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Sheluḥei Ereẓ Israel
SHELUḤEI EREẒ ISRAEL (Heb. "emissaries of Ereẓ Israel"), the name for messengers from Ereẓ Israel sent abroad as emissaries to raise funds. During the patriarchate after the destruction of the Second Temple, emissaries were sent in groups (tj, Hor. 3:7, Pes. 4:8); sometimes a father and a son were sent together. The senders of these emissaries were usually the heads of the Ereẓ Israel religious administration, or its communities. During Roman rule the sender was the patriarch. With the cessation of the patriarchate in 429 c.e. the sending of emissaries ceased, but was renewed after the Arab conquest of Ereẓ Israel in the 630s, when the emissaries were sent by the geonim and the heads of the academies. In general, emissaries did not act on behalf of two towns at the same time, an exception being Shabbetai Baer, who was sent (1674) from *Jerusalem, *Hebron, and *Safed. Usually a single emissary was dispatched on a mission, but at times two were sent, as in the case of Joseph b. Moses of Trani and Abraham Shalom iii who went to Istanbul in 1599, while occasionally two emissaries, an Ashkenazi and a Sephardi, were sent. The *Azulai, *Israel, Navon, and Meyuḥas families perennially provided emissaries.
There were several kinds of deeds and letters that the emissary needed on his journey:
(1) Iggeret kelalit ("general letter"), the most important of the emissary's letters, was a lengthy and detailed document written on parchment, mainly in ornate style. It contained a request for financial support with a detailed description of the town's troubles as well as its virtues. The letter was signed by the rabbi, the dayyanim, and the other important members of the community. The letter was always written in Hebrew, but from the 18th century some emissaries translated it, or its most important points, into the language of the locality to which they were sent, sometimes even printing it.
(2) Iggeret li-nedivim ("letter to philanthropists"), directed to individual philanthropists, being merely an abridgment of the general letter.
(3) Shetar ko'aḥ harsha'ah mishpati ("power of attorney"), a widespread custom was that the emissary received power of attorney from his senders, giving legal force to his demands as an accredited agent to collect the contributions.
(4) Shetar tena'ei ha-sheliḥut ("deed of terms of the mission"), deed to confirm the conditions stipulated between the emissary and his principals concerning the former's salary and expenses to be deducted from the funds raised. On his return the emissary was required to present an account of the income and expenditures of his mission. From the 17th century it was customary to give the emissary one-third of his income, and in exceptional cases only one-quarter.
(5) Shetar pitturin ("bill of nonliability"), deed freeing the emissary from every liability imposed upon him by his senders, with the aim of giving confidence to future emissaries.
(6) Pinkas ha-sheliḥut ("account book of the mission"), account book of the mission which every emissary took with him. The heads of the donor communities, as well as individuals, noted in the pinkas the amounts they gave. On the one hand the account book served as the emissary's evidence of the contributions he collected in each place, and on the other as propaganda in the places to which he was going. In most cases the communities' leaders briefly repeated the contents of the emissary's letter of appointment in their notes, sometimes stressing that the amount given was the result of a special effort because of their love for Ereẓ Israel. The emissary entered his expenses in the pinkas, and on returning home he delivered it to the community which sent him, doing this to attest the veracity of his accounts. The pinkas also served as a guide for future emissaries, to help them in arranging matters at the time of their mission. Ereẓ Israel emissaries frequently reached remote communities, despite the numerous dangers surrounding them. Many of the emissaries left written impressions of their missions, only some of which are extant. The pinkasim and descriptions of the missions, providing information on the number, occupation, habits, etc. of the members of the communities, are of considerable historical importance, particularly in the case of remote communities where no other records are extant. The most important of such works include Ḥ.J.D. *Azulai's Ma'gal Tov ha-Shalem (1934), the diary of his travels during two missions (1753 and 1773) for Hebron, and Jacob *Saphir's Even Sappir (1866), on his mission from Jerusalem to Egypt, Yemen, and the Far East in the late 1850s.
From the *Mamluk period until the Turkish conquest in 1517, a few emissaries were sent on behalf of the yeshivot of Ereẓ Israel. From the second half of the 16th century missions were executed in the name of the town or the community, and by the first half of the 17th century a gradual consolidation of a permanent system of missions from the three holy cities, Jerusalem, Hebron, and Safed (referred to as YaḤaẒ), began to take place. Each of the three cities regularly sent its own emissary once every few years to each of the mission regions. The emissary was called sheli'aḥ kolel, or sheli'aḥ kolelot, the latter designation serving as an indication that he was sent on behalf of the entire population of the town. From 1740 Tiberias – after being rebuilt – also joined this group. At first the heads of the Diaspora communities insisted that emissaries not be sent separately for each Ereẓ Israel community, an exception being made in the case of the Ashkenazi and Italian communities of Safed and the Ashkenazi community of Jerusalem, which were allowed to send their own emissaries to their countries of origin. Special dispensation was given to these communities in order to encourage immigration from their countries of origin. From 1777, authority was given to one Jerusalem institution, the kabbalist yeshivah Bet El, also called the yeshivah or community of the Ḥasidim (the pious), to send emissaries regularly. At times, temporary permission was granted an institution or yeshivah whose economic plight was serious to send its own special emissary. One Jerusalem rabbi, Yom Tov *Algazi, authorized Jerusalem emissaries to collect special contributions in the course of their mission for a personal need, namely, to redeem a child from captivity. Missions of a temporary nature were also common in localities other than the four towns. From the beginning of the 19th century the communities began to act separately, each sending its own emissary to maintain its institutions. This phenomenon eventually brought an end to the missions (see below). The Karaite community of Jerusalem also sent emissaries to the members of its community in the Diaspora. The first such emissary (from the middle of the 17th century) known by name was David b. Joshua ha-Ḥazzan.
From time to time private emissaries, due to personal poverty and severe economic plight, left Ereẓ Israel to collect contributions. They were provided with letters of recommendation signed by the heads of the yishuv, being similar in form, and at times also in content, to those borne by the emissaries, but in them the emissary's troubles were stressed. From the 18th century such individuals who obtained these letters were called sheliḥim le-aẓmam ("emissaries on their own behalf"). At first the emissary was sent to a particular country or a group of adjacent countries, but the region of the mission was not restricted; sometimes the emissary was permitted during the course of his journey to determine the extent of the region of his mission, being guided by his desire and the prevailing conditions.
Gradually more precise regions of activity were determined. In the 17th century there were already four mission regions: Turkey, including Syria, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands; Frankia, including Italy, France, Germany, and later also Poland and Lithuania; Maghreb, North Africa; and Arbistan, including Persia, Iraq, Kurdistan, Afghanistan, and Bukhara. Emissaries were also sent to Egypt, the Yemen, and India. The duration of the emissary's stay in the locality of his mission was not fixed. In general he used his own discretion, and its length depended upon the needs, possibilities, and prospects of collecting the maximum amount of money. Sometimes its duration was determined by his health, or whether or not he was able to adapt himself to harsh and unpleasant conditions in the country of his mission. In general the mission did not last longer than three or four years, but there were occasional emissaries who stayed ten years and more. Sometimes an emissary was sent two or three times to the same country. During their travels emissaries were exposed to all kinds of hardships that at times endangered their lives. Some died during their mission or in consequence of it. Some were robbed by highwaymen, taken captive, or imprisoned on the charge that they were spies. Of the 850 known emissaries, 85 died during their journey or in the locality of their mission. The ability and greatness of the emissary did not necessarily stem from his own personality but chiefly from his principals, i.e., as a consequence of the authority in Ereẓ Israel in whose name he spoke. The heads of a number of communities were accustomed to receive the emissary with royal splendor, song, and praise. In Oriental countries he stayed in most cases at the home of one of the wealthy members of the community, while in European lands the community hired accommodation for him. Sometimes the heads of the community compiled poems in his honor, as Moses *Zacuto was accustomed to do.
Emissaries who died during their mission received the honor that was their due; they were eulogized fittingly by the rabbis of the communities and kinot were recited for them. In Oriental countries it was customary to exaggerate in praise of the emissaries and ascribe miraculous deeds to them. There were messengers who pretended to be emissaries of Ereẓ Israel, particularly in Ashkenazi countries where they did not know the customs of Ereẓ Israel and did not recognize the florid signatures of its scholars. When such deceit was revealed, it gave rise to doubt regarding the motives of many emissaries. An additional occurrence that caused a decline in the honor accorded the emissaries, though indeed unusual, was the rivalry between the emissaries of different towns when they met in one place. At times there were serious frictions between them. Some emissaries, who were not treated with honor because of this, demanded that they be treated properly not for their own sake but for the honor of Ereẓ Israel. As a result there were instances of emissaries who scolded communities where they were not treated in a dignified manner. If they found no other way to gain their ends, they made use of the power of ḥerem, which was proclaimed in Jerusalem in front of the Western Wall. Megillat Ahima'aẓ (ed. by B. Klar (1944), 18–19) mentions a story from the tenth century about a Jerusalem emissary in Venosa, in southern Italy, where one of the worthies of the community, the well-known paytan*Silano, scoffed at the emissary. The latter related the incident to his principals in Jerusalem and they excommunicated Silano.
Historical Survey
After the destruction of the Second Temple Vespasian substituted a fiscal tax for the half-shekel paid by the Jews for Temple sacrifices, which was called *fiscus Judaicus. In the anarchy of the third century this tax ceased to be collected and world Jewry was prepared to give toward the maintenance of the courts of the patriarch (*nasi) in Ereẓ Israel. The patriarchs also used these funds to maintain the academies and needy students. Like the half-shekels in former times, these contributions, later called aurum coronarium, were collected annually. To collect them the patriarchs on occasion dispatched distinguished emissaries. Equipped with a letter of authorization (igra di-ykar; Aramaic, "letter of honor") from the patriarch Judah (c. 230–286), Ḥiyya b. Abba (late third century) visited the communities in Syria and Rome. He was the first recorded professional Jewish fund raiser; his letter read: "We are sending you our emissary, a great man who is to be treated as ourselves" (tj, Ḥag. 1:8, 76d, Ned. 10:10, 42b). In describing the emissary Joseph of Tiberias, who converted to Christianity, a detailed description of the rank of the emissary and his functions is transmitted by Epiphanius (one of the Church Fathers in the fourth century): "This Joseph is regarded by them as one of the notables, for those who are called emissaries take their places after the patriarch. They sit together with the patriarch and can frequently discuss matters with him both by day and night in order to inquire and obtain counsel from him, and they put before him halakhic words from the Torah … [The patriarch] sent him with letters to Cilicia, and when he arrived there he collected from every town in Cilicia all the tithes and contributions of the Jews of the province … Since he was an emissary, for this office is so called by them, he was very severe … he expelled and removed from their offices many of the members of the synagogue: laymen, priests, elders and readers…" In talmudic sources the collection of money by emissaries is called migbat ḥakhamim ("collection of scholars"; tj, Hor. 3:7). From the second half of the fourth century the Roman emperors became envious of the money of the emissaries, which at times reached enormous sums, and when the office of patriarch was abolished in 429, the sending of emissaries was explicitly prohibited by the emperors Theodosius ii and Valentinian. The sending of emissaries was later renewed, and in the eighth century two emissaries of Ereẓ Israel are known to have been active in Venosa in the south of Italy; it is not certain whether they were sent from Jerusalem or Tiberias. The tombstone on a Roman grave found in this city states that the dead maiden was the only child of a distinguished family and that she was eulogized by two emissaries and two rabbis. In the second half of the ninth century an emissary is known to have come to this city from Jerusalem and preached there every Sabbath (Megillat Aḥima'aẓ, ed. by B. Klar (1944), 18–19).
In the second half of the tenth century a Jerusalem emissary named R. Jonah ha-Zaken b. R. Judah ha-Sefaradi is mentioned as having been sent to distant lands. He is the first emissary referred to by name after the close of the Talmud. His letter as emissary for 977 or 987 is also extant, and it contains all the components of the letters of the 16th-century emissaries and their successors. In the first half of the 11th century the two sons of the Gaon*Solomon b. Judah traveled as emissaries of the Ereẓ Israel yeshivah. During this period emissaries went with two aims: to maintain the central Torah foundation, i.e., the yeshivah and its scholars, and to ease the heavy burden of taxation imposed upon the Jewish community in the country. These funds were not however intended to maintain the poor, who were supported by the local charity of Ereẓ Israel. On the other hand, the emissaries of Tiberias were sent out to raise funds to maintain the poor flowing into the town, who called themselves meyasserim ("sufferers"), since a not inconsiderable number of the poor were among the sick who came to bathe in its healing waters.
The first known emissary from the Mamluk period was Jacob, who was sent by the yeshivah in Acre of *Jehiel b. Joseph of Paris in the second half of the 13th century. He took a list of the graves of the ẓaddikim (righteous men) in Ereẓ Israel with him as propaganda. There are no other emissaries from the 13th and 14th centuries who are known by name. *Isaac b. Sheshet Perfet (the Ribash) alludes to a Jerusalem emissary to Spain in about 1390 (Responsa, no. 508). In the 15th century the Jewish population in Jerusalem grew through immigration from Italy, Franco-Germany, and Oriental countries, many of whom were poor, and there was need to collect donations on their behalf outside Ereẓ Israel.
From the beginning of the Ottoman period (1517), the sending of emissaries continued to increase and take on a permanent character (more or less along the lines mentioned above). Among the Ereẓ Israel emissaries of this period were those who are generally considered its most distinguished scholars: Bezalel *Ashkenazi, Moses *Alshekh, Joseph of *Trani, Yom Tov *Ẓahalon, Nathan *Spira, *Hezekiah da Silva, and Ḥayyim Joseph David Azulai. At times immigrant scholars, whose influence on the communities of their native countries was great, were sent. A number of scholars are also known to have feared to immigrate to Ereẓ Israel lest they be required to return to their country of origin as emissaries, e.g., *Benjamin ha-Kohen of Reggio. Suitable persons from among the scholars could not always be found to carry out missions, and then men of inferior standard were used. Sometimes this resulted in the choice of unworthy persons who embezzled the funds collected. In 1629 opposition to the emissaries was heard for the first time from the heads of the Italian community of the island of Corfu. In their letter to the heads of the Jerusalem community they informed them that they no longer wanted emissaries to visit as the great expense involved in this swallowed up most of the money; they assured the leaders that they themselves would take care to transmit the contributions to their agent in Venice.
