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Potential Climate Change Effects on the Habitat of Antarctic Krill in the Weddell Quadrant of the Southern Ocean
Simeon L. Hill ,
* E-mail: sih@bas.ac.uk
Affiliation British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Tony Phillips,
Angus Atkinson
Affiliation Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
Simeon L. Hill,
Simeon L. Hill Tony Phillips Angus Atkinson
Antarctic krill is a cold water species, an increasingly important fishery resource and a major prey item for many fish, birds and mammals in the Southern Ocean. The fishery and the summer foraging sites of many of these predators are concentrated between 0° and 90°W. Parts of this quadrant have experienced recent localised sea surface warming of up to 0.2°C per decade, and projections suggest that further widespread warming of 0.27° to 1.08°C will occur by the late 21st century. We assessed the potential influence of this projected warming on Antarctic krill habitat with a statistical model that links growth to temperature and chlorophyll concentration. The results divide the quadrant into two zones: a band around the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in which habitat quality is particularly vulnerable to warming, and a southern area which is relatively insensitive. Our analysis suggests that the direct effects of warming could reduce the area of growth habitat by up to 20%. The reduction in growth habitat within the range of predators, such as Antarctic fur seals, that forage from breeding sites on South Georgia could be up to 55%, and the habitat's ability to support Antarctic krill biomass production within this range could be reduced by up to 68%. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the effects of a 50% change in summer chlorophyll concentration could be more significant than the direct effects of warming. A reduction in primary production could lead to further habitat degradation but, even if chlorophyll increased by 50%, projected warming would still cause some degradation of the habitat accessible to predators. While there is considerable uncertainty in these projections, they suggest that future climate change could have a significant negative effect on Antarctic krill growth habitat and, consequently, on Southern Ocean biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Citation: Hill SL, Phillips T, Atkinson A (2013) Potential Climate Change Effects on the Habitat of Antarctic Krill in the Weddell Quadrant of the Southern Ocean. PLoS ONE 8(8): e72246. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072246
Editor: Howard I. Browman, Institute of Marine Research, Norway
Received: April 5, 2013; Accepted: July 7, 2013; Published: August 21, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Hill et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: SH was funded through the Natural Environment Research Council International Opportunities Fund grant NE/I029943/1. "Coordinating International Research on Southern Ocean Ecosystems: Implementation of the ICED Programme." The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Climate warming is already producing complex spatial and seasonal changes in the Earth's habitats and ecosystems [1], [2]. Warming is expected to increase significantly over the 21st Century [3], leading to ecosystem change and potentially severe socioeconomic consequences [4]. Observed changes in the Southern Ocean include localised sea ice loss [5] and increases in summer sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of 1°C over 5 decades near the western Antarctic Peninsula [6] and 0.9°C over 8 decades at South Georgia [7]. Previous studies have identified potential relationships between climate-related variables (sea temperature, ice cover and pH) and the recruitment, survival, growth and distribution of the crustacean Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba [8], [9], [10]. Antarctic krill is a characteristic species of the Southern Ocean and exists within a narrow band of cold temperatures (up to ∼5°C) [11], [12], [13]. It is an increasingly important fishery resource and a major prey item for a diverse suite of predators including whales, penguins, seals and fish [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19]. The role of Antarctic krill in supporting predators might be more significant than that of any comparable species elsewhere in the world's oceans [16].
Antarctic krill has an estimated biomass in excess of 2×108t [18], [20], about one-quarter of which is concentrated in about 10% of its total habitat area, specifically the Scotia Sea and southern Drake Passage (Fig. 1) [11], [12], [21]. This is where many air breathing vertebrates congregate to feed on Antarctic krill and rear offspring on islands such as South Georgia [18], [22]. For example, about 95%, 50% and 25% [23], [24], [25] of the global populations of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella), grey headed albatrosses (Thalassarche chrysostoma) and wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) breed at South Georgia where Antarctic krill constitute approximately 85%, 76% and 12% of their respective diets [15], [26]. Antarctic krill is also an abundant fishery resource which, according to the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, is underexploited [27]. The potential harvest from the Scotia Sea and southern Drake Passage is equivalent to 7% of current global marine fisheries production [28].
Figure 1. The distribution of Antarctic krill and the study area.
(A) The observed distribution of Antarctic krill (individuals.m−2 within each 5° longitude by 2° latitude grid cell, ND = no data, 0* = no Antarctic krill recorded in the available data) from [12]. (Inset & B) The study area, showing the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), which is bounded to the north by the Antarctic Polar Front and to the south by the Southern boundary of the ACC (Positions from [36]). The concentric distances from South Georgia (SG) indicate the approximate foraging ranges of representative predators of Antarctic krill: Antarctic fur seals (140 km), Wandering albatrosses (610 km) and Grey-headed albatrosses (1200 km). Areas north of 50°S (shaded grey) were not included in the study. Ant. Pen = Antarctic Peninsula, SO = South Orkney Islands, SSI = South Sandwich Islands.
It is important to evaluate how further environmental change might affect Antarctic krill and consequently the biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Southern Ocean. In this study, we examine some of these effects by assessing potential changes in the habitat's ability to support Antarctic krill growth. Growth represents the accumulation of resources within an individual or population and is therefore a valuable indicator of overall habitat quality [29]. Individual Antarctic krill can increase their body mass by up to a factor of four within a single growing season [20] and this production of new biomass supports predators and the fishery. We assess potential habitat changes over the 21st century by combining a statistical model of Antarctic krill growth [30] with projected SST changes from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) multi-model ensemble [31]. The statistical model links growth to body size, SST and food availability. We focus on the quadrant between 0° and 90°W (also known as the Weddell Quadrant [32]), which encompasses the Scotia Sea and southern Drake Passage, and we assess potential changes within the ranges of predators foraging from South Georgia in more detail.
Models and Metrics
An assessment of various models for evaluating Antarctic krill growth habitat on the basis of temperature [33] favoured the use of statistical models [30], [34]. These models are based on the observed growth rates of Antarctic krill caught in a wide range of environmental conditions. We used one such model [30], [12] that relates the daily increase in Antarctic krill length (daily growth rate: DGR, mm.d−1) to sea surface temperature (SST, °C), food availability indicated by chlorophyll-a concentration (CHL, mg.m−3), and starting length (L, mm): (1)
The following relationship, which was derived from the same data as equation 1 [30], converts individual Antarctic krill length (mm) to dry mass, M (mg): (2)
Previous studies [12], [20] have used equations 1 and 2 to estimate Gross Growth Potential (GGP) based on spatially-resolved, monthly averages of SST and CHL. GGP is the model-predicted dry mass of an individual Antarctic krill at the end of the summer growth season divided by its dry mass at the beginning of the season. GGP is therefore a unitless quantity that indicates the habitat's ability to support Antarctic krill growth.
The CMIP5 dataset [31] provides the results of climate simulations from multiple climate models. The variations in important factors such as greenhouse gases and aerosols which were used to drive simulations to 2005 were observed values, whereas simulations from 2006 were forced with Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). These RCPs include representations of potential changes to factors such as greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions and land-use, and are named according to projected radiative forcing in the year 2100 [35]. RCP2.6 has peak radiative forcing of ∼3 W.m−2 in the first half of the 21st century, falling to ∼2.6 W.m−2 by 2100. In this scenario, aggressive mitigation results in negative net greenhouse gas emissions by the end of the century. Under RCP4.5, greenhouse gas emissions rise until around 2040 before falling below those for the year 2000 by the end of the century, and radiative forcing stabilizes at ∼4.5 W.m−2 around 2100. Under RCP8.5, radiative forcing reaches 8.5 W.m−2 in 2100 and continues to rise [31], [35].
We used results from RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 to calculate projected 21st Century SST changes for the Southern Ocean in the longitudinal quadrant 0°W to 90°W. We define the Southern Ocean as the marine area south of the Antarctic Polar Front (position defined in [36], 2008 update available from: data.aad.gov.au/aadc/metadata/metadata_redirect.cfm?md = /AMD/AU/southern_ocean_fronts). We explored the implications of projected SST change for spatially-resolved GGP in the same quadrant for the area south of 50°S (the study area). 50°S is the northern limit of Antarctic krill distribution [11], [12].
We used equation 1 to calculate the length increase per week for summer growing seasons in the current (2002–2011) and projection (2070–2099) periods. These calculations used monthly averages of SST and CHL. For weeks that straddled two months, we used weighted averages of SST and CHL from those two months. We updated the Antarctic krill starting length at the beginning of each week and converted the initial and final lengths to dry mass using equation 2. We then divided final mass by starting mass to estimate GGP.
To estimate current GGP, we used monthly estimates of current SST based on observations [37], which we label . Subscript o indicates that the data are observations, m indicates the month and c indicates that the estimate is a climatology (i.e. a long term average). Climatologies are appropriate for variables, such as SST, that have high interannual variability [38]. Our estimates of projected GGP were based on estimates of projected SST, , from the CMIP5 results, where the subscript p indicates that the data are projections and y indicates year. To correct for bias in model estimates of SST [38], we first converted projected SST into differences from an SST climatology representing current conditions in the same model, , where subscript b indicates model baseline conditions. We then added the current climatology based on observations, , to calculate a bias-corrected estimate of projected SST, : (3)
We used this bias-corrected SST estimate to calculate projected GGP.
The World Meteorological Organisation recommends calculating climatological conditions over 30 years (www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/faqs.html). We therefore selected the period 1991–2020 for and we obtained for each year 2070–2099. The climatological period for was restricted by data availability to 2002–2011. We obtained and for each available model in the CMIP5 results. Within each RCP, SST estimates for each model were calculated as the mean of the estimates for all realisations available for that model. Consequently contributions from all models were given equal weight in across-model means, regardless of the number of realisations per model.
In addition to SST data, GGP estimation requires a starting length and CHL estimates. We used a starting length of 40 mm, which is the observed mean length for the postlarval population of Antarctic krill [20]. Following [20] we also considered starting lengths of 30 mm and 50 mm.
We used remote-sensed, spatially-resolved CHL estimates ( ) [39]. The climatological period for was restricted by data availability to 1997–2010. We varied these CHL estimates to assess the sensitivity of our results to assumptions about chlorophyll-a concentration. One study estimates that the Southern Ocean experienced a 10% decline in chlorophyll-a concentration over about 17 years between the 1980s and 1990s [40]. Linear extrapolation of this change suggests a 50% reduction over our eight decade projection period. We therefore decreased the CHL estimates by 50%. We also considered increases by the same amount.
