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Department of Bioengineering
MSc Biomedical Engineering
Develop the technical knowledge, expertise and transferable skills for a career in this growing engineering field
Duration: 1 year full-time
Start date: October 2022
Location: South Kensington
ECTS: 90 credits
Bioengineers are leading the way in tackling modern healthcare challenges. From the development of rapid testing technologies to designing new life-saving devices. At the interface of engineering and medicine, Bioengineering advances knowledge in engineering, biology and medicine, improving lives through cross-disciplinary activities.
Our Master's degree in Biomedical Engineering first began in 1991 and provides all the necessary technical knowledge, expertise and transferable skills to succeed in one of the fastest growing engineering disciplines.
Biomechanics and Mechanobiology pathway – this stream focusses on bioengineering problems related to systems including cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, orthopaedic, ophthalmic, and respiratory systems. The content is aimed at understanding how mechanical forces impact biological function at the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ and organism levels.
Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering pathway – this stream covers the use of biomaterials in medical and surgical environments. The content covers the use of advanced biomaterials in healthcare exploring aspects such as biocompatibility and tissue regeneration.
Medical Physics and Imaging pathway – this stream trains graduates in the physical understanding required for healthcare and medical research, with focus on human physiology, radiotherapy and clinical imaging. The content explores methods, techniques and application for monitoring and imaging of biological systems.
Neurotechnology pathway – this stream focuses on new technology for investigating brain function, such as developing neuroprosthetic devices and new neuroimaging techniques. The content examines the development and application of brain-machine interfaces and the science behind communication throughout the nervous system.
It is important to specify your stream of choice on your application or in your personal statement as space on streams is limited. All four streams lead to the award of MSc Biomedical Engineering.
Teaching will be shared across our South Kensington and White City Campuses and you will be expected to attend lectures, study groups and labs on either site.
This is an exciting time, with the opening of The Sir Michael Uren Biomedical Engineering Hub that will drive clinical translation of MedTech innovation through integrated clinical and imaging facilities and by virtue of its proximity to the Hammersmith Hospital campus.
Our career-focused degrees ensure graduates are well-placed to gain employment in a growing industry. The global population is ageing which increases demand for biomedical engineers to create new medical devices.
There are many areas of employment open to you as a graduate of this course, and previous graduates have gone on to pursue careers in:
Medical device industry
Around 60% of our Postgraduate graduates go into employment upon completion of their degree while just over a third go on to further study or training. Graduates have gone on to work at such companies as:
Find out what Bioengineering graduates have gone on to do in recent years.
This degree is accredited by the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE), the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3) and Institution of Engineering Designers (IED), on behalf of the Engineering Council as meeting the requirements for Further Learning for registration as a Chartered Engineer.
Our accreditation agreements are renewed every five years and the current agreement runs until 2023.
This page reflects the latest version of the curriculum for this year of entry. However, this information is subject to change.
The curriculum of this programme is currently being reviewed as part of a College-wide process to introduce a standardised modular structure. As a result, the content and assessment structures of this course may change for this year of entry.
We recommend you check this page before finalising your application and again before accepting your offer. We will update this page as soon as any changes are confirmed by the College.
Find out more about the limited circumstances in which we may need to make changes to or in relation to our courses, the type of changes we may make and how we will tell you about any changes made.
Page last reviewed on 25 October 2021.
Your first two terms will give you a solid foundation in the field, focussing on lectures and practical work, followed by full-time work on a research project. You will take all of the core modules plus those relevant to your stream choice.
You will then select optional modules to help develop your specific interests. A range of seminars and workshops will help deepen and broaden your research skills-base.
Your studies culminate in a substantial research project hosted by one of our world-leading research groups.
This course runs for 12 months, starting in late September. You will be expected to spend the summer months working full-time on your individual research project.
The below core modules are taken by students on all four streams of the MSc.
Principles of Biomedical Imaging – explains how images of the body can be obtained using different forms of penetrating radiation, and details how different forms of imaging such as Computer Tomography (CT), X-ray, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasound work.
Journal Club – A seminar-based module that will develop your ability to critically analyse the latest research in Biomedical Engineering and advance your scientific writing and presentation skills.
Medical Device Certification – focuses on the key knowledge and skills needed by professional engineers in the development of medical systems and devices, specifically in the preparation of regulatory approval.
Systems Physiology – describes the organ systems and their function covering everything from the cardiovascular system to brain function and the musculoskeletal and respiratory systems.
Statistics and Data Analysis – enables the understanding of basic statistical analyses and their application and presents a fresh view of statistical concepts.
The following core modules are compulsory for all students on the Biomechanics stream:
Biomechanics – an introduction to the principles of mechanics, such as solid mechanics and fluids mechanics, and their application to living systems.
Physiological Fluid Mechanics – focused on understanding advanced concepts in fluid mechanics and the implementation of numerical methods for computational fluid dynamics.
Molecular, Cellular and Tissue Biomechanics – introduces the application of engineering principles and approaches towards the study of biomechanical behaviour from a cellular to tissue scale.
Orthopaedic Biomechanics - introduces the basic mechanics of the musculoskeletal system, covering the structure and function of the musculoskeletal tissues, the mechanics of the tissue, diseases and injury.
You choose one optional module from below.
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine – introduces fundamental concepts in normal tissue development and discusses their imitation within a lab setting.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanotransduction – examines biomechanics on a cellular scale and investigates methods of sensing and cell manipulation.
Human Neuromechanical Control and Learning – explores the control of human movement from the perspective of both adaptation of the neural control system and adaptation of properties of the mechanical plant.
Biomimetics – explains the scope of biomimetics and investigates the principles that help engineers solve technical problems using inspiration from nature.
Biomedical Advanced Computational and Stress Analysis - explores advanced topics in mechanical drawing, stress analysis, and finite element simulation including nonlinear material models appropriate for biomedical applications.
The following core modules are compulsory for all students on the Biomaterials stream:
Biomaterials for Bioengineers – an introduction to the major classes of biomedical implant materials, including metals, ceramics and polymers, their use in the body and reasons for failure.
Advanced Biomaterials – introducing you to the latest development in hard tissue biology.
Advanced Tissue Engineering – investigating modern developments in tissue engineering and the principles on which they are based.
You choose one optional module from below. Typical options include:
Biomimetics – explainsthe scope of biomimetics and investigates the principles that help engineers solve technical problems using inspiration from nature.
Mathematical Methods for Bioengineers – introduces a range of appropriate mathematical models to model biological systems and analyse complex biological data.
Non-Ionising Functional and Tissue Imaging – explains the latest advanced features of medical imaging (CT, X-ray, MR and US) and their use in modern hospital practice.
The following core modules are compulsory for all students on the Medical Physics stream:
Advanced Physiological Monitoring and Data Analysis – focuses on the core aspects of biological and clinical measurement such as data handling, sampling and measurement.
Image Processing – examines digital image processing relevant to image analysis giving an appreciation for aspects of computation involved in interpreting images.
Ionising Tissue & Flow Imaging – explains the basic physics of nuclear medicine, providing an overview of the range of applications in the diagnosis and treatment of patients.
You choose one optional module from below:
Neuroscience – introduces the key principles and methods of neuroscience, covering multiple levels of organisation, from molecules to behaviour.
Engineering in Cancer Therapy - explains the basic physics of ionising radiation as safely implemented in radiotherapy, providing an overview of the range of applications used in the treatment of patients.
The following core modules are compulsory for all students on the Neurotechnology stream:
Brain Machine Interfaces – introduces technology that is used already in clinical settings for interfacing of the human brain to electronic circuitry, looking at clinical uses for brain-machine interfaces and deep-brain stimulation.
You choose two optional modules from below:
Reinforcement Learning – Introduces reinforcement learning and its mathematical foundations
Computational Neuroscience – an introduction to Computational Neuroscience, providing an appreciation of the role of computational and theoretical approaches to understanding the nervous system.
Image Processing - examines digital image processing relevant to image analysis giving an appreciation for aspects of computation involved in interpreting images.
The individual research project is an important part of the Bioengineering degree course. Projects give you the opportunity to apply the knowledge learned in the rest of the course to current research problems. They also help you to develop important project management, teamwork and communication skills that are highly valued by employers and international research groups.
Throughout the year you will carry out an extended research project. You will be assessed by a planning report, submitted in early March, a written dissertation and an oral presentation to be held by the middle of September.
You will carry out your project under the direction and guidance of a member of the academic staff and their research group. They are by far the most important pieces of work in the degree programme. They provide the opportunity for you to demonstrate independence and originality, to plan and organise a large project over a long period, and to put into practice some of the techniques you have been taught throughout the course.
Examples of previous project titles and outlines are below. Please note these are historic examples and may not be offered on future courses.
Organ-on-Chip Exploration of Circulating Tumour Cell Cluster Microvascular Transit Dynamics
Dr Sam Au
90% of cancer associated deaths are a result of metastasis, a sequence of discrete events in which circulating tumour cells (CTCs) escape primary tumours, use the cardiovascular & lymphatic systems as highways to reach distant organs, where they grow into secondary tumours. To overcome this challenge, we use microfluidic organ-on-chip devices (platforms fabricated with micron-scale features for handling nano-scale volumes of fluids that are typically coated with living cells) as physical models of organ systems such as the microcirculation.
Recently, it has been discovered that the main cellular drivers of metastasis are not individual CTCs, but rather aggregates of these cells (CTC Cluster). In work conducted at Harvard Medical School, we found that CTC clusters are able to transit through narrow vessels by rearranging into single file chains (which reduces their hydrodynamic resistance to flow). This work was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Previous work was conducted in straight microchannel constrictions. This project builds upon this work to explore how CTC clusters behave at capillary Y-junctions in microfluidic capillary network-on-chip platforms. We have preliminary evidence that cells will sacrifice part of their cytoplasms to break inhibitory force balances during transit. The novel insights gained in this project will greatly advance our understanding of how cancer metastasizes.
