text:
\section{Introduction}
Consider a citation index such as Google Scholar. As abstracted out in Fig.~\ref{fig:model}, Google crawls the web to find and index various items such as documents, images, videos, etc. Focusing on scientific documents, Google Scholar further examines the contents of these documents to extract out citation counts for indexed papers. Google Scholar then needs to update citation counts of individual researchers, which there are many. We model the citation count of each individual researcher as a counting process with a fixed mean, e.g., $\lambda_i$ for researcher $i$. Assuming that Google Scholar is resource-constrained, i.e., that it cannot update all researchers all the time, how should it prioritize updating researchers? If it can update only a fraction of all researchers, who should it update? Should it update researchers with higher mean citation rates more often as their citation counts are subject to larger change per unit time? Or should it update researchers with lower mean citation rates more often in order to capture rarer more informative changes?

We view this problem with the lens of the recent literature on \emph{information freshness} quantified through the metric of age of information. Freshness, and age, of information have been studied in the context of web crawling \cite{Cho03, Brewington00, Azar18, Kolobov19a}, social networks \cite{Ioannidis09}, queueing networks \cite{ Kaul12a, Costa14, Bedewy16, He16a, Kam16b, Sun17a, Najm18b, Najm17, Soysal18, Soysal19}, caching systems \cite{Yates17b, Tang19}, remote estimation \cite{Wang19a, Sun17b, Sun18b, Chakravorty18}, energy harvesting systems \cite{Arafa17b, Arafa17a, Wu18, Arafa18b, Arafa18a, Arafa18f, Arafa19e, Farazi18, Leng19, Chen19}, fading wireless channels \cite{Bhat19, Ostman19}, scheduling in networks \cite{Nath17, Hsu18b, Kadota18a, Kosta17a, Bastopcu18, bastopcu_soft_updates_journal, Buyukates18c, Buyukates19b}, multi-hop multicast networks \cite{ Zhong17a, Buyukates18, Buyukates19, Buyukates18b}, lossless and lossy source coding \cite{Zhong16, Zhong18f, Mayekar18, partial_updates,   MelihBatu1}, computation-intensive systems \cite{Gong19, Buyukates19c, Zou19b, Arafa19a, Bastopcu19, Bastopcu20b}, vehicular, IoT and UAV systems \cite{ Elmagid18, Liu18}, reinforcement learning \cite{Ceran18, Beytur19, Elmagid19} and so on.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering  \includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{system_model_v5.eps}
	\caption{Web crawler finds and indexes scientific documents, from which citation counts are extracted upon examining their contents. Scheduler schedules updating citation counts of individual researchers based on their mean citations, and optionally, importance factors, subject to a total update rate.}
	\label{fig:model}
	\vspace{-0.5cm}
\end{figure}

We model the citation count of each researcher as a counting process with a given mean. In particular, we model citation arrivals for researcher $i$ as a Poisson counting process with rate $\lambda_i$. Optionally, we may further assign an importance factor to each researcher, based on their research field or citation count, but this is optional, and does not affect the structure of the results. If an importance coefficient is used, we denote it with $\mu_i$ for researcher $i$. Ideally the updater should update all researchers all the time, however, due to computational limitations, this may not be possible. We model the updater as a resource-constrained entity which has a total update capacity of $c$, which it should distribute among all researchers. We allocate an update rate $\rho_i$ for updating researcher $i$. These $\rho_i$ are collectively subject to the total system update capacity of $c$. We consider the cases of Poisson updates (i.e., updates with exponential inter-update times), deterministic updates, and synchronized updates. We determine the optimal update rates $\rho_i$ subject to the total update rate $c$ in a way to maximize the system freshness. In a broader sense, this problem is related to the problem of real-time timely estimation of signals, which have different change rates and importance factors, with the goal of finding the optimal individual sampling rates, under a total system sampling rate constraint. In this paper, we specialize this broader goal to the setting of counting processes and to the context of tracking citation counts of researchers.

References that are most closely related to our work are \cite{Kolobov19a} and \cite{Wang19a}. Reference \cite{Kolobov19a} considers the problem of finding optimal crawl rates to keep the information in a search engine fresh while maintaining the constraints on crawling rates imposed by the websites and also the total crawl rate constraint of the search engine, in the presence of non-uniform importance scores and change rates for the websites. Reference \cite{Wang19a} focuses on remote real-time reconstruction of a single Poisson counting process using uniform sampling. While taking more samples helps reconstruct the signal better, this increases queuing delays, which inherently affects the real-time signal estimation negatively. Reference \cite{Wang19a} studies this trade-off and finds the optimal sampling rate. Our timeliness metric is similar to the one considered in \cite{Wang19a}, which is the difference of a counting process and its sampled (updated, in our case) version. However, we consider multiple counting processes with different arrival rates and importance factors, and optimize our update rates for all processes jointly under a total update rate constraint. Similar to \cite{Kolobov19a}, we consider exponential arrival and sampling times in a constrained manner, and allow for importance coefficients, however, our timeliness metric and our overall problem setting are different.

In this paper, we first find an analytical expression for the long-term average difference between the actual and updated counting processes. We then minimize this expression as a function of the update rates of individual researchers subject to the overall update rate. We show that the optimal update rates are proportional to the \emph{square roots} of mean citation rates of the researchers for constant importance factors. Thus, it is optimal to update more prolific researchers more often, however, the proportionality is sub-linear and in the form of square root of the mean citation rate, i.e., there are diminishing returns due to the concavity (sub-linearity) of the square root function. We show that if the importance factors of the researchers are linear in their mean citation rates, then the optimal update rates are linear in their mean citation rates as well. We finally remark that other \emph{square root} results have appeared in completely different settings in caching problems. In particular, it was found in \cite{Yates17b} that, in order to keep the files fresh in a caching system, the (uniform) update rates of the files should be chosen proportional to the square roots of their popularity indices. In addition, it was shown in \cite{Cohen02} that, in order to minimize the average number of websites searched, the number of websites that a file is mirrored should be chosen proportional to the square root of the file's popularity.

\section{System Model and Problem Formulation} \label{sect:system_model}
Consider $n$ researchers. Let $N_i(t)$ denote the number of citations of researcher $i$. We model $N_i(t)$ as a Poisson process with rate $\lambda_i$, and assume that $N_i(t)$, for $i=1,\dots,n$, are independent. Let $t_{i,j}$ denote the time instance when the updater updates the number of citations of researcher $i$ for the $j$th time. We denote the inter-update time between the $j$th and $(j-1)$th updates for researcher $i$ as $\tau_{i,j}$. Based on these samples, the updater generates a real-time estimate of the counting process $N_i(t)$ as $\hat{N}_i(t)$, where
\begin{align}
\hat{N}_i(t) = N_i(t_{i,j-1}), \quad t_{i,j-1} \leq t< t_{i,j}.
\end{align}
Fig.~\ref{Fig:dist_eval} shows $N_i(t)$ and $\hat{N}_i(t)$ with black and blue lines.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{dist_eval.eps}}
	\caption{The number of citations, $N_i(t)$, and the estimated number of citations, $\hat{N}_i(t)$, for researcher $i$. $A_j$ denotes the total estimation error in $[t_{i,j-1}, t_{i,j})$.}
	\label{Fig:dist_eval}
	\vspace{-0.4cm}
\end{figure}

Similar to \cite{Wang19a}, we use the average difference between the actual and updated processes as a measure of timeliness,
\begin{align}
\Delta_i(T) = \frac{1}{T}\int_{0}^{T} \left(N_i(t)- \hat{N}_i(t)\right) dt.\label{eqn:ave_dist}
\end{align}
If there are $m$ updates in the interval $[0,T]$, then $\Delta_i(T)$ is
\begin{align}\label{ave_dist}
\Delta_i(T) = \frac{1}{T}\sum_{j=1}^{m} A_j,
\end{align}
where $A_j$ is the difference in the interval $[t_{i,j-1},t_{i,j} )$, see Fig.~\ref{Fig:dist_eval}. Then, the long term average difference for researcher $i$ is $\Delta_i=\lim_{T\rightarrow\infty} \Delta_i(T)$, and can be written as \cite{Najm17},
\begin{align}\label{ave_dist1}
\Delta_i = \lim\limits_{T\rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{T}\sum_{j=1}^{m} A_j
= \lim\limits_{T\rightarrow \infty} \frac{m}{T} \cdot \frac{1}{m} \sum_{j=1}^{m} A_j  = \rho_i \mathbb{E}[A].
\end{align}

Similar to the derivation in \cite{Wang19a}, conditioned on an arbitrary $j$th inter-update time, i.e., $\tau_{i} =\tau_{i,j}  = d$, and the number of citation arrivals in that time interval $[t_{i,j-1},t_{i,j-1}+d)$, i.e., $\tilde{N}_i(d) = N_i(t_{i,j-1}+d)-N_i(t_{i,j-1}) =k$, the expected difference is
\begin{align}
 \mathbb{E}\left[A|\tilde{N}_i(d) = k, \tau_{i} = d\right] = \frac{kd}{2}.
\end{align}
Thus, we have
\begin{align}\label{eqn:cond_exp}
 \mathbb{E}\left[A| \tau_{i} = d\right] = \mathbb{E}\left[\mathbb{E}\left[A|\tilde{N}_i(d) = k, \tau_{i} = d\right]\right]
 = \frac{\lambda_i d^2}{2}.
\end{align}
In the following subsections, we present three different models for updating the citation numbers.

