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Home Cars News 2020 Tata Nexon Facelift (BS6) Officially Revealed, Bookings Open
2020 Tata Nexon Facelift (BS6) Officially Revealed, Bookings Open
Launch of the 2020 Tata Nexon facelift is likely to take alongside the recently revealed electric version, can be booked by paying Rs. 11,000 across the country
It is no secret that Tata Motors, the popular homegrown carmaker, has been working on a slew of new models that will launch in the near future. The all-new models on the cards include the Maruti Baleno-rivalling Altroz and the Harrier-based Gravitas. Not only this, the company has even planned a slew of facelifts, which include mid-cycle updates for the Nexon, Tiago and Tigor.
Now, the company officially released images and information of the 2020 Tata Nexon facelift, along with details of the updated Tiago and Tigor. It may be noted that the manufacturer was caught testing these upcoming models on several occasions and it looks like the vehicles are finally close to their official introduction.
The 2020 Tata Nexon facelift sports the same styling elements that can be seen on the recently revealed Nexon EV. Also, from the looks of it, the Nexon even gets a new Army green paint job. Also, the SUV boasts revised front- and rear-end styling elements that give it a fresher look.
Up front, the 2020 Tata Nexon facelift gets a new bumper, new fog lamps, a sleeker grille and updated headlamps. The new fascia is similar to that of the Nexon EV, albeit, without featuring the blue accents and the EV badges. The rear would feature a new set of taillamps and an updated bumper. Even the interior will get some updates, including, possibly, a Harrier-inspired semi-digital instrument cluster.
Also, worth mentioning here is that the 2020 Tata Nexon facelift will be sold with BSVI-compliant petrol and diesel engine options. The power and torque outputs will likely remain largely unchanged, while the compact SUV will continue to be on sale with manual and AMT options.
Other than the 2020 Tata Nexon facelift, the company will even launch updated versions of the Tiago and the Tigor, which would get Altroz-inspired front styling package comprising of a new bumper, LED DRLs, new grille and new headlamps. The two cars could also get new paint options. Bookings of all the new models are now open and the market launch likely to happen later this month.


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Brunnier Art Museum Christian Petersen Art Museum Farm House Museum Anderson Sculpture Garden Art On Campus Collection
Art on Campus Digital Map Fountain of the Four Seasons Jack Trice George Washington Carver
Home Visit Art On Campus Collection Fountain of the Four Seasons
Donate to the ongoing conservation of the Art on Campus Collection
This is a project funded by the Office of the President, but each object in the Art on Campus Collection, and the University Museums' permanent collection as a whole, has a unique set of needs for conservation to protect these objects for generations to come. Contributing to conservation within University Museums allows this work to continue, including bringing in conservation experts to work on objects in the University Museums collection.
Protect the Fountain of the Four Seasons
The works of art in the Art on Campus Collection can be protected for generations to come by your actions! Specifically for the Fountain of the Four Seasons, keeping the water at an acceptable chemical level is important for the long-term care of the carved Maidens.
When soap, plant material, coins, other objects or people are placed in the pool, this balance can be disturbed, and can even lead to the Fountain needing to be drained completely. Not only is this a stress on the works of art, but this is also a large water conservation issue.
The modifications completed on the Fountain will allow the water to be recirculated and filtered, conserving water throughout the season, as long as outside materials are not thrown in.
Protect Iowa State's artistic heritage! Please do not put objects or allow people in the pool or fountain!
Throughout the process of the conservation of the Fountain of the Four Seasons, University Museums would love to receive your memories of the Fountain over the years.
Spread your love of the Fountain of the Four Seasons by sharing your stories on social media. Did you have graduation photos there? Wedding photos? Family portraits? Capture a beautiful sunrise or sunset? Use #Fountain4Seasons or tag University Museums in your posts.
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Email us your photos and stories at museums@iastate.edu and with your permission, we might share them on our website, eNews, and/or social media.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


BOOK YOUR "Shore Excursion of Castles of Rome"
This tour start from your ship docked in Civitavecchia port.
Tour is operated with a minivan driven by a fluent English speaking driving guide.
This area is called the Roman Castles since these towns originated from the castles the Roman nobles built on the most suitable hill in their property, those castles were made into villas and the nobles spent their summers there in better climate than Rome the climate condition were ideal for cultivating grape vines and the area has always been known for producing wonderful white wines, the most famous is The Frascati Superior.
The area has beautiful hills and lakes and the little towns have a special quaint atmosphere.
Later we proceed driving on the beautiful "Via dei Laghi" (the road of the lakes) to Castel Gandolfo which is the most charming of the small towns in the area. Castel Gandolfo chosen from the 17th Century by the Popes as summer residence, this is still today the Pope favorite location to spend the hot summer months . The Papal Residence cannot be visited, but the Palace can be seen from the outside.
Inside the village of Castel Gandolfo there are shops that represent the local wineries where you can have a wine tasting or a light lunch with fresh and genuine food by local place or take an informal lunch with a very tasty, panino (round toast) stuffed of typical "Porchetta di Ariccia" drinking a glass of soda or Peroni beer, sitting on the lake's shore.
In few minutes you are driven through the chestnuts wood up the hills to reach town of Nemi, where from terraces located in town you can have a breath taking view of the lake of Nemi.
Also this lovely little town (big village) is known for a unique product, famous all over the World : The "Fragoline di Nemi", the small, delicious strawberries. Also off season you can sip a sweet liquor done with this delicious fruit.
The Shore excursion is of 9 hour from pick up to drop off at Ship side.
P.S. The price of day tour, shore excursion or transfer includes the cost of the private vehicle, driver, gas, road tolls, parking fees and taxes. It does not includes entrance fees to sites, private guides for museums or archaeological sites or walking tours, the cost of lunch, gratuity for your driver and for the private guide (when needed).
The tour sequence may be changed due to clients need, local problem or traffic problem, always covering the sights mentioned with tour description and time frame. Your driving guide assist you for the location to see , but he does not enter the sites with you.
Please understand we receive several request and the tour is sold to the first customer that buy it.
The request via email does not entitle priority for booking.


COVINGTON—District Attorney Warren Montgomery reports that a grand jury indicted Jacob Scott Walker, 36, a former Sun police officer, Tuesday (Nov. 13) with two counts of malfeasance.
Walker is accused of pocketing money he collected from traffic tickets for his own personal gain between Feb. 8 and Aug. 13 of this year. Walker also is accused of failing to submit narcotics evidence to the crime lab for analysis after a traffic stop on Dec. 18, 2017, and then lying about it.
Assistant District Attorney Ken Dohre presented the case to the grand jury, and D.A. Investigator Walter "Nick" Burtanog, IV, investigated it.


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PCS Strike: Power Minister Harbhajan Singh ETO hints for strict action against protesters
Written by Dinkle Popli -- January 11th 2023 01:43 PM
Amritsar, January 11: Punjab Power Minister Harbhajan Singh ETO on Wednesday inaugurated street lights on the road leading to Lord Valmiki Tirth. Talking to reporters on the occasion, he said that there was a demand for installation of street lights on this path for a long time, as it is the holy road that leads to Lord Valmiki Tirth. He further said that around 600 lights would be installed on the same route, so that pilgrims visiting the shrine face no difficulty amid dense fog and severe weather condition.
Also Read: North India shivers: List of 26 trains running late
Talking about the matter of PCS officials going on strike, he said that the Hon'ble government will not tolerate corruption in Punjab at any cost. He said that strict legal action will be taken against whoever will participate in the demonstration against such issues.
In response to the power bills of crores of rupees due to the government departments, he said that a blueprint is being prepared in this regard. However, he denied any hike in electricity tariff in coming days.
Also Read: Bharat Jodo Yatra: Rahul Gandhi pays obeisance at Gurdwara Fatehgarh Sahib
Harbhajan Singh ETO
PCS Strike
Punjab Power Minister