Students will be equipped for in-demand careers within academia or industry with many of the following skills: cell & tissue culture, cancer biology, organ-on-a-chip, drug screening, microfabrication, computer-assisted design, statistical analysis, computational modeling, scientific writing/presentation skills and project management.
SnailBORG - the snail-machine interface
Professor Simon Schultz
The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, has been a preparation of interest in neuroscience for the study of the molecular mechanisms of learning and memory, due to several convenient features, including a drug-permeable body, and large neuronal cell bodies. We surmise that it may also be a useful platform for testing brain-machine interface technologies. This project will involve developing a novel device for controlling the locomotion of a pond-snail through microstimulation, along the lines of the cockroach projects in "backyard brains" (backyardbrains.com). The device should be water-immersible, since the pond snail is an aquatic animal. This project would suit someone with an interest in brain-machine interfaces, neuroscience and a desire to perform wet laboratory work.
Teaching across the programme is through a mixed mode delivery which includes:
Guided practical classes
Laboratory work
Lectures (conventional and flipped)
Presentations (live and pre-recorded)
Assessment is undertaken both for learning and of learning, methods include:
Written examinations (open and closed book)
Written reports, including a dissertation
You will receive your course timetable by the beginning of your studies in October and the core teaching hours for the College are 09.00 to 18.00.
Overall workload
The expected total study time is 2,250 hours per year.
Your overall workload consists of face-to-face sessions and independent learning. While your actual contact hours may vary according to the optional modules you choose to study, the following gives an indication of how much time you will need to allocate to different activities.
For a typical 5 ECTS module, it is expected that 27 hours would be spent in lecture and/or tutorials/labs, and 98 hours in independent study.
For the research project, we expect that students spend 100 hours in training, meetings and other research group-related activities, and 900 hours engaged in independent study and research.
We welcome students from all over the world and consider all applicants on an individual basis.
Minimum academic requirement
Our minimum requirement is a 2.1 degree in an engineering, physical sciences or mathematical subject. Applications for the programme are competitive, applications with less than a 2.1 or international equivalent will be unlikely to receive offers.
As an engineering degree, the Biomedical Engineering MSc requires a strong maths competency and successful applicants will typically be expected to have scored the equivalent of a 2.1 or above in maths topics during their undergraduate degree.
Biomechanics and Mechanobiology – applicants should have some experience in solid mechanics including kinematics and stress analysis and fluid mechanics/dynamics.
Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering – applicants should have either wet-lab skills or experience in modelling and simulation.
Medical Physics and Imaging – applicants should demonstrate a focus towards the healthcare sector and some practical experience.
Neurotechnology – applicants should demonstrate a strong mathematical background with experience of advanced calculus including Ordinary Differential Equations, linear algebra including the manipulation of vectors and matrices and probability theory.
Students from a Medical or Life Sciences background may wish to consider our MSc Engineering for Biomedicine.
We also accept a wide variety of international qualifications.
The academic requirement above is for applicants who hold or who are working towards a UK qualification.
For guidance see our Country Index though please note that the standards listed are the minimum for entry to the College, and not specifically this Department.
If you have any questions about admissions and the standard required for the qualification you hold or are currently studying then please contact the relevant admissions team.
English language requirement (all applicants)
All candidates must demonstrate a minimum level of English language proficiency for admission to the College.
For admission to this course, you must achieve the standard College requirement in the appropriate English language qualification. For details of the minimum grades required to achieve this requirement, please see the English language requirements for postgraduate applicants.
Competence standards
Our competence standards highlight the core skills students should be able to demonstrate by the end of this course.
View the Department of Bioengineering's competence standards [pdf]
We believe in providing the widest practicable access to all of our degree programmes and will make reasonable adjustments wherever possible to support your study. For more information, please contact the Department using the contact details below.
E: be.pgadmissions@imperial.ac.uk
We consider applications to this degree in three rounds. When you apply will determine which round your application is considered in.
Please note, a completed application includes your most recent transcript, personal statement and two acceptable references. Make sure you check that these aspects of your application are received by the relevant date.
We recommend applicants keep track of whether their references have been sent and be proactive in following up with their referees if necessary.
First round deadline: Friday 7 January 2022
Latest decision date: Friday 11 February 2022
Second round deadline: Friday 18 March 2022
Latest decision date: Friday 29 April 2022
Third round deadline: 1 July 2022
Latest decision date: 29 July 2022
Stream choice
It is important to include you stream choice in your application for the programme as places on the relevant streams may fill up and become unavailable. If a stream preference is not included on your application, you will be contacted by the department to indicate a preference of stream before your application is considered complete. We try to accommodate changes of stream requests after an offer has been made, but please note streams are capped so this is not always possible.
Second choice applicants
Applicants with MSc Biomedical Engineering as their second choice will only be considered if they are unsuccessful at gaining a place on their first choice programme. Applicants will be placed in the application round based on when their complete application becomes eligible for this programme, normally the first working day after they have received a decision on their first-choice programme. It is advisable to clearly denote your stream choice in your personal statement as this cannot be included on the application form for second choices.
Late applications
Applicants are advised to apply within the gathered fields to ensure equal consideration. We occasionally have spaces for applications made after 1 July 2022 please email be.pgadmissions@imperial.ac.uk before applying.
We endeavour to give a final accept or reject decision on all applications by the published date. However, a small number of applicants may receive a "waiting list" decision, to allow us to fairly compare applicants across gathered fields. Applicants on the waiting list will receive a final decision by 29 July 2022 or sooner.
All applicants must apply online.
Visit our Admissions website for details on the application process.
You can submit one application form per year of entry. You can usually choose up to two courses.
If you are applying for a taught Master's course, you will need to pay an application fee before submitting your application.
The fee applies per application and not per course:
£80 for taught Master's applications (excluding MBAs)
£135 for MBA applications
There is no application fee for MRes courses, Postgraduate Certificates, Postgraduate Diplomas or research courses, such as PhDs and EngDs.
If you are facing financial hardship and are unable to pay the application fee, we encourage you to apply for our application fee waiver.
Find out more about the application fee and waiver
ATAS certificate
An ATAS certificate is not required for overseas students applying for this course.
Find answers to your questions about admissions. Answers cover COVID-19, English language requirements, Visas and more.
Visit the FAQs
Tuition fees and funding
The level of tuition fees you pay is based on your fee status, which we assess based on UK government legislation.
Find out more about fees and funding opportunities.
Home rate of tuition
2022 entry
Fees are charged by year of entry to the College and not year of study.
Except where otherwise indicated, the fees for students on courses lasting more than one year will increase annually by an amount linked to inflation, including for part-time students on modular programmes. The measure of inflation used will be the Retail Price Index (RPI) value in the April of the calendar year in which the academic session starts e.g. the RPI value in April 2022 will apply to fees for the academic year 2022–2023.
Whether you pay the Home fee depends on your fee status.
Your fee status is assessed based on UK Government legislation and includes things like where you live and your nationality or residency status.
Find out more about how we assess your fee status.
EU/EEA/Swiss students
The Government has confirmed that EU/EEA/Swiss students who begin a course before the 31 July 2021 will be eligible to pay the same fee as Home students and have access to student finance for the duration of their course, as long as they meet certain requirements which are unchanged from previous years. This includes students who begin the course remotely.
EU/EEA/Swiss students starting a course on or after 1 August 2021 will no longer be eligible for the Home fee rate and so will be charged the Overseas fee. Please note we do not expect this to apply to Irish students or students benefitting from Citizens' rights under the EU Withdrawal Agreement, EEA EFTA Separation Agreement or Swiss Citizens' Rights Agreement respectively. However, we are currently awaiting the formal publication of the amended Fees and Awards regulations.
The UK Council for International Student Affairs (UKCISA) website has useful information on the conditions you currently need to meet to be entitled to pay tuition fees at the Home rate for study on a higher education course in England and reflect the regulations as they currently stand (not the amended regulations which are subject to publication).
UKCISA has also provided some information in response to Questions for students starting their course from the 1 August 2021.
Overseas rate of tuition
Whether you pay the Overseas fee depends on your fee status.
Postgraduate Master's loan
If you're a UK national, or EU national with settled or pre-settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme, you may be able to apply for a Postgraduate Master's Loan from the UK government, if you meet certain criteria.
For 2021-22 entry, the maximum amount is £11,570. The loan is not means-tested and you can choose whether to put it towards your tuition fees or living costs.
The Department of Bioengineering has a limited number of partial scholarships available for some courses.
All students who submit a completed application for this course (with two references) before Friday 19 March 2021 are considered for these scholarships.
We offer a range of scholarships for postgraduate students to support you through your studies. Find out more about our scholarships to see what you might be eligible for.
A number of external organisations also offer awards for Imperial students. Find out more about non-Imperial scholarships.
If you are an Iranian national and are accepted to study at Imperial starting this October, you may be eligible to apply for the Irani family scholarship.
Accommodation and living costs
Living costs, including accommodation, are not included in your tuition fees.
You can compare costs across our different accommodation options on our Accommodation website.
A rough guide to what you might expect to spend to live in reasonable comfort in London is available on our Fees and Funding website.
Admissions Tutor and Enquiries
View all Bioengineering courses
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Read our terms and conditions for these areas:
Back to Bioengineering overview
View Imperial's student terms and conditions
Find out more on the Department's website
MSc Programmes Director and Course Director
Dr Chiu Fan Lee
Email: c.lee@imperial.ac.uk
Admissions Tutor
Jayne Shaw
be.pgadmissions@imperial.ac.uk
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Q: Trying to configure the storybook in conjunction with bootstrap and icons from font awesome Hi I'm trying to configure the storybook in conjunction with bootstrap and icons from font awesome however I have a few problems.

