In this spirotrichasin entodiniorid family, there is not more than 1 "dorsal" ("metoral") band of membranelles in addition to the adoral zone. This family contains 18 or more genera which occur in the rumen of ruminants; 13 of these occur in cattle and sheep. The most important genera are Entodinium, Diplodinium, Epidinium and Ophryoscolex. The taxonomy of this group is complicated. Variations in structure, even within a clone, are common in Entodinium and Diplodinium. They make species identification difficult and have served to multiply unduly the number of different species which have been named (Polyansky and Strelkov, 1938; Hungate, 1943; Lubinsky, 1957, 1958).
The body in this family is often flattened, and another source of confusion results from the fact that different authors have used the same name for different sides of the body. Depending on whose terminology was used, every one of the four sides has been called the left, right, dorsal or ventral side. Lubinsky (1958) introduced a new system which has the advantages of eliminating the concept of dorsality and ventrality, which actually has no application in this group, and of making it possible to use the same terms both for Entodinium and for the higher genera in the family. In this system, which is used below, the observer orients the protozoon with its anterior (oral) end pointing away from him (toward 12 o'clock) and with the micronucleus to the left of the macronucleus (toward 9 o'clock). The sides are then designated left (the observer's left, i.e., the micronuclear side), right, upper and lower.
If this terminology is accepted, then the term, dorsal zone of membranelles (DZM), which is used in describing ophryoscolecids, is no longer appropriate. Lubinsky used "metoral membranelle zone" instead.
The body is ovoid, with adoral and metoral zones of membranelles. The metoral zone is some distance from the anterior end and encircles 3/4 of the body circumference at its middle, being broken on the upper right side. There are 3 skeletal plates extending the length of the body on the upper right side, and 9 to 15 contractile vacuoles arranged in an anterior and a posterior circle. The macronucleus is simple and elongate. This genus occurs in the rumen and reticulum of cattle, sheep, goats and wild sheep. It is not common, and is seldom present in large numbers when it does occur, but is interesting because of its size and appearance.
Ophryoscolex inermis Stein, 1858 occurs principally in the goat. It measures 170 to 190 by 65 to 100 u. Becker and Talbott (1927) found it in 1 of 26 cows in Iowa. It differs from the other species of Ophryoscolex in having a rounded posterior end, without spines.
O. purkinjei Stein, 1858 occurs in cattle. It measures 200 by 80 u and has 1 or 3 terraces of thorn-like appendages or spines encircling the posterior end of the body except for a short gap on the right side; in addition, there is a bifid spine at the posterior end. Becker and Talbott (1927) did not find this species in Iowa cattle.
O. caudatus Eberlein, 1895 occurs in sheep and cattle. It resembles Q. purkinjei but its terminal spine is long and not bifid. Becker and Talbott (1927) found it in 1 of 26 cattle in Iowa.
The body is truncate anteriorly, with the adoral zone of membranelles at that end. There is no metoral zone of membranelles, and skeletal plates are likewise absent. The contractile vacuole is anterior. The macronucleus is cylindrical or sausage-shaped and dorsal. The micronucleus is anterior to the middle on the upper left side of the macronucleus. This is one of the commonest and most important genera in the rumen and reticulum of cattle, sheep, goats and other ruminants.
Many species of Entodinium have been named, but knowledge of the true number and of their correct names awaits some future exhaustive taxonomic study. In the earlier papers, great reliance was placed on caudal spination to differentiate species, but later it was found that this character varies within a species. Thus, E. caudatum was given its name because it has a long posterior spine on the right side in addition to 2 short, pointed lobes on the left. A second species, E. lobosospinosum, received its name because it has only a single lobe on the left (the upper one) in addition to the spine on the right. A third species, E. dubardi, has no posterior spines or lobes at all. However, it was later found that the caudal spination varies all the way from the caudatum type to the dubardi type in several species, and that other characters are more constant and more valuable in differentiating species.
Six types or classes of caudal spination have been set off along this series for E. caudatum. Three of them have received special names, and workers now speak of E. caudatum forma caudatum, E. caudatum forma lobospinosum, and E. caudatum forma dubardi, the last being a form without a tail at all! These same forma names are also used for E. simulans, and some of them for E. rectangulatum and E. lobospinosum (cf. Poljansky and Strelkow, 1938; Lubinsky, 1957).
Entodinium bursa Stein, 1858 has a flattened body which measures about 80 by 60 u. (Because of the variation in caudal spination, measurements of Entodinium are made nowadays from the anterior end to the cytopyge, but early workers usually gave measurements to the end of the caudal spine.) The sausage-shaped macronucleus is 4/5 of the body length, and the micronucleus is pressed closely to it. The body surface has conspicuous longitudinal striations. The contractile vacuole is anterior.
E. minimum Schuberg, 1888 has a flattened body which measures about 40 by 22 u. The right margin of the body is strongly convex and the left margin almost straight. The body surface has faint longitudinal striations. The macronucleus is about 1/3 of the body length. The contractile vacuole is anterior.
E. caudatum Stein, 1858 has a flattened body about 30 to over 80 u long. The macronucleus is about half of the body length; it is broader anteriorly than posteriorly. The contractile vacuole is near the anterior end of the macronucleus. The upper side of the body is hollowed out to form a groove which broadens posteriorly. As mentioned above, there is great variation in the caudal spination.
E. bicarinatum Cunha, 1914 may be a synonym of E. caudatum. It measures about 61 by 35 u, and the upper groove is not as deep as in E. caudatum.
E. furca Cunha, 1914, too, may be a synonym of E. caudatum. It has 2 unequal caudal projections, 1 on the left and the other on the right, and measures about 52 by 27 u.
E. dentatum Stein, 1859 measures 60 to 90 by 30 to 50 u and has 6 incurved, tooth-like posterior projections.
E. rectangulatum Kofoid and Mac-Lennan, 1930 measures 23 to 47 by 23 to 39 u. Its body is nearly rectangular as seen from above, except for the caudal spines. The macronucleus is about half the body length and is broader anteriorly than posteriorly. The contractile vacuole is about the middle of the body at the level of the esophagus, i.e., more to the left than that of E. caudatum. The upper groove is more marked than that of E. caudatum, and its anterior end separates the contractile vacuole from the macronucleus.
E. lobosospinosum Dogiel, 1927 measures 18 to 33 by 13 to 25 u. Its body is rectangular as seen from above. The macronucleus is about half the body length. The contractile vacuole is on the mid-line of the upper side of the body on the level of the micronucleus and to the left of the broad upper groove.
E. simulans Lubinsky, 1957 measures 27 to 44 by 21 to 34 u. Its body is ovoid as seen from above. The macronucleus is about half the body length. The contractile vacuole is on the mid-line of the upper side of the body at the level of the micronucleus and to the left of the upper groove. This groove is narrow and long, with a slit-shaped anterior half.
E. longinucleatum Dogiel, 1925 measures 39 to 64 by 27 to 46 u and has an ellipsoidal, flattened body. The macronucleus usually extends the whole length of the body from the anterior end to the cytopyge. The contractile vacuole is close to the upper side of the macronucleus, slightly anterior to the micronucleus.
E. rostratum Fiorentini, 1889 measures 27 to 51 by 13 to 23 u and has a rather long, slim, flattened body with a strongly convex right side and a concave left side. The macronucleus is narrow, bandlike, and about half the length of the body. The contractile vacuole is directly anterior to the macronucleus.
E. laterale Kofoid and MacLennan, 1930 measures 19 to 28 by 18 to 21 u and has a short, fairly broad, truncated ellipsoidal, flattened body. The macronucleus is broad and wedge-shaped, less than half the length of the body, and lies in the anterior half of the body. The contractile vacuole is in the middle of the upper side.
E. nanellum Dogiel, 1922 measures 20 to 32 by 10 to 18 u and has an ovoid, flattened body. The macronucleus is thin, wedge-shaped, and longer than half the body length. The contractile vacuole is above the anterior end of the macronucleus.
E. bimastus Dogiel, 1927 measures 30 to 46 by 28 to 40 u and has a subspherical, flattened body. The macronucleus is flattened, wedge-shaped, and about 2/3 of the length of the body. The contractile vacuole is above the anterior end of the macronucleus.
E. exiguum Dogiel, 1925 measures 21 to 29 by 14 to 18 u and has an elongate, oval body. The macronucleus is relatively short and thick, being shorter than half the body length, and lies in the middle of the body.
E. dubardi Buisson, 1923 (syn., E. simplex Dogiel, 1925 pro parte; the true E. simplex occurs in the reindeer) measures 30 to 50 by 20 to 29 u and has an oval or elongate oval, flattened body. The macronucleus is more or less band-shaped, with a somewhat broader anterior end. It is about half as long as the body and lies anteriorly in it. The contractile vacuole is below the anterior end of the macronucleus.
E. vorax Dogiel, 1925 measures 60 to 121 by 40 to 83 u and has an oval, plump, thick body. The anterior end is often smaller than the posterior. The macronucleus is sausage-shaped, about half as long as the body, and lies in the anterior part of the body. The contractile vacuole is to the right of the anterior end of the macronucleus.
Quite a few other species of Entodinium have been described from various ruminants. Among them are the following, which Kofoid and MacLennan (1930) described from the zebu: E. ellipsoideum, E. acutonucleatum, E. pisciculum, E. biconcavum, E. bifidum (Dogiel) E. acutum, E. aculeatum, E. brevispinum, E. laterospinum, E. ovoideum, E. rhomboideum, E. gibberosum, E. tricostatum, and E. indicum.
The body is elongate and twisted around its main axis. The adoral zone of membranelles is at the anterior end, and the metoral zone elsewhere. There are 3 skeletal plates with secondary plates. The macronucleus is simple and club-shaped. There are 2 contractile vacuoles. This genus occurs in the rumen and reticulum of cattle, sheep, goats, camels, reindeer, elk, and other ruminants.
Epidinium ecaudatum (Fiorentini, 1889) (syn., Diplodinium ecaudatum) measures 82 to 173 by 36 to 70 u and has an elongate body with a convex left side and a flat or slightly concave right side. This species has 9 formae which differ principally in their caudal spination: E. ecaudatum forma ecaudatum has no caudal spines, forma caudatum has a single long spine and the posterior end of its body is narrow, hamatum has a single long spine and the posterior end of its body is broad, bulbiferum has a bulb-shaped appendage instead of a spine, bicaudatum has 2 spines, tricaudatum has 3, quadricaudatum has 4, catteneoi has 5 short ones, and fasciculus has 5 very long ones with greatly swollen bases. All 9 formae occur in the rumen of cattle, the most common being ecaudatum and caudatum. Ecaudatum, hamatum and cattaneoi are found in sheep, and the last in goats as well. Ecaudatum and caudatum also occur in the reindeer, caudatum and hamatum in camels and caudatum in the elk.
The metoral zone of membranelles is at the same level as the adoral zone. Skeletal plates are absent. The macronucleus is a straight, rod-like body near the left edge. Two contractile vacuoles are present. This genus occurs in the rumen and reticulum of cattle and sheep.
E. posterovesiculatum (Dogiel, 1927) Kofoid and MacLennan, 1932 measures 47 to 60 by 23 to 30 u and has a relatively long, flattened body with rounded ends. The macronucleus is very long, straight, and has 2 deep depressions on its left side. The micronucleus lies in the posterior one, and a contractile vacuole in the anterior one. The second contractile vacuole is posterior to the macronucleus. This species occurs in cattle.
E. bilobosum (Dogiel, 1927) Kofoid and MacLennan, 1932 measures 46 to 60 by 30 to 44 u and has a relatively short, flattened body with 2 caudal spines, 1 dorsal and the other ventral. The nuclei and vacuoles are similar to those of E. posterovesiculatum. This species occurs in cattle and sheep.
Eodinium lobatum Kofoid and Mac-Lennan, 1932 measures 44 to 60 by 29 to 37 u and has a narrow body. The macronucleus is narrow and rod-like, and is almost as long as the body. It has 3 large depressions in its left side; the micronucleus lies in the middle one, and the contractile vacuoles in the end ones. This species occurs in the zebu.
The metoral zone of membranelles is on the same level as the adoral zone. Skeletal plates are absent. The macronucleus is beneath the upper surface of the body; its anterior third is bent to the right at an angle of 30 to 90°. Two contractile vacuoles are present. This genus occurs in the rumen and reticulum of cattle, goats, sheep, camels, reindeer and various wild ruminants.
In this genus, as in Entodinium, there is also considerable variation in the caudal spination.
Diplodinium dentatum (Stein, 1858) Schuberg, 1888 measures 55 to 82 by 44 to 62 u. Its body has a broad, truncate posterior end with 6 large, relatively heavy, incurved caudal spines. The left side is convex and the right one concave. The macronucleus is 25 to 50 u long; it is heavy and rod-like, with the anterior end bent at a 45° angle. The 2 contractile vacuoles lie in the left rib slightly below the midline. This species occurs in the ox and zebu.
D. quinquecaudatum Dogiel, 1925 measures 57 to 73 by 47 to 65 u. It resembles D. dentatum, but has 5 caudal spines. It occurs in cattle and sheep.
