text:
Ta-Nehisi Coates and members of his fan club must read Keri Leigh Merritt's deeply-researched, well-reasoned, and eye-opening book, Masterless Men: Poor Whites and Slavery in the Antebellum South (2017). They should read it, above all, because it convincingly challenges several of Coates's insufficiently-supported and profoundly-wrongheaded statements, including this one: working-class whites, not elites, "have historically been the agents and beneficiaries of" racism. Indeed, it is extremely hard to take this claim seriously after reading Masterless Men, a book that outlines the many difficulties and dramatic struggles of both slaves and poor whites under oppressive conditions—conditions established by agricultural elites and vociferously defended by their political allies. Thankfully, Merritt has challenged an all-too-common view in our post-New Left historiographical climate: the idea that class, as a category of analysis, somehow lacks explanatory power, is simply too old-fashioned, or that its defenders are narrow-minded and naïve leftists.
As Merritt demonstrates in nine tightly-argued chapters—that provide readers with extensive descriptions of class and race conflicts—Coates's statement about working-class whites could not be further from the truth. In the process, Merritt calls into question some of the most influential and time-honored interpretations of southern slave societies. After reading her book, it is difficult to see how impoverished whites, forced to reside in squalor and periodically harassed and bullied by landowners and slave patrols, somehow benefited from what groundbreaking historians W. E. B. Du Bois and Theodore W. Allen have famously called the "psychological wage" of whiteness and "white skin privilege," respectively.1 This is not a book about Black, white, or southern identities; rather, it is principally about power and resistance.
Merritt does a fantastic job recounting the day-to-day struggles of the African American and poor white masses. Her analysis of ordinary whites—vivid accounts of anxiety and misery rather than of comfort and privilege—is especially thoughtful and provocative. Their severe poverty meant inadequate diets, poor housing conditions, lack of educational opportunities, and a greater exposure to illnesses. Yet they were not merely victims, and Merritt mentions that many poor whites, both during periods of work and leisure, developed relationships across racial lines. "Whether in the fields or in the factory," Merritt writes, "poor white workers had long noticed the fading distinctions between them and their enslaved co-laborers" (72). We learn that there was a considerable amount of fluidity in these communities, and both poor whites and slaves took part in various social and lawbreaking activities, including exchanging goods in the underground economy.
The mostly agricultural-based southern ruling-class repeatedly expressed profound annoyance by the different examples of interracial cooperation. And Merritt's analysis of what Elizabeth Esch and David Roediger have called "race management" is as insightful and important as her rich descriptions of the social lives of slaves and poor whites. We learn that "so many slaveholders became preoccupied with segregating the two groups" (67). Indeed maintaining a racially divided working-class and preventing anti-slavery ideas from circulating involved considerable amounts of planning over the course of decades. This ruling-class could not simply assume that poor whites would always think and behave in racist ways; masters felt the need to strategize and encourage expressions of white supremacy, which in practice meant banning abolitionist literature and punishing advocates of such ideas.
But members of the slave-owning class and their allies, Merritt explains, remained highly anxious, habitually afraid of losing control. Take the case of Alfred Iverson, the senator from Georgia. He responded to the publication of Hinton Helper's anti-slavery book by demanding that plantation owners "hang every man who has approved or endorsed" it (274). This is a remarkable statement, illustrating sheer bloodthirstiness. Iverson obviously had no tolerance for dissent, demanding that all whites, irrespective of class, support the exploitative system. He articulated a view that was commonplace in elite circles, and Merritt's bluntness on the matter is refreshing: "there was simply no freedom of speech in the slave South" (274).
Merritt demonstrates that well into the Civil War period, ruling elites, unable to achieve peace-of-mind, continued to struggle to preserve their power over the interracial working classes. In the face of major political changes, the ruling elites employed fear, insisting that wages for ordinary whites would decline, whites and Blacks would become social equals, and racial conflict would worsen. Merritt points out that Georgia Governor Joseph Brown continued to use classic divide-and-rule messages in 1860, when slave owners felt the bitter sting of an anti-slavery movement that had begun to enter the political mainstream. Brown worried about the possible development of a post-slave society, but was prepared to use racism to maintain control, which he explained in an appeal to ordinary whites: "The black men who lives [sic] on my land has [sic] as strong an arm, and as heavy muscles as you have, and can do as much labor. He works for me at that rate, you must work for the same price, or I cannot employ you" (291). This statement reminds us that for those at the top of society, racism served class interests, and that elites remained committed to employing race management with or without slavery.
Neither persuasion nor fear-mongering was enough to convince all poor whites to fully embrace white supremacy. For this reason, slave owners and their agents frequently turned to brutal methods, and Merritt offers graphic details of the different forms of elite-generated intimidation and violence: kidnappings, whippings, raping, and killings of both Blacks and whites. Such actions were reinforced by public policies, including vagrancy laws. Terror pervaded southern society: "masters needed a terroristic system of policing, surveilling, and torturing the poor (both white and black) to preserve their cherished institution" (253). This is brilliantly stated and captures the nature of the cruel class relationships. The takeaway from Merritt's research is clear enough: racial similarities across class lines—a shared whiteness—could not guarantee harmony for the region's rulers.
Merritt observes that we can draw meaningful connections between the Antebellum's political-economy of racism and violence to developments in more recent times (291). The ruling-classes and their supporters continued to promote racism in the face of organizing efforts by Blacks and whites following the Civil War. Ensuring that ordinary whites remained racially conscious was challenging. We know that the first Ku Klux Klan, typically led by white elites, routinely brutalized former slaves and their white allies. And in the mid-1880s, from Richmond, Virginia to Thibodaux, Louisiana, elite men, organized in various "law-and-order leagues," violently fought the Knights of Labor (KOL), which had enjoyed some successes in bringing Black and white workers together on class lines.2
There is no reason to stop this analysis in the 1880s. We can spotlight similar organizing actions designed to spread white supremacy in the late nineteenth- and early-twentieth centuries, including the 1898 Wilmington coup, a vicious, elite-led campaign that broke up the interracial city council and led to the deaths of roughly thirty African Americans and to the expulsion of more than 2,000.3 Or take the activities of the second Klan during the World War I era, when its members helped employers break strikes, including those led by African American longshoremen. And in the 1930s and 1940s, promoters of anti-union right-to-work laws were the most aggressive defenders of Jim Crow policies. Vance Muse, the Texas-based leader of a business-funded Astroturf organization, the Christian Americans, frequently warned white workers to avoid the racially-inclusive Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO): "from now on, white women and white men will be forced into organizations with black African apes whom they will have to call 'brother' or lose their jobs."
We can identify a common pattern. In all of these cases, ruling-class whites, some of whom collaborated with Black elites, have historically devoted considerable amounts of energy on developing quiescent workforces, community stability, wealth, and power.4 The political-economy of racism, told authoritatively by scholars such as Merritt, had as much to do with exploitation as it did with what today's mainstream Civil Rights organizations like to call "hate." Not all racists were violent haters. Plantation and factory owners did not seek to injure, kill, or otherwise punish their productive and obedient Black workers.
The same cannot be said about their responses to rebellious laborers or "outside" agitators of any race, including abolitionists in the antebellum period, Union soldiers during the Civil War, Republican educators during Reconstruction, KOL activists in the 1880s, Industrial Workers of the World members in the Progressive Era, and CIO organizers in the 1930s. Examples of elite forms of racist oppression are important to illustrate—and to illustrate forcefully—at a time when millionaire essayists such as Coates are guilty of richsplaining to us in bourgeois publications, erroneously insisting that working-class whites have historically been the chief "agents and beneficiaries" of white supremacy. Fortunately, careful historians such as Merritt have helped to set the record straight.
W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880 (New York: The Free Press, 1998, orig. 1935), 700; Theodore W. Allen, The Invention of the White Race, Volume 1: Racial Oppression and Social Control (London: Verso, 1994), 147. Allen coined the phrase "white skin privilege" in 1965. For the context surrounding Allen's use of this phrase, see Michael Staudenmaier, Truth and Revolution: A History of the Sojourner Truth Organization, 1969-1986 (Oakland: AK Press, 2012), 88. ↩
On the racist roles of elite Law-and-Order Leagues in Richmond, see Peter J. Rachleff, Black Labor in the South: Richmond, Virginia (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984), 187. For the brutal ways sugar plantation owners responded to a mostly, though not exclusively, Black-led strike in Thibodaux in 1887, see "Riot in Thibodaux," The Opelousas Courier, November 26, 1887, 8; and Rebecca Scott, Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009), 84. ↩
Michael K. Honey, "Class, Race, and Power in the New South: Racial Violence and the Delusions of White Supremacy," in Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy, ed. David S. Cicelski and Timothy B. Tyson (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 162-84. ↩
On the ways Black elites fought organized labor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, see Judith Stein, "'Of Booker T. Washington and Others': The Political Economy of Racism in the United States," Science and Society 38 (Winter 1974-75): 422-63; Brian Kelly, "Sentinels for New South Industry: Booker T. Washington, Industrial Accommodation and Black Workers in the Jim Crow South," Labor History 44 (August 2003): 337-57; and Chad Pearson, Reform or Repression: Organizing America's Anti-Union Movement (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016), chapter 6. ↩
← Previous : The Politics of Poor Whiteness
Pushing the Dual Emancipation Thesis Beyond its Troublesome Origins : Next →
Chad Pearson
Chad Pearson teaches history at Collin College in Plano, Texas and is the author of Reform or Repression: Organizing America's Anti-Union Movement (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016) and is co-editor with Rosemary Feurer of Against Labor: How U.S. Employers Organized to Defeat Union Activism (University of Illinois Press, 2017). He is currently writing a book about different types of employer violence, which he wants to call Capital's Terrorists: Anti-Labor Violence in the Long Nineteenth Century. Additionally, he is very interested in the intersection of historiography and gossip.
Comments on "Exposing the Primary Agents and Beneficiaries of Racism"
Wendy Wilson-Fall | March 7, 2018 at 8:10 am
This is a rich and descriptive discussion of Merritt's book. However, I do not agree with the simplistic references to Ta-NaHisi Coates' work, even though I do not either completely agree with all of Coates' arguments. Specifically, the behavior of many working class whitess, manipulated or not, has been extremely exclusionary over the late nineteenth century and all of the twentieth.This is not to say that there have not been progressive, anti-racist whites during this period. Rather, it is to acknowledge that these whites, like all human beings in similar situations, where greatly influenced by the elite class. The pictures of lynchings and the statistics of lynchings from 1888 to 1916 tell a different story. Likewise, the refusal of whites to allow blacks into unions, the clashes between whites and blacks in urban settings accompanied by redlining, (from which working class whites benefitted significantly) cannot and should not be ignored in the attempt to parse out the nuances of racist performance in the United States. On another note, the author does not reference the recruitment and assignment of million of workers arriving from Europe in the mid-and late nineteenth century, as well as the early twentieth century, into the white power structure. These immigrants understood less about the position and history of blacks and their suppression than their southern counterparts, and thus joined the ranks of "whites" from a different socio-political position. It is certainly valuable and necessary to engage questions of elite manipulation and the repression of poor whites, but this should never be done at the expense of recognizing the pernicious effects of this manipulation and the middle-class boom of the 1950s that solidified white privilege and sustained notions of racial superiority and its shadow, belief in the savagery of black Americans.
Chad Pearson | March 7, 2018 at 10:50 pm
Thank you for your comment. We can identify many of the developments you point out. Indeed, much scholarship has taught us a great deal about working-class white racism. But labor history cannot be reduced to the history of white workers. Indeed, there is a tendency in far too many circles to equate working class with "white workers," immigrant or otherwise. We must remind ourselves of all the great work on the history of African American workers. I'm currently reading a bit about Black strikers and white strikebreakers, a topic that few discuss. Furthermore, the history of the working class does not mean the history of unions. The so-called New Labor History stressed this point decades ago, but today, very few places teach labor history.
And we must take repression seriously. I'm glad you think it is "valuable and necessary to engage questions of elite manipulation and the repression of poor whites [I would extend that to poor African Americans as well]." I think there are far too few studies that address these questions in our current scholarly moment.
Clay Claiborne | March 7, 2018 at 12:43 pm
I didn't have to read very far to see a fundamental dishonesty in your method. You say " Coates's insufficiently-supported and profoundly-wrongheaded statements, including this one: working-class whites, not elites, "have historically been the agents and beneficiaries of" racism." but when I trace the link back to find the Coate 's quote, I find he doesn't say "not elites," that was your addition. He says: "The left would much rather have a discussion about class struggles, which might entice the white working masses, instead of about the racist struggles that those same masses have historically been the agents and beneficiaries of. "
I'm always suspicious of carefully crafted quotes.
Chad Pearson | March 7, 2018 at 3:11 pm
Don't see the conflict. "those same masses have historically been the agents and beneficiaries of." Does Coates think of the elite as part of the masses? I don't think so, and don't think white workers, on the whole, have benefited from racism.
Clay Claiborne | March 7, 2018 at 7:15 pm
"on the whole" is not the point, the question is have they ever acted as agents of the bourgeoisie in enforcing slavery and racism? And the question isn't even did they "benefit" from slavery in some cosmic way, but did they perceive not being reduced to chattel, as opposed to wage slavery, as a benefit? Otherwise come up with the reason so many died on the wrong side of the civil war
withheld | March 8, 2018 at 10:34 am
The whole point of Coates' essay is to suggest blaming the white working class. So the rendering of Coates' view by Pearson is accurate. To parse a summary quote to deny this, in order to attack the person accurately summarizing it, is just not fair either.
Coates is a competent intellectual who is well-rewarded and whose words are so influential. He should be the one taken to task for a highly provocative essay that is so full of hopelessness and essentializing the white working class–and in the face of clear evidence that the white working class did not vote for Trump at levels that middle-class and elites did. So he ignores class differences to lump. But his mostly white elite audience needs a target and he provided it, and then also made it clear that it was all hopeless.
I don't think Pearson rejects the salience of racial conflict or racism, and racial hierarchies in this essay. But along with Masterless Men he raises the point that it fuels debate about causation, possibilities that cuts through that essentializing of whiteness ringing through so much of recent literature.
Doug1943 | March 7, 2018 at 3:51 pm
I'm not a scholar, and very much an outsider to this discussion, but it strikes me that trying to analyze American racial attitudes without placing them in a world historical context is bound to miss something. It's a manifestation of American exceptionalism, that sees the US as somehow profoundly different (and better) than other countries and peoples.
I believe this is false. To properly understand the American Black/white situation, you should be familiar with similar situations in other parts of the world: Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka, Rohingyas and Burmese in Myanmar, Greeks and Turks, Croats, Serbs and Bosniaks, Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland, Muslims and Jews (and not just in contemporary Israel/Palestine), and the Jews in European countries before WWII, various Muslim sects (not just Shias and Sunnis), many different African tribes, Montagnards and Vietnamese, minority European groups in Eastern and Central Europe, Ukrainians and Russians … and the list could go on. The US is just one more example, and far from the worst, of a universal human tendency.
No, the US is the first and most important example. The very concept and category of "white people" and"the white race" was developed in the US colonies in the mid 1600s' and then exported to Europe and the rest of the world, meaning none of those subsequent situations can be understood without first coming to grips with the mother of all racial and national oppressions.


