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life cycle of bivalves
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Marine bivalves (including brackish water and estuarine species) represent about 8,000 species, combined in four subclasses and 99 families with 1,100 genera. A more difficult procedure is the grafting of a piece of oyster mantle into the gonad of an adult specimen together with the insertion of a shell bead nucleus. In this species there was a linear relationship between the sedimentary levels and the tissue concentration of all the metals except zinc. Sometimes, the aragonite forms an inner, nacreous layer, as is the case in the order Pteriida. Clams, ... worms, and other mollusks. A single female oyster can produce 50–80 million eggs in a batch so the selection of broodstock is of great importance. [17], The sensory organs of bivalves are not well developed and are largely located on the posterior mantle margins. [33] In some species, such as those in the genus Lasaea, females draw water containing sperm in through their inhalant siphons and fertilization takes place inside the female. [63] In oysters the lower valve may be almost flat while the upper valve develops layer upon layer of thin horny material reinforced with calcium carbonate. [80] Seed oysters are either raised in a hatchery or harvested from the wild. Bivalves as a group have no head and they lack some usual molluscan organs like the radula and the odontophore. [3] More recently, the class was known as Pelecypoda, meaning "axe-foot" (based on the shape of the foot of the animal when extended). One viral pathogen is the Norwalk virus. These later develop into veliger larvae which settle on the seabed and undergo metamorphosis into juveniles that are sometimes (for example in the case of oysters) known as "spat". The umbo - generally, and the beak - specifically, represent the oldest portion of the shell, with extra material gradually being laid down along the margins on the opposite sides. Bivalves in the larval, juvenile and adult stages are preyed upon by a wide variety of animals that can cause severe mortalities. It has numerous tentacles which fringe its mantle and protrude some distance from the shell when it is feeding. Depending on where a sample is taken, it may represent conditions early or late in the life of the bivalve. These species then brood the young inside their mantle cavity, eventually releasing them into the water column as veliger larvae or as crawl-away juveniles. Home; Restaurant Menu; Dim Sum Menu; Hot Pot Menu Proudly powered by Weebly. It lives above the high tide mark in the tropical Indo-Pacific on the underside of mangrove leaves, on mangrove branches, and on sea walls in the splash zone. 5.2 NOTES ON MOLLUSCS SCIENTIFIC NAMES * The taxonomy of Haliotis discus is very confused (Hahn, 1989). Fertilization of an … Reproductive cycles 133 v. vi Contents Factors controlling reproduction 140 Annual storage cycle 145 Reproductive effort and fecundity 146 ... to bivalves which anchor or burrow or bore,to cephalopods which torpedo through the water or lurk watchfully on the bottom. In the natural environment plankton feeders … Some experts still maintain that Anomalodesmacea should be considered a separate subclass, whereas the new system treats it as the order Anomalodesmata, within the subclass Heterodonta. [33] The ripe gonads of male and females release sperm and eggs into the water column. Brachiopods have a lophophore, a coiled, rigid cartilaginous internal apparatus adapted for filter feeding, a feature shared with two other major groups of marine invertebrates, the bryozoans and the phoronids. The structure of the gills varies considerably, and can serve as a useful means for classifying bivalves into groups. Fig. The babies are hatched in eggs. [22], Many bivalves have no eyes, but a few members of the Arcoidea, Limopsoidea, Mytiloidea, Anomioidea, Ostreoidea, and Limoidea have simple eyes on the margin of the mantle. Many people pick up shells on the beach or purchase them and display them in their homes. En dus voor een life cycle die meer in aandelen belegt? This two-fold sexual role can be achieved at the same time (simultaneous or functional hermaphroditism) or at different times (sequential hermaphroditism, i.e., sex change, sex reversal, The gills of filter-feeding bivalves are known as ctenidia and have become highly modified to increase their ability to capture food. Although most bivalve species are gonochoristic (that is, they are separated into either male or female members) and some species are hermaphroditic (they produce both sperm and eggs), sexual dimorphism is rare. [4] Paired shells have evolved independently several times among animals that are not bivalves; other animals with paired valves include certain gastropods (small sea snails in the family Juliidae),[5] members of the phylum Brachiopoda [6] and the minute crustaceans known as ostracods[7] and conchostrachans. Facebook. [80], Many juveniles are further reared off the seabed in suspended rafts, on floating trays or cemented to ropes. These consist of a pit of photosensory cells and a lens. Finding pearls inside oysters is a very chancy business as hundreds of shells may need to be pried open before a single pearl can be found. [94], A study of nine different bivalves with widespread distributions in tropical marine waters concluded that the mussel, Trichomya hirsuta, most nearly reflected in its tissues the level of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, and Ag) in its environment. Life cycle of the freshwater mussel, including its unique ability to migrate upstream and spawning process in conjunction with various fish. [116][119][126], An alternative systematic scheme exists using gill morphology. The life cycle of a freshwater mussel is quite complex. This constant motion propels food particles into a sorting region at the rear of the stomach, which distributes smaller particles into the digestive glands, and heavier particles into the intestine. These are retained in the animals' tissues and become concentrated in their liver-like digestive glands. The common mussel (Mytilus edulis) produces 10 times as many eggs that hatch into larvae and soon need to feed to survive and grow. When buried in the sediment, burrowing bivalves are protected from the pounding of waves, desiccation, and overheating during low t… [106], Crushed shells are added as a calcareous supplement to the diet of laying poultry. [66] Birds such as the Eurasian oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) have specially adapted beaks which can pry open their shells. While extreme longevity and negligible senescence are generally the domain of plants and colonial animals, bivalves as a group rock the boat when it comes to long-lived non-colonial animals. [115] Because features such as hinge morphology, dentition, mineralogy, shell morphology and shell composition change slowly over time, these characteristics can be used to define major taxonomic groups. Look no further! [78], Oysters, mussels, clams, scallops and other bivalve species are grown with food materials that occur naturally in their culture environment in the sea and lagoons. Bivalves are composed of two shells held together by an elastic ligament.The shells open and close through two abductor muscles. [81] It is an estuarine species and prefers salinities of 20 to 25 parts per thousand. [68] Sea otters feed on a variety of bivalve species and have been observed to use stones balanced on their chests as anvils on which to crack open the shells. In those species where the veliger hatches from an egg capsule, it will pass through the trochophore stage while in the egg capsule. Life Cycle of Ancient Bivalves. Bivalves have epifaunal or infaunal lifestyles but are largely filter feeders that couple the water column and benthos. In these animals, the gills are relatively small, and form a perforated barrier separating the main mantle cavity from a smaller chamber through which the water is exhaled. Navigation. In: Smaal A., Ferreira J., Grant J., Petersen J., Strand Ø. The pericardial glands either line the auricles of the heart or attach to the pericardium, and serve as extra filtration organs. When buried in the sediment, burrowing bivalves are protected from the pounding of waves, desiccation, and overheating during low tide, and variations in salinity caused by rainwater. Other paired muscles control the siphons and the byssus. The majority are filter feeders. Hermaphrodite bivalves function both as a female and a male (i.e., egg and sperm producing, respectively) at least once during their life cycle. [31], Carnivorous bivalves have a greatly reduced style, and a chitinous gizzard that helps grind up the food before digestion. [95] In the Persian Gulf, the Atlantic pearl-oyster (Pinctada radiata) is considered to be a useful bioindicator of heavy metals. [53] The Antarctic scallop, Adamussium colbecki, lives under the sea ice at the other end of the globe, where the subzero temperatures mean that growth rates are very slow. Petersen Group | Earth and Environmental Sciences Department | Mailing Address: 2534 North University Building, 1100 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA, Heidi and Allison win GSA Research Grants, SCIPP Lab reopens following 2+ month hiatus, New Paper Update: Tropical Seasonality in the Miocene. Watsonella and Anabarella are perceived to be (earlier) close relatives of these taxa. [28], A few bivalves, such as the granular poromya (Poromya granulata), are carnivorous, eating much larger prey than the tiny microalgae consumed by other bivalves. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool that was developed in order to analyse and quantify the environmental burdens associated with the production, use and disposal of a material or product and is a common way of quantifying this information. Oyster shell and cockle shell are often used for this purpose and are obtained as a by-product from other industries. The larvae then feed by breaking down and digesting the tissue of the fish within the cysts. Juvenile oysters are then grown on in nursery trays and are transferred to open waters when they reach 5 to 6 millimetres (0.20 to 0.24 in) in length. [90] In the United States and Canada, a regulatory limit of 20 µg/g of domoic acid in shellfish meat is set. [105] There is mention in the Greek text on the Rosetta Stone (196 BCE) of this cloth being used to pay taxes. The foot is first extended before being contracted suddenly when it acts like a spring, projecting the animal forwards. They reproduce using sperms and eggs. This oyster originated in Japan where it has been cultivated for many centuries. In more severe cases, the muscles of the chest wall may be affected leading to paralysis and even death. [76], In many bivalves that have siphons, they can be retracted back into the safety of the shell. Bivalves have also been used in the biocontrol of pollution. To prevent itself from being swept away, it attaches itself with byssal threads to the host's throat. The Life Cycle of Oysters in the Wild. [103] At first they were used decoratively rather than as fasteners and the earliest known example dates back five thousand years and was found at Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley. They can disperse more widely as they remain planktonic for a much longer time. [29], The digestive tract of typical bivalves consists of an oesophagus, stomach, and intestine. Mollusc Life Cycle Most molluscs are dioecious, some are hermaphroditic. [34], Fertilization is usually external. About 10 cases have occurred annually since then and further research needs to be done to establish the epidemiology of the infections. [86], Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is primarily caused by the consumption of bivalves that have accumulated toxins by feeding on toxic dinoflagellates, single-celled protists found naturally in the sea and inland waters. Possible early bivalves include Pojetaia and Fordilla; these probably lie in the stem rather than crown group. Culture there takes place on the bottom, in plastic trays, in mesh bags, on rafts or on long lines, either in shallow water or in the intertidal zone. [30] Waste material is consolidated in the rectum and voided as pellets into the exhalent water stream through an anal pore. An advantage of this to the molluscs is that they can disperse upstream along with their temporary hosts, rather than being constantly swept downstream by the water flow. [24] All bivalves have light-sensitive cells that can detect a shadow falling over the animal. Bivalve fossils can be formed when the sediment in which the shells are buried hardens into rock. Facebook. The import and export of goods made with nacre are controlled in many countries under the International Convention of Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The siphon can be retracted quickly and inverted, bringing the prey within reach of the mouth. Since the year 2000, taxonomic studies using cladistical analyses of multiple organ systems, shell morphology (including fossil species) and modern molecular phylogenetics have resulted in the drawing up of what experts believe is a more accurate phylogeny of the Bivalvia. [85] By 2010, world trade in bivalves had risen to 14,616,172 tons, up from 10,293,607 tons a decade earlier. For the past two centuries no consensus has existed on bivalve phylogeny from the many classifications developed. Marine bivalves filter particles like phytoplankton, thereby transforming particulate organic matter into bivalve tissue or larger faecal pellets that are transferred to the benthos. [104], Sea silk is a fine fabric woven from the byssus threads of bivalves, particularly the pen shell (Pinna nobilis). [27], Most bivalves are filter feeders, using their gills to capture particulate food such as phytoplankton from the water. The gills hang down into the mantle cavity, the wall of which provides a secondary respiratory surface being well supplied with capillaries. When the sea cucumber sucks in sediment, the bivalve allows the water to pass over its gills and extracts fine organic particles. This arrangement allows the shell to be opened and closed without the two halves detaching. Often, the impression made by the valves remains as the fossil rather than the valves. 1). A large number of bivalve species are found in the intertidal and sublittoral zones of the oceans. The life cycle of most bivalves is metamorphis. [91], Ecosystem services provided by marine bivalves in relation to nutrient extraction from the coastal environment have gained increased attention to mitigate adverse effects of excess nutrient loading from human activities, such as agriculture and sewage discharge. Teleodesmacea on the other hand have a porcelanous and partly nacreous shell structure; Mantle lobes that are generally connected, well developed siphons, and specialized hinge teeth. The largest recent marine families are the Veneridae, with more than 680 species and the Tellinidae and Lucinidae, each with over 500 species. Bivalves with long siphons may also have siphonal ganglia to control them. [111] From this, the scallop and other bivalve shells came to be used as a symbol for fertility. [86][87] Another possible source of contamination occurs when bivalves contain marine biotoxins as a result of ingesting numerous dinoflagellates. [100], The indigenous peoples of the Americas living near the east coast used pieces of shell as wampum. As shell shape is constrained by function, the mode of life of bivalves can be interpreted from the shell morphology. Gills range from protobranch to eulamellibranch. Populations of 2 and 3-year-olds show close to a 50:50 sex ratio. Moore, in Moore, Lalicker, and Fischer, 1952, Invertebrate Fossils, gives a practical and useful classification of pelecypods (Bivalvia) even if somewhat antiquated, based on shell structure, gill type, and hinge teeth configuration. [86] In 1978, an oyster-associated gastrointestinal infection affecting more than 2,000 people occurred in Australia. They include the clams, oysters, cockles, mussels, scallops, and numerous other families that live in saltwater, as well as a number of families that live in freshwater. Known by such common names as clams, mussels, cockles, oysters, and scallops, bivalves are among the most familiar aquatic invertebrates.They occur in large numbers in marine, estuarine, The life cycle of a typical freshwater clam. The bivalves are a large class of molluscs, also known as pelecypods.. Freshwater bivalves exhibit several interesting reproductive and developmental behaviors; we will here focus on members of the family Unionidae, the life cycle of which is shown below. Freshwater bivalves exhibit several interesting reproductive and developmental behaviors; we will here focus on members of the family Unionidae, the life cycle of which is shown below. After several weeks they drop off their host, undergo metamorphosis and develop into juveniles on the substrate. [45] By the Permian–Triassic extinction event 250 Mya, bivalves were undergoing a huge radiation of diversity. Life Cycle of a Freshwater Mussel Exploration of the Mississippi River M-3 Jeff Janvrin, Wisconsin DNR PROCEDURE BILLIE BUTTON LIFE HISTORY: Hand out copies of The Story of My Life by Billie Button (located in the appendix) and assign one student reader to each of the excerpts marked. It is a protandrous hermaphrodite (meaning it functions first as a male then transforms into a female). Hatchery production provides some control of the broodstock but remains problematic because disease-resistant strains of this oyster have not yet been developed. After an introduction to these sister taxa, I consider how they bore, focussing on the evolution of the cephalic hood in teredinids, which could contribute to the depth separation between the families. Most pearls are now obtained from cultured shells where an irritant substance has been purposefully introduced to induce the formation of a pearl. They then may be transferred to transitional, nursery beds before being moved to their final rearing quarters. In this region, shell technology may have been developed in preference to the use of stone or bone implements, perhaps because of the scarcity of suitable rock materials. [32], The sexes are usually separate in bivalves but some hermaphroditism is known. Most bivalves bury themselves in sediment where they are relatively safe from predation. The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, is a new exotic species that was introduced into the Great Lakes as early as the fall of 1985. For other uses, see, Taxonomy based upon hinge tooth morphology, Petersen, J.K., Holmer, M., Termansen, M. and Hasler, B. Veligers hatch from egg capsules or develop from an earlier, free-swimming trochophore larval stage. Bivalve environments and enemies: an artist's impression of a seascape showing the different modes of life of modern and fossil marine bivalves. Bivalve shells grow by adding a new layer of calcium carbonate to the interior of their shell each year. [52], Bivalves inhabit the tropics, as well as temperate and boreal waters. Brachiopods and bivalves made their appearance at this time, and left their fossilized remains behind in the rocks.[41]. A sandy sea beach may superficially appear to be devoid of life, but often a very large number of bivalves and other invertebrates are living beneath the surface of the sand. [40] The ability of some bivalves to burrow and thus avoid predators may have been a major factor in their success. De life cycles en hun bijbehorende beleggingen verschillen van elkaar in verwachte opbrengst (rendement) en in risico. [60] Their general strategy is to extend their siphons to the surface for feeding and respiration during high tide, but to descend to greater depths or keep their shell tightly shut when the tide goes out. If attacked, it sheds tentacles in a process known as autotomy. The freshwater bivalves include seven families, the largest of which are the Unionidae, with about 700 species. The space the pericardium encloses is called the pericardial cavity. The name "bivalve" is derived from the Latin bis, meaning "two", and valvae, meaning "leaves of a door". They are currently placed in their own order (Fordillida) without modern representatives or close relatives. [108], A pearl is created in the mantle of a mollusk when an irritant particle is surrounded by layers of nacre. [80], The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is cultivated by similar methods but in larger volumes and in many more regions of the world. The life cycle of P. maxima is typical of many marine bivalves. [17] These ganglia are both connected to the cerebropleural ganglia by nerve fibres. In the Manila clam (Figure 34), as in other bivalves, egg production increases with increasing adult size. [72], Razor shells can dig themselves into the sand with great speed to escape predation. [26], The hemolymph usually lacks any respiratory pigment, although members of the families Arcidae and Limidae are known to possess haemoglobin dissolved directly into the serum. In earlier taxonomic systems, experts used a single characteristic feature for their classifications, choosing among