The leaders of the Jews of Amsterdam succeeded in 1824 in abolishing the sending of emissaries not only to their own town but also to all the communities of Western Europe. They further resolved that there should be a permanent center in Amsterdam for the Ereẓ Israel contributions from all the communities in the West. The institution that centralized the contributions was called Ḥevrat Terumat Kodesh ("Society for Holy Contributions"); however, this name was quickly forgotten and it became known as Pekidei u-Mashgiḥei ve-Amarkelei Ereẓ Israel ("Officers, Overseers, and Treasurers of Ereẓ Israel"). Ẓevi Hirsch Lehren was the head of the central fund for many years. Following its establishment, a similar one was founded in New York in 1832, Ḥevrat Terumat ha-Kodesh. The leaders of the Ereẓ Israel yishuv accepted this arrangement with pleasure, even though their spiritual independence was restricted as many matters were dictated to them by the Amsterdam center. From time to time an emissary was sent in spite of their express commitment to refrain from doing so. Lehren firmly prevented these emissaries from operating in Western Europe. The Venetian community also followed the lead of Amsterdam, but its center did not succeed in collecting a reasonable sum of money, and in 1863 a pamphlet was printed in Trieste containing letters from the heads of the four holy towns with a request that the new regulation be reexamined and rescinded. The scholars gave assurances that the sending of emissaries would be conducted in an orderly and honorable manner. Thus, the organization of emissaries retained its special character only in Amsterdam.
Activities in the Diaspora
The function of the emissary in the later centuries may be defined as (1) activities for Ereẓ Israel, and (2) for the communities of the Diaspora.
activities for ereẒ israel
The Collection of the Contributions. The emissary strove to obtain the maximum contribution from the communal fund. He then turned to the philanthropic members of the community, although not every community permitted him to turn to its members. In some communities, however, the rabbis encouraged individuals to make a separate contribution as distinct from the other contributions of the community. In some communities in Italy and in Amsterdam the rabbis placed at the disposal of the emissary one or two patrons who guided and counseled him, and taught him how to carry out the collection, as well as to whom to turn with requests for separate contributions. In many communities it was customary to collect donations on certain days of the year or on special celebrations. Sometimes this took place during the calling up to the reading of the *Torah. The funds were centralized in the hands of a treasurer called the gabbai Ereẓ Yisrael ("Ereẓ Israel collector"), or pekid Ereẓ Yisrael ("Ereẓ Israel officer"), from whom the emissary received the money. Every important community had some religious trust (hekdesh) on behalf of Ereẓ Israel. In some communities it was customary to impose fines on transgressors for the benefit of Ereẓ Israel. In the important communities there were special funds called Kuppot ("Funds") or Ma'ot ("Monies") Ereẓ Yisrael.
Over the years special funds were added for each of the four holy towns, and even for their different institutions. The Karaites also had funds in their communities, which were called Im Eshkaḥekh ("Lest I Forget Thee") or Zikkaron Im Eshkaḥekh ("A Reminder Lest I Forget Thee"). The division of the contributions in Ereẓ Israel was made in accordance with a definite system fixed by mutual agreement, as each of the four towns sent emissaries abroad. At the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries they divided the funds into 24 parts: Jerusalem took seven, Safed ten, Hebron three, with the other four going to others. At that time Tiberias was in ruins. With the growth of the populations of Jerusalem and Hebron and the decline of Safed's, the share of the former in the division was larger. Thus, in 1670 Jerusalem took 12 parts, Safed eight, and Hebron four. This division lasted until 1740, when Tiberias was resettled and its part in the division was fixed once more. At the beginning of the 19th century the funds were divided into 28 parts: Jerusalem took 11 parts, Safed seven, Hebron six, and Tiberias four. At times, when the situation in Ereẓ Israel was bad and they could not manage with the contributions, the heads of the Diaspora communities put a special tax on their members for the benefit of Ereẓ Israel – in Venice in 1601, in Istanbul in 1727. Similarly, indirect taxes were placed on certain goods in Istanbul in 1763. The half-shekels donated on Purim were also devoted to Ereẓ Israel.
A special collector was appointed in each community whose duty was to supervise the donations. In Oriental countries the supervisors were generally appointed by the emissaries or the heads of the Ereẓ Israel communities. When the mission was completed, the head of the community confirmed in writing the sum of money given to the emissary. The emissary also left proof (in the communal pinkas) in the hands of the head of the community that he had received this amount (see below). At times some emissaries also accepted donations from Christians, as did the kabbalist Nathan Spira of Jerusalem in 1656–60, but there were scholars who held that according to the Torah it was forbidden to accept funds from Christians. When asked about this, Moses *Ḥagiz declared it permissible, and a number of emissaries in the 19th century are known to have taken money from Christians. Some of the contributions were transmitted to Ereẓ Israel by way of local centers. From the 17th century such centers existed in Venice, Leghorn, Istanbul, Amsterdam and Lvov (Lemberg). At the beginning of the 19th century one was also established in Vilna. Venice was the center of the funds of Italy in Europe; Leghorn chiefly those of North Africa, but also of Europe; and Amsterdam chiefly those of Western Europe. The funds from Poland which were contributed at the *Council of the Four Lands were centralized in Lvov and transmitted from there by way of Istanbul, which was the most important center as it was the one nearest to Ereẓ Israel and the capital of the Ottoman government. Donations from the Turkish communities and the Balkans, as well as those from Eastern Europe (see above), were transferred to Istanbul. There were also smaller centers in Vienna, Prague, and Frankfurt on the Main.
Propaganda Methods
The emissaries used the general letter (see above) to help raise donations. There were also special letters to philanthropists and homilies in praise of Ereẓ Israel generally, as well as of the town assigned the emissary. The emissary was accustomed to preach on the first Sabbath of his arrival in the community and in practice his work commenced with this. Sometimes he brought with him some soil from the holy land for the communal worthies, drawings of the holy places and the graves of the ẓaddikim (pious men), or scrolls of Esther and amulets from Ereẓ Israel. An important medium utilized for publicity was the printing of various books about Ereẓ Israel, whether compiled by themselves or others, in order to awaken the readers' love for Ereẓ Israel and interest in its affairs. The books included descriptions and illustrations of holy places and the graves of ẓaddikim in Ereẓ Israel, descriptions of travels to Ereẓ Israel, geographical descriptions of the country, maps, etc. Sometimes the emissaries printed books describing the immediate events which had given rise to their mission, among them Ḥorvot Yerushalayim (Venice, 1636), by anonymous authors, describing the difficult conditions of *Jerusalem in 1625; Zimrat ha-Areẓ (Mantua, 1745) by Jacob *Berab (iii), describing the resettlement of Jews in Tiberias in 1740; and Korot ha-Ittim (Vilna, 1840), a detailed description of the riots against the Jews of Safed during the revolt of the fellahin against Ibrahim Pasha in 1834, and of the Safed earthquake in 1837. Similarly, many propaganda books were published describing the virtues and the praise of Ereẓ Israel. Additional propaganda media were poems and piyyutim in praise of Ereẓ Israel which the emissaries circularized in the localities of their activities.
activities for the communities of the diaspora
The emissary's mission to the Diaspora had another side. It also aimed at bringing the Jews of the Diaspora nearer to the affairs of Ereẓ Israel. This found expression in the spiritual influence of the emissaries, who regarded themselves as bound to teach and guide the exiles in spiritual matters. Sometimes the emissaries were asked by the exiles to make decisions in matters of minhagim and halakhah that they could not decide themselves. The emissaries had already begun to make improvements in the communities and to give halakhic decisions during the era of the patriarchate, when the messengers of the patriarch were accustomed to appoint the heads of communities and the supervisors of communal arrangements. This trend in affairs continued in effect until the missions came to an end. The emissary drew this power not simply from his personality but by virtue of the authority of Ereẓ Israel and of the great Torah scholars who were the signatories of his letter of appointment. For this reason, care was taken in general to dispatch men of stature. As a result the exiles looked upon rabbinical ordination by the Ereẓ Israel rabbis as something grand and superior. Thus, many rabbis of communities were accustomed to request confirmation of ordination for their pupils. Similarly, authors among the exiles who wanted to raise the public stature of their works attempted to win commendations for them from the emissaries. The Torah novellae (ḥiddushei Torah) and sermons of the emissaries found attentive listeners, and works by Diaspora scholars include novellae and homilies heard from the emissaries.
Ereẓ Israel Emissaries and Spiritual Movements
From the 15th century Ereẓ Israel emissaries played an important role in Jewish spiritual movements. Their influence in the outbreak of the spiritual storms flowed from their very personalities but their main influence stemmed from their authority as Ereẓ Israel emissaries. The Kabbalah, which developed and was consolidated in Safed in the 16th century, was spread throughout the Diaspora by kabbalist emissaries who circulated and published during their missions their own works and those of others. Thus, for example, Gedaliah *Cordovero, son of the well-known kabbalist Moses *Cordovero, organized the distribution of his father's writings, whose two works were published during Gedaliah's mission to Italy in 1582. Similarly, Abraham *Almosnino, the Jerusalem emissary to Frankfurt on the Main, brought tikkunim and sodot there in 1592 which he had copied from the manuscript of one of the pupils of R. Isaac *Luria. To a large degree it was the Ereẓ Israel emissaries who circulated reports of the existence of the ten tribes and thereby aroused waves of redemption yearnings and the will to immigrate to Ereẓ Israel. In 1527, the well-known Jerusalem kabbalist Abraham b. Eleazar ha-Levi transmitted information about the ten tribes and about indications of redemption and return in the wars of the *Beta Israel (Falashas) in Ethiopia. Similarly, the 17th-century letter of Baruch Gad concerning the Benei Moshe (sons of Moses) is remarkably like the story of *Eldad ha-Dani (and hence may be regarded as a forgery). The Benei Moshe complain about their bad conditions and desire with all their might to immigrate to Ereẓ Israel. The letter made a great impression on the Jerusalem inhabitants, who wished to restore the city to its former glory, as well as upon the Jews of Eastern Europe, who were severely agitated after the massacres of 1648–49 and were in need of consolation, hope, and salvation. Gad's letter was distributed by Ereẓ Israel emissaries throughout the Diaspora for a period of 250 years and was republished 15 times. A number of the emissaries attempted during their travels to discover traces of the ten tribes, some acting on behalf of their principals and others on their own behalf, e.g., *David D'Beth Hillel, one of the pupils of Elijah Gaon of Vilna.
The Shabbatean movement, which agitated most communities of Europe from the beginning of the second half of the 17th century, was also bound up with the emissaries, who played a decisive role in it. The pseudo-messiah *Shabbetai Ẓevi was sent as an emissary from Jerusalem to Egypt in 1664. *Nathan of Gaza was the son of the emissary Elisha Ḥayyim b. Jacob Ashkenazi. There is no doubt that the latter in the course of his work as an emissary – after Shabbetai Ẓevi had revealed himself – helped to spread the teaching of his son. Moreover, the scribe of Shabbetai Ẓevi, Samuel of Primo, went abroad in 1662 as a Jerusalem emissary. Later, he undoubtedly made use of his contacts with the communities of Turkey in order to spread his belief in Shabbetai Ẓevi. There were also emissaries who opposed Shabbateanism. When Ḥiyya b. Joseph Dayyan was in Italy in 1673 as an emissary, he censured Shabbateanism. Shabbetai Baer acted in a similar manner when he was on a mission in 1674.
The Ereẓ Israel emissaries also took an active part in the Nehemiah Ḥiyya *Ḥayon polemic at the beginning of the 18th century. Solomon *Ayllon, rabbi of Amsterdam who was a Safed emissary, was among his chief supporters, while Moses Ḥagiz, when an emissary of Jerusalem in Europe, was one of his most vigorous opponents. The Ereẓ Israel emissaries also played an important role in the polemic which was stirred up in 1729 around the personality and writings of Moses Ḥayyim *Luzzatto and continued for a number of years, giving rise to a controversy in the Jewish world. The Ereẓ Israel emissaries intervened in the dispute which centered around Jacob *Emden and Jonathan *Eybeschuetz. Abraham Israel, Jerusalem emissary in 1752, defended Eybeschuetz, and the document the latter received from him carried great weight and strengthened his stand. Emden was enraged by the Ereẓ Israel emissaries in particular and by its inhabitants in general, accusing them of Shabbatean tendencies.
The emissaries also played an important part in the Reform polemic which commenced in 1796. It started when in the same year a false report was published in one of the French newspapers that the Jews of Italy were preparing to introduce religious reforms. This grew from a rumor that a large convention of Italian rabbis in Florence had resolved to abrogate various prohibitions. Several Italian communities were stirred that same year to deny this report, and they published a special pamphlet. The moving spirit in all these activities was provided by several Ereẓ Israel emissaries who were then in Italy; among the signatories were Ḥayyim Baruch Saporta, the Safed emissary, and the Hebron emissaries Ephraim *Navon, Judah Leon, and Ḥayyim J.D. Azulai, and others. This pamphlet was also published the same year in Hamburg in German translation. In the Reform controversy only two emissaries, Ḥayyim Judah Ayash and Judah Aaron Takli, sided with the reformers when an organ was introduced into a Hamburg synagogue in 1817. Abraham b. Eleazar ha-Levi, the Jerusalem emissary in 1819, Nathan *Amram in 1842, and Israel Moses *Ḥazzan in 1845 came out against the religious reforms.
The emissaries helped in no small degree in the spread and revival of the Hebrew language, preaching mainly in Hebrew during their missions. In many of the communities the leaders thought of appointing the emissaries as rabbis or dayyanim, and many agreed to the proposals, accepting the appointment on completion of their mission. In times of need they used their influence to assist the communities in material matters, generally in isolated communities in the East. In 1750 in Nikopol, Bulgaria, the Safed emissary Ezra Malki helped mobilize financial support from Polish Jews to rebuild the synagogue named after Joseph Caro, which was in ruins. Cruel treatment of the Jews of Irbil, Kurdistan, in 1867 moved the emissaries to approach the Alliance Israélite Universelle to intervene on the community's behalf. In 1871, after the riots of their rebellious Kurdish neighbors, the Jerusalem emissary in Kurdistan, Raḥamim de la Rosa, and the heads of the community signed the emissary's letter requesting financial help. Ereẓ Israel emissaries also helped greatly in freeing the "black" Jews in *Cochin, India, who were regarded by their white brethren as slaves.
Emissaries' Activities on Their Own Behalf
As there was no printing press in Ereẓ Israel from the end of the 16th to the 19th centuries, the emissaries utilized their missions to the Diaspora as Ereẓ Israel emissaries to publish their own works. During their missions they succeeded in distributing their works, thus bringing greater honor upon themselves. In practice, most of the works of Ereẓ Israel scholars were published by their authors during their missions, or during the mission of another emissary. A number of the emissaries compiled their works during their travels, e.g., H.J.D. Azulai compiled his Shem ha-Gedolim. Usually the emissary referred to his adventures in the introduction. The distribution of the emissary's works at the time of his mission undoubtedly brought him financial profit, and there were even cases in which the emissary on his return was requested to divide his profits with his principals, as the publication of his works and their distribution was made possible primarily as a result of the mission. While on their missions, some emissaries made frequent visits to libraries to examine expensive and rare books and manuscripts. Some Ereẓ Israel emissaries regarded their missions simply as a means of livelihood and were sent numerous times to various countries.
Historical Importance of the Emissaries