text:
The Federal police inspection Ludwig's village: With fake Identity documents on the go
Two Georgian nationals, who were sitting in the Bus, from the meadows, with their valid passports, as well as Polish documents. In the documents, it was only to
29 July 2020 Wednesday 18:27
Kristen Rainey
Two Georgian nationals, who were sitting in the Bus, from the meadows, with their valid passports, as well as Polish documents. In the documents, it was only to applications for the grant of a Polish residence permit. Such a request shall be entitled, but for the entry to Germany.
the 25-Year-old were found in the Luggage of two totally fake Romanian identity cards. The cards were issued to you and to your 30-year-old companion.
It criminal case on suspicion of unauthorized entry, illegal stay, as well as on suspicion of forgery has been initiated. The documents were seized by the Georgians to Poland pushed back.
This post is provided by: Federal police inspection Ludwig village/news up to date. An editorial review by FOCUS Online has not taken place.
Federal police inspection Ludwig village/news aktuell
Date Of Update: 29 July 2020, 18:27
1 Lutherstadt Wittenberg: Two thousand: 52-departs-Year-old... 2 Mexico : suspect drug-dealer, has built its own hospital... 3 Bioethics : the assembly vote again on the LDCS and... 4 Aitrang: 53-Year-old case of accident in the Allgäu... 5 July 30, 1683. The day on which the spouse of Louis... 6 Will increase the divorce rate by the corona crisis,... 7 Record number of dead: Corona state of emergency in... 8 Risk area of the Balkans, holidaymakers towing Corona... 9 Löhnberg: cornering accident in the vicinity of Löhnberg:... 10 Schwentinental: Two bombs in Schwentinental be defused
Son of Buffalo victim presses Congress: "What are you doing?"
UN: Multiple looming food crises are fuelled by climate shocks and war
Ukraine finds bodies after steel-plant siege
Boris Johnson, the weak leader of the UK, survives no confidence vote
Florida is hit hard by heavy rains, flooding Miami and leaving vehicles stranded.
Podcast "The Boss - Power is Female": "We...
Aircraft construction: "Queen of the skies":...
EU paper on subsidies: More and more companies are...
Labor law: Three-year period for payment of holiday...
Stock exchange in Frankfurt: Dax hardly changed -...
SAYFALARAll Sayfalar
Guest Posting Gambling & Casino Guest Posts Guest Posting Service Advertise Privacy Policy Terms of Service Contact Us
Lutherstadt Wittenberg: Two thousand: 52-departs-Year-old...
All Rights Reserved. INDONEWYORK - Copyright © 2023

