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mahatee niramitrsathitWednesday, October 5, 2022
Can foreigners legally grow cannabis in Thailand?
The Ministry of Public Health gave away one million cannabis plants to the people of Thailand in June for home cultivation. Health Minister Anutin Charnvirakul dished out the plants to celebrate the removal of all parts of the cannabis plant from Thailand's list of Category 5 illicit narcotics on June 9. The plants were intended to be cultivated for medicinal…
Neill FrondeSunday, July 24, 2022
Who is growing cannabis on Parliament grounds?
The legalisation of marijuana in Thailand came with very little oversight or restrictions, but one of the few rules quickly established was that no government officials or locations could grow, sell, or consume the plant. But over 100 cannabis plants have been discovered on the grounds of the Parliament in Bangkok this weekend. On Friday, furious winds tore down a…
Neill FrondeSaturday, July 9, 2022
Nearly 1 million people approved to grow cannabis already
If you have been wondering what the fuss is about over the decriminalisation of cannabis in Thailand, you probably aren't one of the nearly 1 million people who have now been issued a certificate to grow the plant. The Food and Drug Administration announced that as part of its Plook Ganja mobile app program, over 980,000 people have now registered…
leahThursday, June 9, 2022
More than 100,000 people register to grow cannabis at home in Thailand
Today is cannabis decriminalisation day, and the people of Thailand have wasted no time in registering to grow their own cannabis plants at home. Thailand's FDA revealed that, so far, more than 100,000 budding cannabis growers have registered via the 'Plook Ganja' website and mobile application. To legally grow cannabis or hemp at home, Thai people do not need to…
Neill FrondeFriday, May 7, 2021
Cannabis drinks now available in Thailand convenience stores
From darkened back alleys to brightly lit 7-11 aisles, people in Thailand can now get their once-illegal cannabis fix in flavoured drinks at convenience stores and vending machines. The nation's biggest bottled tea producer Ichitan Group has launched 2 new drinks with terpenes, the compounds that give that ganja smell. The cannabis drinks Ichitan launched are not aimed at the…
Jack BurtonWednesday, August 5, 2020
Immigration police nab American, Thai wife for visa forgery, cannabis
Immigration police yesterday announced the arrest of an American, and his Thai wife for allegedly forging visas and other government documents, as well as growing cannabis, at their home. 31 year old Chad Vincent Scira, and his 34 year old Thai wife Grace Scira, were apprehended at their Bangkok home. "The suspects established a company called Thai Visa Centre, offering…


This 1,500 lb. steel statue displays Amédé Ardoin, legendary musician who laid the foundation for zydeco and Cajun music as we know it today, standing atop his most prized possession, his accordion. In his right hand, he holds out a bronze lemon that references Ardoin's practice of carrying the sour fruit in his pocket to soothe his singing voice. The statue was carved by Russell Whiting, a self-taught, award-winning artist in Breaux Bridge, Louisiana. He began his career making small wooden figurines, which has evolved into the special technique that he now employs carving steel to form regal figures.
This memorial statue commemorates the Bringing Amédé Home event, a symbolic gesture that brought over 500 music fans, locals, and Ardoin family members to see Amédé home from his burial in an unmarked grave at the Central Louisiana Hospital. You can read more about the event in our blog Bringing Amédé Home – About the Amédé Ardoin Commemorative.
The statue is located in the Zydeco Capital of the World, Opelousas, Louisiana right outside the St. Landry Parish Visitor Information Center.


Solid wastes create problem to the community and environment but if used in a good way will act as a renewable resource. The application of the technology for the management of the waste has given innovative solutions for the smart waste management. Owing to the growing population and the rise in urbanization wasting the arable and livable lands for landfills is not recommended. Wrong methods of waste disposal and landfills are causing environmental hazards and health issues, thus it has become necessary to look out for some smart ways to dispose of the waste.
The global smart waste management market is segmented into its solution, service, and applications. Based on the solution, the smart waste management market is segregated into network management, analytics and reporting solutions, optimization solutions, asset management, and others. On the basis of service, the global market is categorized into managed services and professional services. On the basis of application, the market is divided into food & retail, manufacturing & industrial, municipalities, construction, healthcare, and colleges & universities.
The global smart waste management market is flourishing owing to the developing technologies which are giving desirable results. The monetary benefits of the smart waste management market are propelling rapid progress in the global market. Due to its benefits, the municipalities, industrial bodies, and other waste management companies are opting for the smart waste management techniques. The processes involved in the market include waste collection, processing of the waste, recycling them and recovering useful entities from the waste, and then the efficient disposal of the waste. The technologies that are adopted in the smart waste management include routing, fuel switching, global positioning systems-enabled (GPS), radio frequency identification (RFID), and pneumatic tubes. In near future, there will be organizations that will aim in extracting energy from the waste materials which in turn will momentum to the market growth.
Collectively, North America and Europe lead the global market for smart waste management market. The factor that proves beneficial for the market growth is the government regulations that are imposed which are supportive. There are also investments being made in order to develop technologies to manage the waste and also research is going on to find ways to utilize the waste in an efficient way. The regional markets are also growing owing to the factor that the regions are finding out alternatives to landfill and are investing to find solutions for safe discarding of waste. The Asia Pacific region also anticipates witnessing a noteworthy growth in the global market in the coming years. The region is taking initiatives in developing segments such as waste-to-fuel and waste-to-energy. The growing awareness about the environmental hazards and the health concerns are triggering the market growth.
The key market players in the smart waste management system market include RecycleSmart Solutions, Covanta Energy, Suez Environment, Harvest Power, Veolia North America, Republic Services, Bigbelly, and Enerkem.


Governor Charlie Baker signed the first-in-the-nation legislation on Alzheimer's into law last week.
Rhiana Kohl has faced many sad surprises in the seven years since her husband, Alfredo Bartolozzi, first showed symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. But perhaps the biggest shock was finding out that even health care workers often don't understand this common illness.
During a hospital stay, an X-ray technician didn't grasp that Bartolozzi couldn't follow directions. In an emergency room visit, staffers asked factual questions of a stricken man who didn't know where he was.
And Bartolozzi's doctors, even after ruling out every other explanation, could not bring themselves to diagnose Alzheimer's.
That's why Kohl, who lives in Watertown, advocated for the first-in-the-nation legislation on Alzheimer's that Governor Charlie Baker signed into law last week. The multifaceted law aims to improve the diagnosis and treatment of an illness that afflicts 120,000 Massachusetts residents and 5.7 million Americans.
"No other state in the country has something like this," said Daniel C. Zotos of the Alzheimer's Association.
The legislation requires physicians, physician assistants, and nurses to undergo training in diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia, before they can obtain or renew their licenses.
It also requires physicians who have diagnosed Alzheimer's in a patient to inform a family member or legal representative about the diagnosis.
And it mandates that all hospitals, no later than Oct. 1, 2021, develop and put in practice a plan for recognizing and managing patients with dementia.
Half of Americans with Alzheimer's disease have not been diagnosed, and half of those with a diagnosis have not been told about it, according to a survey of Medicare beneficiaries, said Zotos, who is director of public policy and advocacy for the association's Massachusetts/New Hampshire Chapter.
For Bartolozzi, Alzheimer's disease struck at an unusually young age. He was in his mid-40s when he started having trouble remembering, completing tasks, and controlling his temper. Variously diagnosed with depression, stress, and ADHD, he took medications and underwent counseling and anger management courses. Nothing worked.
And then, disaster: One day, Kohl found that her credit cards had been canceled and their bank account emptied. Bartolozzi had always been in charge of their finances, and now, confused and forgetful, he had ruined them.
It took two years and countless doctor's visits to arrive at a diagnosis, a costly delay on many levels. An earlier diagnosis would have given Bartolozzi a chance to understand what was happening to him and plan his future. It might have eased the ordeal for their daughters, now 15 and 18, who "spent their entire teen years watching this disease take their father from them," Kohl said.
With an earlier diagnosis, Kohl could have taken over managing finances before trouble struck, and made other preparations. The family could have spent more quality time together during the early stages of the illness, she said. Perhaps they could have visited Bartolozzi's native Italy while he was still able to enjoy such a trip.
Although Bartolozzi, now 53, is an unusually young Alzheimer's patient, older people also encounter difficulties getting a diagnosis, and suffer similar losses when the diagnosis comes late, said Dr. Brent P. Forester, chief of McLean Hospital's Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and a specialist in the behavioral complications of Alzheimer's and related dementias.
No single test proves that a person has Alzheimer's. Doctors diagnose it by assessing mental skills and memory, and ruling out other causes.
And when they know or suspect Alzheimer's, doctors are often hesitant to talk about it, feeling there's nothing to be done.
But patients and their families need to know as soon as possible, Forester said. In the early stages, patients can take medications that in some people slow the disease's progress, or enroll in a clinical trial of a experimental drugs. Relatives can ensure that the affected person is kept safe and isn't left with inappropriate responsibilities, such as managing finances.
And most critically, Forester said, the family can set about making the patient as comfortable as possible during an illness that could easily last a decade or more. They can find meaningful activities outside the home and learn how to manage the anxiety, depression, and agitation that frequently occur, for example.
"If we focus on quality of life, that's going to make a huge difference," Forester said.
Another provision of the law addresses hospital care. A key legislative champion of the bill, state Senator Barbara A. L'Italien, said she drew from her personal experience.
L'Italien took care of her mother, Claire Sullivan L'Italien, during the 10 years she lived with Alzheimer's, until her death in April. The senator recalled how upsetting it was for her mother to visit the hospital after breaking a shoulder and then a hip.
Medical staff, not understanding her condition, questioned her about her medical history. Unable to respond, she became so anxious that she lashed out, swinging at staff and trying to climb out of bed. "She would go from this normally mild-mannered person into this frenzied individual" — until subdued with strong antipsychotics, said L'Italien, an Andover Democrat and chairwoman of the Senate's Elder Affairs Committee.
"Our health care system is not set up to support a person who has memory loss and doesn't remember where they are or why they're there," L'Italien said.
The law now requires hospitals to be ready to care for such patients by October 2021. Patricia M. Noga, vice president of clinical affairs for the Massachusetts Health & Hospital Association, said that hospitals had already started working on their Alzheimer's plans even before the bill was finalized.
Meeting that requirement, however, will be arduous.
Margaret Foley, director of care management at Emerson Hospital in Concord, gave some examples of the changes ahead.
Emerson plans to post in each patient room a purple sheet giving staff information to help them interact with dementia patients. The sheet will list such items as the patient's nickname, her pet's name, her past, what makes her anxious, and what calms her down.
The hospital is also looking at ways to identify dementia patients when they arrive in the emergency room and find the best location for them, away from distressing noises.
Bigger challenges lie ahead, Foley said, when the hospital determines how to design rooms with lighting, colors, bathroom configurations, and other features that would keep dementia patients comfortable.