We calculated spatially-resolved estimates of current GGP using and , and spatially-resolved estimates of projected GGP for each year 2070–2099 for each available CMIP5 model in each of the three RCPs. Our GGP estimates for the period 2070–2099 were resolved to grid cell (1° longitude by 0.5° latitude), model and projection year. We averaged across years and models to derive a single estimate of projected GGP for each combination of grid cell, chlorophyll-a concentration, and RCP. We then subtracted the estimated current GGP (i.e. that calculated using observed SSTs, , and observed chlorophyll-a concentrations, ) from projected GGP to estimate the GGP change between the current period and 2070–2099.
From our spatially-resolved GGP estimates, we calculated three spatially-aggregated metrics for each combination of chlorophyll-a concentration and RCP: (1) average GGP by year, (2) total GGP, and (3) growth area. Average GGP by year is the mean of those across-model, grid-cell-and-year-specific GGP estimates that were ≥1. GGP<1 indicates that the habitat does not support growth or maintenance of body size. It implies shrinkage resulting from starvation, which has been observed in Antarctic krill [41]. To estimate total GGP we first calculated, for each grid cell in each model, the across-year mean GGP for the period 2070–2099. We then calculated, for each model, the area-weighted sum of those resulting grid cell-specific estimates of GGP that were ≥1. Total GGP is the across-model mean of this sum. Weighting by grid cell area was necessary because this area changes with latitude. To estimate growth area we calculated, for each model, the total area of all grid cells in which the across-year mean GGP was ≥1. Growth area was the across-model mean of this sum.
We estimated projected change relative to current conditions in the form of relative GGP and relative growth area. We calculated these relative values by dividing total GGP and growth area by the equivalent metric calculated using observed SSTs, , and chlorophyll-a concentrations, . Our estimate of relative GGP excludes GGP values <1 and therefore does not include further degradation of habitat that did not initially support growth. It does, however, include such habitat becoming viable for growth. We calculated relative GGP and relative growth area for our entire study area, and within the foraging ranges of representative Antarctic krill predators foraging from South Georgia.
We obtained spatially-resolved monthly mean SST data at a nominal horizontal resolution of 9 km for the austral summer periods (December to March) from December 2002 to March 2011 from the archive of Aqua MODIS level 3 data [37], and chlorophyll-a concentration data for the austral summer periods from December 1997 to March 2010 from the archive of SeaWIFS data [39]. Both of these datasets are available through the NASA OceanColor website (oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov). We obtained spatially-resolved, monthly mean SST data for the period 1990–2100, for each selected RCP, from the output of multiple climate models which are available as part of the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble results [31]. The CMIP5 model data were downloaded from the distributed CMIP5 archive accessed via the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison CMIP5 data portal (cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/data_portal.html). We used the results that were available on 31 Jan 2012, including 14 sets of model results available for RCP2.6, 15 for RCP4.5 and 16 for RCP8.5 (Table 1). SST in these results is the average temperature of the surface layer of the modelled ocean. The depth of this layer is <20 m in all 16 models and exactly 10 m in 10 of them.
Table 1. The climate models used in this study.
In addition to analysing habitat quality across the study area, we also extracted statistics for the areas within each of three concentric distances from South Georgia that indicate the summer foraging ranges of representative near, medium and long-range foragers. These distances were 140 km, 610 km, and 1200 km which respectively indicate the foraging ranges of Antarctic fur seals [42], wandering albatrosses [26] and grey headed albatrosses [26] during the summer offspring rearing period.
The data were initially available on different types of grid which we converted to a common grid of 1° longitude by 0.5° latitude. The remote-sensed SST and chlorophyll-a concentration data were both available on regular, fine-scale grids with a resolution of 5 arc minutes, so for each grid cell in the common grid we simply calculated the mean of the 72 constituent fine-scale grid cells. Some of the CMIP5 SST data were provided on a regular grid. We converted these data to the resolution of the common grid using bilinear interpolation [43]. For data not provided on a regular grid, we used all grid points to generate a Delaunay triangulation on an equirectangular projection [44], and we converted the data from this triangulation onto the common grid using linear interpolation [45]. We flagged as missing data any value on the common grid that was affected by a land point. The representation of coastline varies between models, so GGP estimates in coastal cells are informed by varying numbers of models. This does not affect any of our main conclusions.
The availability of remote-sensed SST and chlorophyll-a concentration data varies temporally due to the presence of cloud and ice cover, and cells with insufficient coverage appear as missing data in the Aqua MODIS and SeaWIFS monthly mean data products. Our objective was to achieve extensive spatial coverage with sufficient observations in each cell to provide representative monthly SST and chlorophyll-a concentration estimates for the summer growth season. We achieved a suitable balance of spatial and temporal coverage by including only those 1° by 0.5° cells for which data were available for a minimum of 20% of the initial fine-scale grid cells per month for at least 3 years during the climatology period. To maximise spatial data coverage, we constructed the climatologies from the full period of data availability for each data type separately, and restricted the analysis to the period January to March. The majority of krill growth occurs between December and March [11], and previous studies of current habitat quality have used this four month period but consequently had less spatial coverage [12], [20]. The application of these criteria defined the areas for inclusion and exclusion of data in our calculations, which we applied consistently to each data set that we used.
The results presented in this section are for an assumed Antarctic krill starting length of 40 mm. The Supporting Information (Figs. S1, S2 and S3) compares results for different starting lengths (30 mm, 40 mm and 50 mm).
The growth model correctly identified the warmer waters north of the Antarctic Polar Front as unable to support Antarctic krill growth (Fig. 2). There was considerable spatial structure in current GGP estimates for the study area, including patches of elevated habitat quality along the coast of the Antarctic continent and around the South Orkney and South Sandwich islands. These patterns were less distinct but still apparent with changed chlorophyll-a concentrations. Fig. 2 shows extensive areas in the southern Weddell Sea and along the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula for which we did not calculate GGP because of low data availability due to frequent ice cover.
Figure 2. Current Antarctic krill summer growth habitat quality and sensitivity to chlorophyll concentration.
(A) Gross Growth Potential (GGP, a unitless quantity which indicates the potential proportional increase in the mass of an individual Antarctic krill during a single summer and is therefore a measure of habitat quality) calculated for an individual with a starting length of 40 mm using observed SSTs (for the period 2002–2011), and observed chlorophyll-a concentrations (for the period 1997–2010) reduced by 50%. (B) Estimated current GGP calculated using observed SSTs, and observed chlorophyll-a concentrations. (C) Estimated current GGP calculated using observed SSTs, and observed chlorophyll-a concentrations increased by 50%. The spatial resolution is 1° longitude by 0.5° latitude and the thick black line indicates the northern extent of the growth area (the habitat that supports Antarctic krill growth with the relevant chlorophyll-a concentration). Thus, the thick black line in (B) delimits the current growth area.
Monthly climatological SSTs from CMIP5 models for the period 1991–2020 were, on average, 2.04°C warmer than SST estimates for 2002–2011 from Aqua MODIS data, but there was reasonable spatial correlation between the two datasets (r = 0.954). The mean projected summer SST warming for the area south of the Antarctic Polar Front between 1991–2020 and 2070–2099 was 0.27°C, 0.56°C and 1.08°C for RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively. These estimates varied between years and between models (Fig. 3).
Figure 3. Projected 21st Century summer surface warming of the Southern Ocean between 0° and 90°W.
Projected summer (January to March) sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly for the region between 0° and 90°W and south of the Antarctic Polar Front (Fig. 1). The SST anomaly is the within-year mean of spatially-resolved summer SSTs for a specific model realisation minus the 1991–2020 mean of spatially-resolved summer SSTs for the same model realisation. The coloured lines indicate the mean SST anomaly for 1991–2099 across all available models (Table 1) for each of three Representative Control Pathways (RCPs 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) and the shaded envelopes indicate the between-realisation standard deviation for RCPs 2.6 and 8.5.
Projected GGP declines were concentrated in a band that approximates the location of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) (Fig. 4). Most models projected significant warming of the ACC under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The RCP2.6 results identified an area of warming in the west Scotia Sea, but otherwise there was little agreement between the models about projected changes in GGP under RCP2.6. In the cells where ≥90% of model projections agreed on the sign of change in GGP, the projected GGP declines (with unchanged chlorophyll-a concentrations) were 16%, 25% and 37% for RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively. The corresponding reductions in growth area were 13%, 23% and 33%. The projections included moderate increases in habitat quality on the continental coast in the far west of the study area, but <90% of model projections agreed on the sign of change in GGP for much of this area.
Figure 4. Spatial pattern of projected change in Antarctic krill habitat by the late 21st Century.
Each panel shows the projected GGP change (GGP for the period 2070–2099 minus estimated current GGP, as shown in Fig. 2B) calculated across multiple climate models for an Antarctic krill starting length of 40 mm. The GGP values were calculated using bias-corrected SSTs from RCP2.6 (A, B & C), RCP4.5 (D, E & F) or RCP8.5 (G, H & I) and observed chlorophyll-a concentrations reduced by 50% (A, D & G), observed chlorophyll-a concentrations (B, E & H), or observed chlorophyll-a concentrations increased by 50% (C, F & I). Additional symbols (B, E & H) indicate the level of agreement between climate models. Cells where fewer than 50% of the models project significant change (t-test, P≤0.05) from the current period have no additional symbol. Cells where 50% or more of the models project significant change are highlighted with stippling if 90% or more of models agree on the sign of the change, and are highlighted with hatched lines if fewer than 90% agree. The spatial resolution is 1° longitude by 0.5° latitude and the thick black line indicates the northern extent of the current growth area (Fig. 2B).
The projected GGP declines (with unchanged chlorophyll-a concentrations) across all cells were 7%, 12% and 22% for RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively (Fig. 5). The corresponding reductions in Antarctic krill growth area were 5%, 10% and 20% for RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively. Inevitably a 50% reduction in chlorophyll-a concentration led to greater reductions in both GGP and growth area. When chlorophyll-a concentration was increased by 50%, the projected warming under RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 still led to significant reductions in growth area. Nonetheless, the effect of a 50% increase in chlorophyll-a concentration moderated the overall effects of warming on relative GGP.
Figure 5. Projected change in Antarctic krill habitat in the study area by the late 21st Century.
Relative GGP (GGP for the period 2070–2099 divided by estimated current GGP) (A) and relative growth area (growth area for the period 2070–2099 divided by estimated current growth area) (B), calculated for the study area (Fig. 1B). Results were calculated across multiple models using bias-corrected SSTs from RCP2.6, RCP4.5 or RCP8.5, and observed chlorophyll-a concentrations reduced by 50% (CHLo-50%), observed chlorophyll-a concentrations (CHLo), or observed chlorophyll-a concentrations increased by 50% (CHLo+50%). The assumed Antarctic krill starting length was 40 mm and the error bars show the between-model standard deviation.
The spatially-resolved projected GGPs for each combination of RCP and chlorophyll-a concentration had similar maxima which increased slightly (from 4.9 to 5.2) with chlorophyll-a concentration (Fig. S4). The mode of estimated current GGP was 2.1, and the modes of projected GGP with unchanged chlorophyll-a concentrations were similar (1.8 to 2.0) for all RCPs. The mode increased (from about 1.3 to about 2.5) with increasing chlorophyll-a concentration and the area with near modal values declined with increasing SST (i.e. from RCP2.6 to RCP8.5).