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"Hi Bob. If you are coming to the Deer Tales night this Tuesday please bring the SOB trophy so I can have it for next month. Chuck"
Robert T Potts commented on Jim Petty's event Monthly FAST Meet and Eat! Time to get the bows out!
"Been quite busy all summer, dealing with a medical issue now, hope to be back in shape for bow season. May be able to attend Tuesday. God Bless, Bob"
I have been attending Kensington Troy campus for about 3 years, Am a member of Faith Works Group, Like to hunt and fish and enjoy the outdoors.
Hi Bob. If you are coming to the Deer Tales night this Tuesday please bring the SOB trophy so I can have it for next month.
Bob thanks for being such a good sport last night as the proud recipient of the sob award. Your picture is on the website if you want to check it out or direct others to the FAST website.
Hey Bob! Welcome to FAST! I am glad you finally decided to check us out after our conversation the other day at small group. As I mentioned, tonight is a "Meat & Greet" at the Troy campus. They are having a chili cook-off. Stop by and meet some of the guys if you get a chance. I will not be able to make it. I need to take my daughter Maria back to Ann Arbor this evening.


How far would you go to keep your word?
Pocket has worked a quiet Montana ranch his whole life. Blue collects cash in a mysterious nightclub, where wealthy men eat sushi off her bare skin. Pocket doesn't come to New York City looking for trouble, but he leaves with Blue. Revolver is the story of an unlikely bond, when desperation and betrayal turn their unplanned road trip into a cross-country robbing spree.


Jesus instructs his disciples about prayer, demonstrating the manner in which his followers should act, then goes on to describe those who failed to follow Jesus in showing justice and love to others.
Jesus is asked by his disciples to teach them to pray, "just as John taught his disciples." We do not have any record as to the specific prayer or prayers John taught his disciples, so trying to determine how Jesus' prayer differed is purely speculative. We do know that the Jews had regular times of prayer during the day. We also know that there are some Jewish prayers that have some similarities to the prayer Jesus prays here.
We also know that Jesus' prayer, which we call the Lord's Prayer, focuses on our dependence on the Father, who is sovereign. He is the one who is holy, the one who provides daily sustenance, and forgives and protects us. If we include the "commentary" Jesus makes about prayer in verses 5-13, we also discover that God is one who gives, just like a good father gives. Although Jesus points out that it is because of the man asking for bread's "shameless audacity" (NIV) that the man in the house gives him bread, the rest of Jesus' comments point towards the goodness of God as the motivation for his giving good gifts. There is an emblematic relationship here: if earthly fathers can give good gifts, surely our heavenly Father can give gifts that are that much more valuable.
By the way, the culture in which Jesus and his followers lived was keenly aware of the importance of hospitality. A traveler would have been dependent upon someone to open their home for him to stay—there were no hotels. Three loaves of bread were the typical amount used during a meal and the bread would have been baked regularly, if not daily. The houses that were probably in the mind of Jesus in this passage were small one-room houses built very close to one another. Therefore, the man in the house would have to get up and make his way over his family who would have been asleep on mats on the floor, in order to get the man asking for bread his food. Everyone in the neighborhood would have probably heard this commotion and known the response—or lack there of—of the man being asked for food.
There is sort of a two-fold amazement of people's response to Jesus casting out demons. First, if good was being done, why stop the good that was happening? It certainly points to the jealousy people at times feel for the success of others. It also may point to the people's desire for Jesus to do the things he did—including healing—in the "right" sort of way. It is also interesting that someone would accuse Jesus of casting our demons in the name of the prince of demons. It makes no sense for someone on the side of the demons to defeat … the demons. Notice also Jesus attributes the presence of the kingdom of God as the reason for these demons being cast out.
As we read through the accounts of Jesus' life, it seems surprising to us that the people were not more receptive to the power of Jesus. That is certainly the case in verses 29-32, where Jesus tells the people that Nineveh and the Queen of Sheba understand what is at hand. Why do the people not get it?
Jesus tells his followers that light is meant to illuminate, not to be hidden. Light that cannot be seen is of no use to anyone. If we allow ourselves to be filled with light, then we will also be able to demonstrate and share that light, as well.
Jesus concludes this chapter with a list of woes against the Pharisees and teachers of the law. The precipitating event here is Jesus not washing himself prior to a meal at the Pharisees house. Jesus explains that the concern of the Pharisees for their ceremonial washings outweighed their concern to show justice and love to others. In other words, one could wash and be as clean as clean could be, yet still not demonstrate the love they should have to others. Needless to say, Jesus' response to these Pharisees and teachers did not engender himself to them and they began to try to find a way to catch him doing something wrong.
Compare the Lord's Prayer in Luke 11 with other Jewish prayers you can find. What is the same? What is different? Why do you think there is a difference?
Research the idea of hospitality in Jesus' day. How does a better understanding of hospitality help you understand Jesus words about prayer and asking for bread?
Jesus is criticized for not washing before his meal with the Pharisee. According to Jewish laws and customs, what should Jesus have done prior to this meal?
Make a list of ways you have been blessed by earthly parents in your life. Now, make a list of the ways you have been blessed by your heavenly Father. How do these lists compare? How do they spur you on to give good gifts in your own life?
Spend some time every day (perhaps morning, noon, and night) praying the prayer Jesus gives his disciples in Luke 11. Do not pray anything other than what he says. After a week of this, journal the impact this exercise had on your prayer life and your understanding of what it means to follow Jesus.
Consider what gifts you might give someone because of your love for them through Christ. Go and actually give them this gift.