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Here you can find the last 12 media releases and other news published by the FDFA, such as statements, announcements and articles, in chronological order.
All media releases can be found on the Administarions's website.
News Service of the Federal Administration
Countries FDFA Selection Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic Congo, Republic Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenia Kiribati Korea, Democratic People's Republic Korea, Republic Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maledives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Authority Panama Papua-New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadine Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan (Taipei) Tajikistan Tansania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States of America Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City (Holy See) Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
Topic FDFA Selection ...others Agenda 2030 Concil of Europe culture Development Cooperation Development policy Diplomacy Economy Education Energy Environment European policy Financial centre Foreign policy Health Humanitarian Aid Human Rights International Humanitarian Law International Law International Organisations Migration Peace and Security Science and space travel Swiss abroad Switzerland – Host State Switzerland – NATO Switzerland – UN Transport
All news (3129)
Other news (298)
Object 3013 – 3024 of 3129
The 2009 Foreign Policy Report
23.09.2009 — Press release EDA
Key foreign policy objectives such as security and continued prosperity essentially depend on greater international co-operation and inherent strength of the international system. At the same time, international co-operation has become both more complex and demanding. The 2009 Foreign Policy Report, which was approved by the Federal Council on 2 September 2009, notes in response to such developments that a strong and active foreign policy is necessary to ensure that Switzerland can efficiently and effectively safeguard its interests in the international context. The report was transmitted to the Parliament on Tuesday (to the Foreign Policy Commissions). It will be published on 29 September in the Federal Gazette.
The President of the Russian Federation, Dimitri Medvedev, tours Central Switzerland
On the second day of his state visit to Switzerland, the President of the Russian Federation, Dimitri Medvedev visited the Suvorov Monument near Andermatt as a guest of the President of the Confederation, Hans-Rudolf Merz. In the final stage of the state visit, the two Heads of State travelled down the valley of the River Reuss in the Canton of Uri to the Federal Charter Museum in Schwyz. President Medvedev and his wife left Switzerland at the end of the afternoon.
First day of the state visit of the President of the Russian Federation, Dimitri Medvedev
On the first day of the state visit, the Federal Council headed by the President of the Confederation, Hans-Rudolf Merz, received the President of the Russian Federation, Dimitri Medvedev, in Bern. The official talks focused on the good state of bilateral relations, the world economic situation, as well as questions concerning international security. At the end of the talks, four co-operation agreements between the two countries were signed.
Delegation of the Federal Council to attend the United Nations General Assembly in New York
The general debate of the 64th General Assembly of the United Nations opens on 23 September 2009. It will last until 30 September 2009 and will be attended by Heads of State and Government, as well as by ministers from over 190 UN member states. The President of the Confederation, Hans-Rudolf Merz, and the Head of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Micheline Calmy-Rey, will represent Switzerland at the general debate. On 22 September 2009, Moritz Leuenberger, Head of the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC), will participate in a high-level meeting convened by the UN Secretary General to discuss the issue of climate change.
Swiss candidate for the presidency of the United Nations General Assembly: former Federal Councillor Joseph Deiss
The Federal Council has decided to present former Federal Councillor Joseph Deiss as a candidate for the presidency of the 65th United Nations General Assembly from September 2010 to September 2011. Mr Deiss has declared his willingness to stand as a candidate.
State visit by the Russian President, Dmitry Medvedev on 21 and 22 September 2009
The President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry A. Medvedev and his spouse Svetlana V. Medvedeva, will make a state visit to Switzerland on 21 and 22 September 2009.
International Bioterrorism Response Coordination Exercise (Black Ice II)
On September 7-8, 2009, the United States Government and the Government of Switzerland co-hosted an International Bioterrorism Response Coordination Exercise (called "Black ICE II") in Montreux, Switzerland. This two-day tabletop exercise was an opportunity for officials from numerous international and regional organizations and national governments to examine the critical cooperation and coordination issues that would be necessary to respond to an international bioterrorism attack. Black ICE II built on the lessons learned through the original Black ICE exercise, also held in Montreux, in September 2006.
Switzerland accredits an ambassador to ASEAN
Switzerland today accredited an ambassador to ASEAN, the South-East Asian community of states. The Swiss ambassador to Indonesia and Timor-Leste, Bernardino Regazzoni, handed over his accreditation papers to ASEAN General Secretary Dr. Surin Pitsuwan on 4 September 2009.
Meeting between the head of the FDFA and Kofi Annan
Today, Federal Councillor Micheline Calmy-Rey received the former UN Secretary-General and Nobel peace prize winner, Kofi Annan, for talks in Bern.
World Climate Conference-3 Establishes a Global Framework on Climate Services
World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3), which has brought together from 31 August to 4 September 2009, in Geneva, Switzerland, more than 2000 climate scientists, sectoral experts and decision-makers today established a Global Framework for Climate Services "to strengthen production, availability, delivery and application of science-based climate prediction and services."
WCC-3: Working to make climate services available to all
Experts and politicians from around the world are meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, this week to ensure that the current and future generations have access to the climate predictions and information necessary for various socio-economic sectors to cope with climate variability and change. This will be done in particular by identifying the key components required for a Global Framework for Climate Services.
President Merz to receive Kyrgyz Prime Minister Chudinov
On 30 June President Merz will receive the Kyrgyz Prime Minister Igor Chudinov for a courtesy call in Bern. In the meeting, the cooperation between the two countries in the Bretton Woods Institutions will be discussed, along with bilateral relations. Switzerland and Kyrgyzstan belong to the same constituency in the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In addition, current topics such as the financial crisis and prospects for the global economy will also be on the agenda.
Switzerland takes part in the Holocaust Era Assets Conference in Prague
An international conference on assets stolen during the Shoah will bring together 49 government delegations in Prague from today until 30 June. A Swiss delegation will participate in this conference.
Arrest of a human rights activist in China
Switzerland is concerned about the formal arrest on 24 June 2009 of the human rights activist Liu Xiaobo, who has been in detention since December 2008. He is one of the signatories of the Charter 2008, which calls on China to continue the process of political reform.
Official working visit by the Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov
Federal Councillor Micheline Calmy-Rey, head of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, has received today Sergei Lavrov, the Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation, in Bern for an official working visit. Their talks centred on bilateral questions and current international issues.
Agreement on goods controls and customs security between Switzerland and the EU: opening of consultation procedure
The Federal Council today decided to open consultation proceedings on the agreement between the EU and the Swiss Confederation on the waiving of checks and formalities in goods transport and on customs security measures. The agreement is designed to prevent new barriers to trade with the EU and replaces and supplements the existing agreement on goods controls of 1990. It will apply provisionally from 1 July 2009. The Agreement will be signed tomorrow, on June 25, in Brussels.
Human trafficking: exchange of experience between experts from Hungary and Switzerland
Human trafficking does not stop at national borders, which means that international cooperation is essential to efficiently combat and to prevent human trafficking and to protect victims. The FDFA, working in close cooperation with the International Organization for Migration IOM in Berne, holds twice-yearly round tables for foreign experts. These talks enable participants to cultivate contacts, to share experiences and to strengthen cooperation. The three-year series of round tables on human trafficking opened yesterday with talks between Swiss experts and a delegation from Hungary.
The Federal Council concludes a Host Country Agreement with the GAVI Alliance (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization)
On 23 June 2009, Ambassador Paul Seger, Director of the Directorate of Public International Law, signed on behalf of the Federal Council, a Host country Agreement with the GAVI Alliance (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization). On the part of the GAVI Alliance, the Agreement was signed by Mr. Julian Lob-Levyt, the GAVI Alliance's Executive Secretary.
Official working visit to Budapest by Federal Councillor Micheline Calmy-Rey
Federal Councillor Micheline Calmy-Rey, head of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA), travelled to Budapest today to meet her new Hungarian counterpart, Péter Balázs, for an official working visit. The focus of their talks was on bilateral relations and co-operation between the two countries in international organisations, European co-operation and current international issues. A declaration of intent was also signed during this visit.
Ambassador Peter Maurer elected as president the Budget Committee of the UN General Assembly
On 10 June 2009, Ambassador Peter Maurer, head of the Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations in New York, was elected as president of the 5th. Committee of the 64th UN General Assembly. This is the first time that Switzerland has presided over one of the main committees of the United Nations General Assembly.
Enlargement contribution to Bulgaria and Romania: Federal Council sends dispatch to parliament
On 5 June 2009 the Federal Council sent the Dispatch on the Credit Facility for the Enlargement Contribution in favour of Bulgaria and Romania to parliament. Switzerland's contribution to reducing economic and social disparities totals CHF 257m over a five-year period.
Switzerland to take part in world exhibition 2012 in South Korea
The Federal Council has decided that Switzerland will take part in the category B world exhibition in Yeosu, South Korea, in 2012. Switzerland has accepted the invitation that it officially received from South Korea in a diplomatic note dated 3 February 2009.
Switzerland welcomes the adoption of a programme of work at the Geneva Disarmament Conference (last modification, the 04.06.2009)
The 65 members of the Geneva Disarmament Conference (CD) today adopted a programme of work by consensus. Switzerland welcomes this development, which is important for Geneva's role as a venue for international disarmament negotiations.
Object 277 – 288 of 298
Fragile states: Adapting and enhancing commitment
Approximately 1.5 billion human beings live in states which are fragile or affected by conflict. They number among the most disadvantaged populations on our planet. The complexity of the situation in which these people find themselves makes it necessary for development cooperation to modify and adapt its mode of action. If the Swiss Parliament approves the Federal Council's Message on Switzerland's International Cooperation 2013-2016, the SDC will be able to substantially increase the aid it provides to fragile states.
Repatriation and reintegration of Afghan refugees
The aim of the International Conference on Afghan Displacement, held in Geneva on 2-3 May 2012, was to find sustainable solutions for Afghan refugees. The new strategy endorsed by the conference primarily supports voluntary repatriation, sustainable reintegration and assistance to host countries. The conference can be regarded as a success for Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan in view of the support pledged by the international community, and for Switzerland as the host country and facilitator for implementation of the new strategy.
Pro Humanitate prize for the Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit and Toni Frisch
The Pro Europa Foundation honours the Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit (SHA) and its longstanding director, Toni Frisch, with the Pro Humanitate prize.
Annual Report 2011 SECO/SDC on Switzerland's contribution to EU enlargement
The approval process for projects within the frame of the Switzerland's Enlargement Contribution unfolded in a satisfactory manner. The number of definitively approved projects virtually doubled in comparison with last year. Numerous projects that had been approved in the previous years were able to be further implemented according to plan.
Breakthrough in the fight against poverty and in gaining access to safe drinking water
The World Bank and the United Nations have good news: The number of people living in extreme poverty has halved since 1990 and, in the same period, an additional two billion people now have access to safe drinking water. With this, two Millennium Development Goals have been met before the 2015 deadline.
From the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne to the Irrawaddy delta in the south of Myanmar
After completing his architectural studies at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) and getting his first professional experience abroad, Mikhail Broger, 35, joined the Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit in 2011. In October of the same year, he was sent to the south of Myanmar on his first mission.
New film about the SDC
Behind the scenes: insight into the structure and activities of the SDC
What contribution does Switzerland actually make to alleviating poverty, to sustainable development and to solving environmental problems? How is the SDC organised? These are some of the questions that are answered in a series of short films. SDC personnel talk about their day-to-day work both in Switzerland and abroad, while SDC Director-General, Martin Dahinden, explains the role that development cooperation plays. The SDC offers a behind-the-scenes look at its activities.
Switzerland sends search and rescue specialists to Pakistan
Last Saturday, an avalanche buried a Pakistani military camp situated at an altitude of above 4570 metres near the Siachen glacier in the north of the country. According to Pakistani army sources, 124 soldiers and 11 civilians have been trapped under the avalanche. At the request of the Government of Pakistan, Switzerland sent three rescue experts to the scene of the accident on Monday. Switzerland has an international reputation for its search and rescue expertise in high mountains. The Humanitarian Aid of the Swiss Confederation is co-ordinating the mission.
Sahel: a humanitarian disaster can still be averted
Food crisis in West Africa
In the Sahel region of West Africa more than 10 million people are facing serious food shortages due to the 2011 drought and the after-effects of the 2010 food crisis. Drawing from the experiences made in the Horn of Africa, Switzerland and other donors have reacted quickly in order to avert famine.
The challenge of chronic diseases
18-20 April 2012, Geneva Health Forum
Chronic diseases are a major challenge for our health systems: they are the principal cause of death in the world and account for 75% of health-care costs in the world. The Geneva Health Forum examines innovative solutions to confront this problem. This international conference has been organised by the University Hospitals of Geneva and the Medical Faculty of the University of Geneva with the support of the SDC.
Switzerland's water footprint is measured for the first time
The SDC, WWF together with the interdepartemental goup IDANE Wasser, have published the first ever report on Switzerland's water footprint. Finding: 82% of the water required to produce all the goods and services consumed in our country comes from abroad. The report emphasises that Switzerland has a shared responsibility in respect of sustainable water management on a planetary level, and proposes a set of recommendations.
Projet de rapport sur la diversité culturelle en Suisse
En ratifiant la Convention de l'UNESCO sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles, la Suisse acceptait d'établir tous les quatre ans un rapport sur la situation nationale en matière de diversité culturelle. Le premier d'entre eux sera livré en avril 2012.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<title>org.tensorics.core.iterable.lang Class Hierarchy (tensorics-core API)</title>
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Hierarchy For Package org.tensorics.core.iterable.lang