shell morphology, hinge type or gill type. These larvae have a relatively small dispersal potential before settling out. At metamorphosis the juveniles may be allowed to settle on PVC sheets or pipes, or crushed shell. [27], The unusual genus, Entovalva, is endosymbiotic, being found only in the oesophagus of sea cucumbers. [10][13], Bivalves have an open circulatory system that bathes the organs in hemolymph. The first report of this kind in the United States was in Connecticut in 1894. Wild spats are harvested either by broadcasting empty mussel shells on the seabed or by the use of long, small-mesh nets filled with mussel shells supported on steel frames. The causative agent was found to be the Norwalk virus and the epidemic caused major economic difficulties to the oyster farming industry in the country. The taxonomic term Bivalvia was first used by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae in 1758 to refer to animals having shells composed of two valves. Life cycles and population dynamics of marine benthic bivalves from the Disko Bugt area of West Greenland. The periostracum is secreted in the groove between the outer and middle layers of the mantle, and is usually olive or brown in colour and easily abraded. Metamorphosis is when a young organism grows into an adult. [75] Cockles can use their foot to move across the seabed or leap away from threats. The bivalve foot is modified as a powerful digging tool in many groups, while in those that live a permanently attached life (e.g., oysters), it is very reduced. Life cycle assessment (LCA) can be used to understand the environmental impacts of the shellfish aquaculture and wild harvest industries. Some species are "dribble spawners", but others release their gametes in batches or all at once. Bivalves can become toxic when they filter these microalgae out of the water. The arrangement of these teeth is often important in identifying bivalves. Veligers mature to a point called "competence" where they settle to the substratum and metamorphose to become the juvenile stage. [60] They use their muscular foot to dig into the substrate. Saxitoxin is the most virulent of these. In other taxa, alternate layers of calcite and aragonite are laid down. Kiest u voor veel risico? Many species of demersal fish feed on them including the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), which is being used in the upper Mississippi River to try to control the invasive zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Molecular phylogenetic work continues, further clarifying which Bivalvia are most closely related and thus refining the classification.[122][123]. They are more exposed to attack by predators than the burrowing bivalves. In 1950, the year in which the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) started making such information available, world trade in bivalve molluscs was 1,007,419 tons. In most bivalves the two halves of the mantle are fused around the edges, with openings anteriorly for the foot and posteriorly for the exhalant opening through which the water is expelled from the pallial cavity. Bivalves of the families Teredinidae and Xylophagaidae bore into and eat wood in shallow water and the deep sea, respectively. [116][117][118][119][120] Based upon these studies, a new proposed classification system for the Bivalvia was published in 2010 by Bieler, Carter & Coan. The fish are relatively unharmed. The chemoreceptor cells taste the water and are sensitive to touch. All cephalopods live in oceans and area adapted for swimming. They can be harvested by hand when they reach a suitable size. They incorporated powdered shell into clay to temper their pottery vessels. Bivalve ecology is a large field of study, but few comparisons among aquatic ecosystems or lifestyles have been conducted. The babies are hatched in eggs. [128], In May 2010, a new taxonomy of the Bivalvia was published in the journal Malacologia. In species with no gills, such as the subclass Anomalodesmata, the wall of the mantle cavity is the only organ involved in respiration. After about four days, they become D-stage larvae, when they first develop hinged, D-shaped valves. The valves are connected to one another at a hinge. Oysters sometimes occur in dense beds in the neritic zone and, like most bivalves, are filter feeders. By sampling in many locations, we can investigate changes in shell chemistry, shell formation, and/or environmental conditions over the lifetime of one bivalve, which can reveal information about the life cycle of the bivalve species. Jade wins Rackham Graduate Research Grant. [15], The two valves of the bivalve shell are held together at the hinge by a ligament composed of two keratinised proteins, tensilium and resilium. There are many private and public collections of mollusc shells, but the largest one in the world is at the Smithsonian Institution, which houses in excess of 20 million specimens. What kind of blood, sweat and tears go into raising oysters? During the Early Ordovician, a great increase in the diversity of bivalve species occurred, and the dysodont, heterodont, and taxodont dentitions evolved. Breeding programmes have produced improved stock that is available from hatcheries. It has mantle folds that completely surround its small valves. The larvae are grown on in tanks of static or moving water. G. Høpner Petersen Zoological Museum , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 , Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . The eggs hatch into glochidia larvae that develop within the female's shell. [86], In 1816 in France, a physician, J. P. A. Pasquier, described an outbreak of typhoid linked to the consumption of raw oysters. They are typically found near the siphons, but in some species, they fringe the entire mantle cavity. In bivalve: Reproduction and life cycles … the released larva, called a glochidium, often has sharp spines projecting inward from each valve. [54] The giant mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, and the giant white clam, Calyptogena magnifica, both live clustered around hydrothermal vents at abyssal depths in the Pacific Ocean. Area of West Greenland shell to be ( earlier ) close relatives of these teeth is clearly... 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US markets end lower: The Dow and S&P 500 ended slightly lower on Tuesday as investors, worried about global growth prospects, fled from materials and industrials stocks but falling bond yields kept declines in check in the three major indexes.
The International Monetary Fund cut global economic growth forecasts for 2018 and 2019 and its 2019 US and China estimates, saying the two countries would feel the brunt of their trade war next year.
SGX Nifty: Trends on SGX Nifty indicate a positive start for the broader index in India, a gain of 23.5 points or 0.23 percent. Nifty futures were trading around 10,335.5-level on the Singaporean Exchange.
Crude Update: Oil prices edged lower on Wednesday after the IMF lowered its global growth forecasts but prices were supported as Hurricane Michael churned towards Florida, causing the shutdown of nearly 40 percent of US Gulf of Mexico crude output, reported Reuters.
Brent crude futures were down 2 cents at $84.98 a barrel by 0049 GMT, after a 1.3 percent gain on Tuesday.
US West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude was down by 16 cents, or 0.2 percent, at $74.8 a barrel, after rising nearly 1 percent in the previous session.
Gold prices trade higher: Gold prices crawled higher on Wednesday, as long-dated US Treasury yields retreated from multi-year highs, pressuring the dollar, reported Reuters.
US gold futures rose 0.3 percent to $1,194.50 an ounce.
Market at pre-open: Benchmark indices are trading higher in the pre-opening trade with Nifty trading above 10,350 mark.
At 09:02 hrs IST, the Sensex is up 107.49 points or 0.31% at 34406.96, and the Nifty up 66.40 points or 0.64% at 10367.40.
Aviation stocks are flying higher today with 10 percent gain, also TVS Motor, HDFC, Bajaj Finance, Reliance Industries are trading higher in the pre-opening trade.
Rupee Opens: The Indian rupee gained in the early trade on Wednesday. It opened higher by 24 paise at 74.15 per dollar versus previous close 74.39.
On Tuesday rupee ended at a fresh record low of 74.39 per US dollar.
The dollar-rupee October contract on the NSE was at 74.50 in the previous session. October contract open interest increased 2.20% in the previous session, said ICICIdirect.
Market Opens D-Street has begun the day on a positive note, with the Sensex gaining 100 points, while the Nifty is above 10,300-mark.
Among sectors, automobiles, infra, banks and consumer names are gaining, while Nifty IT index is trading in the red.
The Sensex is up 116.98 points or 0.34% at 34416.45, while the Nifty is higher by 26 points or 0.25% at 10327.00. The market breadth is positive as 335 shares advanced, against a decline of 151 shares, while 2,878 shares were unchanged.
HEG, Graphite soar Graphite-linked stocks such as HEG and Graphite India soared in trade on Wednesday morning after research firm Bank of America Merrill Lynch has initiated coverage on these stocks with a buy call. HEG was higher by 17 percent, while Graphite India was locked in 5 percent upper circuit. The firm also sees potential upside of 96-108 percent.
Shares of Dr Reddy's Laboratories rose over 6 percent as investors cheered a product launch by the firm.
The company rolled out launched cholesterol-lowering medication Colesevelam HCI tablets in the United States.
Colesevelam HCI tablet is a therapeutic equivalent generic version of Japanese drug maker Daiichi Sankyo's Welchol.
The Welchol brand and generic drug had US sales of approximately $471 million in year ended August 2018, according to IMS Health.
Market Update Equities have extended their gains from opening levels. The Nifty is trading above 10,350-mark, while the Sensex has risen over 200 points.
Among sectors, auto stocks have gathered steam along with banks, infrastructure, metals, and pharmaceuticals. The Nifty Midcap index is higher by 2 percent.
The Sensex is up 229.49 points or 0.67% at 34528.96, while the Nifty is higher by 79.80 points or 0.77% at 10380.80. The market breadth is positive as 1,236 shares advanced, against a decline of 420 shares, while 1,708 shares were unchanged.
Hero MotoCorp, Maruti Suzuki, Bajaj Finance and Bajaj Finserv are the top gainers, while Yes Bank and Infosys have lost the most.
Garden Reach Listing Pre-open: Market debutant Garden Reach Shipbuilders' shares have settled around Rs 102,.50 apiece in the pre-opening market. The stock will list at 10 am.