D. anacanthum Dogiel, 1927 measures 60 to 124 by 38 to 72 u. The posterior end of its body tapers, giving it a somewhat conical appearance. The macronucleus varies a good deal in length. Its anterior third is bent at an angle of about 45°. The 2 contractile vacuoles are on the lower side. This species has 7 formae (which Kofoid and MacLennan, 1930, considered separate species): anacanthum, monacanthum, diacanthum, triacanthum, tetracanthum, pentacanthum, and anisacanthum, with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 caudal spines, respectively. It occurs in the ox and zebu.
D. psittaceum Dogiel, 1927 measures 95 to 155 by 59 to 105 u and has a heavy, rounded, posteriorly tapering body with a thin ventral spine on the right and a narrow flange on the left of the posterior third of the body. The macronucleus is a stout rod-like body with its anterior end bent at a 40° angle. The contractile vacuoles lie near the left side. This species occurs in the ox and zebu.
D. bubalidis Dogiel, 1925 measures 104 to 195 by 58 to 98 u and has an oval body with its largest diameter anterior, a strongly convex left side and a slightly convex right one. There is a small, longitudinal groove on the posterior part of the upper surface of the body, and a single, thin spine on the right. This species occurs in cattle and African antelope.
D. elongatum Dogiel, 1927 measures 177 to 205 by 73 to 100 u and has an elongate body with weakly convex left and right sides and a narrow groove in the posterior end of the upper surface of the body. It occurs in the ox.
D. laeve Dogiel, 1927 measures 77 to 100 by 52 to 70 u and has a roughly triangular body with no caudal projections except a small lobe on the right. It occurs in goats.
D. cristagalli Dogiel, 1927 measures 77 to 100 by 52 to 70 u and has a triangular body with the lower side extended posteriorly to form a prominent fan with 2 to 7 spines. It occurs in goats.
D. flabellum Kofoid and MacLennan, 1932 measures 82 to 118 by 57 to 82 u and has a roughly triangular body with the upper side extended posteriorly to form a prominent fan with 5 to 7 spines, and with 2 small spines on the posterior left side. It occurs in the zebu.
The metoral and adoral zones of membranelles are at the same level. There is a single, narrow skeletal plate beneath the upper surface. The macronucleus is triangular or rod-like, often with its anterior end bent to the right. Two contractile vacuoles are present. This genus occurs in the rumen and reticulum of cattle, sheep, antelope and reindeer.
Eremoplastron rostratum (Fiorentini, 1889) Kofoid and MacLennan, 1932 (syn., Diplodinium helseri Becker and Talbott, 1927) measures 40 to 63 by 22 to 47 u and has a proportionately long, compressed body with a thick flange on the left and a large caudal spine on the right. The macronucleus is rod-like. This species occurs in the ox and zebu.
E. neglectum (Dogiel, 1925) is 81 to 124 u long and has an elongate oval body with the left side strongly convex, the right side slightly convex, a large lobe on the right, and a long, rod-like macronucleus. It occurs in cattle and African antelope.
E. bovis (Dogiel, 1927) (syn., Diplodinium clevelandi Becker and Talbott, 1927) measures 52 to 100 by 36 to 57 u and has an ellipsoidal, compressed body with a somewhat flattened right side, a more strongly convex left side, and a small caudal lobe. The macronucleus is rod-shaped. This species occurs in the ox, zebu and sheep.
E. monolobum (Dogiel, 1927) is 58 to 83 u long and has a nearly spherical body with a prominent right lobe and a low, blunt left lobe. The macronucleus is thick and rod-shaped. This species occurs in cattle.
E. dilobum (Dogiel, 1927) is 73 to 101 u long and has an ellipsoidal, flattened body with 1 left and 1 right caudal lobe. The macronucleus is rod-shaped. This species occurs in cattle and sheep.
E. rugosum (Dogiel, 1927) is 69 to 90 u long and has a short body with a flat or slightly concave right side, a convex left side,, and a deep cuticular fold from the cytopyge along the left side of the macronucleus to the region of the metoral zone of membranelles. The right lobe is laterally compressed, with.8 to 10 shallow indentations in its left border. The macronucleus is long and rod-like. This species occurs in cattle.
E. brevispinum Kofoid and MacLennan, 1932 measures 72 to 92 by 42 to 53 u and has an ellipsoidal, flattened body with 2 short caudal spines. The macronucleus is rod-shaped. This species occurs in the zebu.
E. magnodentatum Kofoid and MacLennan, 1932 measures 58 to 82 by 30 to 50 u and has a rectangular, flattened body with a large, compressed caudal spine on the right and a similar caudal spine on the left. The macronucleus is rod-shaped. This species occurs in the zebu.
The metoral and adoral zones of membranelles are at the anterior end. There is a single, narrow skeletal plate beneath the upper surface. The macronucleus is rod-like, with its anterior end enlarged to form a hook which opens to the left. The pellicle and ectoplasm are thick. There are 2 contractile vacuoles with heavy membranes and prominent pores.
Eudiplodinium maggii (Fiorentini, 1889) measures 104 to 240 by 63 to 77 u and has a roughly triangular body with a smoothly rounded posterior end. It occurs in the rumen and reticulum of the ox and zebu.
The metoral and adoral zones of membranelles are at the anterior end. There are 2 skeletal plates beneath the upper surface. The macronucleus is narrow and rod-like. There are 2 contractile vacuoles below the left surface, separated from the macronucleus.
Diploplastron affine (Dogiel and Fedorowa, 1925) measures 88 to 120 by 47 to 65 u and is more or less ellipsoidal. It occurs in the rumen of cattle, sheep and goats.
The metoral and adoral zones of membranelles are at the anterior end. There are 2 skeletal plates beneath the upper surface which are sometimes fused posteriorly. The macronucleus has 2 to 3 left lobes. There are 2 contractile vacuoles. The pellicle and ectoplasm are thick. There are conspicuous esophageal fibrils beneath the left and upper sides.
Metadinium medium Awerinzew and Mutofowa, 1914 measures 180 to 272 by 92 to 170 u and has a heavy body with large membranelle zones. The skeletal plates are narrow. This species occurs in the rumen of the ox and zebu.
M. tauricum (Dogiel and Fedorowa, 1925) measures 185 to 288 by 70 to 160 u and has a heavy body. The skeletal plates are fused posteriorly. The anterior and median lobes of the macronucleus are large, and the posterior lobe is small. This species occurs in the rumen of sheep, goats and cattle.
M. ypsilon (Dogiel, 1925) measures 110 to 152 by 60 to 72 u and has an oval, flattened body with a rounded posterior end. The anterior lobe of the macronucleus is small, and there is no posterior lobe. The skeletal plates are fused posteriorly. This species occurs in the rumen of cattle.
The metoral and adoral zones of membranelles are at the anterior end. There are 2 separate or fused skeletal plates beneath the upper surface, and 3 longitudinal plates with anterior ends connected by cross bars beneath the lower surface. There is a longitudinal row of contractile vacuoles beneath the left surface, and others in other locations.
Polyplastron multivesiculatum (Dogiel and Fedorowa, 1925) measures 120 to 190 by 78 to 140 u and has an oval body with a smoothly rounded posterior end. There is a row of 4 contractile vacuoles near the macronucleus, plus 2 beneath the left surface, 1 beneath the right surface and 2 beneath the upper surface. The 2 upper skeletal plates are separate. This species occurs in the rumen of cattle and sheep.
P. fenestratum Dogiel, 1927 resembles P. multivesiculatum except that the upper skeletal plates are partly fused. This species occurs in the rumen of cattle.
P. monoscutum Kofoid and MacLennan, 1932 resembles P. multivesiculatum except that the upper skeletal plates are completely fused to form a single broad plate. This species occurs in the rumen of cattle.
The metoral and adoral zones of membranelles are at the anterior end. There are 2 skeletal plates beneath the upper surface, a small plate beneath the right surface and a long plate below the lower surface. The pellicle and ectoplasm are thick. There are conspicuous fibrils beneath the left and upper surfaces.
Elytroplastron bubali (Dogiel, 1928) measures 110 to 160 by 67 to 97 u and has an ellipsoidal body with a smoothly rounded posterior end. There are 4 contractile vacuoles along the left midline. This species occurs in the rumen of the water buffalo and zebu.
The metoral and adoral zones of membranelles are at the anterior end. There is a broad skeletal plate beneath the upper side of the body, and a row of 2 to 6 contractile vacuoles beneath the left surface. Heavy pharyngeal fibrils are present which extend to the posterior end.
Ostracodinium mammosum (Railliet, 1890) measures 41 to 110 by 25 to 68 u and has a left caudal lobe and a right lobe which is hollow on the left side. The posterior part of the skeleton extends only 2/3 of the way across the upper side. The macronucleus has a large, shallow depression in the middle of its lower side. There are 3 contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of the ox and zebu.
O. gracile (Dogiel, 1925) measures 90 to 133 by 42 to 60 u and has a roughly triangular body with flat right and lower surfaces and convex left and upper surfaces, and with a smoothly rounded posterior end. The skeletal plate extends across the upper surface. The macronucleus has 2 lobes. There are 2 contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of the ox, zebu, sheep and African antelopes.
O. tenue (Dogiel, 1925) measures 59 to 76 by 28 to 38 u and has a slender body with a smoothly rounded posterior end. The skeletal plate extends across the upper surface. The macronucleus has an anterior and a median left lobe. There are 2 contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of cattle and an African antelope.
O. trivesiculatum Kofoid and Mac-Lennan, 1932 measures 78 to 100 by 42 to 60 u and has a triangular body with a smoothly rounded posterior end. The skeletal plate extends across the upper side. The macronucleus has a small, shallow depression in the middle of the lower side. There are 3 contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of the zebu.
O. quadrivesiculatum Kofoid and Mac-Lennan, 1932 measures 92 to 112 by 43 to 56 u and has a triangular body with a bluntly rounded posterior end. The skeletal plate extends across the upper side. The macronucleus is elongate and rodlike. There are 4 contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of the zebu.
O. nanum (Dogiel, 1925) measures 47 to 70 by 30 to 41 u and has an ellipsoidal body with a slender, right caudal spine. The skeletal plate extends between the macronucleus and the ventral surface. The macronucleus is short and stout. There are 2 small contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of cattle and African antelopes.
O. gladiator (Dogiel, 1925) measures 78 to 112 by 40 to 55 u and has a slender body with a long, very narrow, right caudal spine. The skeletal plate extends between the macronucleus and the right side. The macronucleus has a lobe on the left anterior end. There are 2 contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of cattle and African antelopes.
O. crassum (Dogiel, 1925) measures 120 to 142 by 80 to 100 u and has a heavy body with a smoothly rounded posterior end. The skeletal plate extends under only 1/2 of the upper side. The macronucleus is short and stout, with a wide, shallow depression in the anterior half of its left side. There are 2 contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of cattle and the steenbock.
O. obtusum (Dogiel and Fedorowa, 1925) (syn., Diplodinium hegneri Becker and Talbott, 1927) measures 118 to 148 by 55 to 80 u and has an ellipsoidal, only slightly flattened body, with a smoothly rounded posterior end. The posterior part of the skeleton extends across only 2/3 of the upper side. The macronucleus is elongate and rod-like. There are 6 contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of cattle and reindeer.
O. venustum Kofoid and MacLennan, 1932 measures 76 to 115 by 41 to 60 u and has a triangular body with a small posterior right lobe. The skeletal plate extends beneath the upper surface between the macronucleus and the right side. The macronucleus has 2 left lobes. There are 2 contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of the zebu.
O. dogieli Kofoid and MacLennan, 1932 measures 92 to 130 by 48 to 63 u and has an ellipsoidal body with a strongly convex left side, a slightly convex right side and a flattened right lobe lying below the cytopyge. The skeletal plate extends between the macronucleus and the right side. The macronucleus has 2 left lobes (1 anterior and 1 median). There are 2 contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of the ox.
O. clipeolum Kofoid and MacLennan, 1932 measures 92 to 128 by 50 to 65 u and has an ellipsoidal body with a flattened lobe projecting from the right posterior surface below the midline. The skeletal plate extends beneath the upper surface between the macronucleus and the right side. The macronucleus has 2 left lobes. There are 3 contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of the zebu.
O. monolobum Dogiel, 1927 measures 105 to 150 by 55 to 77 u and has a rectangular body with a large right lobe. The skeletal plate extends under only 2/3 of the left side. The macronucleus is elongate and rod-like. There are 5 contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of the ox.
O. dilobum Dogiel, 1927 measures 88 to 140 by 54 to 78 u and has an ellipsoidal body with a laterally flattened right lobe and a flattened left lobe. The skeletal plate extends under only 2/3 of the left side. The macronucleus is elongate and rod-like. There are 5 contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of cattle.
O. rugoloricatum Kofoid and MacLennan, 1932 measures 84 to 125 by 37 to 58 u and has a rectangular body with a flattened right lobe. The left side of the exceptionally large skeletal plate turns in and extends toward the middle of the body. The macronucleus is straight and rod-like. There are 3 contractile vacuoles. This species occurs in the rumen of the zebu.
The metoral and adoral zones of membranelles are near the anterior end. There are 3 separate or partially fused skeletal plates beneath the upper and right surfaces of the body. There are 2 contractile vacuoles. The pharyngeal fibrils are heavy.
Enoploplastron triloricatum (Dogiel, 1925) measures 60 to 112 by 37 to 70 u and has an ellipsoidal body with a smoothly rounded posterior end. The skeletal plates are separate. The macronucleus has a shallow depression in the anterior half of its left side. This species occurs in the rumen of the ox, reindeer and an African antelope.