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org.tensorics.core.quantity.lang.QuantityExpressionSupport<V>

org.tensorics.core.iterable.lang.QuantityIterableExpressionSupport<V>

org.tensorics.core.quantity.lang.QuantitySupport<V>

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org.tensorics.core.scalar.lang.ScalarExpressionSupport<V>

org.tensorics.core.iterable.lang.ScalarIterableExpressionSupport<V>

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← Yumekui Merry Chapter 43 Released!
Cyclops Shoujo Saipu Chapter 17 Released!
Here it is, chapter 17!
I tried a new way of cleaning saipu; tell me if you like this version over the other ones that I did before!
5 Responses to Cyclops Shoujo Saipu Chapter 17 Released!
I liked this new clean version.


Moisture deficits are evident, grass growth has come to a halt and many farmers have been forced to utilise their winter forage stocks.
As feed reserves for the winter are now being used, farmers are beginning to turn their attentions to using other alternatives such as wholecrop silage. Wholecrop is a good alternative forage and a useful complementary forage for grass silage.
Wholecrop silage is relatively easy to preserve, however, as it contains a higher starch and sugar content, it is vulnerable to aerobic spoilage. It is fundamental to ensure that the quality in the field makes it to feedout, therefore a focus must be placed on the ensiling process.
"In order to optimise the quality of your wholecrop silage, target harvesting when dry matter is 35-40% with a chop length of 3-5cm" states Agritech Techincal Director, Seamus O'Slatarra.
For ease of application, Ensile Bio is available as granular powder or sachet for liquid application.
For more information, contact your local Agritech distributor.


text:
#pragma once

#include "envoy/api/v2/core/grpc_service.pb.h"
#include "envoy/common/pure.h"

#include "common/config/datasource.h"

#include "grpc++/grpc++.h"

namespace Envoy {
namespace Grpc {

/**
 * Interface for all Google gRPC credentials factories.
 */
class GoogleGrpcCredentialsFactory {
public:
  virtual ~GoogleGrpcCredentialsFactory() {}

  /**
   * Get a ChannelCredentials to be used for authentication of a gRPC channel.
   *
   * GoogleGrpcCredentialsFactory should always return a ChannelCredentials. To use CallCredentials,
   * the ChannelCredentials can be created by using a combination of CompositeChannelCredentials and
   * CompositeCallCredentials to combine multiple credentials.
   *
   * @param grpc_service_config contains configuration options
   * @return std::shared_ptr<grpc::ChannelCredentials> to be used to authenticate a Google gRPC
   * channel.
   */
  virtual std::shared_ptr<grpc::ChannelCredentials>
  getChannelCredentials(const envoy::api::v2::core::GrpcService& grpc_service_config) PURE;

