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Tag: crown and treaty
A Walk Backwards in Time with the "Treaty House" of Uxbridge
The history of the Treaty House in Uxbridge was a story I was bursting to write, but just couldn't bring myself to publish until I had what I needed to tell the story well. Originally, I expected it would only take a few weeks (maybe a month?) to do the research and get the story written. But that was much more than a year ago! This project has shown me just how stubborn I can be sometimes. But it has paid off…
If we were so misguided as to think of history as nothing more than a collection of dates, names and events, I wouldn't describe it as merely uninteresting–I'd describe it as positively anesthetic! Why should we spend one minute of our own limited lives trying to understand the life of someone who already had their time under the sun? It's a fair question. For me, the first answer is that I don't believe anything is preordained. Quite often, whatever happened might have unfolded differently if some of the underlying factors had played out differently. Certainly, it's not hard to imagine that the currently unfolding war in Ukraine would be going much differently if not for the unexpected solidarity and fighting spirit of the people and leaders of Ukraine.
My second reason is that generally, the "plays" of history are condensed into a general narrative focused on the primary actors and the outcomes of the "big picture". Even if those narratives are entirely accurate, they seldom have the luxury of breathing life into the choices, character and outcomes of the lesser actors most of us would relate to. For me, grasping what it was really like in their time allows those long-dead actors to hold a mirror up for us to better understand ourselves and those around us. It allows the choices of those actors to provide lessons about the potential consequences of our own actions (or inactions). My favorite thought experiment is this: if we could travel through time and witness historical events like the Treaty Negotiations of 1645 for ourselves, how much of the scene would surprise us?
In the same way that my desire to have some idea what Sir Richard Lane looked like led me on a remarkable journey to find his lost portrait, my desire to comprehend the 1645 treaty negotiations through his eyes has led me to the mystery of the building that hosted those negotiations. And I discovered a surprise lurking in the details I found. The original Treaty House and its grounds were not just beautiful, they were grand. This property stood defiantly on one end of town, forcing the high road to Oxford to go around it. And to the royalist commissioners, it was outfitted by the peace faction of Parliament in hospitality and respect. It was provisioned in hope as thoroughly as it was in staples.
Despite how complete the existing Treaty House seems, historical records are clear that the building seen today was originally a much larger building. It's also clear that the rest of that building was taken down long ago. Early on, I had hoped the room the negotiations took place in was still there. I would have loved to have stood in that space and imagined being there. It didn't take long for me to discover this would not be possible, though. I soon found other records that make it clear that the negotiations room was in a part of the house that no longer exists.
Although disappointed, I was also hooked. I wanted to know more. I wanted to know what the original building was like. These negotiations were not some small meeting in the 1600's equivalent of a corporate conference room. This event took months to plan, much more akin to a modern summit meeting in both size and importance. Each side of the negotiations was allowed 32 commissioners, but those accompanying the Royalist commissioners alone numbered around 180. The event lasted more than a month, requiring significant planning and care to decorate and provision the event for its participants. Try to imagine the scale of a room able to handle the large square table (approximately 16 feet on each side) that was built for the occasion. Then imagine there was space for a railing around it with additional seating beyond the railing.
What were the thoughts of Sir Richard Lane and his colleagues as they travelled that road into enemy held territory that cold January? How were they treated when they arrived ? Despite the well-documented hospitality of their parliamentarian hosts, feelings ran high on both sides of the argument. For their security, the commissioners were allowed to carry their swords for personal protection. And what was the sight that awaited them as they walked in groups from the Inns at the center of town?
The stakes could not have been higher. If the negotiations had been successful, much of the pain of that era might have been avoided. Imagine if there had been no exile of Charles II and no execution of King Charles I. What if there had been no Commonwealth era and and no need for a Restoration?
But the royalist commissioners were also working for a much more personal outcome–reaching an agreement was their best hope of wresting their careers, families and very lives from the nightmare scenario of having remained loyal to an increasingly lost cause. For Richard Lane, a successful treaty would have allowed him to return to London not merely as a senior Master of the Bench of Middle Temple, but as Chief Baron of the king's Exchequer Court, and personal advisor to the next King of England. Sir Richard would have been a much-remarked upon figure in the post-war era. His thoughtful and well founded understanding of the law and governance would have marked him among the most widely respected figures of his time. He would have returned to his family and home in Northampton in great favor, influence and probably wealth.
But that's the version of history that didn't happen. The peace negotiations of 1645 were the tipping point for Sir Richard Lane's personal fate, and they were not successful. The war resumed. His family home and possessions were confiscated by a vengeful Parliament. Only a year later, Lane participated in his next negotiations–for terms of surrender for the king's wartime capital of Oxford. Afterwards, Sir Richard Lane was punished for his loyalty to the throne by being forced into exile with the king's heir, Charles II. King Charles I was captured, and after years of resisting pressure to compromise the "divine right of kings", he was executed. For years, Sir Richard Lane served the impoverished ascendant King Charles II in exile as counsellor and Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. He would eventually fall ill and die there, never having seen his family or his home again.
The 1645 Peace Treaty Negotiations were a happier tipping point for the mansion that hosted them. If not for its legacy of hosting one of the most important treaty negotiations in English history, the mansion previously known as the "Bennet House" would otherwise have been torn down in obscurity long ago.
The Search for the Original Treaty House
All I needed to tell the story of the Treaty Negotiations effectively was an image of the original mansion. If I could just locate one, I would wrap up the research, publish my article and move on to the next subject. It was easy enough to think so, but locating the image I needed soon became the deepest "rabbit hole" I've stumbled into yet!
The difficulty isn't finding historic images of the Treaty House—there are many of them. If fact, those images tell a story of a building that has seen many uses, and has stood while many buildings around it rose and fell (including several buildings that were appended to the Treaty House itself at differing times). For a time, I thought I had even found the image I was after. But after months of studying, occasionally over-interpreting, and ultimately dismissing every image I could find, I realized something important: all of the surviving images of the Treaty House are of the existing building over time. It seems by the time even the oldest of these surviving images was created, living memory of the original structure had long since faded.
What has survived of the original house are a smattering of clues and descriptive mentions in various historical sources. I decided to see if I could leverage these clues to extend my speculative model of the original interior of the existing structure into a model of the entire original building. This was a time consuming but interesting exercise. Through a few iterations, it has yielded a compelling model that aligns well with the available evidence and architectural styles present in the existing building. Finally, with the help of a talented and historically inclined graphic artist, I now have the image I have sought: a remarkable sketch of the "reconstructed" Original Treaty House yielded by this model. And it is beautiful. I will share it in the next few articles, but we have some interesting ground to cover first.
Let's start by unwinding a visual history of the Treaty House from modern times, through the Industrial age and backwards to the time of the middle 1600's. Let's get a sense of what has transpired since the time Sir Richard Lane and the other commissioners made their way through the spaces of what is now an elegant restaurant on their way upstairs to stop the war and save their king.
A Journey Backwards in Time with the Treaty House
The challenge with trying to understand the original form of a mansion that was built 300 years before the invention of photography is that buildings normally undergo changes over time. For instance, although the current structure is a natural and timeless brick construction, for most of modern history, the Treaty House was sheathed in a layer of white stucco. The brickwork was re-exposed sometime in the 1970s. The effort and care that must have taken is almost enough for me forgive the 70's for disco…
Modern street view of the Crown and Treaty (2018). The building sits at a major intersection in what can reasonably be described as a technology park.
Additional modern views of the Crown and Treaty (2018) for reference, showing all faces of the building.
The Treaty House in the 1900's
The next two images are photographs of the Treaty House from the early years of World War II. On the left is a photograph from 1937, and on the right, a colorized photograph from ca 1940. The most striking insights of these images are the closeness of the street alongside the building, the presence of an attached building along the face of the Oxford Road end of the building and the stucco covering the original brickwork. At the time, the main floor served as a retail establishment with the second floor used for living spaces. Note the presence of the second floor sign projecting over the Oxford Road calling attention to the structure's historic role. An inspection of the modern images reveals that the this metal structure and an updated version of the sign survive to this day.
Photographs of the Treaty House in the pre-World War II era.
A unique photograph of the building from the early 1900s depicts the state of the rear of the building at that time. Its interesting to note that in the early 1900's, the stuccoing had been removed from the non-street faces. This was a change. As you will see, the rear of the building was also also stuccoed in earlier times. The concrete structural repair to the upper floor wall at the right of this image. This concrete structural repair is still present today.
1903 photograph of the rear of the Treaty House
The time of the Industrial Revolution was also a time of great renaissance of historical interest in England. During this era (middle 1800's), a great many historical articles were printed and accompanied by illustrations to support them. Thus, there are a number of interesting images of the Treaty House from this time. Some of these images are contemporary, while others were historical, based on older images.
In the carefully made image of the Treaty house (below) dated 1850, you can see a full view of the building that had been joined to the side of the Treaty House facing onto the Oxford Road. Notice the changing door arrangements on the Oxford Road face of the Treaty House itself. This image also reveals the purpose of the horizontal loop at the end of the metal sign that still overhangs the road—it once held a large decorative crown.
At the time this 1850 image was made of the Treaty House, it was apparently still serving as an Inn. It had been adapted to this purpose during a major renovation in 1802.
This next image is from the same general era. This view from the Colne River shows a ford crossing next to the historic "5 arch" bridge (at right). This foreground crossing allowed travellers who didn't mind getting their feet wet to water their horses while avoid paying a toll to use the bridge. Just beyond lies a second bridge, over the Grand Canal. And in the middle distance, the Treaty House at a time the building was known as the "Crown Inn".
View of the western end of Uxbridge ca 1818 (from Riches/Redford book, inserted at pp 76). On the chimney wall of the building are the words "Crown Inn".
There is one other fun detail worth mentioning in this image: can you make out a small sign with a white swan hanging from the tree in front of the small house at the left of this image? This was likely the descendant of the "Swan Inn", which was on this site in the 1600's. Remarkably, this business survives to this day (at this same location) and is known as the "Swan and Bottle". When I am next in Uxbridge, I absolutely intend to buy a pint there as well!
It should be noted that the period use of the name (the Crown Inn) for the Treaty House should not be confused with the "Crown Inn" of the 1600's. This earlier Crown Inn was located in the center of town near the "George Inn".
1831 Depiction of the "George Inn" in the center of Uxbridge
In 1645, this pair of Uxbridge inns sat somewhat symbolically on opposite sides of the street in the middle of Uxbridge. They served as the separate working headquarters of the royalist and parliamentary negotiation teams. Although it hosted the negotiations themselves, the Treaty House was a private residence at the time. It seems only a few especially important guests actually stayed there while the negotiations took place. The commissioners (of both sides) were quartered all over town, gathering at their respective inns to meet with their colleagues when the negotiations were not in session.
The next image worth discussing is of the Gatehouse (from Riches/Redford book, inserted at pp 64). This ornate and long-vanished gatehouse is believed to have been a remnant of what was originally an enclosing wall around the original Treaty House property. There are several surviving images of this fascinating scene that were clearly made at different times.
This gatehouse drawing from the Riches/Redford book is a great illustration of an important point. Drawings are not direct, objective evidence in the way that photographs are. They are graphical evidence which must be considered for validity.
In this particular depiction, Treaty House in the distance is geometrically flawed, and therefore potentially inaccurate, in my opinion. For example, notice that the angle of the metal sign structure and the angle of the roofine are both depicted seeming to move to the right as they get further away, while the chimney line is depicted angling to the left as it gets further away. Also, the shape of the end face of the building is odd (and inconsistent with other depictions in this, or any other era). One detail that does seem credible is the disappearance of the elegant second floor bay window that once protruded over the Oxford Road.
To its credit, this image clearly explains something that is murky in earlier images this one was apparently based on–a foreground boat canal laid in what was (in earlier times) the bed of the original High Road as it ran around the Treaty House grounds. This is consistent with other records from the first decades after the Grand Canal was finished. By that time, the original property had been split and the Oxford Road had been diverted to pass directly in front of the end of the Treaty House (as it does today). After the Grand Canal was finished, a patchwork of minor "branch" canals were dug to allow canal barge cargoes to be unloaded directly in front of the many industrial buildings which had sprung up in the area. This part of Uxbridge had become an industrial center taking advantage of the place the region's best water transport (the Grand Canal) and the best road transport (the Oxford Road) intersected.
The next image is well done, and unique. This perspective provides a clear view of the second story bay window and many ornate flourishes that seem shared by the gatehouse and the Treaty House (which were originally part of the same property).
Drawing of the Treaty House as it was in 1812 (from the Victoria History of the County of Middlesex, Vol. IV.)
The fragment of wall on the right side of the gatehouse includes the vestige of a large arch rising from it. This probable fragment of a gate and the significant structure to the left of the gatehouse are evidence of a wall surrounding the original property. This makes sense. Such a wall would have been especially important for a property that lay alongside a major roadway.
This image is striking for capturing a number of ornate construction details which disappeared in later, more pragmatic periods of the building's existence. This primarily includes the dormers above the bay window columns on the long side of the building, the elaborate plasterwork and graceful second floor bay window on the face overlooking the Oxford Road. While this wall was not original, both style and materials from the original house were likely incorporated when this wall was created to repair the severed end of the building.
I was particularly intrigued by the large structure that appears to be appended to the chimney wall of the Treaty House. This particular auxiliary structure is unique to this image. I have to admit this structure sent me on a significant tangent. Studying it, I wondered if the original image might have been from the middle 1700s and might have depicted the original form of the Treaty House. To evaluate this possibility, I created a conceptual model of the original building built upon that possibility. This model turned out to align with nearly all of the criteria from evidence I had gathered. Nearly all. Like Edison's famous failed attempts to develop a light bulb, it was this failed model that let me to the correct one. In my next article, I will share these models and the form of the original Treaty House they revealed!