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His latest books are Real Music A Guide to the Timeless Hymns of the Church and Out of the Ashes Rebuilding American Culture. 1 01 at 1 pm. Turn on search history to start remembering your searches. It is the reason people like taking time to find the best mm self defense ammo for concealed carry. The umbrella stays. 10 Square Cantilever Umbrella Color Blue Lavender. The oversized square shape has a smooth quick draining slatted top and airy PVC mesh sides. Y l nce ms tan s alm t m senedir i ne tedavisi g r yordum. Patio umbrellas are a prudent solution in lieu of more permanent construction. Hayat ma giren ancak ilgin ekilde hayat mdan kan hastal k. Shop AllModern for modern and contemporary Black Patio Umbrellas to. Select Fabric Color.
Durable all weather aluminum frame is hand finished to resemble weathered wood. I wasnt sure of the color description saying light blue because the. Having the right ammo means a lot for the shooting of your handgun. Cantabria 10 Square Cantilever Umbrella Color Blue Lavender. The Large canopy tilts and turns 0 degrees to offer the most dramatic shade potential. Enjoy a great in your patio with the Cantilever Umbrella. Enjoy Free. Around the Zoranne fire pit table.
This article is adapted from chapter two of the second. Elyria OH Global Liquidators Marh Home Lighting Sale March th Internet Auction Only.