The sending of emissaries played an exceptionally important part in Jewish history in general, and in the history of Jewish settlement in Ereẓ Israel, in particular. It constituted one of the most important chapters in the history of Ereẓ Israel between the destruction of the Second Temple and the birth of Zionism, and in the history of the relations between the inhabitants of Ereẓ Israel and the Jews of the Diaspora. The letters of the emissaries and documents about them are important sources for understanding the events that occurred in their times and the causes that gave rise to their missions. Their importance is also considerable for the histories of the communal institutions in Ereẓ Israel. On the other hand, the account books of the emissaries constitute an important source of the history of the communities in which they worked and of the relations between the communities and Ereẓ Israel. The modern scholar Abraham *Yaari compiled with great diligence and extraordinary erudition everything known (and not known until his research) on this subject in his monumental work Sheluḥei Ereẓ Israel (1951).
Yaari, Sheluḥei; idem, in: Sinai, 29 (1951), 345–58; idem, in: Sura, 3 (1958) 235–54; 4 (1964) 223–49; idem, in: Sefer ha-Ḥida, ed. by M. Benayahu (1959), 105–40; idem, in: I. Ratzaby and I. Shavtiel (eds.), Harel, Koveẓ Zikkaron… R. Alshekh (1962), 218–25; idem, in: Maḥanayim, 93–4 (1964), 158–167; M. Benayahu, in: Sinai, 32 (1953), 300–19; 35 (1954), 64–66, 317–40; idem, in: ks, 28 (1952/53), 16–35; idem, in: Sura, 2 (1956), 208–26; 3 (1958), 217–34; idem, in: Sefunot, 2 (1958), 137–89; 6 (1962), 35–40; idem, in: Oẓar Yehudei Sefarad, 2 (1959), 77–81, 5 (1962) 101–8; idem (ed.), in: Sefer ha-Ḥida (1959), 35–36, 38–42; idem, Rabbi Ḥayyim Yosef David Azulai (1959), index s.v.Sheluḥei Ereẓ Yisrael and Sheliḥut Ereẓ Yisrael; idem, in: Miscellanea di studi in memoria di D. Disegni (1969), 5–21 (Heb. part); A. Ben Jacob, in: Yerushalayim, 5 (1955), 257–86; I. Ben-Zvi, in: Scritti in onore di R. Bachi (1950), 116–20; idem, in: Sinai, 30 (1952), 80–86; idem, in: Reshumot, 5 (1953), 51–62; idem, in: Sinai, Sefer ha-Yovel (1958), 13–26; idem, in: Oẓar Yehudei Sefarad, 5 (1962), 7–10; 7 (1964), 77–86; idem, in: Sefunot, 6 (1962), 355–97; idem, Meḥkarim u-Mekorot (1966), 179–280; D. Brilling, in: Yerushalayim, 4 (1953), 220–31; idem, in: Sinai, 42 (1958), 30–42; idem, in: Sefer ha-Ḥida, ed. by M. Benayahu (1959), 141–77; idem, in: Sura, 4 (1964), 250–75; idem, in: blbi, 18 (1965), 315–25; idem, in: Festschrift… J.E. Lichtigfeld (1964), 20–49; M. Eliav, in: Sinai, 62 (1968), 172–88; I.S. Emmanuel, in: Sefunot, 6 (1962), 399–424; A.M. Habermann, ibid., 7 (1963), 255–66; Y. Kafaḥ, in: Yerushalayim, 5 (1955), 287–306; A.I. Katsh, in: Sefunot, 7 (1963), 229–54; 8 (1964), 321–35; J. Katz, in: Beḥinot, 2 (1952), 69–73; S. Marcus, in: Yerushalayim, 4 (1953), 232–42; 5 (1955), 229–32; E. Mayer, in: blbi, 9 (1966), 101–118; I. Ratzaby, in: Sinai, 65 (1969), 141–9, 333–4; B.A. Rivlin, in: Yad Yiẓḥak Rivlin (1964), 108–50; S. Simonsohn, in: Sefunot, 6 (1962), 327–54; idem, Toledot ha-Yehudim be-Dukkasut Mantovah, 2 vols. (1962–64), index s.v.Sheluḥim u-Sheliḥut; I. Sonne, in: Sefunot, 5 (1961), 275–95; J.M. Toledano, in: Yerushalayim, 4 (1953), 215–8; idem, in: Oẓar Genazim (1960), passim.
[Abraham David]
Encyclopaedia Judaica
"Sheluḥei Ereẓ Israel ." Encyclopaedia Judaica. . Encyclopedia.com. 13 Jan. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Sheluḥei Ereẓ Israel ." Encyclopaedia Judaica. . Encyclopedia.com. (January 13, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sheluhei-erez-israel
"Sheluḥei Ereẓ Israel ." Encyclopaedia Judaica. . Retrieved January 13, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sheluhei-erez-israel
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Va'ad Pekidei Ereẓ Israel Be-Kushta
Beta Israel
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Porges, Moses ben Israel Naphtali
Luria, Jehiel ben Israel Ashkenazi
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Shelton, Hal T(erry)
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Shelton, Allen C.
Shelton State Community College: Tabular Data
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shelterer
Shelterbelt Project
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Sheluḥot
Shelumiel
Shem, ha-
Shem, Samuel
Shem-Tov, Victor
Shema ("Hear. . .")
Shema, Reading of
Shemaiah of Troyes
Shemakha
Shemariah ben Elhanan
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Shembe, Isaiah
Shembes Church
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Shemer, Naomi
Shemesh, Haim
Shemhamphorash
Shemi (Schmidt), Menahem
Shemi, Yehi'el
Shemiakin, Mikhail Mikhailovich
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Home / Lifestyle / Utes on a 30k budget? Here's 10 of NZ's best workhorse bargains
Utes on a 30k budget? Here's 10 of NZ's best workhorse bargains
By Driven • 10/01/2020
Search Driven for vehicles for sale
Photos / supplied
It makes sense why utes are such popular things in New Zealand. We're a nation of go-getters and weekend adventurers, towing boats and jet-skis and trailers loaded to the brim with trash for the landfill.
For those who aren't looking to buy new, there's also a well supported second-hand space packed with all sorts of decent, low-kilometre utes available for barely more than the price of a new Toyota Corolla.
Here's 10 of the best, as currently listed on Driven.
1. 2019 Mitsubishi Triton GLX-R
For many shopping for a ute in this price bracket, the Mitsubishi Triton will be the default choice. This is particularly true at the moment, with some of the manufacturer's last generation models still being run out the door.
Thos models include this silver number, which is essentially a brand new ute with its 1000km on the clock and $29,990 price-tag. It's still based on the same platform as the new Triton, and features the same 2.4-litre engine, plus a similar cabin and infotainment interface.
Click here to check it out or, alternatively, for a few grand more grab the comprehensive facelift.
2. 2013 Volkswagen Amarok Highline 4Motion
The notion of buying a European ute would've seemed farcical a decade or two ago. But not only is it now possible, but also surprisingly logical.
The Volkswagen Amarok hasn't had many changes since it first hit the market in 2010. That can sometimes be a sign of complacency, but it can also indicate an 'if it ain't broke' attitude. And there's not much broken with the Amarok.
Those interested in the Amarok should expect an interior with superior materials and build quality compared to that in most other utes. Models fitted with the high-power V6 engine aren't yet available in this price window, so if you're wanting one you'll have to settle for an economical 2.2-litre TDI.
This particular example comes in grey (always better than straight silver), has a high but not unreasonable 124,000km on the odometer, and the added bonus of a canopy on the back. Click here to check it out.
3. 2016 Nissan Navara 4WD
This may be the best deal of the 10 — a 4WD 4-year-old Navara, with under 50,000km, priced at just $31,990.
Like the Triton, new 2WD Navaras can be purchased perilously close to $30,000 if you shop around. But why do that when you can snap up 4WD examples like this staunch current-shape Auckland example for almost the same coin?
The Navara's coil-sprung rear end makes it one of the kindest utes to drive on everyday roads, while the twin-turbo 2.3-litre four-cylinder diesel does a solid job of balancing economy and power on demand. Click here to check it out.
4. 2019 Great Wall Steed
The Triton isn't the only new ute option you can grab at this price.
Those with an ... err ... sense of adventure about them could consider the Great Wall Steed. This particular example is a Midnight Black Edition model, which adds black 20in Avanti wheels, a black sports bar, running boards, and more. Its got 25 delivery kilometres on the clock, and is listed in Auckland. Click here to check it out.
The Steed is known as a sturdy workhorse, but it's worth remembering that it's still only rated as a 2-star vehicle by ANCAP. Food for thought.
5. 2016 Isuzu D-Max LS 4WD
For a ute that we've said on numerous occasions is underrated in New Zealand, it can be quite a challenge to find a 4WD Isuzu D-Max for less than $30,000.
The old-school Japanese pick-up is known for its hardy bulletproof 3.0-litre turbo-diesel four, combined with decent equipment levels. This LX model comes with cruise control and Bluetooth, as well as a near-new set of Bridgestone Dueler mud tyres.
Although perhaps a bigger bonus is the 54,000km odometer count. Click here to check it out.
6. 2015 Holden Colorado LTZ 4WD
The Holden Colorado has a few big things going for it. It looks smart, comes well equipped, and can sometimes be particularly good buying on the second-hand market when compared like-for-like with equivalent models from the competition.
The Colorado's biggest trick, however, is its engine. Newer models like this Marlborough-based 2015 example come with a 2.8-litre turbo-diesel engine that produces a segment-best 500Nm of torque. Newton metres in the pocket are handy at the best of times, but grow in importance when it comes to towing.
This example is an upper-spec 4x4 LTZ, outstripped only by the range-topping Z71. Smart black wheels and an auto box compliment a reverse camera, alloys, and a miniscule 64,490km indicated. Click here to check it out.
7. 2019 SsangYong Rhino
The SsangYong Rhino was one of our surprise favourites of 2019, with impressive driving dynamics, features, and refinement among its major scalps. It's also sharply priced, with pricing starting a touch under $30,000 for brand new models.
This honest-to-goodness white-and-steelies model is listed in Otago for $29,888, and is brand new with just 10 delivery kilometres. Apart from its much newer architecture, what also makes the Rhino stand out is the availablility of a 2.0-litre four-cylinder petrol engine. This is the engine that features here, paired with a 6-speed manual.
8. 2017 Ford Ranger XL Supercab 4WD
The Ranger has sat on top of New Zealand's registration data for quite some time now, and for good reason. It cuts a well-balanced line between car-like driving feel behind the wheel and solid off-road and towing capabilities. Such is the success of Rangers locally that they defy many other Ford models in retaining healthy resale value.
With 30k in your pocket, your best bet is either a pre-facelift 4WD XLT or Wildtrak (the latter comes with swanky seats, extra branding, nicer wheels and more), a two-wheel drive current XLT, or if you shop around something like this 4WD XL Supercab listed in Auckland.
It looks tough, has reasonable kilometres (111,735km), and most importantly of all sends its power to all four wheels. Click here to check it out.
9. 2018 Toyota Hilux SR
It might be priced a little out of budget at $35,990, but this Toyota Hilux SR still represents excellent value.
For one, it's barely been run in as a 2-year-old vehicle with just 41,484km on the clock. It also comes decorated with plenty of neat extra kit, including a TRD hard lif, TRD grille, LED light bar, nudge bar, and black wheels. Click here to check it out.
When looking at Hilux models as new as this one, it's worth inquiring about whether it's had its diesel particulate filter replaced as part of last year's reports of faulty filters being fitted to some models.
10. 2012 Holden Commodore SS V8
Boom! How's this for a wildcard?
With Aussie-made muscle machines now well and truly a distant memory, it's a great time to hop on the wagon and grab one before they start to appreciate in value. This is particularly true for anything with a V8 engine, like this $30,888 2012 VE Series II SS fitted with a 6.0-litre V8 and — brace yourselves — a 6-speed manual.
Listed in Tauranga, this ute comes in a rare colour, and is equipped with HSV wheels and a sports exhaust. Its mileage is relatively sensible too, with just 108,200km indicated on the odometer. Click here to check it out.
When looking for an Aussie ute or sedan of this vintage, it always pays to make sure of its write-off status. While this model is a clean import with no recorded damage history, plenty of Aussie insurance write-offs cross the ditch to get repaired and resold. This can either spring a nasty surprise on the buyer down the line or, conversely, provide a nice way to save a few dollars (particularly with hail-damage vehicles).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Facebook reinstates Trump after suspension
Meta Platforms will restore former US president Donald Trump's Facebook and Instagram accounts in the coming weeks following a two-year suspension after the deadly Capitol Hill riot on January 6, 2021.
Trump announced in November he will make another run for the White House in 2024. Trump has 34 million followers on Facebook and 23 million on Instagram, platforms that are key vehicles for political outreach and fundraising.
The social media company said in a blog post it has "put new guardrails in place to deter repeat offences".
"In the event that Mr Trump posts further violating content, the content will be removed and he will be suspended for between one month and two years, depending on the severity of the violation," wrote Nick Clegg, Meta's president of global affairs, in the blog post.
The decision to ban Trump was a polarising one for Meta, the world's biggest social media company, which before the Trump suspension had never blocked the account of a sitting head of state for violating its content rules.
The company indefinitely revoked Trump's access to his Facebook and Instagram accounts after removing two of his posts during the Capitol Hill violence, including a video in which he reiterated his false claim of widespread voter fraud during the 2020 presidential election.
It then referred the case to its independent oversight board, which ruled the suspension was justified but its indeterminate nature was not. Meta then said it would revisit the suspension after two years.
Whether, and how, Trump will seize on the opportunity to return to Facebook and Instagram is unclear.
Other social media companies also kicked him off their platforms, though he was reinstated on Twitter in November after Elon Musk took over the company. He has not tweeted, saying he would prefer to stick with his own app Truth Social.
But his campaign spokesman told Fox News Digital last week that being back on Facebook "will be an important tool for the 2024 campaign to reach voters".
In a post on Truth Social, Trump responded to his reinstatement on Meta apps: "Such a thing should never again happen to a sitting President, or anybody else who is not deserving of retribution!"
He did not indicate if or when he would begin posting on Meta platforms again.
Representative Adam Schiff, a Democrat who previously chaired the House intelligence committee, criticised Trump's reinstatement.
"Trump incited an insurrection," Schiff wrote on Twitter. "Giving him back access to a social media platform to spread his lies and demagoguery is dangerous."
Reuters with AP
Wild Auckland weather leaves luxury homes on brink of collapse: 'Terrifying'
Torrential rain has lashed parts of New Zealand destroying homes and claiming four lives. See the devastating trail of destruction.
Kmart shoppers roast 'ridiculous' store detail mocked in viral TikTok
Is this the most annoying thing about shopping at Kmart? Here's what customers say.
Former car plant to grow exotic mushrooms
Australia's largest exotic mushroom farm and processing facility is being established on the former Holden car manufacturing site in Adelaide, creating up to 350 jobs.The $110 million facility will produce more than 20,000 tonnes of exotic mushrooms and associated products each year.
Young diabetic Aussie challenges McDonald's to "do better"
15-year-old Mia McIntosh claims to have bought a "zero sugar coke" from McDonald's but was disappointed to find high levels of sugar when she tested it. Source: TikTok / heyyitsm1a
Hayne wants rape accuser to testify again
Former NRL star Jarryd Hayne's third trial accused of rape will go ahead, with him seeking to have his accuser give evidence again.During a brief mention on Monday in Sydney's Downing Centre District Court, Judge Warwick Hunt confirmed the trial date of March 6 and noted that Hayne's legal team had put the Crown on notice for the complainant to be recalled.
Eight shot dead at S.Africa birthday party
Eight people have been shot dead and another three injured in a mass shooting at a birthday party in South Africa's Eastern Cape province.The incident occurred between on Sunday afternoon at a house in Kwazakele, Gqeberha, when two gunmen shot at guests gathered for a birthday party, the South African Police Service (SAPS) said.
Prosecution referral over death in custody
The healthcare provider for a Victorian jail where an Aboriginal woman died will be referred to prosecutors for criminal charges.Gunditjmara, Dja Dja Wurrung, Wiradjuri and Yorta Yorta woman, Veronica Nelson, 37, was transferred to a regular cell after two days suffering severe opioid withdrawal on a medical ward in January 2020.
Russia claims gains in eastern Ukraine
Russian forces have claimed incremental gains in eastern Ukraine adding up to their biggest advances in months after relentless battles that Kyiv described as human wave attacks that showed Moscow had no regard for the lives of its own men.The administrator of Russian-controlled parts of Donetsk province, Denis Pushilin, claimed troops had secured a foothold in Vuhledar, a coalmining town whose ruins have been a Ukrainian bastion since the outset of the war.