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The precious cashmere wool for our noble LORENZO CANA cashmere scarves comes from a small family business in Nepal and is combed out by hand from the peritoneum of the cashmere goats, instead of being shorn as usual. The so-called, buttery cashmere wool is then spun into the finest yarn and knitted by hand according to our own designs. This product will enchant you.


The International Cricket Council (ICC) have released the full schedule for the 2020 edition of the T20 World Cup. Both the men and women's tournaments will take place in Australia in the same calendar year for the first time in the competition's history.
While the men's tournament will begin on 18 October and end on 15 November, the women's tournament runs from 21 February till 8 March. The Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) will host the final of both events.
The 2020 Women's T20 World Cup sees the top eight teams (ranked from the 2018 edition of the tournament) gain automatic qualification. The remaining two spots will be determined through a qualifying tournament which is slated to take place in 2019.
Defending champions and four-time winners Australia are slotted in Group A alongside New Zealand, India, Sri Lanka and a qualifier. 2009 champions England and 2016 champions West Indies are in Group B along with South Africa, Pakistan and a qualifier.


When we think of our dogs being clean, we don't think of it as a requirement to better health and a longer life. So let's be real, there's more to dog hygiene than the occasional bath. This article explains the dog hygiene requirements.
Unfortunately, most pet owners bathe their dogs too often. They do this because their dogs are all over their furniture, and it's difficult to have a dog who was playing on the beach or in the mud then come in and sleep in bed with us. Surprisingly, you don't need to bathe your dogs very often at all. According to veterinarians, we only have to bathe Fido once every two to three months. Frequent washes may irritate the dog's skin, which can cause the skin to flake and the coat to become duller.
Periodontal disease is the most common disease for dogs. Tartar builds up on the teeth and this disease forms in the gums. If untreated, periodontal disease can cause lethal bacterial infections. To avoid this, it is important to brush your dog's teeth every day. You should brush your dog's teeth in the evening, when plaque forms the most. If you don't have access to a toothbrush, your fingers serve as a good substitute for brushing your dog's teeth. Importantly, the younger you start this process, the more likely your dog is to be okay with having your fingers in her mouth!
Just like us, our pups could use some nail maintenance to maintain optimal health. Long nails can hurt you as much as it can hurt them. No longer are the days where your pup needs to dig to hide things, find food, or defend himself from predators. As long as you don't nip the kwik (the part that holds the blood), your dog's short nails (and if you're really fancy, filed) will make you and your pup a happy camper.
A luxury for many, dog grooming is important for your dog's health for a variety of reasons. A fresh haircut can ignite healthy hair growth for your pup. A good brushing can result in the removal of dust and other particles that might be hiding in your pup's coat. A good brushing also leads to softer, fuller hair, which is not necessarily a health benefit, but an aesthetic benefit, which we all can admit to enjoying. Buying a dog brush and learning how to shave or cut your dog's hair might be too daunting a task for many, but if you want your pup to be a healthy, happy, beautiful dog, it's worth the investment.


12 Apps of Christmas! 2016!
This is the third year that The 12 Apps of Christmas course has been run by Dr Frances Boylan of the Learning, Teaching & Technology Centre at DIT. Over 3000 Educators, Librarians. Instructional Designers, Learning Development Officers, and students took part in this free, open CPD course online and on Twitter at #12appsDIT, reading one inspiring case study a day about mobile apps and their integration into learning ad teaching practices.
26 different countries were represented and included participants from as far away as Hong Kong, Guam, Iceland, Australia, and USA, as well as a large number of followers from Ireland.
While the initiative is now over as a live event, all the resources are still available and are well worth checking out!


After the week we've had, it's forgiveable if all you want to do is curl up under a blanket and stay in all day. But what if your home is not as cosy as you'd like it to be? Since your home should be a haven where you can fully relax (and stay away from the biting cold), it's important that your abode has the right atmosphere.
Having a warm, cosy, and inviting environment is important no matter what your situation is. Of course, it is crucial if you simply want a place to unwind. And if you're the social type, you need a cosy home to entertain guests. A nice and cosy home also takes on a new level of importance if you've recently just moved in—you want to settle in quickly after all.
Here are a few ways you can easily make your home nice and cosy.
The first thing that anybody sees when visiting your house is the entrance. This initial area has a big influence on their perception on the rest of your house. Even though you might have put in so much effort in making your living room, kitchen, and bedrooms perfect, a dark and shabby entrance will detract from everything else. You need an entryway that sets the warm and inviting tone you desire.
Give your front door a good clean and, if necessary, add a new coat of paint. It might also be a good idea to replace doorknobs, doorbells, and mail boxes for a shiny, new look. Add a welcoming doormat to extend an invitation to your visitors to come in and warm up. Another thing that works wonders is to place a big leafy plant right next to the inside of your door. Greenery always adds a positive atmosphere to any home.
The great thing about keeping your home cosy is that you can probably go overboard on textiles (most of the time!). If all you see is a room full of harsh straight lines and smooth finishes, it gives the impression that the space is cold and impersonal. This is the opposite of cosy!
Use all kinds of textiles to add a bit of visual and tactile variability in your home. Add rugs in your living room and bedrooms—this is the perfect chance to experiment with different colours and materials. Mix and match throw pillows on your sofa, benches, or the floor. Also, soften hard spaces with blankets and try switching regular containers with woven ones.
To make a space feel inviting, you need the right amount and kind of lighting. An overly dark room doesn't exactly instil a sense of happiness so you need at least enough light for the right atmosphere.
The type of light depends on the time of day as well. During the day, open up curtains and use mirrors strategically to let in as much light as possible. Plenty of natural light will make you feel more productive, happier, and calmer so be sure to take advantage of it! In the evenings, close off a few curtains and switch on lamps with a soft, orange glow. During this time, you don't want harsh light. You can even light up a few real or electric candles to create a relaxing atmosphere.
Smell is an important component of a cosy home so you should try to infuse a few pleasant smells throughout your place. At the very least, make sure that there aren't any bad smells floating around. Try taking a mini-break away for a day or two so that you can take note of the smell as soon as you return.
To add pleasant scents, try getting a few fragrant plants such as lavender and scented geraniums. For non-plant options, use an essential oil diffuser, beeswax candles, or other natural ways to make your home smell great.
Placing personalised items for everyone to see might not seem like it will do much, but trust me, it does! Having your unique items out on display will bring back (hopefully warm and fuzzy) memories. It also adds a lot more character to your home than if you just have bare rooms.
Hang up photos of family members to make you feel at ease. Show off prints and artwork that you've bought or even created yourself. Also, display a few souvenirs from your travels—those handmade ceramic bowls from Vietnam on your gloss coffee table could do just the trick! As long as you don't overdo it, your unique belongings make for a room that feels lived-in and inviting.
You deserve a home that you want to stay in and spend time relaxing. With these tips, you'll get just that! Also, if you've just moved, these tips act as a great way to easily feel more comfortable at your new place. And with a cosy home, you'll be in a great position to invite people over.
That sounds lovely Jaki. That's the one room you want to be cosy!
Yes absolutely Pen. A really good clean up and de-clutter of things no longer required is as good as redecoration in some ways.
Me too Sophie. What's the point of having a show home if it has no personality and says nothing about you.
It's so easy for them to get clutter isn't it? We've just got a new shoe storage bench and it looks so much nicer.