\subsection{Model 1: Poisson Updater} \label{subsect:model1}
In this model, shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:model1}, the inter-update times for researcher $i$ are exponential with rate $ \rho_i$. Update processes for different researchers are independent. Continuing from (\ref{eqn:cond_exp}), we find $\mathbb{E}[A]$ using exponential distribution as,
\begin{align} \label{eqn_exp_a}
\mathbb{E}[A] =\int_{0}^{\infty}\mathbb{E}\left[A| \tau_{i} = t\right] f_{\tau_i}(t)dt
= \frac{\lambda_i}{2}\mathbb{E}\left[\tau_{i}^2\right] = \frac{\lambda_i}{\rho_i^2}.
\end{align}
Thus, the long term average difference $\Delta_i$ in (\ref{ave_dist1}) with a Poisson updater is
\begin{align} \label{poisson-updater-result}
\Delta_i = \frac{\lambda_i}{\rho_i}.
\end{align}

\subsection{Model 2: Deterministic Updater}  \label{subsect:model2}
In this model, shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:model2}, the inter-update times are deterministic and chosen optimally. Similar to \cite{Yates17b}, given that there are $m_i$ updates for researcher $i$ in the time interval $[0,T]$, the optimal inter-update times should be chosen equal to each other, i.e., $\tau_{i,j} = \frac{T}{m_i+1}$, for all $j$. Letting $T\rightarrow \infty$, this update scheme results in uniform sampling with rate $\rho_i$ for researcher $i$ where $\rho_i  = \lim_{T\rightarrow \infty}\frac{m_i}{T}$. By using $d_i =\frac{1}{\rho_i}  $ and (\ref{eqn:cond_exp}), we obtain $\mathbb{E}[A] = \frac{\lambda_i}{2\rho_i^2}$.
Thus, the long term average difference $\Delta_i$ in (\ref{ave_dist1}) with a deterministic (and uniform) updater is
\begin{align} \label{det-updater-result}
\Delta_i = \frac{\lambda_i}{2\rho_i}.
\end{align}

\subsection{Model 3: Common Synchronized Probabilistic Updater }  \label{subsect:model3}
In this model, shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:model3}, the updater has a common synchronized update schedule that applies to all researchers. The inter-update times of the common updater are exponential with rate $\rho$. At each update instant, researcher $i$ is updated with probability $p_i$ independently of other researchers. Thus, inter-update times for researcher $i$ are exponential with rate $\rho p_i$. Note that here, we create the Poisson updates for researcher $i$ by thinning the Poisson common updates using probabilistic updates according to $p_i$. The main problem, therefore, is to choose $p_i$ for each researcher as it determines its mean update rate. This problem is the same as the one in Section~\ref{subsect:model1} and in the optimal policy $p_i$ is $p_i = \frac{\rho_i}{\rho}$ assuming $\rho$ is sufficiently large to have feasible $p_i$, i.e., $0\leq p_i\leq 1$, for all $i$.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering  \includegraphics[width=0.90\columnwidth]{model1.eps}
	\caption{Poisson updater: Inter-update times are exponential with rate $\rho_i$.}
	\label{fig:model1}

\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering  \includegraphics[width=0.90\columnwidth]{model2.eps}
	\caption{Deterministic updater: Inter-update times are equal with $ d_i = \frac{1}{\rho_i}$.}
	\label{fig:model2}
	\vspace{-0.4cm}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering  \includegraphics[width=0.90\columnwidth]{model3_2.eps}
	\caption{Common synchronized updater: Common synchronized inter-update times are exponential with rate $\rho$. At each common update opportunity, researcher $i$ is updated with probability $p_i$}.
	\label{fig:model3}
	\vspace{-0.4cm}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Problem Formulation}
Researcher $i$ has the mean citation rate $\lambda_i$. In addition, and optionally, we consider an importance factor, $\mu_i$, for researcher $i$. This may be removed by choosing all $\mu_i=\mu$. Then, the total long term average difference (over all researchers) becomes $\Delta = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \mu_i\Delta_i$, where per researcher difference, $\Delta_i$, is given by (\ref{poisson-updater-result}) for the Poisson updater and common synchronized updater models, and by (\ref{det-updater-result}) for the deterministic updater model. The expressions in  (\ref{poisson-updater-result}) and (\ref{det-updater-result}) differ only by a factor of 2, which is inconsequential for optimization purposes. Therefore, without loss of generality, from now on, we use the expression in (\ref{poisson-updater-result}). In addition, due to computational limitations, the updater is subject to a total update rate constraint  $\sum_{i=1}^{n}\rho_i\leq c$. Our aim is to find the optimal update rates for all researchers, $\rho_i$, for $i=1,\dots,n$, such that the total long term average difference, $\Delta$, is minimized while satisfying the constraint on the total update rate. Thus, our optimization problem is,
\begin{align}
\label{problem1_mod}
\min_{\{\rho_i \}}  \quad &  \sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{\mu_i \lambda_i}{\rho_i} \nonumber \\
\mbox{s.t.} \quad & \sum_{i=1}^{n} \rho_i\leq c \nonumber \\
\quad & \rho_i\geq 0, \quad i=1,\dots,n.
\end{align}
We solve the optimization problem in (\ref{problem1_mod}) in the next section.

\section{The Optimal Solution} \label{sect:opt_soln}
The optimization problem in (\ref{problem1_mod}) is convex as the cost function is convex and the constraints are linear. We introduce the Lagrangian function \cite{Boyd04} for (\ref{problem1_mod}) as
\begin{align}
\mathcal{L} = \sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{\mu_i \lambda_i}{\rho_i} + \beta\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} \rho_i- c\right)- \sum_{i=1}^{n}\nu_i\rho_i,
\end{align}
where $ \beta \geq 0$ and $\nu_i\geq 0$ for all $i$. Next, we write the KKT conditions as
\begin{align}\label{KKT}
\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \rho_i} = -\frac{\mu_i \lambda_i}{\rho_i^2} +\beta-\nu_i= 0,
\end{align}
for all $i$, and the complementary slackness conditions as
\begin{align}
\beta\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} \rho_i- c\right) &= 0, \label{CS_1}\\
\nu_i \rho_i &= 0, \label{CS_2}
\end{align}
for all $i$. Since the optimization problem in (\ref{problem1_mod}) is convex, the KKT conditions are necessary and sufficient.

First, we observe that the total update rate constraint $\sum_{i=1}^{n} \rho_i\leq c$ must be satisfied with equality. If there is an update rate allocation policy such that $ \sum_{i=1}^{n} \rho_i< c$, then we can achieve a lower average difference by increasing any $\rho_i$ as the cost function of (\ref{problem1_mod}) is a decreasing function of $\rho_i$. Thus, in the optimal update rate allocation policy, we must have $\sum_{i=1}^{n} \rho_i= c$ and $\beta\geq0$ due to (\ref{CS_1}).

Next, we note that in the optimal policy, we must have $ \rho_i>0$, for all $i$, as $\rho_i = 0$ leads to infinite objective function in (\ref{problem1_mod}) which clearly cannot be an optimal solution. Thus, for the optimal rate allocations, we have $\rho_i >0$ and $\nu_i = 0$, for all $i$, due to (\ref{CS_2}).

From (\ref{KKT}), we find $\rho_i = \sqrt{\frac{\mu_i \lambda_i}{\beta}}$. By using $ \sum_{i=1}^{n} \rho_i= c$, we solve $\beta = \frac{\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sqrt{\mu_i \lambda_i}\right)^2}{c^2}$, which gives the optimal policy,
\begin{align}
\rho_i =  \frac{c\sqrt{\mu_i \lambda_i}}{\left(\sum_{j=1}^{n}\sqrt{\mu_j \lambda_j}\right)}, \quad i=1,\dots,n. \label{opt_policy}
\end{align}
Using the optimal rate allocation policy in (\ref{opt_policy}), we obtain
\begin{align}
\Delta_i = \frac{\sqrt{\lambda_i}\left(\sum_{j=1}^{n}\sqrt{\mu_j \lambda_j}\right)}{c\sqrt{\mu_i}}, \quad i=1,\dots,n, \label{opt_dist}
\end{align}
and the total long term average difference $\Delta$ as
\begin{align}
\Delta = \frac{\left(\sum_{j=1}^{n}\sqrt{\mu_j \lambda_j}\right)^2}{c}.\label{total_opt_dist}
\end{align}

Thus, the optimal update rates allocated to researchers in (\ref{opt_policy}) are proportional to the square roots of their importance factors, $\mu_i$, multiplied by their mean citation rates, $\lambda_i$. We note that if we ignore the importance factors, i.e., $\mu_i=\mu=1$, then the optimal update rates are proportional to the square roots of the mean citation rates. On the other hand, if we choose the importance factors as proportional to the mean citation rates, i.e., $\mu_i=\alpha \lambda_i$, then the optimal update rates become linear in the mean citation rates.

\section{Numerical Results} \label{sect:num_res}
In this section, we provide three numerical results. In the first two examples, we choose the mean citation rates as
\begin{align}
\lambda_i = a r^{i}, \quad i =1,\dots, n, \label{arrival_rates}
\end{align}
where $a> 0$ and $0< r\leq 1$.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\begin{center}
		\subfigure[]{%
			\includegraphics[width=0.69\linewidth]{new_sim1_2.eps}}\\
		\subfigure[]{%
			\includegraphics[width=0.69\linewidth]{new_sim1_1.eps}}
	\end{center}
	\caption{(a) Optimal update rate allocation for each researcher, and (b) the corresponding optimal long term average difference $\Delta_i$, when we use uniform importance coefficients $\mu_i=1$, with $\lambda_i$ given in (\ref{arrival_rates}), with $a =10$ and $r = 0.75$ for $n=20$.}
	\label{Fig:sim1}
	\vspace{-0.4cm}
\end{figure}

In the first example, we take $a=10$, $r=0.75$, $n=20$ and $c=10$. For this example, we use uniform importance coefficients, i.e., $\mu_i = 1$, for all $i$. We observe in Fig.~\ref{Fig:sim1}(b) that researchers with higher mean citation rates have higher long term average difference $\Delta_i$ even though they are updated with higher update rates shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig:sim1}(a). Further, we observe in Fig.~\ref{Fig:sim1}(a) that due to diminishing returns caused by the square root allocation policy, update rates of the researchers with low mean citation rates are still comparable to the update rates of the researchers with high mean citation rates.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\begin{center}
		\subfigure[]{%
			\includegraphics[width=0.69\linewidth]{new_sim2_2.eps}}\\
		\subfigure[]{%
			\includegraphics[width=0.69\linewidth]{new_sim2_1.eps}}
	\end{center}
	\caption{(a) Optimal update rate allocation for each researcher, and (b) the corresponding optimal long term average difference $\Delta_i$, when we use \emph{$\lambda$-proportional} and uniform importance coefficients, with $\lambda_i$ given in (\ref{arrival_rates}), with $a =10$ and $r = 0.75$ for $n=10$.}
	\label{Fig:sim2}
	\vspace{-0.4cm}
\end{figure}

In the second example, we consider the case where the importance factors are chosen proportional to the mean citation rates of the researchers. We call such coefficients as \emph{$\lambda$-proportional} importance coefficients, which are given by
\begin{align}
    \mu_i = \frac{\lambda_i}{\sum_{j=1}^{n}\lambda_j},\quad i=1,\dots,n.
\end{align}
In order to make a fair comparison between the \emph{$\lambda$-proportional} and \emph{uniform} importance coefficients, we scale the uniform importance coefficients as $\mu_i = \frac{1}{n}$, for all $i$.