South Georgia is located in the band of projected GGP declines. Consequently there were pronounced negative effects within the foraging ranges of predators breeding on this island. These negative effects were greatest for those predators with the most restricted foraging ranges (Fig. 6), where the projected GGP declines (with unchanged chlorophyll-a concentrations) were 9%, 24% and 68% and the corresponding reductions in growth area were 5%, 6% and 55% for RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The negative effects projected for RCP8.5 were apparent even with the combination of the long foraging range of grey headed albatrosses and an increase in chlorophyll-a concentration.
Figure 6. Projected change in Antarctic krill habitat accessible to predators foraging from South Georgia.
Relative GGP (GGP for the period 2070–2099 divided by estimated current GGP), calculated within the area accessible to predators with foraging ranges of 1200 km (A), 610 km (B) and 140 km (C) from South Georgia. Results were calculated across multiple models using projected SSTs from RCP2.6, RCP4.5 or RCP8.5, and observed chlorophyll-a concentrations reduced by 50% (CHLo-50%), observed chlorophyll-a concentrations (CHLo), or observed chlorophyll-a concentrations increased by 50% (CHLo+50%). The assumed Antarctic krill starting length was 40 mm and the error bars show the between-model standard deviation.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that RCP, chlorophyll-a concentration and climate model each significantly influenced the results shown in Figs. 5 and 6 (e.g. for Fig. 5A three-way ANOVA suggests that each of these factors had a significant influence on the response variable, GGP: F = 187, 3182, 33, P<<0.001). There were also significant interactions between model and chlorophyll-a concentration (F = 4, P<0.001 for Fig. 5A), and model and RCP (F = 2, P = 0.026 for Fig. 5A), which confirms the high degree of between-model variability shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Tukey multiple comparisons tests identified consistent differences (P<0.05) between the results (GGP and growth area) for RCP8.5 and those for RCP2.6 or RCP4.5 when chlorophyll-a concentrations were set at observed levels or observed levels plus 50% (see Table S1, for full results).
The projected effects of plausible SST warming on Antarctic krill growth habitat are mainly negative. Under all RCPs that we considered, the projections imply a decrease in habitat quality over the 21st century, particularly in the ACC. Our analysis suggests that these effects could be mitigated to some extent if warming leads to an overall increase in chlorophyll production. Habitat quality could improve in some marine areas close to the Antarctic continent even under the most extreme warming scenario. However this is unlikely to mitigate the negative impacts within the foraging ranges of birds and seals breeding at South Georgia.
Recent SST warming rates at South Georgia and the western Antarctic Peninsula [6], [7] are in the upper range of projected regional warming rates for the 21st century. However, some parts of the Southern Ocean have cooled over recent decades and experienced associated increases in sea ice [46]. Previous modelling studies suggest that recent warming might have already degraded Antarctic krill habitat in some areas [13], [33]. Analysis of the growth model used here with additional parameters from [34] concluded that, for the period 1970–2004, increasing temperatures probably reduced the lifetime biomass production of Antarctic krill at South Georgia but increased it at the Antarctic Peninsula [33]. Our results suggest that, in the future, increasing temperature could reduce growth in both of these areas. Reduced growth could also affect egg production as smaller females produce fewer eggs [47].
Climate affects species through their habitats. Understanding these habitat effects is a prerequisite for understanding effects on biological variables such as abundance and biomass production. There are many routes through which changing habitats can influence these variables. For example, successful completion of the Antarctic krill life cycle apparently requires spawning in water with specific depth and temperature characteristics [11], [48] and larval development under sea ice [9]. The summer months that we model encompass the main growth period of adult Antarctic krill [11], but winter processes also affect habitat suitability. Other environmental variables, such as pH, might also be critical for the sensitive larval stages [10]. Furthermore, the distribution of Antarctic krill seems to be affected by ocean currents which may transport individuals thousands of kilometres in a lifetime [49]. Thus, high quality growth habitat will only result in high biomass production if sufficient Antarctic krill arrive in the area as a result of transport or local spawning.
These multiple environmental influences on Antarctic krill abundance and biomass production have several implications. Firstly, more detailed mechanistic life-cycle and population models are needed to better assess the potential effects of climate change [9], [38]. For example, a fuller assessment of temperature effects might consider how the relationship between SST and the temperatures that Antarctic krill experience in the water column changes over time and space. Secondly, the environmental effects are likely to be more complex than a simple poleward shift in distribution. Some of the oceanographic characteristics on which Antarctic krill rely, such as the deep waters of the ACC, will not move south as the ocean warms. Coastal embayments and high latitude shelves may be reasonable refugia for growth, but they are unlikely to provide appropriate habitats for spawning [48] or connecting subpopulations [50].
Large scale analyses of ecological responses to climate change generally stress the effects of warming (e.g. [1], [2]). Polar studies also tend to emphasise warming because polar organisms are sensitive to temperature [51], [52], which is rising rapidly in some polar regions [6], [7], [53]. Nonetheless, food availability is also an important habitat characteristic which, at the physiological level, can sometimes compensate for the negative effects of temperature [29]. This is illustrated by the high Antarctic krill abundances and growth rates found at South Georgia. This is near the northern limit of the species' range and has relatively high and physiologically stressful temperatures, but it also has very high food concentrations (Fig. 1, [12]). Temperature-food interactions are therefore likely to influence the ecological effects of climate change [29]. Using models, such as ours, that explicitly include the effects of food availability is a useful step towards fuller consideration of the multiple interacting effects of climate change [38].
Previous studies have reported a 10% decline in chlorophyll-a concentration in the Southern Ocean over the 1980s and 1990s [40] and substantial localised increases and decreases in chlorophyll-a concentration at the Antarctic Peninsula in the last 30 years [54]. Such changes are associated with changes in the composition of the phytoplankton community. The main effects at the Antarctic Peninsula were an overall decline in chlorophyll-a concentration and a decrease in the abundance of diatoms relative to other phytoplankton [54]. Such changes are consistent with the expected widespread consequences of marine warming [54], [55]. A reduction in diatoms in the diet of Antarctic krill is likely to reduce both growth and reproduction [56], [57]. Therefore the most likely effects of plausible changes in chlorophyll-a concentration are in the range between our reduced and unchanged chlorophyll scenarios.
Models such as those which produced the CMIP5 results are being increasingly used to investigate climate impacts on marine species [38]. These models have many uncertainties, including regional biases and differences between models. Our results confirm a regional bias in Southern Ocean SST [58]. The representation of some Southern Ocean features, such as the ACC, has improved in the CMIP5 results compared to the previous generation of model results [59]. Nonetheless, the available models generally perform badly at reproducing sea ice conditions which, in turn, influence SST [58], [60]. The models differ markedly from each other in terms of both the magnitude and spatial distribution of projected SST changes. We have followed recommended practice for controlling and assessing the influence of these model uncertainties on our results [38]. It is clear from Fig. 4 that most models are in agreement that the ACC will experience significant warming.
Any degradation of Antarctic krill growth habitat in the ACC is likely to have consequences for predators at South Georgia. Analysis of foodweb models suggests that predators able to take advantage of copepod production might be relatively unaffected by a severe reduction in Antarctic krill availability, but that the majority of air-breathing predator populations at South Georgia would probably experience significant declines [15].
The Antarctic krill fishery took 68% of its total catch between 1980 and 2011 from the area of projected severe habitat degradation [18]. Future climate change could therefore have a significant negative effect on Southern Ocean ecosystem services as well as biodiversity. A recommendation that the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, which is responsible for managing the Antarctic krill fishery, should increase consideration of climate change impacts in its management decisions was made in 1992 [61] but it was not until 2009 that the Commission resolved to do so (www.ccamlr.org/en/resolution-30/xxviii-2009). We suggest that there is a need for more rapid progress in developing methods for evaluating climate change impacts in parallel with improved regional climate projections, and for adaptation to and management of the risks to the Southern Ocean ecosystem that climate change implies.
Projected change in Antarctic krill habitat based on a starting length of 30 mm. Each panel shows the projected GGP change (GGP for the period 2070–2099 minus estimated current GGP) calculated across multiple climate models. The assumed Antarctic krill starting length was 30 mm. The GGP values were calculated using bias-corrected SSTs from RCP2.6 (A, B & C), RCP4.5 (D, E & F) or RCP8.5 (G, H & I) and observed chlorophyll-a concentrations reduced by 50% (A, D & G), observed chlorophyll-a concentrations (B, E & H), or observed chlorophyll-a concentrations increased by 50% (C, F & I). The spatial resolution is 1° longitude by 0.5° latitude and the thick black line indicates the boundaries of the growth area for that panel.
(TIFF)
Projected change in Antarctic krill habitat based on a starting length of 40 mm. Each panel shows the projected GGP change calculated across multiple climate models. The assumed Antarctic krill starting length was 40 mm. Other details as Fig. S1.
Distribution of GGP values in the results presented in Figs. 4 and 5. Each panel shows the distribution of projected GGP values for the period 2070–2099 as the percent coverage of the modelled area (coloured lines). The projected GGP values were calculated using bias-corrected SSTs from RCP2.6 (A, B & C), RCP4.5 (D, E & F) or RCP8.5 (G, H & I). The panels also show the distribution of estimated GGP values calculated using observed SSTs (for the period 2002–2011) (grey bars). Both sets of GGP values in each panel were calculated using the same chlorophyll-a concentrations: observed chlorophyll-a concentrations reduced by 50% (A, D & G), observed chlorophyll-a concentrations (B, E & H), or observed chlorophyll-a concentrations increased by 50% (C, F & I).
Statistical comparison of scenario-specific results presented in Figs. 5 and 6. The table shows the probability (from Tukey multiple comparisons tests) that the projected GGP or growth area for each combination of chlorophyll-a concentration and RCP is significantly different from comparable results for other RCPs. We compared each result shown in Figs. 5 and 6 with the other results in the same figure panel. Comparisons which were significantly different (P<0.05) are highlighted in bold text.
We are grateful to Tom Bracegirdle and three anonymous referees for constructive comments and to John Turner and John King for support. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modelling groups listed in Table 1 for producing and making available their model output. The U.S. Department of Energy's Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provides coordinating support for CMIP and led the development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals. The Antarctic krill distribution data used in Fig. 1 are available from the CCAMLR secretariat (www.ccamlr.org/en/data/ccamlr-data).
Conceived and designed the experiments: SLH TP AA. Performed the experiments: TP SLH. Analyzed the data: SLH TP. Wrote the paper: SLH TP AA.
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Is the Subject Area "Antarctica" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Summer" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "South Georgia" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Antarctic Ocean" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Foraging" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Climate modeling" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Marine fish" applicable to this article?