text:
[![Gitter](https://badges.gitter.im/php-cache/cache.svg)](https://gitter.im/php-cache/cache?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge)
[![Latest Stable Version](https://poser.pugx.org/cache/tag-interop/v/stable)](https://packagist.org/packages/cache/tag-interop)
[![Total Downloads](https://poser.pugx.org/cache/tag-interop/downloads)](https://packagist.org/packages/cache/tag-interop)
[![Monthly Downloads](https://poser.pugx.org/cache/tag-interop/d/monthly.png)](https://packagist.org/packages/cache/tag-interop)
[![Software License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-brightgreen.svg?style=flat-square)](LICENSE)

This repository holds two interfaces for tagging. These interfaces will make their
way into PHP Fig. Representatives from Symfony, PHP-cache and Drupal has worked
together to agree on these interfaces.

### Install

```bash
composer require cache/tag-interop
```

### Use

Read the [documentation on usage](http://www.php-cache.com/).

### Contribute

Contributions are very welcome! Send a pull request to the [main repository](https://github.com/php-cache/cache) or
report any issues you find on the [issue tracker](http://issues.php-cache.com).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I installed satchmo in windows 7 64bit and installed python 2.7 32bit.when i run python clonesatchmo.py i got the below traceback.
Error: Can not copy the static files.
Please post this on the mailing list. If there is a verified issue we will open a ticket.


text:
Q: Set Windows2012R2 resolution remotely I am trying to set the graphic resolution remotely.
I cannot use the Set-DisplayResolution, since it does not work with Windows2012R2.
I can use the system32 utility setres.exe to do it locally, but when I try to invoke it from a PS targeting the remote machine I get an error saying that the operation cannot be performed.
This is my PS code:
$s = New-PSSession -computername $CurrentMachineName -credential $cred
Invoke-Command -session $s -scriptblock {c:\windows\system32\setres.exe -w 1280 -h 1024}
Remove-PSSession $s

The remote machine(s) are VMWare clones of the same template, but the resolution does not appear to get carried over while cloning.
Any idea?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


« Is this the end of the air source heat pump loophole?
How much will my biomass boiler installation cost?
The price of a biomass boiler can vary greatly. It ranges upwards from around £10,000 for a small domestic log system and from around £20,000 for a standard commercial installation heating two or more buildings. After making an initial enquiry to an installer you should expect to receive a telephone consultation, where an expert will talk you through the systems available and find one best suited to your individual needs.
- Type of fuel: biomass boilers run on a range of fuel types including log, wood pellet, wood chip and miscanthus. It's important to choose a suitable fuel based on the availability of the fuel source and your individual needs. These will depend up your building type and construction, storage space available, and how automatic you want the boiler to be.
- Fuel feed: biomass boilers can be fed manually or automatically. Manual biomass boilers, where the wood is fed by hand, are cheaper but you will need to take into account the potential cost (and effort) of labour.
- This is defined by the number of buildings to be heated and their total overall size. In theory, the higher the amount of kW output needed to keep your premises heated throughout the year, the bigger the biomass boiler would need to be.
- Whether there is a need to have a backup oil boiler beside the biomass installation. An auto-connected back-up system is usually a necessity for larger schemes.
- Whether a specialised control system is required to replace your existing controls. This can either be integrated with your existing system or used in replacement.
Following an initial phone call, an installer will usually visit your property to assess your requirements in more detail and provide a full survey and formal proposal, which will work out a definitive cost and map out the relevant design work.
Any quotation you receive should itemise all of the equipment to be used, stating what's included and excluded. Common things that may or may not be in a quote and are worth bearing in mind as a potential additional cost include the delivery of equipment, electrical and construction works, submitting an RHI application to Ofgem and the removal of old boilers.
Biomass boiler systems typically cost more than oil or gas boilers. However, it is important to bear in mind the potential payback from the renewable heat incentive and ongoing fuel savings when requesting a quote. In terms of running costs, biomass compares very favourably with other fuels and you should save against solid fuel or electric heating costs. Wood prices are not anticipated to increase at the same rate as fossil fuel prices (at least in the short term).
If I install biomass boiler now will I definitely get the RHI?
I myself renders power plant management services. I would like to tell the honest answer. Yes' the initial investment for installing these boilers are a lettle bit high but the power they produces is relatively cheaper.


We've added features to both the Free and Pro versions.
We're excited to have you test-drive the new features, including managing your work flow, and organizing posture pictures and reports by creating patient/client cases.
Cases allow you to manage a lot of individual reports and pictures, or event pictures in a single folder. This makes follow up assessments and comparisons fast and easy to perform.
Organize your pictures and reports, manage your workflow.
Don't have the free posture app?
Get PostureZone from your app store now.


Visit your local library for an interactive program designed to introduce your little ones to the library and a love for reading. Babies and toddlers up to the three years old will participate in hands-on pre-literacy activities that include story-time, song, and play.
Bayou Vista Branch on Fridays at 10:30 A.M.
Berwick Branch on Wednesdays at 10:30 A.M.
Franklin Branch on Fridays at 10:30 A.M.
West End Branch on Wednesdays at 10:00 A.M.