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*Storybook doesn't pick up overwritten default styles from bootstrap (it's mostly about colors)

*Storybook does not read icons from font awesome

I found a few threads on Github but nothing helped. I tried to set webpack config as it was advised or install post-css and css-loader one thing did not help and each time it ended with a crash storybook. Below I send a config that at least works at the moment.
main.js
module.exports = {
    stories: ['../stories/**/*.stories.mdx', '../stories/**/*.stories.@(js|jsx|ts|tsx)'],
    addons: [
        '@storybook/addon-links',
        '@storybook/addon-essentials',
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        'storybook-addon-apollo-client',
        '@tomfreudenberg/next-auth-mock/storybook',
        'storybook-addon-next-router',
    ],
    framework: '@storybook/react',
    core: {
        builder: '@storybook/builder-webpack5',
    },
};

preview.js
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import * as NextImage from 'next/image';

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I have a friend who calls me the girl with many looks, because I'm always changing my hair. Different cuts, different shades of blondes and reds . . . my style is ever-changing. Partly because I get bored. But, here's a secret I don't often admit—I mix up the style largely because I love the feeling I have when I leave the salon with a new look. Love. It.
Here's the problem, though. That feeling never lasts. I run on it for a week, maybe two, and then . . . back to the same old boring me. Tired and uninteresting.
It occurs to me that maybe I'm not the only one. The hair-coloring frenzy of my generation and beyond, not to mention Botox, elective surgeries, and our obsession with clothing trends, would seem to indicate that I'm not alone in the quest to feel fresh—to feel new and pretty.
So, I'm pausing right now. Thinking. There's nothing wrong with a cute new cut. A fun new style. But what am I really after? I wondered today as I was driving through town, talking to Jesus about all the stuff inside me, what do people do when they don't know the privilege of pouring themselves out to God? Now I'm wondering, what do people do when they haven't been made new on the inside?
They're trapped inside themselves. Oh, what an unhappy place to be! Stuck, unchanged, inside a heart that doesn't know the spring of new life from Jesus. Caught in an unending quest for change, and finding that no matter what they do, the bliss of newness never lasts.
Destruction can have a pretty face. Miley Cyrus comes to mind. What a sad, sad little girl. Trapped inside a heart that is longing for spring.
This isn't the life Jesus offers. His is an ever-flowing fountain. Always fresh, always clean. His is a new life that bubbles from within—from Him. A new life that lasts.


Noticing the love, romance, and unique beauty so visible on any wedding day, I capture intimate, artistic and classic images, preserving the day(s) you want to remember forever. From our first engagement session to the end of the reception, I will document the best of your personalities and emotions. Custom packages are available. Please contact me to discuss available options.