text:
Writ of legal definition of Writ of
https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Writ+of
Writ of
ENTRY, WRIT OF. The name of a writ issued for the purpose of obtaining possession of land from one who has entered unlawfully, and continues in possession. This is a mere possessor action, and does not decide the right of property.
2. The writs of entry were commonly brought, where the tenant or possessor of the land entered lawfully; that is, without fraud or force; 13 Edw. I. c. 25; although sometimes they were founded upon an entry made by wrong. The forms of these writs are very various, and are adapted to the, title and estate of the demandant. Booth enumerates and particularly discusses twelve varieties. Real Actions, pp. 175-200. In general they contain an averment of the manner in which the defendant entered. At the common law these actions could be brought only in the degrees, but the Statute of Marlbridge, c. 30; Rob. Dig. 147, cited as c. 29; gave a writ adapted to cases beyond the degrees, called a writ of entry in the post. Booth, 172, 173. The denomination of these writs by degrees, is derived from the circumstance that estates are supposed by the law to pass by degrees from one person to another, either by descent or purchase. Similar to this idea, or rather corresponding with it, are the gradations of consanguinity, indicated by the very common term pedigree. But in reference to the writs of entry, the degrees recognized were only two, and the writs were quaintly termed writs in the per, and writs in the per and cui. Examples of these writs are given in Booth on R. A. pp. 173, 174. The writ in the, per runs thus: "Command A, that be render unto B, one messuage, &c., into which he has not entry except (per) by &c. The writ in the per and cui contains another gradation in the transmission of the estate, and read thus: Command A, that he render, &c., one messuage, into which he hath not entry but (per) by C, (cui) to whom the aforesaid B demised it for a term of years, now expired," &c. 2 Institute, 153; Co. Litt. b, 239, a. Booth, however, makes three degrees, by accounting the estate in the per, the second degree. The difference is not substantial. If the estate had passed further, either by descent or conveyance, it was said to be out of the degrees, and to such cases the writ of entry on the. statute of Marlbridge, only, was applicable. 3 Bl. Com. 181, 182; Report of Com. to Revise Civil Code of Penna. January 15, 1835, p. 85. Vide Writ of entry.
ERROR, WRIT OF. A writ of error is one issued for a superior to an inferior court, for the purpose of bringing up the record and correcting an alleged error committed in the trial in the court below. But it cannot deliver the body from prison. Bro. Abr. Acc. pl. 45. The judges to whom the writ is directed have no power to return the record nisi judicium inde redditum sit. Nor can it be brought except on the final judgment. See Metcalf's Case, 11 Co. Rep. 38, which is eminently instructive on this subject. Vide Writ of Error.
EXCOMMUNICATIO CAPIENDO, WRIT OF, Eng. eccl. law. A writ issuing out of chancery, founded on a bishop's certificate that the defendant had been excommunicated, which writ is returnable in the king's bench. F. N. B. 62, 64, 65 Bac. Ab. Excommunication, E. See Statutes 3 Ed. I. c. 15; 9 Ed. II. c. 12; 2 & 3 Ed. VI. c. 13; 5 & 6 Ed. VI c. 4; 5 Eliz. c. 23; 1 H.V. c. 5; also Cro. Eliz. 224, 6,80; Cro. Car. 421; Cro. Jac. 567; 1 Vent. 146; 1 Salk. 293, 294, 295.
INQUIRY, WRIT OF. A writ of inquiry is one issued where a judgment has been entered in a case sounding in damages, without any particular amount being ascertained; this writ is for the purpose of ascertaining the amount to which the plaintiff is entitled. Vide Writ Of Inquiry.
JURE, WRIT OF, Engl. law. The name of a writ commanding the defendant to show by what right he demands common of pasture in the land of the complainant, who claims to have a fee in the same. F. N. B. 299.
MESNE, WRIT of. The name of an ancient writ, which lies when: the lord paramount distrains on the tenant paravail; the latter shall have a writ of mesne against the lord who is mesne. F. N. B. 316.
MONSTRAVERUNT, WRIT OF, Eng. law. A writ which lies for the tenants of ancient demesne who hold by free charter, and not for those tenants who hold by copy of court roll, or by the rod, according to the custom of the manor. F. N. B. 31.
RIGHT, WRIT OF. Breve de recto. Vide Writ of light.
SECOND SURCHARGE, WRIT OF. The name of a writ issued in England against a commoner who has a second time surcharged the common. 3 Bl. Com. 239.
Action of a writ
after-discovered evidence
alias writ
Alternative Writ
Brevia anticipantia
Capias ad respondendum
Capias utlagatum english practice
Close Writ
Common-Law Pleading
Concurrent Writs
Consimili casu
The establishment of the writ of habeas corpus, the prohibition of ex post facto laws, and of TITLES OF NOBILITY, to which we have no corresponding provision in our Constitution, are perhaps greater securities to liberty and republicanism than any it contains.
The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.
"There is a judgment by the court which has become final and executory and the proper remedy would be the issuance of writ of execution,"Guevarra told Drilon during the public inquiry.
Sanchez family refuses to pay victims' kin and it may be too late to make them
The CA earlier dismissed the petitions for the writ of amparo and habeas data filed by Karapatan, Rural Missionaries of the Philippines (RMP), and Gabriela.
Groups ask SC to review CA dismissal of amparo case
The military said Saturday that the legal battle between the government and some groups accused of having links with the New People's Army (NPA) is not yet over amid the Supreme Court's issuance of a Writ of Amparo and Writ of Habeas Data favoring the latter.
AFP spokesman tells militant groups that the fight is not yet over despite SC resolution
On September 25, 2007, the Supreme Court approved 'The Rule On the Writ of Amparo' (AM No.
Writ of Amparo and Habeas Data
Per the order, De Eye Group Limited will post the writ of summons at public places, including the various social media platforms, where Manasseh could possibly see.
De Eye to serve Manasseh through social media
On March 13, the Arkansas Court of Appeals upheld a judgment against Eagle Bank & Trust of Little Rock in the amount of $67,000 because the bank failed to hold funds in an account that was closed at the time the writ of garnishment was received and then reopened before the bank's answer to the writ was filed.
Banks Beware: A $67,000 Mistake
Abu Dhabi: The Abu Dhabi Judicial Department, ADJD, has adopted an interactive writ of summons in Chinese, after adopting writs in other languages, including English and Hindi, which will enable foreigners to understand litigation procedures.
Abu Dhabi Courts introduce writ of summons in Chinese
No writ of quo warranto can therefore lie against its officeholders, nor can a writ lie against the association in terms of Article 199(1)(a).
High courts can't take suo motu notice, says SC
(42) The defendants filed an application for writ of
A PROPOSAL TO CODIFY LOUISIANA'S LAW OF THE CASE DOCTRINE
workplace car accident
Workplace injury, costs
Worthier Title Doctrine
Worthiest of blood
Wreckles driving charge, violation of probation
Wright, James Skelly
Writ de
Writ de bono et malo
Writ de ejectione firmae
Writ de haeretico comburendo
Writ de homine relegiando
Writ de odio et atia
writ of attachment
Writ of conspiracy
writ of coram nobis
Writ of covenants
Writ of debt
Writ of deceit
Writ of detinue
Writ of dower
Writ of ejectment
Writ of entry
Writ of error
writ of execution
Writ of exigi facias
Writ of formedon
Writ of garnishment, dislosure
Writ of inquiry
Writ of mainprize
writ of mandate
Writ of mesne
Writ of praecipe
Writ of prevention
Writ of process
Writ of proclamation
Writ of quare impedit
Writ of rationabili parte bonorum
wristy
writ large
Writ of account
Writ of Assistance
Writ of attainder
Writ of attaint
Writ of Ayle
Writ of cert
writ of certiorari
Writ of consultation
writ of election

