text:
Literature Notes
Charles Dickens Biography
Great Expectations at a Glance
About Great Expectations
Summary and Analysis
Joe Gargery
Magwitch
Mrs. Joe
Miss Havisham
Jaggers and Wemmick
The Use of the Serial Form
Children and 19th-Century England
Film Versions
Essay Questions
Practice Projects
Cite this Literature Note
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In spite of humble beginnings, little education, and the sometimes-critical literary reviewers, Charles Dickens was loved by his public, and amassed wealth, prestige, and a large legacy of published works. He was one of the few writers to enjoy both popular acceptance and financial success while still alive. The drive for this success had its roots in his childhood.
Charles John Huffam Dickens was born in Portsmouth, England on Friday, February 7, 1812. He was the second of eight children born to John and Elizabeth Dickens. His father, John, was the son of illiterate servants. John Dickens managed to escape a similar fate when the family his parents worked for got him a job in a navy pay office. John continued his upward climb by keeping his own lowly background a secret and courting Elizabeth Barrow, the daughter of a wealthy senior clerk who worked there. The marriage succeeded, but John's hopes for further advancement fizzled when his father-in-law was accused of embezzlement and fled the country. The loss of this financial opportunity did not slow the spending habits of John and Elizabeth, who liked the upper-class lifestyle. This problem would be their downfall as time went on.
During Charles Dickens' early years, his family moved a great deal due to his father's job and spending habits. He recalled later that the best time of his childhood was their five years in Chatham, where they moved when Dickens was five, and where life was stable and happy. Dickens loved the area, learned to read, and was sent to school.
However his father's financial problems required a move to smaller quarters in London when Dickens was ten. Their four-room home was cramped, creditors called frequently trying to collect payments, and Dickens' parents alternated between the stress of survival and the gaiety of continuing to party. Dickens wanted to return to school but was instead sent to work at the age of twelve to help support the family.
For twelve hours a day, six days a week, Charles Dickens pasted labels to bottles of shoe polish at the rat-infested, dilapidated Warren's Blacking factory. He was ridiculed and harassed by the older, bigger workers and shamed by the stigma of working in such filthy, low-class surroundings. Intellectually frustrated, resentful of his older sister (who was studying at the Royal Academy of Music), and hurt by his parents' lack of interest in his education, Dickens despaired.
When his father was arrested for nonpayment of a debt, Dickens' mother and younger siblings moved into prison with his father, leaving the twelve-year-old alone on the outside to continue working. His older sister remained at the music academy. Lonely, scared, and abandoned, Dickens lived in a run-down neighborhood close to the prison so that he could visit his family. It was a firsthand experience of poverty and prison life and a reinforcement of the considerable insecurity and emotional abandonment that marked his childhood.
A small inheritance a few months later allowed his family to leave prison. Dickens was finally allowed to attend school over his mother's objections — she did not want to lose his income. School was short-lived though: At fifteen, Dickens had to return to work. Dickens never got over the time he spent at Warren's and his fierce sense of betrayal and rage at his mother's callousness stayed with him for life. Recalling that time, he said: "I never afterwards forgot, I never shall forget, I never can forget, that my mother was warm for my being sent back [to Warren's Blacking]."
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text:
The Translation of the Bible into Chinese
A Book Review
By Swells in the Middle Kingdom ⋅ Jan 21, 2022 ⋅ Topic: Christianity in China
The Translation of the Bible into Chinese: The Origin and Unique Authority of the Union Version by Ann Cui'an Peng. Studies in Chinese Christianity, Eugene, OR Wipf and Stock Publishers, Pickwick Publications, 2021, 238 pages. ISBN-13 9781532675669 (paperback); 9781532675676 (hardcover); 9781532675683 (eBook). All three editions available at Wipf and Stock.
I have now spent nearly half of my life reading and worshipping with the Chinese Union Version (和合本 or CUV) translation of the Bible. By far the most beloved and influential Chinese language translation of the Bible currently available, the CUV enjoys an authoritative place within the Chinese church that is somewhat akin to the reverence the King James Version (KJV) English-language translation of the Bible enjoyed in the English-speaking world during previous centuries. For me personally, the phrases and rhythms of the CUV have become familiar, with the specific Chinese wording of many passages now a source of deep comfort and encouragement.
Over the last two decades I have encountered a fairly steady stream of people who are dissatisfied with the CUV translation. Most vocal are expatriate China workers—typically with limited Chinese language skills—who insist that the CUV translation is inaccurate and the language outdated. They are usually accompanied by younger or at least newer Chinese believers and inquirers who complain that the Bible is too hard to understand. Expatriates tend to view this as related to the same outdated language problem—and most Chinese are quick to admit that the CUV does not read like a modern Chinese novel. And yet the Chinese church around the globe is full of old and young, educated and unschooled, women and men who all find the CUV to be a tremendous source of blessing.
Years ago I asked one of China's leading scholars of the famous classical Chinese novel The Dream of the Red Mansions 《红楼梦》what he thought of the Chinese Union Version of the Bible. Though resistant to Christianity, he quickly admitted that the language of the text itself was beautiful and elegant (文雅). Expatriates, on the other hand, tend to wrinkle our noses at the language of the CUV—though this is largely due to our preference for Chinese grammatical structures that are closer to English syntax.
The CUV was written in early twentieth-century Chinese Vernacular (白话), a language closer to classical Chinese than the modern Chinese prose with which we are familiar. While this can be challenging for students of Chinese as a second language, it is unlikely that Chinese citizens, who are required to memorize extensive classical texts as part of their schooling, would find the older syntax of the CUV daunting. When Chinese people express difficulty reading the CUV, a closer questioning often reveals that their frustration stems from the CUV's extensive use of people and place names that are completely foreign to modern Chinese readers, in as much as world history from Bible times is not part of the Chinese education curriculum. This is a real challenge for Chinese readers of the Bible, but hardly one unique to the CUV.
In her recent book The Translation of the Bible into Chinese: The Origin and Unique Authority of the Union Version, Ann Cui'an Peng provides an introduction to the CUV designed to encourage readers to share her love for this particular translation of the Bible. Currently serving as associate editor for the excellent Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity, Peng has arranged her book into three sections that most ChinaSource readers will find of increasing interest. The first and longest section provides an overview of the history of Protestant translations of the Bible into Chinese, culminating in the Union Translation or heheben 和合本.
For her account, Peng utilizes the research of leading scholars such as Irene Eber, Marián Gálik, Thor Strandenaes, and Oliver Zetzsche to outline the many people and issues that shaped the emergence of the final product.1 The "Term Question" over how to translate the name of God into Chinese, disagreements over translation method, the role of Chinese assistants, and the influence of various earlier translations are all presented in a succinct manner that suits the broad overview at which Peng is clearly aiming. Those already familiar with this story will appreciate Peng's efforts to adjudicate discrepancies between some of the earlier studies.
The second section of the book turns to a closer examination of the text of the 1919 CUV itself. First, Peng explores in detail the principles of translation employed by the translators, and the accuracy of the final translation. Specific attention is given to the role of the 1872 Peking Version in guiding translation decisions, as well as the adopted resolution to the Term Question. Next, she traces the various twentieth-century attempts at revising the CUV, from both within and outside of China, culminating in the 2010 release of the Revised Chinese Union Version currently used in most Chinese churches.
In the final section of the book, Peng makes her case for the value and continued relevance of the CUV. She begins by exploring the significance of the 1919 CUV from a historical cultural perspective, highlighting the influence and popularity afforded the CUV throughout the last hundred years. The rapid adoption of the CUV and its warm reception from Chinese believers, its significant influence on the evolution of the modern Chinese language,2 and the high praise it continues to receive from many prominent Chinese elites are all addressed. Here Peng's love for the Union translation shines brightly as she presents the CUV as "the one version that meets every need in a Chinese Christian's life" (p. 141). In one of her more intriguing observations, Peng notes that despite the Three-Self Patriotic Movement's (TSPM) focus on indigeneity, they continued to make use of the missionary-led Union translation (p. 141).
Following her defense of the significance of the CUV, Peng concludes by examining the history and merits of the many other Chinese translations of the Bible that have emerged since 1919, paying particular attention to the key role of Chinese Christians in the translation process—past, present, and future. In the end, Peng's love for the CUV is not blind. Without rejecting the value of the Union translation for Chinese Christians around the world, she recognizes that there is a place for new translations as the Chinese church moves "from the stage of the UV only towards that of multiple versions" (p. 178). For any new translation to become accepted, however, dedicated and godly Chinese Christian scholars well versed in translation principles and the original biblical languages must selflessly labor to produce a text that builds on the strengths of the CUV and overcomes its weaknesses. A tall order, but in Peng's view an honest assessment of the task.
Reading Peng's book, alongside the research of many other scholars of the Chinese Bible, reminds China workers today of the very real merits of the Union translation as well as its prominence within the Chinese church. Rather than bemoaning the difficulties the CUV presents to those for whom Chinese is not our mother tongue, expatriates involved in China ministry would do well to redouble our efforts to appreciate its strengths and to work with the text that has comforted, informed, and encouraged so many Chinese women, men, and children throughout the past century.
Our thanks to Pickwick Publications, imprint of Wipf and Stock for providing a copy of The Translation of the Bible into Chinese: The Origin and Unique Authority of the Union Version for this review.
Irene Eber, S. K. Wan, and Knut Walf, eds. The Bible in Modern China: The Literary and Intellectual Impact, Monumenta Serica Monograph Series 43 (Sankt Augustin: Institut Monumenta Serica, 1999); Marián Gálik, eds. Influence, Translation, and Parallels: Selected Studies on the Bible in China, Collectanea Serica (Sankt Augustin: Institut Monumenta Serica, 2004); Thor Strandenaes, "Principles of Chinese Bible Translation as Expressed in Five Selected Versions of the New Testament and Exemplified by Mt. 5:1–12 and Col. 1," PhD Dissertation, Uppsala University, 1987; Jost Zetzsche, The Bible in China: History of the Union Version: Or the Culmination of Protestant Missionary Bible Translation in China, Monumenta Serica Monograph 45 (Sankt Augustin: Institut Monumenta Serica, 1999).
For a fascinating and detailed study of the influence of the CUV on the development of the modern Chinese language, see George Kam Wah Mak, Protestant Bible Translation and Mandarin as the National Language of China (Leiden: Brill, 2017).
Image credit: Chris Liu via UnSplash
Swells in the Middle Kingdom
"Swells in the Middle Kingdom" began his life in China as a student back in 1990 and still, to this day, is fascinated by the challenges and blessings of living and working in China.View Full Bio
The promise of Christmas is not that everything changes tomorrow, but that change is possible through Christ…It begins with the transformation of human hearts.
Brent Fulton ⋅ ⋅ Dec 23, 2022
The Church in China: Living in Babylon
The author recounts personal stories showing how much things have changed in China since 2015, as evidenced by the CCP's increased control, repression, and persecution.
Luke Wesley ⋅ ⋅ Dec 12, 2022
ChinaSource Perspective
A Deep Well
In this issue, we are offered thoughtful articles which provide us with rich draughts of wisdom and experience. We will be drawing from this deep well for some time to come.
Kerry Schottelkorb ⋅ ⋅ Dec 12, 2022
Why Denominations?
Responding to "When the 'Golden Age' Is Over"
An experienced cross-cultural worker discusses the issue of Christian denominations in China, in light of questions raised in the recent post, "When the Golden Age Is Over." He argues that denominations can help churches unify and work together to further the spread of the gospel throughout China.
Luke Wesley ⋅ ⋅ Nov 07, 2022