text:
Tag: Intelligent Design
A critical look at Intelligent Design
Intelligent design is defined by the Discovery Institute as a theory holding 'that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection' (Discovery Institute, 2016).
The Philosophical Apologist has spent considerable effort evaluating whether Intelligent Design (ID) should be regarded as science, and it failed to meet the suggested criteria. ID should not be regarded as science, at least at this stage of its development. We've noted that this doesn't necessarily matter, and this verdict has little bearing on whether ID's arguments are sound. It's now time to examine them.
Initial objections
It's common for opponents to dismiss ID as religion, often because it has creationist roots, and creationism is certainly religious in nature. This is a lazy option, as ID explicitly avoids identifying its designer, and this approach does not address ID's arguments.
Similarly, we shouldn't dismiss ID on the grounds of it being supernatural. If there really is reason to believe there is a designer, it must be extraordinarily capable, orders of magnitude more so than humans. That certainly sounds non-natural, and even God-like. If it is God as conceived by theists, we'd surely want to know.
The design inference
We seem quite capable at reliably inferring design produced by intelligent agents, almost without thinking. By experience we've learnt how to discriminate between artifacts produced by natural processes, and artifacts produced by human intelligence. It seems an almost intuitive process.
What about biological artifacts? We have a theory of how they might be produced by natural means. But they seem incredibly complex, and evolutionary theory hasn't yet produced a convincing step-by-step explanation of how many (even most) biological features could have arisen.
ID is an attempt to apply our design intuitions to (primarily) biological artifacts to decide if they were intelligently designed, or if they merely display the appearance of design but are produced naturally.
So far this sounds reasonable, if rather vague. We need some kind of rigorous, clearly defined evaluation method if the conclusions are to be convincing. Obviously confirmation bias means theists are going to be easier to persuade than atheists, so this process needs to be as objective as possible.
ID's general approach is to try determine what properties of artifacts are associated only with design, and then identify these properties in biological features. The argument is as follows:
A property is identified as a marker of ID based on our own experience of that property and our understanding of its nature. For example, the purposeful arrangement of parts and functional information.
Biological organisms display many of these properties.
There are no credible natural explanations for these properties of organisms, and so design is the most credible explanation.
This seems a reasonable approach – providing such properties can be found. ID proponents focus on two properties that are closely related.
Complexity seems a good candidate as a design marker. Many of our human artifacts (e.g. a computer) are extremely complex. But there are three major problems.
Firstly, we don't have an objective, language independent way of assigning complexity to any artifact that captures our intuitions. Until we can do so, complexity isn't a viable candidate.
Secondly, even if we decided upon a complexity measure (e.g. Kolmogorov complexity), we don't have a technique allowing us to calculate this for a given biological feature. I'm not aware of any complexity calculations performed in ID so far.
Finally, it is unclear how we could demonstrate only intelligent agents can produce such complexity.
Irreducible complexity
Enter irreducible complexity (IC), which tries to address the third issue above. ID's claim is that there are certain biological structures unable to be produced by natural processes, only by intelligence. A system is IC if it is "a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning" (Behe, 1996).
This sounds promising, but in practice only restates the issue. Demonstrating that a feature is IC seems very difficult (e.g. co-opting of systems for purposes other than their original function is claimed to generate apparently IC structures), and is subject to accusations of a lack of imagination. There's no broad consensus on any IC features – examples such as the bacterial flagellum and the blood clotting cascade are disputed by most biologists. Recasting the argument as a probabilistic one runs into the thorny issue of how to calculate the probabilities involved when we don't know what the process is.
The analogy problem
ID works by analogy with human intelligent design. It assumes human intelligence is representative of all advanced intelligence. But it seems optimistic to assert that the intelligence required to create life (and perhaps the universe) is analogous to human intelligence. Do we really have any idea what the characteristic design trail of a superhuman intelligence would be like? Would they create IC structures, for example?
We can reliably infer human design as we know a lot about humans. We know far less about super-intelligent designers – and ID proponents are reluctant to provide any details. Crucially, super-intelligent designers can't be alive in the sense that we are familiar with, because they can't have designed themselves. So why assume their minds have anything in common with our own?
Inference to best explanation
It has become common for ID proponents (initiated by Stephen Meyers) to frame their method of enquiry as an Inference to Best Explanation (IBE), largely (I think) to build a case for ID being a scientific explanation. IBE involves taking competing explanations (e.g. evolution vs ID) and deciding which one best fits the empirical data. It is particularly suitable for comparing hypotheses for non-repeatable events from the past.
God of the gaps?
ID is often accused of being a "God-of-the-gaps" argument, which means invoking God for natural phenomena that science hasn't explained.
Although this is a pejorative, it's worth noting that there might well be genuine gaps in nature that could be empirically detectable. If so, these would suggest a supernatural designer. The existence of such gaps is a legitimate question – the problem being demonstrating that such gaps exist as illustrated by the concept of irreducible complexity. Historically, many gaps have been closed, which has discredited this approach, and of course the supernatural element helps discredit gaps as science.
ID's use of IBE neatly avoids the charge of being God-of-the-gaps. Rather, it is a comparison of competing hypotheses based on available empirical evidence.
Some issues with IBE
There are some issues with IBE both as a method, and more specifically as applied to ID.
Best of a poor lot?
The first is that the outcome of using IBE is only as good as the explanations being compared. What if we settle on the best of a poor lot? Typically, ID is compared against evolutionary theory. Are there any other options? And what do we mean by ID? Are there different theories of how this designer operated?
What if God programmed the laws of evolution so they can produce IC structures? What if God has programmed the laws of the universe to make human life inevitable? In this case, evolution does create IC structures – but the process is intelligently designed.
What makes a good explanation?
Is an "intelligent designer" really an explanation of anything? The theory seems to lack any empirical content. When and how did this designer act? What are its characteristics?
The frustrating thing about conspiracy theories are that they are infinitely malleable, and are always able to explain all the facts. They can be made to explain circumstances perfectly. But (much of the time!), they are wrong. If the intelligent designer is not specified to some degree, it too may become a malleable explanation that can account for any evidence.
With IBE we must cull the most unlikely explanations. One way of doing this is to examine if there are independent reasons to believe the hypothesis. Are there independent reasons to believe that there is an intelligent designer? It is difficult for IDers to answer yes when they trying to be "scientific" and are avoiding saying they think the designer is God.
Setting the bar higher
Finally, a super-intelligent designer is akin to a supernatural designer. We don't want to rule out the supernatural by fiat, but it seems reasonable to set the bar higher for what is the "best explanation" if it involves something that might be supernatural.
There's clearly some merit to the design inference, as shown by our intuitions about human designs. The problem is distilling these intuitions into a rigorous method that applies to biological features and only selects intelligent agency.
A major issue is the reluctance of ID proponents to identify the designer. I suspect this is to partly to avoid being tarred with the YEC brush, as well as an attempt to appear more scientific. It's a catch-22, as without more details on the designer, there is little content to an ID theory and it fails most tests for science.
It may be best for ID proponents to propose a rigorously defined supernatural designer, and argue that this does not preclude ID being science (if being science is that important to them).
The IBE approach is promising, but it needs these details for ID to have any chance of being the best explanation. We also need theories about what the designer has done and when. We might get more detailed predictions that are falsifiable.
Donald Prothero's observation on the current state of ID seems rather apt for now: "they don't offer any new scientific ideas or a true alternative theory competing with evolution. All they argue is that some parts of nature seem too complex for them to imagine an evolutionary explanation" (Prothero, 2010, 418).
Behe, Michael J. 1996: Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. New York: Free.
Discovery Institute, 2016: Frequently Asked Questions. [online] Available at:
http://www.discovery.org/id/faqs/ [Accessed 19 Jan. 2016].
Prothero, Donald, 2010: Science and Creationism. In Rosenberg, A. and Arp, R. (eds). Philosophy of biology. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.
By Philosophical Apologistin Intelligent Design, Philosophy of Science July 9, 2017 March 7, 2018 1,704 Words6 Comments
Evaluating Intelligent Design 1
Having allowed that ID is not necessarily religious in nature and is capable of transcending its creationist origins, the task is to evaluate ID according to the proposed strategy outlined earlier. The three necessary criteria will be examined in detail, followed by the four indicators.
Testability
ID's historical claims will need to be evaluated for testability by examining their causal explanations. Its hypotheses about design detection must also be examined for testability.
Historical testability
The basic hypothesis of ID states that 'certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause'. However this is a very general hypothesis too vague to generate meaningful causal explanations. According to Elliott Sober, 'testing the design hypothesis requires that we have information about the goals and abilities the designer would have' (Sober, 1999).
Yet ID proponents explicitly deny any knowledge of the designer. Michael Behe states that 'the reasons that a designer would or would not do anything are virtually impossible to know unless the designer tells you specifically what those reasons are' (Behe, 1996). Similarly, Stephen Meyer says ID 'does not claim to be able to determine the identity or any other attributes of that intelligence' (Meyer, 2009, 428). A corollary is that the designer's mechanism for creation is also unknown.
This lack of knowledge is used as a defence by ID proponents against the existence of apparently sub-optimal designs in nature – how can we know that a designer would not create them when we know nothing about their intentions? This, however, highlights the difficulty of testing such a minimalist version of intelligent design – what empirical observations would we expect from a designer whose attributes are unknown?
According to Behe and Meyer, 'the conclusion that something was designed can be made quite independently of knowledge of the designer' (Behe, 1996, 197), as 'we know from experience only conscious, intelligent agents produce large amounts of specified information' (Meyer, 2009, 429).
In terms of historical testing, their basic claim is that intelligent design can be reliably detected, and this is empirical evidence of a design event some time in the past. No auxiliary assumptions about the designer are necessary, and this evidence of design is Cleland's 'smoking gun' that selects the design hypothesis over evolution.
This is a dubious claim, as it is dependent on an unstated assumption that human intelligence acts in a way analogous to designer intelligence, despite the very significant differences in capabilities and the denial of any knowledge about the designer. It is also vague enough to deny that sub-optimal designs could not be the product of this intelligence, as well accommodating any other empirical evidence that might be available. There is no indication as to how or why the intelligent designer does what it is claimed to do, and so very little is explained – in fact it provides no more explanation than the claim 'God did it' does. It has to be concluded that without a more developed theory, ID is untestable as a historical science.
Testability of design detection using CSI
William Dembski's complex specified information (CSI) is at the heart of ID's design detection claims. In terms of testability, the claim is that a biological feature that exhibits CSI has been designed by an intelligent agent.