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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So, my amazing crochet friends, what do you think? What do you suggest for my going about making his hair all sticky-uppy?
I figured out how to do it! Well, my mom suggested something and it actually worked! Shes not a crafter but she knows ironing and with that she knows starching...I cut up pieces for the hair and was able to soak them in starch and them place them to dry on a paper towel. Then, when I put them on the doll, they were sticky-uppy! YAY! So thanks everyone who looked, my Cap'n Jack is nearly complete I think!


"Strength Training Anatomy" is a book by Frederic Delavier where you will discover how your muscles work when you are doing strength exercises.
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text:
Exeter League
Over 60s 'A'
Over 60s 'B'
Ladies Over 50s
SYDNEY SIMMONS FIRST PRESIDENT & PATRON OKEHAMPTON SIMMONS BOWLS CLUB. Born on 10th September 1840 At Museum Yard, Okehampton. Died on 29th April 1924 In Finchley, London
In October of 1921 the Local Council decided to provide the town with facilities for playing tennis and bowls. On being unsuccessful in an effort to get a loan for the purpose, Mr. Sydney Simmons a former burgess and great benefactor made a generous offer of £500 towards the cost of the work. Mr. Simmons only condition for his offer was that the labour be recruited from the ranks of the town's unemployed. This condition was strictly complied with and the work was put in hand. The bowls green which is still a public green today, was opened in August 1922 when Mrs Simmons bowled an inscribed silver 'jack' which had been presented by the Mayor. The lady Mayoress bowled the first wood across the rink. This tradition is still upheld today when the Mayor or Mayoress are invited to the club at the opening of each season. Mr. Simmons generosity knew no bounds and when the final cost of the work of the bowls green and the tennis courts totalled £821 he made a further donation which covered all of these costs.
Okehampton Simmons Bowls Club was formally founded in 1923. The green itself has a foundation of rock, and is reinforced with sand and clinker. It has an excellent turf surface and is maintained by a good nucleus of member volunteers.
Our current President Brian Vernon remembers back to the 1950's when members of the club ran a weekly Bingo session above the Premier Cinema (now 'Toast') to raise funds for the club which at that time was using the Pavilion, where the new Band-stand is now situated.
The present clubhouse was built by members over a number of years and opened on the 14th May 1983. Mr Roy Lobb who served the club as secretary from 1976-1985 and President from 1986-1993 was instrumental in this project and a plaque to his memory recognising these achievements is situated in the building.
Today the club is thriving thanks to the committee and an army of volunteers who spend a lot of hours looking after all aspects of the club's administration, green maintenance, bar management, the ladies who look after the catering, our gardeners for the floral displays and our club members for the general cleanliness of the clubhouse.
© 2020 Okehampton Simmons Bowls Club.