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John Boos Professional 18in x 12in x 1.5in Barbecue Reversible Board has a Hard Maple End Grain Construction, radius corners and a natural oil finish. John Boos professional cutting boards are FDA-approved and are used in some of the finest restaurants in the country. All boards are manufactured with hard rock maple and are National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) approved.


Amazing video to watch. Wow.
I will have to watch it again to focus on the verbal content.
LOL…I had to do the same thing Michael!
Trust is absolutely worth it. This is true statement about any relationship. In business, all of the marketplace hinges on building and maintaining trusting relationships. An organization will not move forward in building a high performing team without trust.
I agree completely Tim! Thanks for taking the time to comment.


The Ece Saray Marina & Resort is located on the eastern side of Fethiye harbour on the south west coast of Turkey. The Fethiye region is a unique blend of natural beauty and archeological treasures; the most beautiful, tranquil and natural sailing areas along the Turquoise coast are situated in the Fethiye region, with its many sailing and yachting opportunities close by, Fethiye region is one of the most popular destinations in the world. The hotel has been designed and built by the best craftsmen and is home to some pieces of ceramic art, examples of local craftsmanship can be seen around the hotel in the exquisite carpentry, imported Brazilian marble floors, the striking stained glass walls and the landscaped gardens by the Istanbul firm of English gardens.
The complex is located 65km from Dalaman airport.
Each individually designed room is equipped with direct dial telephone, music system, fully stocked mini-bar, safe box, wireless internet connection, satellite TV, central air conditioning and central heating, bathtub and power shower, WC, hairdryer, tea and coffee making facilities, sea views and Parisian balconies with French doors.
Quality wines and gourmet dishes, cigars and exotic drinks can be savoured in our superb restaurants, bars and patisserie, while also enjoying those mild breezes, vibrant colours and heady perfumes of the Mediterranean Sea. The Levante restaurant offers the most distinguished menus of Mediterranean and world cuisine, accompanied by special sauces and wines. The İskele bar, patisserie & cafe by the sea is located in a perfect place on the jetty, offers ice creams, sweets and pastries, while watching the boats in Fethiye bay. The lobby bar, constructed with handcrafted wood, serves selected drinks, light snacks, teas and special coffees. The pool-bar with a Jacuzzi and overlooks the Fethiye Bay. The Terrace Bar is located on the roof of the hotel, offers a buffet breakfast and light snacks and grills. The Cigar bar, overlooking the Fethiye bay, has comfortable leather sofas, rich wine menu and selected cigar & puros.
The Spa & Wellness centre is fully equipped with modern amenities such as Turkish bath, sauna, fitness centre (entry is free to hotel guests, only massage is extra) and a range of therapies. The pool overlooks Fethiye bay and has a jacuzzi (operated on request) and a separate children's pool. The hotel also comprises of beautiful landscaped gardens. Trekking, safari, daily cruises, water sports, paragliding, diving, bicycle and horse riding can be found near the hotel.
The Ece Saray Marina & Resort hotel features central air conditioning and heating, wireless internet connection throughout the grounds of the hotel and business centre, a hairdressing salon, laundry and ironing services, dry cleaning, 24 hour room service, power generators, doctor and nurse on demand and babysitting. Tours, airport transfers and car hire services are available upon request.
Ece Saray Banquet and meeting package welcomes not only the meeting and conference groups but also various types of special requests from small gatherings to cocktails or wedding and invitations up to a 1000 guests. The meeting room is equipped with projection, sound system, TV, video and DVD systems, barcovision, computer and internet, whiteboard, microphone, heating and cooling systems.


This year's Boston Marathon, which will be held Monday, will be the 122nd running of the race that winds its way 26.2 miles from the town of Hopkinton to the finish line at Copley Square in downtown Boston.
Race date: The Boston Marathon is traditionally held on Patriots Day, the third Monday in April. The Boston Red Sox also have a traditional home game on Patriots Day with an early 11:05 a.m. first pitch. This season, the Red Sox host the Baltimore Orioles.
Signature feature: The most famous part of the course comes in between the 20th and 21st mile —Heartbreak Hill. It is an uphill portion of less than a half mile as the runners pass near the campus of Boston College, but it's considered a crucial part of the race because it's where participants' energy often is depleted as they "hit the wall." There, in 1936, defending champion Johnny Kelley caught race leader Tarzan Brown and gave him a pat on the shoulder as he passed. However, Brown rallied to win and according to the Boston Globe's account of the race, "broke Kelley's heart" — hence the name Heartbreak Hill.
Defending champions:Kenya swept the 2017 marathon, with Geoffrey Kirui winning the men's title in 2:09:37 and Edna Kiplagat taking the women's crown in 2:21:52. In the men's race, there are three runners — all from Ethiopia — who have run sub-2:05 marathons: Tamirat Tola (2:04:11), Lemi Berhanu (2:04:33) and Lelisa Desisa (2:04:45). Desisa has won Boston twice and Berhanu won it in 2016. Other top contenders on the women's side include Shalane Flanagan, who won the New York marathon last year; Buzunesh Deba, the 2014 Boston champ and Desiree Linden, who was fourth in Boston last year.
Here's what you need to know about Boston Marathon Reviewed by samrack on April 15, 2018 .


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Home > ARTISTS > Chinatsu Ban
Chinatsu Ban
Photo by Miget
Chinatsu Ban's work is especially popular among Japan's liberal and feminist subcultures, a position which she further strengthened by illustrating the opening animation of a documentary television series on independent women and co-illustrating a children's book which encourages social independence in young readers.
From LOHAS to fans of the paranormal, the Japanese subculture scene has long been linked to dissatisfaction with and antagonism toward reality. This unease has grown more prevalent in the aftermath of 311 and the nuclear disaster, meshing artistically with surrealism to produce a desire for worlds which provide an escape from the nightmares of the present.
In this way, Ban's works connect with the most vividly felt emotions of the modern Japanese woman and act as a source of powerful comfort.
Graduated from the Department of Oil Painting at Tama Art University
Born in Aichi Prefecture
"How To Eat an Elephant: One Bite a Day", The Parco Factory, Tokyo, Japan
"Focus: Chinatsu Ban", Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX
Doris C. Freedman Plaza Sculpture Installation, Public Art Fund, New York, NY
"Chinatsu Ban", Marianne Boesky Gallery, New York, NY
Solo Show, Tomio Koyama Gallery, Tokyo, Japan


Stylish furniture, brilliant lighting, and glamourous gifts are just a few products you can find right in the heart of downtown Bardstown. Shaq & CoCo has a pulse on the latest trends. The ambiance of the store, and the friendly, knowledgable staff will create a shopping experience that will be unforgettable. Shaq & CoCo has many one of a kind treasures that are unique and affordable. Rare products will be easy to spot at Shaq & CoCo so be prepared with your decorating budget in mind, and save yourself a trip to Manhattan!