text:
http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/resultList.jsf?query=&language=en&searchType=SIMPLE&noOfRows=50&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&sf=all&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22personId%22%3A%22authority-person%3A40721+OR+0000-0002-2272-5067%22%7D%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&af=%5B%5D
Zheng, Chao
KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology.
Cellulose-fiber-based thermal insulation materials with fungal resistance, improved water resistance and reaction-to-fire properties2017Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Thermal insulation materials made from natural fibrous materials, such as cellulose fibers, have advantages over others from a sustainability point of view. However, cellulosic materials are generally prone to mold and absorb moisture, and these have negative effects on the insulation properties, the durability of insulation materials, and interior air quality. In this thesis, cellulose-fiber-based insulation foams were prepared from bleached chemithermomechanical softwood pulp, and these foams showed promising thermal insulation properties and fungal resistance. Hydrophobic extractives were isolated from birch (Betula verrucosa) outer bark and used to improve the water resistance of the foams, which were impregnated in solutions of extractives and then dried. The modified foams showed greater water resistance, and the modification had no negative effects on the thermal insulation, fungal resistance, and compressive strength of the foams.
Another potential problem with low density cellulosic thermal insulation materials is their poor reaction-to-fire properties. Cellulose-fiber-based insulation foams were prepared from formulations containing bleached chemithermomechanical softwood pulp and commercial fire retardants to improve the reaction of the foams to fire. Single-flame source test results showed that the foams containing 20% expandable graphite (20% EG) or 25% synergetic (25% SY) fire retardant had significantly improved reaction-to-fire properties and passed class E, which reflected that they can resist a small flame attack without substantial flame spreading for a short period according to EN 13501-1. Compared with the reference without any fire retardant, the peak heat release rate (Peak-HRR) of the 20% EG and 25% SY decreased by 62% and 39% respectively when the samples were subjected to a radiance heat flow of 25 kW m-2 in a Cone Calorimeter.
The thesis demonstrates that it is possible to produce cellulose-fiber-based insulation materials with improved properties in terms of fungal, improved water resistance and reaction-to-fire properties.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology.
Cellulosic Thermal Insulation with Improved Water Resistance and Fire Retardancy2018Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sweden is one of the largest countries by area in Europe, and almost 70% of it is covered by forest. These abundant forest resources benefit the Swedish bioeconomy, but the pulp and paper industry is facing the challenge of a decrease in the demand for printing paper due to a significant shift to electronic media; therefore, it is a priority to use pulp to produce alternative value-added products, such as thermal insulating materials in buildings. Cellulosic thermal insulation can reduce the heating energy consumption of buildings, and decrease the emission of CO2, thus contributing to a sustainable society.
However, cellulosic thermal insulation needs to overcome its poor water resistance, to lower the risk of fungi and ensure a good interior air quality. In the work described in this thesis, cellulosic insulation materials have been produced from pulp fibers, water, and foaming agent by a foam-forming technique. Hydrophobic extractives isolated from birch outer bark were used to functionalize the insulating materials. These materials showed an improved water resistance due to the intrinsic non-polarity of the extractives, promising thermal insulation properties and fungal resistance.
Fire retardancy is another challenge for cellulosic thermal insulation, and cellulosic insulation materials were here prepared from formulations containing pulp and commercial fire retardants. Fire test results showed that the materials containing 20% expandable graphite or 25% synergetic fire retardant had a significantly improved fire retardancy, being able to resist a small flame attack for a short period without substantial flame spreading. A study of the mechanism of fire retardancy confirmed that the fire retardants can catalyze the dehydration of pulp and promote the generation of a protective char layer that prevents the materials from further decomposition.
Bio-based fire-retardant coatings such as sulfonated kraft lignin and nanoclay can provide a more efficient fire-retardant protection on the cellulosic insulation than a fire retardant incorporated in the materials. A nanoclay coating performed the best because of its very good thermal stability. The effective bio-based fire-retardant coating is promising for future use in cellulosic thermal insulation materials.
Li, Dongfang
Ek, Monica
Bio-based fire retardant and its application in cellulose-based thermal insulation materials2018In: Abstract of Papers of the American Chemical Society, ISSN 0065-7727, Vol. 255Article in journal (Other academic)
KTH, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fibre and Polymer Technology.
Cellulose-fiber-based insulation materials with improved reaction-to-fire properties2017In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, ISSN 0283-2631, E-ISSN 2000-0669, Vol. 32, no 3, p. 466-472Article in journal (Refereed)
The poor reaction-to-fire properties of cellulosic thermal insulation need to be improved to meet the safety regulations for building materials. In this study, cellulose-fiber-based insulation foams were prepared from formulations containing mechanical pulp and commercial fire retardants. Results of single-flame source tests showed that foams developed from the formulations with 20% expandable graphite (EG) or 25% synergetic (SY) fire retardants had substantially improved reaction-to-fire properties, and passed fire class E according to EN 13501-1. The results indicated that the foams could resist a small flame attack without serious flame spreading over a short period of time. Compared with the reference foam that contained no fire retardant, the peak heat release rate of the 20% EG and 25% SY foams decreased by 62% and 39% respectively when the samples were subjected to a radiance heat flux of 25 kW m-2 in a cone calorimeter, which suggested enhanced reaction-to-fire properties of these foams.
Improving fire retardancy of cellulosic thermal insulating materials by coating with bio-based fire retardantsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Sustainable thermal insulating materials produced from cellulosic fibers provide a viable alternative to plastic insulation foams. Industrially available, abundant, and inexpensive mechanical pulp fiber and recycled textile fiber provide potential raw materials to produce thermal insulating materials. To improve the fire retardancy of low-density thermal insulating materials produced from recycled cotton denim and mechanical pulp fibers, bio-based fire retardants, such as sulfonated kraft lignin, kraft lignin, and nanoclays, were coated onto sustainable insulating material surfaces to enhance their fire retardancy. Microfibrillated cellulose was used as a bio-based binder in the coating formula to disperse and bond the fire-retardant particles to the underlying thermal insulating materials. The flammability of the coated thermal insulating materials was tested using a single-flame source test and cone calorimetry. The results showed that sulfonated kraft lignin-coated cellulosic thermal insulating materials had a better fire retardancy compared with that for kraft lignin with a coating weight of 0.8 kg/m2. Nanoclay-coated samples had the best fire retardancy and did not ignite under a heat flux of 25 kW/m2, as shown by cone calorimetry and single- flame source tests, respectively. These cost-efficient and bio-based fire retardants have broad applications as sustainable thermal insulating materials for improved fire retardancy.
Improving fire retardancy of cellulosic thermal insulating materials by coating with bio-based fire retardants2019In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, ISSN 0283-2631, E-ISSN 2000-0669, Vol. 34, no 1, p. 96-106Article in journal (Refereed)
Sustainable thermal insulating materials produced from cellulosic fibers provide a viable alternative to plastic insulation foams. Industrially available, abundant, and inexpensive mechanical pulp fiber and recycled textile fiber provide potential raw materials to produce thermal insulating materials. To improve the fire retardancy of low-density thermal insulating materials produced from recycled cotton denim and mechanical pulp fibers, bio-based fire retardants, such as sulfonated kraft lignin, kraft lignin, and nanoclays, were coated onto sustainable insulating material surfaces to enhance their fire retardancy. Microfibrillated cellulose was used as a bio-based binder in the coating formula to disperse and bond the fire-retardant particles to the underlying thermal insulating materials. The flammability of the coated thermal insulating materials was tested using a single-flame source test and cone calorimetry. The results showed that sulfonated kraft lignin-coated cellulosic thermal insulating materials had a better fire retardancy compared with that for kraft lignin with a coating weight of 0.8 kg/m(2). Nanoclay-coated samples had the best fire retardancy and did not ignite under a heat flux of 25 kW/m(2), as shown by cone calorimetry and single-flame source tests, respectively. These cost-efficient and bio-based fire retardants have broad applications for improving fire retardancy of sustainable thermal insulating materials.
Mechanism and kinetics of thermal degradation of insulating materials developed from cellulose fiber and fire retardants2019In: Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry (Print), ISSN 1388-6150, E-ISSN 1588-2926, Vol. 135, no 6, p. 3015-3027Article in journal (Refereed)
The mechanism and kinetics of thermal degradation of materials developed from cellulose fiber and synergetic fire retardant or expandable graphite have been investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. The model-free methods such as Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Friedman, and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) were applied to measure apparent activation energy (Ea).The increased Ea indicated a greater thermal stability because of the formation of a thermally stable char, and the decreased Ea after the increasing region related to the catalytic reaction of the fire retardants, which revealed that the pyrolysis of fire retardant-containing cellulosic materials through more complex and multi-step kinetics. The Friedman method can be considered as the best method to evaluate the Ea of fire-retarded cellulose thermal insulation compared with the KAS and two methods. A master-plots method such as the Criado method was used to determine the possible degradation mechanisms. The degradation of cellulose thermal insulation without a fire retardant is governed by a D3 diffusion process when the conversion value is below 0.6, but the materials containing synergetic fire retardant and expandable graphite fire retardant may have a complicated reaction mechanism that fits several proposed theoretical models in different conversion ranges. Gases released during the thermal degradation were identified by pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Fire retardants could catalyze the dehydration of cellulosic thermal insulating materials at a lower temperature and facilitate the generation of furfural and levoglucosenone, thus promoting the formation of char. These results provide useful information to understand the pyrolysis and fire retardancy mechanism of fire-retarded cellulose thermal insulation.
Ottenhall, Anna
Cellulose fiber based fungal and water resistant insulation materials2017In: International Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Technology of Wood, E-ISSN 1437-434X, Vol. 71, no 7-8, p. 633-639Article in journal (Refereed)
The development of thermal insulation materials from sustainable, natural fibrous materials is desirable.In the present study, cellulose fiber based insulation foams made of bleached chemi thermo mechanical pulp(CTMP) have been investigated. To improve water resistance, the foams were impregnated with hydrophobic extractives from the outer bark of birch (Betula verrucosa)and dried. The surface morphology of the foams and the distribution of the deposited particles from the extractives were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The modified foams showed improved water resistance, as they did not disintegrate after immersion in water for7 days, whereas the unmodified foam did. Compared to the unmodified foam, the modified foams absorbed 50%less moisture within 24 h. The modification had no negative effects on the thermal insulation properties, fungal resistance or compressive strength of the foams. The proposed approach is simple and can be easily integrated into plants working based on the biorefinery concept.


"Sure, let's throw it on the grill," is a phrase often heard around this time of year. While the foods being referred to tend to stay in the realm of burgers, hot dogs, steak, and chicken, there are plenty of grilling options out there. And no, I'm not just talking about grilling asparagus or corn (even though they're both delicious) or cooking fish instead of meat (again, another great option). I'm talking about foods you would never think of laying on those hot grates and branding with beautiful grill marks.
For instance, would you have ever imagined making Sunday brunch outside by grilling up some French toast? Or chowing down on barbecued lettuce? (It tastes better than it sounds.) The grill imparts a nice smoky flavor and char to foods, and more ingredients than you'd think benefit from this addition.
Sure, you could probably throw a griddle or a pan onto the grill and cook just about anything, but what about unusual foods you can just 'throw on'?
We've compiled a few of our favorites and asked two cooking enthusiasts, the Food Network's Aaron McCargo and Sam the Cooking Guy, for their most surprising items to grill. From grilled watermelon topped with smoky salt to grilled meatballs, we have plenty of new and exciting options for you to wow your friends and family with this cookout season.
Click here to see the 8 Unlikely Grill Foods Slideshow.
Click here to see the Sesame Grilled Meatballs recipe.
Click here to see the Grilled Hearts of Romaine recipe.
Click here to see the Baguette French Toast recipe.