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11 November 2017-11 February 2018: 'Aftermath: The war landscapes of William Orpen', National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin 2
By Editor | 29/10/2017 | 0
On Saturday 11 November 2017 a new exhibition opened in the National Gallery of Ireland, Merrion Square, Dublin 2, entitled Aftermath: The war landscapes of William Orpen. The Irish painter William Orpen (1878-1931) went to France as an official war artist, serving with the British Army. Compelled to record what he saw, Orpen's images show a mutilated…
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How important is it to learn to need less and less to hide behind?
Of significant importance in this philosophy, is the notion of 'true honesty' – gathering a level of objective insight that introduces one to the notion of NOT NEEDING ANYTHING TO HIDE BEHIND. Such healthful clarity/unblemished 'witnessing' is a significant aspect of what is coined as 'glimpses of heaven'…loving bio-electric spine-tingling/shivering (chi/ki/pranha) feelings/realizations (and nurturing the genuine/quintessential skill of doing so AT WILL – AND as a way of life).
Do you want to get a 'buzz' on? ALL of the time? With no assistance? Naturally…no cheating?
What if it has to do with those benevolent sparkling spine-tingling/shivering feelings (those feelings that we usually only and spontaneously enjoy in special loving/sentimental moments)? A so-beautiful way of being – oh(!) SO light and fluid and relaxed…ALL of the time?
Does it have to do with a true love, inclusive, yet oh SO much more than just familial, friendship, and romantic love? Is it all so much about not needing recognition or having hidden agendas? As a WAY OF LIFE, can this be consistent with ongoing quintessential/beyond splendid 'glimpses of Heaven'…harmony between Heaven and Earth? If there is such a thing as true health, can this be a significant part of it?
Is it SO light (lightness of being AND absorbing of light)…without the debilitating weight of craving, desire, and fear of healthful change?
What if the following was truly a loving, resplendent hint?
How much goodness and grace does it take?
It is easier to accomplish all of this when we can embrace the notion that each of us has historically 'rocked the boat' – and will likely do so again. It is easier to forgive ourselves for past infractions, when, in the here-and-now, we can display honest and well-meaning empathy and forgiveness for similar behavior in others. In the traditions herein, this healthful mien is viewed as being in direct congruence with the true responsibility of supporting others – and one aspect of an honest and loving true freedom.
Some things can only be (truly) understood by witnessing – whether it be of this Earth and the living story thereof, or in a glimpse of heaven.
Both levels of…(?) existence have commonalities, and there are many means by which to make this world a better place. Albeit, all meaningful ways as such are inclusive of these things: True Freedom, aka the accumulation of light and lightness, and its almost-unblemished and/or genuinely unblemished true love and true responsibility of universal compassion and healthfully-balanced empathy. As said, there are many means by which to make the world a better place – but all meaningful ways, to be exact, are inclusive of this level of grace and the freedom to artfully appreciate what we have.
'There is a place where, wherever you are there, whatever you are doing…no matter what, in any given moment, there should be nowhere you would rather be.
In the wilderness of our existence…a place of budding flowers about, about to unwrap in a showing of perfect appreciation for all to thrive upon, we are the flowers which can blossom again and again in each season of our deeper and deeper insights…all connected…each better and more healthful than before. It is not unlike Heaven…and it can become Heaven, with enough insight and appreciation.
In the ages-old health and wellness arts that I teach, coach, and endeavor to follow (the Bright Beautiful School of Thought/Ming Chia), among its most central features is the notion of Acting Without Acting. Philosophical insight into, and practical application of Acting Without Acting is splendidly congruent with physical, emotional, and spiritual health and well-being.
Speaking quite humbly and respectfully, its basic thesis sets forth the importance of endeavoring to do the right thing for the right sake…without the need for selfish recognition or hidden agendas. Accordingly, the more and more selfless and loving we are in our thoughts and actions, the more and more we can benevolently and mindfully embrace a so-healthful spirit of true appreciation of the miracle of the moment…inclusive of gratitude for all of the splendid blessings in our lives. This genuinely healthful outlook allows us the ever-evolving wherewithal to take more and more responsibility for our own health and well-being, and learn to better and better avoid giving into tendencies of craving, desire, and fear of healthful change. It becomes a simpler matter to avoid paralyzing self-deceit and self-betrayal. More and more of the 'walls of lies' come tumbling down…with less and less to hide behind.
How much harmony can we have between Heaven and Earth?
"Hi Glen. In your writing, you often (lovingly and respectfully) speak of "glimpses of Heaven." Generally in my life, I haven't wondered much about it. Thus, I've just lived with confidence that all will work out as it should and must be. I've been asked about what my opinion of what I think heaven is like – and until now, I didn't have a response (and of course it is difficult to put into words – as you shared, "The Way that can be told is not the Eternal Way, the Way that can be told is the Mother of all things").
Response: So splendid Jill – it is so quite clear that your heart is in the right place, and that you are making the world a better place on deeply substantive levels. Thanks so very much for sharing.
Quite humbly speaking, a primary point in this thesis, is that such 'glimpses of Heaven' are all around us, all of the time. There are 'magical' things all around us, and inside of us, once again ALL of the time. Often we are untrained to mindfully play the part of the unblemished Witness – a way of being which resonates with sparkling spine-tingling/shivering depths of true appreciation and gratitude. Such loving witnessing can allow us realization of true honesty, promoting of true happiness and true freedom, but most importantly needing less and less to hide behind. It is a glimpse of a so-to-speak existence where there is no time, no space, no distance – once again, nothing to hide behind…all is known.
Do you want to feel better…and better…and better – accepting of no end in sight?
How good do you want to feel about life and its living? How good of a place do you want to make your world, THE world? This speaks to inside and out, emotionally, physically, even spiritually, and in the broader world…one reflecting upon the other, back and forth in its intrinsic formulaic dynamic.
Please know these notions (within the Bright Beautiful School of Thought/Ming Chia) are in no way set forth in an unhealthful spirit of haughtiness…accordingly congruent with the Same Boat Theory, we are ALL in the same common boat in this and in so many other means (much more than we often think and act). Consistently, we ALL have our light and dark sides, and it is up to each one us as to decide how light or dark, how bright we want to be. It is up to each of us to decide how healthful or unhealthful we want to be. It is all about how much each of us wants to take responsibility for our own health and well-being. In regard to an additional traditional definition of 'lightness,' it is up to each of us to decide how 'light' of the pernicious weight of unhealthful 'baggage' we want to be. In the analogy of the 'same boat' as utilized herein, we can choose to selfishly 'rock the boat' in unhealthful fashions, or we can learn to be more and more loving, appreciative, and selfless in our outlook and behavior.
In the Theory of Lightness, in a splendid facet of the jewel of its manifest beauty, we can accordingly allow ourselves to more deeply and deeply embrace the notion of the 'accumulation of light and lightness.' In its genuine practical application, we can realize a more and more beyond words sparkling, spine-tingling, loving, and altruistic brightness. In accordance with the Bright School Theory, each of us, if willing, has a wonderful 'free will' choice as to how light/bright/healthful we want to be. How light/bright/healthful do you want to be? How important is it to you to utilize the True Gauges of True Health to decipher as to how healthful your thoughts and actions (choices) are? Consistently, how often is it possible for us to look at our thoughts and actions and decide whether they make the world a better place? How often is it possible for us to look at our thoughts and actions and decide how well we are Acting Without Acting – endeavoring to do the right thing for the right sake without the need for selfish recognition or hidden agendas. How often are we acting in a benevolent and altruistic spirit of dignity, decency, goodness, and grace (and figuring out how to TRULY mean it!). How much does this sound like 'pins-and-needles-ville?' It DOESN'T have to be pins-and-needles-ville!
This so-splendid and genuinely loving and selfless spirit of True Appreciation can be more and more in each moment…recognizing that NO MATTER how difficult or easy things are, each aspect of each moment, each thing, each facet of being, can be more and more impeccable quintessential blessings. How far can this go…how far can it so beautifully go past what words can describe? The answer may be in how masterful one can be in learning to play the part of the less and less blemished Witness…with less and less expectations, preset patterns of thinking, and learning to better and better embrace healthful change. In this tradition, it is learning to live life as a loving living art, witnessing the living loving story of one's life AS one goes about it, versus just being a pawn in the story of one's life.
What say you? SO quite humbly and respectfully, and not in a spirit of sounding/being harsh, how important is it to you to avoid ongoing stagnant plateaus (which can be like a living death)? We ALL have the ability to get stuck there, and we all have the ability to get unstuck. It is up to each of us to decide what is important or unimportant, and how much we are willing to lovingly embrace our comfort and discomfort equally. It is strategically treating life as a living loving art…and deeply embracing a most wonderful of blessings in said art, i.e., that there is ALWAYS room for improvement. It is the so beautiful spirit of True Appreciation of the miracle of the moment – more and more each moment. It is in ONGOINGLY needing less and less to hide behind. It is True Health through True Responsibility. In gathering more and more skill in this, we may realize more and more sparkling spine-tingling 'glimpses of Heaven.' Each of us has the ability to make it so.


