149"


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Posted on January 15, 2021 by Phil Lang
Always look for the abstract. Don't always go for the same old sports image. Use layers to lead the viewers eye. But most of all have fun and don't be afraid to make mistakes. That's how you get better. pic.twitter.com/7sx8AT1FxY
— Jose Carlos Fajardo (@jcfphotog) January 14, 2021
A Game of Catch Is Just Right for the Moment
Such a great article by Mike Wilson detailing 70-something Frank Miller just wanting to play catch, his wife reaching out on Nextdoor in the Dallas area, and a bunch of people coming out realizing they needed the same thing—a game of catch.
Photo credit: Jonathan Zizzo
Highly encourage you to read the entire story, but a couple points that really hit me square:
The Millers were surprised by the response to Alice's Nextdoor post, but when they thought about it, it made sense. Between the dual curses of politics ("I've lost friends," Frank said) and the pandemic, people are ticked off, scared and solitary.
"I think people want to reconnect a little bit right now," he said a couple of days before the meet-up.
This was Rich Mazzarella, 73, who grew up in Astoria, Queens, worshiping the Yankees and playing in a Scrabble board of youth sports leagues: CYO, PAL, YMCA. He hadn't thrown in 35 years and — this is unfortunate, but facts are facts — had long since given his baseball gloves to his grandchildren. He had to borrow Miller's catcher's mitt to play.
Mazzarella was asked why he came.
"Fountain of Youth," he said. "The opportunity to do something that I never expected to do again in my life."
I can totally identify with Miller's story, and I Wilson does a wonderful job putting the sweet community story into a bigger context. Excellent read. – PAL
Source: "He Just Wanted to Play Catch. They Got Relief From Troubled Times.", Mike Wilson, The New York Times (01/15/21)
TOB: Man, what the hell. After we had a fun day taking infield at Golden Gate Park during the summer, I made a similar NextDoor post. Not catch, but taking infield. I got a grand total of like 4 responses. Which is enough to field a squad! But two of them would only do it during weekdays at lunch, and two of them would only do it on weekends, so it fell apart. I am jealous that this guy got it going.
In Appreciation of Frank Gore
I believe we've written about Frank Gore before, so I won't go into the details. But the guy who was never supposed to have an NFL career, after tearing the ACL in both knees during college, is still a productive running back, more than 15 years later, at the age of 37.
This may be the end of his career, and Barry Petchesky wrote an excellent tribute to the improbability of Gore's career. I especially liked this very accurate description of him:
I can't even, off the top of my head, conjure up a signature or highlight play of his. When I think of Frank Gore, my mind constructs a Platonic form of a play, one that specifically may never have happened, yet has happened hundreds or thousands of times. In this play, Gore runs straight ahead, hitting the hole (or what there is of one; he did play on some pretty crummy teams) with momentum but not much velocity. There's contact at or near the line of scrimmage, but Gore bowls through or over and maintains his feet to drag out the act of the tackle for just enough second-fractions to pick up an extra yard or two. The gain is five yards when it should have been four; two when it should have been stopped for no gain. It's not pretty, and it's not flashy, but it's mechanically cool and viscerally pleasing just for the sheer efficiency and repeatability of the thing. He'll do it again and again, for 16 years.
That's about right. 16 years and exactly 16,000 yards. If Gore does come back, he has an outside shot at passing Walter Payton for second on the all-time rushing list – he'd need just 727 yards, after having rushed for 653 yards this year (he has no shot at Emmitt Smith for the most all-time, whom he trails by 2,355 yards). But even if he didn't get it, the quite and steady brilliance of Frank Gore will always amaze me. -TOB
Source: "Frank Gore Kept Running," Barry Petchesky, Defector (12/29/2020)
Harden Just Following Suit
NBA superstars bouncing around from teams has become pretty common in the NBA. Many "franchise players" – LeBron, Kawhi, KD, Harden, Kyrie – are on their third NBA franchise. As Jonathan Tjarks explains, there's a good reason for that. All anyone needs to do is look to LeBron:
Per Tjarks:
[LeBron] signed shorter contracts with opt-out clauses and used the threat of his departure to force his team to keep him happy. The way for his teams to appease him was to go all in and build the best possible team around him each year. But the end result of a team constantly making decisions for the present is that it has no future. And that's when LeBron moved on to the next one.