Incorporated in Sydney in 2011, we are a youthful modernization firm specializing in the removal of elevators, all across Australia.
At ERS, we pride ourselves on our work. Our business model stresses the importance of project partnerships. We create long-lasting and respectful relationships with both contractors and clients, believing that the key to optimizing our work is understanding the goals of each and every stakeholder.
With over 20 years of experience in the construction industry, we have narrowed our focus purely on elevator removals. We service both industrial and commercial sectors, while maintaining outstanding time efficiency, while keeping a safe working environment and competitive rates. The operations director Gary Barkers' experience and specialists' knowledge in elevator removal, having taken out over 290 floors personally and never had a lift he couldn't rip out, will be overseeing every project to ensure we deliver on time, with an eye to both cost and quality.
We do complete rip out service from building works, run the mains and telephone, remove door frames, make good, concrete cutting, remove all shaft equipment, strip/remove lift car, motor room, hoardings, and everything in between.
The company's objective is to offer the best removal service for your elevator. We support our customers every step of the way; from our method, planning, removal, clean-up and feedback. Adding value up-front, managing the process strongly throughout and supporting our client through to the very end of a job ensures our continued success and further strengthens the relationship with our client. It's a methodology that sets us apart.
We gear our efforts with a keen commitment to our customer. This is evident throughout ERS and our methods. We have earned our reputation as a flexible and friendly service and an industry-leading work ethic, and we stand by it with pride.
Our strong client relationships often mean we find out specific details early on in the tender process for the project, thereby maximising the impact we are able to have on overall outcomes and project costs.
We have always understood that construction is a people industry, so we place a great deal of importance on being true to our honest values. They define who we are and how we go about our business, both as a brand, and as a group of high performing individuals.
We look for, encourage and develop these values in our people and in the clients we deal with through the relationships we build. Our commitment to our people is further evidenced by the work we have done in training and furthering our teams' knowledge and training. This develops and maximises our peoples' individual contribution to the business, but more importantly, to provide personal growth and career opportunities for the individuals involved.
Construction is all about people, so our strong management focus on people and relationships; along with effectively driving the processes we have developed to run our business continues to help build ERS in this industry.
The processes adopted in undertaking an elevator rip out are central to a successful outcome, but not everyone in the industry adopts a similar approach. These were designed through trial and error, having taken out over 290 floors in 2.5 years. Now with the best and most efficient systems in place at ERS this makes our work rate, practises and safety the pride of the industry.
At Elevator Removal Specialists , we understand the impact that early involvement in the project planning stage can have on the overall project. Through involving us early, we can influence the impact of costs, quality and time involved in the rip out. Our early involvement in a project will also minimise project risks and maximise the impact a collaborative delivery will have on the overall success of a project, it allows us to deliver greater alignment coordinating with the install company between project intent and delivery.
Our aim is to surpass the expectations of our clients, and by so doing, keep them coming back. We deliver project excellence, for all stakeholders. We are the Elevator Removal Specialists.
We genuinely believe we are only as good as our last job, so we target delivery based on extremely high expectations – driving towards, and delivering project excellence for all parties involved.
Here at the Elevator Removal Specialists (ERS) team we have a strong belief in Team work and creating a long term vision and relationships with our Valued Partners.


With the world heading for a massive food shortage in less than 35 years, Samuel Dennigan believes we need to rethink our attitude to vegetables.
Speaking to host Tadhg Enright on The Architects of Business, in partnership with EY Entrepreneur Of The Year™, Strong Roots Founder Samuel Dennigan was clear about Irish attitudes to misshapen, 'wonky' vegetables.
We're snobs, and the resulting food waste is going to cause massive problems.
"It's a systematic problem that's going to be really hard to reverse," he said.
Samuel reveals how, in Spain and France, exporters keep 'wonky' vegetables for the home market because people in those countries are educated as to their merits.
And it's going to lead to problems down the line.
Samuel also revealed why McDonald's don't carry sweet potato fries across its restaurants.
In short, there aren't of the potatoes in the world to service the brand's almost 40,000§ outlets.
Samuel explained where the idea to sell frozen sweet potato fries - Strong Roots' flagship product - came from.
"I was purchasing raw material for sweet potato fries because it was an emerging crop," he explained.
Instead, Dennigan - a 2018 EOY Ireland Finalist - decided to make the fries the cornerstone of his Strong Roots brand, which aims to bring health-conscious people who would normally avoid it to visit the frozen food aisle in supermarkets.
Strong Roots is now firmly established as one of Ireland's favourite frozen brands, with everything from kale and quinoa burgers, to mixed root vegetable fries, to roasted beetroot wedges.


text:
Q: Confusion about dllexport/dllimprt I've build an incredibly simple container (barely more than a struct) as a simple test of templates and libraries in c++. It holds an arbitrary type of data and keeps track of it's highest valued member and whether the data has changed since it was last accessed, and is contained in tiny .dll generated by the newest msvc compiler. All I want to do is link this library to another project in Qt Creator, which I've configured to use msvc as it's compiler ( I need to use Qt to interact with .ui files efficiently). I get an unresolved external symbol for each function in the object that is called, e.g. :
LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "__declspec(dllimport) public: __thiscall collectionContainer<int>::collectionContainer<int>(int *,short,long)" (__imp_??0?$collectionContainer@H@@QAE@PAHFJ@Z) referenced in function _main

I'm not sure what to do here, as I was under the impression that that is the exact symbols I should expect to see when exporting a library.
The functions all have CONTAINER_API defined in the usual way that visual studio conditionally imports/exports functions. I'm sure I've just misinterpreted something, but I'm running out of ideas.

A: I wonder if this error has nothing to do with DLLs and it's just a case of not putting the template implementation in a header file. See here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Beeyoutiful is one of the brands that you will most likely see in the market if you have been looking for Omega-3 supplements. This product is an essential source of healthy fatty acids that you need in the body. For some people, increasing the intake of flaxseed, walnuts, and fishes are done to have a higher level of Omega-3. While this may indeed prove to be helpful, the amount is too little, and hence, will not have a significant effect on your health. This is the very reason why people turn into the use of supplements.
Through taking this product, you can expect a wide array of Omega-3 benefits, with the most significant of which being its ability to help improve heart health. Aside from such, fish oil in the form of supplements can also be good to increase attention span, prevent inflammation, and hinder the growth of cancerous cells. Several studies in the past have also proven how it can be beneficial for people who have diabetes.
As instructed by the manufacturer, two capsules should be taken at least one to three times in a day after meals. Also, it is important to note that the American Heart Association recommends that the daily intake of Omega-3 should not exceed 3,000 milligrams. If you extend beyond such level, more harm than good can be experienced, and this is definitely going to be bad for your body.
People who develop allergic reactions from soy and fish should be cautious about this supplement. It is a good idea to consult with a medical professional first to be sure that no side effects will be evident from its use. Once you have experienced anything unusual as you take the supplement, discontinue its use and ask a doctor first what can be done before the situation gets worse.
While this product has no approved therapeutic claims, Omega-3, in general, is known to deliver long-term benefits, such as prevention of joint pain and controlling mood, among others.
One bottle of this supplement contains 100 soft-gel capsules, which can be bought for $8. There are also certain promotions, such as buying three bottles for only $7.20 per bottle.
The contact number is displayed in their website and you can call them if there are any issues related to the quality of the product. You can return it if you are unsatisfied and they will be more than glad to issue a refund.
This supplement from Beeyoutiful can be a good choice because of its very affordable price. However, it is quite limited in terms of the ingredients used. The amount of EPA and DHA used, for instance, are below the recommendations of health experts, which may cause a negative impact on its effectiveness.