As mentioned at the end of Section~\ref{sect:opt_soln}, when we use \emph{$\lambda$-proportional} importance coefficients, the optimal update rates become linear in the mean citation rates. We observe in Fig.~\ref{Fig:sim2}(a) that using \emph{$\lambda$-proportional} importance coefficients favor researchers with higher mean citation rates as their update rates increase compared to the update rates with the uniform importance coefficients. Further, we observe in Fig.~\ref{Fig:sim2}(b) that the long term average differences are equal to each other when \emph{$\lambda$-proportional} importance coefficients are used.

In the third example, we choose the mean citation rates as
\begin{align}
    \lambda_i = \frac{a r^i}{\sum_{j=1}^n r^j}, \quad i =1,\dots,n, \label{alt_dist}
\end{align}
which satisfy $ \sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i=a$. Note that, by this selection, we force total citation means of all researchers to be a constant. For this example, we take $n= 10$, $a =1$ and consider three different $r$, which are $r =0.5,0.75, 1$.  Note also that, a smaller $r$ corresponds to a less even (more polarized) distribution of total mean citation rates among the researchers. We use uniform importance coefficients and plot achieved $\Delta$ with respect to $c$ in Fig.~\ref{Fig:sim3}. We observe in Fig.~\ref{Fig:sim3} that more polarized distribution of mean citation rates (smaller $r$) yields a lower $\Delta$ for the system, as we exploit the differences among the researchers by allocating even higher update rates to researchers with higher mean citation rates. As an aside, we note that if we used \emph{$\lambda$-proportional} importance coefficients, we would have a $\Delta$ which is independent of individual $\lambda_i$ that depends only on the sum of $\lambda_i$ which is $a$ here. This achieved $\Delta$ is also equal to the $\Delta$ achieved with uniform importance coefficients when $r= 1$ which is shown as the blue dashed line in Fig.~\ref{Fig:sim3}. Thus, if we use \emph{$\lambda$-proportional} importance coefficients, the achieved $\Delta$ is independent of the mean citation rate distribution among the researchers, but it results in higher $\Delta$. In other words, uniform importance coefficients achieve lower $\Delta$ compared to \emph{$\lambda$-proportional} importance coefficients in this case for $r<1$.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.85\columnwidth]{new_sim3.eps}}
	\caption{Total long term average difference $\Delta$ with respect to $c$, when uniform importance coefficients are used and $\lambda_i$ are given in (\ref{alt_dist}), with $a=1$ and $r= 0.5,0.75, 1$ for $n= 10$. }
	\label{Fig:sim3}
	\vspace{-0.4cm}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion, Discussion and Future Directions} \label{sect:dis}
We considered the problem of timely updating of citation counts by a resource-constrained updater. We showed that the optimal policy is to choose the update rates of individual researchers proportional to the square roots of their mean citation rates multiplied by their importance factors (if any).

Next, we discuss limitations of our model and suggest future research directions. First, we note that we modeled the citation numbers of a researcher as a counting process, which is monotonically increasing and increments one at a time. The monotonically increasing nature of the counting process assumes that published articles are always available and cannot be withdrawn or changed, which may not be the case, especially if the crawler cannot reach certain websites that it used to reach, and lose access to previously counted publications. In addition, one at a time increments assume that citations come one by one, which may not be the case as conferences publish all the articles simultaneously in proceedings, and journals publish articles in monthly issues. That is, the increments in citations for each researcher may be more than one at a time. Thus, modeling the number of citations with a simple Poisson process may not be sufficient. However, as the researchers increasingly publish their works as they are completed on their personal websites or academic websites such as arXiv, it may still be acceptable to model arrivals as Poisson processes. Even then though, multiple citations to the same researcher from a single article will not be captured by the model in this paper. In addition, considering the fact that researchers often collaborate and publish articles jointly, the arrivals of citations for different researchers might be correlated. In this paper, we considered the case where the citation arrivals for researchers are independent counting processes. This may be feasible by focusing on researchers with no common publications.

Finally, we assumed that mean citation rates and importance factors are fixed and known by the updater. As a future direction, an online setting can be considered where both of these parameters are learned from observations over time.