The Treaty House in the latter 1700s
A 1796 woodcut of the Treaty House from the Colne river crossing.
Moving into the late 1700's, there are only a few images available. The first is an excellent woodcut made from the perspective of someone on the far bank of the Colne looking back at the Treaty House. The presence of the bridge over the Grand Canal (which was finished in 1793), is consistent with the reported date of this image (1796). Looking closely at the left end of the building, you can see a second story bay window protruding out over the high road. On the right, note the absence of the hexagonal structure that later appears (and is present today) at that that end of the building.
There are two final images that seem to be the oldest surviving images of the Treaty House. Both depictions are from a perspective looking at the windowed face of the existing building. Both show the Treaty House with a brick exterior, which would place them before the first stuccoing of the building as it appears in the 1796 image above.
Image of the Treaty House from the Sutherland Collection in the Bodleian Archives at Oxford. Thi image appears to show the building ca 1770's-1780's. Photo credit Alamy.
The first of these images is an excellent depiction which I believe shows the Treaty House as in the decades after the main house and other wing were demolished, and before significant repairs eliminated many early details. This image (above) seems to show the house is a state of some neglect and hastily made repairs in the latter 1700's. I will discuss this image in more detail in my next article, as it provides some surprising insights into the original form of the house–before significant repair and changes around the turn of the century and the 1802 remodel.
The other of these earliest images is an enigma. This depiction was not made from direct observation, as it has a number of glaring technical flaws no artist capable of producing the image would have made had they been looking at the building while making it. This image appeared in a reader contribution section of the August 1789 edition of the Gentlemen's Magazine. I'd seen this image before, but had discounted it because of the glaring issues with the depiction.
Drawing of the Treaty House from an August 1789 issue of the "Gentlemen's Magazine". With several obvious flaws, it was not made from direct observation, but may have originally been a proposal/concept drawing of what the house would look like after it was salvaged from the demolition of the rest of the house.
The roof is clearly"flattened", and the chimney configurations are completely wrong–only two of three sets of flues are shown, and they are not in the right locations. Because flues rise straight up from the fireplaces they serve, this configuration would have left much of the house unheated. The bay colum on the right face of the building is also a bit odd, with the depiction of that face seeming wider than the building actually is.
The other end of the building is completely wrong, also. What I think of as the "kitchen" end of the building is integrated under the roof in every other depiction, with an enlarged footprint that provides strength to that end of the building. In this flawed drawing, it appears as a nearly detached structure. Even the caption of this image is very much in error. Not only was no peace agreement reached during these negotiations (after nearly a month of negotiations the treaty was abandoned), but the king was never in attendance. In fact, there is no record indicating King Charles I ever set foot in the Treaty House.
What stymied me is why this image was made in the first place? The fact that it appeared in the 1789 edition of the magazine only establishes that the image existed by that time. It could have been in existence for many years and randomly submitted by whoever possessed it in 1789. And I think it was. The historical errors in the note published with the image suggest it was contributed by someone with limited historical knowledge.
After wrestling with this odd "splinter" under my nail, a scenario finally occurred to me that could reasonably explain the origin of this image. It is my theory that this was a "concept" drawing for what the Treaty House might look like after this still-existing wing was salvaged from the demolition of the rest of the house. Imagine a middle 1700's developer meeting to discuss their proposal for the work, and providing a drawing to substantiate that the wing could be successfully converted into a coherent, stand-alone building. In this scenario, the exact details wouldn't have been important. The artist could have reasonably sketched out the details of this wing before going back to a more convenient workplace to produce the final drawing. It also explains the idyllic, park-like setting around the depicted building.
If this theory is correct, then the unique depiction of the original door in the middle of the wing should be at least roughly correct. The stylized gables above the bay columns are unique among images of the Treaty House, but are consistent with other architecture from this period that featured such gables. Of course, these gables are not present in the latter 1700's image, suggesting that the roof was redone and simplified either as part of the salvaging of this wing during the demolition or sometime in the decades after. Other information substantiates that the full height bay column on the Oxford Road end of this building was implemented after the demolition. This bay column was later amended to remove its lower half, possibly during the 1802 remodel. The the pair of windows on the ground floor at the right end of this wing seem to have been an original feature of the building, even though they seem to have been corrupted by piecemeal repairs by the time the "dilapidated" image was made in the latter 1700's.
In the next article, I will be introducing the painstakingly produced reconstruction image of the original Treaty House!
I never intended to "take the Pandemic off" from writing, but it certainly worked out that way. I suppose most of us have had our priorities reworked by the historical dramas unfolding around us, so perhaps you understand. In that sense, I do hope this article finds you well!
Probably the most important of the diversions which have otherwise occupied my time is that Mary and I were married in February of 2021 in a classic "turning lemons into lemonade" story…
We were months away from a planned April wedding when new pandemic restrictions threw those plans into the ditch. So we made up a mischievous "Plan B" and married ourselves alone at the Summit of a 12,000 foot high Colorado mountain in February.
With the temperature reaching a high of only 5 degrees (F) and snow blowing around us, I set up a camera tripod with "snow feet" to capture the moment. Using the flowers as a wind screen, I had nestled a lapel microphone deep in the bouquet so the wind wouldn't drown out our voices. We had tied our rings to our wrists with loops of satin ribbon so we wouldn't lose them in the deep snow if they were dropped by numb fingers. Finally, I attached three cameras to the tripod because we had agreed there would be no "second takes"–we would either have the the video afterwards, or we wouldn't. It was a good thing we did this because we later discovered that two of the three cameras had failed in the cold!
So in the end, our wedding was beautiful, exhilarating and achingly romantic. We were both on the verge of frostbite on our hands by the time we got our skis back on, but we didn't care.
The fun part is that we didn't tell anyone about it. They found out when we lowered a large video screen in the middle of our September "wedding" some seven months later. We giggled ourselves to sleep many nights preparing to drop that "bomb" on two hundred of our closest family and friends! It went over wonderfully. To paraphrase that great English philosopher (Monty Python, of course), " We're not dead yet!".
Author 5280 ExplorerPosted on December 2, 2022 January 8, 2023 Categories Background on the English Revolution, Exile to Jersey and the Elizabeth Castle, Lane's service in the monarchy of Charles I and IITags 1645 negotiations, crown and treaty, english civil war, richard lane, Treaty House, uxbridge history2 Comments on A Walk Backwards in Time with the "Treaty House" of Uxbridge
The "Crown and Treaty": Home of the 1645 Uxbridge Treaty Negotiations
If time and circumstance have rendered the "Crown and Treaty" a diminished but still graceful woman of age, my work over the last many months has revealed that it wasn't always so. Nearly 400 years ago, when the newly appointed Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer Court, Sir Richard Lane, and the other peace commissioners walked through her doors, she was the spectacular and defiant diva who "owned" that end of town…
As we got off the plane at Heathrow, I couldn't have imagined the article about our first quick stop in England would eventually require many months to complete.
We had an important appointment at Windsor Castle later the afternoon we arrived. But the plane had arrived on time, leaving us just enough time to swing by Uxbridge on the way. There was something in Uxbridge I really wanted to see for myself!
Hemmed in by a phalanx of glass-sheathed office buildings, and utterly out of place in a modern technology park, the "Crown and Treaty" is a gorgeous 500 year-old building perched precariously upon a bare vestige of its former ground. If time and circumstance have rendered this building a diminished but still graceful woman of age, my work over the last many months has revealed that it wasn't always so. Nearly 400 years ago, when the newly appointed Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer Court, Sir Richard Lane, and the other peace commissioners walked through her doors, she was the spectacular and defiant diva who "owned" that end of town…
The Peace Treaty Negotiations of 1645
In the late Fall of 1644, Sir Richard Lane had been living in the packed royalist enclave of Oxford for two years while the English Civil war raged. This struggle to decide the fate of the "divine right of kings" versus representative government in England had recently begun to trend poorly for King Charles I. When the peace faction within the rebellious Parliament was able to win support for an attempt at a peace treaty, a truce was struck and treaty negotiations were planned. For a few months, both sides enjoyed a respite while arrangements were set to hold the treaty negotiations in the town of Uxbridge, partway along the road connecting the opposing war capitals of London and Oxford.
This sign, emplaced over an entrance to the Crown and Treaty commemorates the event that has become this building's namesake. It reads: ANCIENT TREATY HOUSE — Where the ill fated CHARLES THE FIRST held the memorable, but unsuccessful treaty with his Parliament in January 1645.
A large mansion on one end of that road-inn town was chosen as the negotiations site. Quickly provisioned, furnished and decorated to accommodate the gravitas of the occasion (and the large number of participants), this mansion would be afterwards known as the "Treaty House". The historic importance of the treaty negotiations held there was remarked upon in an 1850 article appearing in "Gentlemen's Magazine":
By far the most memorable treaty on English ground, made or attempted to be made between a king and his people (Runnymede not excepted) was attempted at Uxbridge in the winter of 1644-5…
Peter Cunningham, Gentlemen's Magazine, April 10 1850
For me, a chance to visit the "Crown and Treaty" (as it is known today) was a chance to walk in the place Sir Richard Lane and his fellow commissioners met as they struggled to find terms their warring masters could accept. I was curious to learn whatever I could about their experience. Where did everyone stay for the month the negotiations continued? What did they eat? How well did their accommodations keep out the February cold? How did both sides receive those close friends and former colleagues they found seated on the opposite side of the negotiating table?
But I soon discovered that details about the "Crown and Treaty" are frustratingly sparse once you get past the few existing summary articles and exterior photographs. I was unable to locate a floor plan or any description of the building's historic layout. Excepting only a few grainy vintage photographs of an upstairs room referred to as the "presence chamber", the scant interior photographs I was able to find were anecdotal shots of pub tables on the modern main floor. In 2018, the enigmatic 500-year-old Crown and Treaty had become the stately but beleaguered home of a struggling local pub and small band venue.
Of course, a good pub and small band venue is one of my favorite things! If we could make time to stop by the Crown and Treaty—and if they were open—I would love to sip a pint of their best local ale while absorbing everything about the building around me. And if I was lucky, perhaps the proprietor would be willing to give me a brief walk-through of the building!
Unfortunately, this was not to be…
Visit to the Crown and Treaty
Arriving at the Crown and Treaty straight from Heathrow, it didn't take us long to discover the building was locked, and no one was around. Making the best of it, we set about photographing and studying the exterior of the building.
A short while later, we noticed a small group of people gathered at the front door. We introduced ourselves and discovered we were talking to the new owner of the building and a group of young people planning to assist in an upcoming restoration. Despite my rising hopes, it soon became evident that the previous owner (who was supposed to arrive with the key) was not going to show up that day. Ah, well! We enjoyed meeting them, and perhaps someday we will be able to return and have that pint and a meal amid their handiwork. I recently read that the Crown and Treaty has since re-opened as a fine new restaurant.
Mary and I, fresh off the airplane in April 2018, posing with the pending new owner of the Crown and Treaty and a group of young worker set to refurbish the property.
Later, as my research into the building's history progressed, I realized it wouldn't have made much difference if we had been allowed in. Although it would have been fascinating to see in any case, I now believe the room where the negotiations were held has not existed for more than three centuries.
Unraveling the Enigmatic History of the Crown and Treaty
The existing accounts consistently indicate that today's "Crown and Treaty" was originally part of a larger house. Regrettably, those accounts consistently suggest that the room in which the 1645 peace negotiations were held was likely in a portion of the house that no longer exists.
Of course, someone less obsessed would have let it go at that. But I became intrigued by a scattering of clues I've encountered in my research on the treaty negotiations. Like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle strewn across a table, I had the sense that much more of the seemingly lost history of this English historical landmark was within reach, if I could just figure out how these scattered clues fit together! How could I resist that? So, I clicked on my headlamp and dove headfirst into this latest "rabbit-hole"!
"Reconstruction" of the original Crown and Treaty Floorplan
Using a combination of photographs I had taken and overhead imagery from Google Earth, I was first able to construct an overhead building plan of the Crown and Treaty (below). From this, I obtained a rough measurement for the existing building: 80 feet long and 30 feet wide (approximately 24.5 by 9 meters). The existing windows make it clear that the building has 3 floors of usable space: 2 regular floors and an attic/dormer floor.
Roof plan of the Crown and Treaty derived from street level and overhead (satellite) images
Chimney Analysis
Among the most striking features of the Treaty House are the majestic array of chimneys along the building's back side, and the equally beautiful array of windows across its front. As I contemplated what could be deduced about the interior of this building, I realized there are some timeless rules of construction that could tell me a great deal about the interior based on these features:
Windows that face the South are best for gathering heat and light into the rooms behind them
Where they exist, interior partitioning walls connect to exterior walls between windows
enclosed spaces are easier to heat selectively
generally, every significant space in the living area of the house will have at least one source of direct heat (and in the middle 1600s, the only reasonable source of heat was a fireplace)
each fireplace will (generally) have its own chimney flue
chimney flues do not follow complicated paths—they generally rise directly (or nearly so) above the fireplaces they service
in a space large enough to require more than one fireplace, the fireplaces will generally not be located together
Looking at the pictures of the Crown and Treaty, it's clear the majority of the flues (11 of them) lie along the back wall of the house. By the rules above, this means that all of the 11 related fireplaces must lie along the back wall as well. Given how tightly grouped these flues are, it became fairly clear that the eastern half of the building's back wall must have been dedicated to a row of bedroom-width spaces on the first two floors, leaving a couple of flues for fireplaces in the attic level.
With a building depth of 30 feet and following the (incorrect) mindset that the house had been built as an inn (with lots of rooms–a purpose it served in later centuries), I assumed the back rooms extended to just less than half the depth of the house. But this left me with a problem: where were the flues for the fireplaces needed to heat the opposing set of rooms I imagined lay along the front of the house? It was clear there was an important architectural design consideration I did not yet understand.
A lesson in Elizabethan Manor Design
So, I threw myself into researching Elizabethan manor design. Eventually, I uncovered the floor plans of other Elizabethan manor houses which had similar chimney arrangements. And there was the answer! What I hadn't realized is that the front of the building (with all of the windows) contained a single, long gallery lined with the ranks of windows along its length. At Hardwick Hall, the house's chimneys were aligned along the centerline of the house (to provide symmetry of the house), but such "long galleries" could also be heated by fireplaces located in the walls at the ends of the space. These long galleries were pure opulence: high back walls resplendent with tapestries and artwork opposing a rank of great windows gathering sunshine and looking out over fabulous Elizabethan gardens. Such spaces were perfect for entertaining and also served as a winter exercise space.