Marine police rescued 20 mainland tourists in two groups who were stranded on an island off Sai Kung in the New Territories at the height of Typhoon Khanun on Sunday.
No one was injured, Apple Daily reports.
The first group, including five men and five women aged between 21 and 57, called the police for help at around 12:30 p.m., saying they had run out of food and water. The group included eight from Shenzhen and two from Hubei province.
They said they camped out on Sharp Island on Saturday, only to find out on Sunday morning that boat and ferry services had been suspended because of the storm.
The Hong Kong Observatory issued the No. 8 Northeast Gale warning signal at 8:40 a.m. before lowering it to No. 3 at 7:20 p.m.
They ended up being sent to Sai Kung Pier by means of a kaito ferry service, which was called by the marine police.
One woman of the group said it was the first time she visited Hong Kong and she had no idea that there was no kaito operating during typhoon.
Later at about 6:00 p.m., police got a call from another group of 12 people, who also claimed to have been stranded on the island.
After arriving at the scene, the marine police confirmed 10 people from the mainland were stranded at Hap Mun Bay.
The marine police helped them to call a ferry which took them to the marine police's Marine East Division in Sai Kung. From there, they were able to call for taxis.
All of the 10 people, aged between 23 and 44, were from Wuhan, Hubei province.


EL SEGUNDO (CBSLA) – Police in El Segundo were searching Wednesday for a man who allegedly raped a woman he met on the Metro.
Kerry Frank Lathon is accused of luring the woman Sunday morning to a secluded stairwell behind a parking garage in the 2300 block of East Rosecrans Avenue and assaulting her.
Lathon is a 35-year-old transient, according to El Segundo police, and is on parole for criminal threats. He is known to frequent El Segundo and Hawthorne via the Metro Green Line, police said.


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Мечкор — река в России, протекает по Кудымкарскому району Пермского края. Устье реки находится в 31 км по левому берегу реки Кува. Длина реки составляет 28 км. В 8 км от устья принимает справа реку Лопва, а в 8,2 км от устья принимает справа реку Исаковка.

Исток реки на Верхнекамской возвышенности на границе с Юрлинским районом в 3 км юго-западнее деревни Вятчина и в 12 км к юго-востоку от села Юрлаа. Исток находится на водоразделе бассейнов Иньвы и Косы, рядом берёт начало река Зула.

Река течёт на юг. Притоки — Чейкасошор (левый); Лопва, Исаковка, Солдатов Шор (правые). Крупнейший населённый пункт на реке — большое село Белоево. Кроме него река протекает деревни Цыбьян, Ильичи и Непина. Впадает в Куву в деревне Мечкор. Ширина реки у устья — 12 метров, скорость течения — 0,3 м/с.

Данные водного реестра
По данным государственного водного реестра России относится к Камскому бассейновому округу, водохозяйственный участок реки — Кама от города Березники до Камского гидроузла, без реки Косьва (от истока до Широковского гидроузла), Чусовая и Сылва, речной подбассейн реки — бассейны притоков Камы до впадения Белой. Речной бассейн реки — Кама.

Код объекта в государственном водном реестре — 10010100912111100008045.

Примечания

Притоки Кувы
Реки Кудымкарского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Surgically Clean Air
The University of Connecticut (UCONN) is a public land-grant research university in Storrs, Connecticut. It was founded in 1881. More than 27,000 students at UConn are pursuing over 100 majors, eight undergraduate degrees, 17 graduate degrees and five professional degree programs. Competing in the Big East Conference as the Huskies, UConn has been successful in its men's and women's athletics programs. The Huskies have won numerous NCAA championships.
Client need
With the outbreak of Covid-19, the University wanted to create a medical clinic as an infirmary for students and staff that might be symptomatic for Covid-19. The clinic needed to adopt all the best Covid-19 practices for handling and testing potential ill people.
Surgically Clean Air solution
In 2020, the University of Connecticut purchased 18 Surgically Clean Air Jade purifiers for their Covid-19 Medical Clinics.
Anecdotal feedback suggests that the University was pleased with their Surgically Clean Air units. They are also being used in the clinics to collect blood plasma from recovering Covid-19 patients to help treat other currently ill patients.
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The mission of G!9 is to bridge various creative communities, and to provide its artists greater exposure into new markets. Owned by Martha A. Wade and Reisha Williams, the space is designed to offer a welcoming environment for displaying and viewing the art they love.


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For the first time since March, most stations selling gas below $4
At the gas pump - filling up the tank.
For the first time since early March, the average cost for a gallon of gas in the U.S. is below $4 a gallon. According to AAA data, gas hit an average of $3.99 a gallon on Thursday after two months of declining prices.
Gas prices are down from a peak of $5.01 a gallon on June 14. Prices remain high compared to this time a year ago when gas was $3.18 a gallon.
California and Hawaii are the only states where gas remains above $5 a gallon. Texas has the lowest average price for gas at $3.49 a gallon.
Demand for gas has declined this summer amid high prices. Earlier this week, AAA compared the current market to July 2020, when many Americans were not traveling due to the pandemic.
There have also been rising domestic and international oil supplies, which helps bring down the cost.
"Oil is the primary ingredient in gasoline, so less expensive oil is helpful in taming pump prices," said Andrew Gross, AAA spokesperson. "Couple that with fewer drivers fueling up, and you have a recipe for gas prices to keep easing."