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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By Tessa Posted on March 3, 2020 March 10, 2020
Book Review | Please See Us by Caitlin Mullen
In this sophisticated, suspenseful debut reminiscent of Laura Lippman and Chloe Benjamin, two young women become unlikely friends during one fateful summer in Atlantic City as mysterious disappearances hit dangerously close to home.
Summer has come to Atlantic City but the boardwalk is empty of tourists, the casino lights have dimmed, and two Jane Does are laid out in the marshland behind the Sunset Motel, just west of town. Only one person even knows they're there.
Meanwhile, Clara, a young boardwalk psychic, struggles to attract clients for the tarot readings that pay her rent. When she begins to experience very real and disturbing visions, she suspects they could be related to the recent cases of women gone missing in town. When Clara meets Lily, an ex-Soho art gallery girl who is working at a desolate casino spa and reeling from a personal tragedy, she thinks Lily may be able to help her. But Lily has her own demons to face. If they can put the pieces together in time, they may save another lost girl—so long as their efforts don't attract perilous attention first. Can they break the ill-fated cycle, or will they join the other victims?
Evocative, eerie, and compelling, Please See Us is a fast-paced psychological thriller that explores the intersection of womanhood, power, and violence.
⭐⭐⭐⭐
Please See Us has multiple points of view, little action, and an unsatisfying ending. This should equal a book that was not for me. But, I thought it was AMAZING. Strong, well-developed characters and a constant level of suspense created a story that I could not put down, even at 2 am. This novel is not your ordinary psychological thriller. It is a dark and gritty tale that is as haunting as any horror book.
The declining gambling Mecca of the east coast sets the perfect tone for this story, which is as much about a serial killer going unnoticed as it is about the marginalization of women. Pawnshops and slots parlors replaced resorts and oceanfront homes. The women, once killed, are left in the marshes. Decay is everywhere, and this setting effectively creates a feeling of despair that is pervasive.
Ava (Clara Voyant)
My favorite character – she is a teenage psychic who was left with her aunt while her mother goes off to California. She hasn't heard from her mother in four years and longs for the day when she can save up enough money to take a bus out to California to be with her mother once again. She will do anything to make that happen.
Lily Louten
Recently returned home to Atlantic City from New York City, she is trying to pick up the pieces of her life after it was shattered at an art exhibit of her boyfriend's work. She takes a job at a local spa that struggles to attract clientele in this declining city.
Janes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
All of the victims share why they left home and ended up in Atlantic City. Their decaying bodies now sit in a marsh full of decay, just outside a city that is also in decay.
A special needs adult who's deaf and mute, he had to learn ways to adapt in a society that marginalizes his life as much as they do women.
Please See Us is as haunting as the title implies. Tackling themes such as marginalization and harassment, the story moves along because of the suspense of whether or not the police will notice the dead bodies and catch the murderer.
What I Wish
I wish that the novel had a different ending. The story didn't need it for the theme and message, but it did in order for it to be a more satisfying read for me.
To Read or Not to Read
This unique psychological thriller is a must-read for lovers of the genre.
Thank you to NetGalley and the publisher for providing me with an advanced copy of the book in exchange for an honest review.
Categories: Books, mystery, Reviews
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7 Replies to "Book Review | Please See Us by Caitlin Mullen"
Melanie's reads says: 11 months ago
This sounds great x
Tessa Pulyer says: 11 months ago
It is pretty wild ❤
Staci Troilo says: 11 months ago
This one sounds right up my alley. Thanks for the review.
It was a hard review to write. I just wanted to talk about the end but couldn't ❤.
Mae Clair says: 11 months ago
I'm not sure. You know how much I love psychological thrillers, but this one is iffy for me, especially with an unsatisfying ending. It's not a deal breaker. There are several books I really enjoyed that had unsatisfying endings, and I would still recommend them. Your review is intriguing. I just have to think about this one a bit more.
The ending was what I really wanted to talk about but, of course, spoilers – so I couldn't really talked about the most interesting parts but I did think The Other Mrs. was the more satisfying read to give you a sort of gauge.
That is a good gauge. And I know how hard it is to write reviews without giving away spoilers. Given the size of my TBR, I will probably skip this one. But I loved The Other Mrs. I can't wait until it hits Netflix!
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Catch.com, RF.com and More Domain Movers
TUESDAY,21 JULY 2015 The Domains
According to the news from Domain Forum of China on July 21th,if this is your first visit to Domain Movers, it's a series where we detect domain names that have been acquired, registered or are simply moving by mainly all very large companies.
These detections often are an early indicator of something new. Maybe a new advertising campaign, a new product or service etc.
We heavily rely on the whois database which doesn't always present the whole story, so please keep that in mind but we try our best to provide accurate information.
Here we go with the latest domain movers:
Amazon Technologies has secured the domain name PrimeMovies.com but they may have obtained the domain name back about August 13, 2013 as "Comlaude" appears in whois at that time and that is a domain service that Amazon uses. The domain then moved to ipMirror under privacy until moving to MarkMonitor on July 2, 2015 and revealing Amazon in whois.
They may be interested in using the term in some fashion on a larger scale or in a different offering, as they have also registered the domain names InstantPrimeMovies.com and PrimeInstantMovies.com.
QVC, Inc. has registered the domain name LoveYourFind.com adding to its nearly 1,000 domain name portfolio.
Apple Inc. has secured the generic domain name Catch.com plus several other hyphenated domains like Catch-Blog.com, Catch-Branch.com, Catch-Dev.com, Catch-Trunk.net and Images-Catch.net.
All of the domain names were associated with the company Catch Inc. that announced in August 2013 that it was going in a different direction with its service. TechCrunch.com then reported in December 2013 that Apple reportedly acquired the note taking app company as did 9To5Mac.com .
The Kraft Heinz Company has completed its merger of Kraft and Heinz and has picked the domain name KraftHeinzCompany.com to use as its companies main website. They hand registered the domain name on March 25, 2015.
Jacked3D.com which was acquired by an advertising agency on behalf of Frito-Lay North America, Inc. has began redirecting the domain name now to http://www.doritos.com/jacked3d/
RF.com has transferred ownership according to whois records from RingFree Mobility Inc. at GoDaddy to eName and a Heqinghua.
IBT Media Inc. has acquired the domain name ScienceTimes.com . The domain was owned by BuyDomains.com according to whois records in 2013 and changed to 33Universal Inc. on November 23, 2013 and then into privacy protection. On December 14, 2014 the domain came back out of privacy still under the 33Universal Inc. name and Amazon hosting was added to the domain. The domain went back into privacy and then came back out on July 3, 2015 under IBT Media Inc.
IBT Media acquired Newsweek and also acquired 33Universal according to this Medium.com article from a past employee.
Google Inc. has acquired the domain name RideWith.com for its Waze service in Israel. The domain name is redirecting to https://www.waze.com/ridewith/ and a page displaying a large logo with RideWith by Waze. The domain has been registered since May 5, 2005 and was owned by a Tal Avery at Fabulous.com until about March 31, 2015 according to whois records when Matt Serlin of Mark Monitor appears in whois. I had reported the domain earlier in May 2015 but didn't know who the buyers were at the time.
Google also registered the domain names GoogleRideWith.com and WazeRideWith.com
Google has also secured gMail.org which has been registered since 2002 and was listed on Afternic for $99,999 but that listing remains. I did a UDRP search but didn't see a filing on the domain.
They didn't stop with just the above and also registered the domain name gWebReview.com
Bayer AG registered a bunch of new domain names and those were SmartNaturalInside.com, GreenHerbalism.com, GreenSolutionInside.com, HerbalProScience.com, HerbalScienceAtWork.com, HerbalScienceInside.com, HerbalTherapeutic.com, NaturalComplementaryTreatment.com, NaturalInfusion.com, NaturalProScience.com, NaturalScienceAtWork.com, PhytoAdvanced.com, PhytoScienceInside.com, TruHerbal.com, TruPhyto.com and ProvenNaturalScience.com
Bezirk.com has been acquired by Bosch. The term translates to "district" from German to English. The domain was owned by a Kim Seokjun and has been registered since June 26, 2002. The domain went into Sedo Transfer on June 30, 2015 according to whois records and sold for $5,603.
GreatBig.com has transferred from Network Solutions to CSC Corporate Domains under generic whois data. The domain was owned by Great, Big Productions prior and the current owners are unknown.
A&E Networks has launched a website on the domain name ItsAllForYou.com and is displaying Damien – The Beast Rises In 2016. Whois information is currently generic but the domain transferred into CSC Corporate Domains about May 29, 2015 from GoDaddy when whois details were blank. The domain has been registered since June 5, 2010.
Microsoft Corporation announced it was rebranding "Xbox Music" with "Groove Music" that will be in Windows 10 and they registered the matching domain name MicrosoftGroove.org but they do not currently own the .com which has been registered since 2007 and is currently owned by a "Silent Eye" and Lyf Wildenberg.
3 domains transferred into the name servers ns1.msft.net and those were Groove-Music.org which is owned by "Groove Music" and an email address of "intellectual.property@groovemusic.com" and registered at eNom. GrooveMusic.org and GrooveMusic.info also transferred in.
Groove-Music.com |.net, GrooveMusic.com |.net |.biz |.us all have Cyntia King of Marksmen listed in whois information. Marksmen is a domain buy service. Groove-Music.com has been registered since 1997 and GrooveMusic.com has been registered since 2000.
Goove.com is owned by Reality Enhancements according to whois records. In all, Microsoft had about 21 "groove" related domains transfer ownership.
According to screen shot history, it is stated that Groove Music is a Indie record label that released it's first song compilation in 1985. Groove Music is the sister company of Groove Songs and they owned all of the above domain names minus Groove.com.
Microsoft is redirecting GrooveMusic.com to http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/groove-music
Microsoft also registered the domain names MixForHackers.com | .net
EdgeMusic.com was acquired for $15,000 from DomainMarket.com and was acquired by Elizabeth Vargas of EdgeMusicNetwork.com according to whois records. Visual Media Innovation Inc. is the parent company of EMN.
Frito-Lay North America, Inc. has acquired the domain name NutHarvest.com from HugeDomains.com. The domain had a $3,495 Buy It Now price tag and was registered on April 1, 2013, no joke!
Try.com may have changed ownership? The domain name switched to CloudFlare hosting on January 7, 2015 off standard Network Solutions name servers when the domain didn't resolve. The last known owner was "SteenKast" and a Bernhard Steen and no updates to whois prior since August 8, 2011 and the first "update" to data related to the domain took place when name servers changed on January 7, 2015. 1/7/2015 may be the date it changed ownership?
The new service allows you to "try clothes from your favorite online stores for free" and works with only with Google Chrome currently according to the site. According to the Angel.co jobs page for Try.com, they have had $175K in funding in 2012 and $190K in 2013 and are based in San Francisco and was founded by "Ankush" and "Arush".
Reckitt Benckiser LLC owners of the Mucinex brand have registered two related domain names with MucinexProfessional.com and MucinexHCP.com
Columbia Sportswear Company has acquired Prana Living which is a yoga brand for $190 Million and the domain name Prana.com has transferred ownership to Columbia Sportswear. The transaction took place in April 2014 time frame. Some other domains included all contained the Prana brand name like PranaBrand.net, PranaCanada.com/.net PranaLiving.net and PranaUsa.net
Illinois Tool Works Inc. (itw.com) has acquired Accessories Marketing Inc. and the Slime Tire Sealant Products line. Included in the sale was the generic domain name Slime.com which has just transferred ownership to ITW. Based on the press release, the transaction took place in April 2010. SealantSystems.com and GenuineInnovations.com were two other domains.
Current.com has been acquired by Branded Holding Group according to whois records, who is linked in some fashion to SOJCOM LLC and Roland Chemtob who I have wrote about several times and they own some outstanding domain names in general. The domain name was owned by Current TV, who was acquired by Al Jazerra for $500 Million in 2013. The domain began being parked with DomainNameSales.com and came out of privacy protection at GoDaddy.
Amazon Technologies registered the following domain names but using generic DnStination Inc. in whois: AmazonDaylight.com, AmazonHive.com, AmazonLumberyard.com and AmazonSunrise.com
SnapMusic.com has been acquired by a currently unknown MarkMonitor client using DnStination Inc. in whois. The domain name was for sale with DomainNameSales.com and has been registered since October 31, 2002 and was owned by a Gaye Morgan of Prescott Arizona.


text:
Q: How to pass query string parameters from one page and get in another in WP 7 using MVVM Light I am developing application in Windows Phone 7 in MVVM arhticeture.
I have never worked with MVVM Light. But today for sending querystring parameters from ViewModel of first Page  to another, I have searched google and found that I have to use MVVMLight.
But I cant find any tutorial or working sample. I have found one that it navigates from one  page to another, but without parameters.
UPDATE
How to change this solution that in can get parameters from OrderViewModel?
code can be found here

A: You use a concept called messaging. Read more on Geoff's Blog: MVVM Light - Passing Params to Target ViewModel Before Navigating.
Basically, you send a message of some type (represented by a C# class) and the target ViewModel registers itself as the recipient of that message. Once you broadcast the message, the other view model will be called.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2
Savage Entertainment
Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2 continues the four-player mayhem of the previous Marvel Ultimate Alliance and, before that, the X-Men Legends series. It is based on the Secret War and Civil War storylines from the comics. After Nick Fury leads an unauthorized super-hero assault on Latveria and a fight gone wrong kills hundreds of civilians in Connecticut, the government passes the super-human registration act, which requires all super-powered individuals to reveal their identities to the government. At one point in the story, you have to choose the pro or anti registration side and certain heroes will always be on one side or another, locking them out if you choose the other path. The game after this point changes depending on the storyline you choose. You start with a handful of characters and can unlock more by completing bonus simulator missions, which will give you a special task like blowing up cars. There are four heroes active at all times during the game, unless they get knocked out. Each character has a health meter and a stamina meter. You can use SHIELD access points, usually at the beginning and middle of each level, to switch out characters. The stamina meter recharges on its own and controls use of powers. Each hero has a jump (which can also be used to double-jump, fly or web-swing, depending on the character), grab, quick strike and powerful strike. These can be used in combination to do things like jumping attacks, pick up an enemy, then punch them, etc. Combining these with a modifier button allows you to use powers. Each hero has a wide variety of powers. Leveling up gives you points to spend on improving the powers. You can re-assign the points and change which powers are active at any time. Defeating enemies and smashing environment items gives you health refills and points that can be spent upgrading statistics for each hero. There are also items that you can carry that will give stat bonuses like increased HP or a bonus to a specific type of damage. The big change over the previous game is the addition of fusions, which are two-character team-up attacks. This is controlled by a meter of four stars. You fill this by defeating enemies or finding an item that instantly fills the whole meter. You can spend one star to revive a fallen teammate or all four to perform a fusion attack. Any possible combination of two characters has their own unique fusion. There are three basic types: There are targeted fusions, like having Things throw Mr. Fantastic at someone. These do high damage to a single target and are good for using on bosses. There are also clearing fusions, like having Storm bounce her lighting off Wolverine. These damage all enemies in a given radius. Clearing fusions are good for clearing out a clump of enemies. Finally, there are guided fusions, like Iceman and Human Torch shooting their powers at each other, then running around mowing down anyone who gets between them. These are good for clearing out scattered enemies.
Bleach: Heat the Soul 7
Action, Fighting
God of War: Chains of Olympus
Tekken: Dark Resurrection


Guwahati, Mar 1 (UNI) Assam Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi today expressed his party's readiness for the coming Assembly elections in the state.
The Election Commission has announced that the poll will take place in two phases on April 3 and 10.
''We are ready,'' Mr Gogoi said. But sources close to the congress admitted that they were expecting the polls after the Bihu (April 14) festival.
BJP spokesman Ashok Singhal said, ''We are delighted. By the next Bihu Assam will get rid of the misrule of the Congress.'' The AGP is the only party to hit the road and their spokesman Apurba Kumar Bhattacharrya was confident that their party would form the next government.
''We will announce the first list of candidates within a day or two,'' said Mr Bhattacharjya adding the party had gone into the poll mode for last one month.