  /**
   * @return std::string the identifying name for a particular implementation of
   * a Google gRPC credentials factory.
   */
  virtual std::string name() const PURE;

protected:
  grpc::SslCredentialsOptions buildSslOptionsFromConfig(
      const envoy::api::v2::core::GrpcService::GoogleGrpc::SslCredentials& ssl_config) {
    return {
        .pem_root_certs = Config::DataSource::read(ssl_config.root_certs(), true),
        .pem_private_key = Config::DataSource::read(ssl_config.private_key(), true),
        .pem_cert_chain = Config::DataSource::read(ssl_config.cert_chain(), true),
    };
  }

  std::shared_ptr<grpc::ChannelCredentials>
  defaultSslChannelCredentials(const envoy::api::v2::core::GrpcService& grpc_service_config,
                               bool allow_insecure = true) {
    const auto& google_grpc = grpc_service_config.google_grpc();
    std::shared_ptr<grpc::ChannelCredentials> creds = nullptr;
    if (allow_insecure) {
      creds = grpc::InsecureChannelCredentials();
    } else {
      creds = grpc::SslCredentials(grpc::SslCredentialsOptions());
    }
    if (google_grpc.has_channel_credentials() &&
        google_grpc.channel_credentials().has_ssl_credentials()) {
      return grpc::SslCredentials(
          buildSslOptionsFromConfig(google_grpc.channel_credentials().ssl_credentials()));
    }
    return creds;
  }
};

} // namespace Grpc
} // namespace Envoy


Over the past two decades, the biotechnology industry has developed a spectrum of biologic drugs, changing the way the world looks at medicine. Many of these expensive biologics have successfully altered standard of care for several difficult-to-treat conditions including cancer. The increased acceptance of biologic drugs as mainstay therapies has also led to the need for more-affordable versions called "biosimilars." The World Health Organization defines a biosimilar products as similar to biologics in terms of quality, safety and efficacy to an already-licensed reference bio-therapeutic product.
Central to our approach to establishing biosimilarity is a drug characterization strategy that compares the biosimilar with the reference product on analytical, functional and quality measures. This detailed comparison forms the basis for reduced data requirements at the non-clinical and clinical level. It also lets us develop robust processes, eliminating differences that may potentially have a functional impact. This strategy sequentially reduces uncertainty of potential differences in efficacy, safety and outcome when used in patients.
Our R&D capability in Biologics is exemplified by a number of firsts in the biosimilar field. Dr. Reddy's launched the first biosimilar filgrastim (G-CSF) in India, followed by the first biosimilar MAb (Rituximab) in the world in 2007, the first biosimilar darbepoetin alfa in the world in 2010 and first & only single source peg-filgrastim in 2011. We also have filed 2 Active Investigational drug application (INDs) with the US FDA.
We are able to achieve these firsts because of our end-to-end capabilities and an integrated research organization connecting Hyderabad, Princeton and Basel. This integrated organization gives us significant competitive advantage in product and clinical development, global regulatory affairs, manufacturing and commercialization.


find back the tone from ac/dc with this plexi distortion pedal !
as malcolm young said "nobody would pay attention to anything that was going on until you kicked them right in the teeth with it. », it is in this spirit that the high voltage was designed, a plexi distortion pedal that strongly smash publics' face. thanks to his bass killer switch, the chords are powerful and they easily stand out in the mix! this is the end of sticky and fuzzy distortions which drool everywhere. only good sound, dynamics and energy.
it is from this perspective that the anasounds team, advised by fans of ac/dc, developed this new pedal. at first, the sound was supposed to be close from a marshall plexi pushed to 11 but finally they made a frequency analysis of « it's a long way to the top (if u wanna rock'n'roll) » from the album high voltage. the chords of the intro are so powerful, so clear and so recognizable, that it was time to launch a pedal that finds back their tone more easily.
do not be mistaken, with all the available pots and trimpots, it is also very easy to create its own tone!
regarding controls, you will find the classic gain pot, which starts from a slight transparent overdrive and finishes on a very powerful distortion, accompanied by humbuckers. obviously, we do not speak about a big metal compression/tone, but rather of a plexi amp pushed up to its cuttings off or even of a jcm800 which begins to roar.
the second pot sets the output volume, this simple but so effective element offers near from 40v of dynamics. we suggest to use it pushed to 11, with less gain, and you will understand what we like.
finally, the tone control of this distortion was a real subject for anasounds. a classic distortion often takes all the frequencies and amplify them without selection. in that case, unfortunately bass will drool, the trebles will smash your eardrums and you are finally lost in the mix. this is why the tone pot is accompanied by a bass switch that allows you to cut the bass, then you easily stand out in the mix. we are also if we want to add bass, for an impressing sensation at low volume, or to play home for example!
to finish, the magic trimpot of voicing is always present, allowing to get more modern saturation or to have a warmer and vintage sound.
it is accompanied by a treble cut switch which is activated by default. because when you listen to malcolm's song, there is nothing over 4khz!


text:
Kim Wilde at Birmingham Town Hall
Home > Birmingham > Bands | Concerts | Music | Music Venues | Shows
by Andy Coleman (subscribe)
I'm a freelance writer living in Birmingham. I like Classic Rock, 70s pop music, football and interviewing celebrities. Follow me on Twitter: @andycoleman9
Event: 21/04/2018
Here Come The Aliens tour reaches Birmingham
Can it really be 37 years since a fresh-faced Kim Wilde burst onto the music scene with the worldwide hit single Kids In America? Yes it can – and the good news is that Kim, at the age of 57, is still recording new tunes. The even better news is that she is undertaking her first British headlining tour in nearly 30 years, visiting Birmingham Town Hall on April 21, 2018.
New tunes: Kim Wilde (pic: Steve Ullathorne)
Kim has recently released a new album, Here Come The Aliens, preceded by two singles, Pop Don't Stop and Kandy Krush.
A true family affair, Here Come The Aliens was largely co-written by Kim and brother Ricky (who produced the record) and also features her niece Scarlett, who has played in the band for a decade and contributes vocals and songs to the album. The multi-talented Scarlett is also responsible for the album's artwork.
"Ricky and I share the same passion for pop," says Kim. "We grew up together with the same influences, we speak the same language when it comes to all things musical. Some love affairs never die and our love affair with pop continues to this day, stronger than ever in fact."
Kim followed Kids In America with some of the most memorable hits of the '80s including Chequered Love, Cambodia, You Keep Me Hangin' On, You Came, Never Trust A Stranger and Four Letter Word. She supported Michael Jackson on his Bad tour in Europe and David Bowie on his 1990 European Greatest Hits stadium tour.
The '90s saw Kim continue in the spotlight with the albums Love Moves and Love Is featuring singles including Love Is Holy and the Bee Gee's classic If I Can't Have You from The Singles Collection 1981-1993.
In the spotlight: Kim Wilde
After a break from music to get married, have children and re-discover a love for gardening, Kim returned to playing live in 2001 with various festivals and tours including Australia in 2003, before signing to EMI in Germany in 2006 and releasing the Never Say Never album.
After several chart successes with the singles from the album, Kim and her band took to the road, performing more than 50 shows in 2007, including two tours and various festivals in 2008. The year 2009 saw another European tour, followed by the Come Out And Play album in 2010, which went top 10 in Germany and Switzerland and was followed by a sell-out European tour. In 2011 Snapshots, Kim's album of her favourite cover versions, was released.
In 2013 she released the Wilde Winter Songbook album, which featured her favourite Christmas and winter-inspired songs, both cover versions and original material. In 2015 and 2016 there were festival appearances across Europe, plus tours of Holland and a tour of Australia with Howard Jones.
On stage: Kim Wilde
"I've played more in the past 15 years than I did in the first two decades of my career," says Kim. "My band and I have headlined several tours abroad, but this is the first one for almost 30 years at home. Our fans know that they have a very special place in my heart and I cannot wait to see them all up close and personal."
Kim Wilde 2018 UK tour dates:
April 13: Plug, Sheffield;
April 15: Barbican, York;
April 16: The Sage, Gateshead;
April 19: The Victoria Theatre, Halifax;
April 20: Opera House, Buxton;
April 21: Town Hall, Birmingham;
April 22: City Hall, Salisbury;
April 24: The White Rock Theatre, Hastings;
April 26: Koko, London;
April 30: The Lowry, Salford.
Venue: Birmingham Town Hall
subscribe to Andy Coleman's articles
Why? New album and tour from the ageless Kim Wilde
When: Touring until April 30, 2018. Birmingham show is on April 21
Website: www.kimwilde.com
Where: Birmingham Town Hall and touring
Cost: £27.50 - £35 plus fees
Bands (subscribe)
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text:
Mohammad Ali Najafabadi (; * 1949) ist ein iranischer Geistlicher, Politiker und Diplomat im Ruhestand.