This use of CSI is undermined by a theoretical flaw that makes this claim difficult to substantiate. Both the explanatory filter and Dembski's more recent simplified approach of ruling out chance hypotheses (which now include regularities) require that currently unknown natural laws are rejected to conclude design. According to Fitelson, rejecting all possible chance and regularity hypotheses requires ' kind of omniscience' (Fitelson et al, 1999) – both in the estimation of probabilities that are poorly defined, and because of these unknown laws. Given PMN's presumption of naturalistic explanations, it is hard to see how a conclusion of design could be arrived at unless extraordinary empirical evidence confirms it. ID is not necessarily supernatural as has been discussed, but it is potentially supernatural and so still requires such evidence.
Is the design claim testable, despite this flaw? In principle, a series of tests could be devised that calculate CSI for human-designed and natural artefacts to validate the Dembski formula for human intelligence. However the auxiliary assumption that a designer would act in a way analogous to human intelligence would be required, as with historical testing. It also does not solve Fitelson's issue, and so it is difficult to see how any tests can validate CSI's applicability to design in biological organisms.
Testability of irreducible complexity
The first issue regarding testability is that IC is primarily a test of evolution rather than ID. If a truly IC feature was found, evolution would be falsified – but this would not necessarily rule out an alternative natural mechanism.
A further problem is that without any details of the designer and the mechanism, we can't know an intelligent designer would build IC structures. Similarly, IC cannot falsify ID. If an evolutionary explanation is later found for a feature claimed to be IC, ID proponents can claim that they were mistaken about this feature being IC.
In terms of historical testing, an IC feature would certainly favour the ID hypothesis instead of evolution, but again the PMN requirement means that an extraordinary level of evidence is required for a feature to be considered IC.
How is IC determined? Luskin states that IC 'can be tested for by reverse-engineering biological structures through genetic knockout experiments to determine if they require all of their parts to function' (Luskin, 2011). But does this mean a structure is IC? To be definitive would surely involve examining all conceivable evolutionary scenarios for constructing the feature rather than just determining if all parts are required. This would need to include the possibility of exaptation, where the function of a biological trait can change during its evolutionary history. H. Allen Orr complicates things further by suggesting 'an irreducibly complex system can be built gradually by adding parts that, while initially just advantageous, become— because of later changes—essential' (Orr, 1996).
Behe himself notes 'an exhaustive consideration of all possible roles for a particular component can't be done' (Behe, 1996, 111). Behe rather is claiming that it is extremely unlikely that certain features he has identified as irreducibly complex could have evolved gradually, i.e. his is a probabilistic argument: 'one can not definitively rule out the possibility of an indirect, circuitous route. As the complexity of an interacting system increases, though, the likelihood of such an indirect route drops precipitously' (Behe, 1996, 40).
However Behe's discussions of supposedly IC features such as blood clotting, the bacterial flagellum and the immune system do not perform any probabilistic calculations (Behe, 1996). They describe the systems in some detail and highlight their complexity, as well as the current lack of knowledge concerning their evolution. How the relevant probabilities could be calculated for an unknown process is not discussed, and it is difficult to see how a conclusive decision could be made. They primarily seem to be arguments from incredulity, and so IC's testability is problematic.
Testability of evolution criticisms
ID's various criticisms of evolutionary theory listed above also offer no direct positive evidence for ID, and are again tests of evolution rather than ID.
But when comparing historical hypotheses, criticisms of one hypothesis are indirect support for the other. According to Stephen Meyer, 'since design hypotheses are often formulated as strong claims about intelligence as the best causal explanation of some particular phenomenon, these hypotheses entail counter-claims about the insufficiency of competing materialistic mechanisms' (Meyer, 2009, 482). This seems reasonable – provided that ID is providing a causal explanation. But we have already concluded that ID provides little explanation at all, and so this claim seems very weak.
ID's predictions
Stephen Meyer lists 'a dozen ID-inspired predictions' (Meyer, 2009, 482-483). Representative examples are briefly examined below.
One prediction is that instances of 'bad design' will eventually show evidence of degenerated original designs, or functional reasons for the supposedly bad design – for example, the backward wiring of the retina.
Another is that the fossil record should show evidence of sudden appearances of major forms of life, and limits to the amount of change organisms undergo discovered.
A final example is that 'no undirected process will demonstrate the capacity to generate 500 bits of new information starting from a non-biological source', which draws on Dembski's CSI.
These predictions are not testable. Some predictions (e.g. 'bad design') are not falsifiable in that they predict an event vindicating ID at an unspecified future point. Other predictions of future events that would falsify ID (e.g. generating bits of information) cannot easily be tested. And finally some predictions (e.g. concerning the fossil record) are vague enough that in practice they are not falsifiable.
So is ID testable? Without any knowledge of the designer, there are no specific empirical predictions that can genuinely test the theory. Both CSI and IC have significant theoretical flaws that cast doubt on the veracity of design detection, which is the key claim in ID's quiver. There is also little evidence to suggest that these concepts can be used in practice. Criticisms of evolution are tests of evolutionary theory, not ID. So ID's key tenets are currently not testable, and we have also concluded that ID is not testable as a historical science. ID fails the stated criteria for science at the first hurdle.
Part 5: Evaluating Intelligent Design – part 2
By Philosophical Apologistin Intelligent Design, Philosophy of Science August 6, 2016 December 5, 2016 1,559 Words1 Comment
What is Intelligent Design?
A brief history of Intelligent design
ID has its roots in the modern 'creation science' movement pioneered in the 1960s by Henry M. Morris and his influential book, The Genesis Flood. During the 1970s and 1980s, creationist organisations vigorously promoted 'young earth' creationism – a commitment to a literal interpretation of the six days of creation recorded in Genesis.
In 1987, Edwards v. Aguillard ruled that the teaching of creation science in schools was unconstitutional, as it was a religious doctrine. Subsequently, the ID movement was launched, largely as a result of lawyer Phillip E. Johnson's leadership and publication of Darwin on Trial. It eloquently repeated popular creationist criticisms of Darwinian evolution, and was critical of what Johnson perceived as science's presumption of naturalism. Crucially, Johnson chose to avoid contentious issues such as interpreting Genesis and the age of the earth, and focused on a more fundamental issue – is life intelligently designed or the result of blind, natural causes? The main intellectual centre of ID quickly became the non-profit think tank The Discovery Institute.
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District was another significant trial in which demarcation was a central issue, this time concerning the teaching of ID in schools. Judge John E. Jones III used methodological naturalism as a key demarcation criterion, and concluded that ID was a religious argument, not science. Despite this setback, ID's influence continued to grow, aided by the popularity of books such as Signature in the Cell (Meyer, 2009) and Darwin's Doubt (Meyer, 2013).
The Discovery Institute defines ID as a theory holding 'that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection' (Discovery Institute, 2016a). Implicit in this definition is the assumption that this intelligent cause is not biologically related to and is ultimately responsible for the existence of all living things.
More specifically, the Discovery Institute states that ID 'is based on observations of nature which the theory attempts to explain based on what we know about the cause and effect structure of the world and the patterns that generally indicate intelligent causes. Intelligent design is an inference from empirical evidence' (Meyer, 2008). They explicitly state that ID 'is a scientific theory that employs the methods commonly used by other historical sciences' (Discovery Institute, 2016c).
There are two important points worth noting about these definitions. Firstly, they are non-religious, and the intelligent cause is not specified. Secondly, ID purports to be based on empirical evidence, and is explicitly claimed to be scientific.
Key tenets
The vast majority of ID literature concerns three main areas: specified complexity, irreducible complexity, and various anti-evolution arguments.
Specified complexity
William Dembski's The Design Inference (Dembski, 1998) attempted to place design arguments such as William Paley's on a firmer footing by proposing a theoretical basis for detecting design. His 'explanatory filter' is a three-step procedure for deciding upon the best explanation for an observation (such as seeing Paley's watch lying on a beach).
The filter first considers if a regularity (basically a deterministic consequence) is responsible for the observation. If this can be ruled out, chance is then considered, and if the probability of the observation being a chance occurrence is sufficiently low, design is concluded to be responsible. Dembski calls the probabilistic threshold for selecting design over chance the 'universal probability bound', calculating it to be 1 in 10150. This very large number is guesstimated as an upper bound on the number of physical events that could have occurred in the universe since the Big Bang. An observation classified as the result of design is said to have exhibited specified complexity, or complex specified information (CSI).
In more recent work (Dembski, 2005), the explanatory filter appears to have been largely discarded. Dembski collapses regularities and chance categories into one category, chance, and develops a formula for CSI, and a threshold for choosing design over chance.
The concept of 'irreducible complexity' (IC) is the claim that evolution is incapable of producing certain complex biological structures. An IC structure is one form of CSI. In the Origin, Darwin wrote 'if it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down' (Darwin, 1859, 189). Michael Behe applied this idea to biochemical systems.
According to Behe, a system is IC if it is 'a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning' (Behe, 1996, 39). Behe claims that such a system cannot have been produced by evolution, as its evolutionary precursor, missing one or more of the parts, would be non-functional.
Behe has proposed numerous biochemical systems as IC, including cell cilia, the bacterial flagellum, and the process of blood clotting.
Criticisms of evolutionary theory
ID's criticisms of evolutionary theory are widely discussed in ID literature, and are also heavily promoted in the creation science movement – often as fatal flaws that threaten to demolish Darwinism. They include familiar arguments about the lack of intermediate fossils in the fossil record, the rapid appearance of complex lifeforms during the Cambrian explosion, the failure to produce a workable theory for abiogenesis, and cellular complexity.
Is ID creation science or religious?
The close links between creation science and ID have been well documented (Matzke, 2009). The Kitzmiller judgement ruled that 'ID cannot uncouple itself from its creationist, and thus religious, antecedents' (Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 2005, 136), reasoning that the designer must be supernatural. This was a major factor in concluding ID was not a science.
This approach seems a dubious basis for demarcation. There are non-supernatural alternatives such as intelligent aliens, or that we are part of a post-human computer simulation. Historically, many sciences have disentangled themselves from questionable origins, and ID proponents have made considerable efforts to do so.
Phillip E. Johnson, in founding ID, made clear the differences between ID and creationism. Stephen Meyer states that ID 'does not offer an interpretation of the book of Genesis, nor does it posit a theory about the length of the Biblical days of creation or even the age of the earth' and 'unlike creationism, is not based upon the Bible ' (Meyer, 2008).
Creation science organisations clearly state that science is subservient to Biblical authority (Creation Ministries International, 2015). This is not the case for the Discovery Institute, and ID's definition has no religious references – it is 'not a deduction from religious authority' (Meyer, 2008). It is true that most of its proponents have a belief in some form of supernatural creator, but this is not a fatal objection – after all, most Renaissance scientists shared this belief.
In the interests of an impartial evaluation, ID will be assumed to be non-religious as claimed. Its scientific status will be evaluated on its current characteristics rather than its origins.
By Philosophical Apologistin Intelligent Design, Philosophy of Science August 6, 2016 August 6, 2016 1,154 Words2 Comments