text:
← ΜΕΓΑΛΑ ΥΠΟΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΑ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΑ (3)
Ο ΣΥΝΔΕΔΕΜΕΝΟΣ ΚΟΣΜΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΠΑΝΤΩΝ (3) →
DIGITAL NEWS FROM EU 1
"There are some big decisions to make."
US Ambassador to the EU, Gordon Sondland, speaking about Huawei, September 4 2019.
HUAWEI. The plot is thickening, with fresh accusations and counter-accusations. Chinese telecommunications firm Huawei have accused the US government of hacking into their systems and attempting to hire their employees as informants, according to a document purportedly emanating from the company's legal department, seen by EURACTIV.
One Huawei official told EURACTIV that the cases made against the US administration were legally "bulletproof." Yesterday, I caught up with US ambassador to the EU, Gordon Sondland, and pressed him on the accusations, to which he replied that he's "not going to comment on classified matters."
However, I pushed Sondland further on a claim the founder of Huawei, Ren Zhengfei, recently made to EURACTIV, that it's "very likely" Huawei equipment will be used in core 5G network infrastructure in the UK. How would the US respond to this? Sondland told me that there "are some big decisions to make but I think that we're in close consultation and cooperation with them [the UK]" over the matter. We recently reported that the UK will decide by the autumn whether to grant Huawei involvement in the country's future 5G infrastructure.
5G SECURITY. In other US government news, Vice President Mike Pence has been doing the rounds in Europe this week. Visiting Warsaw, he signed a joint declaration to collaborate on 5G security with Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki and said that the agreement should "set a vital example for the rest of Europe".
Speaking after the signing on Monday, Polish President Andrzej Duda revealed that "Poland's counter-intelligence has detected activity that could be of espionage nature," with regards to Huawei, adding that prosecutors are investigating the claims. The company vehemently denies the accusations.
AVMSD. This week, Parliamentarians have been sitting in Brussels, with a number of key hearings in the tech field. Yesterday, DG Connect's Director-General Roberto Viola spoke to the Culture Committee and highlighted issues related to the Audio Visual Media Services Directive, in which he said that the Commission is "very worried" about the ever-approaching transposition deadline of September 2020.
Viola added that to make the process smoother, implementation guidelines would be issued by the Commission on the essential functionality criteria for platforms but that the directive should be used to tackle online hate speech and that any platform which offers a video sharing service comes under the scope.
MENTAL HEALTH ONLINE. Meanwhile, British Liberal MEP Judith Bunting pressed Viola on the issue of mental health online. Hers was a timely question, as yesterday the advocacy group Privacy International published a report that "shows that many mental health websites don't take the privacy of their visitors as seriously as they should." Viola informed her that this is a situation the Commission is taking more seriously and he revealed that Giuseppe Abbamonte, Director of the Media and Data Directorate has been tasked with consulting experts on the negative impacts of social media overuse.
DIGITAL SERVICES ACT. In addition, S&D's Petra Kammerevert said that the recently leaked details of the Commission's plans to regulate the online ecosystem – known as the Digital Services Act, may obscure how the EU deals with rights such as "freedom of expression and diversity of opinions," to which Viola said that this is a "delicate issue" but MEPs can "rest assured that all the steps of better regulation will be followed…[including] public consultation, debate, impact assessment." He added however that the eCommerce Directive, which the Digital Services Act will essentially replace, needs to be overhauled.
Meanwhile, the Internal Market Committee (IMCO) is also vying for influence in the run-up to the Commission's presentation of the Digital Services Act, set to come in the second half of 2020, as they plan to submit an initiative report to the Conference of Committee Chairs on the measures. The Legal Affairs Committee (JURI) are also expected to jockey for influence.
GOOGLE DATA BREACH. Yesterday, it transpired that Google is using a "surreptitious mechanism" to leak personal data to advertisers, according to new evidence presented to the Irish Data Protection Commission as part of an ongoing investigation. Google is accused of using hidden web pages that scrape personal data, which is then traded on Google's advertising exchange business 'Authorized Buyers', previously known as DoubleClick.
In Brussels, Carmen Avram, a Romanian lawmaker from the Socialists and Democrats (S&D) group, has issued a series of questions to the Commission, asking the executive to confirm whether it was aware that Google is using the sensitive data of its users in this manner.
ENISA. Elsewhere in Parliament, ENISA's new chief, Juhan Lepassaar, appeared before the Industry committee (ITRE), earlier this week. He addressed concerns related to the scope and the voluntary nature of cybersecurity certification as part of the recently adopted cybersecurity act, but also said that he hopes the new rules "can become what the General Data Protection Regulation has become for privacy: the new global standard for trust."
GAIA-X. Big news for Europe's cloud infrastructure, as news surfaced this week that in October, German Economy Minister Peter Altmaier is set to reveal more detailed plans for the establishment of a European Cloud initiative known as 'Gaia-X.' Up to now, the European cloud marketplace has been dominated by US firms.
SPACE WASTE. In other news, EURACTIV's Alexandra Brzozowski writes this week that according to the European Space Agency's (ESA) latest Annual Space Environment Report, the quantity of space junk around Earth has hit a critical point.
LIBRA. EURACTIV's Jorge Valero reveals that the EU's Economic and Financial Committee has requested an analysis note from the European Commission to probe the risks posed by Facebook's digital currency Libra and to explore the ways to regulate it.
FACEBOOK FACIAL RECOGNITION. Staying with Facebook, in a blow to privacy advocates, judges in Wales have ruled the use of facial recognition by local police is lawful. The ruling came as Facebook tried to appease concerns by making technical changes to ensure that its facial recognition technology will no longer identify users.
The digital security of Europe
his article is part of our special report Finding digital freedom in a crowded world.
A clear trend can be seen for our digital future: What can be connected will be connected. But companies and societies do not network within traditional, analogous borders.
Dr. Thomas Kremer is a board member of Deutsche Telekom Group.
Machines are also increasingly being connected to one another. The Internet of Things is growing faster and faster. These developments give us a unique opportunity to bring the citizens of Europe closer together. And we must not let this opportunity pass us by. At the same time, the digital networks are and will become an increasingly attractive target for criminal or state-controlled cyber-attacks. Deutsche Telekom's systems have reported up to 70 million different attacks on a single day this year. A new, sad record! And a leap compared to the figures of 2018! Thanks to our efforts, these attacks are not getting through, but the number is vertiginous.
For a company like Deutsche Telekom, but also for all other pan-European or globally active companies, it means being vigilant. Companies develop security strategies across borders, in Europe and worldwide. Cyber security may have been the nerds' paradise discipline in the past. Today, cyber security belongs at board level, as it does here at Deutsche Telekom. To protect the EU's digital internal market and the digital sovereignty of European companies and citizens, cyber security must therefore also become a top priority in Europe. With her new team the new President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen is responding to this challenge and giving top level attention to Cyber Security. I welcome it.
We talk a lot about the consequences of digitization these days. However, I very much miss a discussion: The European Union must develop into a digital security union.
For this necessary further development, I see us all as having a duty. This is a common task for the EU, its Member States, its citizens and its businesses. Only together we will achieve a better level of security, keep Europe competitive as a strong business location and finally assume a stronger role as a technology leader again.
Networks were and are the locomotive of the European internal market. Network operators are expanding this infrastructure more and more – more bandwidth, more speed. They thus promote growth in Europe and bring people closer together. This requires both strong political backing and forward-looking regulatory guidelines. Then this approach can succeed.
Countering complexity
Cyber security is a highly complex issue in Europe. We are looking at a colourful patchwork of European and national regulations. In Europe, for example, we have the Directive on High Network and Information Security, the NIS Directive, the EU Cybersecurity Act and the currently discussed E-Evidence Regulation. A similar picture emerges in Germany. There are the IT Security Act 1.0 and 2.0 and additionally the security requirements for telecommunications network operators of the Federal Network Agency, the Federal Office for Information Security and the Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information. A comparable patchwork with partly very different security requirements exists in the European finance or energy industry. The situation is similar for security-relevant certifications and the evaluation of products and services. That cannot remain so. This complexity costs us too much strength and speed.
The initiative of the new Commission-President to establish a Single Market for Cyber Security with a Joint Cyber Unit, is a step in the right direction. And it is positive news that a strong Vice-President will be in charge of the Commission's Digital Agenda. Responsibility, resources and budget need to be concentrated in one hand. The incoming EU Commission attributes highest priority to our Digital Security. The European Parliament should support this policy. We need clear rules for cyberspace that are uniformly applied in Europe. This also requires more efficient EU structures.
Exchange of ideas alone is not enough
On the question of "who should know that…", we are fortunately one step further. The exchange between the central players in cyber security at state and private level has been intensified and improved in recent years. This applies especially to us in Germany. Nevertheless, significant improvements are still possible and necessary. The dialogue between industry, national supervisory authorities and national legislators is still too national today. This, too, is a direct result of the complicated legislative system. In the process, we need cross-border exchange more than ever on the way to a digital security union. This must be promoted. An agile body of experts consisting of state and business representatives from the EU member states is the logical consequence: network operators in dialogue with national and European institutions, with the task of drawing up concrete proposals. A pure exchange of ideas is not enough! And to avoid misunderstandings: Even in the area of cyber security, sovereign tasks cannot be taken over by private companies.
Looking for European standards
From a technical point of view, Europe's level of security can be further improved, for example by trustworthy digital identities. Making people and machines unique on the Internet of Things is a prerequisite for secure digital legal and government transactions in the domestic market. And last but not least, this is the basis for citizens' trust in e-government and digital services. You will already suspect it – here, too, every Member State is pursuing its own approach to solving the problem. That is not enough! Today, European citizens need a European digital identity, and not just ten years from now!
Instead of making cooperation more difficult, European network operators must be made easier to cooperate on security issues in particular. Secure networks are a prerequisite for the digital world, for a secure, digital Europe and for satisfied citizens.
And in general. For the digital space, analogue national borders are almost meaningless. The difference between digital and analogue is too often exploited by organised crime. For example, attacks via the Internet are deliberately launched from abroad in order to disguise the authors and elude access. How do we deal with this? Similar to the Schengen area in the real world, digital border controls can enable unhindered and secure data traffic to and from the EU to the whole world. In the event of a massive attack from outside the EU against the functioning of the internal market infrastructure, digital border controllers can be used to selectively prevent external attacks by means of technical filter lists.
There are still many unanswered questions. But one thing is perfectly clear: digital security is a top priority on the European agenda. Europe needs a shoulder-to-shoulder approach between European institutions and network operators to protect the digital world.
Europe needs a digital security union.
SOURCE https://www.euractiv.com
This entry was posted in Computers and Internet and tagged DIGITAL NEWS, digital security, ICT, NEWS ICT. Bookmark the permalink.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package org.apache.spark.util

import org.apache.spark.sql.{CarbonEnv, SparkSession}

import org.apache.carbondata.api.CarbonStore

/**
 * clean files api
 */
 // scalastyle:off
object CleanFiles {

  def cleanFiles(spark: SparkSession, dbName: String, tableName: String,
      storePath: String): Unit = {
    TableAPIUtil.validateTableExists(spark, dbName, tableName)
    val carbonTable = CarbonEnv.getInstance(spark).carbonMetastore
      .getTableFromMetadata(dbName, tableName).map(_.carbonTable).getOrElse(null)
    CarbonStore.cleanFiles(dbName, tableName, storePath, carbonTable)
  }