text:
Article 9 - Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
Portugal / Constitutional Court / 578/2014
Pre-emptive ruling concerning a provision in a Regional legislative Decree
National Court/Tribunal
The Representative of the Portuguese Republic for the Autonomous Region of Madeira (ARM) petitioned the Constitutional Court for pre-emptive declaration as to the unconstitutional organic and material nature of an article in a regional legislative...
Article 10 - Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
ECHR Article(s) referenced:
Read more about Portugal / Constitutional Court / 578/2014
Germany / Federal Administrative Court / 10 C 23.12
Pakistani citizen v Federal Office for Migration and Refugees
The plaintiff is a Pakistani citizen who desired to be recognized as a refugee in Germany or, alternatively, acquire protection from deportation to Pakistan. He claims to be a member of the Ahmadiyya-community of faith and to be persecuted in...
Article 52 - Scope and interpretation
Read more about Germany / Federal Administrative Court / 10 C 23.12
CJEU - C 472/13 / Opinion
Andre Lawrence Shepherd v Bundesrepublik Deutschland
(Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bayerisches Verwaltungsgericht München (Germany))
(Area of freedom, security and justice — Asylum — Minimum standards for the qualification and status of third-country nationals as refugees and the...
Read more about CJEU - C 472/13 / Opinion
CJEU - C-547/14 / Judgment
Philip Morris Brands
Reference for a preliminary ruling — Approximation of laws — Directive 2014/40/EU — Articles 7, 18 and 24(2) and (3) — Articles 8(3), 9(3), 10(1)(a), (c) and (g), 13 and 14 — Manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco products — Validity — Legal...
Article 11 - Freedom of expression and information
Article 35 - Health care
Read more about CJEU - C-547/14 / Judgment
Germany / Higher Administrative Court North Rhine-Westphalia / 13 B 238/17
Bavarian internet service provider (ISP) v Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur)
An internet serive provider based in Munich had requested the Administrative Court Cologne (Verwaltungsgericht Köln) to issue an interim injunction (while waiting for the decision...
Article 7 - Respect for private and family life
Article 8 - Protection of personal data
Article 16 - Freedom to conduct a business
Article 8 - Right to respect for private and family life
Article 10 - Freedom of expression
Article 11 - Freedom of assembly and association
Read more about Germany / Higher Administrative Court North Rhine-Westphalia / 13 B 238/17
Denmark / Supreme Court / 81/2017
Nordens Céu Sagrado Mester Fernandos Center for Meditation og Videnskab v. the Ministry of Health
The case concerned whether the Ministry of health had violated the rights to freedom of religion by refusing to provide – for the use in a religious practise – authorisation to the import of ayahuasca wine, which...
Read more about Denmark / Supreme Court / 81/2017


RISE aims to be a learning community, recognising that all individuals, of any age, should have the opportunity both to learn and to teach.
RISE is a small organisation focused on developing high-quality and responsive learning experiences for disadvantaged communities.
RISE currently offers an education programme with part-time and full-time places for key stage 4 learners who are not in mainstream schools.
Take part in the RISE journey. Work or volunteer for the organisation, learn with us, or become a member. We will always welcome new skills.


text:
Where is six bells in Wales?
When did Six Bells Colliery close?
Do they still mine coal in Wales?
How long is a dog watch at sea?
Did Duke of Edinburgh go to Aberfan funeral?
How deep was the coal seam at six bells?
Abertillery
Six Bells (Welsh: Chwe Chloch) is an electoral ward and neighbourhood in Abertillery, Blaenau Gwent, Wales. It was originally a village that grew up around the local coal mines. The ward elects two county councillors to Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council.
Why is six bells called Six Bells?
The Six Bells was named by the licensee, Joseph Young, probably the son of the owner, Isaac Young of Braintree, and was so called because of the number of bells at the church. These had only been installed in 1746, so were still new to the villagers at the time.
What was the biggest mining disaster in Wales?
The Senghenydd colliery disaster
The Senghenydd colliery disaster, also known as the Senghenydd explosion (Welsh: Tanchwa Senghennydd), occurred at the Universal Colliery in Senghenydd, near Caerphilly, Glamorgan, Wales, on 14 October 1913. The explosion, which killed 439 miners and a rescuer, is the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom.
It closed in 1914 due to a lack of manpower, when the colliery employed 2,857 men.
How old is the Six Bells Horley?
A 700-year-old pub has been partly destroyed in a fire, which is thought to have started in the kitchen.
What is the meaning of 6 bells?
When a sailor says it's six bells, for example, he means that six bells or three hours have elapsed since the current watch went on duty. Bell time is only accurate to the nearest half hour. The announced time is precise only while the bells are ringing. A half hour will elapse before bells ring again.
It was also a reminder both of the dangers of an industry that once employed tens of thousands in Wales, and that coal mining still exists here. It may come as a surprise to many that about 1,200 people still work in the coal industry in Wales.
What happened at the Six Bells Colliery?
Six Bells Colliery was a colliery located in Six Bells, Abertillery, Gwent, Wales. On 28 June 1960 it was the site of an underground explosion which killed 45 of the 48 miners working in that part of the mine.
How did sailors tell the time?
the bells. Just as the day is divided into six equal four-hour watches, each watch is divided into eight equal half-hour increments. Every half hour, the watch on duty rings a bell to announce the time of day.
The dog watches The next two watches are divided into 'dog watches' – the first dog watch is from 16.00 until 18.00 and the last dog watch is from 18.00 until 20.00. The dog watches divide the 24 hour working day into an uneven number of watches so that the watch keepers do not keep the same watches everyday.
What borough is Horley in?
borough of Reigate and Banstead
Horley is a town in the borough of Reigate and Banstead in Surrey, England, south of the towns of Reigate and Redhill. The county border with West Sussex is to the south with Crawley and Gatwick Airport close to the town.
How does the Navy tell time?
Ship's bells are a system to indicate the hour by means of bells. This system is widely used aboard ships to regulate the sailor's duty-watches. Unlike civil clock bells, the strikes of the bell do not accord to the number of the hour. Instead, there are eight bells, one for each half-hour of a four-hour watch.
"When she couldn't go to her son's funeral, he wrote five pages detailing it for her," he said. A week after the duke's visit to Aberfan, he escorted the Queen on what was to become one of the most poignant and tragic royal visits of her reign.
Where is Six Bells Colliery?
Six Bells Colliery was a coal mine located in Six Bells, Abertillery, Monmouthshire, Wales.
What caused the Six Bells Colliery disaster?
Six Bells Colliery Disaster. On 28 June 1960, at approximately 10:45, an explosion took place in the West District of the Old Coal Seam, caused by an ignition of firedamp.
The Old Coal Seam, which was the lowest that was worked, was at a depth of 352 yards at the Six Bells shaft but the average depth of the W District was 550 yards which was due to dip and surface rise. The seam averaged in thickness from four feet nine inches with a middle dirt band a few inches thick.
What is the six bells Memorial?
It is now the site of an artistically acclaimed memorial to those events, designed by Sebastian Boyesen, and although the memorial is primarily to those who died in Six Bells, it also commemorates human losses and the hope of the entire South Wales coalfield .


Subscribe for Fanatics Coupons & Promo Codes Alerts!
Get Fanatics Coupon Codes, Discount Codes, Promo Offers and FREE Shipping Deals. Enjoy up to 80% Discount on Fanatics Products.
Fanatics has Domain Authority 35,Page Authority 51 out of 100 and Moz Rank 5.37 out of 10, this shows the importance of Fanatics in front of search engine. Sign up for their newsletter to get exclusive sales, promotional offers and more. Follow Fanatics on social media to find all the news about events, promotional offers and the latest trends. According to Alexa of this website has 32875. Don't miss to use Fanatics coupon codes, promo codes, deals to save money.