He spent four years in Miami, four years back in Cleveland, and is now in his third year in Los Angeles. He was contending for a title in 10 of those 11 seasons. That level of championship contention would be much harder to pull off had he stayed in one place. LeBron's teams can rebuild after he leaves, not while he's there.
Those types of power moves don't always work, even in the short term. James Harden forced the Rockets to overpay for Russell Westbrook before asking out a little over a year later. The beauty of being a player/GM is that you don't have to live with the consequences of your bad decisions.
Of course it makes sense. Great players are measured by their titles, and one clear way to an NBA championships pairing top 5 player teamed up with at least one other top 20 player in the league.
2020 – Lakers – LeBron & Anthony Davis
2019 – Toronto – Kawhi & … (that's what makes it so incredible, but it was against a decimated Warriors team)
2018 – Warriors – KD, Steph, Klay, Draymond
2016 – Cavs – LeBron, Kyrie
2015 – Warriors – Steph, Klay, Draymond
In order for a great player to win, he needs another guy, and the team's draft picks years down the line don't mean squat to him (and why would they?).
Great breakdown of the dynamics at play in this Harden trade, and how NBA franchises are—perhaps more than any other league—at the mercy of their stars. – PAL
Source: "The NBA Has Become an All-in League", Jonathan Tjarks, The Ringer (01/13/21)
TOB: I have to be honest – this article is such a mess. Tjarks seems to want to take the "player empowerment" discussion and put a finer point on it by saying that it has caused teams to either mortgage their futures or lose their players.
But this has always been true, to a point. Stars have always wanted good players around them. But while dumb teams truly mortgage their futures to make a player happy (e.g., the Cavs with LeBron, twice), the smart ones know how to make their stars happy while also keeping their options open for the future. This Harden trade is a perfect example – their trades for and of Chris Paul and Russell Westbrook ended in a net of two lost first round picks for Houston. So what happened when they traded Harden? They got four first rounders back, for a net gain of two first rounders. In the meantime, they were title contenders for almost a decade. This is a win-win for Houston, as they are a team that did not mortgage its future at all.
Tjarks' thesis is this:
A team that hasn't traded away all of its future draft picks is not taking every opportunity to compete for a title. And they will probably lose to a team that does. The NBA has become an all-in league. Any team that won't take the plunge doesn't have any business sitting at the table.
But as I've just shown, Houston didn't mortgage its future. Or maybe he and I disagree on what that term means in this context. If you have a mortgage on your house, and your mortgage payment gets too high, you can always sell the house. As long as you protect that asset, you're never in trouble. The Rockets did that – they protected their asset by locking Harden up for long enough and then trading him young enough that he had value to his next team, and because of that they were able to pay off their mortgage and walk away with a nice little profit, in addition to all the time they enjoyed in their "home."
Belichick Joins Another Extremely Exclusive List
Mo Berg, Jaqueline Kennedy, and Bill Belichick: an odd trio. Photo credit:
In the wake of the abject insanity that was the past week and a half, Bill Belichick declined the Presidential Medal of Freedom Trump wanted to give him. We don't really need to get into why, and Belichick's Trump history, but this small story this week opened the door for Maria Cramer to share the other instance (there aren't many) when someone declined this usually incredibly high honor.
Harry Truman declined back when it was an honor specifically for acts of military valor. He did not believe anything he did while serving in the military merited the honor.
Jacqueline Kennedy declined, and – according to Cramer – it's believed the former first lady didn't want to draw any attention from her husband posthumously receiving the award.
And then there's Mo Berg – the baseball playing spy. I mean, what a life. Major league catcher, spoke seven languages, and then became a spy during WWII. He carried a cyanide pill with him, so – yeah – he was the real deal.