Home Personal Finance Is Cash Out Refinancing a Smart Financial Move?
Is Cash Out Refinancing a Smart Financial Move?
You may have heard a friend mention using "cash out refi" to pay for a home renovation or to afford their child's university tuition. What they are referring to is called cash out refinancing. Also known as a reverse mortgage or second mortgage, it allows property owners to borrow against the financial value of their home. Freeing up that much cash may sound very appealing, but is it really a good way for people to get extra cash?
How Does Cash Out Refinancing Work?
Cash out refinancing allows private homeowners to take out a loan from a bank based on the the homeowners' equity in their homes. While a traditional home loan can only be used to make the initial home purchase, this special type of loan can be used for many purposes like home renovations, tuition or investing.
The amount that homeowners can borrow for their property from cash out refinancing is ultimately determined by the value of the home that the homeowner personally owns. The amount that the homeowner personally owns is called equity and is calculated by subtracting the outstanding home loan amount from the current assessed value of the home, which is determined by the bank. Additionally, any CPF savings that were used to pay for the home are subtracted from this amount. Ultimately, banks tend to offer up to 60% to 80% of a homeowner's current assessed property value as a refi loan. For reference, the table below shows an example cash out refinancing loan.
To get a cash out refinancing loan, you should contact a few banks to compare loan amounts and interest rates. Many banks offer cash out refinancing to private homeowners and typically require a Notice of Assessment, NRIC photocopy and a CPF property withdrawal statement for each borrower.
When Does Cash Out Refinancing Make Sense?
Interest rates for cash out refinancing loans can be significantly lower than those of other types of debt. For example, even the cheapest personal loans charge flat interest rates of 4% to 6%, while education loans and renovation loans charge 3% to 6%. In contrast, most cash out refinancing loans charge interest rates of 1% to 2%. For someone who needs to borrow at least S$20,000, opting for the cash out loan instead of a personal loan could result in thousands of dollars in savings.
While the calculation above may make refi loans seem very attractive, it's not without its own downsides. The reason that banks are able to offer such low rates for reverse mortgages is that the borrower's property is typically used as collateral. This means that a debtor who cannot repay his cash out refinancing will have his home repossessed by the bank, which can sell the home to recoup its loss. The potential of losing one's home upon defaulting is the most severe risk associated with cash out refinancing.
This is a particularly big risk in situations where property values drop significantly. When the real estate market drops, people who took out cash out refinancing may end up owing more money to the bank than the remaining value of their home ownership. This was a significant problem in the United States housing crash of 2008. As housing prices increased rapidly, many Americans took on second mortgages in order to take advantage of their properties' rising value. However, when housing prices crashed between 2007 and 2012, many individuals lost their homes because their properties values fell far below the amount that they owed and they were unable to repay their lenders.
It is also important to note that cash out refinancing is not available to HDB lease holders. Borrowers should also beware of prepayment penalties that penalise homeowners for repaying their reverse mortgage earlier than the agreed upon termination date. These fees could negate the benefits of cash out refinancing.
Cash out refinancing, also known as a reverse or second mortgage, can be a relatively inexpensive way for private homeowners to take on debt to fund home renovations or to pay for college, which tend to have very predictable result in form of higher property value or higher earning potential for the family. With that said, we strongly suggest that individuals use these loans carefully and not for discretionary spending or speculative online trading as the worst case scenario could leave them without a home.
The article Is Cash Out Refinancing a Smart Financial Move? originally appeared on ValuePenguin.


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Stuart Broad fined for breaching the ICC Code of Conduct
Rohit Sharma guides India to memorable victory against New Zealand in third T20, win series 3-0
Zverev breezes past Wawrinka at Australian Open to reach first Slam semi
India post 179/5 against New Zealand in T20 clash
Saina Nehwal starts her political career, joins BJP
New Zealand win toss, elect to bowl first against India in Hamilton
India look to taste series victory against New Zealand in Hamilton today
ICC U-19 WC: India thrashes Australia by 74 runs, enters semis
U-19 World Cup: Australia win toss, elect to bowl first against India in quarterfinal
Vernon Philander fined for breaching the ICC Code of Conduct
ICC Chief Executive congratulates Kumar Sangkara on his retirement
India Blooms News Service | 24 Aug 2015, 07:44 pm
#Kumar Sangkara, # International Cricket Council, # ICC Chief Executive congratulates
Dubai, Aug 24 (IBNS) The Chief Executive of the International Cricket Council (ICC) David Richardson has paid tributes to former Sri Lanka captain Kumar Sangakkara, who retired from international cricket on Monday.
"Kumar Sangakkara will rightly go down as one of cricket's greatest-ever players and ambassadors. Across an illustrious career, he maintained levels of excellence whether batting, keeping wickets or leading by example," Richardson said.
Sangakkara was one of the leading cricketers in world cricket for the last 15 years during which played in 134 Tests (scoring 12,400 runs, 182 catches (131 catches as a wicket-keeper) as well as 20 stumpings), 404 ODIs (14,234 runs, 402 catches (383 as wicket-keeper) and 99 stumpings) and 56 T20Is (1,382 runs, 26 catches as wicket-keeper and 20 stumpings). He also led Sri Lanka in 15 Tests, 45 ODIs and 22 ODIs. One of his finest hours came when he inspired Sri Lanka to the final of the ICC Cricket World Cup in 2011.
Sangakkara was selected in the ICC Test Team of the year on seven occasions – 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014 and was won the prestigious Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy for the ICC Cricketer of the Year, as well as the Test Player of the Year, in Colombo in 2012. He was also named ICC ODI Player of the Year in 2011 and 2013.
In 2007, he became the first player to make scores of 150 or more in four successive Test matches, and in February 2014, he became just the second player (after Graham Gooch) to score a triple century and a century in the same Test.
"By scoring a total of 28,016 runs across all three formats, he puts himself in the higher echelons of players to ever grace the game. But he also made a considerable contribution off the field and carried the weight of expectation of a passionate Sri Lanka supporting public, as he did his batting, with great class," Richardson said in an ICC release.
Rafael Nadal celebrates his win in Australia Open
Sri Lanka T 20 cricket team tours India
World of Sports : Dec 7 , 2019
New Guinness men's world cycling speed record set at 174.339mph
Mon, Aug 19 2019
Bale to stay after helping Madrid to win at Celta - Zidane
Neymar left out of PSG team again


text:
Between the Lines (1992-1994) was een Britse politieserie met 35 afleveringen rondom het leven van Detective Superintendent Tony Clark, gespeeld door Neil Pearson. Clark was een ambitieuze medewerker van het Complaints Investigation Bureau (CIB), een afdeling die corruptie onderzoekt bij de Metropolitan Police in Londen

Rolverdeling
Neil Pearson – Det. Supt. Tony Clark (35 afleveringen 1992-1994)
Tom Georgeson – Det. Insp. Harry Naylor (35 afleveringen 1992-1994)
Siobhan Redmond – Det. Sgt. Maureen Connell (35 afleveringen 1992-1994)
Robin Lermitte – Det. Supt. David Graves (18 afleveringen 1992-1994)
Tony Doyle – Chief Supt. John Deakin (16 afleveringen 1992-1993)

Between the Lines
Programma van de BBC


This is a bright and funky Rainbow Swirl Dish.
This dish has many uses, including a trinket bowl, somewhere to put your loose change, as a candle/tealight holder or you can use it for food. It's suitable for use inside or outside too. Or it's beautiful enough to use as a decorative piece, reflecting the light and giving beautiful coloured shadows.
The Rainbow Swirl Dish measures approximately 10cm square and is approximately 6mm thick so pretty sturdy.
If you're not into Rainbow colours, I can change the colours to suit your preferences, just leave a note at checkout.
Buying a gift? There are new options at the checkout page to add gift wrap, greetings card or even rush your order.


text:
Rim Club
Grizzly Grandparents
RECAP | Defense Sets Program Record for Fewest Points Allowed, Grizzlies Roll to Season-Opening Win
Mount Mary
Mount Mary (0-1) 3 6 2 5 16
Franklin (1-0) 28 25 19 20 92
Photo courtesy of Quinn Fitzgerald
Pts: Brooke Uebersetzig - 5
Reb: 2 Players (#44, #TM) - 4
Ast: 3 Players (#02, #24, #44) - 1
Pts: Karlee Welding - 18
Ast: Karlee Welding - 5
FRANKLIN, Ind. – The Franklin College women's basketball team put on a defensive clinic in their season-opener on Sunday afternoon, setting a new single-game record for fewest points allowed in a 92-16 win over Mount Mary University.
The Grizzlies (1-0) opened the game with a 13-0 run and turned up the pressure defensively, holding the Blue Angels (1-1) to just five field goals on the afternoon. Four different Grizzlies recorded double-digit point totals in an opener that saw every member of the Grizzly roster contribute to the win.
"Today was a good building block for us," Head coach Dana Haggenjos said after the game. "We can take a look at what we need to improve on for next weekend and it was a chance for our young roster to get minutes and experience at the college level. We wanted to give a lot of our freshmen an extended look and keep them in the game. It was a solid way to start the season and any time you can start 1-0, it's better than the alternative."
Franklin started the game with a run that put them in front for good. Mallory Cast drilled a pair of threes during the run with Karlee Welding, Bayleigh Walker and Destinee Cross chipping in with buckets of their own. Franklin held the Blue Angels without a point over the final 5:55 of the quarter to take a 28-3 lead after one period.
The Grizzlies shot over 60 percent in every quarter, recording the most points in a game since scoring 98 against Earlham back on Feb. 15, 2014. The Grizzlies finished the afternoon connecting on 66.7 percent (42-for-63) of their attempts going 6-for-11 from behind the three-point line.
Freshman Karlee Welding led the Grizzlies in scoring in her collegiate debut, going 8-for-9 from the floor for 18 points while adding a team-high five assists. Lillie Stein had 14 points off the bench while logging a team-high 22 minutes. Walker and Jessica Nix added 10 points each for Franklin.
Rebounds were 35-20 in favor of the Grizzlies with Stein, Cross and Emiley Carlton grabbing five boards each to lead the team. Ashlin Aycock had a team-high four steals while Nix added a pair of blocked shots.
Turnovers was where the Grizzlies dominated the game, forcing 35 Blue Angel giveaways that turned into 48 points. 64 of the Grizzlies' 92 points came in the paint and FC racked up 25 points on the fast break.
Franklin hits the road for the next five contests. First up is a trip to Wooster, Ohio this coming Saturday (Nov. 17) for a meeting with Carnegie Mellon on the first day of the 2018 Nan Nichols Classic, hosted by Wooster College. Tip-off is set for 1:00 p.m.