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Vagrant & Chef - Cookbook *** not found I am trying to set up a simple development VM using vagrant and Chef as a provisioner. I am able to install chef using shell provisioner but it seems to me that the folder with chef recipes does not get mounted to the VM. It keeps complaining that cookbook *** not found. Here is my vagrant file and output I am getting
# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :

Vagrant::Config.run do |config|
  # This strange method defines the name of the Vagrant Machine
  config.vm.define "SubscriptionAPI" do |foobar|
  end

  # Every Vagrant virtual environment requires a box to build off of.
  config.vm.box = "chef/centos-6.5"

  # The url from where the 'config.vm.box' box will be fetched if it
  # doesn't already exist on the user's system.
  # config.vm.box_url = "http://puppet-vagrant-boxes.puppetlabs.com/centos-65-x64-virtualbox-nocm.box"

  # Boot with a GUI so you can see the screen. (Default is headless)
  # config.vm.boot_mode = :gui

  # Assign this VM to a host-only network IP, allowing you to access it
  # via the IP. Host-only networks can talk to the host machine as well as
  # any other machines on the same network, but cannot be accessed (through this
  # network interface) by any external networks.
  config.vm.network :hostonly, "192.168.99.101"

  # Assign this VM to a bridged network, allowing you to connect directly to a
  # network using the host's network device. This makes the VM appear as another
  # physical device on your network.
  # config.vm.network :bridged

  # Forward a port from the guest to the host, which allows for outside
  # computers to access the VM, whereas host only networking does not.
  config.vm.forward_port 80, 8080
  config.vm.forward_port 443, 44343

  # Share an additional folder to the guest VM. The first argument is
  # an identifier, the second is the path on the guest to mount the
  # folder, and the third is the path on the host to the actual folder.
  # config.vm.share_folder "www", "/www", "../www"

  # Make sure the chef is intalled to the VM
  config.vm.provision "shell", path: "provisioning/utils/tools/install_chef.bash"

  # Enable provisioning with chef solo, specifying a cookbooks path, roles
  # path, and data_bags path (all relative to this Vagrantfile), and adding
  # some recipes and/or roles.
  #
  config.vm.provision :chef_solo do |chef|
    chef.roles_path = "provisioning/chef/roles"
    chef.cookbooks_path = "provisioning/chef/cookbooks"
    chef.add_role "vagrant-test-box"

  #  chef.cookbooks_path = "provisioning/chef/cookbooks"
  #  chef.add_recipe "httpd"
  #  chef.roles_path = "chef/roles"
  #  chef.data_bags_path = "chef/databags"
  #  chef.add_role "devbox"
  #
  #   # You may also specify custom JSON attributes:
  #   chef.json = { :mysql_password => "foo" }
  end

  config.vm.host_name = "subscriptionapi"

end

The output
==> SubscriptionAPI: Thank you for installing Chef!
==> SubscriptionAPI: Running provisioner: chef_solo...
Generating chef JSON and uploading...
==> SubscriptionAPI: Running chef-solo...
==> SubscriptionAPI: [2014-12-24T12:20:04+00:00] INFO: Forking chef instance to converge...
==> SubscriptionAPI: [2014-12-24T12:20:04+00:00] INFO: *** Chef 12.0.3 ***
==> SubscriptionAPI: [2014-12-24T12:20:04+00:00] INFO: Chef-client pid: 3442
==> SubscriptionAPI: [2014-12-24T12:20:08+00:00] INFO: Setting the run_list to ["role[vagrant-test-box]"] from CLI options
==> SubscriptionAPI: [2014-12-24T12:20:08+00:00] INFO: Run List is [role[vagrant-test-box]]
==> SubscriptionAPI: [2014-12-24T12:20:08+00:00] INFO: Run List expands to [httpd]
==> SubscriptionAPI: [2014-12-24T12:20:08+00:00] INFO: Starting Chef Run for subscriptionapi
==> SubscriptionAPI: [2014-12-24T12:20:08+00:00] INFO: Running start handlers
==> SubscriptionAPI: [2014-12-24T12:20:08+00:00] INFO: Start handlers complete.
==> SubscriptionAPI: [2014-12-24T12:20:08+00:00] ERROR: Running exception handlers
==> SubscriptionAPI: [2014-12-24T12:20:08+00:00] ERROR: Exception handlers complete
==> SubscriptionAPI: [2014-12-24T12:20:08+00:00] FATAL: Stacktrace dumped to /var/chef/cache/chef-stacktrace.out
==> SubscriptionAPI: [2014-12-24T12:20:09+00:00] ERROR: Cookbook httpd not found. If you're loading httpd from another cookbook, make sure you configure the dependency in your metadata
==> SubscriptionAPI: [2014-12-24T12:20:09+00:00] FATAL: Chef::Exceptions::ChildConvergeError: Chef run process exited unsuccessfully (exit code 1)
Chef never successfully completed! Any errors should be visible in the
output above. Please fix your recipes so that they properly complete.

provisioning/chef/roles/vagrant-test-box.rb
# Name of the role should match the name of the file
name "vagrant-test-box"

# Run list function we mentioned earlier
run_list(
    "recipe[httpd]"
)

provisioning/chef/cookbooks/httpd/recipes/default.rb
package("httpd")

It's been forever I am trying to fix the issue by digging the Internet and checking different sorts of permissions over and over again - and still no luck

A: I found the problem. It was vagrant-berkshelf plugin causing the issue. Uninstalling it made everything work flawlessly


Organic Cotton Kitchen Towel featuring 100% organic cotton honeycomb waffle weave.
The Organic Cotton Honeycomb Waffle Kitchen Towels are made in-house at the Rawganique Atelier from start to finish for true purity.
Chemical-free. Unbleached & undyed. 11" x 11".
Hand wash or machine wash: warm water, biodegradable detergent, delicate cycle. Hang to dry. Steam iron if desired.


Bloomberg Businessweek is out with its annual rankings of the best MBA programs in the United States – Best Business Schools 2015.
Businessweek has partnered with Cambria on this project for the last 17 years. We develop and administer the online surveys; we also advise Businessweek on the survey design and assessment process.
Last year, Cambria worked with Businessweek to expand the data collection from organizations who recruit MBAs to better identify the key capabilities needed in today's work environment, and what B-Schools could be doing to fill those gaps.
This year we significantly expanded the project to include feedback from alumni, approximately 10 years after their graduation, for insights into how their B-School experience has benefitted their career in the long term.
The 2015 findings also highlight some interesting pay disparities between male and female graduates over that 10-year period, which Businessweek details in this article.
More challenges await business schools. Employers are facing a shortage of qualified leaders due to the big demographic gap after the baby boomers.
Millennials will have to step up to leadership roles without the on-the-job experience enjoyed by other generations. It will be interesting to see the extent to which business schools can find ways to change their curriculum to address some of these key management and leadership skills.