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\section{introduction}

Magnetism seems to be always involved in the superconducting mechanism
of high-T$_{c}$ superconductors. Often, the superconductivity occurs
when the long-range magnetic order is suppressed somehow, and yet
there are underlying spin fluctuations and antiferromagnetic (AFM)
interactions that could mediate the Cooper paring of the electrons
\cite{Hu2012}. Recently, a large superconducting gap in monolayer
FeSe thin film grown on STO substrate was observed by both scanning
tunneling spectroscopy (STS) \cite{Wang2012} and angle-resolved photoemission
spectroscopy (ARPES) \cite{He2013,Tan2013,Liu2012}, with the superconducting
transition likely at 65 K. This would establish a new T$_{c}$ record
for the iron based superconductors. Intriguingly, it is well known
that the bulk FeSe only exhibits a T$_{c}$ around 8 K \cite{Hsu2008,Song2011},
or 37 K under compressional pressure \cite{Medvedev2009}. It is thus
remarkable to observe a higher T$_{c}$ in monolayer FeSe on STO,
which is under the tensile strain imposed by the substrate.

For FeSe bulk material and thin film, a collinear $2\times1$ SDW
order is theoretically predicted to be the ground state, similar to
that in the iron pnictides \cite{Subedi2008,Bazhirov2013,Liu2012a,Ma2009}.
Tan \textit{et al.} have substantiated the presence of spin density
wave (SDW) in multilayer FeSe thin films which were grown layer by
layer on the STO substrate with molecular beam expitaxy, and they
showed that when the tensile strain decreases as the lattice relaxes
with increasing thickness, the strength of the SDW decreases as well
\cite{Tan2013}. To our knowledge, no previous theoretical study has
been focused on the evolution of the magnetism with the lattice constant
in this system. According to the strong interplay between superconductivity
and magnetism, the study on how the interfacial effect influences
the magnetism in FeSe/STO thin film should be helpful for the understanding
of the superconductivity there.

The SDW would have been the most prominent in monolayer FeSe next
to the STO due to the most pronounced strain from the substrate, had
it not been suppressed by the charge transferred from the oxygen-vacant
substrate, as suggested by both the experiment \cite{Tan2013} and
theory \cite{Bang2013}. However, previous theoretical studies were
not conclusive. Liu $et$ $al.$ analyzed the orbital-resolved partial
density of states (PDOS) from the density functional theory (DFT)
calculations, and did not find substantial charge transfer between
FeSe and the STO substrate \cite{Liu2012a}. On the other hand, Zheng
$et$ $al.$ predicted a considerable charge transfer from surface
O atoms of STO substrate to Fe atoms of FeSe monolayer \cite{Zheng2013}.
Another recent theoretical paper excluded the Se vacancy in FeSe as
the source of electron doping for superconductivity \cite{Berlijn2013},
which further indicates that the oxygen vacancy on the STO substrate
should play indispensable role in the Fe-HTS. For these reasons, it
is necessary to further investigate how the STO substrate and the
oxygen vacancies there influence the magnetic order in the monolayer
FeSe.

In this paper, based on DFT calculations we reveal how the strain,
the interfacial coupling and the oxygen-vacant STO substrate affect
the magnetism in the FeSe thin film. We find the strain could enhance
the Fe-Se-Fe superexchange by increasing the Fe-Se-Fe bond angle.
With the increasing superexchange interaction, the local AFM exchange
interaction would be enhanced. The interaction between the STO substrate
and the monolayer FeSe would reduce the charge density in the spin-majority
d$_{xz}$/d$_{yz}$-orbital states of the Fe atoms, which suppresses
the effect of superexchange and reduces the stability of SDW in the
monolayer FeSe. If the oxygen vacancies exist on the surface of STO
substrate, a certain amount of charge would be transferred from the
substrate to the spin-minority d$_{xz}$/d$_{yz}$-orbital states
of the Fe atoms in the monolayer FeSe, which would suppress the SDW
and allow the superconductivity to occur. Meanwhile, the original
symmetry of spin configuration in monolayer FeSe would also be disturbed
due to the oxygen vacancies on the substrate. All of our results are
in close agreement with the recent experiment \cite{Tan2013}. It
thus provides a detailed microscopic understanding of the interfacial
effects in this intriguing system. More importantly, our results suggest
that the high T$_{c}$ in the monolayer FeSe is closely related to
the large underlying superexchange interactions caused by its expanded
lattice, which again highlight the pivotal role of magnetism in the
high temperature superconductivity of iron-based superconductors.

\section{methods}

To study how the substrate affects the monolayer FeSe grown on STO
(001) surface, we carry out the spin-polarized first-principles calculations
using the project augmented wave pseudopotential \cite{Blochl1994,Kresse1999}
implemented in the VASP code \cite{Kresse1996,Kresse1996a}. We employ
the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof
for the exchange-correlation-potentials \cite{Perdew1996}. The kinetic
energy cutoff of the plane-wave basis is chosen to be 400 eV. The
force on all relaxed atoms after the optimization is smaller than
0.01 eV/\AA . A $6\times6\times1$ k-point mesh \cite{Monkhorst1976}
for the Brillouin zone sampling and a width of 0.1 eV for the Guassian
smearing are adopted. In all the calculations we employ a local Coulomb
repulsion GGA+U approach for Ti 3d electrons with $U_{Ti}=2$ eV \cite{Pavlenko2012,Pavlenko2012a,Breitschaft2010}.
The electric field induced by the asymmetric relaxed STO is compensated
by a dipole correction \cite{Neugebauer1992}. We also use the $J_{1}-J_{2}$
Heisenberg model to describe the magnetic interactions, while the
exchange parameters are fitted to the total energy of the first principle
calculations.

\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[scale=1.0]{1-Final-Structure}
\par\end{centering}

\caption{ (a) Top view of atomic structures of $2\times2$ supercell monolayer
FeSe and spin patterns of Fe in the AFM state and the SDW state. (b)
Side view of atomic structure of monolayer FeSe on TiO$_{2}$ terminated
STO (001) surface.}
\end{figure}

As shown in Figure 1(a), we use the $2\times2$$\times1$ supercell
to describe the magnetic order of the monolayer and bulk FeSe. To
model the interface with monolayer FeSe on STO, we use a seven-layer
STO (001) slab with the $2\times2$ monolayer FeSe supercell on the
top side plus a vacuum layer about 10 \AA  \ as shown in Figure
1(b). According to previous results \cite{Liu2012a}, the most stable
interfacial configuration is the monolayer FeSe on the TiO$_{2}$
terminated STO surface. In the present calculation, we fix the lattice
constant $a$ to be 3.905 \AA , the lattice constant of the bulk
STO \cite{El-Mellouhi2011}. In the structural optimization, the top
two layers of STO substrate and all FeSe atoms are allowed to relax,
while the atoms in bottom layers of STO substrate are fixed at their
bulk positions. To study the effect of the oxygen vacancies on the
STO substrate, we choose one, two, four vacancies out of eight oxygen
atoms on the $2\times2$ supercell of TiO$_{2}$ terminated surface,
corresponding to $12.5\%,$ $25\%$ and $50\%$ vacancy concentration,
respectively.