Sea La Vie is nestled amongst the bush, high on the hill in Onetangi with gorgeous expansive sea views out over Onetangi Bay, the gulf islands and back to the city. Come and enjoy the peace and tranquility, wake up to the Tui's in the morning and be mesmerised by the beautiful sunsets at night.
A perfect retreat for discerning couples who wish to get away from the hustle and bustle of everyday life.
Luxurious stand alone studio apartment and outdoor lounge area with off street parking, immaculately presented and extremely well appointed. Fully self contained including kitchen with fridge/freezer, dishwasher, microwave, ceramic hobs. LCD flat screen TV with Freeview. Stereo with Bluetooth for your tablet or smartphone. Super King bed, hair dryer, washing machine on request and BBQ, all the amenities you need to enjoy a relaxed romantic holiday for two.
•	Bird and Forest reserve and walking tracks. Walking tracks from Trig Hill to Awaawaroa or Whakanewha Regional Reserve. These tracks are a 5 min walk from Sea La Vie.
•	Eco Zip Adventures is a new tourist destination on Waiheke Island where you ride the flying fox zipline through the bush and then a guided forest walk back to the top. This attraction is also a 5 min walk away.
•	Onetangi Beach is a few minutes drive away with its beautiful long stretch of white sand.
•	The Boathouse Cafe and Bar and Charley Farleys Beachside Bar and Restaurant are located on the Strand at Onetangi Beach. Both these places have superb food and the best views on the Island.
•	There are also a number of vineyards in Onetangi, all providing award wining wines and beautiful food.
Escape to Sea La Vie for your next Romantic Getaway!
Owner onsite - if there is anything you need please ask.
Perfect for a romantic getaway or honeymoon. Gorgeous Sea Views over the Hauraki Gulf. Lovely outdoor lounge area for relaxing out of the sun. Peace and tranquil surrounds with bush and birdlife at the door step.
Free unlimited Wifi, password will be given on check in.
This apartment has the wow factor. Beautiful presentation, views and fittings. Chrissy has great communication and nothing is a problem.
We had a great experience with hostess Chrissy who met us at arrival and made sure everything was in order and to assure we had everything we needed. It is centrally located and close to Onetangi beach where we had breakfast overlooking an extraordinary beach. A perfect place to unwind with a lovely deck and outdoor seating.
The place was even more perfect than the photos!
Wishing our stay was longer!
Always going above and beyond to make it feel like home!
If there were 1000 star review we'd give it!
Fantastic location, accommodation and host. Thank you.


FutureSense specializes in people, organization, culture and strategy, and offers integrated solutions to build and sustain human capital capacity and optimize organizational performance. We pride ourselves on being thoughtful, responsive, and authentic, and serve as agents to create positive change. Our Core Services include Development, Rewards, and Effectiveness.
Development: Team FutureSense is about helping your organization get to where it needs to be. Our goal is to guide you in developing a clear vision of where you are, where you are going and how you are going to get there. Whether it is through facilitating strategic planning, helping you implement your objectives or vision, coaching 1:1 or with teams, or assisting you in creating a training and development program to grow your people, we're here for you, all along the way.
Rewards: Compensation is about building integrated, holistic programs of reward and motivation that support your unique culture, that "melt the butter" of your people, and that are pragmatic in terms of your financial constraints and results. Our talent is simplifying complex and sticky compensation issues by designing programs that make business sense, aligning all stakeholders, then articulating that plan so people truly understand it and perform to or above expectations.
Effectiveness: Whether it is big or small change, employee motivation and engagement, or upward, downwards or sideways communication, our approach is to work with you to identify the unique challenges your organization is facing as you adjust to the ever changing horizon. We seek to inform our work with strategies that maximize the productivity and happiness of your people. We work with you to become efficient and effective in all you do.
FutureSense serves diverse markets including healthcare, senior care, physician groups, high technology, public sector, consumer products, retail, manufacturing, and professional service organizations.
For more information, visit www.futuresense.com.
Specialize in people strategies and organization solutions that drive positive workforce engagement, unlock the power of purpose, provide support for the development and transformation of culture, and support overall organizational performance.
Help organizations reach their potential by embracing, facilitating and sustaining change.
Coordinate with other FutureSense partners, including Summit Talent Group, to provide talent creation, acquisition, management and development services.
Development: Strategic Planning, Leadership and Organization Development, Coaching, Culture Assessment, Talent Management, Succession Planning.
Rewards: Compensation and Benefits Administration, Program Design for Executives, Employees and Sales Compensation, Performance Management, Assessment.
Effectiveness: Organizational Purpose, Employee Engagement, Change Readiness, Change Management, Communications, Facilitation, Rapid Solution Experiences.
We have proven ability to serve multiple industry markets including healthcare, senior care, physician groups, high technology, public sector, consumer products, retail, manufacturing, and professional service organizations.
We value in our team and our clients: integrity, relationships, transformation, sustainability, solutions, and speed.
We provide thought leadership in the field of people strategy through various media outlets including the Huffington Post, books, and speaking venues.
Each client is different and requires a unique blend of consulting skills to address the intersection of organizational environment, culture, development, and rewards.
We staff our team with diverse talent who can interact with our clients at the strategic, tactical and transactional levels to produce desired outcomes.
Other consulting firms silo their organizational development and compensation practices. We recognize the value in the balance and cohesion of providing a more holistic approach to our services.


To debunk the previously held view in some quarters that African films are not up to the standard, an attempt is made in this paper to identify and use the established principles of narrative construction in analysing the film Ije – the Journey, a Nigerian film of Igbo extraction. In carrying out this mission, the reviewer used formalism and related narrative theories in dissecting both the story and the structural techniques featured in this movie. In other words, basic principles of narrative construction are deployed to decode the story in this narrative and come up with analytical facts in determining whether the structural set up of this African/Nigerian film is in line with the established standard of narrative construction. At the end of this critical evaluation, the reviewer is able to showcase the creative and effective deployment of some of these principles in Ije. Consequently, from his findings, the reviewer is able to prove the fact that some Nigerian films are up to any given international standard in terms of narrative structure.


With FireText you can send instant SMS text messages via your favourite email client. You can receive SMS messages into your inbox too.
Simply compose an e-mail in the usual manner and send it to the FireText Email to SMS address. Instantly your email is converted and sent as a text message to your customer. They can even reply straight from their mobile to your E-mail inbox.
You can control where your text message content ends by adding two hyphens (--). This stops you from sending your complete email trail or unwanted email signature.
You can even copy-and-paste your contacts list instantly.
When a customer replies, you can instantly forward the message to your email.
This is perfect for continuing the conversation without leaving your favourite email client.


So… Here you finally have the new and improved Ella Was Here! I worked hard on the redesign for the past 2 weeks and I'm so happy to be able to show you the finished result. There are still some little improvements to be made but overall I'm quite pleased with the result. I love how versatile the homepage is and all the extra little design features the design comes with. Feel free to have a little browse around and don't forget to let me know your thoughts in the comment section down below.