Werdegang
Während des Exils von Ruhollah Chomeini in Paris übersetzte er dessen Reden ins Arabische.
In den Legislaturperioden von 1981 bis 1984 und von 1984 bis 1988 war er Vertreter des Wahlkreises Teheran im Madschles. In dieser Zeit war er Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär im Außenministerium.

Von 1. September 1989 bis 1990  war er Botschafter in Abu Dhabi.

Von 1992 bis 1994 war er Botschafter in Riad (Saudi-Arabien).

Einzelnachweise

Iranischer Botschafter in den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten
Iranischer Botschafter in Saudi-Arabien
Iraner
Geboren 1949
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


On the eve of the release of her second album, "Fearless," which is due Nov. 11 on Big Machine Records, multi-platinum country star Taylor Swift shared her thoughts on a variety of topics with Billboard.com.
This is my life's goal, to have a song on "Grey's Anatomy." It's one of the songs that I am really proud of on the record because it's so sparse: it's just guitar, piano and cello. It talks about falling in love and the fairy tales that you are going to have with this person, and then there is that moment where you realize that it is not going to happen. That moment is the most earth-shattering moment. You should've seen tears streaming down my face when I got the phone call that they were going to use that song on "Grey's." I have never been that excited.
The coolest moment for me was after the ACM performance where I was performing in water, looking down into the crowd and after I saw George Strait, I noticed that everybody was giving me a standing ovation. I was like "Are you kidding me?" A lot of people have asked me what I was thinking, because I looked so crazy. And that is exactly what I was thinking, "George Strait just gave me a standing ovation."
It is important to have a say. It is a privilege and an honor and it rocks.
It was really, really fun because I didn¹t have to act. I was playing myself and just playing music, which is what I do every night. I actually wrote the very last song [entitled "Crazier."] Miley sings it.
My immediate goal right now is to plan the best headlining tour that I can possibly plan. I am taking months this year to plan because it is the first time that I am going out on my own.
It is really important to balance on the fine line of being in control and maintaining control, but never being a tyrant and never being somebody in the organization that people don't like. I want my whole band and crew to feel like they are in the best place that they can possibly be. I took my whole band to Hawaii for nine days with their families. It was amazing. They have become my family and they are very fun.
I don't like anything to go out the door without me approving it first, which really takes a toll on you, because you are making 500,000 decisions a day, but that is the position that I want to be in. I don't want there to be a mistake made and I had nothing to do with the planning of that idea.
I have a mantra that I say to myself and it's simple: "You wanted this." Because it is the truth. And yeah, I would much rather people write about my music than my personal life, but there is not much that you can do.


text:
Eat Sleep Breathe Music
All Music, All The Time, It's Our Obsession
Rocking Under The Radar
Song of the Day: "Expected To Fly" by Liz Brennan
Leave a Comment	/ Song of the Day / By ESBM / October 26, 2016 October 25, 2016
Today's song is "Expected To Fly" by Liz Brennan. Combining her classical background with her penchant for pop and rock, the New York City based songstress has created her own sound dubbed as "demented pop" which has been called "…catchy as hell, but also on the darker side" by The Prelude Press.
Her music is only surpassed by her ferocious vocals and whimsical lyrical content. Taking influences from her own life she sings about her struggle to portray a burn victim character on "Law and Order," her counterattack against the mundane cardigan culture, her decision to allow transvestite hitchhikers to drive her mother's new car, and her caricature of the typical party life.
Reminiscent of Fleetwood Mac, on this track Liz Brennan showcases her powerful vocals against jubilant piano melodies. As you listen to the track you can visualize the pain and excitement; the carefreeness of youth and the sadness of growing up. Liz Brennan crafts an authenticity with her music that produces chills and goosebumps.
"Expected to Fly" was produced by Kevin Killen (Elvis Costello, Peter Gabriel) and comes from Brennan's forthcoming EP.
Listen below and for more information check out her official website, Facebook, and Twitter pages.
Welcome to ESBM!
We are a music blog based in the Tri-State area. We are music lovers obsessed with music and sharing what we love with you. Check out our and featured music news, interviews, reviews, videos, and songs of the day.
Eat Sleep Breathe Music is also a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Learn more about our disclosure statement here.
Copyright © 2022 Eat Sleep Breathe Music | Privacy Policy | Terms | Disclaimer| Home
We use cookies to optimize our website and our service. Learn more about this in our disclaimer and privacy policy, and Terms pages


1937 – Coco Chanel. The legendary fashion female use double C shocked the world, and this time she is 54 years old and wear a little black dress in Paris studio.
1930 – Jean Harlow, we need to have to say, old wine are best, the more time the more taste, little black dress collocation is united star jean harlow, invincible.
1946 – Rita Hayworth, exquisite vintage big waves, willow bending,tight a little black dress, the most critical is the long black gloves, and it smiled, awesomeness.
1959 – Marilyn Monroe wearing a little black dress in the movie Heat "Like It Hot" passionate performances.
1961 – Audrey Hepburn, the originator of the little black dress,it is this "Breakfast at Tiffany's" made a star of Givenchy.
1962 – Elizabeth Taylor, by virtue of "Suddenly Last Summer"get David Film Awards, she is no doubt to choose this elegant little black dress to attend the ceremony.
1963 – Tippi Hedren, the stars of the last century, it is too strong, without any modification of the conditions of the picture, their beauty is completely natural, Tibi Hedren is wearing this a little black dress murder so many film.
1968 – Brigitte Bardot, it is have to admire the excellent fashion sense stars, the Brigitte Bardot will wear a little black dress on the outside, with a black jackboot is still very fashion .
1991 – Winona Ryder, she and Johnny Depp get together in the forty-eighth session of the Academy Awards, who can not forget their sensational romance love,teen idol with a naughty look serious and Depp proud look, I know how much he loved her. This little black deep V dress make her look like a princess.
1994 – Princess Diana. Wearing Christina Stamboulian's a little black dress visits in London. The elegant little black dress with a princess diamond necklace is so beautiful.
1995 – Helena Christensen who wearing a little black dress on the catwalk of Paris Fashion Week.
1998 – Victoria Beckham and David at the Rookery Hall Hotel announced their engagement, she choose the classic little black dress to record the particularly important day.
2004 – Jennifer Aniston and then husband Brad Pitt attend the movie "Troy" premiere, months after two people go their separate ways. Then look at the her smile, I do not know what she thought of her looks in today.
2009 – Michelle Obama and President Obama attend the NATO summit. The first lady is seems a little "strong", in particular she stand together with the president, but this little black dress chosen very successful, the bubble hem design allows the first lady's waist looks more slender, while the lace make the lady looks more youthful and lively.
2010 – Carla Bruni, how can mention little black dress made no mention of France's first lady? For the first lady who was supermodel yet, she is always with little black dress to increase her gas field, she meeting the African first ladies in Paris.
2011 –Lady Gaga is absolutely unexpected in every time, the Gaga imitation the Audrey Hepburn's classic style which is in "Holly Golightly of Breakfast At Tiffany", but you is not inconceivable that she imitate?
This entry was posted in celebrities and tagged A little black dresses on September 15, 2014 by admin.


The Cozy Escape: Sweet Potato, Chicken, and Spinach Wrap - Carbs, Fats, and Protein All-in-One!
Large wrap of your choice - I used the Flatout Multi-Grain with Flax flatbread wrap and I highly recommend you use this. The size is perfect, it's filling, and it's very healthy!
1 chicken cutlet, grilled and sliced - this is why I like grilling a bunch of chicken in the beginning of the week; you have it all ready to go!
Preparation: Grill chicken tenders or cutlet in advance. I seasoned mine with garlic powder, seasoned salt, lemon juice, basil, oregano, and pepper.
Preparation: In the microwave or oven, bake a whole sweet potato. The microwave method will work the fastest, especially if you want to make a quick wrap. This is what I do to "bake" my sweet potatoes in the microwave: rinse the sweet potato still in its skin very well and wipe dry. With a knife, poke holes all over the sweet potato. Place the sweet potato into the microwave and cook for 5 minutes. After the 5 minutes are up, flip the sweet potato upside-down and heat for another 3 minutes. The time it takes to soften the sweet potato depends on: the size of the sweet potato, the strength of your microwave, and the firmness of your sweet potato that you prefer. If this is the first time cooking your sweet potato in this way, test it out by microwaving it a few minutes at a time and checking its softness.
Heat olive oil in a skillet; when oil is hot, toss in onions and sauté until caramelized. Right before removing the onions, add in the spinach, garlic powder, and pepper, mixing everything together. Continue to sauté until the spinach wilts. Spread the hummus all over the wrap. Then, layer with the onion-spinach mixture. Top with sweet potato slices, grilled chicken slices, pico de gallo or tomatoes, and feta cheese. Wrap it all up nice and tightly. I put my wrap in the microwave and heated it for about a minute and a half to melt the cheese and everything together.
Enjoy your wrapped up complete meal!