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Home > Lands > Land of Cumorah > Brigham Young
Oliver Cowdery went with the Prophet Joseph when he deposited these plates. Joseph did not translate all of the plates; there was a portion of them sealed, which you can learn from the Book of Doctrine and Covenants. When Joseph got the plates, the angel instructed him to carry them back to the hill Cumorah, which he did. Oliver says that when Joseph and Oliver went there, the hill opened, and they walked into a cave, in which there was a large and spacious room. He says he did not think, at the time, whether they had the light of the sun or artificial light; but that it was just as light as day. They laid the plates on a table; it was a large table that stood in the room. Under this table there was a pile of plates as much as two feet high, and there were altogether in this room more plates than probably many wagon loads; they were piled up in the corners and along the walls. The first time they went there the sword of Laban hung upon the wall; but when they went again it had been taken down and laid upon the table across the gold plates; it was unsheathed, and on it was written these words: "This sword will never be sheathed again until the kingdoms of this world become the kingdom of our God and his Christ." I tell you this as coming not only from Oliver Cowdery, but others who were familiar with it, and who understood it just as well as we understand coming to this meeting. . . [Don] Carlos Smith was a young man of as much veracity as any young man we had, and he was a witness to these things. Samuel Smith saw some things, Hyrum saw a good many things, but Joseph was the leader. (Brigham Young, Journal of Discourses, 17 June 1877)
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Next: 1879 Book of Mormon


3 credit hours. One introductory course from one of the four subfields in Anthropology: 1101 (cultural anthropology), 1301 (biological anthropology), 1201 (archaeology), 1601 (linguistics).
3 credit hours. One method or one theory course listed in the major, see above.
12 credit hours. Four courses from a theme in the major designed in consultation with the adviser, see above.
The minor in anthropology requires 18 credit hours of course work that includes any two of the introductory courses: ANTH 1101, 1301, 1201, 1601; one course listed in Group I in the major; and three additional courses from any combination of the courses listed in Group I, II, and III in the major.


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Q: Undertanding a low pass filter code in image processing The aim of this piece of Matlab code is to smooth a horizontal histogram by applying a low pass filter.
First horizontal and vertical histograms representing the sum of differences of gray values between neighboring pixels of an image, column-wise and row-wise were used. The horizontal histogram is named horz1 so horz1(i)=sum where 'i' is the column number and 'sum' is the sum of differences. Then, a low pass filter was applied. I don't understand the 'applying low pass filter' part.I don't know much about Image processing. If anyone could help me understand I would really appreciate it.
   %% horizontal histogram
    disp('Processing Edges Horizontally...');
    max_horz = 0;
    maximum = 0;
    for i = 2:cols
        sum = 0;
    for j = 2:rows
            if(I(j, i) > I(j-1, i))
                difference = uint32(I(j, i) - I(j-1, i));
            else
                difference = uint32(I(j-1, i) - I(j, i));
           end
            if(difference > 20)
                sum = sum + difference;
           end
        end
horz1(i) = sum;
%%applying low pass filter
sum = 0;
horz = horz1;
for i = 21:(cols-21)
    sum = 0;
    for j = (i-20):(i+20)
        sum = sum + horz1(j);
    end
    horz(i) = sum / 41;
end

end

A: It simply finds the average over a 41 element window. Low-pass filter retains low-frequency components and suppresses high frequency components. Averaging is an example of a low-pass filter.
The explanation of the two for loops at the end when calculating the filtered output is as follows.  It starts at i = 21 because it needs to collect 20 values before and after without going out of bounds including the middle: 20 + 20 + 1 = 41. When i = 21, then j = 1 to 41, then when i = 22, j = 2 to 42 etc. up to cols - 21, which is thus j = cols - 41 up to cols - 1. Technically we should end at i = cols - 20 though, but that's ok if you want to miss calculating the final valid output of the signal.
The loop controlled by i determines what the centre of the window is and the loop controlled by j collects the right samples dictated by i. You'll need to think about it especially if you aren't used to this, but eventually it will make sense.

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text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}\label{intro}
  What is quantum mechanics about? This question has haunted the physics community
ever since the conception of the theory in the 1920's. Since the
work of John Bell we know at least that quantum mechanics is not
about a local realistic structure built up out of values of
physical quantities \cite{bell}. This is because of the well known
fact that if one considers the values of physical quantities to
be locally real, they must obey a so-called Bell inequality, which
quantum mechanics violates. The paradigmatic example of a quantum
system giving rise to such a violation is the singlet state of two
spin-${\frac{1}{2}}$ particles. This state describes two particles that
are anti-correlated in spin. Bell's result shows that no single
particle in the singlet state can be regarded to have a locally
preexistent spin value. Instead, the
singlet state tells us that upon measurement the spin values, if
measured in the same direction on each particle, will always be
found anti-parallel. Because this (anti-) correlation is found in
all such measurements, an obvious question to ask is whether
or not we can think of this (anti-) correlation as a real property
of the two particle system independent of measurement.

Could it be that what is real about two systems in the singlet
state are
 not the local spin values,
 but merely the correlations between the two systems? Is quantum
mechanics about a world consisting not of objective values of
quantities but solely of objective correlations, of which
some are revealed in experiment? In other words, is there a
fundamental difference according to quantum mechanics as regards
the physical status of values of quantities and of correlations,
as for example Mermin \cite{mermin} seems to suggest?

 There is good reason to think that these questions should be
 answered in the positive, since a non-trivial theorem (which is true
 in quantum mechanics) points into this direction.
  The theorem (to be treated in the next section) shows that the global state of a composite quantum system
 can be completely determined by specifying
 correlations (joint probability distributions) when sufficient
 local measurements are performed on each subsystem.
 It thus suffices to consider only correlations when completely specifying
 the  state of the composite system.

  But can one also think of these correlations to be
  objective properties that pertain to the composite quantum system in question?
  As mentioned already in the case of the anti-correlation
  of the singlet state, one is tempted to think that this is indeed the case.
  However in this letter we will demonstrate that, however tempting,
  no such interpretation is possible and that
  these questions (as well as the questions
mentioned earlier) can thus not be answered in the positive.

Cabello \cite{cabello} and Jordan
\cite{jordan} give the same answer to similar questions using a Kochen-Specker \cite{kochenspecker}, Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ)
 \cite{ghz} or Hardy \cite{hardy}
argument.
Besides giving the Bell inequality version of the argument
(which in a sense completes the discussion because it was still lacking),
the advantage of the argument given here above these previous arguments,
is that it is more easily experimentally accessible using current
technology.
For this purpose, we explicitly present
a quantum state and the measurements that are to be performed in
order to test the inequality.

The structure of this paper
 is as follows.
In sec. \ref{qmcorr}
we will present an argument to the effect that quantum correlations
are real objective properties pertaining to composite quantum systems.
In the next two sections we will however show that this
  line of thought is in conflict with quantum mechanics itself.
To get such a conclusive result we need to be very formal and rigorous. In sec. \ref{bell} we will
therefore define our notion of correlation and derive a Bell inequality for correlations using a stochastic
hidden variable model under the assumption of local realism,
which formalises the idea of correlations as objective local properties.
 In sec. \ref{qmbell} we show that this inequality, when turned into it's
quantum mechanical form, is violated by quantum correlations. We
present a quantum state and a set of measurements that allow for
such a violation and furthermore show that it is the maximum
possible violation.
In sec. \ref{ontol} we apply this result to show that
entanglement cannot be considered ontologically robust
 when the quantum state is taken to be a complete description.
However, we argue that it nevertheless can be considered a resource
in quantum information theory to perform computational and
information-theoretic tasks.
In the last section, sec. \ref{conc},  we briefly
discuss the implications of our results, compare our argument
 to the ones given by Cabello \cite{cabello} and by Jordan
\cite{jordan} and return to the questions stated in the beginning of this introduction.

\section{DOES THE QUANTUM WORLD CONSIST OF CORRELATIONS?}\label{qmcorr}

In many important instances a system can be regarded as composed out
of separate subsystems.
In a physical theory that describes such composite
systems it can be asked whether one can assume that
the global state of the system
 can be completely determined by specifying
 correlations (joint probability distributions)
 when a sufficient number of local measurements
 are performed on each subsystem
 (note that here (and in the rest of the paper)
`local' is taken to be opposed to `global'
and thus not in the sense of spatial localisation\footnote{Local
thus refers to being confined to a subsystem of a larger system, without requiring the
subsystem itself to be localised (it can thus itself exist of
spatially separated parts).}).

  Barrett \cite{barrett} calls this the \emph{global state assumption}.
 Perhaps not surprisingly, the assumption holds for classical
 probability theory and for quantum mechanics on a complex Hilbert space.
 However, it need not be satisfied in an arbitrary theory,
 which shows that the theorem is non-trivial. For example, Wootters \cite{wootters}
 has shown that for quantum mechanics on a real Hilbert
 space the assumption does not hold because the correlations between subsystems do not suffice
 to build up the total state. By counting available degrees of freedom of
 the state of a composite system and of the states of its subsystems one
 can easily convince oneself that this is the case
  \footnote{J. Barrett (private communication) gives the following counting argument.
  A density matrix on a real Hilbert space with dimension $d$ has
  $N= (d^2-d)/2 +d=(1/2)d(d+1)$ parameters (without normalization),
  and a density matrix on a $d\otimes d$-dimensional Hilbert space
  has $(1/2)d^2(d^2 +1)$ parameters, which is too many because it is more than $N^2$.}.

Mermin has called the fact that in quantum mechanics the global state assumpion holds
\emph{sufficiency of subsystems correlations}, or the SSC theorem \cite{mermin2}. He phrases it as follows.  Given a system $\mathcal{S}=\mathcal{S}_1+\mathcal{S}_2$
with density matrix $W$,
then $W$ is completely determined by correlations
(joint probability distributions) Tr$[W(A_i\otimes B_j)]$ for an appropriate set
of observable pairs $\{A_i\},\{B_j\}$,
where $A_i=A_i\otimes \mathds{1}$ is an observable for subsystem
$\mathcal{S}_1$ and $B_j=\mathds{1}\otimes B_j$ is an observable for subsystem
$\mathcal{S}_2$.
The proof \footnote{Wootters has also independently proven this,
see \cite{wootters}.} relies on three facts:
Firstly, the mean values of \emph{all} observables for the entire system determine its state.
  Secondly, the set of all products over subsystems of subsystem observables
  (i.e., the set $\{ A_i\otimes B_j \}$) contains
 a basis for the algebra of \emph{all} such system-wide observables.
  Thirdly, the algorithm that supplies observables with their mean value is
linear on the algebra of observables.