This is a game that I've owned for maybe 5-6 years at this point. It's certainly been a very long time and I had played it off and on for a few years. Finally, I decided to crack down on it and complete the game once and for all about a month ago. After many races, I finally did manage to take the game down. I can safely say that it's not perfect and some areas do hurt it, but as a racing game, it is very good.
The plot involves a new racer in town. This is the guy that you play as and he's ready to move up the ranks. One of the ladies involved in the scene helps to get you ready and gives you intel about the other racers as you move up the ranks. You must become the best racer in every type of race to get to the end. After a lot of races, you are ready to fight the big boss. The main villain is someone who has plagued you for some time so you've been waiting for this. There is actually a secret final boss where a mysterious racer shows up and challenges you. The twist of who is inside it is slightly expected as there weren't many characters in the game, but it's still pretty neat. It'll remind you of the final F Zero GX level.
First off, I have to criticize Story Mode. There are 118 levels in the game. That's a whole lot of levels and while it is always good for a game not to be too short, this is simply overdone. It took me a grand total of 609 races to complete the 118 levels. If they were 118 original levels, that's one thing, but most of the time you will be racing on the exact same tracks. Over and over again. I wouldn't be surprised if there were only about 20 tracks given how often it would be the same ones. Sometimes they would be mirrored to try and trick you, but I count that as the same stage.
118 levels is definitely too much if you ask me. The levels are also decently challenging so just around 40-50 would have still made for a decently long game. Again, it took 609 tries for 118 levels, which shows you just how tricky these levels can be. Sometimes I would have to try a level about 30 times and would only end up winning because my opponent would crash and I would take the chance to leap to victory. I did enjoy that part though as a lot of racing games just make the A.I. completely perfect so they never crash into anything. It's safe to say that this is more realistic as nobody should be able to navigate these levels without crashing or at least banging into the side rails.
Finally, my other negative would be the soundtrack and it's actually significant enough to take away an entire star. It's just downright terrible and they're going for an underground feel. As such, most of the music isn't enjoyable to listen too and I'm pretty sure that they're not very appropriate. That being said, the lyrics are hard to hear since the singers are fairly bad and I ended up just turning the music off for most of the races so I would just hear the sound effects. Trust me, it's not nearly as fun and it's sad that I had to go that far.
Otherwise, the game is great as a racing title. The actual gameplay is a lot of fun and while there is a slight nitro boost, you're essentially playing a normal racing game for the most part. That was a lot of fun and the controls are much smoother than Hot Pursuit 2's. I can see the gameplay getting even better with the newer additions and this is the main reason as to how I could stick with the game throughout so many races. They would get tough as times and I would have to replay levels, but the gameplay was fun enough that I didn't mind as much as I could have. I only learned about the power braking towards the end though, which is too bad since it would have been very helpful in a lot of the drift levels.
There is a lot of customizing to be done here and it's typically required to upgrade your car every 20 levels or so. By the time that you are done, your car will be maxed out in just about everything and you'll be moving at really high speeds. It's a double edged sword of course as it can be easy to crash and instead of going with the best car, you may want to consider a slower model. I tried that for a while, but then I remembered that I love to go fast so I used the fastest car for the final levels. I'd say that it's worth it unless the level has a lot of sharp turns.
The graphics are decently good. I definitely like how the levels look as well as the cars. The human designs are the ones that do tend to look a little iffy as they are pretty undetailed, but I suppose that most of the time working on this game was spent on the environments and cars. That would make a lot of sense so it's all right that the humans don't look great. The graphics aren't perfect, but they get the job done and you can typically see the levels clearly although the overall game is pretty dark so you may need to increase the lighting.
This game was quite the adventure and I'll definitely be enjoying a nice break from it. Once I'm ready to get back in the saddle again, I'll buy Underground 2. The only problem is that I've heard that it has over 200 levels this time. That sounds even more extreme and I can't say that I'm too enthusiastic about that, but I want to make it to the newer games already so I shall power through it.
Overall, Need For Speed Underground has improved from Hot Pursuit 2. The gameplay is great and that would have usually been enough to have given the game an 8 star rating. The soundtrack held it back along with the tedious story mode. Seriously, no game should take you over 600 races to complete. That's simply overdone. The difficulty level was good as it was tough to complete the game, but not overly difficult where you will be wondering how the A.I. can move so fast. Some of the levels were a tad long though and I think that they should all be 3 laps at the most instead of 5-6. Let me tell you, replaying a 6 lap race more than once is no picnic. I definitely recommend getting this game if you are looking for a good racing experience, just have your MP3 player by your side during the races. There are some brief cutscenes which is cool, but there aren't many of them.
It was finally time to watch a film based off of a popular video game series! I own several Need for Speed titles although I've only completed one of them so far. I plan on working on the others soon, but I've been focusing on my Wii collection a lot. The trailer for this film looked decent and I expected your average blockbuster with a lot of action and a small plot on the side. I basically got what I expected, but I would say that it was a little less entertaining than I would have guessed. Let's see why this happened!
I believe that one factor is the cast of characters in the film. None of them are really that interesting or likable. Typically, you need either the main character or the main villain to be interesting to keep the film afloat. The supporting characters definitely play a big role in this as well, but none of them turn out to be very good. I'll discuss each of the main characters now.
Tobey is the main character and after a tricky race where his bro dies, he decides to avenge him by racing in another race against the murderer. A noble goal, but I could not bring myself to like Tobey. Even before the Pete incident, Tobey never really talks and he always seems pretty gruff. Whenever he talks, it's hard to hear him because he's basically mumbling. He also gives Julia a hard time for the majority of the film. He does have emotional reasons to keep to himself of course, but it's not very fun for the viewer. I found myself missing Alex Hopper from Battleship and that's never a good thing.
Another problem is that Tobey's supposed to be an elite driver. He does do pretty well on the track, but it's a mix of luck and skill. At one point, he's in the lead, but he seems to be taking it easy. The racer in third is only unable to pass him because the second place racer is holding him back. They have identical cars so Tobey should have been able to win without help. In the end, Tobey just wasn't charismatic.
Dino is the main villain of the film. He has quite the reputation since the heroes don't want to work with him from the get go. It actually makes them all look pretty bad for a while since the deal seemed to be pretty good. Of course, Dino quickly showed his true colors during the race. He only cares about the win and he'll smash anyone out of his way. That's basically his character arc. I thought that he was the leader of a mob or something, but he's just a mean person. He's pretty rich and he is a good driver, but not as good as he claims. Dino's a pretty generic villain, but at least he has a cool car. He needs to win one more race to get all the money that he needs..but will he be able to do it? It's going to be rough!
Julia is the main heroine and she knows how to drive, which is always a good thing. Her accent is always underestimated since the others seem to think that it is fake, but she always gets them to see the truth. She does have a really generic moment where she shows that she's actually an expert in car manufacturing. Why was she pretending not to be smart before that scene? I guess she just wanted to mess with the heroes. Her plan was a little tricky since I definitely wouldn't trust Tobey and friends to make it through their adventure in one piece. She definitely ends up helping out a lot, but her riches could be better spent at home with her PS4.
Benny easily has the biggest role from all of Tobey's partners. He gives them a tough time because they refuse to call him by his true airborne name. (Maverick) He definitely takes the most risks as he has to keep stealing Helicopters from various places. The military, the news, etc. How does he get away with it? Plot convenience I suppose. He's definitely a step up from the other members.
Monarch is the head honcho behind the underground races. He talks a good game and he seems to know what's up. He's an expert on the cars and he always calls the shots. He takes everything in stride because he's never really in any danger. The cops have yet to find out about his show and nobody can find him. He just hosts the races and watches as everyone is taken out. He's a pretty amusing announcer.
Anita is a character that the film seemed to forget after a while. Based off of one of the first scenes, it was easy to imagine that she would have some kind of role. Instead, her character arc is shoved to the side and she's basically written out of the movie. She appears towards the end for her big moment, but it's a little too little too late. Not to mention that she really should have been a little more suspicious about the mysterious circumstances around Pete's demise.
Finn is another member of Tobey's crew and he's easily the worst character in the film. His scenes are downright cringe worthy. His worst scene is when he decides to quite his job. To do this, he strips down and makes sure to humiliate anyone. Where are the cops? The place looks like a very fancy establishment and I'm sure that security would be present. They should have taken him down before he even had time to leave the building. That's really what should have happened. Finn doesn't add anything to the plot and his attempts at humor really fall flat. He definitely didn't do the film any favors.
Joe's probably the most bland member of the team. He doesn't really get a lot of character development. He's the first guy to go and help Tobey so that's something. He was really just there and I can't say that he was a good character or a bad one. Things wouldn't have really changed if he had not been in the film since his role was so small. Better to be non existent than to be another Finn I suppose.
You can definitely see that I did not care for the cast. Another factor that weakens them is the fact that they act like the characters from a horror film. They constantly use swear words in just about every sentence. It's mostly because of where they're from and they're just used to it, but it can still be pretty annoying to hear. You hear it almost every second….nooooo.
Another weak point of the film is the acting and the romance. I never really comment on the acting, but it was pretty bad. Particularly Tobey's acting and Julia's at some points. Let's throw Finn in there as well. The romance was also pretty unnecessary. It pops up out of nowhere between Tobey and Julia. I guess she admires his racing skills, but that's no excuse to just fall for him. We have a really wince worthy scene where they both stare at each other for a really long time and you'll want to glance at your watch. There's also a really terrible scene between Finn and one of his co-workers. That kind of thing is not funny and not realistic either. The other members of the staff should have stepped in or at least beat Finn up.
The car chase scenes were still pretty good. There was a bunch of plot hax in them though. I don't believe that they would be beating up on the police like this. At the very least, they would be arrested as soon as they stopped. They were visually interesting though and who doesn't like to see cars going at such speeds? The games handle it in a much better way, but a film can only do so much anyway. As mentioned earlier, the helicopter snagging is a really big stretch for disbelief. The cops should have known about it pretty much instantly.
One more thing that should be noted the racing through traffic scenes. Of course, it happens in the games so it must happen in the film. It still doesn't make all that much sense while you're watching it though because the heroes should have been down for the count several times. You simply can't weave through traffic like that and not get bumped or hit a bunch of times. They were a little too lucky here.
The soundtrack is really nonexistent, which is too bad. Car scenes should really have a good theme going. Just look at Final Fantasy VII Advent Children. The chase scenes have really good themes and it helps you appreciate just how cool they are. A soundtrack is always something that should be added to make things fun.
Overall, This film was decent I suppose. It's not the kind of film that I would ever want to watch again, but I wouldn't call it a downright bad film. Considering the type of film that it was, Need For Speed should have been a lot better. Using some effects from Speed Racer may have helped since that one had better race scenes. A 5 may be a little generous, but I think it's a decent rating for a film. I don't really recommend it, but I wouldn't stand in the way of it either. If you don't mind the language and you're ready to see some races, then you may not mind the film. Just know that the film drags on for a while since it's so long and that the characters are pretty unlikable. With that in mind, it's your choice on whether you want to see this one. I would sooner recommend Speed Racer or Final Fantasy VII Advent Children for chase scenes!