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
\vspace{-0.15in}

The shared-nothing storage systems (SN-SS) accommodate a large number of storage servers for
high performance,
scalability,
availability, and fault-tolerance~\cite{ceph, glusterfs, echdfs}.
SN-SS such as GlusterFS~\cite{glusterfs} and Ceph~\cite{ceph} is widely employed in cloud storage due to multiple
properties:
(i)
it contains no central metadata bottleneck, so it is highly scalable,
(ii) storage servers are independent where a single storage server failure cannot crash the whole cluster, and
(iii)
it allows dynamic changes in the cluster, such as addition or removal of storage servers and can relocate
objects in the cluster to balance storage
utilization across the storage servers.

Deduplication (dedup) techniques are employed in cloud storage systems to increase storage efficiency.
There exist
several
studies on cluster-wide deduplication (dedup)~\cite{extreme, venti, probability, datadomain, dede, scalableinline, silo, hydrastor, probability, exact, primarysystor}. However,
direct adoption of such dedup techniques
on the SN-SS
violates the basic design constraints of
SN-SS.
For example,
A central dedup server approach using a single deduplication metadata management server~\cite{exact, venti, extreme, datadomain}
not only violate shared-nothing
properties of SN-SS but also
limit the scalability.
On the other hand,
a decentralized approach to distributing deduplication metadata management across multiple servers~\cite{scalableinline, hydrastor, EMC, dede, silo, probability, boafft, marknsweep} require additional hardware and software resource cost for multiple deduplication servers.
In order to reduce such additional cost, simple DB-sharding approach that embeds
the DB-shard of the whole dedup metadata database on each storage server has been proposed~\cite{exact}.
However,
this DB-sharding approach to SN-SS
suffers from inherited problems, i.e., to identify a duplicate chunk, the fingerprint lookup must be broadcasted to all DB-shards in the cluster.

Another challenging issue is deeply related to
storage rebalancing.
In SN-SS, the storage rebalancing is triggered whenever a change such as adding or deleting a storage server in cluster occurs. This rebalancing shuffles the chunks across the storage servers to evenly balance the space utilization across the storage servers in the cluster.
In this case, deduplication metadata must be updated for the new location of the chunk in the cluster.
However, this rebalancing incurs high metadata I/Os to renew DB-shards on each storage server.
Figure~\ref{fig:dbshard}(a)(b) illustrate these problems.

Deduplication also requires transactional level changes, where a complete object-based transaction is split into multiple small fixed or variable chunk-based transactions~\cite{exact}.
These changes, if not implemented carefully, can cause inconsistent data and deduplication metadata in the cluster in an event of storage server failures.
A recent study to address the consistency of reference counts is to use soft-update style metadata in a single disk-based file system~\cite{order}.
However, it is not directly applicable to distributed nature of SN-SS, where parallel I/Os are responsible to distribute chunks. Additionally, transaction ordering and delay operation require additional checkpointing and journaling overhead which is contrary to deduplication, i.e., space savings. The undo~\& redo logging can be employed but due to additional space overhead and fingerprint lookup latency, the storage cost increases.
Another effect of transaction failures in deduplication storage systems is
garbage chunks
of failed transactions.

\begin{figure}[!t]
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}c@{}}
			\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{./dbshard.eps} \\
		\end{tabular}
		\vspace{-0.1in}
		\caption{\small{(a) Traditional distributed DB sharding approach and (b) storage rebalancing issues in SN-SS such as Ceph~\cite{ceph} and GlusterFS~\cite{glusterfs}.
				Specifically, (b) illustrates the chunk relocation when a new server is added to the cluster.
		}}
		\label{fig:dbshard}
	\end{center}
	\vspace{-0.3in}
\end{figure}

To address the above-mentioned challenges in SN-SS,
we propose to build a scalable and consistent cluster-wide deduplication framework for SN-SS.
In particular, we use chunk's content fingerprint to avoid lookup broadcast issue in DB-shard and employ a tagged consistency approach to ensure the validity of deduplication metadata. This paper has following specific contributions:

\vspace{-0.03in}
\squishlist
\item
We employ database partitioning to handle deduplication metadata in a decentralized manner and preserve the shared-nothing property of SN-SS. We use the content-based fingerprint to distribute and locate the chunks in the cluster. Even if chunks are shuffled across the storage servers in the cluster, content-fingerprint is able to determine the exact location of the storage server responsible for storing the object and chunks.

\item
We aim to design asynchronous tagged consistency which ensures correct status of the transaction and deduplication metadata. Moreover, our partitioned deduplication metadata and tagged consistency aid in identifying garbage chunks and require no additional monitoring and journaling.

\item
We design and implement the proposed data deduplication in Ceph, a scale-out shared-nothing storage system~\cite{ceph} and evaluate our proposed ideas in real testbeds.
\squishend

\iffalse
However, throughput and capacity limitations of single disk-based solutions have led to the development of clustered deduplication systems~\cite{exact}.

The clusters equipped with such disk-based deduplication cannot fully eliminate the duplicate copies from the cluster. The placement or distribution of data objects is conducted based on fingerprint generated from object name in shared-nothing distributed architectures such as Ceph~\cite{Weil:2006:CSH:1298455.1298485} and GlusterFS~\cite{glusterfs}. So, there is high possibility two objects with different name but identical contents can be directed on two different storage devices.  Moreover, on disk-based deduplication, the storage devices manage deduplication metadata internally and do not share with other devices in the cluster. By doing so, it achieves high performance by reducing I/O traffic across the network connected storage devices, but cannot attain high space efficiency. Because two different devices hosting identical content is possible in disk-based deduplication when deployed in cluster enviornment. The same problems are identified in single disk file systems such as Btrfs~\cite{btrfs} and ZFS~\cite{ zfs} when used in cluster environment.

\textcolor{blue}{If we consider fair data distribution when 2 upto 8 disks are employed in cluster and duplicatie ratio is considered 80\% then, storage space saving efficiency obtained can be upto only 30\%. the motivation of our study is to gain maximum space savings while keeping benefits of disk-based deduplication, i.e., no increased I/O network traffic}

There are several studies focused on removing duplicates cluster-wide such as ~\cite{exact, hydrastor, dede, idedup, isieve, extreme, probability}. These studies show a tradeoff between performance and space savings and targets secondary and backup storage enivornments. HYDRAstor~\cite{hydrastor} is a distributed backup storage system which is content addressable and implements global data deduplication. DEDE~\cite{dede} is a decentralized host-driven inline block-level deduplication system designed for SAN clustered file systems. iDedup~\cite{idedup} is a recent study on primary data deduplication system that uses inline deduplication and trades off capacity savings (by as much as 30\%) for performance.

However, none of these studies consider the deduplication metadata consistency, whereas the importance of deduplication metadata is shown in recent studies~\cite{harmful, sdgen}. If metadata consistency is not maintained in deduplication, then it can lead storage system to an inconsistent state. In dedulication systems, incosistency can happen when transaction fails in the middle.
This inconsistency cause two major issues, first the invalid reference entries in fingerprint table and second, new incoming duplicate chunks can refer to this invalid entry. The second is more serious concern and can lead to data integrity issues.

\fi

\iffalse
\fi
\vspace{-0.15in}

\section{Cluster-wide Data Deduplication}
\label{design}
\vspace{-0.1in}

\subsection{Architecture Overview}
\label{overview}
\vspace{-0.1in}

The proposed cluster-wide deduplication is built on a shared-nothing distributed storage system.
Figure~\ref{fig:overview} shows the architecture design of cluster-wide deduplication.
Logically, the SN-SS is composed of clients, storage servers and no additional metadata servers and employs distributed-hash table (DHT) for data placement~\cite{ceph, glusterfs}.

\begin{figure}[!t]
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}c@{}}
			\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{./overview1.eps} & \\
		\end{tabular}
		\vspace{-0.15in}
		\caption{\small{

				Cluster-wide  deduplication based on DB-sharding and content-fingerprint based placement in SN-SS.
		}}
		\label{fig:overview}
	\end{center}
	\vspace{-0.35in}
\end{figure}

The client performs object name hashing and locates the storage server to write or read objects in the cluster.
Each storage server performs deduplication and stores data and metadata.
When storage server receives a write request (OSS 1 in Figure~\ref{fig:overview}), it is responsible for splitting the object into small fixed-size data chunks, computes the fingerprint for each chunk's content. Then, it redirects the data chunk
to storage server based on the computed fingerprint (OSS 4 in Figure~\ref{fig:overview}).