text:
Record number of women are running for full-time Students' Union positions
21st February 2019	Liam Pape
85% of the candidates running for full-time sabbatical officer positions in this year's Students' Unions elections are women, with the positions of VP Education and VP Barts and The London being contested by only women.
Last week, nominations closed for the 2019 Students' Unions elections. It was revealed that fewer students than last year will be running for the full-time paid positions however the number of women running for these roles is higher than ever.
Last year, there there was an even split of male and female candidates running to be sabbatical officers, however there controversy over the uncontested VP Barts and The London position Tom Longbottom stood for.
In a hustings last year, Longbottom was asked "Why aren't you a woman?" He replied pledging to put in a plan from the beginning of the year to encourage people to put themselves forward for the role this year – specifically more women.
For the last few weeks, Barts and The London Students' Association has been recording videos of current BL representatives explaining why they think people should run.
In a recent interview with The Print, Longbottom said he told elected BLSA representatives at the beginning of the year to start thinking about who can replace them.
This year, Vice President Barts and The London will be a contested position (which is has not been for the past two years) however there are still a number of BL positions which nobody has been nominated for.
Looking at the candidates who are running for BLSA President this year, Longbottom said: "We've got three very qualified people running so whoever wins, they will be fantastic."
For live election coverage follow our election blog and The Print on Twitter.
Section: Elections
QMSU election candidates 2019 – THE FULL LIST
Record-breaking votes cast in 2018 SU elections
Five charts about the Students' Union elections you need to see
Meet Annika Ramos – VP Education candidate
Meet Tom Longbottom – the candidate running for VP Barts and The London
ROUND-UP: Students' Union Elections 2018
Meet Ella Harvey – VP Welfare candidate
Students' Union planning to boost turnout in March elections


Do You Worship God or the Status Quo?
In today's show we discuss codependence & religion, it's deep roots in history and how it can leave our children vulnerable.
STEVE: Hi everyone. Welcome to our Narcissistic-Codependent Society. I am Steve Cooper, and with me today is Kim Cooper.
Last week, we spoke about how there can be a narcissistic occupational hazard with some religious leaders if they start to feel that their position puts them above the law.
KIM: Today's show, we talk about codependence and religion. And my, oh my, is this a big one, Steve.
STEVE: It's pretty exciting. We are going to really dive into it.
KIM: Mmm…it's a big show that we've got planned today, so hold on tight.
STEVE: The most exciting thing about this, Kim, is we are going to really analyze some serious issues that have come up since our last show.
STEVE: And one of the most serious issues I'd like to talk about straight away is, when I mentioned that there can be a hazard in leaders in religious organizations becoming narcissistic and feeling above the law, that sets up a whole system where our children can become very vulnerable . . .
STEVE: . . . and where it can set off a system of having an endless supply of groveling, needy, devotees.
STEVE: Which is unhealthy and very narcissistic/codependent.
KIM: Yeah. The narcissistic/codependent sort of system, if you will — whether it's operational in a religious environment, a family environment, or really any organization— really does leave the most vulnerable members of that organization very vulnerable, as you say, and open to exploitation, which, unfortunately we have seen reports of in religious organizations and institutions, and I think it is important that this is discussed, and that we talk about this out in the open — how it happens, why it happens, what is this pattern of behavior that we can fall into and operate from that makes this so prevalent —too prevalent, and happen too often. Hopefully by the end of today's show, you may come to understand how this idea of codependence and religion is just so vast. It goes right back in history. It's something that has actually affected our whole society. It has affected our political systems. It has affected the way that we operate as a society, and I would say creates most of, if not all of, the social issues and conflict issues that we face.
KIM: And I know that Steve is going to try and back me up here, because this has been a big show to put together. And I really want to get started, because I know we really have a lot to get through.
STEVE: So, Kim, it's really important to say from the outset that I don't think the word narcissistic or codependent ever appears in the Bible.
STEVE: (Laughing.) So, we know that the words aren't there, but there are so many examples of it.
STEVE: And I just wanted to warn some people too — people who don't have a biblical or scriptural background, we are going to talk about Scripture today, but please stick with us because, as I just mentioned, the Bible is full of these stories. They are fantastic parables on this topic.
STEVE: And we are going to talk about that today. Please stick with us. You will find something beneficial out of it, I promise you.
KIM: Thanks for the disclaimer, because please don't feel like we are going to suddenly go denominational here, or that we are going to get off science — because really our work is science based. But today we are going to look at the Book of Job, and a little bit of other stuff from the Bible.
The Book of Job is one of the oldest books in the bible.
I really think that if you look at it — and I hope you agree by the end of the show— that this is what it's all about. It's actually a debate, and they are debating some really important ideas here, and I think Job is actually debating against his three friends and this other guy who comes in at the end, Elihu, who really basically the stand or the argument they are taking is the religious codependent stance.
KIM: And it's Job who is arguing against that. Then by the end the Lord comes in and actually says that Job has won the debate and his friends are actually incorrect in what they have had to say about God. It's a really interesting Book, and hopefully we can see this as history as well, because it is so old. And I think it is a really good example of how you really cannot just pick up the Bible and open it up and say every single thing in here is divinely inspired and is just law.
STEVE: (Laughing.) Yeah, it's quite a long debate.
KIM: It's a very long debate. They have an awful lot to say. And then by the end of the debate it's said very clearly that they were wrong. So, you could pick it up and you could be reading pages and pages of stuff that then later was then shown to be wrong thinking. So, you do have to be careful with this stuff. Umm…but, okay. Where are we going to start?
STEVE: . . . grovel before the Lord. Should we talk about that? You tell me.
KIM: Yeah, we'll start there, because otherwise the stuff in Job isn't going to make as much sense, is it.
KIM: Yep. So this is one of my least favorite things about going to church. I like a lot of things about going to church, and I won't get into them now. But, what I really dislike is when somebody gets up and they start praying and they do the whole: I am nothing, I'm just dust at your feet, and I'm just some little worm. All the glory is yours.
KIM: This really upsets me . . . it really does.
KIM: (Laughing.) It's very codependent.
KIM: And they've got it all covered….
KIM: . . . and they're actually not really interested in anyone else's ideas.
KIM: So, maybe that's a little bit cheeky of me, but . . .
STEVE: It's important to be devoted in your faith, but maybe we are just questioning whether you have to take that humility to such profound levels.
KIM: Well, actually, I would say that this is exactly what the Book of Job is all about.
KIM: This is really what they are arguing about and Job is taking the side where he is saying that he's not going to grovel. He is saying, no, my conscious is clear, and I'm not going to deny my conscience, I am not going to blaspheme against my conscience by pretending that I have sinned, and that I should debase myself in front of God and ask his forgiveness, when I don't think I've done anything wrong. You know? So he is accused of being proud by his friends for doing this, but there is a really different kind of pride going on here. They obviously have different ideas. Really, you can look at the Book of Job, and you can say, okay, what is Job's argument and what are his three friends and Elihu's argument?
Job's argument is that we can't ascribe our sense of justice to God's work and to God's will. That we can't look at life and say just because somebody is a king and somebody else is a pauper that God has blessed that person and he obviously wants to punish the other person. He said that is pride, that is arrogance — for us to think that we know how God works and that we can ascribe our sense of justice to him.
KIM: For them coming in and saying, look at what has happened to you, look at the affliction that has faced you. For those who don't know the story, Job has lost everything by this stage — well, he hasn't lost his wife, but he has lost his children, he has lost his wealth, his property has been destroyed . . .
STEVE: He lost his health.
KIM: He has lost his health, he is covered with sores from head to toe. He can't even rest. He has just become somebody who is mocked and humiliated, and he just has nothing. So his friends all come to visit him, and that's when this debate occurs.
They say that they are all in silence for seven days, and then this debate starts occurring. And in the beginning, the friends are sort of being nice — like sometimes judgmental friends will pretend to be nice in the beginning. (Laughing).
KIM: They pretend like they are kind of being nice to him. But when he won't relent and he won't say, well, yeah, I have obviously brought this on myself, they get more and more relentless in their attack on him. And he gets more and more upset about it, because he says, "You should have compassion for me". Righteousness is about having compassion for the afflicted. Righteousness is about having compassion for people who are facing adversity and hardship. It's about compassion for the poor. And he goes on to say he's done all of that — that's what he has done in his life, and his conscience is clear.
KIM: And that he doesn't feel like he should be groveling or debasing himself in front of God to try and gain God's mercy.
STEVE: Hmm. Would it be useful here, Kim, to add just for those who aren't familiar with the Book, to say that this is a bit of a game between God and the devil?
Before this all started, God actually said to Satan in this conversation, he said, "Look at my servant, Job." He is God's favorite, look at him. He is this amazing guy, and Satan says, yeah, but he is really only good to you, and he only obeys you and he only loves you because you treat him so well, because you take care of him.
STEVE: And he's a wealthy person, and he's been blessed with a nice family and the whole thing.
KIM: And he's wealthy and, you know, you give him everything. That's right.
So, he says if you take that away from him . . .
KIM: . . . that's all going to change.
STEVE: Yeah, he will probably start cursing you.
KIM: He will start cursing you, and it will all change.
KIM: So, God says, okay, so be it. Have your way with him, but spare him his life. Don't kill him.
So in this, Job is correct and his friends are actually wrong. And this is an incredibly important moral story in the fact that it is such a long debate.
KIM: You know, I think that is really telling, because it is saying yeah, there are a bunch of issues in here we really do need to debate, and we really do need to think about. So that is basically sort of Job's argument.
Now, I am just going to read a little bit here to tell you. This is Elihu who comes in at the end and before Elihu comes in, all the rest of them have been basically telling him you should admit you are a sinner. Obviously, you wouldn't be going through all of this if you hadn't done something wrong. Just go and debase yourself and grovel to God, and then everything will be fine.
So, this is exactly why they are angry at him. They are angry at him because he saw himself as righteous in his own eyes. And Elihu is really angry with Job for justifying himself rather than God. And he is also angry with the three friends because they haven't been able to convince Job that he is wrong.
And so, I just want to give you a little bit about who this Elihu guy is. Because, you know, the debate has sort of escalated and it's sort of right toward the end, there is a bit of theater in this whole thing, you know?
KIM: So, Elihu comes in, and his side of the argument is; God repays a man for what he has done. He brings upon him what his conduct deserves. It is unthinkable that God would do wrong; that the Almighty would pervert justice.
All right. So his take on it is that for Job to say that he is innocent is for him to say that God is wrong, that God's sense of justice is wrong. But Job, on the other hand, is coming in and is saying look, there really isn't any justice in the world. You know, look around you.
STEVE: Yeah. And that go peacefully in their sleep.
STEVE: They have a great life.
KIM: Yeah, they still have a great life and go peacefully. So he is saying so you can't ascribe our sense of justice onto God. We can't know that.
So this is humility to Job. Humility is saying you don't know the whole story. You can't pretend to just create the universe in the image of what you think it should be, because that is really basically what these guys are doing. And as it is, Job is right, and Elihu is wrong, because in the background Job is innocent, and there is this whole story going on in the background that they don't understand.
But Elihu is very into this idea that you can determine what God thinks of somebody by looking at their state.
KIM: That if they are in jail, if they are in chains that they deserve to be there.
KIM: If they are a king and they are on the thrown, well, God obviously put them there. And he even takes this right through to the weather. He says that God brings clouds to punish men, or he brings water to the earth to show his love. So if a cyclone hits your city or a hurricane hits your city, it is obviously because everybody in that city was sinners, and they had it coming to them.
KIM: You know, where Job has the opposite point of view.
Please play the Youtube movie or Soundcloud File above to hear the full show.
I think religion and narcissism is a very important topic to touch upon. Thank you! Spirituality is another word that could be used instead of religion.
From my experience in a narcissistic relationship, I think I was originally manipulated in the relationship through my husbands spiritual beliefs. I was having a hard time in my life when I met my husband and I thought maybe his ways may be worth a try. So I clung to a new way of thinking and being even though his ideas didn't seem right to me. He actually changed his beliefs several times initially, the beliefs were always Bible based but I trusted his views because I was trying to escape my experiences and thought maybe my views were skewed due to my messed up experiences.
Now I know his beliefs were a way of manipulating me. Whether that was his conscious intention or not, I cannot say. The biggest thing I got out of this experience that I am still trying to sort out is that someone else cannot tell you what is right or wrong at a spiritual level.
From what I have learned from reading the Bible is that God speaks to all of us. The law (what is right and wrong) is written in everyone's heart- it is up to us if we want to listen or rebel. For example, we do not need someone to tell us that it is wrong to kill someone. We know this without anyone explaining it. Another good example is lying. I am sure anyone who tells a lie- even a little white lie- has a little debate in their mind as to if they did the right thing or not.
My point in this comment is to share what I have learned through my experiences about religion in an emotionally abusive relationship. It is important to follow your heart and let God speak to you and not let another person tell you what is right or wrong because they may not be telling the truth- whether it is intentional on their part or not. It can set you back deeply in your life if you follow someone who has a damaged and traumatized sense of what is right and wrong. And if you are damaged or traumatized, you may be likely to listen and follow someone who is as well.
Well said, Kim and Steve! Your interpretation of the book of Job makes absolute sense, and you've given me a few 'aha!' moments tonight. I've started going over it again, in a new light, because altho I've been familiar with this book for many years, I've often felt confused over parts of it. Your interpretation reflects the heart of who and how God IS, and also how He is wanting us to operate, i.e. to quietly stand our ground when our conscience is clear; to not be intimidated or influenced by those who are making assumptions/judgments against us (or God!); to operate with compassion and honour to ALL; and to step up with integrity and empowerment to intervene when need be.
I think we do have to be careful re judging our own conscience, to make sure we are being absolutely HONEST with ourselves… it's easy to convince ourselves of our own innocence if we really want to, and come to actually BELIEVE it, even if it's not the truth. I think we all know people like that, *she says wryly*.
Yes I agree totally Anna, Conscience is going to be the theme of next weeks shows!
Religion can be used to manipulate a trusting person. I know, I was and have been labeled by she that I was not a good Christian. I was exploited and abused by my partner who used scripture constantly in her communication to me. Abusive with a tone of reiligious indignation and concluded that nearly everyone was a phoney except she because she read the bible daily. She was better than they who she stated "they are going to church to look good", thus a conclusion, they are phonies.
The new Christian movement of "overcomers". God will provied for me, my life is destined and taken care of by God. But she never gave, shared, she just took.
Lets not forget Jimmy Swagger, Jim & Tammy Baker, Jim Jones, and others who have abused people, exploited them under the tone, smoke screen of religion.
Really enjoyed your talk on codependancy and religion. I think a better term for Job would be "secure in himself" rather the term pride.
A little about me. I grew up in a very religious home. My now deceased father was an ordained minister. I have a full, well rounded biblical/religious background. Wouldn't be afraid to debate the Pope. Lol!
But seriously, the main part I got out of your conversation is this, people need to be heard. At least initially anyway.
What you described, is what I encountered in church. Growing up in the church and christian school was find. But when I grew up, and life got complicated, I began to have serious questions.
That all started back in 1998. I was seeking answers from other Christians/pastors/those who had experienced similar issues at church, on how to deal with my narcissistic husband.
Little by little, the shunning began. I didn't give up on my quest to find answers. I simply took the time away from church, to start keeping sabbath as I understood it in the bible.
That first subject of study on marriage, bled into one doctrine after another. Which initially I started getting upset that I was finding things to be different in a real study, than what I had been taught in church all my life. But when i would bring my "findings" to my dad, or any Christian really, I usually got a pretty emotional response. Rarely a biblical defense.
The whole situation drove me to do an exhaustive study of marriage/husband/wife entries in the bible. Then one doctrine after another.
It took over 10 years, but I finally felt I had deprogrammed myself out of a cult.
I am spiritual. But no longer a Christian. Pretty much despise organized religion. I get the social aspect of what's good in church. But the rest, is a fail in my view.
I will say you did a good job of explaining the story in Job. I do not disagree with your interpretation.
There is so much there between the lines, it's not even funny.
I'll jump to my point.
Judging. I am so tired of people saying you can't judge.
So let me get specific.
1. having the power of discerning and judging properly as to what is true or right; possessing discernment, judgment, or discretion. 2. characterized by or showing such power; judicious or prudent: a wise decision.
We are fools if we don't learn to judge. I believe you'll agree.
I believe the problem is, we use the word judging inappropriately.
The real argument comes down to, by what standards do we judge?
This is the whole universal problem.
We do not share standards, by which to judge our thoughts and behaviors.
So we are divided, with all the associated woes that go with that problem.
What we believe, drives everything we do.
I'm glad to have heard what you both believe in this video. It explains so much of your advice.
I've never been able to fully embrace your advice, but couldn't put my finger on it.
I do believe there is a place for your message and advice, but only when a person is really at a place in their life where they're genuinely ready for change. The problem is, there are too many wolves in sheep's clothing. Too many manipulators.
That's why it's important to judge people.
I do believe we should give everyone that brief window of chance/opportunity to share who they are, and their story. We can learn something from anyone. But it's necessary to begin the judging on how much we can or should help them. Because our choices, are driven by what we believe.
So dig in, and find out what they believe. Show/tell what you believe. I think it's important to be able to articulate your standards. If you can't, time to establish them, and allow yourself to be held accountable to them.
Believe it or not, I choose to glean most of my standards from the "Old" Testament. I am no longer a Christian.
I do not believe in a heaven or hell. Simply because if there were either to eventually "go to", Moses would have easily told the people, "if you don't follow these laws/statutes/ordinances, you'll go to heaven/you won't make it to heaven.