Sure seems like the reasons for Belichick passing on the award are very different from that of Truman, Kennedy, and Berg, but there's the complete list. – PAL
Source: "Who Else Has Declined a Presidential Honor?", Maria Cramer, The New York Times (01/12/21)
HOCKEY IS BACK!
Wait, what? Back? It's mid-January.
I am a big sports fan and even write a niche weekly sports blog, and while I am not a big hockey fan, I used to be – and I JUST learned that last night was @NHL's opening night, which seems like a bad sign for the health of the sport.
— Thomas O'Brien (@thomas_ob) January 15, 2021
-TOB
What if Every MLB Player Was a Free Agent Every Year
The title says it all – what would MLB look like if it had taken A's owner Charlie Finley's 1970s suggestion to make players free agents every single year? Dayn Perry runs through this very interesting thought experiment. It's a fun read but ultimately Perry correctly concludes that while free agency would be wild, the game would be pretty awful from a fan perspective, as a handful of rich teams would dominate every year, with no one else having a chance.
Hmm, sounds familiar.
Hm. I can't quite put my finger on it.
Huh. Must be my imagination. Oh well. -TOB
Source: "What If Every MLB player Was a Free Agent Every Year?" Dayn Perry, CBS Sports (01/13/2021)
Dame kept the receipts 😂 @notthefakeSVP pic.twitter.com/TJW5Lgvr2h
— SportsCenter (@SportsCenter) January 14, 2021
In awe of this man's limitless reservoir of swagger pic.twitter.com/Lp8nVMt5sh
— BUM CHILLUPS AKA SPENCER HALL (@edsbs) January 1, 2021
Asked my 6yo if he had issues with Clever (online learning platform) this morning after hearing about a service disruption.
"Yeah I kept trying to get on but it kept saying there was a 504 Gatorade Timeout."
— Susan O'Brien (@Susan__OBrien) January 14, 2021
Nets really building a championship roster with Guys You Wish You Hadn't Started a Conversation With
— Matt Ufford (@mattufford) January 13, 2021
Kyrie in the NBA tryna work remotely
— Playing PS5 mid pandemic (@TheyCallMeAzul) January 12, 2021
Song of the Week: The Band – "Bessie Smith"
When Pam gets Michael's old chair, I get Pam's old chair. Then I'll have two chairs. Only one to go.
– Creed Bratton
← The Single, Part I
The Single, Part 2 →


Today is May 20th, 2017, and I find myself thinking about something I truly haven't thought about seriously in about six years.
The video struck a nerve with my wife. And she asked, straight-up, if I'd be interested in doing what the family in the video was trying to do. My answer was really quite simple: sure.
For two weeks, I have found myself regularly coming back to the idea of selling everything, buying an RV, and taking our family of six on the road—for a year or even permanently.
Our first real conversation in the evening on May 3rd about traveling the country as a family was short. We watched the Happy Loud Life video and just talked. Megan wanted to set a definite time limit on our excursion: one year; and she said she wants me to book shows and perform music along the way; and I thought it was important to consider financial feasibility, among other things. With our busy schedule that week, we quickly concluded we'd need more time to work through simple details, see how much it would cost, and start writing ideas down.
A few nights ago, Megan asked me for a gut check: "Do you think we should go?" My answer was no. I cited concerns about community and family, our kids building friendships, and living in close quarters (something we aren't strangers of already). Storage was a big concern (especially with all of my music equipment), and, of course, I mentioned the difficulties of fermenting beer on a moving vehicle [insert Breaking Bad reference here 🙂 ].
There's a ton of work to be done if we are going to pull this off in the kind of timeframe that we are talking. Megan wants to begin our tour a few days before the weekend of the total solar eclipse in August. We already have plans to be in down-state Illinois for it, doing some rock climbing and camping for the first few days prior, then enjoying the eclipse near Carbondale, IL, before driving home. It would be perfect timing.