This fingerprint-based redirection frees from keeping the location of each data chunk in the storage system.
At this point, the storage server builds a mapping of the object and its data chunks' fingerprints
in DM-Shard (Deduplication Metadata Shard)
as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:overview} (OSS 1). We explain the DM-Shard in Section~\ref{dbshard} in detail.
The redirected chunks received on other storage servers (OSS 4 in Figure~\ref{fig:overview}) are treated in the following manner;
The chunk fingerprint lookup is made in CIT (Chunk Information Table) of DM-Shard, which is responsible for maintaining the fingerprint of data chunk, reference count and commit flag.
The reference count of a fingerprint shows the degree of references linked to it and commit flag is a tag to ensure the validity of the chunk (tagged consistency), i.e., whether the fingerprint is pointing to valid stored content in the storage server or content is missing from the storage server.
If chunk fingerprint exists and commit flag is valid, then
the reference count (RFC in CIT) increment is granted. Whereas, the non-existence of fingerprint is treated as a unique chunk. The data chunk is stored in the storage server and CIT entry is updated accordingly (OSS 4). This process is iterated for all the data chunks in parallel. When all the chunks are stored, then Object-Map (OMAP) entry is created (OSS 1) which defines the object layout such as, name, fingerprint and chunk list of the object. The write operation finishes, when all the data chunks, OMAP and CIT data structures are created.

The tagged consistency
guarantees the validity and correctness of all the CIT entries and data chunks in storage without additional logging and journaling. The DM-Shard and tagged consistency
together assist in identifying the garbages and orphan data chunks, i.e., remains of partially failed transactions. The chunk fingerprints with an invalid flag (Flag in CIT) are interpreted as garbage data chunks and collected periodically.

\vspace{-0.15in}

\begin{figure*}[!t]
	\centering
	\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}r@{}}
		\includegraphics[width=0.97\textwidth]{./dedupflow.eps} \\
	\end{tabular}
	\vspace{-0.15in}
	\caption{\small A complete write and read I/O transaction in cluster-wide data deduplication system. }
	\vspace{-0.2in}
	\label{fig:dedupflow}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Deduplication  Metadata Shard}
\label{dbshard}
\vspace{-0.1in}

We build a Deduplication Metadata Shard (DM-Shard)  as
shown in Figure~\ref{fig:overview} to effectively manage deduplication metadata.
The design decision to use distributed DM-Shard is to comply scalable and shared-nothing property of SN-SS. Every storage server in the cluster hosts a DM-Shard holding all the persistent data structures such as object layout information
and data chunk fingerprint.
Each shard keeps the unique information
of objects and data chunks in a separate data structure, i.e., Object Map (OMAP) and Chunk Information Table (CIT).

\squishlist
\item
{\em Object Map (OMAP):}
OMAP maintains the complete layout and reconstruction logic of an object, i.e., object name, object fingerprint, and list of data chunks. The OMAP data structure is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:overview}.
In DHT-based storage systems, an object is identified by hashing the object name, and if we do not maintain the hash of object, we cannot reconstruct the original object because we need all the chunks' fingerprint created from this object.
OMAP assists in read operations, where object fingerprint is given to lookup chunks belonging to a specific object.

\item
{\em Chunk Information Table (CIT):}
CIT maintains the performance-sensitive deduplication metadata. It includes data chunk fingerprint,
reference count and commit flag. All the lookup and reference update operations are possible via this data structure.
\squishend

The advantage to
keep different data structures is
manifold: i) to provide effective execution of fingerprint operation, i.e., lookup, increment/decrement, ii) reduced congestion on a single data structure when multiple I/Os access the data structure, iii) to avoid data chunk fingerprint lookup in case of the read request.

Both OMAP and CIT data structures are updated synchronously during a write operation to avoid concurrent lookups of identical fingerprints, which can result in storage inefficiency. We describe complete read and write I/O transaction with usage of OMAP and CIT in Figure~\ref{fig:dedupflow}.
For deduplication metadata replication and fault-tolerance, we rely on SN-SS because we store our DM-Shard in the storage server and is replicated like a normal object.

\vspace{-0.15in}
\subsection{Chunk Relocation and I/O Routing}
\label{shuffling}
\vspace{-0.1in}

SN-SS such as Ceph~\cite{ceph} and Gluster~\cite{glusterfs} distribute objects in a storage-balanced fashion. For instance, Ceph uses CRUSH algorithm~\cite{crush} to fairly distribute the storage load across the storage servers, when the cluster topology changes, e.g., a new storage server is added, removed or disk failure occurred.
The objects are relocated across the storage servers in order to balance the storage load in the cluster as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dbshard}(b).
This object and chunk relocation process is neglected in
all previous deduplication studies~\cite{scalableinline, hydrastor, exact, boafft}. In previous studies, the location of object and data chunks
is stored along with metadata, i.e., \textit{data chunk 1A is stored on server x and data chunk 1B is stored on server y}.
This type of deduplication metadata management suffers when chunks are relocated in the cluster because object and chunk location is lost. One solution can be; to transform
current self-balancing mechanism to update the deduplication metadata while relocating the objects and chunks,
but it entails complex implementation and a high number of I/Os for every object and chunk relocation to update the deduplication metadata.

\iffalse
\begin{figure}[!t]
	{
		\begin{center}
			\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}c@{}}
				\includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{./omni/relocation.eps}\\
			\end{tabular}
			\vspace{-0.15in}
			\caption{\small{Data chunks relocation in storage-balanced distributed system.}}
			\label{fig:relocation}
		\end{center}
		\vspace{-0.25in}
	}
\end{figure}
\fi

To determine the exact location of the data chunk and related DM-Shard across the cluster, we use the data chunk fingerprint.
The fingerprint can be obtained in two ways: i) to generate the fingerprint directly from the data chunk contents (write request approach), and ii) to obtain the data chunk fingerprint from OMAP using object name or object fingerprint (read request). The computed-fingerprint tells the storage server location responsible for storing the actual data chunk and the metadata shard (CIT).
This content-based placement relieves us from i) complicated location management for each data chunk, ii) modifications in existing self-balancing mechanism, and iii) frequent deduplication metadata updates. Another gain of this content-based placement is that we do not require to broadcast I/Os to all storage servers for fingerprint lookup, instead we send a single lookup I/O to only a single storage server.

\vspace{-0.15in}
\subsection{Asynchronous Tagged Consistency}
\label{tagedconsistency}
\vspace{-0.08in}

\iffalse
\begin{figure}[!t]
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}c@{}}
			\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{./omni/transaction.eps}\\
		\end{tabular}
		\vspace{-0.1in}
		\caption{{\small Write Transaction split scenario in deduplication.}}
		\label{fig:transaction}
	\end{center}
	\vspace{-0.1in}
\end{figure}
\fi

The deduplication metadata inconsistencies in distributed storage systems lead to data authenticity and integrity issues. For example, if an object transaction is split into multiple chunk-based transactions, and one of the small transactions fails. Then, in such case, the whole object transaction fails and two problems are likely to happen. First, an invalid reference fingerprint in DB-shard and second, garbage chunks left of the failed transaction. Worst of all, new incoming duplicate fingerprint increments the invalid reference entry, causing serious metadata inconsistency. Due to transactional modifications, a complicated transaction and rollback logic is required to make reference count consistent~\cite{marknsweep, physicalgarbage}.

To address
such consistency concern, we add a commit flag
to each data chunk entry which specifies the consistency state of the chunk, i.e., 0 or 1.
The flag with 0 is invalid chunk (missing from storage) and 1 is valid chunk (available in storage).
A simple approach is to add commit flag with object or chunk data structure and update the commit flag at transaction completion time.
However, this simple approach requires transaction lock and updates the flag synchronously which affects the scalability of the system.  To bypass such transaction lock, we propose an asynchronous thread-based consistency manager which runs on every storage server. All the incoming write I/Os registers to consistency manager. Once the I/O transaction completes, the consistency manager asynchronously updates the flag managed in CIT (Section~\ref{dbshard}). If a crash occurs in the middle of a transaction when data chunk is stored and commit flag is not updated, then, in such case, the chunk will be marked as garbage due to invalid commit flag value because transaction partially failed.
We explain the tagged consistency using two use cases.

{\em Unique Write:}
In this case, the object splits into multiple small chunks and stores the chunk on different storage servers based on data chunk fingerprint. Each fingerprint in CIT holds an invalid flag by default, i.e., 0. The consistency manager is notified of the received write operation.  Once the I/O finish, the flag is switched from invalid (0) to valid (1) asynchronously.

{\em Duplicate Write:} In duplicate write case, whenever a duplicate fingerprint wants to increment the reference count in CIT, it needs to check the flag as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dedupflow}. The fingerprint entries with a valid flag allow the reference count increment or decrement operations. If the flag is invalid and reference update is required. Then, the data chunk is required to perform an additional consistency check, to ensure the existence of data chunk in the storage server. We manage consistency check by simply getting data chunk attributes from the storage server just like a stat call in the file system. If the data chunk exists, we switch the flag to valid and conduct the reference operations. Otherwise, we first store the actual data chunk contents and then, switch the flag. This consistency check enables the presence of actual data and can repair the missing data chunks.

To claim free space consumed by garbage data chunks, we design and implement a garbage collection thread. The thread periodically collects the data chunk fingerprints with an invalid commit flag in CIT. It keeps the fingerprints for a pre-defined threshold. Once the threshold expires, the thread cross-match the collected FPs to CIT. This cross-matching is required to assess any change, in particular to
invalid fingerprints. If there is no change, then fingerprints along with data chunks are removed from the storage system. We do not use any additional journaling because it requires additional disk space. We claim that the proposed asynchronous consistency manager ensures the data and metadata accuracy even in case of failures and prevent the deduplication storage system from inconsistencies.