Don't ever forget to protect your laptop! Shop our wide array of stylish yet practical laptop bags for every man and women. Our laptop bags feature functional compartments and sizes to fit your every needs and tasks which you can bring easily to the office and meetings while looking smart and classy at the same time.


Our clients came to us to design and build the first phase of a project on their family's property. This Solar Barn was designed and built to serve as gateway for the future family compound proposed for the 43,560 s.f. site which abuts a coastal protected wetland nature preserve. We challenged ourselves with designing a contemporary, energy-conscious, super-insulated structure which would also maintain the integrity of the classic barn style proven to stand the test of time.
We set out to construct a thoughtfully considered, well-detailed structure that responded to the needs of the clients and the site as well as the climatic environment. Our clients asked us to design an energy efficient building that eliminated the need for oil or gas on the site. The site and solar orientation dictated much of the design. The program was a multi-car garage, workshop, and two-bedroom guest suite. After many schematic iterations it became apparent that the living areas did not belong on the first floor. The site and views suggested the kitchen, living, dining, and bedrooms belonged on the second floor. A yoga studio and additional office/ guest room loft was also incorporated during design.
Our team promoted the use of both local businesses and materials throughout the building process. Notable features included 13 two-ton trusses of indigenous hemlock, local ash flooring, and locally harvested custom wood ceiling and wainscoting. On the exterior, the board and batten siding was made from locally harvested eastern white cedar. The kitchen cabinets were made entirely from framing scraps left on site by a local woodworker and all the custom steel details were made by a local metal shop. The repurposed wood kitchen was complemented by a black PaperStone counter made of compressed paper. We chose no finish for the wood beams and black exposed steel trusses. A local mill provided all the lumber for the trusses, roof deck, exposed ceiling, floor and siding.
By integrating external rigid insulation and a rain screen cladding system to provide a thermal break throughout, in addition to super insulated low-e windows, we were able to obtain a wall R-value of 35 and roof value of R50. The building's vacuum tube solar hot water array was designed to supply almost all of the radiant heating and hot water needs and is supplemented with a wood stove as necessary. In addition to keeping the house comfortable when occupied, the building relies on the sun to keep the temperature up while the family lives at their primary residence in Boston. This system, designed by ReVision Energy, successfully maintains a temperature of 50-60 degrees throughout the winter months.
We believe a large factor in sustainability is timelessness in design. Too often 'green' products are quickly installed but they rapidly become outdated. This project represents our ideas that timelessness and sustainability can only be found in sensible detailing that responds to the actual needs of users and their environments. These are the buildings that are preserved by their communities over generations.


Ultrasound-guided subcostal transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB) is widely used for abdominal surgery; however, arterial plasma concentration of the anesthetic ropivacaine after the blockade is still unclear. We evaluated ropivacaine concentration after subcostal TAPB in adult patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. Twelve patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1–2 were enrolled. They received ultrasound-guided subcostal TAPB with 0.45 % ropivacaine at 3 mg/kg. Arterial plasma samples were collected at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after the blockade and analyzed for total ropivacaine concentration using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. At every time point, the maximum concentrations (C max), and time to the C max (T max) were recorded. The mean C max and T max were 1.87 (0.78) µg/ml and 31.3 (16.7) min, respectively. No adverse events or clinical symptoms indicating systemic toxicity were observed during this study. The study demonstrated that administration of ropivacaine at 3 mg/kg during subcostal TAPB led to rapid increases in plasma concentration of the anesthetic during the first 2 h after the blockade. C max nearly reached the threshold for systemic toxicity.


I went back to the oldest park in Wichita for lunch today. I continue to explore the new 11 inch coil on the Deus. It's a new paradigm I tell you. So I decided to try a new area of the park. It's funny how a small park such as this has 'areas' but yet it does. Right away I began to get signals at a spot that didn't have signals before. The first target was a 1907 Indian Head cent. Soon after, another 1907 Indian came out of the ground. Then a couple of memorials, then a cool medical pin mixed in with trash. Last, I pulled a 1918D wheat cent.
X marks the spot, the saying goes. I've been hunting a site for over a year now where once a neighborhood thrived. It has been a chore to locate the backyards and front yards, where modern construction has not covered them. Last year, I found a backyard that produced two Indian cents and a Walking Liberty half. An erstwhile front yard produced a number of wheats.
Then, I found pieces of old brass tags, and pieces of toy cars and such. Last, I got a sweet signal that spoke of old coin. Maurice (my Deus metal detector) didn't lie. In the hole, I found an 1890 Indian Head cent, my tenth this year. Although it has iron incrustations, the coin shows little wear, leading me to conclude that it was dropped near its mint date.
It is not unusual for me to find early stuff like this along with relics and coins from later years since the neighborhood stood there from Wichita's early years to the 1970's, when it was torn down.
I am happy to have a new spot to scrub in search of cool coins and such.
Met up with friends today to hunt an old park. We hunted for 6 hours and although the morning started cool and cloudy, the sun eventually came out and the day turned into a beautiful Spring day.
For my part, I dug up two silver Roosevelt dimes and two Indian Head cents. The silvers were shallow, both at about 4 inches deep but the Indians were much deeper at around 8 inches. Try as I may, I could not find the Seated coin I went looking for.
Nonetheless, I LOVE seeing the silver coins when they first come out of the ground. I particularly love to see the edge of a silver coin sticking out of a dirt ball.
For now, my first Seated coin is still in the ground; somewhere.
I tried to hunt today. I really did. I went out to Riverside park here in Doo-Dah and gave it the old college try. I spent about 30 minutes in the wet, cold, windy park looking for that Seated that I KNOW is there.
I just couldn't hang. Couldn't do it. I shamefully turned Maurice off and went home.
But not before I pulled this really cool 1902 Indian Head cent from the cold dirt!
If I keep this up, I will easily beat my 2012 Indian Head count.
Mommy, why can't I find a coin?
I took my trusty XP Deus metal detector, Maurice, out for a spin at lunch time today. The sun was finally out and the temps hovered in the low 50's with a brisk cool breeze. Since I have grown in confidence with the Deus, I decided to hit a spot in downtown Wichita that I had hunted before. The site has an interesting history as it is the northernmost part of what was once an island in the middle of the Arkansas river. The island was filled in in the 30's in one of those famed WPA projects. The island was known as Ackerman's Island and it was large enough to accomodate a baseball field and an amusement park.
Anyway, as far as I can tell, there were buildings in that lot since the island was filled in and today, there are remnants of multiple foundations and even, I swear, a buried railroad line (although I haven't dug it up to find out for sure). In other words, it's tough going if you want to hunt it. But, as I said, since I think I am Mr. Big Deus Bridges I went there for lunch.
By the way, this is only the second one cent trifecta I've dug up in one single hunt.
Yep, that's a chunk of rusted iron stuck to the coin. I am very impressed that the Deus not only presented me with a semi-sweet signal but also with a nice solid VDI. The Deus is a master of iron.
Now you know why it's hard to pull some coins out of the ground! I wonder if I would have been able to find this coin with any other detector.
Now, where is the silver?!
I returned to my beloved hobby after being given the all-clear from the doctor. Now that we are doing therapy, he said I could return to my normal activities.
Well, it may be a stretch to call metal detecting a normal activity but I dusted off Maurice and hit my deep silver park. I did my first hunt yesterday and I managed to dig up a 1909 wheat. No VDB nor a mint mark on it unfortunately but still, it was the oldest coin I had ever dug from the deep silver park. This park hearkens back to 1901 and I have always been convinced there were old coins there even if I never found any.
Today, I went back to the spot where I found that 1909 wheat and eventually got a choppy signal next to some trash. At about the eight inch mark, I pulled a 1902 Indian Head! I was grinning like a fool. Just a minute or so before, a group of 10 year olds came by to check out what I was doing. Too bad they left before they could see the cool Indian Head. Before I covered the hole, I stuck the pinpointer in and I got another hit. That signal proved to be an 1883 Indian Head! My first ever Indian Head coin spill.
I only wish they had dropped a Barber coin or a Seated!
Oh well, it was not a bad lunch hour hunt.


All original. I've had this guitar for 3 years. It has never left the house. There is one small ding on the top upper bout (see picture). It had been set up professionally with 10 gauge strings. Original case and certificate.