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This man tried to rape a woman in the toilets of Donnies nightclub in Hexham
George Manu, 22, a car wash worker, was found guilty of attacking the victim during a night out at the club in August last year
Sonia Sharma
George Manu (inset) and Donnies nightclub in Hexham
A car wash worker has been jailed for seven years for attempting to rape a woman in a Northumberland nightclub.
George Manu has been locked up after he was found guilty of attacking the woman in Donnies, in Hexham, in August last year.
The 22-year-old, originally from Romania but who was living at Millfield Court, Hexham, denied an offence of attempted rape and another charge of sexual assault.
However he was found guilty of both counts after a trial at Newcastle Crown Court.
It was said that Manu met the 40-year-old victim at the nightclub. She was with her boyfriend at the time.
At around 3am, Manu approached her boyfriend and gave him £10 to go and buy drinks. While he was gone, the defendant sexually assaulted the woman as she sat at a table, the court heard.
The victim then went to the female toilets, where Manu followed her and tried to rape her in a cubicle.
During his trial, Manu claimed the woman had beckoned him to follow her into the loo. On a later occasion, he told officials she had asked him to go with her into the toilets.
However these claims were rejected by the jury as well as the judge.
It was said the woman repeatedly tried to stop him and tried to get away. The attack only ended when her boyfriend and a club staff member came looking for her and knocked on the toilet door. They found her shaken and dishevelled, while Manu denied any wrongdoing when confronted.
David Callan, defending, said Manu had no previous convictions and was a hard working man, who had worked in Romania, Norway and Germany before coming to the UK. He also said the defendant had suffered bereavements in his family and his father was ill with cancer.
Judge Robert Spragg jailed Manu for seven years and said he would automatically be deported back to his home country after serving his prison term.
North East news LIVE: Latest breaking news, sport, weather, traffic and travel
He told the defendant: "You claimed at trial that as the woman walked across (to the toilets), she beckoned you to follow her. That is clearly absolute nonsense as there was no evidence of that at all on CCTV.
"In your pre-sentence report, you now seek to say that she told you to go with her into the toilets. That too is clearly nonsense.
"It was only too apparent that she was desperate to get away from you after what you had done to her at the table.
"(In the toilet cubicle), you kept trying to give her £10, putting that in the pocket of her coat but she repeatedly refused the money.
"She took it out of her pocket and placed it on the toilet. She kept saying 'no' to you but you would not listen."
The assault resulted in an injury to the victim's arm and to her mouth.
Judge Spragg added: "It was an attempted rape but it was as close as you can get to the full offence. It is clearly so serious that an immediate term of imprisonment is appropriate."
Newcastle Crown Court