\section{results and discussion}

For both free-standing FeSe and epitaxial monolayer FeSe on STO substrate,
we have calculated four magnetic states, including the nonmagnetic
state (NM state), the ferromagnetic state, the checkboard AFM state
(AFM state) and the collinear AFM state (SDW state). The spin texture
of the AFM state and the SDW state in FeSe are shown in Figure 1(a)
\cite{Liu2012a,Bazhirov2013}, respectively. By calculating and comparing
the energy difference between these four states, we find that the
ground state is the SDW state with a large magnetic moment of $\sim2.4$
$\mu_{B}$ on each Fe atom for both free-standing FeSe and epitaxial
FeSe on STO. The ferromagnetic state has very high energy, $\sim0.2$
eV per Fe atom higer than the NM state, so we ignore the ferromagnetic
state in the following discussions. This has also been proved in the
previous theoretical studies \cite{Liu2012a,Ma2009}.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=1.0]{Fermi-Surface-STO-Final}

\caption{\textcolor{black}{The calculated Fermi surface of (a) bulk FeSe and
(b) monolayer FeSe on STO substrate. The center is M point and the
corner is $\Gamma$ point. The electron pockets are denoted as red
while the hole pockets are denoted as blue. The hole pockets are absent
in the Fermi surface of monolayer FeSe on STO substrate\cite{Tan2013,Liu2012,He2013}.}}
\end{figure}

Firstly, we calculate the Fermi surface of bulk FeSe, the obtained
result shown in Figure 2(a) is in close agreement with previous calculations
\cite{Subedi2008} which is composed of several hole pockets around
the $\Gamma$ point and two electron pockets around the M point. For
the Fermi surface of the monolayer FeSe on STO substrate with lattice
constant 3.905 \AA\  , as showing in Figure 2(b), we shift the Fermi
level according to the 0.12 e$^{-}$ per Fe atom as suggested by the
experiment \cite{Tan2013}. It is in good agreement with that observed
in the ARPES experiments \cite{Liu2012,He2013,Tan2013} which is composed
of two nearly degenerate electron pockets around the M point and the
hole pockets around the $\Gamma$ point are absent. These results
confirm that our method can well reproduce the electronic structures
for both bulk FeSe and monolayer FeSe on STO substrate observed in
experiments.

\subsection{How the Tensile Strain Affects the SDW in FeSe}

We firstly study how the external strain could affect the stability
of the SDW state. We use the energy difference between the SDW state
and other two states, the AFM state and the NM state, to assess the
stability of the SDW state \cite{Bazhirov2013,Liu2012a}. In Figure
3, we can see that the energy difference relative to the SDW state
increases with the expanding of lattice constant, which indicates
that the tensile strain can enhance the stability of the SDW state
in both bulk and monolayer FeSe. Moreover, the energy difference in
the monolayer and bulk FeSe with the same lattice constant is almost
the same, therefore the relative stability of the SDW is insensitive
to the thickness of the FeSe, but sensitive to the lattice contant.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=1.0]{Lattice-Energy-Final}

\caption{The calculated energy difference (relative to the SDW state) of the
AFM state (red circle) and the NM state (black circle) versus the
lattice constant of FeSe, (a) for bulk FeSe and (b) for monolayer
FeSe, respectively. In both the bulk and monolayer FeSe, the SDW state
tends to be energetically more stable with ncreasing lattice constant.}
\end{figure}

To investigate why the tensile strain can affect the stability of
SDW, we would model the magnetic interaction in FeSe with different
lattice constant. We assume that the interaction between the Fe spins
dominates the energy difference between different magnetic orders.
We could map the magnetic interaction to the following Heisenberg
model which is described by the nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor
coupling parameters $J_{1}$ and $J_{2}$ \cite{Ma2009}:
\begin{equation}
H=J_{1}\sum_{\langle ij\rangle}\vec{S_{i}}\cdot\vec{S_{j}}+J_{2}\sum_{\langle\langle ij\rangle\rangle}\vec{S_{i}}\cdot\vec{S_{j}}
\end{equation}
whereas $\langle ij\rangle$, $\langle\langle ij\rangle\rangle$ denote
the summation over the nearest-neighbors and the next-nearest-neighbors,
respectively. Using the method proposed by previous theoretical work\cite{Ma2008a},
we can determine the value of $J_{1}$ and $J_{2}$. In bulk FeSe,
we find $J_{1}=74$ meV/S$^{2}$ and $J_{2}=43$ meV/S$^{2}$, in
close agreement with the previous results\cite{Ma2009}.

\begin{table}
\begin{centering}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
Lattice Constant ($\text{\AA}$) & J$_{1}$ (meV) & J$_{2}$ (meV) & J$_{2}$/J$_{1}$ & Fe-Se-Fe Angle\tabularnewline
\hline
\hline
3.765 & 74 & 43 & 0.58 & 105\textdegree{}\tabularnewline
\hline
3.905 & 78 & 53 & 0.68 & 109\textdegree{}\tabularnewline
\hline
4.045 & 82 & 60 & 0.73 & 113.5\textdegree{}\tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\par\end{centering}

\caption{Structural parameters, calculated nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor
coupling parameters of monolayer FeSe. The definition of Fe-Se-Fe
angle is shown in Figure 4(b). Here we assume S = 1 for Fe atoms.}

\end{table}

As shown in Table 1, $J_{1}$ increases only slightly with increasing
lattice constant, but $J_{2}$ increases about 40\% when the lattice
constant increases just a few percent. More clearly, $J_{2}/J_{1}$
increases monotonously with lattice constant expanding, suggesting
that the SDW state is getting more and more stable. According to the
frustrated Heisenberg model, the magnetic exchange energy in the unit
cell of FeSe with four Fe atoms is $-2J_{1}+2J_{2}$ for the AFM state
and $-2J_{2}$ for the SDW state (assuming S = 1). It is known that
the frustration between $J_{1}$ and $J_{2}$ destructs the stability
of the AFM state and induces the SDW state when $J_{2}>J_{1}/2$ for
a square lattice \cite{Ma2009}.

To explore the origin of the changing of $J_{1}$ and $J_{2}$ with
the lattice constant, we have calculated the charge distribution around
Fe and Se atoms. As shown in Figure 4(a) and 4(b), there is almost
no charge density between two nearest-neighbor Fe atoms but the bonds
are formed between Fe and Se atoms. Similar to the previous calculation
of LaFeAsO, $J_{2}$ here is dominated by the superexchange bridged
by Se atoms \cite{Ma2008,Ma2008a}. According to the mechanism of
superexchange and the band structure of FeSe, we find that the superexchange
interaction is from the half-filled Fe d$_{xz}$/d$_{yz}$ orbitals
bridged by the Se p-orbitals, and Goodenough-Kanamori rules state
that this is AFM coupling \cite{Goodenough1955}. With the expanding
of the lattice constant, the out of plane height of Se atoms tends
to decrease and the Fe-Se-Fe angle (defined in Figure 4(b)) tends
to increase as shown in Table I. The increase of the Fe-Se-Fe angle
increases the overlapping of the Fe d$_{xz}$/d$_{yz}$ orbitals and
Se p-orbitals, while the Fe-Se-Fe superexchange interaction would
be maximized if the Fe-Se-Fe angle is $180\text{\textdegree}$ according
to Goodenough-Kanamori rules \cite{Goodenough1955}. From the above
discussions, we can conclude that the tensile strain enhances the
superexchange interaction and then enlarges the next-nearest-neighbor
coupling $J_{2}$, which directly stabilize the SDW state in monolayer
and bulk FeSe.