HEAD coach Will Croker praised the influence of Mike Pope on and off the pitch at Bournemouth after a triumphant return to his former stomping ground.
Pope graduated from Exeter University and it was the fly-half who handed out a lesson in control for Lions in their 33-18 South West Premier bonus-point win against the Devon outfit.
And Croker claimed it had been the former Cornish Pirates talent's work with the defence on the training paddock which had helped Lions to their 20th win from 21 matches.
He said: "We work on our defence a lot in training and we had a decent defence before this season but after Mike Pope came in, he brought a few changes to make us a bit more solid.
"It has worked really well and the boys have really bought into it because they throw their bodies into it time and time again.
Full-back Karim Lynch started his 100th game in a Lions jersey at Topsham Sports Ground but had no time to savour the occasion with Exeter taking an early lead.
After falling 3-0 behind to Harry Bazalgette's penalty goal, Bournemouth fought back with front rower Joe Tarrant dotting down after eight minutes.
Grant Hancox converted before Pope began the move which led to the second score for centre Scott Chislett six minutes later, which Hancox improved.
Bazalgette pulled back a penalty on 19 minutes before Pope set up Freddie Gleadowe for try number three. Hancox failed to add the extras.
Exeter scrum-half Aaron Bagwell was in support to score and reduced to six points the deficit at half-time with the conversion by Bazalgette.
It was Pope again who provided the spark just two minutes into the second half with a break inside the Exeter half before offloading to prop Andy Spikings.
He was tackled short of the whitewash but the ball was quickly recycled once more for Chislett to grab his second try – and the all-important bonus point – with Hancox making it 26-13.
With a minute of normal time remaining, experienced Bournemouth scrum-half Sam Hardcastle chipped over the defence and Hancox – now playing at centre due to injuries – gathered to score the fifth try.
The hosts had the final word moments later when chasing a losing bonus point. The ball was sent through the backline for right wing Luke Mehson to score, but Bazalgette could not improve.
Depending on results elsewhere, Lions could on Saturday secure the South West Premier title with victory against fifth-place Exmouth at Chapel Gate.


text:
Viewing posts tagged chapter one
Posted by: Elizabeth Sandifer 6 years ago
"Not born so such as ground like pigment from his times"
- Alan Moore, Angel Passage, 2001
[previously] The text becomes a cut-up invocation that puts Burroughs to shame, describing how "in the garden of Gethesemene Kali becomes Miranda take this my ankh the egyptian sign of life renounce the ways of violence Luther the tabla beat faster the star changes to a distant Balalaika Siberian winds howl" against a backdrop of copulating demons drawn in sinewy shadow." This is all, however, too late to have influenced Morrison's work directly - The Adventures of Luther Arkwright #6 contains only material prepared after Near Myths. Rather this demonstrates the extent to which Morrison's early strips firmly belong in an existent literary and artistic tradition.
Figure 30: Grant Morrison spending
five minutes scribbling Luther Arkwright
for Valkyrie Press in 1989
Even still, for all that Morrison insists, admittedly with self-depricating panache, that he dismissed Talbot because "I was a punk, and I didn't need things to be slick as long as they had conviction and personality," the direct influence is compelling. Morrison's artwork evolves over his time on Near Myths, adopting a heavier shadow and thicker line that owes ...
chapter one,
read more / 18 comments
"This Zen-crazed aerial madman just won't take no for an answer"
-Grant Morrison, The Invisibles #18, 1996
[previously] The Cornelius books are characterized by large quantities of philosophical dialogue in amidst the action set pieces, which often fade towards the background. A few chapters after the yowling passenger Cornelius recalls a conversation where "a girl had once asked him, stroking the muscles of his stomach, 'what do you achieve by the destruction of the odd library? There are so many. How much can one man do?' 'What he can,' Cornelius had told her, rolling on her. 'It's History that's caused all the trouble in the past.'" Moorcock has commented that the Cornelius books are populated by "characters who are aware of the psychological implications of their statements and actions. That is they are as aware of the unconscious as the conscious. In that sense it was a rejection of modernist techniques as found in Joyce, Woolf and so on. My view was that we had moved on from needing to make that sort of observation." Instead Moorcock's characters, as he describes it, "tend to anticipate one another's statements and short-cut their own," engaging in an ...
"This dread world and the rolling of wheels" -William Blake, The Book of Urizen, 1794
Figure 17: The working class neighborhood of Northampton
Alan Moore grew up in was called The Boroughs
[previously] Burroughs provides no such easy access route, and is beloved less by the academic consensus than by generations of committed counterculture figures who, like Ballard and Moorcock, "weren't so much influenced by him as inspired by him." At times not so much a writer than a stunningly competent criminal, Burroughs effectively hit on the brilliant scheme of supporting a drug habit by writing about it. Famed for shooting his wife to death in an ill-advised drunken William Tell impression, Burroughs's style is an obvious antecedent for Ballard's harshly visceral lists in The Atrocity Exhibition. His masterpiece is Naked Lunch, an unstructured ramble of a book that was the subject of several landmark obscenity trials, all of which it won. It wanders from misadventure to misadventure, steadily dissolving reality into a paranoid dreamscape that seems to have been Burroughs's drugfucked experience channeled onto the page, a world where "One Friday Fats siphoned himself into The Plaza, a transulcent-grey foetal monkey, suckers on his ...
"Mary sticks to the alleyways, where the light and noise of the city is screened out a little"
-Warren Ellis, Transmetropolitan #8, 1998
Figure 12: "The Checkmate Man" features more marital
strife than high-concept assassination antics - Near
Myths #5, 1980 (Click to enlarge)
[previously] It is in some ways very much like the Gideon Stargrave stories and "Time is a Four Letter Word" - full of jumps across time and space and an ever-shifting universe. But where those stories focus on the action, "The Checkmate Man" takes an entirely different approach. The only part of it that could be described as an action scene takes place on the first page, and the remaining nine pages consist of Conrad, the eponymous assassin, reflecting on the stress and horror of his job. It's a surprisingly intimate character piece, miles from Morrison's other Near Myths work. There's also a degree of thought that's been put into the setting that isn't present in Morrison's other Near Myths work - a throwaway bit about attempting to prevent the Lincoln assassination only to have him die in an accident the next day speaks volumes about the world of "The Checkmate Man ...
"To leap from one universe to another, unafraid! That's sorcerer's work!" - Grant Morrison, Zatanna #1, 2005
Figure 5: A particular story from the slush pile, from
Watchmen #12, 1987
[previously] The remaining nature of the war will be revealed in the telling. All that remains is the task of selecting a beginning point and commencing the narrative proper. By virtue of one of the major figures being extremely invested in it, that beginning point will be the publication of Grant Morrison's first paid comics work, a five-page story entitled "Time is a Four Letter Word." This is a decision with consequences. The nature of the war, as previously stated, is that its effects span much of history. "Time is a Four Letter Word" is akin to an outcrop of rock. In truth it stands upon tens of miles of buried rock - a geologic strata spanning in every direction. The visible layer is a mere fraction of the whole, apparent only due to chance events: the scouring of a glacier, the cleaving of a river valley, the picking of a particular story from the slush pile. These fleeting circumstances determine how the underlying tectonics ...


Use this new Perdue Simply Smart Chicken coupon to get great deals at Harris Teeter and Kroger! At Harris Teeter, you'll get the Perdue Simply Smart chicken chunks for $4.49. You can get the same Perdue chicken at Kroger for $4.99.
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CAA-NRC
Siasat Ki Khabrein
Crime and Accident
Crime in Hyderabad
Edu & Career
Man forced to marry girlfriend in ICU after she attempts suicide
Pune: A man was forced to marry his girlfriend at a hospital at Chakan in Pune district after she attempted suicide, the police said on Thursday.
The girl was admitted to the hospital after she tried to end her life when the man allegedly refused to marry her.
The man, however, managed to escape from the hospital soon after the wedding.
Subsequently, the woman filed a case of rape against Suraj Nalavade, who is absconding.
Investigating officer Prakash Rathore said that an FIR has been lodged against the man Suraj Nalwade, under IPC section 376 (punishment for rape). "The investigation has been initiated in the matter and we are looking for him," he said.
In her complaint, the woman had claimed that Nalavade had forced her to have a physical relationship with him. However, when she proposed him for marriage he allegedly refused, saying that she belongs to a lower caste, police said.
The woman consumed poison on November 27. Following which, she was rushed to a hospital and admitted to the ICU.
Source: ANI
This post was last modified on December 6, 2019 10:44 am
ICUsuicide
CBI booked Adani Enterprise in coal supply contract case
Love story ends in tragedy
Gangster Nayeem's close relative dies in accident
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Ruby Ribbon has joined the CAUSE by donating 10% of the purchase from our awesome CAUSE collection to City of Hope Breast Cancer Research! As an Independent stylist I am matching Ruby Ribbon's donation of 10% making it 20% of your purchase going to City of Hope!
I have a personal goal of raising $500.00 for City of Hope–Will you help me reach my goal?