Floor plan of the upper floor of Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire (ca 1590 design)
Analysis of the chimney flues available at the front of the Crown and Treaty's second floor is perfectly consistent with a long gallery with fireplaces at the ends. Along the back wall of this gallery lie the doorways into the private rooms on that floor (each with their own fireplaces). At least some of these rooms have connecting doorways allowing them to be used as shared, adjoined spaces. The view from this long gallery must have been spectacular, looking out across the house's large gardens and directly down High Street from a elevated vantage point. Perhaps it was more the point that the citizens of 1600s Uxbridge glancing up the street would find their view drawn to the distant face of this stylish mansion.
This was my first awakening that the building known as the Crown and Treaty wasn't conceived as one of Uxbridge's many inns–this house had been built to impress.
Armed with this new insight and an accounting of all of the fireplaces and windows, I created a set of speculative floor plans (see picture below). Of course, there is room for some variation in the placement of interior staircases and interior spaces on the western end of this building. But I believe the durable design themes of this structure are:
the building itself was placed to dominate the view from downtown Uxbridge, and to make an impression on all the travelers of the High Road between London and Oxford.
the main floor contained some receiving/parlor spaces and a handful of private rooms. It also included significant utility (storage and kitchen) spaces located towards the western end of the building (nearest the octagonal storage annex)
the rooms on the second floor are slightly larger and better appointed than those on the main floor
the long gallery on the second floor may have a significantly vaulted ceiling. I believe the rooms behind it do not.
I suspect the center room on the second floor (with the square section projecting through the back wall) was used as a library or study (taking advantage of the extra light from those windows, and allowing its occupant to observe activities in the grounds and liveries which almost certainly existed behind the mansion)
the attic space on the third floor is composed of larger spaces (and probably served as a bunkhouse-like living quarters for the live-in household staff)
the stairway for the existing building is located toward the western end of the building and probably allows access to all 3 floors.
Speculative interior model of the existing Crown and Treaty's original floor plan
The Missing Part of the Original Treaty House
The front and rear of the existing structure appear to be original, so the rest of the original Treaty House must have adjoined one of its two existing ends. Although the end containing the octagonal storage structure has been most obviously modified, I found earlier drawings of the existing house in the 1800's with large trees adjacent to that end of the house. Assuming that very large trees generally require the better part of a century to reach such maturity, it suggests that no structure existed on that end of the house as early as the middle 1700s. But what of the obvious (and amateurish) repairs on that end of the building? They (along with the octagonal storage annex) could well be the result of the result of structural repairs and modifications made to the building through the centuries.
Thin accounts of the history of the house indicate that at some point, the center of the house was demolished to accommodate a rerouting of High Street. Looking at overhead imagery, it can be seen that the main street through town passes naturally past the easternmost end of the Crown and Treaty. So, it seems quite reasonable to consider that the narrow end of the building facing onto the current street was originally an interior wall which adjoined the center of the original house.
This is an interesting fact to consider. Observe the overhead image below and notice how naturally the Oxford Road leads into the path of the original High Street (Uxbridge's historic main street). Since the ancient 5-arch bridge across the Colne River (just beyond the left of this image) and the historic High Road through town are aligned, it means the original Treaty House sat directly in the way of this road. The only way this seems possible is if the road had been redirected to flow around the grounds of the Treaty House when the house was originally built! As fantastic as this conclusion may sound, in the next article I will present evidence that this was precisely the state of affairs early in the house's history.
Overhead view of the Crown and Treaty showing how the roadbed of the Oxford Road and High Street pass naturally through the place where the center of the original Treaty House used to be.
Regarding the room where the treaty negotiations took place, accounts of the negotiations indicate this large room was located in the center of the house on the second floor. Given the density of fireplace flues on that end of the existing structure it seems clear there is no space in that part of the existing structure that could have accommodated the approximately 50 people (16 commissioners for each side plus support staff and attending VIPs) who would have been directly involved in the negotiations. Thus, it seems fairly certain the negotiation room was indeed in the adjacent part of the building (that no longer exists).
Mary, standing behind the easternmost end of the existing Crown and Treaty. The center of the original Treaty House (where the 1645 Treaty Negotiations took place) would have included the place she is standing. The actual negotiations room was one floor above the roadway just off her right shoulder.
The "Presence Chamber" Goes for a Visit to New York City
Modern historical summaries of the Treaty House describe that the second floor rooms were lined with a sumptuous carved paneling (as seen in the photographs below). One of the surviving rooms lined with this paneling is billed as the "presence chamber", where the king might have conducted business while staying there. Although there is no record that the king actually stayed at the Crown and Treaty (recall that during the Civil War the Crown and Treaty was behind enemy lines), it is entirely possible the house was designed to facilitate such an occasion.
Shockingly, in the 1920s, this beautiful historic paneling was apparently removed by the building's owner and sold to an American businessman to adorn a new office in New York City's Empire State Building. I cringed to think that someone could be so careless with such a historic feature, and more so when I read that it was an American who bought it. Thankfully, this story has a happy ending!
Photographs from the "Presence Chamber", Crown and Treaty, Uxbridge
Apparently (30 years later), this elaborately carved paneling was removed from the Empire State Building and returned to Queen Elizabeth II as a coronation present. Although re-installed in the Crown and Treaty shortly thereafter, this paneling has been retained as the property of the Queen. This arrangement ensures this irreplaceable bit of Uxbridge's heritage will never be so recklessly disposed of again. I can only imagine the fascinating restrictions regarding stewardship of this paneling that must be written into the agreements for anyone owning this building. In the end, I breathed a sigh of gratitude for the class the American owner exhibited in ensuring this minor treasure made its way back to Uxbridge where it belongs.
Of course, I couldn't help wondering: could my model help me work out which of the existing upstairs rooms might be the "presence chamber"? I decided to give it a try.
Looking carefully at the photograph of this room (on the right, above), I noted a sharply defined shadow on the floor made by the visible leg of the side table on the right of the scene. That sort of shadow would be consistent with sunlight through an open door in an otherwise closed room (i.e. no other windows). Ray tracing of that shadow implies a doorway roughly in the center of the wall opposite the fireplace. The sharpness of this shadow also implies a brightly sunlit window situated a fair distance beyond that doorway. Noting the offset fireplace location and the rough dimensions of that end of the room, I checked my model to see if any of the second floor rooms seemed to uniquely match it. And one did!
The key was that I was independently able to locate a drawing of the room at the easternmost end of the second floor that confirmed my model's estimate of that room's fireplace placement. Assuming the other fireplace offsets are similarly correct, there is only one room on my model of the second floor that is consistent with the lighting, room dimension and fireplace offset seen in the presence chamber photograph. That room lies in front of the westernmost chimney set (as shown in the figure below). It would be interesting to find out someday how close this prediction was to being correct!
Speculative location of the Presence Chamber in the existing Crown and Treaty
If this room really had been intended to be a presence chamber, it might explain what seems to be a large space adjacent to it. If this space had been a VIP accommodation (as I've assumed in my model), it would have provided a generous bedchamber with four windows and two fireplaces. In this configuration, it would have had its own stairwell access with a small room toward the front of the house where members of the king's guard could have been quartered just outside his room. Of course, given the options of space and fireplace placement, this end of the house could easily have been in a different configuration to serve alternate design goals.
In my next article, I extend this research to provide an unprecedented reconstruction of the entire original Treaty House (including a detailed model of the negotiations room) as it existed during the 1645 peace negotiations!
Your comments and corrections are always appreciated. I admire great writing, but have little choice but to approach this task as one of grinding a workable edge onto a rough blade – with my thanks for your generosity of spirit and firm critique in the meantime!
–-Greg Sherwood
Author 5280 ExplorerPosted on January 13, 2020 October 1, 2020 Categories Background on the English Revolution, Lane's service in the monarchy of Charles I and IITags crown and treaty, elizabethan manor, historical reconstruction, uxbridge, uxbridge peace treaty1 Comment on The "Crown and Treaty": Home of the 1645 Uxbridge Treaty Negotiations
The Backhanded but Exhilarating Power of Mortality
Life is short. Whatever you're going to do, either get on with it or be ready to accept that perhaps you never will.
The backhanded power of mortality is the focus it gives you. When you've only got so many breaths to take, it becomes far more important how you spend them. For most of my life, I've felt the presence of a rocking chair somewhere in my future–waiting for me. When I get to the point where the best I can do is collapse into it and enjoy the company of those I've shared my time with, I don't want to look back and wish I'd been bolder about how I've lived my life.
Although its been months since I've published an article, it definitely wasn't because I ran out of material! In fact, there are several articles that have been sitting nearly complete for months. What's occupied my time is making an important "gut check" about my commitment to a personal matra that's been growing in importance in my thoughts:
So, I've decided its time to get on with it.
For the last three months, I've been busy rewriting the trajectory of my life. My houseful of possessions has been cut down by much more than half. And the house? Someone new owns it and lives there now. I've subsequently paid off all my bills. I've changed to a new job. And the woman I've ridden across the state of Iowa with, and ridden through the 5 boroughs of New York City with, and climbed two of Colorado's 14,000+ foot high mountains with this year? Last weekend, I asked her to marry me (and, for a surprisingly small bribe, she even agreed!).
Mary and I atop Torrey's Peak, one of Colorado's 14,000+ foot high mountains.
But that's only where it starts. I am saving all I can now, because I have decided to find a way to retire in the not-too-distant future, and do some things I yearn to do while I'm still physically able.
In short, we are trading our housefuls of stuff (and the houses) for the chance to see the world from the seat of a bicycle and from the working end of trekking poles. Although we are still about two years from actually boarding the plane, we are preparing to largely uproot ourselves and live overseas for as much as five years. It takes my breath away to think of it.
This conversation began with how we might be able live in England long enough to finish the research necessary to complete my book on the "Lost Lord Keeper". Although my last trip to the UK was wonderful, I was jet lagged half the time, and there was a surprisingly long list of things that simply couldn't be packed into a two week visit. To get this done is really going to require living there.
It was a chilly day of drizzle when we visited the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul in Courteenhall, England (Sir Richard Lane's boyhood home, and home to the tomb of his parents)
So we sorted out what it would take, and the changes we'd have to make to pull it off. It required some sobering sacrifices…but it was doable. Once we got our heads around that much, we realized there was no reason to stop there. Once we could accept being uprooted for awhile, why not live for a season or two in all the interesting places we've longed to see? If we are able to find affordable but well connected places in which to make a temporary home, we could make day trips to all the nearby places we'd love to spend time in. What would it be like if we were able to live in each place long enough to really explore, to make friends, to learn some local cooking, to find some great local pubs, and to learn some basic fluency in the language? While there, we could bike and hike our way to countless quiet places we could only rush past any other way.
Map of key sites of interest in the Richard Lane story in southern England, Jersey and France.
Our initial plans for a post-England "world tour" will likely include successive months-long stays in Czechoslovakia, France, Spain, Italy, Thailand, Australia, Paraguay and Panama. While in each of these places, we hope to make many short trips to visit all around each region. All the while, I can write from wherever I am, and especially if we are still in Western Europe, it would be easy enough to "pop over" to the UK should I need to follow up on research (or visit friends). Who knows, I might even find my next research project somewhere along the way…
The hard part about this plan is being away from places we know as home, and those we love. Thankfully, we live in a time in which technology has made it easier than ever to remain in meaningful touch with those you care about while you are away from them. But we also plan to fly home for a couple of months at least once a year so we can spend real time with the friends and family we have been blessed with.
And this is where a really intriguing possibility occurred to us: while we are overseas, why not invite our friends and family to come spend time with us? All we have to do is rent a flat with an extra bedroom and (with a little coordination) we can host them and share the magic of wherever we are with them too—with their housing, meals and transportation taken care of.
And at the end of it all, when we finally return home? We will absolutely invite our new overseas friends to come stay with us in America. How fun would it be to repay hospitality by sharing the magic of Colorado with friends who might never see it any other way?
Basic means aside, all of this only requires that we be willing to live more simply, and to travel light.
No doubt, there will be challenges. But I have a great partner and cohort to solve them with. And, if we are somehow able to do (and share) all this, we might just giggle ourselves to sleep in those rocking chairs!
So, with apologies about being "offline" for so long, please stay tuned! I'm settled into my new job. The heavy lifting of selling my house and moving is over. All of my research materials have finally been found and unpacked. Shortly, I will be back into my writing rhythm again!
Up next is an entirely new topic—an interesting set of articles looking into Richard Lane's experiences as one of the King's Commissioners in the 1645 Peace Treaty Negotiations at the "Crown and Treaty" in Uxbridge. If you google "Crown and Treaty Uxbridge" you will find Wikipedia has a good overview article about this beautiful venue and the peace negotiations that were held there nearly 400 years ago.
The 500-year-old Crown and Treaty, Uxbridge. Photo credit Wikipedia.
I'm looking forward to local reactions in Uxbridge regarding the novel reconstruction I've done of this historic site. Drawing on various bits of historical evidence and the timeless practicalities of civil design, I've managed a reconstruction includes not only the structure of the original building and its long vanished grounds, but also a significant portion of its original interior. Included in this reconstruction is the very room that was once packed with the "commissioners" as they tried desperately to find a way to stop the Civil War (spoiler alert: Unfortunately, I've determined this room no longer exists). This was a challenge…although I've visited the Crown and Treaty, it was between owners and locked up at the time. I've never been inside…
Note: I just noticed that the Crown and Treaty has recently been re-opened (and looks wonderful–can't wait to have dinner there someday!). There are now lots of interior pictures which were not available when I did my reconstruction. It will be fun to match them up with my model to see how I did working in the blind!
Author 5280 ExplorerPosted on November 8, 2019 November 8, 2019 Categories Background on the English Revolution, Lane's service in the monarchy of Charles I and IITags crown and treaty, english civil war, lord keeper, richard lane, uxbridge, uxbridge peace treaty7 Comments on The Backhanded but Exhilarating Power of Mortality


text:
const { resolve } = require('path');
const { readFile } = require('fildes');
const { findNodes, getSrc } = require('./index');
const { appendText, removeSrc } = require('./modify');
const bundleScript = require('../../scripts/bundle');
const minifyScript = require('../../scripts/minify');
const { log } = require('../../log/index');

const append = (node, path, { src, dest, treeshake, minify = true }) => {
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  return bundleScript({
    src: resolve(src, path),
    dest: file,
    libs: true,
    minify,
    treeshake
  })
    .then(() => {
      return readFile(file)
        .then(data => data.toString())
        .then(code => code.replace(/\/*#\ssourceMappingURL\=.*/, ''))
        .catch(() => {
          file = resolve(src, path);
          return readFile(file).then(data => {
            if (!minify) {
              return data.toString();
            }
            return minifyScript({
              code: data.toString()
            });
          });
        })
        .then(content => appendText(node, content))
        .then(() => file);
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};

exports.inlineScripts = (nodes, options) => {
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      scripts.filter(({ attrs }) => {
        for (let attr of attrs) {
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            return !!attr.value;
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        }
        return false;
      })
    )
    .then(scripts =>
      Promise.all(
        scripts.map(node => {
          return getSrc(node).then(src => {
            return removeSrc(node).then(() => append(node, src, options));
          });
        })
      )
    )
    .then(srcs => log('inline scripts', srcs));
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
by Balog, Cyn.
Eron DeMarchelle isn't supposed to feel this connection. He is a Sandman, a supernatural being whose purpose is to seduce his human charges to sleep. Though he can communicate with his charges in their dreams, he isn't encouraged to do so. After all, becoming too involved in one human's life could p... Full description
Eron DeMarchelle isn't supposed to feel this connection. He is a Sandman, a supernatural being whose purpose is to seduce his human charges to sleep. Though he can communicate with his charges in their dreams, he isn't encouraged to do so. After all, becoming too involved in one human's life could prevent him from helping others get their needed rest. But he can't deny that he feels something for Julia, a lonely girl with fiery red hair and sad dreams. Just weeks ago, her boyfriend died in a car accident, and Eron can tell that she feels more alone than ever. Eron was human once too, many years ago, and he remembers how it felt to lose the one he loved. In the past, Eron has broken rules to protect Julia, but now, when she seems to need him more than ever, he can't reach her. Eron's time as a Sandman is coming to a close, and his replacement doesn't seem to care about his charges. Worse, Julia is facing dangers she doesn't recognize, and Eron, as he transitions back to being human, may be the only one who can save her. . . .Even once they've become human again, Sandmen are forbidden to communicate with their charges. But Eron knows he won't be able to forget Julia. Will he risk everything for a chance to be with the girl he loves? Cyn Balog's follow-up to Fairy Tale has more wit, more supernatural delights, and more star-crossed romance! Teen girls will love this story of a Sandman who falls in love with his human charge. From the Hardcover edition.
Requires OverDrive Read (file size: N/A KB) or Adobe Digital Editions (file size: 1814 KB) or Kobo app or compatible Kobo device (file size: N/A KB) or Amazon Kindle (file size: N/A KB).
Text Difficulty 3
MG+/Upper middle grades (6th-12th)
Author Notes:
Cyn Balog had a massive case of insomnia while writing Sleepless. She lives in Pennsylvania with her husband and daughters. Visit her online at www.cynbalog.com.
Sandman (Legendary character) > Young adult fiction
Fantasy fiction > Young adult.
Love stories > Young adult.
Go to Downloadable eBook Here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


LONDON (Reuters) - Exxon Mobil, Chevron and Occidental Petroleum are joining a group of major international oil and gas companies in an initiative aimed at curbing carbon emissions in the sector, they said in a statement on Thursday.
"The addition of 3 U.S. companies gives us more impact to lead the industry's response to climate change," he wrote.
The OGCI currently comprises 10 firms including BP, Royal Dutch Shell, France's Total as well as national oil companies of China, Mexico, Brazil and Saudi Arabia.
"We are pleased to be joining OGCI to work constructively on addressing the risks of climate change," Chevron Chief Executive Officer Michael Wirth said in the statement.
The OGCI created a $1 billion fund to develop technologies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in the sector as the world aims to shift towards a low-carbon economy.
Exxon and Chevron will each contribute $100 million to the fund, the statement said.
Exxon in recent years came under fire from investors and faced lawsuits over its climate policies and disclosures.
It will expand its investment in greenhouse gas emission-reduction research as part of the initiative, the company said in a statement. Earlier this year, Exxon pledged to reduce its methane emissions by 15 percent by 2020 and last year began an equipment upgrade at its XTO Energy shale business unit to cut emissions during production.
"It will take the collective efforts of many in the energy industry and society to develop scalable, affordable solutions that will be needed to address the risks of climate change," Exxon CEO Darren Woods said in the statement.
"Our mission is to supply energy for modern life and improve living standards around the world while minimizing impacts on the environment. This dual challenge is one of the most important issues facing society and our company."
The news of the U.S. firms' joining was first reported by Axios.


text:
package org.apache.camel.component.kubernetes;

import io.fabric8.kubernetes.client.DefaultKubernetesClient;

import org.apache.camel.spi.Metadata;
import org.apache.camel.spi.UriParam;
import org.apache.camel.spi.UriParams;
import org.apache.camel.spi.UriPath;

@UriParams
public class KubernetesConfiguration {

    @UriPath
    @Metadata(required = "true")
    private String masterUrl;

    @UriParam(enums = "namespaces,services,replicationControllers,pods,persistentVolumes,persistentVolumesClaims,secrets,resourcesQuota,serviceAccounts,nodes,configMaps,builds,buildConfigs")
    @Metadata(required = "true")
    private String category;

    @UriParam
    private DefaultKubernetesClient kubernetesClient;

    @UriParam(label = "security", secret = true)
    private String username;

    @UriParam(label = "security", secret = true)
    private String password;

    @UriParam(label = "producer", enums = "listNamespaces,listNamespacesByLabels,getNamespace,createNamespace,deleteNamespace,"
            + "listServices,listServicesByLabels,getService,createService,"
            + "deleteService,listReplicationControllers,listReplicationControllersByLabels,getReplicationController,"
            + "createReplicationController,deleteReplicationController,scaleReplicationController,"
            + "listPods,listPodsByLabels,getPod,createPod,deletePod,listPersistentVolumes,"
            + "listPersistentVolumesByLabels,getPersistentVolume,listPersistentVolumesClaims,"
            + "listPersistentVolumesClaimsByLabels,"
            + "getPersistentVolumeClaim,createPersistentVolumeClaim,deletePersistentVolumeClaim,listSecrets,"
            + "listSecretsByLabels,getSecret,createSecret,deleteSecret,"
            + "listResourcesQuota,listResourcesQuotaByLabels,getResourceQuota,"
            + "createResourceQuota,deleteResourceQuota,listServiceAccounts,listServiceAccountsByLabels,"
            + "getServiceAccount,createServiceAccount,"
            + "deleteServiceAccount,listNodes,listNodesByLabels,getNode,listConfigMaps,"
            + "listConfigMapsByLabels,getConfigMap,createConfigMap,deleteConfigMap,listBuilds,listBuildsByLabels,"
            + "getBuild,listBuildConfigs,listBuildConfigsByLabels,getBuildConfig")
    private String operation;

    @UriParam
    private String apiVersion;

    @UriParam(label = "security", secret = true)
    private String caCertData;

    @UriParam(label = "security", secret = true)
    private String caCertFile;

    @UriParam(label = "security", secret = true)
    private String clientCertData;

    @UriParam(label = "security", secret = true)
    private String clientCertFile;

    @UriParam(label = "security", secret = true)
    private String clientKeyAlgo;

    @UriParam(label = "security", secret = true)
    private String clientKeyData;

    @UriParam(label = "security", secret = true)
    private String clientKeyFile;

    @UriParam(label = "security", secret = true)
    private String clientKeyPassphrase;

    @UriParam(label = "security", secret = true)
    private String oauthToken;

    @UriParam(label = "security", secret = true)
    private Boolean trustCerts;

    @UriParam(label = "consumer")
    private String namespace;

    @UriParam(label = "consumer")
    private String labelKey;

    @UriParam(label = "consumer")
    private String labelValue;

    @UriParam(label = "consumer")
    private String resourceName;

    @UriParam
    private String portName;

    @UriParam
    private String dnsDomain;

    @UriParam(label = "consumer", defaultValue = "1")
    private int poolSize = 1;

    /**
     * Kubernetes Master url
     */
    public String getMasterUrl() {
        return masterUrl;
    }

    public void setMasterUrl(String masterUrl) {
        this.masterUrl = masterUrl;
    }

    /**
     * Kubernetes Producer and Consumer category
     */
    public String getCategory() {
        return category;
    }

    public void setCategory(String category) {
        this.category = category;
    }

    /**
     * Default KubernetesClient to use if provided
     */
    public DefaultKubernetesClient getKubernetesClient() {
        return kubernetesClient;
    }

    public void setKubernetesClient(DefaultKubernetesClient kubernetesClient) {
        this.kubernetesClient = kubernetesClient;
    }

    /**
     * Username to connect to Kubernetes
     */
    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    /**
     * Password to connect to Kubernetes
     */
    public String getPassword() {
        return password;
    }

    public void setPassword(String password) {
        this.password = password;
    }

    /**
     * Producer operation to do on Kubernetes
     */
    public String getOperation() {
        return operation;
    }

    public void setOperation(String operation) {
        this.operation = operation;
    }

    /**
     * The Kubernetes API Version to use
     */
    public String getApiVersion() {
        return apiVersion;
    }

    public void setApiVersion(String apiVersion) {
        this.apiVersion = apiVersion;
    }

    /**
     * The CA Cert Data
     */
    public String getCaCertData() {
        return caCertData;
    }

    public void setCaCertData(String caCertData) {
        this.caCertData = caCertData;
    }

    /**
     * The CA Cert File
     */
    public String getCaCertFile() {
        return caCertFile;
    }

    public void setCaCertFile(String caCertFile) {
        this.caCertFile = caCertFile;
    }

    /**
     * The Client Cert Data
     */
    public String getClientCertData() {
        return clientCertData;
    }

    public void setClientCertData(String clientCertData) {
        this.clientCertData = clientCertData;
    }

    /**
     * The Client Cert File
     */
    public String getClientCertFile() {
        return clientCertFile;
    }

    public void setClientCertFile(String clientCertFile) {
        this.clientCertFile = clientCertFile;
    }

    /**
     * The Key Algorithm used by the client
     */
    public String getClientKeyAlgo() {
        return clientKeyAlgo;
    }

    public void setClientKeyAlgo(String clientKeyAlgo) {
        this.clientKeyAlgo = clientKeyAlgo;
    }

    /**
     * The Client Key data
     */
    public String getClientKeyData() {
        return clientKeyData;
    }

    public void setClientKeyData(String clientKeyData) {
        this.clientKeyData = clientKeyData;
    }

    /**
     * The Client Key file
     */
    public String getClientKeyFile() {
        return clientKeyFile;
    }

    public void setClientKeyFile(String clientKeyFile) {
        this.clientKeyFile = clientKeyFile;
    }

    /**
     * The Client Key Passphrase
     */
    public String getClientKeyPassphrase() {
        return clientKeyPassphrase;
    }

    public void setClientKeyPassphrase(String clientKeyPassphrase) {
        this.clientKeyPassphrase = clientKeyPassphrase;
    }

    /**
     * The Auth Token
     */
    public String getOauthToken() {
        return oauthToken;
    }

    public void setOauthToken(String oauthToken) {
        this.oauthToken = oauthToken;
    }

    /**
     * Define if the certs we used are trusted anyway or not
     */
    public Boolean getTrustCerts() {
        return trustCerts;
    }

    public void setTrustCerts(Boolean trustCerts) {
        this.trustCerts = trustCerts;
    }

    /**
     * The namespace
     */
    public String getNamespace() {
        return namespace;
    }

    public void setNamespace(String namespace) {
        this.namespace = namespace;
    }

    public String getPortName() {
        return portName;
    }

    /**
     * The port name, used for ServiceCall EIP
     */
    public void setPortName(String portName) {
        this.portName = portName;
    }

    public String getDnsDomain() {
        return dnsDomain;
    }

    /**
     * The dns domain, used for ServiceCall EIP
     */
    public void setDnsDomain(String dnsDomain) {
        this.dnsDomain = dnsDomain;
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated use {@link #getNamespace()}
     */
    @Deprecated
    public String getNamespaceName() {
        return getNamespace();
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated use {@link #setNamespace(String)}
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void setNamespaceName(String namespace) {
        setNamespace(namespace);
    }

    /**
     * The Consumer pool size
     */
    public int getPoolSize() {
        return poolSize;
    }

    public void setPoolSize(int poolSize) {
        this.poolSize = poolSize;
    }

    /**
     * The Consumer Label key when watching at some resources
     */
    public String getLabelKey() {
        return labelKey;
    }

    public void setLabelKey(String labelKey) {
        this.labelKey = labelKey;
    }

    /**
     * The Consumer Label value when watching at some resources
     */
    public String getLabelValue() {
        return labelValue;
    }

    public void setLabelValue(String labelValue) {
        this.labelValue = labelValue;
    }

    /**
     * The Consumer Resource Name we would like to watch
     */
    public String getResourceName() {
        return resourceName;
    }

    public void setResourceName(String resourceName) {
        this.resourceName = resourceName;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "KubernetesConfiguration [masterUrl=" + masterUrl + ", category=" + category + ", kubernetesClient="
                + kubernetesClient + ", username=" + username + ", password=" + password + ", operation=" + operation
                + ", apiVersion=" + apiVersion + ", caCertData=" + caCertData + ", caCertFile=" + caCertFile
                + ", clientCertData=" + clientCertData + ", clientCertFile=" + clientCertFile + ", clientKeyAlgo="
                + clientKeyAlgo + ", clientKeyData=" + clientKeyData + ", clientKeyFile=" + clientKeyFile
                + ", clientKeyPassphrase=" + clientKeyPassphrase + ", oauthToken=" + oauthToken + ", trustCerts="
                + trustCerts + ", namespace=" + namespace + ", labelKey=" + labelKey + ", labelValue=" + labelValue
                + ", resourceName=" + resourceName + ", portName=" + portName + ", dnsDomain=" + dnsDomain
                + ", poolSize=" + poolSize + "]";
    }

}


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<AssignMessage async="false" continueOnError="false" enabled="true" name="setauthorizationheader">
    <DisplayName>SetAuthorizationHeader</DisplayName>
    <FaultRules/>
    <Properties/>
    <AssignVariable>
        <Name>request.header.Authorization</Name>
      <Ref>authorizationString</Ref>
    </AssignVariable>
    <IgnoreUnresolvedVariables>true</IgnoreUnresolvedVariables>
    <AssignTo createNew="false" transport="http" type="request"/>
</AssignMessage>


If you've ever worked in the Kansas City tech industry, chances are you know dozens of the faces appearing on the Techweek 100 list.
The criteria to be nominated for the list included: originality; prominence; growth; gumption; and pertinence. Other notable names on the list included Cerner CEO Neal Patterson, Garmin CEO Clifton Pemble, Techstars managing director John Fein, ShotTracker CEO Bruce Ianni and many others.


Our show on transportation is 9/4!
The story is familiar. Traffic is a problem, the drivers are terrible, and mass transit isn't what it should be.
How is should it change? With self-driving cars, bird scooters, high-speed rail and whatever Elon Musk has come with this week all in the mix, we could be at - dare we say - a crossroads. To help figure out what route to take, we're bringing a group of experts, comics, and possibly annoyed citizens together to discuss it.
Virginia Jones, of Portlandia and CNN's The History of Comedy!
(Stephen) Brody Stevens, of Last Call with Carson Daily and Comedy Central's The Half Hour!
Joe Linton, editor of StreetsBlog LA!
Brian Taylor, head of UCLA's Institute for Transportation Studies!
The show will be on Tuesday, 9/4 at 9:30pm, rather than the usual Monday, on account of Labor Day. It's still at the Hollywood Improv comedy club and tickets are just $5 - get yours today!


Day into evening for the fashion conscious woman who dresses with style. A stylish collection of Irresistible dresses from a new British fashion label, perfect for Mother of the Brides and Mother of the Groom's who want that touch of 'chic'.
You can visit the Irresistible Dresses website by clicking here.


October Highlights | "I Prefer Their Old Stuff"
Time for another end of month round up and this month sees I Prefer Their Old Stuff turn one year old and as a birthday present I have given it its own domain name, now the URL reflects the name of the blog! Altogether now; Happy Birthday to you, Happy Birthday to you, Happy Birthday dear IPTOS, Happy Birthday to you!
Ok, now that's out of the way let's see what's been good this month.
Mastodon's newie is an instant toe tapping, head nodding winner, moving away from the prog leanings of previous album "Crack The Skye", "The Hunter" returns to more straight up heavy rock indicated by the lack of any song going over five minutes in length (bar the title track at 5:18!). I was planning on writing a review of this while I was on holiday the other week but I have found on repeated listens that, although still a corking rock album, my immediate awe was reduced and although it will still ride high come end of the year I have found the urge to review it has lessened.
Thanks to Monkey Defies Gravity for introducing me to these guys. I'd never heard of them before even though they have apparently been in existence since the eighties. Although this is their first album in twenty four years so it's not as if you have to be living in a cave to miss them! Despite their name sounding like a new breakfast cereal, their sound is much more like latter era Killing Joke, to my ears his voice at times is the spit of Jaz Coleman's. There's a bit more metal than post-punk in here though and although I need to give it a couple more listens it has definite promise.
Last year's Stridulum II introduced us to Nika Rosa Danilova's goth tinged operatics, the cover showing her being drenched in a black oily looking substance (chocolate sauce apparently!). This year, her new album "Conatus" sees her bathed in white lace with blonde hair replacing the goth black. The music on the album also has a lighter more electronic feel to it, verging into electro pop the likes of which we normally see bands such as Ladytron.
Another year, another HMHB album, always the same, always completely different! I only got this last week off emusic and only gave it its first listen this morning but I had to include it so I could share this song that made me laugh out loud!
This entry was posted on October 30, 2011, 1:42 pm and is filed under News. You can follow any responses to this entry through RSS 2.0. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


text:
Media & Events, Middle East & Africa, Trade Events
IRAN: Tehran hosting Halal products exhibition
The second International Halal Fair and Forum has opened in Tehran, with more than 75 domestic and foreign firms showcasing their halal products.
The four-day event was inaugurated on Saturday at Tehran's Permanent Fairgrounds, IRNA reported.
Representatives of companies from many countries, such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Canada, are participating in the exhibition.
Addressing the inaugural ceremony, the chairman of the Iranian Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Mines, Mohammad Nahavandian, said the halal trademark is not limited to foodstuffs and it has been seriously followed in medicinal and hygienic products as well as services such as banking and tourism.
He also called for a unified standard for halal products and noted that it could be a sign of economic cooperation among Muslim states.
"In the current financial crisis, Islamic banking institutions suffered the least, which proves the success of Islamic tenets in the banking sector," he added.
Nahavandian also said that there are currently many halal restaurants and shops in most Western countries.
Iran's exports of halal products were valued at $820 million in the previous Iranian calendar year (March 21, 2009- March 20, 2010). The trade in halal foodstuffs in 2009 was worth $1.83 trillion.
Halal means lawful or legal in Arabic, and it is a term designating any object which is permissible to use or any action allowable according to Islamic law.
The term is applied to many facets of life, and one of the most common uses is in reference to meat products, foodstuffs, and pharmaceuticals.
AS/AGB/HGL
Iran, Indonesia to expand co-op in Halal industries
Prices of dry fruits and vegetables from Iran likely to rise…
Malaysian International Food & Beverage E-Exhibition: 22-24…
This entry was posted in Media & Events, Middle East & Africa, Trade Events and tagged International Halal exhibition.


National Agency for Mineral Resources (NAMR) approved the takeover by OMV Petrom of Repsol's interest in four onshore exploration licenses. Following NAMR's approval, OMV Petrom becomes sole titleholder and operator of the four exploration blocks V Băicoi, VI Târgoviște, XII Pitești and XIII Târgu Jiu.
The farm-out agreements for the four blocks were concluded in 2013, OMV Petrom being the operator, with a 51% interest, while Repsol had the remaining 49% participation interest.
In the 2nd quarter of 2018, Repsol notified OMV Petrom of its intention to exit the licenses and the parties reached an agreement, pending approval from the authorities. OMV Petrom SA will continue the ongoing projects and will take over the pending commitments according to the concession agreement.
The investments done under the Joint Operating Agreement amount to more than 200 million USD until today, including 2D and 3D data acquisition campaigns and drilling of two deep and complex, high pressure wells. A third exploration well is currently in the drilling phase, below 5,000 m.


This course is designed to give students the skills and knowledge required to implement a sound design for an audio-visual production in the cultural industries. Implementation follows the development of sound design which is covered separately in the course Develop Sound Design.
On successful completion of this unit, you will be able to: implement a sound design for an audio-visual production in the cultural industries.
practical exercises, knowledge assessment tasks and practical projects.


Black History Month, or National African-American History Month, is an annual celebration of achievements by black Americans and a time for recognizing the central role of African Americans in U.S. history.
For the History of Black History, Click Here.
A list honoring the first African-Americans in their fields of endeavor.
A list honoring the contributions of Black LGBT figures.
Unrecognized, influential people in our history who have left marks in their respective industries.
Black Past.org presents some of the most important orations by African Americans with links to the actual speeches.
A list of inspirational black people offered by Biography Online.
Information on the world most admired Civil Rights Activists.
The history's of various Black individuals considered to be pioneers in their respective fields.
Information on the 25 most influential Black American leaders presented by theGrio.


Beautiful nails are the ideal of feminine beauty, but many ladies may have trouble attaining them. Salons are available everywhere, but not all can offer excellent manicure treatments. Check the accessories and the products that are used in the salon to verify their quality before trying them out. Low-quality products can be detrimental to your otherwise healthy nails.
Thus, branded and high-quality products must be used. Some women find they even have allergic reactions when low-quality products are used! If you're looking to add a dash of luxury to your hectic day, squeeze in a little time for a manicure. Find the best nail salons in Rockford IL and sit back and relax.


text:
JES is One of the Fastest Expanding Companies in the Nation
by CoVaBizMag May 2, 2018
JES Founders and Co-Owners Jesse and Stella Waltz and CEO Matt Malone. Photo by David Uhrin.
Reaching a milestone this year with 25 years of business, Jesse and Stella Waltz modestly established JES Foundation Repair out of the garage of their home, with a courageous determination to build their company into an innovator of its industry.
Virginia Beach-based JES Foundation Repair is overseen by professional engineers as one of the four brands under the entity of Groundworks Companies and specializes in foundation repair, crawl space encapsulation, basement waterproofing and concrete lifting for over 70,000 residential and commercial properties in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina and Washington, D.C. The four brands of Groundworks Companies—Indiana Foundation Service, JES Foundation Repair, Mount Valley Foundation Services and Tar Heel Basement Systems—each range in revenue between $8 and $100 million, while JES has been recognized as an Inc. 5000 honoree on its list of the fastest growing companies in the nation. An integral part to their resounding achievements has been the leadership of Groundworks CEO Matt Malone, who acquired JES in 2016 through an acquisition with his private equity firm, Succession Capital Partners.
JES founder Jesse Waltz first met Malone at a dinner fundraiser for a friend, as they were both interested in potentially investing in a software company. "We talked about the JES story, his vision, what he and Stella had built, and I literally went home that night and did some research; frankly I didn't sleep," Malone recounts. "I was up all night trying to understand the industry and things like that. The next day I reached out in the morning to contact him to see if he wanted to be my partner."
Malone describes that the essence of the company, which is protecting and prolonging the life of consumers' greatest investment, their home, appealed to him when acquiring JES with Succession Capital Partners. While the brand's involvement in the community attracted him, there was also an underlying macro-interest with the business, as he saw an industry that was fragmented, full of contractors with less reputable companies that weren't customer-centric, or what Malone refers to as "three guys in a truck." He sought to consolidate the industry under their platform JES, by creating a strong regional brand while maintaining a mission of expanding to the level of a national foundation services company.
Malone's own track record of business success would serve as an indicator of JES' growth. Before founding Succession Capital Partners in 2009, he had been involved in private equity for over 20 years, including work with the prominent Bush and Hunt families as managing director with Hunt Investment Corporation and as a principal at Winston Partners, respectively. His accomplishments were hard earned, as he describes growing up poor in Ocean View. Despite being disadvantaged, he was able to study economics at Hampden-Sydney College before earning a chance to continue his graduate education abroad with the Rotary Ambassadorial Program at the University of Glasgow in Scotland and its Adam Smith School of Finance, a distinction bestowed only to select individuals.
He found during his time in Glasgow that the city had several similarities to his home in Norfolk, namely that it was a shipbuilding town with a blue-collar culture and work ethic. For Malone, the educational experience was an enlightenment. "I've learned that every day is different; I've learned that success comes from a willingness to put forth every day, even when you're out of the country in a new program, to continue focusing on improving and being open to different processes or ways you look at the world," he conveys. "Once you immerse yourself in other cultures outside of the United States, it broadens your senses. Having a different respect for other cultures and being open minded to look at things potentially differently, especially in business, and being open to new ideas, being open to new ways to do things, allows you to evolve as a leader."
Returning home and beginning Succession Capital Partners with a passion for building businesses, the firm concentrates on the micro cap market, looking to acquire companies that are sub- $50 or $100 million in enterprise value, family-owned and what Malone refers to as solid, blue collar trade-oriented businesses. Early on, Malone had indentified an inherent dilemma that family-owned companies were unable to monetize their work and carry it on to a second and third generation. Succession provides an opportunity for working families to retire without closing their doors and continues their legacy.
In the two years since Malone joined JES, the company has grown 39 percent on the sales line and earnings have increased over 50 percent, all while funneling its growth into improving internally and expanding into other markets. They've developed a profit sharing program with its 485 employees and a university for training and developing its workforce, an initiative that the company will invest over $1 million into during 2018. "We've grown in the kind of traditional financial metrics, but I think we've also grown in our ability to develop our team here, our employee base, and I'm real proud of that."
JES Co-Owner Stella Waltz and Public Relations Director Eric G. Lackey honor veterans by collecting and delivering time-worn American flags to Veterans of Foreign Wars for proper retirement.
Field supervisor and inspector review JES IntelliJack® installation.
JES "ONEder Walkers" team at the JDRF One Walk for a Cure.
JES red, white and blue to the rescue.
Installing the JES CrawlSeal® Crawl Space Encapsulation System.
As JES is headquartered in Virginia Beach and dedicated to protecting and preserving the homes of its clients, philanthropic involvement throughout Coastal Virginia is essential to the company. Jesse and Stella Waltz have forged a culture centered on giving back that is paramount to their mission, including donations to the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, Habitat for Humanity and a charitable project worth $100,000 in work where JES rebuilt and secured the foundation of a veterans' home.
Malone hopes for JES to pave the way to establish the first nationwide foundation services company through the continued strategy of acquisition. "We have pretty aggressive plans for growth and expansion," he indicates. This fiscal year, the company will open an office in Greenville, S.C. in Q2, an office in Raleigh, N.C. in Q3 and plans to move into the southern Maryland market by the end of Q4. "That's a major tenet of our mission, to grow and give consumers the quality and service that they need from contractors to service and protect their home," Malone expresses, as they become pivotal to the infrastructure of a national industry while building the next generation of the JES legacy.
Groundworks CompaniesHabitat for HumanityHunt Investment CorporationInc. 5000 fastest growing companiesJES Foundation RepairJesse WaltzJuvenile Diabetes FoundationMatt MaloneStella WaltzSuccession Capital PartnersVeterans homeWinston Partners
Suffolk Firefighters Support MDA with Fill-the-Boot Drive
Whitley Peanut Factory Receives Governor's Grant for Expansion
Woman-owned in Onancock
Behind the BIZ: Ynot Italian
Mühlbauer Remains at the Forefront of Smart Card...
A Revolution in Virginia Hops Farming
Dogtown and Dog Perk Create a Place for...
BCF Agency Celebrates Third-Generation of Ownership


text:
Q: On the machine level an appliccation runs as in binary, then when a run time error occurs, how does it render back to error codes? I am running the below program :
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{

    while(1)
    {
        int a;
        cin >> a;
        cout << 9/a << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

the step by step process is

*

*the above code gets compiled and successively converted into binary fotmat.

*the binary code instructions get executed step by step.

so when I provide the input with : 0, I receive following on the console : Floating point exception: 8
Now my question is how does this "Floating point exception: 8" gets printed on console when machine is executing binary instructions.

A: The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) of the CPU will contain a register of error flags. Divide by zero is one of those. The ALU will likely spot the zero in the denominator or choke and set the flag.
Either way, at the machine level an interrupt will occur, which is what we (eventually) see as an exception. It traps (via an interrupt vector) to a section of binary code for exception handling, which is where higher level exception handling is invoked from.
More detail's tend to be architecture dependent but could cause the pipeline to be invalidated.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


IOTA, the number 10 ranked cryptocurrency by market cap with its unique distributed ledger called Tangle, has struggled throughout much of 2018's bear market after reaching as high as $ 5.23 in December 2017.
IOTA was among the higher performing altcoins heading into December 2017, reaching an all-time high of $ 5.23 according to CoinMarketCap. Since the start of 2018, IOTA's price has plummeted over a staggering 91% to an August low of $ 0.44.
However, the recent news on IOTA fundamentals has caused the market to renew its interest in the unique Tangle-driven protocol. After the news broke of the Trinity Wallet release and the subsequent announcement of the Fujitsu partnership, IOTA's price skyrocketed nearly 30%, taking the price from $ 0.50 to $ 0.72 according to price data from CoinMarketCap.


Preteens (ages 10 to 12) are at a critical time of transition and spiritual formation. Not quite teens, but no longer children, they require focused attention to help them grow and mature through this difficult and confusing time.
Explore, a discipleship series for preteens, will help you lead preteens from salvation to church membership, from serving within the church to serving outside its walls. The series includes eight student books, each containing six weeks of lessons, for a total of forty-eight weeks of material. Each set of six lessons culminates in a celebration event.
The Leader's Guides contain the material you need to lead small group or individual discipleship lessons based on two student books. Click on the links below to order the series at Wesleyan Publishing House Online Store.


We have a new coffee maker that we Love my mom paid $14.95 for 2 boxes of Gevalia and got a 12-cup stainless steel encased programmable coffeemaker and a stainless steel coffee scoop, a $108.00 value absolutely FREE with no future commitment. You can get the same deal. Click below.


Lore is an American horror anthology television series developed by the creator of the podcast of the same name, Aaron Mahnke, with Valhalla Entertainment and Propagate Content. The series airs through Amazon Video and follows the podcast's anthology format with each episode featuring a new story.
A moment of teachers teaching.


Durability is one of the most important factors to consider when buying a car. For the vast majority of consumers, buying new cars on impulse is not a financially or logistically feasible option. And for those who own a single car, a breakdown can be a major disruption to a daily commute or travel plans.
The automotive data and research site iSeeCars.com has compiled a list of the 10 vehicles that are most likely to last for 200,000 miles. The website compiled the list by looking at more than 13.5 million used cars, from model years 1981 through 2017, that were sold in 2017 and tracking which models were most likely to have at least 200,000 miles at the time of sale.
Seven of the 10 spots on the list were taken by SUVs, with the other three taken by a pickup truck, minivan, and sedan. Toyota and General Motors each have four vehicles on the list, more than any other automaker. The Toyota Sequoia took the top spot, with 6.6% of the used Sequoias analyzed by iSeeCars being sold with at least 200,000 miles. The average across all vehicles was 1.2%.
These vehicles are the most likely to last 200,000 miles. Next to each vehicle is the percentage, between model years 1981 and 2017, that were sold used with at least 200,000 miles in 2017, according to data analyzed by iSeeCars.com.
2.4% of the Honda Odysseys included in the study lasted at least 200,000 miles.
2.4% of the Toyota Avalons included in the study lasted at least 200,000 miles.
2.6% of the Toyota Tacomas included in the study lasted at least 200,000 miles.
2.8% of the GMC Yukons included in the study lasted at least 200,000 miles.
3.8% of the Chevrolet Tahoes included in the study lasted at least 200,000 miles.
3.9% of the GMC Yukon XLs included in the study lasted at least 200,000 miles.


text:
Rudelzhausen is a municipality  in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany.

Population Trend

References

Freising (district)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Mettler Consulting Inc. is the parent company of MCi Methods. Formed in 1998 to provide high valued business and technology consulting services. With clients such as Lockheed Martin, Home Depot, and the Center for Disease Control with a focus on SAP consulting services.
The goal of MCi Methods is to provide high value software solutions to independant small businesses, who, in the past could not afford such technology solutions such as we provide. We provide these software solutions by utilizing efficent process within MCi Methods to deliver solutions quickly and cost effectively.
The MCi Methods team is head by Don Mettler. A graduate of the University of Colorado who worked with Accenture prior to starting Mettler Constuling with his wife Barbara to provide SAP consulting services in 1998. Don has also been involved in other entreprenuer activities such as Crux Systems and Black Diamond Motor Sports, an exotic and collector car storage business in Peachtree Corners GA.