As an example of the theorem, consider the well known singlet state written
as the one-dimensional projection operator
 \begin{equation}
\hat{P}_{singlet}= \frac{1}{4}(\mathds{1} -\sigma_z^1 \otimes\sigma_z^2
-\sigma_x^1 \otimes\sigma_x^2-\sigma_y^1 \otimes\sigma_y^2).
\end{equation}
The mean value of $\hat{P}_{singlet}$ is determined by the mean values
of the products of the  $x$, $y$ and $z$ components of the individual spins.
Since the mean value of this projector is 1 for the singlet,
the singlet state is thus determined by
the spin correlations in $x$, $y$ and $z$ direction having the value $-1$
(perfect anti-correlation). Perfect anti-correlation of \emph{any} three orthogonal components is
thus enough to ensure that the global state is the singlet state.
Thus correlations among all subsystems completely determine
the density matrix for the composite system they make up,
or in Mermin's words \cite{mermin2}:
``anything you can say in terms of quantum states can be translated into
a statement about subsystem correlations, i.e., about joint distributions."

It is tempting to think that because of
this theorem and because of the fact that Bell has shown that
a quantum state is not a prescription of local realistic values of
physical quantities,
that we can take a quantum state to
be nothing but the encapsulation of all the quantum correlations
present in the quantum system.
Indeed, the SSC theorem was used by N. David Mermin in 1998
to argue for the idea that correlations are physically real whereas
values of quantities are not \cite{mermin}
(although by now he has set these ideas aside\footnote{N.D. Mermin, personal communication.}).
Without wanting to claim that Mermin is committed to the issue we address next,
we explore if correlations between subsystems of an individual isolated composed system,
although determining the state of the total composite system,
can also be be considered to be real objective local properties of such a system.
That is, can one consider quantum correlations to be local realistic properties that
somehow (pre-)exist in the quantum state? Are correlations somehow atomic building blocks of the (quantum) world?

In the next two sections we will show that none of these questions
can be answered in the positive. We will be formal and rigorous and
follow the road paved by John Bell for us, but enlargen it
to not only include values of quantities but also correlations.

\section{A BELL INEQUALITY FOR CORRELATIONS}\label{bell}
\noindent Consider two spatially separated parties $I$ and $II$ which each have a
bi-partite system. Furthermore,
assume that each party determines the correlations of the
bi-partite system at his side. By correlations we here mean the
joint probability distributions $P^I_{AB}(ab)$ and $P^{II}_{CD}(cd)$,
where $A$ and $B$ are physical quantities each associated
to one of the subsystems in the bi-partite
system that party $I$ has, and where $a$ and $b$ denote the possible
values these quantities can obtain. The same holds for quantities
$C$, $D$ and possible outcomes $c$, $d$
but then for party $II$.
We now assume local realism for these correlations
in the following well-known way. Firstly, the correlations party $I$ finds are
determined by some hidden variable $\lambda \in \Lambda$ (with distribution
 $\rho(\lambda)$ and hidden variable space $\Lambda$).
 The same of course holds for $II$.
 Secondly, because of locality the correlations one party will obtain
 are for a given $\lambda$ statistically independent of the correlations
that the other party will find\footnote{
To be more specific, the doctrine of local realism leading to the Bell-inequalities
is the conjunction of the following three assumptions.
(i) \emph{Outcome independence}. The probability to obtain results
for the observables measured on one side is completely determined by
the experimental setup and the hidden
variable $\lambda$. There is no dependency
on the results obtained on the other side.
(ii) \emph{Parameter independence}. The probability to obtain results is only
locally determined, i.e., it is independent of the distant measurement devices.
(iii) \emph{Autonomy of the source}.
The hidden variable distribution $\rho(\lambda)$ of the source is
independent of the particularly chosen measurement setup.
The conjunction of these three lead to the result that the joint
probability distribution $P_{AB,CD}(ab,cd\,|\,\lambda)$ factorises:
 $P_{AB,CD}(ab,cd\,|\,\lambda)=P_{AB}^I(ab\,|\,\lambda)\,
P_{CD}^{II}(cd\,|\,\lambda)$. Thus conditioned on $\lambda$ the probabilities to obtain
outcome pairs $a$, $b$ and $c$, $d$ when measuring $A,B$ and $C,D$ are statistically independent.
}.
 Under these assumptions the joint
probability distribution
 over the four possible outcomes factorises which gives:
 \begin{equation} \label{factorisability}
P_{AB,CD}(ab,cd)= \int_{\Lambda}P_{AB}^I(ab\,|\,\lambda)\,
P_{CD}^{II}(cd\,|\,\lambda)\, \rho(\lambda)\,d\lambda.
 \end{equation}
Here we assume a so-called stochastic hidden variables model where the
hidden variables $\lambda$ determine only the joint probabilities
$P_{AB}^I(ab\,|\,\lambda)$, $P_{CD}^{II}(cd\,|\,\lambda)$ (i.e., correlations), and not the
values of the quantities themselves.
Furthermore, the joint probability $P_{AB}(ab\,|\,\lambda)$
itself need not factorise (the same of course holds for $P_{CD}(cd\,|\,\lambda)$.

Suppose now that we deal with dichotomic quantities $A,B,C,D$
with possible outcomes  $a,b,c,d \in \{-1,1\}$.
 The mean value of the product of two correlations is given by
\begin{equation}
E(AB,CD)= \sum_{a,b,c,d } abcd \,P_{AB,CD}(ab,cd).
\end{equation}
Then because of the factorisability of Eq.(\ref{factorisability})
we get the following
Bell inequality, in so-called CHSH form \cite{chsh},
\begin{eqnarray}\label{bellineq}
     \lefteqn{|E(AB,CD) +E(AB,(CD)')}\nonumber\\ & & +E((AB)',CD)-E((AB)',(CD)')|\leq 2.
\end{eqnarray}
Here $AB,\,(AB)'$ denote two sets of quantities that give rise to
two different joint probabilities (i.e., correlations) at party
$I$. Similarly for the set $CD$ and $(CD)'$ at party $II$.

This is the Bell inequality in terms of correlations that will be used in the next section.
Despite the resemblance between our inequality and the usual CHSH inequality,
they are fundamentally different because the latter
is in terms of subsystems quantities whereas the former is in terms of correlations and
does not assume anything about the values of subsystems quantities,
which the usual inequality does.

\section{QUANTUM CORRELATIONS ARE NOT LOCAL ELEMENTS OF REALITY}
\label{qmbell}
Consider a four-partite quantum system $\mathfrak{O}$ that consists of two
pairs of spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ particles where parties $I$ and $II$ each receive a single pair.
In this section we will provide an entangled state of the four-partite
quantum system $\mathfrak{O}$ and specific sets of bi-partite observables each performed
by parties $I$ and $II$ (that each have a bi-partite system)
with the following property: These observables give rise to
correlations (i.e., joint probability distributions) in the
bi-partite subsystems, which violate the Bell inequality
in terms of correlations of
the previous section (see Eq. (\ref{bellineq})). However, before doing that we have to give
the quantum mechanical version of this Bell inequality. We proceed as follows.

Firstly, by a quantum correlation we have in mind the
joint probability distribution of two (or more) self-adjoint operators,
 where each such operator corresponds to an observable of a subsystem.
Note that in case of independent observables this equals the distribution
of the product of the observables.
Such joint probability distributions are uniquely determined by
mean values of (sums of) products of projection operators
onto linear subspaces. In the remainder we can
therefore take quantum correlations to be the joint probability
distributions $P_{\hat{Q}\otimes \hat{R}}(qr\,|\, W)$ that are
obtained from products of projection operators $\hat{Q}$ and
$\hat{R}$ (with possible outcomes $q,r \in \{0,1\}$) for the
bi-partite state (density operator) $W$.
Of course $\hat{Q}$ and $\hat{R}$ must commute
in order for the joint probability distribution
to be well defined, but this is ensured since both
operators are defined for different subsystems
(with each their own Hilbert space) and are therefore commuting.

Secondly, we choose the set of hidden variables to
be the set of possible states on the Hilbert space $\H^{\mathfrak{O}}$ of
the four-partite system $\mathfrak{O}$, i.e.,
$\rho(\lambda)=\delta(\lambda -W_0)$, where $W_0$ is a
quantum state (i.e., density operator) on $\H^{\mathfrak{O}}$.
This is possible because quantum mechanics can be regarded as a
stochastic hidden variables theory where the hidden variable
is the quantum state. Upon assuming local realism, we then recover the same factorisability condition
of Eq. ({\ref{factorisability})
\begin{equation} \label{factorisabilityqm}
P_{\hat{A}\hat{B},\hat{C}\hat{D}}(ab,cd\,|\,W_0)=
P_{\hat{A}\hat{B}}^I(ab\,|\, W_I)\,P_{\hat{C}\hat{D}}^{II}(cd\,|\, W_{II}),
 \end{equation}
where $P^I_{\hat{A}\hat{B}}(ab\,|\,W_I)$ is the quantum mechanical
joint probability distribution to obtain outcomes $a$ an $b$
when measuring observables
$\hat{A}$ and $\hat{B}$ (each associated to a different subsystem)
on the bi-partite reduced state $W_I$, and the same holds
for the other joint probability distribution in the case of party $II$.
 This factorisability condition
finally gives us the quantum mechanical version of the Bell inequality of Eq. (\ref{bellineq})
encoding local realism for correlations:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{bellineqqm}
 & & |E_{W_0}(\mathfrak{B})|=   |E_{W_0}(\hat{A}\hat{B},\hat{C}\hat{D}) +E_{W_0}(\hat{A}\hat{B},(\hat{C}\hat{D})')\nonumber \\
& & +E_{W_0}((\hat{A}\hat{B})',\hat{C}\hat{D})-E_{W_0}((\hat{A}\hat{B})',(\hat{C}\hat{D})'
)|\leq 2,
\end{eqnarray}
where $E_{W_0}(\hat{A}\hat{B},\hat{C}\hat{D})=
\rm{Tr} [W_0\,\hat{A}\otimes\hat{B}\otimes\hat{C}\otimes\hat{D}]$,
and $\mathfrak{B}$ is the so called Bell operator.