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Organisation gives autistic people 'a platform to be heard'
Keith Osborne
"There's a very common saying used among autistic-led organisations like ours, 'nothing about us, without us', and that is central to what we do," said Ryan, who was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome, an autistic spectrum disorder, at the age of 13.
"Autistic UK is entirely autistic-led – to my knowledge, we are the only autistic-led organisation in Northern Ireland. The entire committee is autistic, and is also quite diverse, in terms of age and gender. Our main priority is to campaign for the rights of autistic people in society, and to ensure autistic people are given a platform to be heard, and a seat at the table when issues that affect them are being discussed."
Despite the work of advocacy groups like Autistic UK, there are some perceptions of autism which remain hard to dispel. "I find one of the most common misconceptions is that autism is still primarily seen as a 'boys' condition'," Ryan added.
"Autistic women have found it very difficult to obtain a diagnosis, and there is still a perception that women cannot be autistic. This is starting to change, but when you look at any media portrayal of an autistic person, it is male every single time."
Last week, Ryan participated in a radio debate on BBC Talkback with Dr Mike Shooter, a child psychiatrist who made the controversial claim that autism is a 'badge of honour' for some parents.
"I was quite happy to be asked to participate in that particular debate," said Ryan. "However, it was tinged with sadness, because I was the only autistic person who was given a platform to challenge Dr Shooter on his claims. The likes of 'This Morning', for example, failed to bring in any experts and allowed Dr Shooter to make his claims completely unchallenged."
And while representation for autistic people in the media has improved, there is still work to be done: "I think the media is starting to recognise that autistic people have a voice, but there is still a long way to go before we reach our destination. The narrative is still overwhelmingly controlled by the people surrounding the autistic person – parents, professionals, teachers etc. – and I feel at times that there's a tendency to talk about autistic people, without ever actually talking to autistic people."
It is a similar story within some autism charities and advocacy groups, Ryan added: "Some do not have a single autistic person on their board, or any autistic people employed by them.
"Part of what attracted me so much to Autistic UK was the chance to be working alongside a group of people who have the same mindset as me, and I have found working with the other members of Autistic UK one of the most enjoyable and rewarding experiences of my life."
Ryan is currently seeking autistic adults to share their stories ahead of Autism Awareness Month in April. "There's been a great response to my call so far, but we still need some more views, and I'd be delighted to get some more people involved to tell their stories," he said.
"It's vitally important that we give autistic people the opportunity to share their experiences, and Autistic UK is delighted to be able to assist in giving people a platform they may otherwise not be able to avail of."
Ryan can be contacted by email at press@autisticuk.org


Nomos system, a patented Internet of Things (IoT) automation software platform provider, announced at Integrated Systems Europe (ISE) the climax of interoperability – any app to any thing with nOS.
More and more apps, proprietary ecosystems and various alliances are rushing into market to provide intelligent solutions for building automation under the definition of IoT. But what does IoT actually mean? The new and global key word – IoT (Internet of Things), defines only single, intelligent components, which independently exchange data directly via the internet. That means in reality users end up with three, four or five individual ecosystems in their home, instead of just one single smart platform.
Visit the company's website for more information about their products.


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Q: how to generate the values for the Q function I am trying to apply the Q-function values for a problem. I don't know the function available for it in Python.
What is the python equivalent for the following code in octave?
>> f=0:0.01:1;
>> qfunc(f)

A: The Q-function can be expressed in terms of the error function. Check here for more info. "scipy" has the error function, special.erf(), that can be used to calculate the Q-function.
import numpy as np
from scipy import special
f = np.linspace(0,1,101)
0.5 - 0.5*special.erf(f/np.sqrt(2)) # Q(f) = 0.5 - 0.5 erf(f/sqrt(2))

A: Take a look at this https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-0.19.1/reference/generated/scipy.stats.norm.html
Looks like the norm.sf method (survival function) might be what you're looking for.

A: I've used this Q function for my code and it worked perfectly well,
from scipy import special as sp
def qfunc(x):
    return 0.5-0.5*sp.erf(x/sqrt(2))

I'vent used this one but I think it should work,
def invQfunc(x):
    return sqrt(2)*sp.erfinv(1-2x)

references:
https://mail.python.org/pipermail/scipy-dev/2016-February/021252.html
Python equivalent of MATLAB's qfuncinv()
Thanks @Anton for letting me know how to write a good answer


LMAO. They took er jubs!
I think it's sad how so many compaines are totally playing people against each other in the subject of immigration. They send jobs overseas, get rich and then let people get angry at illegals who are picking fruit. Those company CEO's totally know how easily it is to trick people and it's worked.
Roughly 2-4% of illegals in this country work agriculture. The remaining 96-98% work construction, hospitality, fast food restaurants, landscaping, and the list goes on. . .
They are now even hiring illegal uncertified aircraft mechanics to work on our planes. It's a disaster waiting to happen.
It used to be stoop labor and such but they have spread like, I hate to say it, a virus. They now have a foot hold on our social services and have abused our schools all to their adantage. I hold our Government responsible for this. Displacing Americans at the gain of Illegal Aliens is beyond reproach.
I'm ok with "picking fruit", I'm not ok with some a$$hat making 15 an hour under the table slapping boards together on the house some American wants to buy.
I did IT for 6 years, the needed someone who can speak Spanish ( I work with many companies in multiple continents), since I speak Spanish, I can also communicate with people who speak Portuguese and Italian if we both speak slowly. And they couldn't find anyone here to fill in the spot. They actually sponsored quite a few people who could speak Spanish, Portuguese, French or any combination of those languages.
I no longer work on IT though, I am in grad school getting a Ph.D. in engineering, and judging from my class demographics, this is 'job' that U.S. citizens don't want either. More than half of the people I study with are on student visas, and also for most of them English is not their first language. I don't think even for the majority of my teachers English is their first language.
Now, you cannot cite economic reasons for not going through with a Ph.D., unless some very exceptional circumstances apply to you. It is rare to find a Ph.D. student (pre-candidate or candidate) who is paying for his degree out of his own pocket. We even get stipends to cover living expenses, you don't make a lot of money, but it's enough to cover the basics.
They even include health insurance for you and your family in a lot of the packages.


text:
Mashiur Rahman ( - ), également connu sous le nom de Jadu Mia, était un ministre de premier plan, avec le rang et le statut de premier ministre, chargé du ministère des Chemins de fer, des Routes et des Autoroutes du Bangladesh du  au .

Jeunesse
Mashiur Rahman, Jadu Miah (homme de magie) est né en 1924 à Rangpur, en Inde britannique (aujourd'hui le village de Khaga Khari Bari de l'upazila de Dimla du district de Nilphamari, au Bangladesh).

Carrière politique
Mashiur Rahman Jadu Mia a été élu membre du Conseil national du Pakistan en 1962 et a dirigé le conseil en tant que chef adjoint de l'opposition. Il a été arrêté en 1963 pour son implication dans le mouvement anti-gouvernemental. Avant la guerre de libération, en 1971, Jadu Miah déclare officiellement l'indépendance du Bangladesh et appelle à la formation d'un gouvernement multipartite lors d'un rassemblement public à Paltan Maidan le . À la même époque, il est devenu le chef adjoint d'Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani au sein du Parti Awami national.

Après l'assassinat de Sheikh Mujibur Rahman en 1975, le poste de Premier ministre du Bangladesh est supprimé|.

Lorsque Ziaur Rahman, arrivé au pouvoir en , est devenu président du Bangladesh le , un système ministériel a été rétabli, et Mashiur Rahman a occupé le poste de ministre de premier plan avec le rang et le statut de premier ministre chargé du ministère des Chemins de fer, des Routes et des Autoroutes du Bangladesh du  au . Il a joué un rôle déterminant dans la fondation du Parti nationaliste du Bangladesh. Malgré les plans et le souhait de Ziaur Rahman de le nommer Premier ministre, à la suite de sa mort soudaine le , Shah Azizur Rahman est nommé à ce poste le .

Vie privée
Son fils aîné, , a été ministre d'État dans le gouvernement du président Ziaur Rahman et du président Hossain Mohammad Ershad .

Références

Naissance en juillet 1924
Naissance dans la présidence du Bengale
Décès en mars 1979
Décès à Dacca
Étudiant de l'université de Dacca
Personnalité politique bangladaise
Premier ministre du Bangladesh
Décès à 54 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Megan thee Stallion Teases Trailer to 'FEVER thee Movie'
By Darryl Darby
Source: ATL Pics / Radio One Digital
The leader of the Hot Girl Summer Megan the Stallion is releasing more heat for her fans.
The "Big Ole Freak" rapper released a trailer for FEVER thee Movie on Sunday (July 14), and she said that it would be coming soon.
Megan appears to be teaming up with Hype Williams on this project. Hype Williams has a long list of former clients with whom he has produced classics, including artists like, 2Pac, Yeezy, Lil Wayne. Oh and he also directed a little film called Belly.
The IG teaser for FEVER thee Movie, which shares a title with her mixtape that dropped in May, appears to be a possible video mixtape. While this isn't confirmed, the teaser includes footage of Da Baby and Juicy J, who are both featured on the mixtape.
Meg burst onto the scene with her first single "Big Ole Freak," which topped the charts at number 65. Fever, her debut project, topped Billboard 200 Album charts at number 12, selling an equivalent to 28,000 units in the first week.
With her appearances on the Billboard chart, Meg became one of seven female artists to appear on the Billboard charts — that's already a record for a single year, and we're just halfway through 2019.
Megan thee Stallion will look to keep her forward momentum going when she joins Meek Mill and Future for the "Legendary Nights Tour," starting in late August.
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