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How Indian cinema fought fascism in World War II
By World Cinema Reports' Editors on	 08/19/2017 Feature Story
Christopher Nolan's film Dunkirk raised questions recently about the erasure of India from the war effort – any portrayal of Indian soldiers or reference to their contribution was noticeably absent. But even in India, the country's role in the conflict tends to be overshadowed by the major events of the Indian independence movement that coincided with the war years. Within this larger conversation about cultural retellings of the war, it is important to look at the how India's own film industry responded and how it was filtering the stories of the war through the prism of cinema. Editorials in film magazines such as The Mirror rallied the public…
Ali Noori Oskouei,s Release from Heaven at Montreal Animation FEST
The face of animation is eve changing and the fields in which it is becoming prominent, are increasingly diverse. Now in its fourth year, the Montreal International Animation Film Festival (MIAFF), also known as Animaze, will celebrate animation in all its forms from August 17-20. "If you think of animation at its most basic level, short cartoons, like Mickey Mouse, come to mind," said MIAFF director Laurie Gordon. "But it is really an umbrella term because animation, whether hand drawn or 3D images rendered through a software, is used not only in television, films and gaming but also in research."…
Indian filmmakers should explore Indian stories
Director Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra believes Indian filmmakers should explore stories that are rooted in the country rather than presenting "American ideas" in local packaging. Mehra, whose films "Rang De Basanti" and "Delhi 6" were lauded internationally, says it was the Indian connect in his stories that made them popular with the audiences abroad. In an interview with PTI, Mehra says, "If we really want the world to see our cinema, we need to tell Indian stories. We need to show real India and not American ideas made in India. My endeavour is to change the western gaze at Indian cinema."…
Late Romanian Director Radu Gabrea's Film Festival Finds a New Home
By James Ulmer on	 08/02/2017 Feature Story
With the passing of Romanian director Radu Gabrea earlier this year, it was anyone's guess whether the small cineaste-friendly film festival he founded six years ago, in Transylvania would have the capacity to survive, much less thrive. But to the happy surprise of festival afficianados in Europe and beyond, Gabrea's cinematic gem – formerly called the Medias Central European Film Festival (MeCEFF) and set in the sleepy hills of central Romania — will resurrect itself September 3-9 in Romania's third largest city, Timisoara. Re-christened the Central European Film Festival (CEFF), the 7th edition of the festival plans to offer twice…
Iranian Short Film RETOUCH goes for OSCAR Consideration
By CWB News Department on	 06/28/2017 Feature Story
RETOUCH written and directed by Kaveh Mazaheri won Best Live Action Film Award (over 15) minutes at the Palm Springs International ShortFest Film Festival and goes for 2018 Best Short Film Oscar consideration, a great success for this film. Film critics give RETOUCH a good chance to get the Oscar nomination as it has also won an award at Tribeca Film Festival. RETOUCH In the corner of the home, Maryam's husband does weightlifting. Suddenly, the weight falls on his throat and puts him between life and death. Maryam tries to save him, but she just decides to stop helping and…
CWB, ELAC 2017 Life Achievement Award for Noureddin Zarrinkelk
On March 25th Cinema Without Borders and East Los Angeles College, in a tribute to legendary Noureddin Zarrinkelk celebrate his life achievement by awarding him their 2017 Life Achievement Award. This award ceremony is part of the Southeast European Animation Day that will be held at 1301 Avenida Cesar Chavez, Monterey Park, CA 91754. Screenings will be held in the Music Recital Hall theater (Building S2) Free parking will be available in Structure #3 (off Avenida Cesar Chavez) or Structure #4 (corner of Floral and Collegiate Avenues). To attend please RSVP at rsvpanim@gmail.com or call 310 422 4629 Dr. Noureddin…
Academy Award Winner Albert Wolsky & THE SALESMAN Oscar
By Bijan Tehrani on	 03/03/2017 Feature Story
Almost a week after the Oscar award ceremony and announcement of the Asghar Farhadi's The Salesman as the winner of the Best Foreign Language Oscar, there is heated debate in social media over this film and its Oscar. There are many that claim there has been a strong political motivation behinds awarding the Oscar to the Salesman. https://vimeo.com/226594597 To clarify this matter we had the opportunity and honor of speaking to Mr. Albert Wolsky, an Academy Award winner, about the process of selecting the the Best Foreign Language film and the quqlities of the Salesman. Albert Wolsky has won the…
Greg Laemmle Talks Watching Movies To Build Communities
By Wyatt Phillips on	 11/15/2016 Feature Story
In the age of Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon, along with a growing list of content streaming platforms, where does the movie theater fit in? I would argue, it fits in perfectly; in fact, I would insist that patronizing movie theaters is a necessity to the health and endurance of our passion for cinema. Consider this, which of those streaming services really provide the viewer with a sense of community while watching a film? To examine the movie theater industry more closely, Conversations Without Borders sat down with Greg Laemmle, who along with his father Robert Laemmle, runs Los Angeles' own…
CRISTINA by Michèle Ohayon at Palm Springs ShortFest, an interview
An intimate portrait of a friend who was diagnosed with cancer, CRISTINA is the latest documentary from Academy Award Nominated director Michèle Ohayon. Michele is based in Los Angeles with her company Kavana Entertainment, which is currently engaged with international projects spanning across different genres. CRISTINA will premiere at the Palm Springs International Short Film Festival on June 25th at 4:30pm. Born in Casablanca and raised in Israel, Michèle graduated from Tel Aviv University (Film & Television), after serving in the army. She has spent the last thirty years directing and producing documentaries that deal with issues of human conflict,…
Remembering Vilmos Zsigmond, 1930-2016, by James Ulmer
Back in 2007, I attended the first Madrid International Film Festival as part of a Hollywood contingent that included the great Hungarian émigré cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond, and his wife, writer and director Susan Roether Zsigmond. Among the many fond memories I have of Vilmos are a few talks we shared over tapas and sangria, and an especially memorable walk through the Prado Museum one summer morning. As we ambled through the galleries of Caravaggios and Goyas, Vilmos would pause every so often in front of a painting, tilt his head, and proceed to offer a running commentary on the character…