\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[scale=1.0]{CHGCAR-Final-4}
\par\end{centering}

\centering{}\caption{(a) The top view and the side view of the charge distribution in monolayer
FeSe. In the top view, there is almost no bond between Fe atoms. In
the side view, we can clearly observe that there exists a bond (black
line) between Se and Fe. (b) The top view of the nearest as well as
the next-nearest magnetic exchange interacting $J_{1}$ and $J_{2}$
(red arrow) and the side view of the defined Fe-Se-Fe angle between
two next-nearest Fe atoms (blue line).}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=1.0]{Final-Energy-Band-Separation}

\caption{The experimental band separations for FeSe films at various lattice
constants\cite{Tan2013} versus the calculated energy difference between
the AFM state and the SDW state. The dash line is a linear fitting.
The error bar for the experimental band separations is $\pm2$ meV. }
\end{figure}

\textcolor{black}{The recent experiment by Tan $et.$ $al.$ used
the band separation at M point to characterize the strength of the
SDW in FeSe thin films. The observed band separation increases with
expanding of the lattice constant, which is essntially caused by the
different band dispersions along the AFM and FM directions in the
SDW state \cite{Tan2013}. Here we observe a linear relation between
our calculated relative stability of the SDW and the experimental
band separation as shown in Figure 5. It indicates that our calculation
results of the energy difference is closely correlated to the experimental
observation, and it further implies that the band separation is a
relevant energy scale to characterize the strength of the SDW in FeSe
thin films.} This relation with the lattice constant is directly ascribed
to the enhanement of the next-nearest superexchange interaction due
to the increased Fe-Se-Fe angle with the lattice expansion. Recent
theoretical work predicts that a strong next-nearest AFM interaction
could lead to a high temperature superconductor \cite{Hu2012}. According
to this prediction, our reult shows that strain enhanced superexchange
interaction should play important role in the over 60 K high temperature
superconductivity observed in FeSe-STO.

\subsection{How The Interfacial Coupling Affects the SDW in FeSe}

For the monolayer FeSe on a defect-free STO substrate, we did not
find apparent charge transfer at the interface from Bader analysis
\cite{Tang2009}, and we did not yet find any obvious structural distortion
occured in monolayer FeSe. However, after detailed calculations of
the charge difference between the epitaxial and free-standing monolayer
FeSe, we find that the intefacial coupling would induce the redistribution
of the charge density in epitaxial monolayer FeSe, which would decrease
the charge density in the spin-majority d$_{xz}$/d$_{yz}$-orbital
states of Fe atoms as shown in the inset of Figure 6. If we gradually
increase the intereface distance from the equilibrium position 3.1
\AA \  to 5.6 \AA , the energy difference between the SDW state
and the AFM state rises from 37 meV/f.u. to 52 meV/f.u. as shown in
Figure 6. In the meantime, the charge redistribution occuring in monolayer
FeSe becomes smaller and smaller, which suggests that the charge redistribution
is attributed to the interfacial interaction. The decrease of the
charge density in the spin-majority d$_{xz}$/d$_{yz}$-orbital states
with decreasing interface distance would reduce the charge overlapping
between the Fe d$_{xz}$/d$_{yz}$-orbitals and the Se p-orbitals,
and then lower the superexchange interaction. As we have discussed
in Sec. III A, a smaller superexchange interaction would bring about
the weaker next-nearest-neighbor coupling J$_{2}$, and degrade the
stability of the SDW in FeSe. So the interfacial interaction between
monolayer FeSe and STO substrate could decrease the stability of the
SDW.

\begin{figure}
\centering{}\includegraphics[scale=1.0]{FeSe-Interface-Distance-Energy-Final}\caption{The calculated energy difference between the SDW state and the AFM
state as a function of the interface distance. With the decrease of
the interface distance, the SDW state becomese less stable relative
to the AFM state. The blue arrow shows the equilibrium distance as
3.1 \AA . Inset shows the charge redistribution on Fe atoms in epitaxial
FeSe at the equilibrium distance (left side). The blue part represents
the charge density lost while the green part represents the charge
density gained. The inset also shows there is almost no charge redistribution
on Fe atom if the interface distance is 5.6 \AA  \ (right side).}
\end{figure}

We find that the change of the d$_{xz}$/d$_{yz}$-orbital states
could be induced by the dipolar field along the direction perpendicular
to the interface. The plane-averaged charge density difference between
the monolayer FeSe-STO, free-standing monolayer FeSe and STO substrate
are shown in Figure 7(a). Although there is no charge transfer between
the monolayer FeSe and the STO substrate, the charge redistribution
near the interface can be observed clearly. It forms a charge dipole
at the interfacial region due to the interfacial coupling, which has
been previously explained by the metal-insulator band alignment \cite{Tersoff1984,Tersoff1985}.
The interfacial dipole formed at the monolayer FeSe-STO interface
could induce the electric field along the direction perpendicular
to the interface which induces the change of the d-orbital order of
Fe atom.

\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[scale=1.0]{Charge-Transfer-Final}
\par\end{centering}

\caption{The plane-averaged charge density difference (black line) and the
local potential (red line) for (a) the monolayer FeSe/defect-free
STO interface and (b) the monolayer FeSe/oxygen-vacant STO interface.
The position of the surface TiO$_{2}$ layer of STO substrate and
FeSe atomic layers are denoted by the dotted vertical lines. Significant
charge transferred from the top TiO$_{2}$ layer of the oxygen-vacant
STO substrate to the Fe atomic layer can be observed here.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{How The Oxygen Vacancy Affects the SDW in FeSe}

Oxygen vacancy on the STO surface is experimentally unavoidable due
to the heat treatment in preparing the STO substrate \cite{Wang2012}.
In order to understand how the oxygen vacancy affects the property
of monolayer FeSe, we have simulated monolayer FeSe on STO substrate
with different concentration of oxygen vacancies.

Firstly, we calculate the energy difference between the NM state,
the AFM state and the SDW state, as well as the charge density distribution
in monolayer FeSe on the STO substrate with different concentration
of oxygen vacancies. The results are shown in Fig. 8. We find that
the oxygen vacancy can induce charge transfer from the STO substrate
to monolayer FeSe, the higher concentration of the oxygen vacancy,
the more the charge is transferred (Fig. 8(b)). As more and more charge
transferred to the monolayer FeSe, the stability of the SDW state
relative to the AFM state and the NM state decreases monotonously
(Fig. 8(a)). We also calculate the plane-averaged charge difference
obtained by substracting the valence charge densities of the free-standing
FeSe layer and isolated STO substrate from the monolayer FeSe on STO.
The results presented in Fig. 7(b) clearly show the monolayer FeSe
on STO substrate with oxygen vacancies inducing significant charge
transferred to Fe atoms while almost no charge transfer existing when
it is on the defect-free STO substrate as shown in Fig. 7(a).

\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[scale=1.0]{Final-oxygen-vacancy-Energy}
\par\end{centering}

\caption{(a) The energy difference between the AFM state (blue circle), the
NM state (red circle) and the SDW state with different concentration
of oxygen vacancy. (b) The charge transferred to $2\times2$ supercell
of monolayer FeSe with the AFM state (blue square) and the SDW state
(red square) calculated by Bader analysis. The charge of monolayer
FeSe on defect-free STO substrate is set to be the reference. Both
the oxygen vacancy and the charge transferred from STO are related
to decrease the relative stability of the SDW state.}
\end{figure}

We find that the charge is transferred from the substrate to the spin-minority
d$_{xz}$/d$_{yz}$-orbital states of the Fe atom in monolayer FeSe,
so it would decrease the superexchange interaction and reduce the
stability of the SDW state. From Table II we find $J_{2}$ decreases
from 48 meV to 35 meV and $J_{2}/J_{1}$ decreases from 0.63 to 0.59
if 12.5\% oxygen vacancy exists on the surface of the STO substrate.
Based on the PDOS of Fe atom on STO substrate with 12.5\% oxygen vacancy,
we do find that about $\sim$0.1 charge transferred to the spin-minority
d$_{xz}$/d$_{yz}$-orbital states. Since the superexchange between
two next-nearest ideally half-field orbitals is the strongest, the
increasing charge density in the spin-minority d$_{xz}$/d$_{yz}$-orbital
states would decline the AFM superexchange coupling, and it would
decrease the stability of the SDW state. Moreover, we find that the
oxygen vacancy can magnetically polarize the nearby Ti atoms, and
the magnetism of Ti atoms could also decrease the stability of the
SDW state. For the concentration of 12.5\% oxygen vacancies, the nearby
Ti atom would possess a magnetic moment of 0.88 $\mu_{B}$ \cite{Park2013,Pavlenko2012a}.
The ferromagnetism from the Ti atoms would break the symmetry of spin
in monolayer FeSe, as shown in Figure 9. the PDOS of spin-minority
electrons of Fe atom would increase a lot near the Fermi level.