Now that we have the quantum version of the
Bell-inequality in terms of correlations, we will
provide an example of a violation of it.
Consider two sets of two dichotomic observables
represented by self-adjoint operators $\hat{a},~ \hat{a}'$ and
$\hat{b},~\hat{b}'$ for party $I$ and $II$ respectively. Each
observable acts on the subspace
$\H=\mathbb{C}^2\otimes\mathbb{C}^2$ of the bi-partite system held
by the respective party $I$ or $II$. These observables are chosen
to be dichotomous, i.e. to have possible outcomes in $\{-1,1\}$.
They are furthermore chosen to be
sums of projection
operators and thus give rise to unique joint probability
distributions on the set of quantum states. Measuring these
observables thus implies determining some quantum correlations.
For these observables  $\hat{a}$, $\hat{a}'$, $\hat{b}$ and $\hat{b}'$
the Bell operator $\mathfrak{B}$  on
$\H=\mathbb{C}^2\otimes\mathbb{C}^2\otimes\mathbb{C}^2\otimes\mathbb{C}^2$
becomes
$\mathfrak{B}=\hat{a}\otimes\hat{b}+\hat{a}\otimes\hat{b}'+\hat{a}'\otimes\hat{b}-
\hat{a}'\otimes\hat{b}'$.
The observables have the following form. Firstly, \begin{equation}\label{observable1}
\hat{a}=\hat{P}_{\psi^+}+\hat{P}_{\phi^+}-\hat{P}_{\psi^-}-\hat{P}_{\phi^-},
\end{equation} which is a sum of four projections onto the Bell basis
$\ket{\psi^\pm}=1/\sqrt{2} (\ket{\uparrow\downarrow} \pm
\ket{\downarrow\uparrow})$ and $\ket{\phi^\pm}=1/\sqrt{2}
(\ket{\uparrow\uparrow} \pm\ket{\downarrow\downarrow})$. Here the
states $\ket{\uparrow}$ and $\ket{\downarrow}$ are the spin-states
for ``up'' and ``down'' in the $z$-direction of a single particle
respectively, and together they form a basis for $\H=\mathbb{C}^2$.
Secondly, \begin{equation}
\hat{a}'=\hat{P}_{\ket{\uparrow\uparrow}}+\hat{P}_{\ket{\uparrow\downarrow}}-\hat{P}_{\ket{\downarrow\uparrow}}
-\hat{P}_{\ket{\downarrow\downarrow}}, \end{equation} where the projections
are onto the product states
$\ket{\uparrow\uparrow},~\ket{\uparrow\downarrow},~\ket{\downarrow\uparrow},~\ket{\downarrow\downarrow}$.
And finally, \begin{equation} \hat{b}=
\hat{P}_{\ket{\uparrow\uparrow}}+\hat{P}_{\ket{b+}}
-\hat{P}_{\ket{b-}}-\hat{P}_{\ket{\downarrow\downarrow}}, \end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{observable4}
\hat{b}'=\hat{P}_{\ket{\downarrow\downarrow}}+\hat{P}_{\ket{b'+}}
-\hat{P}_{\ket{b'-}}-\hat{P}_{\ket{\uparrow\uparrow}}, \end{equation}
\noindent
where we have $\ket{b
\pm}=C^\pm(\ket{\uparrow\downarrow} + (1\pm \sqrt{2})
\ket{\downarrow\uparrow})$ and $\ket{b'
\pm}=C^\mp(\ket{\uparrow\downarrow} +(-1\pm \sqrt{2})
\ket{\downarrow\uparrow})$, with normalization coefficients
$C^\pm=(4\pm2\sqrt{2})^{-1/2}$
\footnote{
This particular choice of observables $\hat{a}$, $\hat{a}'$, $\hat{b}$, $\hat{b}'$ on
$\H=\mathbb{C}^2\otimes\mathbb{C}^2$ is motivated by a
well-known choice of single particle observables that allows for a
maximum violation of the original Bell-CHSH inequality when using the singlet state $\ket{\phi^-}=1/\sqrt{2}
(\ket{\uparrow\uparrow} -\ket{\downarrow\downarrow})$. This choice is
$\hat{a}=-\hat{\sigma_x},~\hat{a}'=\hat{\sigma_z},~
\hat{b}=1/\sqrt{2}(\hat{-\sigma_z} +\hat{\sigma_x}),~
\hat{b}'=1/\sqrt{2}(\hat{\sigma_z} +\hat{\sigma_x})$
all on $\H=\mathbb{C}^2$.
The analogy can be seen by noting that in this latter choice the (unnormalized) eigenvectors of
$\hat{a}$ are $\ket{\uparrow}+\ket{\downarrow},~\ket{\uparrow}-\ket{\downarrow}$,
of $\hat{a}'$ they are $\ket{\uparrow},~ \ket{\downarrow}$,
of $\hat{b}$ they are $\ket{\uparrow} +(1+\sqrt{2})\ket{\downarrow},~
\ket{\uparrow} +(1-\sqrt{2})\ket{\downarrow}$
and finally of $\hat{b}'$ they are $\ket{\uparrow} +(-1+\sqrt{2})\ket{\downarrow},~
\ket{\uparrow} +(-1-\sqrt{2})\ket{\downarrow}$.
}.

Consider now the four particle entangled pure
state \begin{equation}\label{state} \ket{\Psi}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}
(\ket{\uparrow\downarrow\uparrow\downarrow}-\ket{\downarrow\uparrow\downarrow\uparrow}).
\end{equation} The mean value of the Bell operator $\mathfrak{B}$ for
the above choice of $\hat{a}$, $\hat{a}'$, $\hat{b}$, $\hat{b}'$
in the state $\ket{\Psi}$ is equal to
\begin{equation}
|{\rm Tr} [\mathfrak{B}\ket{\Psi}\bra{\Psi}] |=2\sqrt{2}.
\end{equation}
\noindent This gives us a violation of the Bell
inequality of Eq. (\ref{bellineqqm}) by a
factor of $\sqrt{2}$. This violation proves that
quantum correlations cannot be considered to be local elements of reality.

The violation is the maximum value because Cirel'son's inequality
\cite{cirelson} (i.e., $|{\rm Tr} [\mathfrak{B}W] |\leq
2\sqrt{2}$ for all quantum states $W$) must hold for all
dichotomic observables $\hat{a},\hat{a}',\hat{b},\hat{b}'$ on
$\H=\mathbb{C}^2\otimes \mathbb{C}^2$ (possible outcomes in $\{-1,1\}$). One can easily see this
because for $\hat{a},\hat{a}',\hat{b},\hat{b}'$
we have that
$\hat{a}^2= \hat{a}'^2=\hat{b}^2=\hat{b}'^2=\mathds{1}$,
 and it thus follows that the proof of Landau \cite{landau} of  Cirel'son's inequality
 goes through.

\section{ENTANGLEMENT IS NOT ONTOLOGICALLY ROBUST}\label{ontol}

Entanglement is the fact that certain quantum states of a composite system exist
that are not convex sums of product states\footnote{For completeness, a bipartite state $W$
is \emph{entangled} iff $W \neq \sum_i p_i W_{i}^I\otimes W^{II}_i$,
where $W_{i}^I$ and $W^{II}_i$ are arbitrary states of the two subsystems
 and $\forall ~p_i>0$, $\sum_i p_i =1$.
 A state that is not entangled is called \emph{separable}.
 For the definition of
multipartite entanglement see \cite{seevinck}.
}.
It gives rise to a special kind of quantum correlations, called
 non-classical correlations, which in the pure state case allow one to violate a Bell inequality
(for mixed states it is not always the case that entanglement
implies violation of a Bell inequality \cite{werner}).  Furthermore, these correlations can also be used to
perform exceptional quantum information and computation tasks.

 The SSC theorem of section \ref{qmcorr} tells us that
 entanglement can be completely characterised by
the above quantum correlations that it gives rise to.
 Therefore the result of the previous section also applies to entanglement.
Then, if one considers the quantum state description to be complete,
entanglement cannot be viewed as ontologically robust
in the sense of being a local objective
 property pertaining to some composite system.
  If one would do so nevertheless, one can construct a composite system
 that contains as a subsystem
 the entanglement (i.e. the entangled system) in question and
 which would allow for a violation of the
 Bell inequality of Eq. (\ref{bellineqqm}). This implies
 (contra the assumption) that the entanglement cannot be regarded
 in a local realistic way, which we take to be
 a necessary condition for ontological robustness.