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The Romanoffs Designer Jane Bryant on Recreating Russian Royalty
The story behind the costumes that bring the imperial family to life in this new Amazon series
By Summer Lin
Tsar Nicholas II Romanov and his daughters, Grand Duchesses Anastasia, Tatiana, and Olga
The last Russian royal family, the Romanovs, perished nearly a century ago at the height of the Russian Civil War and the reign of the Bolsheviks, but to this day, tens of thousands of people still claim to be members of the imperial family. The Romanoffs, the Amazon-led anthology series premiering today, seeks to capture the lives of these would-be heirs. Each of the shows' hour-and-a-half long episodes introduces a new cast (including Christina Hendricks, Diane Lane, Aaron Eckhart, Amanda Peet, and Kathryn Hahn) and plot-lines, spanning across three different continents and eight countries in the process.
The anthology series also required a new wardrobe for every episode, giving costume designer Jane Bryant, the mastermind behind Mad Men's enthralling outfits, six to eight weeks of prep time for four episodes of The Romanoffs, due to the constantly shifting details and the rotating casts. The show's first installment, entitled "The Violet Hour" is centered on themes of immigration and inheritance and is set in the backdrop of a fading Parisian apartment. Anushka (Marthe Keller) is a prickly, albeit elegant aristocrat whose dourness and racism are slowly worn down by her new caretaker Hajar (IInès Melab), a Muslim woman. "The Royal We," the second episode, is more of a modern noir, focusing on a bored American couple Shelly (Kerry Bishé) and Michael (Corey Stoll). The pair find themselves on a Romanov-themed cruise, which only serves as more ammunition for Shelly's resentment in her marriage (Michael is a descendent, but she is not).
Kerry Bishé in "The Royal We"
Here, CR caught up with Bryant about the costumes for the show and how the history of the Romanovs impacted the clothing design.
What went into the research of the costumes and the family as a whole?
"I did a lot of research on the Russian family just to wrap my head around the whole project and understand the descendants of that family. That was something that was really tragic, that the royal family was massacred, communism took over, and Stalin killed over 15 million people, more than Hitler. I think that the descendants are still attached to what happened to their family."
Tell me about the first episode "The Violet Hour." How did you come up with Anushka's look?
"Her clothes are very French, very classic, and very Old World. She's probably been wearing the same things for 50 years. Even if they're new, they still have the same kind of aesthetic from 50 years ago. She's kind of like our French Betty Draper, in a way."
Aaron Eckhart and Marthe Keller in "The Violet Hour"
Keller and IInès Melab
Christopher Raphael
How did Anushka's relationship with Hajar inform the clothes?
"I loved the idea of Anushka being very classic. She's a character stuck in time, but you truly learn in the end that it's a story of character development. [Anushka] hates Hajar, and learns to love her and her daughter by getting to understand them and accepting differences. I loved learning about Muslim culture and learning how to tie and do all of the different wraps of the hijab. And also just learning about the Muslim identity and what's happening in Paris now. Anushka and Hajar are very different in the way they dress and it was very important to show those contrasting worlds through their costume design."
What were your favorite episodes to design for?
"I loved the 'Violet Hour.' We were in Paris and it was like such a dream to be there in every way. The city was magical, the story was magical, and the crew was amazing. I would say one of my favorite episodes for costume design was definitely 'The Royal We' because we had to recreate the royal family costumes for a Romanov performance that was happening. We built all of them and it was amazing."
What didn't you know about the Romanovs before the show?
"Well, something that we didn't know was that the revolution was really brought on by Rasputin. The Tsar had gone off to war and left the Tsarina there with the children and there were rumors that that Rasputin and the Tsarina were having an affair because Rasputin, he really preached healing through sex. But he was a mad, mad alcoholic and also a Russian orthodox priest. So that was one of the things that really sparred on the revolution and why the Bolsheviks wanted to kill the Russian family."
Russian imperial family
Grand Duchesses Maria, Tatiana, Anastasia, and Olga
Do you miss designing for Mad Men at all?
"Yes! One of my favorite [costumes] is when Betty has lost all the weight, and she's wearing that yellow gown standing in that very dark brown, wood room. And she's just like the queen. It's in a later season, but I love that gown so much. I love that whole scene. She's so amazing. I love January, but you know I love all of the early stuff too. I always told [January] she was my little cupcake. [laughs]"
'Titanic' Costumer on Creating Dresses for Winslet
Janet Jackson's Designer on Her Iconic Style
American Crime Story Designer on Versace
Rare Moments from the Original Lion King
The House that Charles James Built
Remember When Nelson Mandela Met the Spice Girls
Disneyland Through the Decades
Margot Robbie Wore Sharon Tate's Jewellery
Bella Hadid Is as Blonde as Gigi Now
CR Muse: The Quiet Triumph of Anne-Marie Beretta
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Remembering Jane Fonda's Original Workout
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'The Crown' Designer on When Jackie Met Elizabeth
Celebrating Jane Seymour's Birthday

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Koetter: Demar Dotson will start at right tackle, competition at center
By Sander Philipse Mar 23, 2016, 7:58am EDT
Share All sharing options for: Koetter: Demar Dotson will start at right tackle, competition at center
The Tampa Bay Buccaneers will start Demar Dotson at right tackle this year, or that is at least the plan going into training camp, Dirk Koetter told the media in Boca Raton today -- via Roy Cummings. Gosder Cherilus will be the swing backup tackle, with Kevin Pamphile the other backup lineman. Pamphile can play all across the offensive line, though Koetter also said that Pamphile would be expected to compete with J.R. Sweezy at left guard (via Rick Stroud). Koetter also noted that Joe Hawley and Evan Smith will compete for the starting job at center, via Scott Smith.
That clears up the Bucs' offensive line plans, which were a bit unclear -- at least at right tackle. The Bucs were engaged in contract talks with Demar Dotson last year when he suffered a knee injury, causing him to miss the first half of the season. They'd signed veteran Gosder Cherilus to play right tackle and he did an adequate job. In the end, Dotson only started three games -- though those three games also made it obvious that he was the better player.
Starting Dotson at right tackle now is a bit of a no-brainer. The bigger question is what the Bucs plan to do in the long term: Dotson and Cherilus are both over 30 and in the final year of their respective contracts. The team could address right tackle in the draft, or they could see Pamphile as the future at that position. There's also the possibility that they re-open contract talks with Dotson and get him signed to a two- or three-year extension to keep him in the fold.
Regardless of what happens, though, the Bucs actually have a decent amount of depth along the offensive line.


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Game News Uncategorized
Burnout Paradise Remastered is drifting by on March 16!
"OH, take me down to the paradise city, where the grass is green and the girls are pretty…"
Good news everyone! EA and Criterion Games has come forth and announced that a remastered version of the great game Burnout Paradise that came out in 2008 which I loved playing…mostly by myself but hey it was fun nonetheless and for me is still one of the best street race games to this day.
In a tweet on the 20th of February Criterion Games showed an official reveal trailer for the Burnout Paradise Remaster game, which is shown to come out for both Xbox One and Playstation 4 on March 16, 2018. However, they did add shortly after that a PC version would be expected to come out later this year (hopefully, given that I wouldn't mind if it got delayed).
Take us down to the Paradise City… Burnout Paradise Remaster arrives on March 16https://t.co/33TBjOZnCU
— Criterion Games (@CriterionGames) 20. februar 2018
PC version expected later this year folks.
Burnout Paradise Remastered will include the original base game and with eight add-on game packs that was released during the "Year of Paradise", including the extension to the drivable world with Big Surf Island. The game will also feature various upgrades in terms of enhancement with graphics, greater visual fidelity, resolution all the way up to 4K! as well as supporting 60FPS (Frames Per Second) on the Playstation 4 Pro and Xbox One X.
As an added bonus, it has been told that the games will support up to 8 in multiplayer, though not much else has been said, so I can only guess that we can be in a party up to 8 people that then can drive around against each other in races and sight-seeing.
You can watch the trailer here:
Nevertheless, do tell what you guys think of this. I know for one, that I'm excited to come back to the Paradise City (or island) and drive around by myself or with some friends to enjoy the scenery and do some crazy stunts in the streets.
Tell me down in the comments your thoughts and let us have a discussion about it.
Stay Cozy and have a nice day!
TagsBurnout Paradise • Burnout Paradise Remastered • Criterion Games • EA • Electronic Arts • Game News • Gaming • Playstation • PS4 • XboneX • Xbox • Xbox One • Xbox One X
6 comments on "Burnout Paradise Remastered is drifting by on March 16!"
MillennialMerit
Oh please let this one have no loot boxes, EA.
We can only hope, but the way the industry has shown itself to us. There's a small chance it won't be a game without microtransactions.
But while loot boxes is frustrating, as long as they aren't tied to how you can progress the game and overall exploration. Then it won't be too much of a downfall.
It would be a new low if they put them in a remastered game.
I agree, but if they see that a profit can be made from it then by damnation it will be implemented. No matter how much we stand against the oppression of microtransaction in the video game industry.
They're getting to a point though where all the bad press is impacting not only their sales but their brand image. Battlefront 2 not only got the bigwigs at Disney pissed but the government too, who are now looking into the legality of loot boxes.
Correct and this is where we stand as of today, when looking at the different games being developed and published, while the government is looking into the legality.
Problem is, there are too many games in both the indie, double AA and triple AAA industry coming out to really go through them all. So now companies have to be more careful on how they want to approach this issue.
I for one have seen both the good and bad about microtransactions, but the way that EA went about it was to the point of it being extortion towards its playerbase. The people that really wanted to enjoy their games and most of the time the games themselves are well made to be enjoyed, it's just that many other parts are making it difficult to get on the level of being a positively game to talk about.
So, as of now…all we can do is wait and see what will happen once the game releases next month.