\begin{table}
\begin{centering}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
 & J$_{1}$ (meV) & J$_{2}$ (meV) & J$_{2}$/J$_{1}$\tabularnewline
\hline
\hline
Free-standing Monolayer FeSe & 82 & 60 & 0.73\tabularnewline
\hline
Monolayer FeSe on defect-free STO & 76 & 48 & 0.63\tabularnewline
\hline
Monolayer FeSe on 12.5\% oxygen-vacant STO & 59  & 35 & 0.59\tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\par\end{centering}

\caption{Calculated nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor coupling parameters
of the free-standing monolayer FeSe, monolayer FeSe on defect-free
STO and monolayer FeSe on 12.5\% oxygen-vacant STO. Here we assume
S = 1 for Fe atoms.}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[scale=1.0]{Fe-DOS}
\par\end{centering}

\centering{}\caption{The partial density of states (PDOS) of d$_{xz}$-orbital for two-type
Fe atoms in the unit cell of the SDW state with the up spin-majority
and down spin-majority electrons, repectively. The PDOS for Fe atoms
in expitaxial monolayer FeSe on (a) the defect-free STO substrate
and (b) the 12.5\% oxygen-vacant STO substrate. The existance of oxygen
vacancies on the surface of STO substrate disturb the symmetry of
spin of two-type Fe atoms and increases the density of states near
the Fermi energy significantly for spin-minority electrons of Fe atoms.}
\end{figure}

\section{summary }

We have studied the interfacial effect on the stability of the SDW
in monolayer FeSe using the GGA+U method. We find that tensile strain
can increase the superexchange interaction between the next-nearest
Fe atoms by increasing the Fe-Se-Fe bond angle, thus enhance the local
AFM coupling and the stability of the SDW. However, we also find that
the interfacial coupling between FeSe and STO substrate can change
the charge distribution in the 3d orbitals of Fe atoms, leading to
less charge density in the spin-majority d$_{xz}$/d$_{yz}$-orbitals.
It decreases the superexchange coupling between the next nearest Fe
atoms and suppress the stability of the SDW. In agreement with previous
calculation\cite{Bang2013}, we also observed a significant charge
transferred from the oxygen-vacant substrate to monolayer FeSe. Furthermore,
we find that such charge will be transferred to the spin-minority
d$_{xz}$/d$_{yz}$-orbitals of Fe atoms, and the almost fully occupied
d$_{xz}$/d$_{yz}$-orbitals will decline AFM superexchange interaction,
thus will also suppress the stability of the SDW.

In summary, the substrate induced tensile strain can enhance the next-nearest
antiferromagnetic interaction, while the interfacial coupling and
charge transfer will destroy the long range magnetic order. We provide
a systematical microscopic description for the interfacial effects
on the magnetism and further suggest a strong correlation between
the magnetism and the possible high T$_{c}$ in monolayer FeSe on
STO substrate. Our results build the foundation for understanding
the prominent role of magnetism in this new kind of iron-based superconductor.
\begin{acknowledgments}
HY Cao thanks Shiyou Chen for helpful discussions. The work was partially
supported by the Special Funds for Major State Basic Research, National
Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), Program for Professor
of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) and the National Basic Research
Program of China (973 Program). Computation was performed in the Supercomputer
Center of Fudan University.
\end{acknowledgments}
\pagebreak{}

\bibliographystyle{apsrev}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Two meetups this week are happening on opposite sides of the U.S. If you're interested in what happened at our conference in Amsterdam – or alternately what one man's physiological response to seeing a bear was – then the Portland meetup is the place to be. If you are on the East Coast, the D.C….
Oct 2, 2017: Three meetups this week featuring Show&Tell talks, and Manchester hosts a fitness & diabetes risk assessment.
We have three meetups happening this Wednesday! If you're in Hong Kong, check out an intro to self-tracking. If you're in London, book a spot quickly (there are only two left) and head to Camden for QS talks and a walk to the pub.
Aug 14, 2017: This week we have three meetups spanning three continents. Hong Kong's 6th meetup will share the results of a month-long self-tracking project. Hamburg will be having it's 10th meetup with talks on meditation and fitness tracking. In Denver, a Zen master and professional cyclist will be among the attendees.
Meetup This Week in L.A.
Jul 24, 2017: The QS Los Angeles meetup starts up again.