It is possible that one thinks that the requirement of local
 realism is too strong a requirement for ontological robustness.
 However, that one cannot think of entanglement as a property
wich has some ontological robustness
 can already be seen using the following weaker requirement:
 anything which is ontologically robust can, without interaction, not
be mixed away, nor swapped to another object, nor
flowed irretrievably away into some environment.
 Precisely these features are possible in the case of entanglement
 and thus even the weaker requirement for ontological robustness does not hold.

 These features show up at the level of quantum states when considering a quantum system in
conjunction with other quantum systems: entanglement can (i) be created in previously
 uninteracting particles using swapping,
(ii) be mixed away and (iii) flow into some environment upon mixing, all without interaction
 between the subsystems in question.
It is this latter point, the fact that no interaction
 is necessary in these processes, that one cannot think of entanglement
 as ontologically robust.

To see that the above weaker requirement
   for ontological robustness of entanglement does
 not hold consider the following examples
 of the three above mentioned features.

  (i) Consider two maximally entangled pairs (e.g. two singlets) that are created
 at spacelike separation, where from each pair a particle is emitted
 such that these two meet and the other particle of each pair is emitted such
 that they fly away in opposite directions. Conditional on a suitable joint measurement performed on
 the pair of particles that will meet (a so called Bell-state measurement)
  the state of the remaining two particles, although they have never
  previously interacted, will be `thrown'
  into a maximally entangled state. The entanglement is swapped \cite{swap}.

 (ii) Equally mixing the two maximally entangled Bell states
$\ket{\psi^\pm}$
 gives the \emph{separable} mixed state
 \begin{equation} \label{mix}W=
 \frac{1}{2}(P_{\ket{\psi^+}} +P_{\ket{\psi^-}}
) =
 \frac{1}{2}(P_{\ket{\uparrow\downarrow}} +P_{\ket{\downarrow\uparrow}}).\end{equation}
   The entanglement is thus mixed away, without any necessary interaction between
   the subsystems.

  (iii) Equally mixing the following two states of three spin 1/2 particles,
where particles $2$ and $3$ are entangled in both states,
 \begin{eqnarray}\nonumber\ket{\psi}&=&\frac{1}{2}( \ket{\uparrow}^{(1)}\otimes\ket{\psi^{-}}^{(23)})\\
  \ket{\phi}&=&\frac{1}{2}(\ket{\downarrow}^{(1)}\otimes\ket{\psi^{+}}^{(23)}),
  \end{eqnarray}
gives the state
\begin{equation} W= \frac{1}{2}(P_{\uparrow}^{(1)}\otimes P_{\psi^{-}}^{(23)} +
 P_{\downarrow}^{(1)}\otimes P_{\psi^{+}}^{(23)}). \end{equation}
This three-particle state is two-particles entangled although it has \emph{no}
two particle subsystem whose (reduced) state is entangled \cite{seevinck}.
The bipartite entanglement has thus irretrievably flowed into the three particle state,
again without any necessary interaction between the subsystems.

Does this lack of ontological robustness of entanglement question
the popular idea of entanglement as a
resource for quantum information and computation tasks?
We think it does not. Quantum information theory is precisely a theory devised to deal with
the surprising characteristics of entanglement such as the
ontologically non-robustness here advocated
(and many other features, such as for example teleportation).
Entanglement is taken to a be specific type of correlation
that can be used as a resource for encoding and manipulating (quantum)
bits of information. For that purpose the ontological status of the information or of that which
bears the information does not matter. The only thing that matters is that entanglement can be manipulated
 according to certain rules that allow for interesting information-theoretic and computational tasks.

To conclude this section we should mention that Timpson and Brown \cite{timpson} do argue for the ontological
robustness of entanglement in the mixing case (ii) above
by introducing ontological relevance
to the preparation procedure of a quantum state,
which supposedly can always be captured in the full quantum mechanical description.
 They introduce the dictinction between
 `improper' and `proper separability', which is analogous
 to the well known distinction between proper and improper mixtures,
 to argue that one can retain
 an ontologically robust notion of entanglement.
They thus call the separable mixed state of Eq. (\ref{mix}) improperly separable
because the entanglement in the mixture becomes hidden on mixing
(i.e, it disappears), although there are
some extra facts of the matter
that tell that the separable state is in fact
composed out of an ensemble of entangled states.
We agree that ``there need be no mystery at the conceptual level
over the disappearance" (sec 2. in ref. \cite{timpson}),
and the introduced distinction between proper and improper
separability indeed shows this. However, we are not convinced
that their analysis of the improperly separable states allows for ontological robustness of entanglement.

Timpson and Brown argue that using the extra facts of the matter an observer
 is able to perform
a place selection procedure that would allow the
ensemble to be separated out into the original
statistically distinct sub-ensembles
[i.e., into the entangled states].
According to them it is always the case that such
 a procedure exists \emph{in principle}:
``all that is required is access to these further facts"
(sec. 1 in ref. \cite{timpson}).

However, we believe that it is very well
conceivable that according to quantum mechanics
we do not in principle always have access to these extra
facts.
Perhaps the interactions between the object systems involved in
the preparation procedure and the environment are such that the
observer cannot become correlated to both
the extra facts and the objects states
in the right way for the facts to be accessable,
or the interactions could be such that no classical record of
the extra facts could possibly be left in the environment.
To put it differently,
although we agree that in the case of improper separability
one can uphold an ignorence interpretation of the state in question
and that furthermore the ignorance is in principle about some extra
facts of the matter, we do not agree that it is certain that the ignorance about these extra facts
of the matter can be removed by the observer
in accordance with the dynamics of quantum mechanics in all
 conceivable preparation procedures.
 The issue thus awaits a (dis)proof of principle,
 which the author wants to undertake in the near future.

\section{DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION}\label{conc}
\noindent The Bell inequality violation of section \ref{qmbell}
tells us that despite the fact that a quantum state of a composite
system is determined by the correlations between
each of its possible subsystems, one cannot conclude that they are determined (by
the quantum state) in a local way.
Just like
values of quantities correlations cannot be used to build up a world
consisting out of some local realistic structure.
We have that \emph{mathematically} quantum correlations determine the quantum state,
but \emph{ontologically} they cannot be considered to be
atomic building blocks of the world.
Furthermore, although entanglement
is taken to be a resource in quantum information theory,
we have argued that it cannot be considered ontologically robust
because it is not a local objective property
and furthermore that without interaction it can be mixed away, swapped to another object,
and flowed irretrievably into some environment.

The Bell inequality argument of section \ref{qmbell} was inspired by the work of
Cabello \cite{cabello} and Jordan \cite{jordan}
who obtain almost exactly the same conclusion,
although by different arguments.
The argument of Cabello differs the most from ours because
he uses a different conception of what a quantum correlation is. His argument
speaks of types of correlations which are associated with eigenvalues of
product observables. We believe this notion to be less general
than our notion of quantum correlation which only takes
joint probability distributions to be correlations.
  Jordan's argument, in contrast, does in effect use the same notion of quantum
 correlation as we do. He considers mean values of products
 of observables and since these are determined by mean values of
(sums of) products of projection operators he restricts himself to the latter.
He thus uses the same notion as we do because the latter determine all
joint probability distributions.

However, Cabello and Jordan both need perfect
correlations for their argument to work because the state dependent
GHZ- or Hardy argument they use (Cabello uses both, Jordan only the latter
argument) need such strong correlations.
Our Bell inequality argument does not rely on this
specific type of correlation because statistical correlations already suffice
to violate the Bell inequality here presented.
We therefore believe our argument
has an advantage over the one used by Cabello and Jordan,
because it is more amenable to experimental implementation.

     In fact, the Bell-inequality argument here presented can be readily
implemented using current experimental technology.
Indeed, it is already possible to create fully four-particle-entangled states
\cite{4deeltjesexperiment}
and measurement of the four observables $\hat{a}$, $\hat{a}'$, $\hat{b}$, $\hat{b}'$ of
Eq.(\ref{observable1})-(\ref{observable4}) seems not to be
problematic since they are sums of ordinary projections.
Furthermore, as said before, there is no need to produce perfect correlations;
statistical correlations will suffice. We therefore hope that in
the near future experiments testing our argument will be carried
out.

Lastly, returning to the questions stated in the introduction,
in so far as Mermin in his \cite{mermin} is committed to
take correlations (as we have defined them here) to be locally real
(which we think he is), his tentative interpretation is at odds
with predictions of quantum mechanics and would allow,
in view of the argument given here, for an experimental verdict.

\subsection*{Acknowledgements}\noindent
I would like to thank Jos Uffink for valuable discussions,
Sven Aerts and N. David Mermin for helpful comments on an earlier draft
 and Harvey Brown for stimulating comments on this topic,
 even though the latter go back many years.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Almost two in five mergers and acquisitions (M&A) bankers say that due diligence is the most boring part of their jobs.
This is according to a survey from Intralinks DealNexus, a professional network and marketplace for those working in M&A.
Over 2,000 professionals took part in the survey, with over 70 per cent based in North America, and negotiating came out as the most enjoyable process, followed by closing deals.
However, 37.9 per cent said that due diligence is the most tedious part of their duties.
Due to regulatory changes, diligence has never been more important and processes are taking longer than ever.
In October, Jonathan Rowley, head M&A for the Emea regions at Swiss investment banking group UBS, said: "It has never felt easy or quick, and there has been lots of scrutiny on transactions at most points in the cycle.
"However, I do think expectations for diligence have gone up, and the desire to really follow through on all issues and thoroughly understand the risks has increased."
The second most boring task was found to be preparing documents for deal markets, with 31.8 per cent of the vote, while third dullest was pitching to a prospective client.
Last month, Intralinks Holdings published a study which found that those involved in M&A typically enjoyed greater success from their deals after they had taken greater time to conduct thorough and full due diligence.
Interviews by the body uncovered that longer due diligence gives buyers better information on companies which can then be used to negotiate a more favourable deal.
Professor Scott Moeller, director of the M&A Research Centre at City University London's Cass Business School, said the research indicates that the longer a person spends conducting checks, the more likely they are to gain a realistic view of a potential deal's valuation.
On average, due diligence in the M&A process takes 124 days to complete, the study also found.