The most romantic days of the year are fast approaching, and with the help of Cupid, Tugu is getting everything ready to celebrate St. Valentine's. A candlelit dinner accompanied with champagne and chocolate, live music, the relaxation of the spa or a relaxing massage just for you. These are just some of the ideas they've got for you at Tugu hotels, found throughout Java, Bali and Lombok. Tugu offers a multitude of destinations, each one of which is the perfect setting to spend several unforgettable days.
The arrival of February and Valentine's Day is the perfect excuse to celebrate love and spend time focusing on your loved one, savoring a romantic experience that will last forever in your memory. We've got unforgettable experiences for you in Tugu's award winning hotels, all offering pure romance.
Taking its cue from the "Fifty Shades of Grey" saga, Hotel Tugu Bali has got a very sensual proposal: a dining experience inspired by the film including a 5 course menu and champagne for two. Relaxing in the choice of 14 venues, and enjoying its selection of dishes will awaken your desire and your senses starting at IDR 900.000++.
There is something for everyone to enjoy sunset & sunrise in style and privacy. Celebrate your love in a place where timeless romance and exotic luxuries blend in perfect harmony. Hold tight to that someone special and escape to another beautiful day in the paradise.
Celebrate your love where timeless romance and exotic luxuries blend-at Hotel Tugu Bali.
From the curated love nest filled with fine arts, candlelight tete-a-tete dinner on your private open air balcony, dozing off in your sunken bath, sunbathing by our large pool, riding a horse on the beach at sunset, or experiencing a most traditional-spa treatment for two.
Tugu Bali is the most secret romantic tropical haven on the island.


Yesterday was the final day of the Wills Point tournament. The Tigers dropped the first game 7-4 to Palmer and won their second game over Canton 6-5. They are back in action Tuesday night against Corsicana.


Sometimes it takes a shake-up in routine to see the advantages of doing something in a new way. The recent snow storms in the Northeast have wreaked havoc on transportation — to such an extent that web editor Eric Convey spent nearly four hours trying to get to work one morning this week, until finally settling in at a Starbucks. Read more: How one really rotten day trying to get to work highlighted the benefits of telecommuting.
There's nothing more thrilling for a kid than a snow day. But for working parents, snow days can be a nightmare — especially when they come one after another without relief as they have done in Boston this winter. Brad Harrington, Executive Director of 1MFWF Supporter Boston College Center for Work & Family, explains how flexibility can help relieve the stress for parents and be good for business as well. Read more: Say it Ain't Snow: A Working Parent's Dilemma.
Working from home is typically touted as the solution for getting closer to the elusive work/life balance. But many workers who take advantage of this supposed "perk" end up working more hours than their in-office counterparts, due to what's known as the "flexibility stigma". Read more: The Hidden Cost of a Flexible Job.
A new study from Workplace Trends and Career Arc has found that employers are off the mark when it comes to recognizing employee needs around work/life balance. 67 percent of HR professionals think their employees have work-life balance, but 45 percent of employees say they struggle to find time for personal activities. 50% of employers rank work flexibility as the most important benefit they believe their employees want, whereas 75% of employees rank work flex number one. Read more from Workplace Trends Founder Dan Schawbel: Yes, There Is a Disconnect Between Employers and Employees on Work-Life Balance.
A fictionalized case-study in the Harvard Business Review presents a thought-provoking work-from-home scenario and calls for reader input. Our director Emma Plumb added her suggestions — take a look in the comments section under "Plumb" and join the conversation.


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OADN Position Statement on Academic Progression
The Organization for Associate Degree Nursing (OADN), as the voice for Associate Degree Nursing (ADN), promotes the advancement of ADN graduates through the promotion of best practices in nursing education and academic progression. OADN supports the Institute of Medicine's (IOM), The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health report recommendations dated 2010 and the Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report The Future of Nursing Report Brief dated 2015. These reports recommend increasing the proportion of bachelor prepared nurses (IOM, 2010, p. 3) and transforming education by supporting academic pathways towards a bachelor's degree in nursing (IOM, 2015, p. 2). OADN's continued leadership on these efforts led to the co-founding of the RWJF-supported National Education in Progression in Nursing (NEPIN) Collaborative, with a goal of 90% of new ADN graduates achieving the BSN or higher by 2025.
OADN's mission is to provide leadership in nursing education to support the health and well-being of the communities served by community-based nursing education programs. As the national advocate for over 1,100 associate degree nursing programs across the country, OADN works to advance excellence in nursing education and community college pathways into registered nursing careers. The institutions that OADN represents educate over 50% of all newly licensed professional registered nurses (RN), an average of 81,000 annually. OADN stakeholders' programs frequently include licensed practical nursing (LPN) programs and LPN-RN transition programs, as well.
A key strategic priority of OADN is to advance Associate Degree Nursing through the promotion of best practices in nursing education and academic progression. Every associate degree nurse should have access to pursue additional nursing education. In many areas of the country, access to education beyond the associate degree is still a challenge. As a result, OADN supports innovative models to accomplish a seamless transition for academic progression. A few opportunities include:
Articulation/Consortium agreements
Dual admission and/or co-enrollment
Pre-licensure "partnership models"
RN to BSN conferral at the community college
As recommendations are developed for the Future of Nursing 2020-2030 report, OADN recognizes the significant progress that has been made to achieve the recommendations from the original Future of Nursing Report but also understands more is to be accomplished. OADN also believes that the nursing community must lead in a unified approach to assure seamless academic progress for all nurses at all levels of the educational process. Working together will facilitate the unity of the nursing profession.
APIN final program summary and report (2017)
Institute of Medicine, Assessing progress on the institute of medicine report the future of nursing (2015). Report in Brief. Retrieved from http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2015/AssessingFON_re leaseslides/Nursing-Report-in-brief.pdf
Institute of Medicine. (2010). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health report recommendations. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
National Council of State Boards of Nursing. 2018 NCLEX Pass Rates. https://www.ncsbn.org/12171.htm
Approved by the OADN Board of Directors: August 17, 2012
Updated and approved by the OADN Board of Directors: February 11, 2020
Download a PDF of this position statement.


There is actually a common thinking that people having bad credit scores would not be able to get a loan. But, due to the increase of the options that you will find from such special lenders online, it is now possible to get those small personal loans without any credit check.
It can appear like it is one huge risk for the lenders to grant these loans with no credit checking of the borrower and it is very true. Because of this, there are compromises which the applicants should be making when they would get approved even if they have a bad credit.
However, what are the special conditions which the applicant should accept when one would apply for this kind of personal loan? Why is a lender able to grant that approval even if this appears like a big risk for them?
You should be aware that any lender who accepts this risk of taking that bad credit borrower with no doubt has definitely computed such chances of obtaining a profit from such deal. Remember that there is actually no lender who would go through that deal having closed eyes and due to which, granting a personal loan without checking has surely been considered in a careful manner and this is also a great option of a loan for them.
Also, the simple fact is showing that statistics often show that the borrowers are a lot more interested in having their credit reputation rebuilt than they are taking their money and running. In any case, that big percentage of the bad credit borrowers nowadays are honest borrowers who just fell a victim of the economic collapse many years before. To get that approval irrespective of the credit score is not quite a big risk. Moreover, those credit scores were not a huge aspect for the process of approval.
Also, lenders arent about to provide an amount of $50,000 loan to a borrower who is not completely checked out. They have actually established clear limits to the personal loan size that they are willing to offer to the bad credit borrowers such as from $100 to $1,500. To keep themselves protected from the losses, then the lenders would charge high interest rates to such loans.
Well, you should understand that there is actually no mystery to such limits. Through granting that lower loan limit, then this would ensure that the maximum losses are kept at a minimum. This would mean that providing such approval despite having a bad credit is of use to such applicants who should pay certain emergency expenses or the due debts. Probably, a final notice or the hospital bill for instance.


Shallow copies and sorts an array given specific criteria.
This function is valid in v2.13.3 to v2.16.0. This function has been downloaded 8 times.
Criteria by which a shallow copy of array will be sorted. If a string or an array is supplied it will be used as the path to each individual array element that will be keyed off of to do the sort.
Comparison function used to compare each array element criteria.
A shallow copy of the array sorted according to the specified criteria and comparison function.


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'Today Allah Has Called You and You Are Going to Meet Him!' Muslim Persecution of Christians, February 2022
03/28/2022 by Raymond Ibrahim 7 Comments
The historic Panagia Soumela Monastery, Turkey
The following are among the abuses Muslims inflicted on Christians throughout the month of February, 2022:
The Muslim Slaughter of Christians
Nigeria: On Feb. 25, members of the Islamic State West Africa Province slaughtered three Christians during an attack on Chibok, in the nation's northeast. The terrorists also destroyed a Church of the Brethren in Nigeria
Pakistan: As many as 200 Muslims slaughtered Pervez Masih, a 25-year-old Christian video game store owner. On the evening of Feb. 13, he refused to gamble with some young Muslims who had entered his store. On the next day, Feb. 14, a mob "of 150 to 200 Muslims came to the Christian area of Lahore, some with guns, and started insulting and beating people, including Pervez," says the report:
Despite his uncle's attempts to stop the beating, the attackers dragged Pervez away to torture him with sticks and bricks, threatening that they would not leave him alive. Eventually one of the Muslims, named Sohni, son of Allah Ditta, hit the young Christian in the head. When the latter fell to the ground everyone fled the scene, firing into the air.
Democratic Republic of Congo: On Feb. 24, Islamic terrorists linked to the Allied Democratic Forces, slaughtered four Christians after barricading and setting their car on fire. One of those killed was Sylvia Kombi, of the Anglican Church of Congo, long hailed for her service in providing trauma counseling to the terror-stricken region. "She was coming from our diocese in Kasindi where she had gone to give counseling to Christian refugees living in Lubhiriha," explained a local source. While eulogizing Sylvia, the head of the missions arm of the South Rwenzori Diocese of Uganda, said,
She would spend days with the Muslim background believers here to pray with them and guide them on how to face persecution and become bold servants of the Lord. She was a humble and loving sister who put the gospel needs of the church first and she never hesitated whenever we needed her to come all the way from DR Congo to train our evangelists.
Muslim Attacks on Apostates, Blasphemers, and Evangelists
Iran: Three former Muslim converts to Christianity—a married couple and a separate woman—were, according to a Feb. 9 report, "summoned to begin serving prison sentences of between two and five years for 'acting against national security' by attending a house-church and 'spreading Zionist Christianity.'" The man, Ramin Hassanpour, is to serve five years in prison; his wife, Saeede, and the other woman, Sakine Behjati, are each to serve two years. A fourth member of the group, Hadi Rahimi, is already serving a four year sentence.
In a separate incident, authorities called on ten other Muslim converts to Christianity, who were earlier cleared of all charges, to take "re-education" classes led by Islamic clerics. Because the former Muslims had been "misled" to Christianity, authorities explained, these classes were meant to "guide them back onto the right path." Earlier, the prosecutor in the case against these Christians had said that "apostasy" from Islam was punishable under Islamic law, or sharia, "and in the hereafter," though it was "not criminalised in the laws of Iran." According to the Feb. 1 report,
Despite this, the Christians must now endure 10 compulsory sessions with Islamic clerics, who will attempt to revert them to Islam in what is a clear breach of their rights under the international covenants to which Iran is a signatory. Such so-called 're-education' sessions have become much more common in recent years, even appearing in the list of 'corrective punishments' on official court papers…
Egypt: A Christian man was convicted of blasphemy and sentenced to five years imprisonment. On Jan. 29, Marco Gerges (George) was pronounced guilty of "contempt for Islam" and "exploiting religion in promoting extremist ideas." According to the Feb. 9 report,
Gerges, reported to be a 'private citizen', was arrested in June 2021 on suspicion of having 'sexual images' on his mobile phone that, the prosecutor said, were in 'contempt of the Islamic religion'. It's not clear why or how he came to be arrested. Other charges, relating to violations of Egypt's cyber-crime law and using religion to promote extremist thought, were added later without offering Gerges or his defence team an opportunity to respond…. A law banning "insulting the heavenly religions", criminalising blasphemy, has been repeatedly used to silence Egypt's religious minorities… Since the beginning of 2021, there have been at least three similar cases to Gerges', in which the courts have resorted to 'unconstitutional and overbroad laws such as blasphemy…'
Uganda: Muslims beat unconscious a Christian evangelist on his way to participate in an open air debate on Islam and Christianity. When Charles Kamya, 43, was a little over 300 yards away from the site of the debate, two men approached and stopped his car: "I stopped my car only to be ambushed by six other Muslims in Islamic attire who resurfaced from the bush at around midday," Kamya later explained from his hospital bed. "Some beat me badly while others cut me with some objects, and I lost a lot of blood as they pulled me out of my car and threw me out." While thrashing him, one of his attackers said, "You have been terrorizing our religion. Today Allah has called you, and you are going to meet him." Two hours later, a passerby found Charles lying unconscious in a pool of his own blood. About a week earlier, Charles was involved in another debate; then, he held and cited from a Koran problematic passages that he said were resolved through the Christian message:
I used the Koran to show Muslims that from the beginning of the Earth to date, God wants all people to be saved including Muslims. I also discussed Surah 72 about the powers of evil jinn, and that they can be defeated by Issa [Jesus], and many Muslims converted to Christ. One sheikh wanted to grab the Koran from me, but I refused and left immediately. It [the second debate he was traveling to but never reached] was well publicized, with my photo displayed as the main debater of the day in Christian-Muslim dialogue.
Also in Uganda, on Feb. 6, Muslim family members beat, tied, and tried to burn alive a former Muslim turned Christian evangelist. Malingumu Bruhan, 34, had long since left his village, but returned for his grandfather's funeral, and then accepted his uncles' request to stay and visit. It was not long, however, before one of Bruhan's uncles, Musa, began to accost him, as Bruhan later explained:
My uncle accused me of embarrassing them by holding Christian evangelistic, open-air meetings and debates with Muslims. He accused me of being an infidel by converting to Christianity, and that Allah will reward them in Jannah [garden paradise] if they kill me. He said to me that it is now the right time for me to receive punishment from Allah, whereby I was going to be burned alive and the birds of the air will enjoy me as their meat.
Bruhan remained silent, which provoked his uncles to even greater fits of rage: "They started beating me up as others gathered firewood, while another was sent to go for petrol because they wanted to use it to burn me alive." During this time, a friend of Bruhan came looking for him, only to discover his shoe, "which had come off as his uncles dragged him off for slaughter."
My friend made several phone calls after finding my shoe, and they arrived and started searching for me. They found me behind the house about 100 meters away, tied and with firewood around me. They tried calling the police, which scared the attackers, and they fled.
Bruhan was taken to and treated in a medical clinic for head injuries. Because he is a well-known evangelist, who frequently participates in Christian/Muslim debates, Bruhan has been targeted for and "survived 11 murder attempts."
Finally in Uganda, on Feb. 6, Muslims intercepted and beat a relative as he was leaving church, where he had just publicly professed his newfound faith in Christ. Sadi Bwanga, 20, a grandson of a local Muslim sheikh, was seen earlier that morning traveling to the church with a Christian evangelist. His extended family followed him. When he and his friend exited the church, his family approached, yanked Sadi, who was carrying a Bible, to one side, and confronted his companion:
One of them told me," the evangelist later explained, "'We know that you are a Christian, but our son is a Muslim—we do not want to see you here.' So I left immediately. Just a little distance away I heard loud screaming from Sadi crying for help.
When another vehicle drove by and stopped, the Christian told them what was happening, prompting the Muslims to place Sadi in their vehicle and drive away. The evangelist continues:
I knew that they were going to kill my friend, so I alerted my pastor, who organized two vehicles immediately and we drove to Sadi's home. On arrival there were several people outside, but on seeing us they fled. We found Sadi outside his cottage lying in a pool of blood and half-naked at around 2:30 p.m., with serious head and leg injuries, but still alive.
Sadi was rushed to a hospital, at which point his relatives turned to and destroyed his living quarters. He was released from the hospital more than a week later, on Feb. 14, and was last reported as being "on an IV drip, and a nurse is monitoring his condition at a house at an undisclosed location."
Muslim Attacks on Churches, Seminaries, and Crosses
Burkina Faso: During the night of Feb. 10-11, "jihadists came by motorbike" and attacked Saint Kisito de Bougui, a seminary that houses nearly 150 seminarians, or future clergymen in training. Although no lives were lost, "there was a lot of material damage," notes the report. "The attackers burned two dormitories, a classroom, and a vehicle. Another vehicle was stolen. A crucifix was destroyed," after the invaders told the Christians that "they don't want to see crosses." The terrorists also told them to "go now, that they will come back and if somebody remains there they will kill them."
Egypt: Over the course of two days, dozens of Christian residents in a village in Minya, "staged a demonstration," according to a Feb. 10 report, "to demand government approval for the construction of a church in their village to replace their place of worship which burned down in 2016." A week later, local authorities responded to the demonstration by arresting nine Christians from the village. The report adds that "The protest and arrests are just the latest incidents in a hot-button issue of sectarian discrimination in Egypt, where the country's Christian minority has struggled against government policies that severely restrict the building and renovation of churches."
Algeria: Authorities arrested a Christian man for preaching outside of his sealed off church and giving a passerby a Bible. According to the Feb. 28 report,