A Hoax with a Brick Foundation?
It's that "other purposes" line that will get you every time!
For those of you that hunt on or even near federal public lands or Indian lands you should acquaint yourself with this federal law. This particular law does not seem to apply to those of us looking for buried money but then again, I'm no lawyer and some suit working for Uncle Sam may see things differently.
According to Section 12 of this Act, subsection "b" says that "nothing in this Act applies to, or requires a permit for, the collection for private purposes of any rock, coin, bullet, or mineral which is not an archaeological resource, as determined under uniform regulations promulgated under section 3(1)". Doesn't that make you feel so much better?
In short, the Archeological Resources Protection Act 1979 or ARPA 1979, says that anything 100 years old or older found on public or Indian lands could be considered an archeological resource. Removing any of those resources could put you in jeopardy of some pretty severe criminal and civil penalties that range from one to five years in prison and fines up to $100,000.00. Ouch!
Supposedly this act does not cover the finding of arrowheads that "are laying on top of the ground" or "non-fossilized and fossilized pale-ontological specimens, or any portion or piece thereof" as long as they are not found in "an archaeological context", what ever that means. I'm sure that if you were to ask two archeologists and two government suits the definition of "archeological context" you would probably get four completely different answers.
I personally know of at least one person who found some of those "fossilized pale-ontological specimens" that were off by themselves with no "archeological context" and when he reported the specimens, dinosaur bones, they were quickly scooped up by the archies, never to be seen again with no benefit to the man who found them.
The act is pretty specific about certain things that shouldn't be looked for or messed with on public lands. Those items include "pottery, basketry, bottles, weapons, weapon projectiles, tools, structures or portions of structures, pit houses, rock paintings, rock carvings, intaglios, graves, human skeletal materials, or any portion or piece of any of the foregoing items". For the most part I would agree with the purpose of this Act but I always fear how certain things will be used by an over zealous bureaucrat. And there is always one of those around somewhere!
The Act does say that permits can be applied for and supposedly issued to individuals who wish to hunt these archeological resources but if you know anything about archeology then you know to get a permit will probably take some pretty good credentials.
It would seem that if you are hunting treasure and come across a carving left by the Spanish or an outlaw more than 100 years ago (I know, Duh??) then this carving would be covered under the ARPA 1979. Now normally there would be no need to harm a carving and I would say you should never harm a carving but that over zealous bureaucrat might consider chalking or pouring water on a carving to photograph it "harm" so you should be very careful of this. I would also say that if you are hunting Spanish treasure and are opening a tunnel you have at least a 20% chance of running across a skeleton or two. Again, I'm all for the archies doing their thing, especially if the bones turn out to be Native American, but I'm sure if I notified the archies of some bones in a tunnel, the bones would be the ONLY thing in the tunnel when the archies got there and those bones would have been the only thing I saw.
I should point out that this Act has no bearing on anything found on private lands but there are a few other laws out there that might, so do your homework!
Here is a spot that would be good for a day hunt using a metal detector to find coins, relics and maybe some jewelry. This would be the perfect place to get some practice in with a new detector.
You will want to check with the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks to make sure you aren't breaking any rules.
Pillsbury Crossing is located in Riley County, KS and is named after Josiah Pillsbury who homesteaded near the crossing in 1855. He later moved into Manhattan, KS and started the Manhattan Independent newspaper. The crossing was used by many people, especially those in wagons, to cross Deep Creek. At this point Deep Creek flows over a limestone ledge and just down from the crossing, about 100 feet, is a waterfall that drops four to five feet. The crossing is passable year round with just a few inches of water flowing across except during heavy rains, when the water level goes up. I would think this would be one of those "DUH" statements but I thought I would add it in just in case.
Besides being a crossing place for wagons the crossing and falls were used as a picnic area in the past and continues to be used as one today. During the warm months the crossing is used by all sorts of people, including college kids from the area, as a place to congregate and cool off and in the case of the college kids, I'm sure more than one of them has taken the opportunity to be stupid!
Since the area was homesteaded in the past and has been frequented by people for more than a century the opportunity to find some old coins, along with some new coins, jewelry and probably a beer can or two would seem to be good.
If you want to visit Pillsbury Crossing you can find it by traveling approximately 2 miles east from Manhattan, KS on K-177 to Riley County Road 911. From there travel east 3.9 miles to the intersection of 911 and Pillsbury Crossing Road. Turn left onto Pillsbury Crossing Road and travel almost two and one half miles. At that point you should see signs directing you to the crossing that is very near where you are.
Because of the overgrowth and the amount of people that visit this place during the summer I would suggest doing your metal detecting during the winter months. There will be no bugs or snakes and probably no people. Just the way I like it!
I took this one straight from today's news. It's not necessarily about treasure hunting the way most of us think of it but it is one way to look for gold!
LONDON (AFP) - An ancient gold cup mysteriously acquired by an English scrap metal dealer is expected to fetch close to a million dollars at auction after languishing for years in a shoebox under its current owner's bed.
Owner John Webber says his grandfather gave him the 5.5-inch (14-centimetre) high mug to play with when he was a child, back in 1945. He assumed the golden cup, which is decorated with the heads of two women facing in opposite directions, their foreheads garlanded with two knotted snakes, was made from brass.
Experts said the method of manufacture and the composition of the gold was "consistent with Achaemenid gold and gold smithing" dating back to the third or fourth century BC. The Achaemenid empire, the first of the Persian empires to rule over significant portions of Greater Iran, was wiped out by Alexander the Great in 330 BC.
Auction house Duke's, in Dorchester, southwest England, will put the cup under the hammer on June 5, with an estimate of 500,000 pounds (630,000-euro, 988,000-dollars).
Webber, 70, told The Guardian newspaper that his grandfather had a "good eye" for antiques and picked up "all sorts" as he plied his trade in the town of Taunton in south-west England. "Heaven knows where he got this, he never said," he added, revealing that as a child, he used the cup for target practice with his air gun.
I guess it's a good thing an air gun was all he had!!
In the winter of 1869 a group of outlaws, supposedly numbering 17, attacked an army caravan carrying a payroll of gold near Mill Creek in south central Oklahoma. The gold was supposedly being transported from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas to Fort Arbuckle, Oklahoma and the attack left all of the soldiers dead and five of the outlaws dead or dying.
After loading the gold from the caravan onto mules that the outlaws had brought with them they formed the wagons of the caravan into a circle and set them on fire. This was done to make any other soldiers looking for the caravan think the attack was by Indians. The outlaws then supposedly rode for several hours before stopping and splitting up the gold. The gold was split into three piles. Two of the piles were put into sacks and cooking pots and buried in two separate sites along a creek. (The original story says these two burial spots were along Mill Creek so this would indicate the outlaws must have followed that creek to make their get away.) The third pile, supposedly the largest of the three piles was put into several coffee cans and loaded back onto the mules.
The outlaws then headed into the Arbuckle mountains where they spent the night in a cave. The story goes that the outlaws buried the coffee cans full of gold in the floor of the cave before leaving the next day. When they left, they split into three groups, one headed for Mexico, one headed toward Arkansas and the third headed for Missouri. Their intention was to meet up two months later and recover the gold.
The group riding for Arkansas was found and apparently all killed while trying to be apprehended. The group headed for Missouri was also found and all but one of the outlaws in that group was killed. The one that escaped death spent nearly 20 years in prison for the robbery. This is supposedly the origin of this story. As he lay dying in Saint Joseph, Missouri this old outlaw told his caretaker about the robbery and drew a crude map showing where the robbery took place, the location of Fort Arbuckle and the three spots where the gold would be found.
I should mention that the third group of outlaws that headed for Mexico apparently made it there but never returned for the gold.
The caretaker of the old outlaw in St. Joseph, Missouri was convinced that with the map, he could find the gold so he sold his business and moved to Davis, Oklahoma where he began his search. Davis, Oklahoma was apparently the closest town to the area where the gold was buried. After several years and no luck the well worn map passed to Samuel Davis, the founder of Davis, Oklahoma as he had become friends with the owner of the map.
It is said that Samuel Davis looked for the treasure on occasion and on one of those occasions he ran across a rancher who owned land where one of the first two caches was supposed to be buried. In talking with the rancher Samuel Davis was told he was aware of the treasure story and that several people had been to the land before looking for it. It is said that one of those times a group of Mexicans arrived and wanted to go fishing in the creek. The ranch owner became suspicious after noticing the Mexicans apparently didn't have any fishing gear and went to check on them later. Upon arriving at the spot they were at the rancher noticed several holes dug in the ground and one of them still contained an empty pot with the impressions of coins on the inside of the pot.
It was thought by Samuel Davis that the Mexicans were descendants of one of the original outlaws. Samuel Davis continued to search for the second buried cache along the creek but was said to have had no luck in finding it.
It would appear that this story has some merits since it involved the founder of a town and a story of treasure found. Could a person get lucky enough to find the cave with the coffee cans full of gold in the Arbuckle Mountains with nothing to go on but that little piece of information? Is the other burial spot along the creek still out there? Were both burial spots along the creek actually on Mill Creek? There is a belief among some people that one of the burial spots was on Guy Sandy Creek and not Mill Creek but without further research you may never know. I'll leave that research for you.
There is a version of this story in Steve Wilson's book although that is not where I found this information.
I will start off by apologizing for the really bad photos posted with this article. The only ones I could get my hands on were photocopies from an old newspaper.
No matter who you are, especially if you are a treasure hunter, I'm sure you have heard the stories about Jesse James faking his death in St. Joseph, MO and living on under an assumed name someplace else. And causing lots of headaches for people like you and me I might add! If you are a regular reader of this blog you will also know that I DO NOT believe J. Frank Dalton was Jesse James. You may not know that I am still unconvinced that Jesse James actually died in 1882 as history reports it so I am keeping an open mind about his alleged death.