text:
Q: RewriteRule confusion: Pattern also matches existing directory name I tried having http://domain.com/user/foobar redirected to http://domain.com/user/index.php?id=foobar using the following code in .htaccess:
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /data
RewriteRule ^user/(.*)$ user/index.php?id=$1

But for some reason only index.php (not foobar) is returned to the script as ID.
I think mod_rewrite gets confused because of the existing folder name also matching the regex pattern. It works, however, after renaming the folder to _user and accordingly modifying the above code.

A: Take care that the rewrite rule in your .htaccess is applied multiple times:
0: http://domain.com/data/user/foobar
1: /data/user/foobar -> /data/user/index.php?id=foobar
2: /data/user/index.php?id=foobar -> /data/user/index.php?id=index.php

So it always replaces your id parameter with index.php.
You need to write a condition that if index.php is already requested, it won't get rewritten, e.g. by checking if a file already exists:
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /data

# the following condition applies to the next rule
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteRule ^user/(.*)$ user/index.php?id=$

A: Try
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /data

#if not index.php
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !index\.php$ [NC]
RewriteRule ^user/(.*)$ user/index.php?id=$1 [L]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
5 Ways to Make 'Spectrophotometers and Spectrophotometry Technique' More Approachable Topics
Akanksha Saxena
Introduction: Spectrophotometers and Spectrophotometry Technique
The science of measurements has traversed a long distance since its inception. Several different quantification methods have been developed that are used in all the domains of physical, chemical and biological research. One amongst them is the technique of spectrophotometry that relies on the combination of 2 independent principles; spectrometry and photometry.
A spectrophotometer is a commonly used lab instrument in which one measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample in question. As the light passes through the sample, some part of it is absorbed by the sample while another part is transmitted. The instrument exploits the differential ratio of these two (absorbance and transmittance) to calculate the concentration of the sample.
Though the topics of spectrophotometry technique and spectrophotometer sound like an application-based and problem-solving incentives, students often fail to understand the science behind it. Teachers and educators dealing with the subject hesitate to solve their issues.
Read on to learn more about how you can ease the process of explaining this technique and instrument to students in your next class. We try to highlight all the issues encountered by students when dealing with the subject. We also list some practical solutions to solve the same. By the end, we'll convince you why a virtual lab simulation will prove useful not only for your students but also for you as an educator to deliver concepts more efficiently.
3 reasons why Spectrophotometers and Spectrophotometry techniques can be tricky to teach or learn
There are three reasons why students feel challenged by the topic of Spectrophotometers and Spectrophotometry techniques. Acknowledging these issues is the first step toward making the topic more approachable.
1. Hesitation to play with the instrument
The spectrophotometer instrument is an expensive one costing around $17,000 to $18,000. Students are often not allowed to individually handle this instrument at the high school and undergraduate levels. Deprivation of manual handling prevents them from having the opportunity to grasp how it works. Even teachers aren't in a position to encourage students to play around with this instrument and learn more about its features due to the limited availability (usually 1 or 2 instruments on educational campuses).
2. Weak basic concepts
Students fail to comprehend how light can be used as a tool to measure the concentration of a sample. Lack of knowledge about spectrometry, photometry, Beer-Lambert equation and selection of optimal wavelength are the major reasons behind this frequent challenge. Also, unawareness of the placement of different components (light source, collimator, digital display, monochromator, photoelectric detector, wavelength sector and cuvette section) inside the spectrophotometer leaves them in a guessing situation. The difficulty in understanding and calculating the absorbance and transmittance further aggravate the situation.
3. Unfamiliarity with its applications
Besides the routine experiments in the lab, students are unaware of the utility of the spectrophotometry technique. This dampens their enthusiasm to learn more about the technique and equipment's potential. Seldom are they told about the real-life utilization in clinical labs, R&Ds of FMCG industries, forensics and genetic testing institutions.
5 ways to make Spectrophotometers and Spectrophotometry Technique a more approachable topic to understand
To address the problems encountered while teaching Spectrophotometers and Spectrophotometry techniques, educators can engage the under-listed solutions in their classes. These can clarify many instrumental aspects of the major techniques involved. Not only can they make teaching easier for educators like you but will also make lessons clearer and easier to assimilate for your students.
1. Humanize it to make it look 'learnable and masterable'
The hesitation of students around the spectrophotometers is legit as the technique works in the conjunction of 2 complex sciences; spectrometry and photometry. It makes the technique look magnanimous and beyond the caliber of students to learn and master.
A good way to begin is to incorporate stories and learning curves of the inventors of the technique in your class. It can humanize the science behind spectrophotometry. Nobel laureate Bruce Merrifield rightly said that the spectrophotometer is one of the most important instruments ever developed in the bioscience field's advancement. But was it developed in the first go itself???
You can tell about the invention and evolution of the spectrophotometer by Arnold O. Beckman in the 1940s.
A.O. Beckman didn't build his best and final spectrophotometer in one go. Yes, you heard it right! The first model (A) had some shortcomings (use of glass prisms leading to the inability to absorb UV light), so he had to improvise it and make a second model (B). But, even this model didn't perform optimally as he expected, so he built another model (C) with adjustments to the wavelength resolution. Was he satisfied with this at least? NO, scientists keep improvising and that's what Beckman did. He built another model (D) which is now widely known as the "DU spectrophotometer"!
We believe your students will keep less overwhelmed after hearing about Mr. Beckman's trials and optimization experiments and that's what science is!
Figure: Snippet showing assembled spectrophotometer. It is available in the Spectrophotometers simulation by Labster for High School courses.
2. Strengthen the core concepts
Before explaining the protocol to use the spectrophotometer machine, it's important that your students can make out the meaning of the technique. For this, try to emphasize the following topics.
1. Beer-Lambert's Law: Explain the concept of 'absorbance' and 'transmittance' of light. After your students under the meaning of these 2 basic terms, move on to explaining how the absorbance of a solution can reduce the transmittance of light through it. Then explain how based on the difference in the transmittance between a "blank" and a "sample solution", a spectrophotometer can estimate the "concentration of the sample solution". And this is what Beer-Lambert's law states! We recommend teaching topics like these by breaking down complex terms, individually explaining their meanings and value and then framing an idea connecting all of them!
2. Roles of different components of the spectrophotometer: Explain the constitution of the equipment so that the students can relate to the underlying principle of technique. Explaining the roles of these components is also important (like 'collimator' ensures that the beam of light is straight when it's transmitted or 'wavelength sector' ensures transmission of only a selected wavelength of light; 260 nm for DNA, 280 nm for proteins, and likewise). You can also use the Spectrophotometers simulation from Labster in your next class. As your students go under the hood of the spectrophotometer and solve the puzzle of how its components fit together, they can get more accustomed to the instrument. Since this is a virtual lab, students can explore the instrument without worrying about mistakes! They can try out different configurations and see for themselves how that impacts the light path used to measure a sample.
Similarly, educators can focus on the core concepts that should mandatorily be strong before the students start dealing with the technique in labs.
Figure: Interactive snippets showing the role of prism and light source in the spectrophotometer. It is available in the Spectrophotometers simulation by Labster for High School courses.
3. Make them see its utility
Students rarely know the real-world applications of the spectrophotometry technique. Such ignorance makes their learning trajectory dull, thus dampening their research vigor. Educators should inform their students about the uncountable important discoveries in chemistry, life sciences, and beyond where this technique has played a major role.
It is widely used in:
Earlier, only liquid spectrophotometry was the main application of this technique. But now solid spectrophotometry is also used (for investigating opaque solids like glass, and films used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry)
Gas spectrophotometers are also commonly used now (for analyzing the concentration of air pollutants)
In the food industry (for determining organic compounds in food mixtures, for analyzing items with high water content like wine)
Medical diagnostics (blood analysis, prediction of outcomes of drug treatments)
This can make your students think out of the box and motivate them to learn techniques that hold the potential to advance their research.
4. Teach them how to integrate the technology in their lab research projects
The entire point of teaching the protocols to our students shouldn't just be limited to examinations and tests. Educators can go the extra mile and teach students how to integrate the spectrophotometry technique into their research projects. We are quoting a few examples that you can use.
Molecular biology labs (for quantification of DNA, RNA, and proteins)
Cell biology labs (for cell counting, checking bacterial cell growth)
Biochemistry labs (for investigation of conformational changes in proteins and antibodies, looking into progress of enzymatic reactions, for determining the products of enzymatic reactions)
Physiology labs (for finding functional groups in chemical compounds)
This will help them learn the technique with passion and then apply it in their research.
Figure: Snippet showing how enzyme kinetics is studied using spectrophotometry technique. It is available in the Spectrophotometry technique simulation by Labster for High School courses.
Since Spectrophotometers and Spectrophotometry techniques are some complex topics for high school students, utilization of interactive and fun-based methods is highly recommended. Also, expensive machinery is seldom left at students' disposal. To overcome the common problems, Labster has developed a similarly enjoyable substitute, Spectrophotometers simulation and Spectrophotometry technique simulation that you can utilize in your upcoming lessons.
We bring virtual laboratory simulations that can ease your process of lecture delivery and lab handling sessions. You can make more insightful points as students are rendered with better visual options. The 3D simulations help them understand the intricacies of the instrument as well as the technique.
Our gamification elements are helpful. By using this way of active and immersive teaching, our virtual learning platform takes an advent in the field of Science to make the upcoming scientists thorough with the "basics of their respective subjects."
You can learn more about the Spectrophotometers simulation and Spectrophotometry technique simulation from Labster here or get in touch to find out how you can start using virtual labs with your students.
Figure: A snippet showing the disassembled components of the spectrophotometer. As your students assemble the unit, they'll learn about each component of the spectrophotometer. It is available in the Spectrophotometers simulation by Labster for High School courses.