The man, Mohammed Derrab, remains in detention for anti-conversion charges brought against him. The arrest occurred in Tizi Ouzou, a province in Algeria that has already seen several church closures, including a new threatened closure from the provincial governor. Due to the closures, Brother Derrab, an elder at the closed Tafat church in Tizi Ouzou, preached outside of his church on January 27 and gave one listener a Bible, resulting in his arrest the next day. Authorities searched the elder's house afterwards and confiscated his collection of Bibles. During the trial, an Algerian judge sentenced Brother Derrab to 18 months in prison. Brother Derrab is currently detained in prison awaiting his next trial date to appeal the judgment next month.
As the report explains, this incident is representative of a pattern of persecution against the Protestant churches of Algeria:
To date, at least 16 churches affiliated with the Protestant Church of Algeria (EPA) remain closed or have been threatened with closure. The threats come as a result of failure to comply with the 2006 ordnance that requires non-Muslim worship to operate only in licensed buildings. However, the licensing commission has yet to issue a single permit.
Turkey: Authorities gave permission to turn a historic and much venerated monastery into a nightclub during the videotaping of an advertisement, which included people dancing to loud electronic music in the monastery's courtyard. Orthodox Christians responded with outrage at what they deemed the intentional desecration of a cherished site. Located in Trabzon and built into a steep cliff side, Panagia Soumela Monastery was founded in 386 AD and operated until the Turkish genocide of Christians (Armenians, Assyrians, Greeks, etc.) when it was abandoned, vandalized, used by smugglers, and eventually burned. After a lengthy rehabilitation, the monastery was reopened for tourists—only to be immediately vandalized again, and now mocked in the context of making an advertisement.
According to a separate Feb. 2 report, local Muslim villagers have transformed an ancient church, the Assyrian church of Mor Aday, built in the seventh century, into a horse stable, after it was left by local Turkish authorities to fall into ruin and decay. It is worth noting that debasing and desecrating Christian churches and monasteries by turning them into horse stables is an ancient Islamic tactic. For example, Ottoman Sultan Muhammad II, vowed to transform the churches of Constantinople into stables for his army's horses; in the years before the First Crusade, the Turkish ruler of the ancient Christian city of Antioch converted its main cathedral into a horse stable; and a Georgian chronicler wrote of how "holy churches [throughout Asia Minor] served as stables for their [Turkish invaders] horses."[*]
Switzerland: Crosses are set to disappear from the nation's largest cemetery because their sight "disturbs" people from "other religions." Although the report is careful not to mention who these people might be, in recent years, Switzerland, like many other European nations, has seen a massive influx of Muslim migrants; and wherever Muslim numbers grow, attacks on crosses—including throughout Christian cemeteries—tend to grow with them.
A separate Feb. 16 report tells of a "controversial" imam, Abu Ramadan, a Libyan, and his sermons. In one, he said before his Swiss mosque congregation,
Oh, Allah, I ask you to destroy the enemies of our religion, to destroy the Jews, the Christians, the Hindus, the Russians and the Shiites. God, please destroy them all and restore Islam to its ancient glory.
Although the imam is accused of inciting racial hatred, he still continues to attend his mosque. Although he is also "accused of having received 600,000 francs in social assistance in thirteen years … without any effort to integrate," an official said, "We cannot strike out social assistance for a refugee, even if we condemn his remarks." The report concludes:
This Libyan political refugee returned several times to his country, clandestinely. During the investigation, he did not cooperate with the criminal authorities: he refused to answer questions about his income. If convicted, he risks losing his C license and being expelled.
Germany: On Sunday, Feb, 6, a man entered a Catholic church and interrupted evening mass by throwing himself onto the ground and screaming "Allah!" A congregant described the incident:
There are several rumbles at the door of the neo-Romanesque church. And then, suddenly during a song, a man with an object in his fist—only later do I recognise it as a drink can—comes forward behind us through the side aisle. It is frightening. While the congregation is still singing … he sits down in the front row right in front of the singing Monsignor Terboven and says something. Now the organ falls silent. The intruder throws himself to the ground in front of the altar and shouts something, I only understand 'Allah…', several participants in the service who were closer confirm this to me later.
Although the priest responded by saying "You are disturbing our service. You are welcome to sit here, but you must be quiet," other congregants, including an off-duty police officer, escorted the man outside, even as he "said incomprehensible, confused things about Israel and the Mossad." The priest continued his sermon by saying, "There are many people from other countries living among us who have no home here. Like the man who just disturbed our service. The life of migrants is very difficult." But he also said, "The leaders of the Muslims in Europe assume that they will be in power here in a few decades. That should make us think."
France: On Sunday, Feb. 20, a Muslim man entered a church during mass and started to scream "Allahu akbar!" According to the report,
[T]he individual of Caucasian type, possibly Chechen, entered the Saint-Gervais church during mass. He then walked around the religious building playing rap music with his phone, then shouted 'Allahu Akbar' several times. The individual then left the church and fled. Several police forces have since been mobilized to find the unarmed man.
Separately, following mass, on Sunday, Feb. 27, a Muslim man spit on a priest while he was blessing the square in front of the Saint Michel church in Bordeaux. Video here.
A few weeks earlier, in January, six Christian statues, including one of Baby Jesus, were found decapitated inside a church in Poitiers.
Also in late January, a North African migrant wearing a jellabiya (traditional Islamic garb) and carrying a long knife and a Koran entered into a church, faced towards Mecca, and began to pray.
On Jan. 27, a Muslim man entered a church during a funeral service and began to shout "Allahu Akbar!" He left the scene before police arrived; near where he was standing, a swastika symbol was found.
Raymond Ibrahim, author of the new book, Defenders of the West: The Christian Heroes Who Stood Against Islam, is a Distinguished Senior Fellow at the Gatestone Institute, a Shillman Fellow at the David Horowitz Freedom Center, and a Judith Rosen Friedman Fellow at the Middle East Forum.
[*] Sphrantzēs, Geōrgios, The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980, p. 123; Frankopan, Peter. The First Crusade: The Call from the East. London: Vintage Books, 2013, p. 91; Bostom, Andrew, ed. The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. New York: Prometheus Books, 2005, p. 609.
The persecution of Christians in the Islamic world has become endemic. Accordingly, "Muslim Persecution of Christians" was developed in 2011 to collate some—by no means all—of the instances of persecution that occur or are reported each month. It serves two purposes:
1) To document that which the mainstream media does not: the habitual, if not chronic, persecution of Christians.
2) To show that such persecution is not "random," but systematic and interrelated—that it is rooted in a worldview inspired by Islamic Sharia.
Accordingly, whatever the anecdote of persecution, it typically fits under a specific theme, including hatred for churches and other Christian symbols; apostasy, blasphemy, and proselytism laws that criminalize and sometimes punish with death those who "offend" Islam; sexual abuse of Christian women; forced conversions to Islam; theft and plunder in lieu of jizya (financial tribute expected from non-Muslims); overall expectations for Christians to behave like cowed dhimmis, or second-class, "tolerated" citizens; and simple violence and murder. Sometimes it is a combination thereof.
Because these accounts of persecution span different ethnicities, languages, and locales—from Morocco in the West, to Indonesia in the East—it should be clear that one thing alone binds them: Islam—whether the strict application of Islamic Sharia law, or the supremacist culture born of it.
Previous Reports:
Filed Under: (Reports), Muslim Persecution of Christians
M.Bassam AlKhatib says
You are an ignorant. You just take some crimes happened here and there from people who are not Muslims and you know that in Islam it's forbidden to kill any innocent people. And you know that no one of Muslims accept any crime against any innocent!
Leave Islam alone because it's a super holy religion. Go study it and if you are honest and good you'll submit yourself to Allah.
Iran is a not Muslim country.
Look to your side: Hitler, Mussolini, putin, Israel, Spanish Inquisition, the crusades, George Bush…. look each one of those how many millions innocent they killed!
Search the history about those things and you'll find out that the Muslims were the victims and the Muslims who saved the other people through the history.
One more point: a child knows now that Isis and al qaida are a government terrorist organizations made by the NONE MUSLIMS!!
99.9 % OF ISIS VICTIMS ARE MUSLIMS.
Wake up please!.
Mary Ann McKinnon says
Everything in this article is linked to supporting reports and the evidence that atrocities against Chrisians are committed by Muslims or in the name of Allah is compelling. Please open your eyes and direct your energy into healing and reforming Islam.
Don Gaetano says
Thanks Mary Ann. At least he ended his disagreement with Please. He maybe genuinely unaware of the long history of Islam, that is not stellar.
Mary Alafouzo says
He never read the Koran Don.
Tershia says
Scripture divides mankind into two categories- the righteous and the unrighteous. There is no neutral ground in between.
In Matthew 7 v 15+16, Jesus said that 'we will know them by their fruit', meaning we must be aware of false prophets who come dressed in sheep's clothing but are ravenous wolves.
The teaching of the Koran is anathema to God's teaching in Scripture about love and compassion.
Unless people are blinded by their unbelief in God, the increasing brutal and murderous persecution of Christians is from Satan.
We need to pray for the Lord to remove the scales from they eyes of those who cannot see the truth.
Lorin C Partain says
Clearly your fellow Muslims do not define "innocent" the same way you do. Perhaps that is because you are either engaged in Taqiya right now in defense of Islam and you really know better, or because your fellow muslims actually take Muhammad seriously when he told you all to "slay the infidels". Either way, Islam is a pernicious death cult worthy of rejection and has only been spread by intimidation and violence.
Thanks Raymond, the list only grows.