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {

    if (args.length < 2) {
      System.err.println("Usage: CleanFiles <store path> <table name>")
      System.exit(1)
    }

    val storePath = TableAPIUtil.escape(args(0))
    val (dbName, tableName) = TableAPIUtil.parseSchemaName(TableAPIUtil.escape(args(1)))
    val spark = TableAPIUtil.spark(storePath, s"CleanFiles: $dbName.$tableName")
    CarbonEnv.getInstance(spark).carbonMetastore.checkSchemasModifiedTimeAndReloadTables()
    cleanFiles(spark, dbName, tableName, storePath)
  }
}


FILE - Aerial image from Philippine military plane shows alleged ongoing land reclamation by China on mischief reef, Spratly Islands, South China Sea, west of Palawan, Philippines.
With the United States poised to step up naval patrols within disputed maritime borders of the South China Sea, energy analysts are downplaying worries about potential clashes with China over a waterway that sees one-third of the world's waterborne traded oil passing through its shipping lanes.
The 15 million barrels of oil transported daily through the Malacca Strait and South China Sea en route to East Asia are triple the amount that moves through the Suez Canal and more than five times the tonnage that transits the Panama Canal.
The volume of shipping through the sea's waters has skyrocketed as China and ASEAN nations increased international trade and oil imports. China and Japan by themselves rank as two of the top five consumers and importers of oil in the world.
"Any increased rhetoric caused by U.S. warship [maneuvers] should not affect the region's underlying energy markets," said Matt Smith, an analyst at ClipperData, which tracks global flows of waterborne crude oil.
"China imports 5.5 million barrels of waterborne oil per day, the vast majority through the South China Sea," Smith said. "That's 50 percent of China's daily consumption. They need those oil flows to continue."
Reports suggest that within days the U.S. Navy could sail warships inside the 22-kilometer territorial zones around the artificial islands China is building in the disputed Spratly archipelago. Beijing considers these areas a legitimate extension of its territory.
Swaths of the South China Sea are also claimed by the Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan, Brunei and Malaysia.
Beneath its floor, the waterway holds proven oil and natural gas deposits of significant importance to these smaller nations at odds with Beijing. The reserves also represent energy security for China's large, growing economy.
But it's the nearly 30 percent of global maritime trade traversing the sea's vital shipping lanes that greases so many economic wheels.
These shared interests are why, despite the heated rhetoric, the potential to disrupt global oil flows is small and there have been no changes in shipping patterns or orders thus far, energy analysts say.
"China's basic strategy is push, push, but don't break," said David Rosenberg, professor of political science at Middlebury College. "China will increase pressure but not disrupt the oil or container trade that's a vital part of its existence.
"For their part, the U.S. and Japan have taken clear steps to assert freedom of the seas, and it's very important they do this," Rosenberg added.
Eight out of 10 of the world's busiest container ports are located in the Indian Ocean, the South China Sea and East China Sea region. But it's other global hot spots that worry oil traders more.
"[The South China Sea issue] really hasn't attracted much attention and it's not going to trigger much of an oil price response, certainly not in the coming months," said Jim Ritterbusch, president of Ritterbusch and Associates, a Chicago-based oil trading advisory firm.
"So far, it's an isolated issue that's been overshadowed by the military havoc in the Middle East," Ritterbusch said.


text:
Hieronim Gołębiewski (ur. 13 kwietnia 1845 w Fordonie, zm. 29 września 1918 w Chełmnie) – duchowny katolicki, pisarz i działacz regionalny.

Życiorys
Ukończył gimnazjum w Chełmnie oraz Seminarium Duchowne w Pelplinie. Święcenia kapłańskie otrzymał 14 kwietnia 1868. Swoją pracę duszpasterską wykonywał w Chojnicach, Pelplinie (wikary katedralny i nauczyciel w Collegium Marianum), Brusach (wikary), Gdańsku (wikary) i Jastarni (proboszcz).

Jest autorem wielu artykułów dotyczących życia i zwyczajów Kaszubów helskich, m.in.: Wieczór gwiazdkowy w polskim dworze nad Bałtykiem (1887), Obrazki rybackie z półwyspu Helu (1888).

Tworzył także broszury o tematyce religijnej: Krótka nauka o arcybractwie Różańca św. (1883), Krótka nauka o szkaplerzu karmelitańskim (1898).

Był członkiem Towarzystwa Naukowego w Toruniu, gdzie pełnił funkcję sekretarza zarządu (1900-1906) i skarbnika (1906-1909).

Brał czynny udział w wielu polskich organizacjach kulturalno-społecznych. Był aktywnym członkiem: Towarzystwa Pomocy Naukowej dla Młodzieży Prus Zachodnich, Towarzystwa Czytelni Ludowych oraz Towarzystwa Wiecowego.

Bibliografia
 Zasłużeni ludzie Pomorza Nadwiślańskiego z okresu zaboru pruskiego. Szkice biograficzne, Gdańskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, Gdańsk, 1979

Linki zewnętrzne
 Publikacje Hieronima Gołębiewskiego w bibliotece Polona

Duchowni katoliccy zaboru pruskiego
Polscy publicyści
Polscy działacze społeczni
Duchowni diecezji chełmińskiej
Duchowni związani z Gdańskiem
Ludzie związani z Brusami
Ludzie związani z Jastarnią
Urodzeni w 1845
Zmarli w 1918
Ludzie urodzeni w Fordonie (Bydgoszcz)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The heart of the Servo Trigger is an Atmel ATTiny84 microcontroller, running a small program that implements the servo control features we are discussing here. On-board each Servo Trigger you will find three potentiometers, "A" sets the position the servo sits in while the switch is open, "B" sets the position the servo moves to when the switch is closed, and "T" sets the time it takes to get from A to B and back. Compared to a servo motor, the Servo Trigger board draws very little current, roughly 5 mA at 5V. Be sure to note that if you're using the Servo Trigger to control your motor, the absolute maximum supply voltage that should be applied is 5.5 VDC. Additionally, the SparkFun Servo Trigger is designed to make it easy to daisy chain boards - you can simply connect the VCC and GND pads on adjacent boards to each other.


text:
NYC: Buddhist art from Pakistan will finally open
by New York Events | Aug 9, 2011 | New York Events |
at Asia Society Museum (725 Park Avenue, New York City)
With an assassination, delayed visa's, anti-American protests and travel restrictions the newest exhibit at at Asia Society almost didn't happen. The project will finally open today. The exhibit features Buddist art from the Gandhara civilization which lived in the country around 2,000 years ago. The last exhibition in the United States that featured art from the society was back in 1960.
"I persisted because this is a unique opportunity for us to show the cultural heritage of Pakistan at a time when U.S-Pakistan relations are probably at their lowest ever," Melissa Chiu, the director of the Asia Society Museum, told the New York Times.
Chiu went to great lengths to have the exhibit brought to New York, including multiple trips to Pakistan in which she convinced museum boards and governors of provinces to part with their art for three months.
For more information, visit www.asiasociety.org/arts/asia-society-museum.


text:
Europe selected
Huge salvage vessel may help lift Costa Concordia wreck
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24483469
Image caption A computer graphic showing how the salvage operation would look
The wreck of the Costa Concordia cruise ship could be loaded aboard a colossal salvage vessel after a deal was struck with a Dutch company.
The Dockwise Vanguard, capable of picking up oil rigs, has been recruited as an option to move the ship.
The vessel can sink under the Concordia then rise up to lift it clear of the water before sailing it to be scrapped.
Some 32 people died after the Concordia ran aground with more than 4,000 passengers and crew in January 2012.
Salvage teams moved the ship to an upright position last month, enabling divers to find the remains of one of two people who were still unaccounted for.
'Safe and swift'
Costa Crociere, Concordia's owner, said the Vanguard had been retained as one possible option for removing the wreck from its current location off Giglio island in 2014.
It said the $30m (£19m) contract to use the salvage vessel would offer a "safe and swift" method to transport the cruise ship to its as yet undetermined final destination.
The company said the operation is the biggest salvage ever attempted on a ship of the Concordia's size.
Image caption Some 32 people died after the Concordia ran aground in January 2012
The 275m-long (902ft) Vanguard has no bow and a flat stern, allowing it to contain the longer cruise ship.
The Vanguard, described by its Dutch owner Royal Boskalis as the world's largest semi-submersible ship, uses vast ballast tanks to lower and raise itself around its cargo.
The company said modifications would need to be made before it is capable of carrying Concordia.
Costa Concordia crash
Dredging, offshore energy, inland infra, salvage, towage - Boskalis
World Sections