With that in mind I am presenting some information that I'm not quite sure what to make of and I will let the readers draw their own conclusions. The story goes that Jesse James faked his death and in some stories, Charlie Bigelow was killed in his place. In the book "Jesse James Was One of His Names" Del Schrader and Orvus Lee Howk go on to say that there were some carvings made in wet bricks, I believe it was three bricks and the carvings were made by John Trammell, the Jesse James slave that traveled with the gang. These carvings were to stand as testament that Jesse James was not killed in St Joseph, MO but it was in fact, Charlie Bigelow. The bricks were supposedly left behind on purpose to prove that Jesse James did not die that day.
On 11 July 1967 a young boy named Danny Hargrave found one of those bricks. One of the inscriptions on this brick was "3 killed here April 3 1882 John Bigelow Charles Bigelow Bert Bigelow". Other carvings found on the brick included "777", a horseshoe and a star. There are the initials of "J J" on this brick in one corner. There was also a dagger, an 8 or infinity sign along with other symbols on this brick. If you look closely at the photographs I have posted (and squint with one eye) you can see most of the carvings.
Now for the logical side of my brain to kick in, does it stand to reason that John Trammel or anyone else associated with Jesse James would find "wet bricks" to carve in with all of the commotion going on around the home because of the death? Also, there was no mention of John Trammell even being in St. Joseph, MO at the time. Did Trammell or someone else come back at a later date, maybe a much later date, to bury these bricks as "evidence" of a cover-up?
I guess you could logically assume that maybe they came back sometime later and placed the bricks there but that brings us to another problem. According to the local St. Joseph newspaper, old photographs of the spot where the one brick was found show that the grading of the land had been lowered more than ten feet "in later years" and prior to the brick being found. That would mean that the brick would have had to have been buried more than ten feet deep on the site of Jesse's home in St. Joseph, MO when it was hidden. If you were leaving a clue behind for someone to find would you really bury a brick ten feet deep? The writer of the newspaper article surmises that the brick was placed at the site a long time after the grade was changed in an effort to confuse history. Personally, I think history is confused enough as it is and didn't really need the brick.
That brings us to Orvus Howk and Del Schrader's book. The book wasn't written until the 1970's, published in 1975, so Howk and Schrader would have been aware of the bricks existence because of the newspaper article and could have included it in the book as "proof".
One problem with that so-called proof is Orvus Howk said that the brick had an inscription on it of "KGC". This was a blatant lie because as you can see, even in my crappy photos, KGC is nowhere to be found on this brick.
Now it's up to you to decide if the brick has any real part in history or if it affects how you hunt for that elusive treasure.
This article is more about paying attention and thinking out side of the box than anything else. The majority of us have all run into a carving somewhere and scratched our heads thinking; "What in the world am I supposed to do with that?" Sometimes we can figure it out and sometimes we can't. Most of the time the information we need is in the details.
I have posted a photo with this article of what most people would call a Thunderbird. This carving was small in size, with a wingspan of about eight inches and was carved on a rock bluff all by itself, nothing else around it. I looked at it at first as if it would be telling me something all by itself and finally came to the conclusion it wasn't, it need to be worked in conjunction with something else. That something else was a carved map I found later as I was wondering around. This particular "bird" is related to a carved outlaw map and the map was only about one hundred feet from the location of the bird. Both were on the same hillside but different bluffs.
This carving was meant to be worked as a clue along with the map. If you were to start at the beginning of the map and follow the symbols that take you to this "bird" you would have gone through eight separate moves or steps of the map before getting to it. Remember, this carving was only about one hundred feet from the map but the mapmaker took you through eight moves in that one hundred feet. Once you get to the "bird" it is all about how you look at the carving and what you actually see and not what you think you see. One of my favorite quotes is "Is not what you look at, but what you see". In this instance and in most cases of carvings, you have to see what is there and not what the carver is using as camouflage. In the instance of this "bird", the only information that is useful in the carving is the line formed by the top of the left wing and the neck. The rest of the bird is there to camouflage those two lines.
If you look at the bird closely, and I will admit this isn't the best photo, the line forming the top of the left wing and the neck is cut deeper into the rock than the rest of the bird and the corner is sharp and square where all of the other corners are rounded. This is shown better by the shadow than the carving because of the angle the photo was taken at but this will give you the idea of what I am referring to. After banging my head on the bluff for several days I finally realized that I only needed to be looking at the L shape or "90 degree turn" formed by the top of the wing and the neck. With all of the information that could have been imparted by this carving, all it was actually telling me was I needed to make a 90 degree turn off of the line I was just on. Because the left wing was pointed in the direction I just came from I also decided that when I made my turn the next "leg" I would travel would be short, probably half the distance that I just traveled to get to the bird carving. It turned out that the distance I traveled after I made the turn was a little less than half the distance. The leg to the bird was 45 feet and the leg after the turn was 20 feet.
This doesn't always hold true but, in a lot of cases when you have lines drawn as this 90 degree turn was, the difference in the lengths of the lines can equate to distances because by traveling the first distance it gives you a known measurement to use to figure the second distance.
I have mentioned before the fact that some mapmakers, especially the really experienced ones, will put junk into a carving to hide the actual information. They will also camouflage symbols by making them look like something else but closer inspection will reveal lines that aren't really connected or lines that are cut deeper than others just to name a few of the ways it can be done. Most mapmakers will establish a pattern of how they make their symbols or hide information in those symbols. Once you distinguish this pattern you will know what to look at and what to ignore.
I will caution everyone again that this isn't always the case and sometimes things are exactly as they seem. These articles about different signs are meant to show you how they have worked at different locations so you can have ideas to mull over in your head at your own sites.
Here's something to look for if you are near Whiteside County, IL.
In the 1870's there was a group or "gang" of counterfeiters that made a very good living printing their own money. The gang included a man known as "the most skilled of all counterfeit plate engravers" who's name was Benjamin Boyd. Mr. Boyd was the son of a legitimate engraver and apprenticed with two other engravers, one of whom was a counterfeiter himself, before deciding a life of crime was easier than a real job. There was also "Big Jim" Kennally and another man known as Dr. Briggs. This "gang" operated from a farm near Unionville, IL that used to be known as the Abbott farm.
In 1875 the Secret Service caught up with Benjamin Boyd and Dr. Briggs and promptly put them in jail. It appears the Secret Service either wasn't aware of the location of the counterfeiting operation and arrested them elsewhere or they did a very poor job of searching the place. The old Abbott farmhouse was later moved to a piece of land across the road from it's original spot and during the move several bundles of funny money and the engraved printing plates were found in the basement. Now that would be a find!!
Local stories abound about several caches of gold coins, legitimate and funny money being stashed in the area of the Abbott farm by the counterfeiters but none have ever been found and it is not thought that any of the gang ever came back for them. It is said that the group also operated in the area of Fulton and Centralia, IL. And left a few caches of money in those areas also.
Why wouldn't Big Jim Kennally dig up the caches and leave with his cohorts in jail? Well it seems Big Jim wasn't the sharpest knife in the drawer and wanted to break the engraver and apparently the brains of the group out of jail so they could continue their counterfeiting ways. In all of his wisdom Big Jim enlisted the help of two other not so bright individuals to steal the body of Abraham Lincoln, yes, that Abraham Lincoln, and they intended on ransoming the body for $200,000 and the release of Benjamin Boyd from prison.
So in November of 1876 Big Jim and his two helpers broke into the Lincoln vault, struggled to remove the lid to the marble sarcophagus and stood there trying to figure out how they would get the lead and cedar coffin out. They hadn't planned very well ahead and for Big Jim, he didn't pick his helpers very well. It seems one of the men, a man by the name of Swegles, felt it benefited him more by alerting the custodian of the Lincoln tomb who, in turn, notified a long list of law enforcement including the Secret Service.
All of these different agencies were waiting for the theives outside of the tomb when Swegles signaled them to make their move. Apparently there were some Keystone cops in the crowd because several shots were fired, all by law enforcement apparently shooting at each other. Nobody was enjured during the shooting but the bad guys made good there get away. Until ten days later when they were found in a local bar and arrested. This puts the entire group of counterfeiters behind bars for several years so there is a good chance soemthing is still out there.
You can't find it if you don't look for it.
Most everyone has read one or more treasure hunting books about Spanish sun and shadow signs. Some of these books can get out there on the fringe of things, in my opinion anyway, but some sun and shadow signs are real.
The Spanish liked to use sun signs to get your attention and draw you to an area. In this context of sun signs I am referring to what might be termed a reflector. This would be a large rock that contained a lot of quartz or white material so that the rock would "light up" during a certain time of the day. These were usually placed in areas up high like on the side of a hill or mountain or on the side of a valley where they would only catch the sun during a certain time of day. Most of the time these types of sun signs didn't give any specific information, they were just there to catch your eye and make you want to go towards the light. No, not that light, hopefully not yet anyway. Think of it like a woman in a jewelry store, always looking for the big shiny rock! Sorry ladies, but it is a good analogy!
They used shadow signs to impart information about what direction to go, what you are looking for or what you will find in a specific direction, just to name a few of the things they could be used for. Don't consider this to be absolute though; I have seen some shadow signs made specifically to get your attention or draw you to a spot just like a sun sign would be used. These types of shadow signs were used as double meanings. They first got your attention to bring you to where the shadow sign was and then you could see what was making the shadow and this "thing" would give you a piece of precise information like a direction and or what you were looking for. I will say I have only seen this once but it was pretty definitive.
It has been my experience that shadow signs are more prevalent than sun signs but that may be a location issue. I have seen more sun signs in the southwest than I have in places like Oklahoma, