text:
José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, född 19 juni 1861 i Calamba, Laguna, Filippinerna, avrättad 30 december 1896 i Manila, var en filippinsk läkare, målare, skulptör, diktare, dramatiker och författare. Rizal är en av Filippinernas största nationalhjältar och årsdagen av hans död högtidlighålls som nationell helgdag. Som filippinsk nationalhjälte tillhör han samma klass som de samtida Andrés Bonifacio och Emilio Aguinaldo.

Rizal var mycket språkkunnig och kunde tala arabiska, katalanska, kinesiska, engelska, franska, tyska, grekiska, hebreiska, italienska, japanska, latin, malajiska, portugisiska, ryska, sanskrit, spanska och tagalog, samt ytterligare några språk från Filippinerna.

Uppväxten på Filippinerna
José Rizal var av blandad kinesisk och filippinsk härstamning och föddes i Calamba i Laguna som den sjunde av elva barn till Francisco Mercado och Teodora Alonzo. Fadern kom från Biñan i Laguna och modern från de kinesiska kvarteren Meisic i Santa Cruz, Manila. Hans kinesiska anor på farslinjen härstammade från Jinjiang nära Quanzhou i Fujian fem generationer tidigare.

Då han var tre år gammal hade hans mor lärt honom alfabetet och då han var åtta skrev han sin första dikt, Sa Aking Mga Kabata.

Rizal började sina studier under Justiniano Cruz i Laguna. Han for till Manila för att studera vid Ateneo Municipal de Manil där han tog filosofie kandidatexamen 1877. Han fortsatte på samma läroanstalt för att utbilda sig till lantmätare och assessor, och studerade samtidigt filosofi och litteratur vid Santo Tomás-universitetet. Då han fick veta att modern höll på att bli blind bestämde han sig för att studera medicin vid Santo Tomás, men fullföljde inte dessa studier där, eftersom han ansåg att filippinier diskriminerades av de dominikaner som drev universitetet.

Studier i Europa
I stället reste han, mot sin fars önskan, till Madrid i Spanien, där han studerade medicin vid Universidad Central de Madrid och tog där en medicine licentiatexamen.

Han fortsatte sina studier vid Sorbonne i Paris och Ruprecht-Karls-Universität i Heidelberg, där han tog sin andra doktorsgrad. Det var under sin tid i Tyskland som han lärde känna den österrikiske geografen och etnologen dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, som var den främste kännaren av Filippinerna i Europa som inte var spanjor. Rizal besökte honom i hans bostad i Leitmeritz (tjeckiska: Litoměřice) i Böhmen, och en stark vänskap uppstod; de båda skulle brevväxla fram till Rizals död; det sista brev som Rizal skrev till Blumentritt var på kvällen den 29 december 1896, bara timmar innan han blev avrättad.

Propagandarörelsen
José Rizal är särskilt känd för de två romanerna Noli Me Tangere (1887) och El Filibusterismo (1891, utgiven i Gent i Belgien och skarpare än Noli). De beskrev filippiniernas sociala villkor under det spanska kolonialstyret och spelade en väsentlig roll för framväxten av en filippinsk nationell identitet och samhörighetskänsla.

Rizal önskade reformer, och var ingen agitator for politisk självständighet. Som en av ledarna för propagandarörelsen bland filippinska studenter i Spanien bidrog han med artiklar till tidningen La Solidaridad i Barcelona, där han gick in för den följande dagordningen:
 Att Filippinerna blev en spansk provins
 Representation i det spanska parlamentet Cortes
 Filippinska församlingspräster framför spanska augustiner, dominikaner och franciskaner
 Församlings- och yttrandefrihet
 Lika rättigheter inför lagen (för både filippinska och spanska saksökare)

Den spanska överheten uppfattade denna icke-våldsdagordning som hotande; sådana reformer skulle rubba status quo. I juni 1892 lyckades de locka Rizal till Manila.

Rizal lämnade Hongkong den 21 juni 1892, tillsammans med sin syster Lucia. De hade med sig pass och brev som gav dem försäkringar om att de skulle bli lämnade i fred på Filippinerna. Men skeppet hade knappt lämnat hamnen innan den spanske generalkonsuln i Hongkong sände telegram till generalguvernör Despujol i Manila om att Rizal nu hade "gått i fällan". Nu återstod det för Despujol att försäkra sig om att Rizal icke hade skaffat sig tyskt medborgarskap, eftersom det skulle lett till internationella förvecklingar om de arresterade en tysk medborgare. Samtidigt anklagades han formellt för antireligiös och antipatriotisk verksamhet. De trodde de hade vunnit en fullständig seger, och visste inte att han hade förutsagt det möjliga löftesbrottet i två brev han lämnade efter sig i Hongkong.

Då José och Lucia steg i land i Manila på söndagen den 26 juni 1892 möttes de av en militär styrka på kajen. De genomsökte deras bagage i tullhuset och lät dem därefter gå utan ett ord. Därefter tog de till generalguvernören en "bunt med upproriska papper" som de hävdade att de hade hittat i Lucias koffert.

Bunten innehöll flera exemplar av en pamflett som hette De fattiga tiggarmunkarna och som gick kraftigt till angrepp mot dominikanerna, en av de viktigaste munkordnarna på Filippinerna och mäktiga stöttepelare till de spanska myndigheterna. De var också mycket mäktiga, då de kunde påverka - av och till bestämma - vem som skulle bli generalguvernör och hur länge denne fick sitta. Rizal sa senare att han inte trodde att Lucia hade försökt att smuggla in dessa pamfletter - det skulle han helt säkert ha vetat om i så fall. I vilket fall som helst: Lucia kan nog ha varit bitter på de spanska ordensbröderna på Filippinerna, då hennes döde make hade nekats begravning på katolsk kyrkogård.

La Liga Filipina
Den 3 juli 1892 grundade Rizal La Liga Filipina (det filippinska förbundet). Bland dess medlemmar fanns Andrés Bonifacio. Avsikten med förbundet var:
 Att förena hela ögruppen till en kompakt, vital och homogen enhet
 Ömsesidig hjälp i trångmål och nöd
 Försvar mot våld och orättfärdighet
 Främjande av utbildning, jordbruk och handel
 Studier och igångsättande av reformer

Varje medlem skulle betala tio centavos per månad till förbundets kassa och kunde anta ett symboliskt tillnamn. Pengarna skulle användas till:
 Utbildningsstöd till obemedlad medlem eller dennes son som visar talang och studieflit
 Stöd för att hjälpa fattiga vars rättigheter kränks av en mäktig person
 Hjälp till medlemmar som lider personlig förlust
 Lån till medlemmar som behöver detta för en industri eller för jordbruk
 Främjande av anskaffning av maskiner och etablering av industrier som är nya eller nödvändiga för landet
 Öppna butiker eller andra verksamheter som gagnar medlemmarna ekonomiskt.

Gruppen menade att vägen till jämställdhet och reformer var att förmå Spanien att göra Filippinerna till en reguljär spansk provins så att filippinierna blev spanska medborgare.

Inre exil i Dapitan
La Liga Filipina var en fredlig sammanslutning, men spanjorerna – som också omedelbart fick reda på den - betraktade den som farlig. Rizal blev omedelbart och i all hemlighet arresterad den 6 juli 1892. Uppgiven anledning var de pamfletter som kritiserade dominikanerna och som man enligt uppgift hade funnet i systern Lucias bagage då de kom från Hongkong. Intet sades om La Liga. Han fängslades i Fort Santiago, och därefter beordrade generalguvernören Eulogio Despujol y Dusay att han skulle sändas i inre exil till det avlägset belägna Dapitan på Mindanao. Han sändes iväg på ångfartyget Cebu den 8 juli och ankom till Mindanao den 15 juli.

Under tiden i Dapitan grundade han en skola och ett sjukhus. Dit kom också Josephine Bracken, en ung irländsk kvinna född i Hongkong. De blev förälskade och ville gifta sig; men nekades äktenskapslicens, så något bröllop kunde inte genomföras.

Utbrottet av den filippinska revolutionen
Tidigt under 1896 skrev dr. Blumentritt till Rizal från Böhmen och berättade för honom att gulsot hade brutit ut på Kuba och att det fanns alltför få där som kunde vårda de sjuka. Rizal, som hade medicinsk doktorsgrad, betraktade detta brev som ett gudomligt kall. Att resa till Kuba under sådana omständigheter skulle inte vara att svika fäderneslandet, utan att undsätta nödlidande och själv utsätta sig för risken att bli smittad. Han skrev till den dåvarande spanske generalguvernören Ramon Blanco i Manila och bad om tillåtelse att resa. Guvernörens svar var positivt; han hade ordnat det så att Rizal kunde bli frivillig vid ett regeringssjukhus på Kuba. Han uttryckte sin glädje i en av sina vackraste dikter, Canto del viajero (Den resandes sång).

Rizal var således en fri man och fick resa från förvisningsplatsen Dapitan på Mindanao. Han tog ångfartyget España till Manila den 1 augusti 1896, och ankom den 5 augusti. Där fick Andrés Bonifacio veta att han var på väg, men visste inte att han faktiskt var en fri man. Han sände Emilio Jacinto och andra förklädda som sjömän. Dessa låtsades som om de skurade däcket tills de hittade Rizal och tog honom avsides: "Om de håller dig fången, så skall vi befria dig, vi är alla väl beväpnade". Rizal svarade: "Gör inte något sådant! Låt mig ta hand om allt, jag vet vad som skall göras"! Mer tid att tala tillsammans fick de inte.

Han hade inte hunnit med postskeppet från Manila till Spanien, och då han fruktade att hans närvaro i staden skulle utlösa oro bad Rizal att bli isolerad till nästa skeppslägenhet. General Blanco överförde då honom till kryssaren Castilla, där bara hans familj fick besöka honom.

Under tiden bröt den filippinska revolutionen ut på land. Rizal höll sig utanför detta ombord på skeppet.

Den 3 september, två veckor efter utbrottet av revolutionen seglade så äntligen skeppet Isla de Panay från Filippinerna med kurs mot Barcelona, med Rizal ombord. Med sig hade han ett rekommendationsbrev från guvernör Blanco som bad de spanska krigs- och utrikesministrarna att ta väl emot honom i Spanien, och hjälpa honom vidare till Kuba där han avsåg att starta en läkarmottagning. Men det visade sig att Blanco inte fick som han ville; både de spanska munkarna och ärkebiskopen av Manila menade att han hade varit alltför mild mot Rizal, som de ansåg som revolutionens egentliga ledare. Munkarna sände telegram till Spanien och klargjorde detta, och föreslog samtidigt att Blanco skulle hemkallas ögonblickligen.

På «Isla de Panay» var det flera som fruktade att det skulle vara farligt för Rizal att resa till Spanien. Både den filippinske medpassageraren Pedro B. Roxas och en representant för tobaksmonopolet Tabacaler», kapten Camus, rådde honom att gå i land i Singapore och gömma sig där. Men Rizal vägrade; det skulle få folk att dra slutsatsen att han var en revolutionär ledare. "Blanco kommer att rädda mig, vad som än sker". Roxas lämnade själv skeppet och räddade därmed sitt liv.

Men Blanco fick inte det sista ordet. Rizal skulle ställas inför en militärdomstol, och guvernören måste lyda denna order. Då Isla de Panay kom till Suez väntade det ett telegram om detta. Kaptenen fick order om att Rizal skulle arresteras och att han skulle återföras till Manila. Han blev lagd i järn och förd som fånge till Barcelona. Där hölls han fången i det beryktade Mantjuich-fängelset i en vecka tills nästa skeppslägenhet tillbaka. Fängelsekommendant där var Eulogio Despujol, som ju tidigare varit den generalguvernör på Filippinerna som lurat Rizal i en fälla; och nu möttes de igen.

På återresan på ångfartyget Colón passerade de återigen Singapore. Rizals vänner i Europa visste om detta och hade lagt planer. Dr. Antonio Regidor, Sixto Lopez och andra försökte att förmå britterna att föra fången i land, och där skulle deras advokat kräva att han kvarhölls baserat på den brittiska lagens habeas corpus-princip, då han arresterats illegalt av spanjorerna. Domaren i Singapore ansåg dock att eftersom Colón var fullt av spanska militära förstärkningar på väg till Filippinerna, kunde fartyget inte betraktas som ett vanligt passagerarfartyg utan som ett krigsskepp och då var inte samma lagar som gällde för civil sjöfart tillämpbara. Medan domstolen diskuterade detta seglade skeppet vidare, och den 3 november anlände Rizal som fånge till Manila och fängslades i Fort Santiago.

Rättegången började den 3 december och bara dagar därefter förlorade Rizal den ende som kunde ha räddat honom, då generalguvernör Blanco avsattes och beordrades till Kuba. Den nye generalguvernören, general Camilo Polavieja, såg helt annorlunda på Rizal och engagerade sig med våldsam kraft mot honom.

Avrättningen

Då dödsdomen föll den 26 december beordrade Polavieja att den skulle verkställas så fort som möjligt, och Rizal fick bara ett par dagars uppskov för att ta farväl av sin familj. Kvällen före avrättningen komponerade han sin sista dikt, Mi Último Adiós (Mitt sista farväl).

Den 30 december 1896 avrättades Rizal av en exekutionspluton på Bagumbayan-fältet (som numera heter Rizal Park) i Manila. I sitt sista brev till Ferdinand Blumentritt skriver han: My dear Brother, when you receive this letter, I shall be dead by then. Tomorrow at 7, I shall be shot; but I am innocent of the crime of rebellion...

Från den tidpunkten fick de revolutionära ett nytt slagord: Mabuhay Dr. José Rizal!

Två timmar före avrättningen kunde han slutligen gifta sig med sin dulce estranjera, Josephine Bracken. Den spanske jesuiten Victor Balaguer S.J. vigde dem kl. 5.30 på morgonen. Den unga änkan anslöt sig kort därefter till revolutionen men blev tillfångatagen och uppmanad att lämna landet eller så skulle hon bli torterad. Hon reste till Hongkong i maj 1897.

Religiös kult
Etter hans död uppstod det en religiös kult runt hans person, och det finns fortfarande inom filippinsk folkreligiositet en rad rizalistiska kulter som hyllar José Rizal som en gudomlighet.

Källor

Externa länkar

Filippinska författare
Personer i Filippinerna under 1800-talet
Födda 1861
Avlidna 1896
Män
Gudaförklarade personer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
PAPANIKOLAOU, KOSTAS
Aris Thessaloniki 13 Forward
Height: 2.04 Born: 31 July, 1990 Nationality: Greece
Averages 2 0 2:02 1 100% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0.5
2 vs Bnei Hasharon 0:19 0/1 -1
3 vs Turk Telekom 3:46 2 1/1 0/1 1 2
Average 2:02 1 100% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0.5
Index rating 2 Aris Thessaloniki vs. Turk Telekom Ankara 12/9/2008
Points 2 Aris Thessaloniki vs. Turk Telekom Ankara 12/9/2008
Offensive rebounds 0 BNEI HASHARON vs. Aris Thessaloniki 1/13/2009
Defensive rebounds 0 BNEI HASHARON vs. Aris Thessaloniki 1/13/2009
Total rebounds 0 BNEI HASHARON vs. Aris Thessaloniki 1/13/2009
Assists 0 BNEI HASHARON vs. Aris Thessaloniki 1/13/2009
Steals 0 BNEI HASHARON vs. Aris Thessaloniki 1/13/2009
Blocks 1 Aris Thessaloniki vs. Turk Telekom Ankara 12/9/2008
Minutes 3 Aris Thessaloniki vs. Turk Telekom Ankara 12/9/2008
Grew up with Aris Thessaloniki (Greece) juniors.
Made his debut with Aris during the 2008-09 season.
Signed for the 2009-10 season by Olympiacos Piraeus.
Signed for the 2014-15 season by Houston Rockets.
Signed for the 2015-16 season by Denver Nuggets.
In January'16 back to Greece, signed by Olympiacos Piraeus.
Won the 2012 and 2013 EuroLeague with Olympiacos Piraeus.
2013 EuroLeague Rising Star.
Named 2018-19 EuroLeague Round 17 MVP.
Led the 2012-13 EuroLeague in 3-point shooting percentage (52.08 %).
Won the 2011-12 and 2015-16 Greek National Championship with Olympiacos Piraeus.
Won the 2013-14 Spanish National Championship with FC Barcelona.
Won the 2010 and 2011 Greek National Cup with Olympiacos Piraues.
Played at the 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017 European Championships.
Played at the 2014 and 2019 World Championships.
Has been member of the Greek U-18, U-19 and U-20 National Team.
Won the silver medal at the 2009 World U-19 Championship.
Led the 2009 European U-20 Championship in blocking shots (1.9 bspg.).
2009-10 Olympiacos 6 5 0.8 2/4 50 0/4 0 1/2 50 7 3 5 0
2010-11 Olympiacos Piraeus 16 63 3.9 11/24 45.8 10/23 43.5 11/17 64.7 50 9 4 1
2011-12 Olympiacos Piraeus 22 134 6.1 35/58 60.3 14/42 33.3 22/32 68.8 75 11 14 7
2012-13 Olympiacos Piraeus 31 270 8.7 43/91 47.3 50/96 52.1 34/47 72.3 136 27 43 21
2013-14 FC Barcelona 28 194 6.9 55/91 60.4 22/61 36.1 18/36 50 96 21 61 15
2015-16 Olympiacos Piraeus 7 41 5.9 14/22 63.6 2/17 11.8 7/12 58.3 30 4 7 3
2016-17 Olympiacos Piraeus 37 300 8.1 66/127 52 37/117 31.6 57/69 82.6 178 43 56 13
2017-18 Olympiacos Piraeus 28 232 8.3 44/80 55 25/67 37.3 69/89 77.5 121 27 58 10
2018-19 Olympiacos Piraeus 30 208 6.9 30/55 54.5 39/105 37.1 31/42 73.8 117 23 49 9
2019-20 Olympiacos Piraeus 17 138 8.1 27/39 69.2 22/51 43.1 18/25 72 55 20 17 4
Totals 222 1585 7.1 327/591 55.3 221/583 37.9 268/371 72.2 865 188 314 83
2008-09 Aris Thessaloniki 2 2 1 1/1 100 0/2 0 0/0 0 0 0 0 1
Totals 2 2 1 1/1 100 0/2 0 0/0 0 0 0 0 1
Averages 2 2 1 1/1 100 0/2 0 0/0 0 0 0 0 0.5
2008/09 Aris 11 4 0.4 0/2 0 0/4 0 4/4 100 4 5 3 1
2009/10 Olympiacos 19 49 2.6 13/21 61.9 5/20 25 8/11 72.7 27 10 13 8
2010/11 Olympiacos 30 171 5.7 59/93 63.4 9/43 20.9 26/41 63.4 107 30 28 8
2011/12	 Olympiacos 32 248 7.8 61/102 69.8 24/69 34.8 54/79 68.4 147 35 22 12
2013/14 FC Barcelona 39 262 6.7 68/128 53.1 30/89 33.7 36/45 80.0 158 34 42 13
2014/15 Houston Rockets 50 185 3.7 39/92 42.4 31/109 28.4 14/20 70.0 120 29 85 13
2015/16 Denver Nuggets 26 67 2.6 14/34 41.2 10/32 31.3 9/14 64.3 40 13 16 5
Olympiacos 19 179 9.4 47/71 66.2 19/55 34.5 28/41 68.3 81 21 30 4
2016/17 Olympiacos 32 309 9.7 69/111 62.2 38/106 35.8 57/72 79.2 147 29 47 10
2018/19 Olympiacos 22 160 7.3 35/62 56.5 21/64 32.8 27/37 73.0 69 25 53 4

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Reviews Theater
ANIMAL FARM (Luna): From pig to (wo)man, and from (wo)man to pig
Julius Ferraro October 21, 2015 No Comments
Illustration of Luna Theater's ANIMAL FARM by Mike Jackson. alrightmike.com.
Luna Theater Company's ANIMAL FARM, like George Orwell's 1945 novella, begins with the death of Old Major (Michelle Pauls). The huge, beloved hog doesn't go out quietly; he prefaces his demise with a speech, embittered by years of suffering, about the exploitation of animals by humans. Coughing and wheezing, he sketches a powerful dream of animal purity and egalitarianism.
What follows is an allegory of the Russian Revolution and Stalin's real-life dystopia. The farm animals, after the death of Old Major, chase out the farmer. The pigs, rallying under a particularly swinish one named Napoleon (Tori Mittelman), quickly take control, using their superior intellect to twist ideals into power and cow the other animals into a new underclass.
What's interesting about Old Major's death scene, as directed by Gregory Scott Campbell, is that it acts as the introduction to the major defining convention of this play: people acting as animals.
There is something more than incidental in the chosen physical realities for these animals, authored at least in part by choreographer/movement coach Peter Andrew Danzig. The pigs resemble human children, or trolls, rolling chaotically and joyfully around. The forked hands and toothy smiles, later, take on a demonic quality, specifically in Squealer (Michelle Pauls), a treacherous thug who might not be as clever as Napoleon, but is certainly the right combination of threatening and eager to rise by attrition.
The horses, meanwhile, are deprived of such human expressions. Bent at the hips, their eyes face mostly down, and their arms are raised to be parallel to the ground, fists clenched, representing their strong workers' bodies.
Stances aren't enough to tell this story, and the cast develops a fidgety rhythm, incidental movement and noise which could have become distracting if it wasn't so precise and rich. The pigs roll around and scratch themselves. The horses in particular must express emotions and relationships through their bodies, voices, and incidental noises. A tensing arm, bared teeth, shifted weight: all of these have emotional repercussions.
We end up watching this instead of listening to Old Major, and not just because the movement well done. Though Major is excellently physically realized (her fingers, not cleft and pointy like the others, are twisted back into withered stumps, and her mouth seems palsied and warped, changing her voice), the speech is almost without character.
Tori Mittelman, Michelle Pauls, and Sarah Knittel in ANIMAL FARM. (Photo by John Allerheilegen)
The language in Ian Wooldridge's 2004 adaptation is true to the novel (at least in tone): stylized, dramatic, literary. At times it works, at times it doesn't, and Old Major's speech comes across like a history channel reenactment or a classroom lesson. The first twenty minutes of the play are weighed down by similar diatribes, and this, along with a few line flubs, work to confuse the early parts of the story and make characters feel unspecific. The pigs, for example, don't take on separate identities until after Napoleon starts bumping people off.
This could be opening night jitters, because it's all uphill from here, and the final 30 minutes or so are so excellently executed, culminating in the truly moving death of Boxer and a surprisingly creepy final scene, that you wish you had understood the ramp-up a little better.
After the revolution, the pigs' story happens mostly in the wings. They enter intermittently, to hand down revised rules and orders, and Mittelman's placid, smiling face in these instances acts as an obstinate shield against insight. She manages to generate fascination in Napoleon's motives and machinations, showing just enough humanity (that is, pigness) to keep us wanting more.
Meanwhile, horses Boxer (Katherine Perry) and Clover (Kelly McCaughan) are constantly present. Perry brings what could easily be an inaccessibly sweet, idealistic, and patriotic workhorse to life, playing expertly with a world of personal tics and idiosyncrasies of voice.
The two of them move beyond the simple convention of "being" horses to the more complicated exploration of "interacting" as horses and expressing intimacy. Early on, when they bicker, they will speak in measured tones but with teeth bared and eyes wide. They look forward rather than into one another's eyes. A moment of existential bewilderment is shared by resting their foreheads together. All of these add layers of richness to the animal physicality, which is truly the raison d'être of this play.
Campbell's all-female production may not answer the question of why an allegory about Stalinism is relevant enough to stage, but it does answer the question of why to see another Luna show: an ambitious and subtly realized theatricality, balancing moving performances with a haunting denouement. [Luna Theater, 620 S. 8th Street] October 18-November 7, 2015; lunatheater.org.
Adam VidiksisAnimal FarmDick DurossetteGeorge OrwellGregory Scott CampbellIan WooldridgeIsabella FehlandtIsabella Nicole NessJohn AllergheiligenKatherine PerryKelly McCaughanLuna Theater CompanyMichelle PaulsMillie HiibelPeter Andrew DanzigSarah KnittelStellaLucia Brenna-RomanoTori Mittelman
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I downloaded the sample code "tutorial-master".
The requested URL /home/xyz/Documents/Projects/tutorial-master/public/index.php was not found on this server.
Because the source code is downloaded from Phalcon, it should not have problem. I think it's something wrong with my apache configuration. Please advise. Thanks.
Do you or anyone have an idea how to setup these files so that the "Sign Up Here" link of tutorial project can work?
Finally, I make it works although it is not working as I expected. To who may be interested, I put the solution below.
Now, I can see the signup page at http://localhost/signup. But what I expected to do is setup a virtual difrectory to access the tutorial project signup page by access http://localhost/tutorial/signup. It still needs more work (on rewrite rule I guess).
Finally, I figured out how to setup.
4). Now, you can input http://localhost/tutorial in browser to access the tutoial project. When you click "Sign Up Here!", you will be direct to http://localhost/tutoial/signup as expected.
This solution adds a base url to generated url rather than changes the .htaccess file in the project. Maybe changing rewrite rules can get the same result. But this solution is more comprehensible and works perfect for me.


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How To Build A $750 Gaming PC
Our $750 Best PC Build provides excellent 1080p gaming and entry-level VR performance for an impressively low price. The Intel Core i5-7600K easily reaches 4.6 GHz with Gigabyte's built-in CPU overclocking profile on the Z270P-D3 motherboard, and the Gammaxx 200T cooler has no issues dissipating the extra heat. Although the memory capacity is quite standard at 8GB, the speed (2800 MHz) is above average, and the RAM meets the minimum requirements for most VR and AAA games. The MSI RX 480 Armor 8G OC graphics card performs admirably with its 1291 MHz boost clock rate and 8GB of 256-bit GDDR5 clocked at 8000 MHz, according to MSI. It pushes over 60 FPS in some hard-hitting game titles at 1080p. It can even reach respectable framerates at 2560 x 1440, and you can turn down some of the more extreme detail settings or pair it with an AMD FreeSync display to smooth out the gameplay even further. The 520W SeaSonic PSU has no issues feeding the components the power they'll need. Storage is the only part of the build that seems to cut corners, and the choice of the Western Digital RE4 1TB drive (which is an enterprise HDD) was to keep the price under the $750 limit.
(Editors Note: Pricing listed below reflects current pricing, which may have fluctuated since the time the parts were chosen to fit within the $750 budget.)
"Lava Stream" by SR-71 Blackbird
Zalman Z3 ATX Case
Deepcool Gammaxx 200T CPU Cooler
RX 480 8GB
G.Skill Ripjaws V Series 8GB (2x4GB) F4-2800C15D-8GVRB
Gigabyte GA-Z270P-D3
S12II Bronze 520W
Western Digital RE4 1TB WD1003FBYX
Now, we'll show you how to assemble the $750 budget build Lava Stream.
The Case & Power Supply
The Zalman Z3 mid tower doesn't have a windowed side panel, so novice builders are afforded some shortcuts when it comes to cable management. However, we're going to show you an ideal method of hiding the cables in the tight constraints of the Z3, as though you could see inside. This will ensure that the cables aren't obstructing air flow (which is particularly important on this build, considering the overclockable CPU and low-cost air cooler) and so that you can easily add onto your system down the road.
For this step, you'll need to remove the case and power supply from their packaging. You'll also need a few of the motherboard's accessories, so keep the box handy.
Begin by removing the case's side panels (both of them) and setting them aside. Untie the boxed hardware kit from the frame, as well as any other attached tie wraps holding back the internal wiring. Save these tie wraps; you'll need them later. Pull the internal wiring (front panel, USB 2.0, USB 3.0, audio, fan power leads) through the hole that feeds them into the main chamber (it's towards the top of the chassis). They should hang freely behind the sidewall for the time being. Feed the rear fan's cable through the hole at the very top of the case (see fourth picture in the album above), so that it also hangs loosely behind the main chamber of the case.
Free the PSU cables from its wrap, and use a pair of cutters to slice the zip tie towards the base of the cables where they feed into the PSU chassis. You'll need every last inch of slack to be able to comfortably reach the 8-pin CPU power connector on your motherboard, and this should be the first PSU cable you run. Install the power supply by laying it into the bottom of the case, fan down, and with the cables towards the sidewall (see the eighth picture in the album above). Secure it to the case using the provided screws (you may have to adjust the supply to get the holes to line up).
Feed the CPU and ATX power plugs through the first hole, directly in front of the PSU, and run the CPU cable up the right side of the rear of the case (leave the 24-pin ATX cable alone for now), towards the hole in the upper right hand corner (third picture above). Feed the plug through it, and fashion the flat part of the cable against the top of the case in the main chamber of the chassis to make room for the motherboard. Use two tie wraps to secure the cable to the two loops in the case that reside just below the hole where the cable is fed (see pictures 5 - 7). You can also use the cutters on the longer tie wraps that come with the case to make more (we recommend one cut, in half, for a decent sized tie wrap). We prefer tie wraps over zip ties because you can always go back and add wires to the existing cable management, or remove components and their cables easier. You can choose a more permanent solution by using the provided zip ties, but if this is your first time building a PC, you'll likely end up appreciating the proverbial safety net offered by the tie wraps.
At this point, separate the case's internal cabling, and run the USB 2.0 and audio wiring down the case and into the same hole you just ran the two power cables through (see pictures 2 and 3 above). The audio cable takes priority, and it will require all of the possible slack you have to reach its connector on the motherboard comfortably (once it's mounted).
Feed the USB 3.0 cable into the 5.25" drive bay and keep it tucked away for now (fourth picture). Run the 24-pin ATX power connector alongside the USB 2.0 and Audio cables (fifth picture) and through the hole at the top of the case, next to the 5.25" drive bay (which is unused in this configuration). Tuck the ATX cable into the bay for now, making it flush and taut to the case's underside.
Locate the G-Connect front panel I/O connector from the motherboard box and attach the case's wiring. Make sure that the positive and negative leads are facing the correct way. The HDD LED and Power LED cable are clearly labeled with positive and negative leads. Power and reset switches are floating (not grounded or polarized) and can be flipped either way, but since some cases use a common "negative" pin for both, it's a good idea to learn to place these with the text facing the same direction as that of the Power and HDD LED. There are also two Power LED ports on the G-Connect module, but it's easier to use the pins closest to the others.
Feed the front panel cable (with the attached G Connector) through the same hole near the PSU and into the main chamber of the chassis (approximately where the front I/O panel header will be with the motherboard mounted).
Connect the rear fan cable (which up to this point has been dangling from where the CPU power cable is fed) to the fan power link (still hanging behind the motherboard tray near the 5.25" bay), as seen in the third picture above. Also attach the top fan's cable to the other 3-pin connector, which is fed out to where the other cables are (fourth picture).
Use tie wraps on the corner loop, mid loop, and top loop (next to the drive bay) on the backside of the motherboard tray to secure the cables to the chassis, so that everything is nice and tight.
Some cases will include fans that have a 3-pin or 4-pin fan connector that can plug into the motherboard for power and speed control. However, some fans sport only a 4-pin molex connector, which is much larger. The included front fan of this case is powered by a molex connection, so coupling it with the 3-pin fan header (which is also fed power by a molex connector from the PSU) will keep all three case fans on the same power feed, with the rear and top fans connected to the speed toggle button on the front panel and the front fan running at a static speed.
Reach back into the motherboard box and install the rear panel I/O cover, making sure all the edges are firmly in the case and avoiding the existing cables (last photo above). With the primary power, fan, I/O backplate, and front panel cables all run in advance, you can now get ready to mount the motherboard to the case.
The Motherboard & CPU
Remove the motherboard from its packaging and save the anti-static bag. It comes in handy as a coaster if you need to put the board down (and you will). Set it aside and unpack the CPU (in this case, an Intel Core i5-7600K) and Gammaxx 200T cooler.
The CPU is delicate, so be careful removing it from its plastic prison. Unhook the CPU socket arm on the motherboard and raise the clamp to expose the socket. Line up the processor by locating the notches in the chip and motherboard and gently place it in the socket (see second picture above), taking care not to drop one end into it. You can also use the provided installation tool from the motherboard box.
It's also important to discharge any static buildup before handling the processor. This can be accomplished with an anti-static wrist band, or by simply touching a grounded metal object nearby. Remove the plastic cover on the clamp, and lower it into position. Push the arm down and lock it into place. You'll encounter some resistance, but if you hear any scraping or crunching at this point, you've likely made a dire mistake and rendered your system useless, so be careful and patient.
We debated whether to pre-install the cooler before mounting the motherboard, because once it's in the case it's difficult to attach the retention clips (they face the top and bottom of the case, and there's not much clearance to reach a hand above the processor inside the chassis). For builders with nimble hands, you could hold off on installing the CPU cooler until the end, but we'd recommend doing it now for the accessibility.
The instructions to install the cooler are on the back of the box, but it leaves out a few important details. The cooler is more convenient for AMD sockets (as evidenced by the retention clip configuration), but the heavy plastic retention ring (see second picture in the album below) has hooks for the clips. The ring features switches (third picture below) on each post that adjust the alignment for specific Intel chipsets. Setting each switch all the way to the right (from the center) is the appropriate configuration for socket 1151.
The instructions tell you to first place the ring's posts over the motherboard holes near the processor, followed by putting the pegs in each post and pushing down. We advise you to skip those instructions. First, pressing down locks the ring to the motherboard, which could prevent you from getting the heatsink on properly (the retention clips are difficult to hook without considerable pressure using this method). We found it much easier to attach the heatsink to the plastic retention ring before going anywhere near the motherboard.
The trick to attaching the Gammaxx 200T is to have everything lined up (retention clips, posts, pegs) before you apply pressure, so once you have the heatsink attached to the ring and all of it lined up with the motherboard, you can simply push down to secure it. The only caveat to this method is that you have to remove the CPU fan in order to be able to push down on the pegs underneath that fan, which should be facing the memory and 5.25" drive bay.
To remove the fan clips, pull back and lift them at an angle to release the fan from the heatsink (see fifth picture above). This gives you plenty of space to insert the black pegs into the white posts. The cooler's factory-applied thermal compound allows builders to skip the manual application step. Replace the fan after the heatsink is secure to the motherboard, making sure not to bend any fins on the heatsink when you slide the clip back into place (see tenth picture above). Plug in the heatsink's fan to the CPU fan port on the motherboard (just next to the memory DIMMs), and tuck the cable around the heatsinks for a clean look (11th picture above). Set the motherboard aside and get ready to install the components in the case.
With the power cables (mostly) run in advance, the rear I/O panel installed, and the cooler attached to the processor, we can now install the motherboard and remaining components. Locate the short Philips-head screws. Use the screws with the thinner threads. The larger ones appear as if they could fit in the motherboard post's threads, but they are too large. You'll also need the thicker-threaded screws later, so set them aside.
The Motherboard
Lower the motherboard into the chassis and line up the mounting holes to the case. Be sure to align the motherboard's rear I/O ports to the backplate so that nothing is bending or blocking a port. It's also important to mind the rear fan wire and the CPU power cable. The case provides just enough clearance for the wiring to sneak around the motherboard, but it may need a little convincing.
Secure the motherboard with the screws (you may need to just use the screwdriver head to tighten the top screws, there's not much clearance) and plug in the ATX (picture 5 above) and CPU power cables (picture 6), in addition to the tucked away USB 3.0 plug. You can stuff the access wire of the USB 3.0 cable into the 5.25" bay, along with any ATX power cable slack. Go back to the 7-pin front panel audio cable and plug it into the motherboard, followed by the USB 2.0 plug and the G-Connect plug (with all the front-panel I/O cables attached—ninth picture above).
The Hard Drive
The case comes with rails that can be snapped onto any 3.5" drive so that it can be loaded into the lower drive bay. Each rail is labeled left and right. Simply line up the posts to the side holes on the 1TB HDD and apply pressure (third picture above). Make sure you have the rail with the release on the left side of the drive (with the connectors facing the back of the case). Slide it into the bay.
Feed the hanging SATA power cable strands into hole farthest from the PSU and into the 3.5" bay (fifth picture above). Connect one of the SATA leads to the HDD and tuck the remaining plugs from this strand under the drive. Locate one of the provided SATA data cables from the motherboard box and connect it to the HDD. Run it through the existing cable management behind the motherboard and up to an available SATA port. Plug it in, and tuck the remaining SATA power plugs into the 3.5" drive bay. Feed the PSU's molex strand through the same hole as the SATA power plugs and connect it to the coupled fan molex plugs. Tuck the slack into the 3.5" bay and tie it all down with the existing cables to secure the wiring.
The Graphics Card
Run the PCIe power cable from the PSU along the main cable pipeline and into the center hole in the floor of the case. Tie it down with the other cables with enough slack to reach the graphics card when it's in its slot. Remove the two PCIe plates corresponding to where the GPU will go by using a screwdriver to twist the panels until they can be torn free of the chassis.
Grab the MSI RX 480 Armor 8G from its box and remove the plastic caps and covers. Carefully install the card to the main PCIe x16 slot (closest to the CPU) on the motherboard and use the larger Phillips-head screws (the ones we told you not to use on the motherboard) to secure it to the chassis. Plug in the PCIe power cable (last picture in the album above) and tuck the slack (if any) into the 5.25" drive bay.
Finally, install the G.Skill Ripjaws V DDR4-2800 modules. Both sides of the motherboard's memory DIMM slots have clips, making installation much easier (than, say, a motherboard with clips on only one side). Line up the notches in the slot and memory module, and apply pressure to slide it into place (it should click and both clips will return to their locked positions). Also make sure the memory is installed in the proper slots (2 and 4, left to right).
With all of the components installed, make any final adjustments to your cable management and reattach the case's side panels. You may have to apply some moderate pressure to the rear (right) side panel depending on how well you ran cables back there, but the case will close correctly with a little persistence. Use the thumb screws to secure the panels back into place. Make sure to setup your new gaming PC in a well-ventilated area, as the entirety of the system's cooling will depend on its airflow. Plug in the power supply and turn on the PSU power switch (next to the plug). Boot up your new overclockable budget gaming PC. The Best PC Build for $750.
Setup & Overclocking Tips
The best thing you can do before loading an operating system is to update the BIOS and get all the latest drivers from Gigabyte's website. This will ensure that you have the latest compatibility and performance updates.
To update the BIOS, use a different computer to download and unzip the BIOS file and place it on the root directory of a thumb drive. Plug the thumb drive into the new build. Boot the machine and press the End key to access Q-Flash, Gigabyte's BIOS update and backup utility. It's fairly simple to use; just click update, select the thumb drive where the BIOS is located, select the file (currently called Z270PD3.F3), select the Fast method, and let it do its thing. After the BIOS has updated (after a few reboots, so don't jump the gun on this next part), enter the BIOS by pressing the Delete key.
We'd be daft to suggest that anyone building this configuration should skip out on overclocking, especially considering it's the cornerstone of the build (and a good chunk of the budget that could have been better spent elsewhere if you choose not to overclock). However, we also realize that many readers seeking our how-to guidance likely have no inclination of have to manually overclock a CPU. We have a guide on the finer points of overclocking if you want to learn the ins and outs, but the Gigabyte Z270P-D3 motherboard has some built-in solutions that makes it really easy. For a quick, worry-free CPU overclock, we used Gigabyte's built in profiles by accessing the Advanced Frequency Settings in the M.I.T. tab of the BIOS and selecting CPU Upgrade. A list of processor models and target frequencies will appear. We selected the highest possible clock rate for the Core i5-7600K and did some stress testing to see if it would remain stable. The CPU holds a rock-solid, all-core 4.6GHz frequency without any issue, and the Gammaxx 200T keeps it sufficiently cool under load (we observed peaks of 56°C in CPU-intensive tests). Finish up by turning on the XMP memory profile in the same Advanced Frequency Settings menu (select Profile 1) and press F10 to save and exit the BIOS.
Benchmark Results
The 3DMark results speak to the $750 Lava Stream's CPU and graphics horsepower, which is substantial enough to pull out a score of more than 10K points on Fire Strike. It also puts up a decent fight against Fire Strike Extreme, and the results indicate that you will get excellent performance at 1080p and can even dabble at 2560 x 1440 with the low-priced platform.
The Cinebench and Sandra results follow this trend, with the overclocked Intel Core i5-7600K and the dual-channel DDR4-2800 memory each scoring above average in their respective tests. However, PCMark 8 and our storage tests speak to the one pitfall of the platform: a slow hard drive. Although the sequential read and write speeds are respectable for a HDD, the IOPS leave you staring at load screens for quite some time when using productivity apps such as Adobe Photoshop and Microsoft Word (and, of course, games).
We had to pull back on some detail settings (compared to our full PC review test settings) in a few of the tested games, particularly the Anti-Aliasing options. Instead of maxing out MSAA in GTAV, we turned it off and enabled FXAA. We also set Rise of the Tomb Raider to SMAA (instead of SSAA x4), and we turned off SSAA in the Metro: Last Light Redux benchmark. Otherwise, the detail settings are identical to our PC review suite (completely maxed out).
Overall, our benchmark results show that the $750 Lava Stream can handle demanding detail settings on some of the most popular titles from our review suite at 1920 x 1080, with the ability to achieve playable framerates at 1440p and 4K on certain games. We wouldn't recommend 4K gaming with this setup, but the RX 480 and i5-7600K combo makes for an excellent VR-ready 1080p gaming rig.
Final Analysis
We honestly wouldn't change much about SR-17 Blackbird's $750 Lava Stream build. The choice of CPU, motherboard, cooling, and memory is ideal for someone looking for an Intel platform that meets modern AAA and VR game requirements with an overclockable CPU. Most of all, it doesn't break the bank. The GPU is also a respectable choice for the platform. The motherboard supports AMD Crossfire technology, giving the builder a clear upgrade path if they find themselves wanting more gaming horsepower later on. An argument could be made to substitute the graphics card for a similarly-priced VR-ready Nvidia GTX 1060 GPU, but we're satisfied with the RX 480's performance, and you likely won't see too much of a variance in bottom-line playability if you go with the other team's applicable GPU. If you can get them, there's also the 500-series GPUs from AMD.
MORE: AMD Radeon RX 480 Roundup
MORE: Nvidia GeForce GTX 1060 Roundup
The power supply is adequate for the component set, but it won't support an additional GPU if you decide to add one down the line. The case is easy to work with, and the flat PSU cables give you significant flexibility in your cable management. However, expertly laid wiring goes to waste in this chassis, as there's no side panel window to peer into and admire the craftsmanship. For a little more money, we'd suggest a windowed case for those who demand more aesthetic value. The storage is the only component we'd highly suggest an upgrade for. The 1TB Western Digital RE4 HDD is loud and not the best match for hosting an operating system, and for just a few dollars more, a 1TB WD Caviar Blue WD10EZEX, which is featured in many of the other Best Builds, would be more suitable as a desktop OS drive. If you can afford it, the move to an SSD (even a cheap, low-capacity SSD) would vastly improve the system's performance.
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Antetokounmpo scores 19, Bucks beat Raptors 105-92
Thunder rally, extend Rockets' skid to 4
Pelicans hit 21 3s, end Grizzlies' run
Simmons has 34-12-12 as 76ers down Nets
Atty: Car crash may end Parsons' career
Mavs' Porzingis says knee is ready
Giannis has 28-14-10, Bucks handle Bulls
Powell scores 17 in 4th to power Raptors
Magic roll, extend Hornets' skid to 7
Heat come back for OT win over Kings
Morris, Randle carry Knicks by Cavaliers
(Photo by Mark Blinch/NBAE via Getty Images)
By IAN HARRISON
TORONTO (AP) Giannis Antetokounmpo and the Milwaukee Bucks have gotten the best of the Raptors so far this season. Even though the season series is over, he knows they haven't seen the last of Toronto.
Antetokounmpo scored 19 points, Khris Middleton had 18 and the Bucks beat the Raptors 105-92 on Thursday night, ending Toronto's season-best home winning streak at 10 games.
"It's big for us but we've got to stay humble, keep working hard, keep working on our game and keep moving forward," Antetokounmpo said. "We know we're going to be back here eventually."
D.J. Wilson scored a career-high 16 points and Eric Bledsoe had 14 as Milwaukee (37-13) clinched the season series with its third victory in four meetings with Toronto. The Bucks stayed atop the NBA, 1 1/2 games ahead of the Raptors (37-16) in the Eastern Conference.
"It was a great playoff atmosphere, a very good test for us," Milwaukee center Brook Lopez said.
The victory ensures the Bucks will have the best winning percentage in the East through Feb. 3, meaning Bucks coach Mike Budenholzer will represent the conference at next month's NBA All-Star Game in Charlotte, North Carolina.
"It's a great honor," Budenholzer said. "It says a lot about our team. The players are the ones who put the coaching staff in that position. I'm incredibly grateful to our entire roster."
Milwaukee, which has won eight of nine, had not won the season series against Toronto since 2012-13.
"We came in here and played our style of ball," Bucks guard Malcolm Brogdon said. "I thought we played an excellent game."
Pascal Siakam scored 28 points and Kawhi Leonard had 16 for the Raptors, who had not lost at home since Dec. 9 to the Bucks. Toronto's franchise record for consecutive home victories is 12, done twice.
Serge Ibaka had 12 points and 10 rebounds for Toronto, which has lost three of four. The Raptors made only seven of 28 shots attempts in the fourth.
"I don't think we played well tonight," coach Nick Nurse said.
Trailing by 24 points midway through the third, the Raptors cut it to 98-92 on a driving layup by Leonard at 1:59 of the fourth. Toronto might have got even closer, but Leonard couldn't convert a fast break on the next possession and was blocked by Lopez and Antetokounmpo.
Toronto came in having made at least 12 3-pointers in a season-high five straight games but missed 12 of their first 13 attempts. The Raptors shot 7 for 27 from 3-point range
Bucks: Middleton was named an All-Star reserve, his first selection. ... Brogdon returned to the starting lineup after missing Tuesday's win at Detroit because of a bruised sternum, while G Sterling Brown returned after missing one game because of a sore right wrist. ... Eight of Milwaukee's first 10 points came off Toronto turnovers. ... The Bucks matched a season-high with 13 steals.
Raptors: G Kyle Lowry was named an All-Star reserve, his fifth selection. ... Lowry had missed 19 consecutive 3-point attempts against Milwaukee this season before connecting in the third. ... G Malachi Richardson (right knee) was inactive.
Antetokounmpo got a kick out of Middleton's reaction to his All-Star nod.
"I've been teammates with Khris for six years," Antetokounmpo said. "I've never seen a smile on him that bright."
Leonard failed to extend his career-high 22-game streak of scoring at least 20 points.
"He's a tough cover," Budenholzer said. "Our guys made everything hard for him."
Raptors guard Danny Green left after five minutes because of flu-like symptoms and did not return until the start of the third quarter. He went scoreless in 13 minutes.
Bucks: Visit Washington on Saturday night.
Raptors: Host the Los Angeles Clippers on Sunday afternoon.
Updated February 1, 2019
Detroit at Washington, 11:00 AM PT12:00 PM MT1:00 PM CT2:00 PM ET12:00 PM MT2:00 PM ET19:00 GMT3:00 23:00 UAE20:0014:00 ET
Toronto at Atlanta, 11:30 AM PT12:30 PM MT1:30 PM CT2:30 PM ET12:30 PM MT2:30 PM ET19:30 GMT3:30 23:30 UAE20:3014:30 ET
Philadelphia at Brooklyn, 12:00 PM PT1:00 PM MT2:00 PM CT3:00 PM ET1:00 PM MT3:00 PM ET20:00 GMT4:00 0:00 UAE (+1)21:0015:00 ET
New York at Cleveland, 2:00 PM PT3:00 PM MT4:00 PM CT5:00 PM ET3:00 PM MT5:00 PM ET22:00 GMT6:00 2:00 UAE (+1)23:0017:00 ET
Oklahoma City at Houston, 2:00 PM PT3:00 PM MT4:00 PM CT5:00 PM ET3:00 PM MT5:00 PM ET22:00 GMT6:00 2:00 UAE (+1)23:0017:00 ET
Sacramento at Miami, 2:00 PM PT3:00 PM MT4:00 PM CT5:00 PM ET3:00 PM MT5:00 PM ET22:00 GMT6:00 2:00 UAE (+1)23:0017:00 ET
Chicago at Milwaukee, 2:00 PM PT3:00 PM MT4:00 PM CT5:00 PM ET3:00 PM MT5:00 PM ET22:00 GMT6:00 2:00 UAE (+1)23:0017:00 ET
New Orleans at Memphis, 2:00 PM PT3:00 PM MT4:00 PM CT5:00 PM ET3:00 PM MT5:00 PM ET22:00 GMT6:00 2:00 UAE (+1)23:0017:00 ET
Orlando at Charlotte, 2:00 PM PT3:00 PM MT4:00 PM CT5:00 PM ET3:00 PM MT5:00 PM ET22:00 GMT6:00 2:00 UAE (+1)23:0017:00 ET
LA Lakers at Boston, 4:30 PM PT5:30 PM MT6:30 PM CT7:30 PM ET5:30 PM MT7:30 PM ET0:30 GMT8:30 4:30 UAE (+1)01:3019:30 ET
Denver at Minnesota, 5:00 PM PT6:00 PM MT7:00 PM CT8:00 PM ET6:00 PM MT8:00 PM ET1:00 GMT9:00 5:00 UAE (+1)02:0020:00 ET
San Antonio at Phoenix, 6:00 PM PT7:00 PM MT8:00 PM CT9:00 PM ET7:00 PM MT9:00 PM ET2:00 GMT10:00 6:00 UAE (+1)03:0021:00 ET
Indiana at Utah, 6:00 PM PT7:00 PM MT8:00 PM CT9:00 PM ET7:00 PM MT9:00 PM ET2:00 GMT10:00 6:00 UAE (+1)03:0021:00 ET
Golden State at Portland, 7:00 PM PT8:00 PM MT9:00 PM CT10:00 PM ET8:00 PM MT10:00 PM ET3:00 GMT11:00 7:00 UAE (+1)04:0022:00 ET


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Hyperinflation hits PPC Zimbabwe
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text:
La chronologie du bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais au  est marquée par la découverte de la houille en affleurement dans le Boulonnais vers 1660, par la naissance des trois principaux premiers entrepreneurs du charbon français, puis par la première fosse datée du Boulonnais, celle du Cavrel de Tagny, en 1692, qui marque ainsi le réel début de l'extraction minière dans l'actuel Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Cette date est de manière générale assez méconnue, puisque de nombreux auteurs indiquent la découverte de la houille le  par la Société Desaubois à la fosse Jeanne Colard de Fresnes-sur-Escaut.

Années 1660

1660
 La houille aurait été découverte en affleurement dans les communes d'Hardinghen et de Réty dans le Boulonnais par un agriculteur de Réty qui labourait le sol avec sa charrue. Toutefois, d'autres hypothèses plus tardives existent.

1664
  : Pierre Taffin naît à Gand.

Années 1680

1682
  : Jean-Jacques Desandrouin naît à Lodelinsart.

1684
  : Jacques Mathieu naît à Lodelinsart.

1689
  : un arrêt du Conseil d'État accorde au duc de Montausier et à ses hoirs, successeurs et ayants cause, pour une durée de quarante ans, le privilège d'exploiter toutes les mines et minières de charbon de terre qu'ils découvriraient dans l'étendue du royaume de France, le Nivernais excepté, les propriétaires conservant en revanche le droit de continuer l'exploitation des mines déjà ouvertes.

Années 1690

1690
 Le duc de Montausier meurt, sans avoir fait usage du privilège qui lui a été accordé le .

1692
 La fosse du Cavrel de Tagny est ouverte avec trois puits dans le Boulonnais, et est abandonnée l'année suivante. C'est la première fosse datée.
  : un arrêt du Conseil d'État mentionne que les terres de Réty et d'Austruy renferment des gisements de houille, et ce, avant l'ouverture de la fosse du Cavrel de Tagny. Cet arrêt confirme la jouissance du privilège de 1689 à la fille du duc de Montausier, la duchesse d'Usez.
  : le duc d'Aumont s'engage à payer à Antoine Hénichart, laboureur à Hardinghen, la somme de cinquante livres par an pour la concession faire à lui-même ou à ses entrepreneurs de tirer le charbon dans les terres dépendant dudit Hénichart.
  : un accord intervient entre l'abbé Claude-Philippe du Cavrel de Tagny et Pierre Bernard, ancien échevin de la ville de Calais, pour la cession à ce dernier du privilège appartenant au précédent, moyennant une redevance de moitié des produits extraits, et stipule, en outre, en faveur de l'abbé de Tagny, le don d'un cheval de la valeur d'environ trente pistoles, dès que Pierre Bernard aurait pris pour sa part trois cents barils de houille, en considération de ce que ledit abbé lui avait abandonné tous les outils ayant servi jusqu'alors à exploiter le charbon.
  : Antoine Parizot, architecte et commis du duc d'Aumont à la recette des charbons provenant de la mine d'Hardinghen, s'engage à fournir cent cinq razières de ces charbons, à Guînes, à François-Wuillaume La Grillade, qui devait les conduire immédiatement par bélandre à Dunkerque.

1694
  : un arrêt subséquent au Conseil confirme le privilège de la duchesse d'Usez et de ses ayants-droit.

1695
  : un nouvel arrêt, suivant de près d'un an le précédent, confirme le privilège de la duchesse d'Usez et de ses ayants-droit en statuant au sujet des difficultés occasionnées par la résistance qu'ils éprouvent de la part des propriétaires des terrains sur lesquels s'étendent les mines de charbon.

1698
  : un arrêt du Conseil d'État abroge implicitement celui du  en rendant pour l'avenir aux propriétaires du sol la liberté d'exploitation des mines à laquelle il a été précédemment porté atteinte. Les mines alors existantes continuent d'être exploitées par les mêmes personnes en vertu des titres, contrats et arrangements antérieurs.

Notes et références

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 Chronologie du bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais : , ,  et

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Chronologie du bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais


text:
The Kidnapping of Laura
Osmel Almaguer
Across from Havana's Capitolio building.
Marina is a friend of mine who's almost twice my age. I know that she is a good person because she's demonstrated these to me on more than one occasion, but she also has a very youthful character.
When we talk, I feel so comfortable that I sometimes forget that this is someone who has grandchildren.
Speaking of grandchildren, her youngest has just gone through an experience worthy of the wildest action movie. She was kidnapped by her father —who's Italian— and who almost ended up taking the child to Italy. If the police had delayed a few more minutes it would have been too late.
Seven years ago, Marina's daughter (Alina) married an Italian (Carlo) and began living with him. The marriage, like almost all of them these days, was fine for the first two years and then began to deteriorate.
I'm not saying that the fact that Carlo was an older man (almost 70) had an influence, but Alina is still young and beautiful. Her cinnamon-colored skin is much admired in Italy, from what I've been told, so it could have been that the age difference was what led to a growing gap between the two of them.
In any case, they had Laura, a biracial baby who was a mixture between the white of her father and the coffee color of her mother. In fact, the child helped the marriage – at least for a few more years.
Recently the family came to Cuba for a visit. Though both were almost in agreement that the best course would be a separation, what Alina didn't know was that Carlo had secretly prepared the divorce. It was arranged so that she would have to stay in Cuba and could not demand her legal rights to community property in Italy, which by the way were significant.
Alina realized Carlo's trick at once, but though she got unnerved, she agreed to sign the divorce petition, apparently out of the desire to distance herself from him. As for Carlo, he simply went to the hotel, picked up the suitcases with the belongings of Alina and Laura and took them in his car.
However —unsatisfied with having freed himself from his wife without having to fork over a dime to her— then he went to Marina's house, snatched up Laura in his arms, and abducted her with the intention of flying her to Italy.
He made a huge scene that involved crying and arguing, but the man achieved what he had wanted. When he left, Marina then called the police, who went after Carlo in hot pursuit. They spent the whole day searching for him at every turn, until just before night they caught him about to board an airplane.
Another scene was created there when he accused Alina of being a prostitute who had sold herself for an air conditioner. He claimed that he was taking the daughter so that she wouldn't have to experience that misery here.
The police told him that if it was discovered that he had threatened Alina, he could wind up spending a lot more time in Cuba. Alina only lowered her head and hid the fact that he had threatened to kill her if she ever returned to Italy.
In the trial everything worked out. Laura would receive cost-of-living payments of 1,300 euros monthly and remain with her mother, while Carlos would return to Italy. Marina was quite relaxed while telling me this story, though the experience must have been a little traumatic for her.
osmel
Osmel Almaguer:Until recently I would to identify myself as a poet, a cultural promoter and a university student. Now that my notions on poetry have changed slightly, that I got a new job, and that I have finished my studies, I'm forced to ask myself: Am I a different person? In our introductions, we usually mention our social status instead of looking within ourselves for those characteristics that define us as unique and special. The fact that I'm scared of spiders, that I've never learned to dance, that I get upset over the simplest things, that culminating moments excite me, that I'm a perfectionist, composed but impulsive, childish but antiquated: these are clues that lead to who I truly am.
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3 thoughts on "The Kidnapping of Laura"
It seems to me that this guy was looking at Cuba as being essentially just another "Third World" country in which a well-off foreigner could take advantage of the locals. I'm happy to read that he was quickly disabused of this notion.
Wow, what a story! And yes, traumatic for the child. I think it does have elements particular to Cuba. Since the two were not actually already divorced at the time, I think it would be difficult to get the police of most countries involved. I mean, what would happen if you called the cops in texas for example and said, "my Mexican husband just picked up our child and is going to take her with him to Mexico and I don't approve." Most likely you'll get no response. Technically no crime has been committed if your still married.
I am reading this and I think this would be traumatic for a child; however, I am missing the intent of your story.. am I right to assume there is a belief that this is related specifically to Cuba? Sorry not understanding…
Products & Services You Can Pay for in Cryptocurrency in Cuba


A couple of weeks ago, ZESCO, the local power company, came and put up some new electricity poles on our street and in the process of doing that, they totally sheared a tree on the corner. It wouldn't have been a big deal except that there are a couple of ladies who have a tomato stand on that corner. We have exchanged waves and pleasentries over the past year. I felt so bad for her that she lost all her shade and rain cover in one day. So, I was talking to Daka (the one who is going to construction school in the mornings) and asked if it was possible to give her some shade and coverage back. Well, he went down and analyzed the situation, and came back excited. I gave him a little money, 100,000 kwacha ($20) to buy the wood, cover material and plastic to cover the top of the roof and transport to get the materials here and he went to town, literally. He came back with all the materials and started work the next day. He finished it in a day and to say that the tomato ladies were pumped would be an understatement. But, since it is true that it is more blessed to give than to receive, Daka was flying high when he fi nished and it was really cool to work together to bless someone.
We were on our way to church, and we were running a bit late. But, as we drove down the street, we saw our worker, Mirriam, walking down the road. Apparently, her brother was sick in the hospital. They thought he might have malaria, but after church we went back and found out it was something to do with the liver but it also affected his brain. When he was awake, he was really violent and it took five of them to hold him down. I share that because the whole family had been up all weekend. Not only that, but they had brought him to this hospital because they hoped to figure out what was wrong. But, they had been in the hospital for 3 days and now they were stressing about how they were going to afford it. They were exhausted and heartbroken. We told Mirriam as we were leaving that we were family and that we were going to help them as best as we could. This is following of the heels of Mirriam's daughter being very sick from Malaria and requiring injections for three days straight to keep her healthy. It has been a hard week for their family.
Do not take revenge, my friends, but leave room for God's wrath, for it is written: "It is mine to avenge; I will repay," says the Lord. As a Christian, I tried to help him see God's hand in this and how God can turn bad into good and the verse from Romans should be an encouragement to him. On the way out, he wanted the verse again. So, I went in and printed it out and gave it to him. I thought he wanted it for himself, but, as he was leaving he said he was going to leave it on the door for the landlord. I thought that was pretty good.
So, our hearts are heavy and we would love your prayers for our friends during these difficult times.
Thank you Steve for sharing so much about your workers because we now know them too! It is so cool to know where the "tomato ladies" sell etc. That is terrible what happened to Mwape. I'm so glad you are there to love them as Jesus would do. He is well pleased.


text:
A Lion to Guard Us
by Clyde Robert Bulla (Author) and Michele Chessare (Illustrator)
The inspiring classic that The New Yorker called "an exciting tale [with] top-notch writing," about one girl facing harsh conditions and huge responsibility as she brings her family to the American colonies.
Featuring a heroine with faith, courage, and a great deal of grit, this acclaimed historical fiction novel portrays the realities faced by three children hoping to find a new home in an unknown land.
Amanda Freebold doesn't know what to do. Her father left… (more)
Amanda Freebold doesn't know what to do. Her father left three years ago for the new colony of Jamestown in America, thousands of miles away. But now that her mother has died, Amanda is left to take care of her younger brother and sister all alone back in England.
As the new head of the family, Amanda finally decides to take her brother and sister to America to find Father. The ocean crossing is long and hard, and the children don't know whom to trust. But with her father's little brass lion's head to guard them, Amanda knows that somehow everything will work out.
Fiction Juvenile & Young Adult Themes Family Orphans & Foster Homes Social Situations Homelessness & Poverty
Publisher: HarperCollins (June 25, 2013)
Social Situations >


text:
Вервино — хутор в Черновском сельском поселении Сланцевском районе Ленинградской области.

История
По данным 1933 и 1966 годов хутор Вервино входил в состав Черновского сельсовета Кингисеппского района.

По данным 1973 и 1990 годов хутор Вервино входил в состав Черновского сельсовета Сланцевского района.

В 1997 году на хуторе Вервино Черновской волости проживали 6 человек, в 2002 году — 7 человек (все русские).

В 2007 и 2010 годах на хуторе Вервино Черновского СП проживали 10 человек.

География
Хутор расположен в северной части района на автодороге  (Псков — Краколье).

Расстояние до административного центра поселения — 8 км.

Расстояние до ближайшей железнодорожной станции Вервёнка — 1,5 км.

Демография

Примечания

Населённые пункты Сланцевского района


text:
Q: looking for a replacement to the descriptor "deep" to describe experience Every member of our team has deep operating experience in healthcare.

A: Yeah "extensive" is the word to replace deep for sure but I think you could remove the term "operating" as it seems out of place and unnecessary, but it's hard to tell without knowing exactly what point your trying to get across. If you are actually referring to something more specific like surgical experience I would say "...extensive surgical experience." The "...in health care" part being seemingly redundant in that case as it's clearly implied by the first part of the sentence.
If you're not trying to be that specific, the sentence could also work well as:
... extensive experience working in health care.
Cheers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Egypt Today, Tomorrow the World
North Africa is in revolt. As usual, the most striking thing is how familiar everything is: the young man with the prestigious degree working at a coffee shop, the unemployment and bitterness, the protests set off by police brutality—for police are to the unemployed what bosses are to workers. These details cue us in that what is happening in Egypt is not part of another world, but very much part of our own. There are no exotic overseas revolutions in the 21st century. Make no mistake—though these events dwarf the riots in Greece and the student movement in England, they spring from the same source.
To keep up with events, we urge you to read our comrades' dispatches from Egypt and anti-authoritarian perspectives from the Middle East in general. But for these uprisings to offer any hope, we have to understand ourselves as part of them, and think and act accordingly. To that end, we've solicited this analysis from a comrade in North Africa.
The Revolution in Egypt: The End of the New Pharaohs?
Ex-dictator Ben Ali flees in his private jet from crowds chanting for regime change—the hated Egyptian police stations long used for torture in the name of "anti-terrorism" are burned down—men and women armed with kitchen knives organize neighborhood self-defense against the police—the army refuses to fire on their families in the streets.
Egypt reaches the tipping point
What is happening—first in Tunisia and now in Egypt—is the beginning of the wave of full-scale revolutions that will inevitably follow the global financial crisis of 2008. Taking place in the wake of the failed "War on Terror," these revolutions combine the latent force of massive numbers of unemployed youth with the dynamism of modern communication networks. They signal the conclusion of the decade of counter-revolution that followed September 11, 2001. Although they continue the exploration of new technologies and decentralized forms of organization initiated by the anti-globalization movement, the form and scale of these new revolutions is unprecedented. Largely anonymous groups are using the ubiquitous World Wide Web to spark leaderless rebellions against the pharaohs of the global empire of capital.
The self-styled rulers of the world are truly at a loss as to how to understand the new social and technological forces at play; the aging dictator Mubarak is a perfect example of this, but he is hardly the only one of his kind. One can almost smell the fear, not only amongst the despots of China and Saudi Arabia but also the supposed leaders of representative democracies. The contortions the US government has been going through are the most grotesque of all; it isn't lost on the Egyptian people that the bullets striking down their comrades came from the USA. Egypt receives $1.3 billion dollars of military aid from the US every year. The suppression of "democracy" in the Middle East has been a deliberate policy of the US government: they know popular sentiment would never support their agenda as the military enforcement of global capitalism.
A protester displays a tear gas canister reading "Made in the USA"
The best efforts of Mubarak's dying regime to put its fingers in the ears of the world have not silenced the people on the streets of Cairo. Even blocking cell phones and trying to turn off the entire Internet have proved futile. For generations, Arabs and Africans have been silenced, represented by various colonial governments and portrayed as "primitive" and "terrorist" in Europe and the US. Now the people of Egypt are speaking in thunderous unison for freedom—not for political Islam, as demagogues from Iran to Israel would have the world believe. In doing so, they are realizing the ideals to which the US government pays only hypocritical lip service.
Today, the common condition from Egypt to Tunisia is approaching universal unemployment—especially among the younger generations, which comprise the vast majority of population. This is increasingly the case in the United States and Europe as well. Unemployment is no accident, but the inevitable result of the last thirty years of capitalism. Capitalism reached its internal limits at the end of the 1970s; now the factories of every industry produce ever more commodities, while increasing automation renders workers less and less necessary. The only way to make profits off these commodities is to eliminate workers or pay them next to nothing. To discipline the skyrocketing unemployed population and prevent revolt, the police wage a never-ending war on the population. We live in a world overflowing with cheap shit, in which human life is the cheapest of all.
In these conditions, people have nothing to left to lose. Nothing, that is, but their dignity—and it turns out they will not surrender that. It was precisely this innermost core of dignity that led Mohammed Bouazizi to light himself on fire rather than face humiliation at the hands of the police, who in seizing his fruit-selling cart took away the only way he could feed his family. The blaze lit by Mohammed Bouazizi has spread, carried by other unemployed people who thereby transform themselves from abject beggars into world-historical heroes. The people of Egypt are not only burning police cars, they are organizing popular committees to clean the police and other trash off the street, and the streets of Cairo have never felt safer.
Throwing Molotov cocktails at the fire station in Suez
It is not surprising that a wave of revolutions should begin now. Not since the days of pharaohs and monarchs has the world been controlled by as senseless a force as the global financial market. As capitalists became less and less able to produce profit from industrial production over the past decades, they had to invent means of profiting based on expected future returns. But in a world of increasingly cheap commodities and poor consumers, how could capitalists keep people buying stuff and still make a profit? They had to invent a way for consumers to continue buying even when they weren't paid living wages: thus the invention of mass debt. When the sale of real goods can no longer produce profit, profits must be made on increasingly fantastic expected future returns—in other words, on finance.
Yet like any house of cards, debt cannot be built up forever. Eventually, someone wants to be paid back—and so the entire house of cards collapsed under its own weight in 2008. The financial crisis signals a deeper metaphysical crisis of our present order: capitalism is unable to provide for the real material needs of the global population. The high poverty rates in Egypt are not simply the result of mismanagement by Mubarak, but the inevitable consequence of the contradictions of our era.
Their eyes hopelessly clouded by their own ideology and lack of vision, heads of state can only stand dumb and surprised as the crisis goes on and on. They lamely hope to re-start the financial markets through "austerity" or "green" capitalism, refusing to consider systemic change despite the fact that the system cannot even deliver jobs and affordable commodities to people—much less a good life. Just as it took an era of revolution to overthrow the divine right of kings, it will take new revolutions to overthrow the divine right of things: the power of financial capital and its puppet dictators.
Revolutions are never brought about by technology, but rather by the collective action of human beings who radically transform their relationships with each other and the world they share. However, one cannot deny what an important role the World Wide Web has played in Egypt and Tunisia. Especially among cybernetically skilled and predominantly unemployed youth, it enabled people to call for and participate in mass mobilizations without any need of leaders. The demonstrations in Egypt on January 25 were called for by a Facebook page called "We Are All Khaled Said," named for a victim of police brutality much like Alexis Grigoropoulos in Greece. The page itself was set up by the anonymous "El-Shaheed"—that is, "martyr" in Arabic. Meanwhile, youth throughout the world are mobilizing as Anonymous; in the battle over Wikileaks and more recently in actions against the Tunisian government, Anonymous has showed itself to be a potent new international with an awakening political maturity beyond the message boards of 4chan. Demonstrators' ability to communicate with large numbers of people and react immediately to events via mobile phones, Twitter, and Facebook is swiftly making previous forms of Leftist and industrial-based political organization obsolete, along with other hierarchical formations such as political Islam.
This revolutionary use of social media should come as no surprise. In the hands of an elite few, expensive communications technology will naturally be used for self-aggrandizement and consumerism. In the hands of unemployed youth and other excluded classes, this technology can be re-purposed to organize revolution. The Internet is the new global factory floor, and we are seeing its first workers' councils form—a new kind of collective intelligence that enables people to organize themselves directly without representation.
New technology is second nature for the next generation
The blank confusion of global capitalists as to who is "really behind" the mysterious resistance in Egypt and Tunisia is revealing. It's obvious how desperately US politicians wish they had anyone, such as Mohamad ElBaradei, with whom to negotiate. These revolts are anarchist in form if not content—and even the content is becoming increasingly radical. The absence of any organized group or leader in the early days of the protests speaks volumes: increased information technology has not only destabilized the old Leftist forms of organizing, but also the justifications for having hierarchical government in the first place. When people can communicate, they can organize their own lives. Expanding such horizontal structures to a global scale no longer seems impossible, even if it is not yet well thought out.
To make things even worse for capitalists and nation-states, the massive secret apparatus of the state has been revealed in all its incompetence by sites such as Wikileaks. While Wikileaks had nothing to do with the Egyptian revolution, the cables describing Ben Ali's pet tiger being fed a luxurious diet while Tunisians starved further stoked the flames in that country. Wikileaks has produced paranoia in the global state apparatus itself, as the state cannot function without the subjugated population believing that it is necessary and according it the right to exercise violent force. Now the empire has no clothes—and its naked corrupt power is disgusting to behold. There is a growing consensus that the state apparatus is an archaic holdover no longer worthy of respect.
The Mubarak regime made the classic mistake of conflating technological structures with the people using them, an error typical of Silicon Valley and certain theorists as well. In a poorly thought-out move, the regime shut down all four ISPs in the country, effectively turning off the Internet. In addition, cell phones have been intermittently blocked before major demonstrations. If anything this only enraged the Egyptian people more. It may even have interrupted their spectatorship—it is easier to watch a demonstration over the Net than to participate—and driven more and more people into the street.
The lesson here is clear: the supposedly decentralized Internet is quite centralized, and while it may be useful, it is a mistake to depend on it as long as it remains in capitalist hands. Yet rulers such as Mubarak face a no-win situation. If they keep communications technologies up and running, these will be used to organize against them—but if they take them down, it will provoke worldwide outrage.
The headquarters of the ruling National Democratic party in Cairo
How do you organize without the Net? You might start with existing social institutions; in Egypt, this meant the mosques. The "Days of Wrath," characterized by street-fighting with the police far more intense than the Greek insurrection of 2008, culminated in the torching of the headquarters of Mubarak's party. Afterwards, in a brilliant move, the protesters called for people to gather after prayer at mosques—where most Egyptians would be gathered anyway. In this regard, the mosques served the same purpose that social centers and squats did during the Greek insurrection, only for a much greater part of the population.
So while communications technology may be advantageous in the early stages of organizing, a movement must become powerful enough not to need the Internet once it takes to the streets. In Egypt, the revolt actually grew in intensity after the Internet was shut off.
If there is one regard in which the Internet is indispensable, it is in spreading the news of disorder elsewhere. As the Empire's power has become increasingly spectacular, it has become more vulnerable to being damaged on the terrain of the spectacular. Obama's first response to the uprising was to call for the "violence" to cease—even though his government routinely administers violence in Pakistan and Afghanistan and inflicts it on US citizens through the world's largest prison system. He and Mubarak are not against violence, but they appear to be afraid of images of violence. If these images escape, they undermine the state's cover story about maintaining order.
At the same time, the state desperately needs people to distrust and fear each other. This explains why Mubarak released undercover police in civilian uniforms to pose as looters in order to justify his crackdown. When that failed, he turned off the Internet and denied media access in order to prepare the conditions for the kind of massacre it would take to restore his control. Yet now it seems doubtful that the army is willing to carry out such a massacre.
The insurrection that began by burning down police stations then shifted to massive peaceful demonstrations intended to win over the army. Pamphlets that have circulated indicate that Egyptian organizers planned from the beginning to pit the army against the police. Insurrectionists in Europe and the USA should take note of this clever strategic move. After the front line of the party of order was effectively defeated, the Egyptians clearly understood that the only force capable of stopping them was the army. Instead of attacking it directly, which would surely have resulted in a massacre, they undertook to win over the hearts and minds of the soldiers. Thus far they have been successful in this, demonstrating that they can self-organize and maintain a leaderless yet disciplined rebellion that makes the streets of Cairo safe and clean for the first time in years.
This leaves the army without a reason for existence, let alone any excuse for a massacre. Once an insurrection has reached a certain phase, as a friend has said, weapons are unnecessary. For a revolution to succeed in overthrowing the state, the army must refuse to shoot its own people and instead join them in revolt. In Egypt, the army is at least paralyzed enough right now not to start shooting; it may yet join the people, or more likely attempt to broker a transition to representative democracy.
All this shows that billions of dollars of military equipment can't stop a revolution. Once things reach a certain point, military force is no longer the determinant factor. If the Egyptian people persist in revolt, the military can hardly bomb its own cities.
Yet even if a military defeat is avoided, the insurrectionary process begun on the "Days of Wrath" is more likely to be side-tracked into representative democracy than to end in a genuine communization of society—that is, in the immediate sharing of all production for the survival of the people. This is not to be pessimistic—already the neighborhood assemblies and defense committees resemble nothing more than the Paris Commune. But Mubarak is a dictator, and the youth of Egypt have not yet tasted the bitter fruits of representative democracy. They may have to learn about them the hard way. Even if a representative democracy is established, it will not be the end of the story—witness the continuing protests in Tunisia. There would inevitably be another insurrection sooner or later, although that could take years or decades.
In this context, it is promising that many young Egyptians seem aware that representative democracy will only limit their movement and redirect into yet another form of enslavement. This is visible in many ways—for example, in the message sent to self-appointed leaders like ElBaradei, "Shall we just call your mobile when we have finished the revolution for you?" The insurrection has also seen unparalleled action and power of the Egyptian women, who will not go back to being subservient under the Muslim Brotherhood after these upheavals.
Yet the popular occupation of Tahir Square cannot last forever; there must come a moment when food will be produced, train lines reactivated, and the Internet turned back on. These are the real keys to the success of the insurrection and to preventing the return to capitalism, even under the mantle of representative democracy. It seems that the steps in this direction have not yet begun.
Let's step back now and ask larger questions. If Egypt is not fundamentally different from Europe and the US, why haven't such insurrections happened there as well? First, let us not be too hasty—the dominos are already falling, with massive protests in the streets of Jordan, Algeria, Yemen, and Mauritania. One reason the insurrection has such popular power in Egypt is that, as many Arabic-speaking countries, the Egyptian form of life has not yet been fully subsumed into capitalism. For example, in many cases one only pays as much as "one feels" one should pay for goods. Haggling is not so much a way to maximize micro-profits as to ascertain an affordable and ethical price for an exchange. The commodity exchange itself is often less important than the social relationships that the commodity symbolizes. The collective responsibility and power of the family knits people together over generations, in contrast to the alienated individuals of the United States and most of Europe. The vibrant and public street life of the Middle East is a natural fomenting ground for insurrection.
Yet are there not dark forces waiting in the wings? This seems unlikely, as the protest is clearly focused on "freedom" rather than Islam, with those wanting to lead religious chants being shouted down on occasion. This is not to say that Egyptians are not Islamic—indeed they are—yet there are subtle distinctions. Political Islam is effectively the Tea Party of Egypt, a hierarchical religious movement mostly of the older and conservative generation; but Islam exists in other variants, binding social relationships and promoting a collective ethics. One can even interpret the giving of alms in Islam as a ritual to avoid excessive centralization of wealth. "Allah" does not necessarily denote a commanding deity; the notion may also point to the ineffable, the invisible excess of life that denies reduction and resists the catastrophic harnessing of all to the imperatives of profit.
Of course, currents far older than Islam hold sway in Egypt as well. Unlike many in Europe and America, many Egyptians are profoundly aware of their history from antiquity onwards, and feel deep shame at their present state of impoverishment. The dignity and respect they show each other in the streets in midst of the insurrection attests that this revolution is not abstract, but rooted in everyday lives; it is the deep metaphysics of these forms of life that provide the subjective conditions for transformation.
Communism is older than Marx, just as anarchy is older than Proudhon. The age of revolutions did not begin with the Paris Commune, nor did it end with the fall of the Berlin Wall. As capitalism now encircles the earth, the one thing that could unite the world would be a common rejection of it and the police that defend it. The communism of Marx was trapped in the abstract metaphysics of economics and poisoned by a misunderstanding of the danger posed by the state; this sabotaged the revolutions of the early 20th century, bringing about the catastrophe of Soviet-era state capitalism.
But the age of revolutions is not over; on the contrary. In a song of the Tuareg—"the desert is our mother, and we will not sell her"—we can glimpse a form of communism far more alien and hostile to capital than anything imagined by Lenin. Many of the calls for "freedom" in Egypt have little to do with the freedom to elect a president or choose among commodities on the market, but resonate with a common desire to live with their heads high and not cowed to any ruler. For this they are ready to die, whether by self-immolation or in the streets together.
Yet one can sense a profound need at this time for a common international revolutionary purpose that resonates outside of the Middle East, for something truly universal to fill the void left by capitalism. The nationalist flags of the protesters were tactically effective at confusing the army, but they also reflect a lack of critique of the conceptual apparatus of capital and the state. While the conditions are right for revolution, over the last thirty years revolutionaries have largely failed to create and spread the organization and analysis necessary for insurrections to become genuine anti-capitalist revolutions. What does it take for people to realize that the true potential of their neighborhood defense committees is not as a means of temporarily replacing the police, but of prefiguring the abolition of all police, in every country?
No event occurs in a vacuum; events originate in concrete conditions, and consequently they tend to come in waves. The events in Egypt show that the center of revolutionary impetus is no longer "the West"; this new age of revolution will culminate first in areas where the living conditions are becoming unbearable and the ways of life are not yet completely colonized by capital. However, it would be a mistake to see this as merely the conclusion of an unfinished anti-colonial revolt. It is something much bigger and deeper. The financial crisis is a sign that capitalism is on a declining trajectory. The conditions that precipitated the events in Egypt are rapidly becoming universal across the globe, spelling another cycle of revolution and possibly war. Eventually these same forces will hit Saudi Arabia, Europe, China, and finally even the United States with the strength of a tidal wave.
Look familiar?
Make no mistake about it, we are entering an era of revolt. These revolts will reject and attack capitalism in their concrete practice, even if the systematic destruction of earlier revolutionary currents has left a vacuum. Hopefully the participants will realize that freedom is impossible without the destruction of capitalism and the state, and a new generation of revolutionary thought will update the concept of revolution for the dawning era. We are at a point now where it should become clear to all that we can direct our own lives—that the state is a historical fossil holding us back. As shown in Egypt, the stranglehold of the state and capitalism must be broken in the streets; over the coming decades the results of this ultimate struggle will likely decide the fate of humanity itself.
All Power to the People!
— A dissident exiled in North Africa with assistance from the CrimethInc. Workers' Collective
The twitter hashtags for the dates of planned uprisings in a range of countries; in addition to those pictured, we can add Morocco (#mar13), Pakistan (#mar23), and perhaps soon the US (#may1?)
Occupied Cairo: An excellent blog from comrades on the ground Photos from Egypt
More Photos from Egypt
Wild days ahead
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