In celebration of Women's History Month, we're highlighting five business-savvy women. We've interviewed professionals from various industries including healthcare, real estate, the nonprofit sector, graphic design, and e-commerce. These women are strong, dedicated, and proof that any goal can be achieved with hard work and determination.
Over the past year, we've had the opportunity to work with Dr. Brittany Flaherty, Owner of Monocle Eye Care & Eyewear Gallery on the identity for her brand.
Our design team collaborated with Brittany on the design of her logo, business cards, greeting cards, and banner stand.
Brittany's passion is educating people about their eyes. Check out our video interview below to learn more about her journey as a female Doctor of Optometry and business owner.
Leisa Newman is the Office Manager and resident Licensed Optician at Monocle Eye Care & Eyewear Gallery. If you want to see her light up, ask her about helping patients.
To her, the best part of working with Brittany at Monocle is that she truly gets to provide excellent care, knowledge, and advice to their patients. Learn more in the video below.
From having a dad that can make some pretty spectacular shelves to having an eye for spotting the perfect decor additions at World Market and Homegoods, Brittany can pretty much add interior designer to her list of talents.
I really just grab things that look old or look like they have a story.
Her store is absolutely beautiful. Learn more about her vision and how it all came together in the video below.
The antique train in Brittany's shop not only looks cool but was a way for her to add a meaningful, personal touch to her store.
Custom made shelving by Brittany's dad. The wood is from Pennsylvania which was a great way for Brittany to incorporate an aspect from home, as she is a Scranton, PA native.
If you are local to the Cornelius area, be sure to check out Monocle Eye Care and Eyewear to see how she has made her vision come to life.


text:
Q: While loop produces wrong dates I have the following loop, but it doesn't stop and produces the wrong dates.
#!/bin/bash
i=0
thedate="2018-03-28"
enddate="2018-04-02"
while [ "$thedate" != "$enddate" ]; do
    thedate=$( date -d "$thedate + $i days" +%F )

    new_date=$( date -d "$thedate " +%Y%m%d )
    printf 'The date is "%s"\n' "$new_date"
    i=$(( i + 1 ))
done

I expected this output:
The date is "20180328"
The date is "20180329"
The date is "20180330"
The date is "20180331"
The date is "20180401"
The date is "20180402"

How can I achieve this?

A: You don't need the counter i at all.
You just need to increment the current date by 1 in every iteration.
#!/bin/bash
thedate="2018-03-28"
enddate="2018-04-02"
while [ "$thedate" != "$enddate" ]; do
    thedate=$( date -d "$thedate + 1 days" +%F )

    new_date=$( date -d "$thedate " +%Y%m%d )
    printf 'The date is "%s"\n' "$new_date"
done


A Photo Feature on Kerala Then And Now.
The word Kerala is so famous for its lush green beauty. It really attracted the whole world.
A season (September – October) for the tourists to visit, especially this was the season Neelakurinji (Strobilantheskunthianus), the lovely flowers bloom once every twelve years on the hillside of Munnar. This is one of the prime viewing spots for tourists.
Some of the pictures Neelakurinji are given below – Image courtesy: Kerala Tourism.
PLEASANT MEMORIES OF A GOLDEN AGE – WATCH THIS VIDEO.
But sad to note that the recent heavy flood (happened in 100 years) washed away most of its eye capturing beauty.
Yes, literally it happened on the 14th and the following days of August 2018.
Many lost their life savings in the heavy flood. Yes, a lifetime earnings just went away with flood water.
Helplessly the victims looked at it. No human hands could save it, it just washed away literally before their eyes.
In this photo feature, we would like to share some of the lovely scenes then and after the flood.
If anyone would like to share their experiences with any photos/videos etc you are most welcome to share. Please contact me so that we can incorporate your photos/videos with all due credits.
A Village House's top is laying with knitted coconut Leaves.
Toddy is used as a beverage in villages, it is a common drink among people in Kerala. Watch the below-given video to know how toddy is made. Though the common warning of "Alcohol is injurious to health" is propagated well among people, still many involve in drinking on a daily basis.
A tea shop owner making tea.
The aftermath of Kerala Flood 2018. A Place where a palatial building stood.
Image by Godly Paul Verghese, Pulikeezh, Thiruvalla.
Kerala Flood victims are rescued by the rescue operators. Image by Godly Paul Verghese, Pulikeezh, Thiruvalla.
AFTER ALL THESE HURDLES KERALA IS BACK TO NORMAL AND IS NOW OPEN!
It is still one of the most popular tourist destinations in the country. Yes, Kerala is named as one of the ten paradises of the world by National Geographic Traveler, It is famous for its ecotourism initiatives and beautiful backwaters.
WELCOME TO KERALA AND ENJOY THE REAL BEAUTY!
Previous Post: Google Sent You Money Did You Check Your Spam Mail Today?
Sad to see the flood hit scenes.
You have a great blog with lot of pics and information. This is my first visit to your website.
Kerala is my dream to visit in future.
I appreciate your maiden visit, and the kind response. Keep visiting.
This is a very beautiful post. I was searching for such information.
Thanks for sharing the past and present of the lovely state called Kerala.
The photographs are well captured and eye capturing.
Sad to see the aftermath flood images you shared. What a sorry stage!
Glad to know that now Kerala is back to normalcy. Thanks for sharing all these details and videos concerned the God's own country. You are doing very good work. Good Wishes.
Thanks for the kind response to this post.
Yes, Kerala is back to its old glory!
This is the best time to get more benefits thru the visit.
Visit and enjoy the beauty of God's own country! Now is the season of Neelakurinj, the rare and lovely flowers blossoming. It happens once in 12 years.
Please make note of the comment policy of philipscom.
Really nice article and good coverage, keep up the good work.
Glad to see you here for the first time.
I urge you to have a look at our Comment Policy given at the bottom of every post.
The photo feature is really wonderful. I heard about Kerala the God's own country!
It is really good to see the images and videos you posted in this article.
Images of Kerala the yesteryears are really, eye capturing, of course, the current images too are lovely.
Thanks for the great efforts you put in to bring out such a lot of information via this post.
Keep informed about the new developments happening in the New Kerala. It is really good to know that Kerala is now open for world tourists.
Glad to know that now Kerala is back to normalcy.Thanks for sharing all these details and videos concerned the God's own country. You are doing very good work. Good Wishes.
I read your article, you're describing of expression about Kerela is excellent and the most valuable thing is, your attracting topic declaration. I really enjoyed and great effort.
let me put it this way: "Kerala's beauty at its best!!!.
Amazing article, Thank you for sharing it with us and showing us how beautiful the places, its really eye-capturing scenes from the lovely land of Kerala. Thanks for telling more about God's own country.
Hey! I observed Your blog very useful and really informative. I am a weblog reader. I used to examine many articles or blog a day. Your write-ups and photographs are really worth notable, indeed the images are really wonderful and eye-capturing. Keep shooting and sharing such lovely images.


text:
Mayor asks gov. candidate about dire state of Chatt. Tech
Created on Wednesday, 23 August 2017 10:16 | Published on Wednesday, 23 August 2017 10:16 | Written by Angela Reinhardt
photo/Angela Reinhardt
Lt. Governor Casey Cagle, right, held a meet and greet at The Carriage House Wednesday, Aug. 16. Cagle is running for governor in the 2018 election. Here he is pictured with state Senator Steve Gooch.
Lt. Governor and gubernatorial candidate Casey Cagle dropped by the Carriage House as part of his #CagleCountry tour of north Georgia.
The meet and greet was attended by citizens and local and state leaders, including state Senator Steve Gooch, who said he would support Cagle "100 percent" in his run for governor. School superintendent Carlton Wilson, school board members Daniel Bell and Sue Finley, commission chair Rob Jones and Jasper Mayor John Weaver were also on hand.
Cagle focused on job creation, tax cuts, infrastructure, and education reform. He's vowed to cut taxes by $100 million in the first 100 days of office and create 500,000 jobs in the first term, and improve broadband service in rural communities like Pickens County.
Cagle fielded a few questions from the crowd, including a question from Mayor Weaver about the future of Chattahoochee Technical College, which has seen dwindling enrollment over the last few years.
See full story in this week's print or online editions.