The content of Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe and Cr in Bushgreen and Roselle vegetable plants, soil irrigated with treated and untreated urban sewage water were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The concentration of Cu (0.078 g/ml), Zn (1.065 g/ml), Pb (1.034 g/ml), Fe (2.512 g/ml) and Cr (0.081 g/ml) in untreated sewage water were reduced by 58%, 46%, 27%, 70% and 33% respectively, after treatment with Alum. The mean concentration of Pb, Cu and Cr in treated and untreated sewage waters are above the maximum permissible values of 0.2g/ml, 0.01g/ml and 0.05g/ml respectively for irrigation waters used on all types of soils. The levels of Zn in soils irrigated with sewage water and Pb in soils irrigated with treated sewage water are above the maximum tolerable levels of 300g/g and 100g/g respectively. The contamination of Zn and Cr in leaves (unwashed), leaves (washed), stem and roots of Bushgreen irrigated with sewage water are 2.5, 1.7, 1.3, 3.2 and 2.1, 1.7, 1.9, 1.1 times respectively, higher than the maximum permissible level in plants sets by World Health Organization (WHO).


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Success Quotes to Inspire Greatness in Your Life!
8.) "If I cannot do great things, I can do small things in a great way" ― Martin Luther King Jr.
We hope you enjoyed some our favorite quotes on success!
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'Middle East would lose a great deal if the hemorrhage of Christians continues'
French-Lebanese theologian and philosopher Antoine Fleyfel emphasizes the importance of the Oriental Christian community for the diversity of the Arab world and warns against the temptation to turn inwards.
What have Christians contributed to the Middle East including during the period since it became Arab?
Antoine Fleyfel: Answering this question involves going back into the history of the region, which was once Christian. In fact, long before it became Muslim, Christianity was founded and spread from the region.
The achievements of the Abbasid Empire in the fields of science, including medicine and astronomy, as well as the arts, are sometimes emphasized for ideological reasons. On the other hand, the contributions of Syriac Christians, Copts, Assyrians or Melkites, who also lived there and whom the caliphs were smart enough to rely on, are underplayed.
The famous Beit Al Hikma or House of Wisdom in tenth and eleventh century Baghdad is an example of this.
More recently, Christians were among the leaders of the political and cultural Nahda or "renaissance" movement that emerged in the Arab world during the 19th century.
They contributed their reflections on human rights, citizenship, and laicity. During the 20th century, they also struggled alongside Muslims in Egypt, Lebanon, and Syria in the battle against the Turk occupiers to promote an "Arab identity" that they created as well as for the independence of their countries.
Nor can one overlook the contribution of Christians in the foundation of the Kingdom of Jordan and the defense of Palestine.
How can this contribution be measured?
AF: It is becoming increasingly clear that the phases of greatness of the long history of the Middle East were periods of openness to diversity while, on the other hand, withdrawal and turning inwards led to civilizational impoverishment.
What is the legacy of the Mamluks, the dynasty that reigned in Egypt and Syria during the 13th and 14th centuries and who greatly persecuted Christians and other minorities? Very little.
The Middle East would lose a great deal if the hemorrhage of Christians continues. An Arab world reduced to its Muslim component would be deprived of the cultural, social, political, economic richness that it derives from its diversity.
Christians leaving would also accentuate the polarization between the various currents of Islam…
Is the Arab world conscious of what it lost with the departure of the Jews during the 20th century?
AF: Few will dare to admit it. The hatred of Israel cultivated in the Arab world since 1948 has led them to equate Jews with Israel. To deplore the departure of the Jews would inevitably be understood as a kind of support for the state of Israel.
Clearly, however, it was a significant loss. Until 1948, for example, one-third of Baghdad was Jewish!
The Arab countries, particularly Egypt and Iraq, have not had the intelligence to make sure they stayed although the Jewish state was also partly responsible since it encouraged immigration to its own territory.
In the difficult current context, can Christians still make a positive contribution to the societies in which they are living?
AF: Their participation has been downplayed for several decades and even more since the emergence of jihadist movements such as Al Qaida and ISIS.
As a result of the situation in the region, namely spreading violence and religious fundamentalism, we also observe a trend for Christians to withdraw at the moral, religious and cultural levels as well as in their relations with others.
For example, some Christians tend to turn inwards in a somewhat bigoted and superstitious expression of their faith.
The crushing majority of theses in theology today deal with the history of each Church, the great saints of past centuries. But we cannot stop there!
There is a huge shortage in the fields of ecumenism, systematic theology, Islamic theology, and ecclesiology. How can one imagine a future for these churches without a dialogue with Islam? Indeed, some churches are still governed like tribes by priests and bishops driving their beautiful cars. Or in the fields of science and particularly history?
In a way, like the Muslims, Oriental Christians are still living in an "enchanted" world in the sense that religious and magic explanations have taken the place of scientific study. It is difficult to make progress in such conditions.
And yet, their achievements, particularly in the field of education, are still highly appreciated?
AF: Certainly, including by Muslims themselves! Christians are also recognized for their hospitals, the aid they bring to the most disadvantaged, as well as their economic contribution.
They have a strong presence in commerce and the liberal professions in general.
One ought not to forget their literary and intellectual contribution either, which is fostered by publishers, journals and media, as well as their more general contribution to dialogue among the various components of Arab society.
In Iraq, only Christians are capable of bringing together Arabs and Kurds, or Sunnis and Shiites.
Professor Antoine Fleyfel is a theologian and professor at the Catholic University of Lille and is also responsible for academic relations with the L'Oeuvre de l'Orient.
Source: La Croix
Alawneh mahir	2017-10-07T08:52:29+00:00	October 7th, 2017|Categories: News|Tags: Antoine Fleyfel, Arab World, Christian community, French-Lebanese, Middle East, philosopher, theologian|


The differential diagnosis for pseudomembranes or membranes most commonly includes severe viral or bacterial conjunctivitis, Stevens Johnson syndrome, and chemical burns. Less common are ligneous conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, and superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Ligneous conjunctivitis can be distinguished from other causes of pseudomembranes because of its thicker, more homogenous appearance, and by patient history as it is more common in infants than are other causes of membranes such as ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Pseudomembranes can be differentiated from membranes on peeling: the presence of blood after peeling favors the diagnosis of a true membrane.


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Divine Mercy Shrine In Wisconsin Defaced With Graffiti
November 29, 2022 Featured Today No Comments
By JONAH McKEOWN
ST. LOUIS, Mo. (CNA) — A Catholic parish in southern Wisconsin suffered a graffiti attack overnight on Sunday, November 20, that saw a large tiled display of the Divine Mercy image defaced with green spray-painted letters.
Run by the Stockbridge, Mass.-based Marian Fathers, St. Peter Parish is located in Kenosha, on Lake Michigan north of Chicago near the Illinois border. A photo shared on social media by Fr. Donald Calloway shows green spray-painted graffiti on one of the exterior granite shrines near the entrance to the church.
Deacon Terrance Maack, the parish's administrative assistant, told Catholic News Agency that the incident occurred between 7 and 8 p.m. on the evening of Sunday, November 20, possibly during the 7 p.m. Mass. The church, which is located on a well-lit street, does not have security cameras.
The shrine will need to be professionally cleaned with help from insurance money, he said. The spray paint won't seep into the marble itself, he said, but the Divine Mercy image is made up of tiles, so the grout between the tiles will need to be professionally cleaned, Maack said.
Maack requested prayers for the perpetrator, noting that Jesus' Divine Mercy — expressed in the image they defaced — remains available for them.
The motive for the attack is not clear. The letters spray-painted on the image, "ANKHEEMMAAT," may refer to the similarly spelled "Ankhemmaat," an obscure fourth-century B.C. Egyptian priest.
The vandalism was promptly reported to the police, Maack said.
When reached by Catholic News Agency, Sergeant Jeffery Galley of the Kenosha Police Department said the department did receive the criminal complaint, but they do not yet have any leads in the case.
Vandalism attacks against Catholic buildings, monuments, and places of worship have continued apace since at least May 2020, when the U.S. bishops began tracking such incidents. Since then, the bishops' national office says they have tracked at least 172 incidents across 38 states and the District of Columbia. The vandalism incidents include multiple incidents of statues and gravestones defaced, including with swastikas and anti-Catholic language.
In particular, vandalism attacks with a clear pro-abortion motive have exploded in the months since the leak of a draft decision from the U.S. Supreme Court showing that it would overturn Roe v. Wade. CNA has since recorded attacks on 33 churches, 55 pregnancy centers, three political organizations, and one maternity home since early May where the public evidence points to a pro-abortion motive. The crimes include vulgar graffiti, property damage, threats, theft, and arson.