\section{Evaluation}
\label{eval}
\vspace{-0.15in}

{\bfseries {Implementation:}}
We implement the proposed cluster-wide deduplication framework in Ceph v10.2.3.
The DM-Shard,
consistency manager and garbage collector are embedded in each OSD (Object Storage Daemon).
We use the SHA-1 algorithm to generate
a data chunk fingerprint and pass the fingerprint to the CRUSH algorithm~\cite{crush}
to distribute the data chunks in the Ceph storage cluster.
We use SQLite~\cite{sqlite} as backend storage for DM-Shard.

{\bfseries {Testbed:}}
We configured the Ceph storage cluster with four Object Storage Servers (OSS)
equipped with two SSDs acting as Object Storage Daemons (OSD). The details of testbed are listed in Table~\ref{tab:testbed}.
We used the FIO~\cite{fio} benchmark with librbd/krbd support for evaluation by varying deduplication ratio and and number of client threads with a 500GB workload.
We compare the proposed cluster-wide deduplication technique with Baseline Ceph without deduplication and Ceph with a central server deduplication. We drop cache after every experiment and report the average of 5 iterations for each experiment.

\begin{table}[h]
	\centering
	\vspace{-0.1in}
	{\scriptsize
		\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
			\hline
			\rowcolor[gray]{.9}   \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{OSS (x4) \& Monitors (x3)}  \\
			\hline
			Processor & \makecell{Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2640 v4 \\@ 2.40GHz(10 cores)} \\
			\hline
			Memory & 32GB \\
			\hline
			Network & 10Gbps \\
			\hline
			OS & \makecell{CentOS 7.3.1611} \\
			\hline
			Storage & \makecell{Samsung SSD 850 PRO 256GB x 2 Per OSS} \\
			\hline

			\iffalse	\rowcolor[gray]{.9}\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Physical Client (x3)}  \\
			\hline
			Processor & \makecell{Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1231 v3 \\@ 3.40GH (4 cores)} \\
			\hline
			Memory & 32GB \\
			\hline
			OS & \makecell{CentOS 7.3.1611} \\
			\fi
			\hline
		\end{tabular}
	}
	\vspace{-0.1in}
	\caption{{\small Testbed setup.}}
	\label{tab:testbed}
	\vspace{-0.2in}
\end{table}

{\bfseries{Performance Analysis:}}
To analyze the performance penalty incurred by the proposed cluster-wide dedup, we use synthetic datasets generated via FIO~\cite{fio}. To clearly observe the performance overhead, we set the deduplication percentage to 0\% and use 8 client threads in FIO benchmark. Figure~\ref{fig:perf} (a) shows the bandwidth of all three approaches.
Our proposed partitioned metadata scales as much as baseline Ceph with respect to the increased chunk size. However, there is a certain performance overhead which is mainly derived from fingerprint computation and network overhead for small chunk-sizes. The fingerprint overhead can be further minimized by employing hardware-accelerator such as GPU for parallel fingerprint computation.

Next, we discuss the performance of cluster-wide dedup with respect to deduplication ratio as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:perf} (b). We set the chunk size to 512KB and use 8 client threads to
compare the central and
cluster-wide dedup approaches.
We observe both central deduplication and cluster-wide dedup approaches show limited performances to certain thresholds regardless of deduplication rate.
However, we see
the cluster-wide dedup performance is twice that of central dedup.
This improvement is basically due to scalable and distributed deduplication metadata management, which reduces the metadata I/O contention.
We do not observe notable performance improvement with cluster-wide dedup when dedup ratio varies because small data chunk I/Os are still directed over the network which are too small to show improvement if not stored on the storage server.

\begin{figure}[!t]
	\centering
	\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}c@{}}
		\includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{./performance.eps} &
		\includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{./dedup.eps}  \\
		\vspace{-0.1in}
		(a) {\scriptsize Performance Analysis} &
		(b) {\scriptsize Deduplication Ratio} \\
	\end{tabular}
	\vspace{-0.05in}
	\caption{\small Performance analysis.}
	\vspace{-0.2in}
	\label{fig:perf}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!t]
	\centering
	\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}c@{}c@{}c@{}c@{}}
		\includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{./threads.eps} &
		\includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{./consistency.eps} & \\
		\vspace{-0.1in}
		(a)  {\scriptsize{Scalability with Multiple Clients}} &
		(b) {\scriptsize Asynchronous Tagged Consistency} & \\
	\end{tabular}
	\vspace{-0.05in}
	\caption{\small Scalability and consistency analysis.
	}
	\vspace{-0.25in}
	\label{fig:expr}
\end{figure}

{\bfseries{Scalability Analysis:}}
To test the scalability, we use multiple client threads in FIO~\cite{fio}.
In Figure~\ref{fig:expr}~(a), we tend to show the impact of I/O contention created by multiple clients. We set the chunk size 512KB to benefit the counter approach, i.e., central dedup because single deduplication metadata DB becomes a bottleneck due to increased number of concurrent I/Os.
Figure~\ref{fig:expr}~(a) shows that, when the number of client threads is less, the cluster-wide dedup performance is high compared to central dedup even when there is no contention. This is because central dedup server is responsible for all the chunking and fingerprinting overhead. However, with the increased number of client threads, central dedup further degrades the performance.
It becomes worse when the number of client threads is 32, the central dedup bandwidth degrades
to 200MB. Whereas,
our cluster-wide deduplication approach shows scalability and improves the bandwidth with increasing number of client threads because CRUSH~\cite{crush} distributes the data chunks uniformly in a load-aware fashion to object storage servers and DM-Shard is distributed across all the object storage servers which overcome the possible chances of dedup metadata contention.

{\bfseries{Asynchronous Tagged Consistency:}}
In chunk-based consistency, the flag
is managed for each data chunk fingerprint, whereas in object-based consistency, the flag is stored at object granularity.  Figure~\ref{fig:expr}~(b) shows the bandwidth of different variant when employed. We see that, when chunk size is small, the performance is poor in both chunk and object-based consistency compared to asynchronous tagged consistency. However, when we increase the chunk size, the performance improves. The chunk-based consistency shows high performance overhead as compared to others. It is due to additional serialized number of I/Os required to switch flags. Whereas, in object-based consistency shows fair performance because only a single I/O is required to switch the flag but still degrades the performance more than 15\% compared to baseline cluster-wide deduplication. On the other hand, the asynchronous tagged consistency incurs negligible overhead compared to chunk and object-based consistency overhead. Because both chunk and object consistency approaches introduce a transaction lock which increases the I/O latency, whereas our approach switches the commit flags asynchronously without acquiring any transaction lock, hence no overhead is incurred.

\begin{table}[!t]
	\centering
	\scriptsize
	\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
		\hline
		\multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{Deduplication}} &
		\multicolumn{2}{c}{}{}{{}}{\textbf{\# of Disks}} &
		\multicolumn{2}{c|}{} \\ \cline{2-5}
		& 1 & 2 & 4 & 8 \\
		\hline
		{Cluster-wide Dedup Approach} & 85 & 85 & 85 & 85  \\
		\hline
		{Disk-based Dedup Approach}  & 85 & 77 & 65 & 61 \\
		\hline
	\end{tabular}
	\vspace{-0.1in}
	\caption{\small Deduplication space savings in percentage. }

	\label{tab:space}
	\vspace{-0.25in}
\end{table}

{\bfseries{Storage Efficiency:}}
We conduct this experiment to show the storage space efficiency of proposed cluster-wide dedup compared to local disk-based deduplication. To enable disk-based dedup, we configure Ceph cluster with BtrFS~\cite{btrfs} as backend disk file system with deduplication enabled. We use 100\% deduplication ratio and report the results in Table~\ref{tab:space}. We observe that disk-based dedup storage efficiency decreases with increasing number of disks. It is because disks are not aware of each other and cannot identify the duplicates stored on other disks.
Whereas,
cluster-wide dedup storage efficiency remains high irrespective of number of disks.

\vspace{-0.1in}
\section{Concluding Remarks}
\label{conc}
\vspace{-0.1in}

This paper presents a robust fault-tolerant, cluster-wide deduplication framework for shared-nothing storage systems. We design and implement a distributed deduplication metadata shard approach that uses the content hash of chunks
to avoid I/O
broadcasting and dynamic object relocation problems.
We also propose a tagged consistency approach which can
recover reference errors and lost data chunks in case of sudden storage server failures.
We implement the proposed ideas
on Ceph.
The evaluation shows that our proposed approaches support high scalability with minima performance overhead and high robust fault tolerance.
Our future work is to
minimize the fingerprint overhead and evaluation on a large-scale testbed with realistic datasets.

\vspace{-0.15in}

{\footnotesize \bibliographystyle{acm}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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