text:
Q: Scaling default xterm font to "Large" In xterm, I would like to increase the default font size to the font5/Font5/"Large" option of the default VTFont. I've managed to do this manually with my mouse via the control menu so far, which is brilliant, but it can become quite a burden whenever I open a new xterm window. Hence, I would like to achieve the same by setting it as my default in my .Xresources file, so that every new xterm window opens in the "Large" font size by default instead of using the control menu.
Reading the man page and doing some further research online, I tried, in separate attempts: xterm*font: font5, xterm*font: *-fixed-*-*-*-18-* and xterm*faceSize: 12.0 to achieve a similar outcome. Whilst the first try didn't work at all, in the latter two, the font is indeed increased but rather blurred when compared with what I can achieve through the control menu option. Surely, there must be a way!

*

*How can I find the default (font) resource XTerm is using?

*https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/debian-26/how-to-increase-font-size-of-xterm-776352/

*https://askubuntu.com/questions/161652/how-to-change-the-default-font-size-of-xterm

*https://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html#how2_fsize

*Configure unreadable, tiny, small, ..., huge Xterm fonts
Edit: I have found a second way of increasing, decreasing and resetting the size of the default VTFont via Ctrl+plus/Ctrl+minus/Ctrl+0:
xterm*VT100.Translations: #override \
    Ctrl <Key> minus: smaller-vt-font() \n\
    Ctrl <Key> plus: larger-vt-font() \n\
    Ctrl <Key> 0: set-vt-font(d)

*

*http://futurile.net/2016/06/14/xterm-setup-and-truetype-font-configuration/
However, this method still requires manual handling every time I open a new xterm window. The search continues . . .

A: You can use the initialFont resource to do this:
   initialFont (class InitialFont)
           Specifies which of the VT100 fonts to use initially.  Values
           are the same as for the set-vt-font action.  The default is
           "d", i.e., "default".

e.g.,
xterm*VT100.initialFont: 5


text:
package VMOMI::ClusterHostPowerAction;
use parent 'VMOMI::ClusterAction';

use strict;
use warnings;

our @class_ancestors = (
    'ClusterAction',
    'DynamicData',
);

our @class_members = (
    ['operationType', 'HostPowerOperationType', 0, ],
    ['powerConsumptionWatt', undef, 0, 1],
    ['cpuCapacityMHz', undef, 0, 1],
    ['memCapacityMB', undef, 0, 1],
);

sub get_class_ancestors {
    return @class_ancestors;
}

sub get_class_members {
    my $class = shift;
    my @super_members = $class->SUPER::get_class_members();
    return (@super_members, @class_members);
}

1;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Here's how to make your store credible in e-commerce to increase user engagement and drive more conversions.
Is your e-commerce business up and running but your sales are nothing to write home about? If you're still in the early stages of business, there's no cause for alarm. However, business costs are mounting and you will need to do something soon.
While there could be any number of reasons why your store isn't resonating with shoppers, it's helpful to take a step back and ask: do they trust you?
Whether a site's purpose is shopping or knowledge, high-quality images are non-negotiable in today's digital environment. Are your product photos illustrative of the actual product? Are your images high-resolution? What about the white space around them? Are there multiple angles of the product or various shots of its different functions? If you're selling clothing, do you have models wearing them? Are those models of different skin colors and complexions so all types of shoppers can get a realistic idea of how it'll look on them? If you're running a blog to generate organic traffic, are you using generic stock photos or quality images that enhance your written content?
Improving your product photos will require quite a bit of effort, but it's time well spent—considering it will also improve your conversion rates. For your blog images, it's easy to find free, non-stock-looking photos with sites like Unsplash, Pixabay and a host of others.
Accredited by the Better Business Bureau? Running a site that meets SSL (secure socket layer) encryption? Do you offer a 30-day money-back guarantee? Whatever credible and trustworthy features you offer should be highly visible on your site. Per Oberlo, trust badges can increase e-commerce conversion rates by as much as 40 percent.
Do you have a store, or do you have a brand? The difference between the two may seem minor, but it's actually monumental. A store is a hollow slice of internet real estate, a place where products are available for purchase. Meanwhile, a brand is a memorable idea. The feeling and experience stick with customers long after they've left your site.
If you have a company name with which you're happy, you'll also need a tagline, revisit your logo, color scheme, and mission statement. If you're using a hosted e-commerce platform to run your store, you might have some baked-in options at your disposal, such as a logo creator or a template to experiment with different color schemes.
The early days of e-commerce where a company could simply copy the (inadequate) manufacturer description and still enjoy sales are long gone. With many stores selling overlapping products and consumers more intent on finding as much information as they can about a product before making a purchase, putting effort into your product descriptions is a must. Your descriptions must be thorough, providing every possible measurement, material and product use it carries. You should also provide this information in a compelling, human way. Avoid using marketing speak and dry language. Aim for copy that reads like you're telling a friend about a product you love.
Shoppers are increasingly expecting free shipping. For a brand not to offer free shipping makes them look behind the times and less trustworthy. Are you guilty? Consider your own internet habits. You come across a site, browse around and eventually add a few products to your cart. Then you find that your modest $30 cart total will cost $7.80 in shipping. You're probably going to abandon that purchase. This is in line with most online consumers' behavior. It's obviously difficult to offer free shipping on all purchases without the built-out logistics infrastructure of Amazon. However, enticing shoppers to spend a certain amount to get free shipping will help reduce some of your cart abandonment issues. It may even result in a serious profit boost.
When it comes to how to make your store credible in e-commerce, there's no better way to build trust with customers than addressing the problem at its root. Press coverage, testimonials and offering the right products will help, but focusing on things that affect a buyer's decision will be the ultimate difference. When in doubt, put yourself in a consumer's shoes and ask, "what makes me feel good about this site and what doesn't" over and over again until you've highlighted all your areas for improvement.
After that, the real work is cut out for you.


text:
Miki Janković (* 26. September 1994 in Belgrad) ist ein serbischer Tennisspieler.

Karriere
Janković war bis 2012 auf der ITF Juniour Tour aktiv und erzielte dort vielversprechende Ergebnisse. Anfang 2012 erreichte er dort mit Rang 26 seine beste Platzierung. Bei den Junior-Grand-Slam-Turnieren schaffte er 2011 in Roland Garros mit dem Viertelfinaleinzug als Qualifikant im Einzel und dem Halbfinaleinzug im Doppel beim selben Turnier sein jeweils bestes Resultat.

2011 spielte der Serbe seine ersten Turniere auf der ITF Future Tour und stand Ende des Jahres erstmals in den Top 1000 der Tennisweltrangliste. 2012 kam er zu seinem einzigen Auftritt auf der ATP World Tour, als er beim World Team Cup 2012 für Serbien in zwei Doppelpartien zum Einsatz kam. Obwohl er beides Mal verlor, gewann Serbien das Turnier. In den nächsten zwei Jahren verbesserte sich Janković weiter kontinuierlich. Bei den Challengers in Meerbusch und Meknès gewann er erste Matches auf der nächsthöheren Turnierkategorie. 2014 und 2015 gewann er drei Future-Titel und erreichte in Prag zudem sein erstes Challenger-Viertelfinale. Nach zwei weiteren Viertelfinals 2016 erreichte er im August mit Rang 256 seinen Karrierebestwert. Im Doppel gewann er insgesamt vier Futures und stand ebenfalls 2016 mit Rang 432 am höchsten. Im September 2017 entschied Janković wegen anhaltender Hüftbeschwerden seine Karriere zu beenden und eine Karriere als Tennistrainer zu forcieren.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Tennisspieler (Serbien)
Serbe
Geboren 1994
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Long thanh international airport project
Coca-Cola invests 136-million-USD factory in Long An
Illustrative image (Photo: tapchitaichinh.vn) Hanoi (VNA) – The Long An Economic Zone management board has granted an investment licence to Coca-Cola Beverages Vietnam Co., Ltd to implement a soft drink plant project in in the southern province of Long An. The project has total investment capital of more than 3.1 trillion VND (over 136 million USD). It will be located in the Phu An Thanh industrial park in Ben Luc district. This is one of the big investment project s that the provincial authorities has licensed in early 2022. Last year, Long An ranked second nationwide in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) with more than 3.84 billion USD./. VNA … [Read more...] about Coca-Cola invests 136-million-USD factory in Long An
Filed Under: Business Coca-Cola, Long An, project, investment project, Vietnamplus, Vietnam news, Vietnam News Agency, Business, investment..., coca cola uk factory tour, coca cola 1 million dollar prize, coca cola 1 million, coca cola how long has it been around, how coca cola is made in factory, where is coca cola factory, where are coca cola factories, tour coca cola factory atlanta, where are coca cola factories located around the world, factories coca cola, cola coca factory
Coffee giants tinkering with formula
Starbucks is replacing iconic bigger shops with smaller versions that are easier to manage, Photo: Le Toan The make-up of the Vietnamese coffee and beverage market is changing drastically in the light of social restrictions and consumer habit changes, with smaller mobile coffee cart and kiosk models becoming popular with both large and small brands. At the end of last year The Coffee House opened eight kiosks offering takeaway and delivery services. They are a combination with large distribution chains in the market, where there is a high density of consumers such as Kingfoodmart, formerly Coopfood. The brand has developed a coffee cart model in the hope of introducing a miniature The Coffee House experience throughout the country. Even before this, many major food and beverage (F&B) brands have tested and expanded the model successfully, such as Highlands Coffee, Phuc Long, Ong Bau, Milano Coffee, and Passio. Since the middle of 2020, Highlands Coffee has placed its … [Read more...] about Coffee giants tinkering with formula
Filed Under: Uncategorized coffee, starbucks, Highlands Coffee, Phuc Long, Corporate, coffee giant
Post social distancing: digitalization of tourism itinerary ready to welcome visitors
September 9, 2021 by en.vietnamplus.vn
Passenger trials IATA e-health passport (Photo: Vietnam+) Hanoi (VNA) - Vietnam is on the way to re-open the sky when Van Don International Airport in Quang Ninh province welcomed passengers on the first international flight, piloting the Health Ministry's seven-day concentrated medical quarantine programme on September 4. This is considered a premise for the tourisms sector to implement the Politburo's direction on piloting welcoming foreign visitors to a number of tourism centres capable of controlling the pandemic, such as Phu Quoc (Kien Giang) in the coming time. How has the tourism sector prepared for the recovery? Paving way for foreign tourists Many countries have started to allow their citizens to use "vaccine passports" (COVID-19 vaccine vaccination certificate) for domestic travel and other activities. Exports believe that the certificate plays an important role in domestic and international travel in the future as the resumption of travelling and trading in … [Read more...] about Post social distancing: digitalization of tourism itinerary ready to welcome visitors
Filed Under: Uncategorized IATA, travel pass, tourism, Vietnamplus, Vietnam News Agency, Culture - Sports, how schools are social distancing, maintain social distancing signs, who regulations on social distancing, when ease social distancing, report for not social distancing, report for social distancing, which workers bear the burden of social distancing policies, a welcome visitor, welcoming visitor, welcoming visitors exercises, welcoming visitors dialogue, social tables social distancing
Vietnam records 16,637 new local Covid cases
The three localities with the highest numbers of new cases are Hanoi with 2,884 cases, Da Nang with 983 cases and Hai Phong with 722 cases. Vietnam has recorded 108 cases infected with the Omicron variant, including three community cases. 68 of them are in Ho Chi Minh City, 27 in Quang Nam, three in Da Nang, two each in Thanh Hoa, Khanh Hoa and Quang Ninh, and one each in Hanoi, Hai Duong, Hai Phong and Long An. 152 deaths were added to the national database on Thursday, with 13 in HCMC, 12 each in Dong Thap, Vinh Long and Kien Giang, nine each in Soc Trang, Tien Giang and Hau Giang, six each in Tay Ninh, An Giang and Ben Tre, four each in Hoa Binh and Ba Ria-Vung Tau, three each in Binh Thuan, Bac Ninh, Ha Giang and Binh Dinh, two each in Khanh Hoa and Ca Mau, and one each in Dien Bien, Nghe An, Da Nang, Phu Yen, Dak Lak and Lam Dong. The total number of deaths so far is 36,266, or around 1.7 percent of all infections. 5,736 Covid-19 patients were announced recovered on … [Read more...] about Vietnam records 16,637 new local Covid cases
Filed Under: Uncategorized Vietnam, Vietnamese, Covid-19, coronavirus, local cases, Vietnam records 16, 637 new local Covid cases - VnExpress International, mid suffolk new local plan, best nhl playoff record 16-0, under 16 powerlifting records, 16 handles new city, teamsters local 637 zanesville, teamsters local 637 zanesville oh, 16 ispr new song, india swelters in record temperatures become 'new normal', india swelters in record temperatures becomes 'new normal', recording 16 track, copying records to a new profile, new york local new
Minister of Education and Training Nguyen Kim Son said that gradual reopening of schools is a necessity as Vietnam's vaccination rate is high, drugs for Covid-19 have been improved, and anti-pandemic conditions and people's awareness have improved. Minister of Education and Training Nguyen Kim Son Also, localities now have more experience in pandemic prevention and control. "With recommendations by international organizations and experience of other countries, it is now the right time to make decisions on reopening schools in a safe way," Son said. Stronger decision expected Deputy Minister of Health Nguyen Truong Son said at a webinar on January 19 that nearly 100 percent of people have had two vaccination jabs and the proportion of vaccinated students aged 12-17 is relatively high. Vietnam is among six countries with highest vaccination coverage in the world. The Ministry of Health (MOH) agrees with the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) on resuming offline … [Read more...] about Students can go back to school: Minister
Filed Under: Uncategorized school reopening, new normal, vaccinations, Vietnam education, Vietnam students, Vietnam children, Vietnam education reform, vietnamnet bridge, english news, ..., school goals for students, high school goals for students, the chicago school of professional psychology current students, medical school in usa for international students, jobs school student, physics articles for high school students, hospital volunteer work for high school students, which prime minister started residential schools, new schools minister, children's minister schooling, youth minister schooling, school teacher and school student