text:
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Archives Special Publications Promotions & Contests
Contact Info Submit News Tip/Photo Submit Calendar Item
Jamey Padojino
Digital Editor, Palo Alto Weekly/PaloAltoOnline.com
@jvpadojino
About Jamey
Jamey V. Padojino joined the Palo Alto Weekly in 2017. She edits online stories, compiles the Express newsletter and curates the Weekly's social media accounts. Jamey also covers breaking news. She was part of the teams that covered the college admissions scandal, fraud conviction of former Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes and missing persons case of a couple that survived nine days in the wilderness, among other stories. She also creates interactives such as charts, maps and quizzes.
Jamey, a Bay Area native, was previously the South Bay Bureau reporter at Bay City News Service. She graduated from the University of San Francisco with a bachelor's degree in communication studies and minor in journalism.
Stories by Jamey
Man dies after fall from parking structure near El Camino Hospital
A man died after he fell from a parking structure near El Camino Hospital in Mountain View on Friday, police said.
[Saturday, August 27, 2022]
Midpen Media Center changes leadership
The Midpen Media Center has a new face leading the Palo Alto-based organization as it works on a new long-term strategy for its local programming.
[Friday, August 26, 2022]
Police arrest man for allegedly selling drugs to middle school students
A man who allegedly sold drugs to middle school students in Mountain View was arrested after officers served a search warrant at his home, where they found a ghost gun and nearly $2,000 in cash on Friday, June 17, police said.
[Saturday, June 18, 2022]
Police seek public's help in identifying man who committed sexual battery
Mountain View police have released a sketch of a man who they're looking for in connection with a sexual battery incident that occurred in late April, according to a news release issued Friday.
[Saturday, May 28, 2022]
Teen cited for alleged DUI crash involving police patrol vehicle
An 18-year-old driver was cited for allegedly crashing into a Mountain View police patrol vehicle while under the influence on Friday night, sending an officer to a hospital, the department said Saturday.
[Saturday, April 2, 2022]
Nonprofit welcomes Year of the Tiger with red envelope distribution, fundraiser
While WizChinese won't hold its annual Lunar New Year festival in light of the recent omicron surge, the nonprofit still plans to spread cheer to usher in the Year of the Tiger.
[Friday, January 28, 2022]
Motorcyclist dies in crash on U.S. Highway 101
A man died in a motorcycle crash on the overpass between U.S. Highway 101 and state Highway 85 in Mountain View early Saturday morning, according to the California Highway Patrol.
[Saturday, September 4, 2021]
Khan Lab School sets sights on Palo Alto space for K-8 students
Khan Lab School in Mountain View is looking to bring its K-8 students to Palo Alto, a proposal that will be discussed at a virtual community meeting on Tuesday at 7 p.m.
[Monday, June 14, 2021]
Safeway janitors seek more compensation, protective gear in the face of COVID-19
Citing the risk of getting COVID-19 at their workplaces, janitors who clean Safeway stores across the Bay Area protested in Palo Alto on Thursday to demand safeguards for their health and financial security.
[Friday, August 7, 2020]
Uber ride goes awry: Passenger allegedly batters driver during unexpected stop
An Uber passenger who requested a destination change during the middle of his ride allegedly battered his driver and attempted to steal the vehicle on Friday, police said. The incident took place at the northeastern edge of Palo Alto.
[Wednesday, June 17, 2020]
© 2023 Mountain View Online. All rights reserved.


text:
In Pursuit of a Viable Future: Everything Water 4.0 Symposium
by Jesse Dorris
The assembled panelists and organizers from left to right: Don Watson, Andrew Whalley, Michael Marrella, David Waggoner III, Hein Versteegen, Maxinne Leighton, Alan Rubin, Robert Olshansky, Paul Scholz, Lance Jay Brown, Michael Oppenheimer, Michael Kimmelman, David Kooris behind him, David Piscuskas, Gretchen Bank, Carter Craft, Steven Bingler, Illya Azaroff. (Not pictured: Henk Ovink, Pim van Hemmen, Margaret Klein Salamon.)
"We are all here in pursuit of a viable future."
This was the sobering introduction, offered by Spritzer School of Architecture Professor Lance Jay Brown, FAIA, to "Everything Water 4.0: The Role of Water in Shaping Our Future," at the Center for Architecture. The day-long symposium was the AIANY Design for Risk and Reconstruction Committee's fourth and final event in its series devoted to exploring the connections between civilization and the liquid humans can't live with too much of, yet can't live without.
Held just weeks before the fifth anniversary of Superstorm Sandy flooding New York City, closing its subways and hospitals and killing more than 50 citizens—and in the midst of a particularly brutal hurricane season—"Everything Water" sought to provoke action. "We know [climate change] is happening," Brown said. "But we're not talking about it."
The day's panels of architects, nonprofit directors, lobbyists, and scientists did just that, arguing that while it may be too late to mitigate the worst of climate change's many threats to the viability of our future, we can, and must, adapt to them.
Panelists noted small-scale, rapid responses available to communities faced with chronic storms, like a push to build concrete shelters in Bangladesh discussed by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign professor Robert Olshanksy, FAICP, that, in the face of systemic infrastructure challenges, will at least reduce the death toll from cyclone storm surges. David Waggonner II, FAIA, of Waggonner & Ball and Concordia's Steven Bingler detailed larger municipal efforts in post-Katrina New Orleans, including the Unified New Orleans Plan, which enshrines power sharing, constant prototyping, and heterogeneous knowledges into a city-wide strategy, and the construction of the floating New Harmony High school on a barge in Plaquemines Parish. When it comes to the existential threat of flooding and subsidence, Binger said, "We can't levy our way out it."
Carter Craft, Senior Economic Officer at the Consulate General of The Netherlands, offered a long list of what he called "worries," including his belief that New York City is currently faced with "a cultural inability to look at infrastructure." On a panel devoted to "Security and Risk," Princeton's Michael Oppenheimer noted that New York has designated much of the post-Sandy money for simple repairs, not long-term planning for what will happen when the rivers rise again. "The incentives in the system are perverse," responded The New York Times' Michael Kimmelman. Alan Rubin of Blank Rome Government Relations agreed, saying, "The science is there. Social injustices will be dealt with. The issue is political will."
How to summon it? Margaret Klein Salamon's Climate Mobilization project recommends examining how Americans rallied together during WWII for strategies. Dutch firm Dura Vermeer's Hein Versteegen discussed the Room for the River program, in which the government bought flooded lands from farmers and "brought it back to nature," creating recreational areas in river bypasses. "Our disasters became our trade," he said. Closer to home, the American Littoral Society's Pim Van Hemmen offered "nature-based solutions" to coastal erosion in New Jersey and Long Island, including whelk shell oyster reefs and helping local communities restore their own beach dune systems.
Two panelists discussed more ambitious ideas: Grimshaw's Andrew Whalley, AIA, explored plans for an entirely self-sufficient pavilion in the Dubai Expo 2020 which harnesses reverse osmosis, robot cleaners, and "trees" that passively and actively generate water and electricity. Salamon talked about Los Angeles's goal to become a zero-emission city, saying with approval that it "strains the power of the possible."
Most agreed on a few elements to reduce that strain: existing residents in threatened areas must take part in defining the risks of both staying and leaving, and how and where they should live. Design solutions should integrate multiple community concerns, not just replace existing structures, and should be promoted in ways that overcome built-in distrust of government and emphasize amenities.
Each of these elements is key to the kinds of proposals put forth by the international design competition Rebuild by Design, praised by the event's keynote speaker Henk Ovink, the Netherlands' Special Envoy for International Water Affairs. Begun in Sandy's wake, Rebuild by Design has expanded to 100 cities where Ovink hopes to replicate the collaborative spirit, he says, "without the disaster of Sandy."
Avoiding disasters might be the best-case scenario, many panelists agreed. At the end of the day, Brown noted that at least the symposium "gave us, all the town criers, more to cry about."