So many details must be discussed that I told Megan we need a night out just to talk and write and plan. We've talked a little about what some of my goals would be for a year-long road trip, about school curriculum and making sure to be in warm places during the cold winter months of the North. We've talked blog names and about a big fancy word called "monetization". Well, she's scheduled the planning night for this Sunday, so I guess you could say she's taking this idea seriously!
Am I home? Not yet.
In my next post, I'll try to lay out what I think is the good, the bad, and the beautiful about taking the plunge into RV'ing with a family of six. Thanks for tracking along.


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FLEXJET'S NEXT CHAPTER, GOING PUBLIC Details
The All-Business Jet: How the Gulfstream G650 is Changing Corporate Travel
When it comes to commercial business travel, not much has changed. The lines, the delays, the inconsistency, and natural hassles that accompany most modes of mass travel.
Traveling from one destination to another as quickly and as efficiently as possible is wishful thinking in many cases. It is for these reasons many business and corporate flight departments have begun to consider private jet travel as an indispensable solution to their yearly travel agenda. The convenience, capacity and destination capability and inclusive cost-structure all make private business jets an attractive alternative to conventional transit.
However, the aircraft you entrust with your team and objectives needs to offer top-tier performance, cabin atmosphere and amenities. A jet that remains popular within corporate circles is the Gulfstream G450, due to its impressive passenger capacity of up to 16. However, if you are willing to exchange capacity for performance and range, the choice is obvious.
The Gulfstream G650 is the perfect balance between pure power performance and refined luxury. It's an ultra-modern jet that prioritizes the cabin space experience, while still featuring an astonishing 16-hour endurance. With proper planning and protocols in place, no destination is out of reach.
Here, Flexjet has outlined some unique features and traits that have helped build this dynamic aircraft it's stellar reputation amongst those who travel the most in the name of business.
Gulfstream G650: Performance That's Passed-On
Originally released in 2008, the Gulfstream G650 series was highlighted by many key improvements, namely an ambitious design that sought to surpass every business jet that had been built to date. To do so, engineers started with a blank page, learned what passengers were looking for, then designed an aircraft to exceed the highest of standard in the industry.
With an 8-foot, 6-inch-wide cabin, the widest in its class, the G650 allows up to 15 passengers to ride in spacious comfort. And while most large jets offer three sections, some of the G650s in the exclusive Flexjet fleet offer four – giving passengers more areas to work, dine, relax, and sleep. This and other innovations work simultaneously to produce an incredible 7,000 nautical miles of range.
With wings that eliminate anything that would hinder the natural airflow, and high-thrust Rolls-Royce BR725 AI-12 engines, the Flexjet G650 is uniquely engineered for distance as well as for speed. Not only are Tokyo and New York an hour closer to each other when you fly at 92 percent of the speed of sound, with a properly augmented crew, you can circumnavigate the globe with only one stop.
Every detail was remade—from the length of the wings to the placement of the windows on the fuselage. The result of this work is the Gulfstream G650, a jet that can cover its impressive range faster than most jets in its class. Every corner, reimagined, including patented wing-design that is the most aerodynamically efficient and advanced in all of business aviation.
This exceptional engineering continues in the cabin, where the pressure holds steady at a comfortable 3,290 feet, even at a cruising altitude of 51,000 feet, and the air is replenished 100% every two minutes. Together, this helps limit the effects of jetlag and travel fatigue, ensuring you're ready for business, or leisure, wherever your destination waits.
Gulfstream has always been a leader in implementing innovative safety technology, and the G650 is no exception. The Gulfstream Enhanced Vision System (EVS) II allows pilots to see details in low-visibility conditions on a Head-Up Display. This and other cutting-edge technology come with the most advanced flight deck in the industry aboard the G650.
Flexjet Service and Standards
Whether your mission is from Teterboro to Washington, DC, or Sao Paulo to Paris, no detail of service or comfort is wasted aboard a Gulfstream. Ergonomic seats with plush leather upholstery, custom inlaid wood interiors, fine textiles, crystal glassware, and other elegant details curated for those with particularly refined tastes.