Our school mission highlights the importance of preparing students "for higher learning and for life." Life, to be sure, goes on whether we prepare for it or not, but higher learning necessitates a well-organized plan, considerable research, self-evaluation and discussion.
The SMUS University Counselling department is a primary resource for students and parents, to help them navigate the myriad post-secondary options and paths available in the world today. The main goal of the department is to guide students in finding schools and programmes that are good matches, and then to offer helpful information on procedures, timelines, and application expectations. At the heart of this process are strong personal relationships established on campus.
These web pages are designed to complement, not replace, those personal relationships, providing general information and links to resources for parents and students who should feel free to follow up with a phone call, email, or office visit.


text:
Nanoscale optical biosensor: Short range distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance of noble metal nanoparticles
Amanda J. Haes, Shengli Zou, George C Schatz, Richard P. Van Duyne
Silver and gold nanotriangles were fabricated by nanosphere lithography (NSL) and their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectra were measured by UV-vis extinction spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that the short range (viz., 0-2 nm) distance dependence of the electromagnetic fields that surround these nanoparticles when resonantly excited can be systematically tuned by changing their size, structure, and composition. This is accomplished by measuring the shift in the peak wavelength, λ max, of their LSPR spectra caused by the adsorption of hexadecanethiol as a function of nanoparticle size (in-plane width, out-of-plane height, and aspect ratio), shape (truncated tetrahedron versus hemisphere), and composition (silver versus gold). We find that the hexadecanethiol-induced LSPR shift for Ag triangles decreases when in-plane width is increased at fixed out-of-plane height or when height is increased at fixed width. These trends are the opposite to what was seen in an earlier study of the long range distance dependence in which 30 nm thick layers were examined (Haes et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 109), but both the long and short range results are-confirmed by a theoretical analysis based on finite element electrodynamics. The theory results also indicate that the short range results are primarily sensitive to hot spots (regions of high induced electric field) near the tips of the triangles, so this provides an example where enhanced local fields play an important role in extinction spectra. Our measurements further show that the hexadecanethiol-induced LSPR peak shift is larger for nanotriangles than for hemispheres with equal volumes and is larger for Ag nanotriangles than for Au nanotriangles with the same in-plane widths and out-of-plane heights. The dependence of the alkanethiol-induced LSPR peak shift on chain length for Ag nanotriangles is approximately size-independent. We anticipate that the improved understanding of the short range dependence of the adsorbate-induced LSPR peak shift on nanoparticle structure and composition reported here will translate to significant improvements in the sensitivity of refractive-index-based nanoparticle nanosensors.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp036261n
Published - Jun 3 2004
Metal nanoparticles
noble metals
bioinstrumentation
Nanosensors
Nanospheres
Haes, A. J., Zou, S., Schatz, G. C., & Van Duyne, R. P. (2004). Nanoscale optical biosensor: Short range distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance of noble metal nanoparticles. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108(22), 6961-6968. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp036261n
Nanoscale optical biosensor : Short range distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance of noble metal nanoparticles. / Haes, Amanda J.; Zou, Shengli; Schatz, George C; Van Duyne, Richard P.
In: Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 108, No. 22, 03.06.2004, p. 6961-6968.
Haes, AJ, Zou, S, Schatz, GC & Van Duyne, RP 2004, 'Nanoscale optical biosensor: Short range distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance of noble metal nanoparticles', Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 22, pp. 6961-6968. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp036261n
Haes AJ, Zou S, Schatz GC, Van Duyne RP. Nanoscale optical biosensor: Short range distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance of noble metal nanoparticles. Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2004 Jun 3;108(22):6961-6968. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp036261n
Haes, Amanda J. ; Zou, Shengli ; Schatz, George C ; Van Duyne, Richard P. / Nanoscale optical biosensor : Short range distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance of noble metal nanoparticles. In: Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2004 ; Vol. 108, No. 22. pp. 6961-6968.
@article{b7b39838419347e8ab2bc802065b0180,
title = "Nanoscale optical biosensor: Short range distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance of noble metal nanoparticles",
abstract = "Silver and gold nanotriangles were fabricated by nanosphere lithography (NSL) and their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectra were measured by UV-vis extinction spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that the short range (viz., 0-2 nm) distance dependence of the electromagnetic fields that surround these nanoparticles when resonantly excited can be systematically tuned by changing their size, structure, and composition. This is accomplished by measuring the shift in the peak wavelength, λ max, of their LSPR spectra caused by the adsorption of hexadecanethiol as a function of nanoparticle size (in-plane width, out-of-plane height, and aspect ratio), shape (truncated tetrahedron versus hemisphere), and composition (silver versus gold). We find that the hexadecanethiol-induced LSPR shift for Ag triangles decreases when in-plane width is increased at fixed out-of-plane height or when height is increased at fixed width. These trends are the opposite to what was seen in an earlier study of the long range distance dependence in which 30 nm thick layers were examined (Haes et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 109), but both the long and short range results are-confirmed by a theoretical analysis based on finite element electrodynamics. The theory results also indicate that the short range results are primarily sensitive to hot spots (regions of high induced electric field) near the tips of the triangles, so this provides an example where enhanced local fields play an important role in extinction spectra. Our measurements further show that the hexadecanethiol-induced LSPR peak shift is larger for nanotriangles than for hemispheres with equal volumes and is larger for Ag nanotriangles than for Au nanotriangles with the same in-plane widths and out-of-plane heights. The dependence of the alkanethiol-induced LSPR peak shift on chain length for Ag nanotriangles is approximately size-independent. We anticipate that the improved understanding of the short range dependence of the adsorbate-induced LSPR peak shift on nanoparticle structure and composition reported here will translate to significant improvements in the sensitivity of refractive-index-based nanoparticle nanosensors.",
author = "Haes, {Amanda J.} and Shengli Zou and Schatz, {George C} and {Van Duyne}, {Richard P.}",
doi = "10.1021/jp036261n",
journal = "Journal of Physical Chemistry B Materials",
T1 - Nanoscale optical biosensor
T2 - Short range distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance of noble metal nanoparticles
AU - Haes, Amanda J.
AU - Zou, Shengli
AU - Schatz, George C
AU - Van Duyne, Richard P.
N2 - Silver and gold nanotriangles were fabricated by nanosphere lithography (NSL) and their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectra were measured by UV-vis extinction spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that the short range (viz., 0-2 nm) distance dependence of the electromagnetic fields that surround these nanoparticles when resonantly excited can be systematically tuned by changing their size, structure, and composition. This is accomplished by measuring the shift in the peak wavelength, λ max, of their LSPR spectra caused by the adsorption of hexadecanethiol as a function of nanoparticle size (in-plane width, out-of-plane height, and aspect ratio), shape (truncated tetrahedron versus hemisphere), and composition (silver versus gold). We find that the hexadecanethiol-induced LSPR shift for Ag triangles decreases when in-plane width is increased at fixed out-of-plane height or when height is increased at fixed width. These trends are the opposite to what was seen in an earlier study of the long range distance dependence in which 30 nm thick layers were examined (Haes et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 109), but both the long and short range results are-confirmed by a theoretical analysis based on finite element electrodynamics. The theory results also indicate that the short range results are primarily sensitive to hot spots (regions of high induced electric field) near the tips of the triangles, so this provides an example where enhanced local fields play an important role in extinction spectra. Our measurements further show that the hexadecanethiol-induced LSPR peak shift is larger for nanotriangles than for hemispheres with equal volumes and is larger for Ag nanotriangles than for Au nanotriangles with the same in-plane widths and out-of-plane heights. The dependence of the alkanethiol-induced LSPR peak shift on chain length for Ag nanotriangles is approximately size-independent. We anticipate that the improved understanding of the short range dependence of the adsorbate-induced LSPR peak shift on nanoparticle structure and composition reported here will translate to significant improvements in the sensitivity of refractive-index-based nanoparticle nanosensors.
AB - Silver and gold nanotriangles were fabricated by nanosphere lithography (NSL) and their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectra were measured by UV-vis extinction spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that the short range (viz., 0-2 nm) distance dependence of the electromagnetic fields that surround these nanoparticles when resonantly excited can be systematically tuned by changing their size, structure, and composition. This is accomplished by measuring the shift in the peak wavelength, λ max, of their LSPR spectra caused by the adsorption of hexadecanethiol as a function of nanoparticle size (in-plane width, out-of-plane height, and aspect ratio), shape (truncated tetrahedron versus hemisphere), and composition (silver versus gold). We find that the hexadecanethiol-induced LSPR shift for Ag triangles decreases when in-plane width is increased at fixed out-of-plane height or when height is increased at fixed width. These trends are the opposite to what was seen in an earlier study of the long range distance dependence in which 30 nm thick layers were examined (Haes et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 109), but both the long and short range results are-confirmed by a theoretical analysis based on finite element electrodynamics. The theory results also indicate that the short range results are primarily sensitive to hot spots (regions of high induced electric field) near the tips of the triangles, so this provides an example where enhanced local fields play an important role in extinction spectra. Our measurements further show that the hexadecanethiol-induced LSPR peak shift is larger for nanotriangles than for hemispheres with equal volumes and is larger for Ag nanotriangles than for Au nanotriangles with the same in-plane widths and out-of-plane heights. The dependence of the alkanethiol-induced LSPR peak shift on chain length for Ag nanotriangles is approximately size-independent. We anticipate that the improved understanding of the short range dependence of the adsorbate-induced LSPR peak shift on nanoparticle structure and composition reported here will translate to significant improvements in the sensitivity of refractive-index-based nanoparticle nanosensors.
U2 - 10.1021/jp036261n
DO - 10.1021/jp036261n
JO - Journal of Physical Chemistry B Materials
JF - Journal of Physical Chemistry B Materials
10.1021/jp036261n


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