text:
namespace rx
{

ContextEAGL::ContextEAGL(const gl::State &state,
                         gl::ErrorSet *errorSet,
                         const std::shared_ptr<RendererGL> &renderer)
    : ContextGL(state, errorSet, renderer)
{}

}  // namespace rx

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Datacentre outages are increasing in frequency and severity, as operators grapple with managing increasingly complex server farm environments, according to the Uptime Institute.
The think-tank's eighth annual Data centre survey shows that, over the past year, the rate at which outages occur appears to have risen, with operators also reporting a marked rise in the severity of downtime episodes.
Of the 900 datacentre operators and IT practitioners who took part in this year's global survey, 31% said they had suffered an outage or period of "server service degradation" over the past 12 months, which is up from 25% in the 2017 report.
This figure rises to 48% when participants were asked if they had experienced a downtime incident in their own datacentre, or one operated on their behalf by a third-party service provider, in the past three years.
The majority (80%) of outage sufferers said the situation could have been prevented, with human error, power outages, network failures and configuration issues flagged as leading causes of datacentre downtime.
Andy Lawrence, executive director of research at the Uptime Institute, said this observation coincides with a surge in the complexity of the datacentre environments that operators are having to manage, as they adapt their facilities to accommodate hybrid cloud setups.
"The rapid growth in the implementation of cloud and hybrid IT approaches has ushered in a period of great change-creating technology, organisational and management complexity," he said.
Even so, 61% of respondents said adopting a hybrid IT consumption model, whereby workloads are spread across a variety of environments – including on-premise, at colocation facilities or in the cloud – had made their IT more resilient overall, despite the uptick in outages reported elsewhere.
As time goes on, said Lawrence, datacentres are only going to become more complex and difficult to manage, as operators continue to build out their hybrid IT and edge computing capacity.
"Looking ahead, many are expecting to deploy significant new hybrid and edge computing capacity, which will support new services, but will add a further layer of complexity in doing so," he said.
On this point, 40% of the survey's respondents said they anticipate needing edge computing capacity at their disposal in the coming years, as the need to process data closer to where it is generated and used grows.
"Edge computing is exciting because of the improved performance and scale it can offer to next-generation technologies like artificial intelligence, the internet of things and even autonomous driving applications," said Lawrence. "We expect to see substantial growth in the edge over the next few years.


text:
Android Q beta 4 is finally out and here's everything new
By One Click Root, on Thursday, June 06, 2019
The highly anticipated Android Q beta 4 is finally out and users have seen new features and fixes from the previous beta version. Looking back on the 3rd Android Q beta, there have been several minor issues that need fixing such as the system-wide dark mode not totally going system-wide.
The fourth beta build is much more about refining Android Q. Google decides to introduce new theme colors, slightly tweaked icons, and more. Here are all the changes we've been able to find so far:
New Accent Colors
The first Android Q developer launched with a limited number of theme options and Google is looking to add some more. In addition to Pixel's default blue color accent, users can also switch to black, green, and purple. With beta 4, it has been with four more colors namely cinnamon, ocean, space, and orchid.
You can access the new color options by going to Developer options > Accent color.
Face Authentication
Google face authentication has been on Android for quite some time. However, it isn't the most secure, so users didn't pay it much attention. Thankfully, it looks like Google is close to finishing a new authentication feature.
Information is still scarce, but when the option is completed, users should be able to use their face to unlock the handset, sign into apps, and more. Evidence has also been found within the new Settings app that points to the option to delete face data.
Lock Screen Icon Location
Google moved the lock icon from Android's lock screen to the top screen. The icon was previously located at the bottom of the display just above the area where you would swipe up to unlock the device.
Improved back gesture icon
Google also improved the gesture's icon. First, the arrow changes between being white and black based on the background. Second, the icon has a bouncing animation when it's used. These two changes in combination make it much easier to identify what is happening when you swipe inward.
Notifications can be swiped away from either direction
With the fourth beta, users can swipe a notification away from either direction. The notification menu is still accessible, but now from a long press. Additionally, the beta build brings back the ability to snooze notifications for a given period.
Contextual rotation button returns
Contextual rotational buttons were present Android Pie. It was removed from the first versions of Android Q and now it's back. When auto-rotate is turned off, the above button will pop up when the handset is moved to a landscape orientation. Tapping on it allows the screen to switch around without enabling the system-wide auto-rotate setting.
Live Wallpapers Preview Button
If you use live wallpapers on your smartphone, you will now see a small preview box. When the box is checked, the text that describes the image will be hidden.
Google Pay in the power menu
Mobile payments could soon be integrated into Android's power menu. The current power buttons would be shifted to the bottom of the display while a carousel of cards from Pay are displayed at the top. This feature is very similar to how Apple handles mobile payments on the iPhone.
Smart Lock might change to Pixel Presence
Pixel users who updated to Android Q beta 4 noticed that their phone had replaced "Smart Lock" with "Pixel Presence." Turns out users outside of the U.S. were shown the new branding while those on the stateside get to keep the Smart Lock name.
User Interface Tweaks
Google has further refined Android Q's dark mode and with beta 4 in addition to a handful of other UI tweaks. You will likely spot a dozen or more changes, but some of the differences that stuck out to us is a dark search bar on the home screen, slightly bolder text on the "At A Glance" widget, colored icons in the notification shade, and overlays that are now dark gray instead of black.
That's everything new we discovered on Android Q beta 4. We'll keep searching for more features lurking around somewhere.
By One Click Root | Posted on June 6, 2019 | Leave a comment


Michelle Reagan is member of the Theology department teaching Ethics and Sacraments. She began teaching high school in the Diocese of Orange and the Archdiocese of Los Angeles where she also served as as a Director of Youth Ministry and Confirmation. She most recently taught junior Theology at St. Anthony High School in Long Beach, CA.


text:
Journal of Advanced Research in Leadership
About JARL
Original title: Journal of Advanced Research in Leadership
ISO Abbreviation: J. Adv. Res. Leadersh.
Short title: JARL
An objective of the Journal of Advanced Research in Leadership (JARL) is to promote the wide dissemination of the results of systematic scholarly inquiries into the broad field of leadership research. The JARL provides an international platform for debate and dissemination of research findings whilst also facilitating the discussion of new research areas and techniques.
The journal incorporates contributions from business, non-profit organizations, government entities, education, and health care; however, the emphasis on leadership theory and practice spans the boundaries between these settings to promote discussions that center on human activity and interrelations. Accordingly, material published in the journal represents a wide range of methodological approaches and theoretical foundations of leadership.
You are welcome to submit your manuscript on our online submission system which has self-explanatory steps. The registration and submission of manuscripts are open for all, from all corners of the world. We are using Online Journals System (OJS) for submission and publication of articles in JARL. This system facilitates communication between authors, editors, and reviewers in order to ensure a transparent and rapid review process and allows submission of articles with tracking of progress till the proof stage. In order to submit your article, click on the submission and register yourself if you are a new user.
© 2023 JARL. All rights reserved | eISSN 2783-5928


text:
(-) Backgrounder
Most Relevant Sort ascending
The Organization of American States
The Organization of American States is an important forum for regional diplomacy and has become more assertive in promoting the rule of law, human rights, and fair elections as some states face domes…
Backgrounder by Brianna Lee and Danielle Renwick
The Role of the International Criminal Court
The ICC was created to bring justice to the world's worst war criminals, but debate over the court still rages.
Backgrounder by Claire Felter
China's Massive Belt and Road Initiative
China's Belt and Road Initiative is the most ambitious infrastructure investment effort in history. But is it also a plan to remake the global balance of power?
Backgrounder by Andrew Chatzky and James McBride
Iran's Revolutionary Guards
Conceived as the principal defenders of the 1979 revolution, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps has evolved into an institution with vast political, economic, and military power.
Backgrounder by CFR.org Editors
The Golan Heights: What's at Stake With Trump's Recognition
President Trump's reversal of half-century-old U.S. policy will in practice change little in the strategic territory occupied by Israel, but it could have far-reaching diplomatic reverberations.
Backgrounder by Zachary Laub
U.S.-Cuba Relations
President Trump is rolling back some of his predecessor's Cuba policies, likely closing out a historic period of détente between the two longtime adversaries.
Backgrounder by Claire Felter, Danielle Renwick, and Rocio Cara Labrador
Refugees and Displaced Persons
How Does the U.S. Refugee System Work?
The United States has long accepted refugees from around the world, but President Trump's sharp cuts to refugee resettlement have sparked debate over the program's national security implications.
Backgrounder by Claire Felter and James McBride
U.S. Disaster Relief at Home and Abroad
The U.S. government responds to scores of disasters each year, coordinating closely with state, local, and foreign partners. However, more frequent and severe storms, fires, and floods are straining …
Backgrounder by Rocio Cara Labrador
The Presidential Candidates: In Their Own Words
This regularly updated guide features transcripts from the Republican and Democratic presidential debates as well as select foreign policy speeches, op-eds, and interviews of the candidates.
Backgrounder by Jonathan Masters
AGOA: The U.S.-Africa Trade Program
AGOA is the cornerstone of the U.S.-Africa trade relationship, but declining support has called the program's value into question.


text:
package com.guoxiaoxing.android.sdk.design.facade_pattern;

/**
 * For more information, you can visit https://github.com/guoxiaoxing or contact me by
 * guoxiaoxingse@163.com
 *
 * @author guoxiaoxing
 * @since 2017/8/1 下午4:32
 */
public interface Camera {

    void take();
}