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Youth Zone marks 4 years of helping youngsters find their spark
Published Tuesday 12 July 2016 at 12:49
Blackburn Youth Zone is hosting a celebration at its office on Jubilee Street today to commemorate its 4th year of improving the lives of young people in the borough.
The event will involve inspirational talks, performances by Youth Zone members and tours throughout the building.
John Roberts, founder of online electrical retailer AO.com, will speak about his journey from an unqualified warehouse worker to a becoming the CEO of a successful company.
John is also a long-standing supporter of the development of opportunities for young people and a big supporter of OnSide Youth Zones.
Blackburn Youth Zone stared in 2012 and currently offers a safe working environment to over 3,000 members aged between 8 and 18.
The charity provides opportunities for young people to develop a passion for something that positively changes their outlook and enables them to channel their energy positively.
Damian Talbot, executive member for Leisure, Culture & Young People, said:
"I'd like to use this opportunity to congratulate Blackburn Youth Zone on all its achievements for young people throughout these years.
"As a borough with around a quarter of the population being under 15, we must take extra care that we provide these children with the support they need.
"It is reassuring to see the effects of the hard work carried out by charities like Blackburn Youth Zone and I hope there are many more years to come."
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Home → ERP → SAP Opens Up Business ByDesign Feature Pack
SAP Opens Up Business ByDesign Feature Pack
Posted February 8, 2011	By David Needle Feedback
Enhancements to SAP's cloud-based Business ByDesign include better usability and a more open platform for customization.
SAP announced several enhancements to its on-demand Business ByDesign software today, following the general release earlier this month of the related Feature pack 2.6. The enterprise software giant said the more open Business ByDesign platform will let a broad ecosystem of partners bring customizations of the platform to market. Another key advance in today's release is additional support for mobile devices.
According to SAP (NYSE: SAP), about 80 percent specific project adaptations, like adjusting the user interface, creating new reports, building forms and making adjustments to business processes, can be completed by customers without programming. For the remaining 20 percent, SAP just released a software development kit (SDK), the SAP Business ByDesign studio that's designed to help partner companies create add-on solutions.
"We've taken the large enterprise features and made them available at a cost that average or emerging growth companies can take advantage of. Things like a business intelligence engine and a compliance engine are embedded in Business ByDesign," Frank Iannotti, national vice president for SAP's Business ByDesign, told InternetNews.com. "This really enables what would be very costly in earlier solutions."
SAP said large enterprises running SAP Business Suite software in their headquarters have shown a strong interest in having their subsidiaries use Business ByDesign as an easier to manage remote solution that integrates both with headquarters and subsidiary partners. The feature pack 2.6 release offers the first such integration scenario for financial consolidation.
Specifically, the idea is to help companies deal with the growing level of global financial reporting standards such as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), multiple currencies particularly at the subsidiary and transaction currency level, as well as tax jurisdictions. SAP said it plans to release further integration scenarios for sales and distribution in the next version.
On the mobile front, feature pack 2.6 for SAP Business ByDesign extends mobile support to the iPad and RIM BlackBerry smartphones; the software had already supported the iPhone. SAP said it plans to add support for Android and Windows Phone 7 operating systems in the next release. Partners can also build native mobile applications that run Web services from SAP Business ByDesign, as well as build mobile applications using SAP Business ByDesign studio.
The 2.6 also leverages SAP's in-memory computing technology further with specific support for sales and financial planning. In-memory technology lets users process huge amounts of data in real-time even on a mobile device. A dashboard app for feature pack 2.6 gives customers access to what SAP said is complete analytical business information including worksheets to arrange and organize reports, as well as annotations, notes, e-mail and voice notes for collaboration with colleagues.
"With feature pack 2.6, we are not only delivering additional value to our customers, but are also providing new opportunities for co-innovation to our partners," Peter Lorenz, executive vice president for On Demand and corporate officer at SAP, said in a statement. "As we have now moved to a cycle of delivering a new feature pack every six months, the next big step in our SAP Business ByDesign roadmap will be the general availability of feature pack 3.0 in August."
Read more about SAP ERP here.
David Needle is the West Coast bureau chief at InternetNews.com, the news service of Internet.com, the network for technology professionals.
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"What was your favorite class in college? Why?" Report Response
"What are some of your strengths?" Report Response
"Clich alert: why do you want to be a doctor? Why medical college of wisconsin? Tell me about X experience from your AMCAS..." Report Response
"What does sensitivity mean to you? Is this a good quality for a doctor to have? How so?" Report Response
"know any good jokes? (I only know dirty jokes, so I opted for an anecdote about old people)" Report Response
"I was WIPED OUT by the ball-busting interview at Univ. of Washington two days prior. I just showed up with a smile on my face." Report Response
"Nice facilities, nicely located just outside of a decent city, all of schools' resources devoted to medical students, 3rd best children's hospital in nation" Report Response
"There were 70 people in my interview group! Talk about the Costco-style of interviews. It's a really impersonal feeling when you see 40 other white dudes dressed exactly like you are. " Report Response
What did you wish you had known ahead of time?
"HUGE interview groups, but REALLY REALLY EASY INTERVIEWS. Best of all, they will give you a decision within 10 days of your interview." Report Response
What are your general comments?
"They tell you to show up at 11AM, but nothing happens till 12:30. The first part of the day is spent listening to the director of admissions give his schpeele. He seems like he'd make a good car salesman, and is kind of aggressive in the way he talks about admissions. Don't worry though, because the 2 interviews are the MOST laid back I've ever seen, even more than UVM. Make sure you have plenty of questions, becuase after about 10-12 minutes of asking you questions, the interviewers spend the rest of the time answering YOUR questions. So prepare accordingly. " Report Response
7+ hours
Radisson Milwaukee West


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MY VIEW: Very historic, and very, very sad
Jim Sacia
"The Committee therefore recommends that the House consider an Article of Impeachment against the Governor."
— The final sentence of a 59 page document titled "Proposed Report of the Special Investigative Committee."
It says it all. Be you Democrat, Republican, Independent, Libertarian or what have you, the fact remains: Governor Rod Blagojevich did the State of Illinois a tremendous disservice. Sitting on the committee these past three weeks has been an honor and a privilege which takes me directly to my point. All of us who serve the public as elected persons must never lose sight of the fact. Serving is a privilege and not a right.
As I write this Thursday morning, (January 8, 2009) the Committee's work is nearly completed. We will hear from U.S. Senate designate Roland Burris. He will be questioned about any "trade offs" between he and the governor in return for his appointment. There will be some questions as to why Governor Blagojevich's defense attorney Sam Adam Jr. acted as a go between for Burris and the governor.
Then, I and the 20 other Special Investigation Committee members will vote on sending an Article of Impeachment to the full Illinois House of Representatives. There is little doubt of the outcome and the full House will vote later today or tomorrow. This has been an exhausting but necessary process. My assumption is the committee will recess to the call of the chair.
I doubt that we would dissolve at this critical juncture. Should the Illinois Senate, when it takes up its work on the Article of Impeachment on January 26, 2009, need further information we could be hastily called back.
Why only one article of Impeachment? There are numerous counts under the article. Taken in their totality, even if you disagree with several, you cannot help but arrive at the same conclusion. Keep in mind, the House conclusion is part one of a two part process. The Senate is the ultimate arbitrator.
There are numerous reasons for cause to remove Rod Blagojevich as Governor of the State of Illinois. Very historic yet very, very sad. To look around at the great men and women I serve with from both political parties, there is little doubt we will rise above this and Illinois will again have its day in the sun.
As always, you can reach me, Sally or Barb at (815) 232-0774 or e-mail us at jimsacia@aeroinc.net. You can also visit my website at www.jimsacia.com. It's always a pleasure to hear from you.
Jim Sacia is the 89th District State Representative
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Teaching English as a Second Language is written specifically for the needs of teacher education students and offers practical guidance to encourage quality teaching of children whose first language is other than English. It provides early childhood and primary teachers in training with an overview of the learning theories relevant to TESOL and ESL teaching practice.
Shirley O'Neill is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Education at the University of Southern Queensland.
Annabelle Gish is an Associate Lecturer in the Faculty of Education at the University of Southern Queensland.


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Snakes & Lattes: The Show
Posted by Thomas Deeny as Other
Snakes & Lattes, the Toronto board game cafe, is developing a comedy web series to be released this September. The cafe has partnered with Bell Local, a group of community channels owned by Bell Canada, and independent film and television production company Really Awesome Days Productions. The show's name is The Show.
The Show is set within a fictionalized version of Snakes & Lattes featuring estranged friends Max and James coming together to possibly make the cafe become wildly successful or rocket Max's company "straight into the ground".
Snakes & Lattes opened doors in 2010 and is owned by Ben Castanie and Aurelia Peynet. The cafe became a model for other boardgame cafes and bars over the past several years. The Show is the first fiction series offered by Snakes & Lattes, who also produce a podcast ("The Snakescast"), a game review video series, and a video series about starting your own board game cafe ("How to Snakes").
Image courtesy Snakes & Lattes' Instagram feed.
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How to Start Up a Boardgame Cafe Series Premieres from Snakes & Lattes
With "a constant stream" of people contacting Toronto's Snakes & Lattes boardgame cafe about how to start up similar ventures in other towns, Curator and head Game Guru Steve Tassie says the boardgame cafe will be releasing a series of videos over the next couple of months under the title "How to Snakes". The series is focused on providing advice to other start-up boardgame owners. Although Mr. Tassie states he is not "a business person", he expresses hope that the series will get game cafe developers to consider some elements of their plans that may not be readily apparent.
In the first video, Location, Mr. Tassie walks potential store owners through a few simple questions to answer about where to look in a city for your location and if your city is a good place to start. "Toronto is a big enough city that we actually had a number of different neighborhoods that we could have put down roots in," he says. "And in fact, a number of those neighborhoods all have game cafes of their own now."
The launch of the series was delayed by a month after the cafe's video equipment was stolen. Hopefully, that won't delay the release of the rest of the series.
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