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text:
JN-1025
Jerusalem News (22 May, 2013, Sivan 13, 5773)
1. Amusing Clip of Iraqi Diplomats Publicly Brawling in Jordan
2. How the Facebook Employees of Government Ministers Lapid, Bennet, and Piron Censored notes sent by Yair Davidiy.
3. Earth is undergoing true polar wander, scientists say by Deborah Byrd
From: Yosef DayanÂ
Subject: At the Iraqi embassy in Amman -- just a reminder of the Arab mentality
All of them are Arabs!
All of them are Muslims!
All of them are from Iraq!
All of them are "diplomats"!
All of them know how to express their arguments !
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=tr1CknrJM2Q#!
Notes sent by Yair Davidiy to the Facebook pages of Yair Lapid (Minister of Finance); Naftali Bennet (Economics Minister); Shai Prion (Minister of Education) and immediately deleted by their staffs.
(a) To Lapid
(1) Posted (in English) to the Facebook Page of Yair Lapid and immediately deleted by the professional full-time staff who run his site:
Lapid served as a journalist in the IDF. Piron was in Education. All their life followed the same path of a golden spoon, not doing anything of real value, and not having to struggle but building themselves at the expense of the Ultra-Orthodox who are vulnerable but do more than anyone else to keep the State of Israel and the Jewish People together.
Later we posted additional notices (in Hebrew) to the Facebook of Lapid and, as of our last glance, these have not been taken down (yet?).
(2) a. Where does all the money of Lapid come from?
b. For every cent the Ultra-Orthodox received from the State they gave back three. Lapid does not care about this. He wants to hurt the Ultra-Orthodox no matter what happens as a result, even if everyone suffers as a result. Lapid is working to undermine the State of Israel!
(b) To Bennet
Posted (in Hebrew) to the Facebook Page of Naftali Bennet ; after one minute it received a Like and then was deleted straight away by the professional full-time staff who run his site:
Bennet claims that his party will no longer be fulfilling the traditional role of the National Religious of being a kind of gabbai [religious functionary] for the Secular. He himself however is playing the other traditional role that the National Religious have had in Israeli History and that is of being an Uncle Tom.
(c) To Piron.
When Piron was elected he made a much-quoted statement that from now on everyone would have to be under the stretcher (in Hebrew, "alunka"). He was referring to the practice of the IDF in Rookie training of placing a few of the soldiers on stretchers while the others take turns in carrying them. He meant that from now on the Ultra-Orthodox would have to serve in the army. The truth is however that not only the Ultra-Orthodox but a large section of the Secular no longer have to serve. The army has a surplus of manpower. There is also strong religious justification in Jewish tradition for Yeshivah students not being conscripted. This also serves a sociological need.
We posted the following (in Hebrew) to the Facebook Page of Shai Piron and immediately deleted by the professional full-time staff who run his site:
Piron, like Lapid, in his life was never under the alunka (stretcher). Instead of saying alunka [stretcher] one should say aluka (leech). It is disgusting how they attack the Ultra-Orthodox. Apparently they are a vulnerable to the Shais.
This note by us was taken down immediately BUT there is another Facebook Page where it remained up. This Facebook Page is entitled "Nifgai [Damaged by] Shai Piron". It seems to be run by girls who graduated from his educational institutions he ran in the past. They claim (along with other things) that he instituted separate segregated classes for students from non-Ashkenazic Jewish communities.
3. Earth is undergoing true polar wander, scientists say
by Deborah Byrd
http://earthsky.org/earth/earth-is-undergoing-true-polar-wander-scientists-say#.UZvZFdokiT8.email
[Forwarded by courtesy of Max Rambow]
Bottom line: German and Norwegian scientists have incorporated hotspots in Earth's mantle into a computer model being used to study true polar wander. They say their work established a stable reference frame for this study that lets them conclude Earth is undergoing true polar wander today.
Possible Practical Effects: Changes in climate patterns and the environmental liveability of different regions.


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