Information society service providers that store and provide to the public access to large amounts of works or other subject-matter uploaded by their users shall, in cooperation with rightholders, take measures to ensure the functioning of agreements concluded with rightholders for the use of their works or other subject-matter or to prevent the availability on their services of works or other subject-matter identified by rightholders through the cooperation with the service providers.
Those measures, such as the use of effective content recognition technologies, shall be appropriate and proportionate. The service providers shall provide rightholders with adequate information on the functioning and the deployment of the measures, as well as, when relevant, adequate reporting on the recognition and use of the works and other subject-matter.
On the surface this no doubt sounds like a wonderful idea to some and we can't blame Rights Holders for seeking to defend their property, while also ensuring a fair return for the creators of such content. The problem is that such automated filters tend to be dumb tools that will act aggressively in order to protect the operator against assuming any legal liability for something a user has shared (a natural consequence of the proposed law).
The challenge is already evident when considering the millions of copyright takedown notices that rights holders issue against Google and other websites today, which are themselves often auto generated. Many such requests end up being rejected because they accidentally target legal content or comment, including those uploaded by the creators themselves (e.g. last year Reddit rejected 81% of notices and WordPress 78%).
Automated filters simply don't care if you have permission to upload something or not and they fail to understand context, as well as your right to freedom of speech or the creation of internet memes. As a coalition of 70 Internet and computing luminaries (e.g. Vint Cerf, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, Jimmy Wales etc.) recently put it in an open letter to the EU..
In particular, far from only affecting large American Internet platforms (who can well afford the costs of compliance), the burden of Article 13 will fall most heavily on their competitors, including European startups and SMEs. The cost of putting in place the necessary automatic filtering technologies will be expensive and burdensome, and yet those technologies have still not developed to a point where their reliability can be guaranteed.
The last point about the cost and complexity of introducing such a system to smaller businesses is a very valid point (it's easy for the big boys but virtually unworkable for many smaller businesses). Admittedly the proposed law does pay some lip service to this issue by vaguely requiring the measures to be "appropriate and proportionate," but that hardly qualifies as a well-structured safeguard.
Unfortunately Article 13 isn't the only sting in the tail, we also have to worry about the scope of Article 11 (individual member states can choose how A11 is implemented), which could result in a situation where you can't link to a news story or use a snippet of news content without first getting paid permission from the source. This would make starting a news website incredibly difficult, potentially even impossible, and the admin alone in such a vast online world is the stuff of nightmares.
More to the point such a change could discourage the distribution of news among people and websites (i.e. less traffic for news sites, not more = shrinking business). Bigger sites, such as Google and Facebook, would of course be able to use their power to negotiate favourable rates but smaller organisations would have no such clout.
A tax on linking may also enable some sites or organisations to effectively silence their critics via the backdoor, resulting in yet more censorship. This is just plain crazy. On the other hand Article 11 might still allow links to the domain for a site, just not the news article itself (unless you pay), which is silly.
The small bit of good news is that there is a lot of opposition to these measures from consumer groups, digital rights activists and more broadly. You can even voice your opposition to these measures via the https://saveyourinternet.eu website. But the rules may yet pass into law.
The EP is due to vote on all this between 20th and 21st June. The result could then become law during early July or by late September 2018, if the summer recess obstructs. Anybody thinking that Brexit will stop this should be cautious because, regardless of what the EU decides tomorrow, the UK may have to implement it before we leave and in any case the current Government supports many of these measures.
We hope that politicians wake up to the very real dangers of what they could pass tomorrow, ideally before it's too late.
We're saddened to report that, despite significant opposition, the European Parliament's Committee on Legal Affairs (JURI) has this morning approved Articles 11 (link tax) and 13 (upload filter) of their Digital Single Market's (DSM) copyright proposals. A deeply depressing day for the internet and those of us who use it.
The new directive will now go to a full plenary vote in front of the European Parliament during early July but this is often little more than a rubber stamping process, given by those who do not appear to understand the full ramifications of what they are about to introduce. Unfortunately we've also seen this before, with some of the more technically unworkable aspects of GDPR.
As above, the UK government is perfectly capable of making similarly bad laws in this country and indeed they already seem to be heading in the same direction.. Brexit or not. Assuming this is an EU-only policy would be a mistake.
Even a similarily intentioned UK policy would be different. UK law (very oversimplified) tend to work from a 'its lawful except where we make it unlawful' basis. Much EU law is the reverse ie that a whole area is banned and then exemptions are placed in to allow specific things. The practical effect tends to different esp when the courts get involved.
Indeed, but at least every ~5 years we will get to decide on whether we keep them or not.
Tell your MP (not MEP who will be out of a job in March 2019) that, if he or she is to rely on your vote, then to make sure this law does not come into force in the UK.
I wonder how well/or rather how will it scan for a person uploading a passworded .RAR file named "weddingphotos", Littlebilliesbirthday" etc which actually contains the latest hollywood movie.
Another grand but ultimately stupid idea, by clowns in suits that do not understand technology.


text:
Q: Gcloud App Engine: connection to Google Cloud SQL Nodejs application connects to database from localhost, but throws error after deployment:
From mysqljs:
Error: Cannot enqueue Query after fatal error. at Protocol._validateEnqueue

The http request returns status code 500
I am pretty sure that the issue is about authorization. App Engine is in the same project as SQL, however I've added app to the Authorize apps of SQL Instance:
gcloud sql instances patch <sql-instance> --authorized-gae-apps <app-name>

but this still did not work
Is there a way to test db connection?


text:
Jalouse Magazine February 2017 Issue
Thanks to Natalya we have pictures of Jalouse Magazine, we can see 8 pictures and an article with a little interview. Mackenzie look so beautiful and she is growing so fast.
Enjoy the pictures and feel free to share in your social medias and websites.
There the article and interview in english:
It's a big day for Mackenzie Foy. Haidressing, make-up, pictures then interview, since 8 in the morning, she's working hard. Nothing that worries the cutie, who's used to all this. Now 16 years old, works since she's a toddler. He rfirst shooting was for Ralph Lauren. Already classy. She remember just bits of it.
"I was really very young", she says. But she remember that she instantly loved the job. This impression the "you could do anything, become anybody…" It clicked. So she carried on with modeling and tried advertising, and the movie industry. Today, she shares a cinema set with Morgan Freeman, Keira Knightley and the ballerina Misty Copeland for the new version of The Nutbreaker by Disney. Mackenzie is Clara, the little girl who must keep a nubreaker in the shape of a soldier. It springs into life, face en evil seven-headed mouse and takes Clara in a world full of animated dolles and gingerbread people. Love, magic and Christmas spirit. If Disney can be some sort of consecration for her, Mackenzie is not stranger to blockbusters and five star castings. Before exchanging lines with Morgan Freeman, she was in Interstellar Murphy Cooper, daughter of Joseph Cooper, a brave astronaut played by Matthew McConaughey, left in an intergalactic journey to save mankind. She also was in Twilight, chapters 4 and 5. And TV shows like Hawaii 5-0, independent movies like Wish You Well…
In 2015, she was the voice of a little girl in the acclaimed animated movie The Little Prince, a little girl who is prepared to be the perfect adult when she discovers the poetic and strange adventure of the Little Prince thanks to her aviator neighbor. And her, did she ever wanted to have a simpler childhood ? "I am happy and proud of everything I done", she says. "I think I had a normal childhood. I just travelled more than other kids."
Mackenzie don't say much about herself. Her mother, who accompanied her for the shooting, warned us. Boys ? No time for them. Her friends ? They are here, neither models nor actresses, and not impressed in the slightest to see their friend playing in Twilight with teenage idol Kristen Stewart. "They just say congratulations and come with us, we're going out." explains Mackenzie. That's all she's gonna say about her social life. A restraint and self discipline that the young girl maybe learned from her practice in the martial arts. When she's not making a movie, she trains rigorously in taekwondo, at a rate of six or seven evenings a week. "I love the idea of taking care of your own body and your mind.", she says. She's a black belt. In 2014, she prove her skills to Jimmy Fallon on the set of the Tonight Show. "I think I hurt him a little", she laughs.
Focused, Mackenzie follows her own path. Her new objective : directing. She ask for advices on her different movie shootings. "I'm interested in how they succeed in getting all my emotions.", she says. Best advice so far : "Bill Condon, the Twilight director, told me that there was no need to cry to be sad, no need to shout to be angry."
In five years, Mackenzie will be 21 years old. Where does she think she will be then ? Making another movie probably. Maybe behind the camera. Or " With my cats while reading a book." Definitely, it was a long day.
Mackenzie Foy, 16, Disney's Little Prodigy. Debuts crashing in "Twilight" and "Interstellar". The prettiest new face of American cinema. She's the silent kind, but beware of the sleeping water. As soon as she was a teenager, the young actress already has a resume to make envy the biggest stars of Hollywood. After being screened by two cult blockbusters, she prepared the adaptation of "Nutcracker" to the sides of Keira Knightley and Helen Mirren
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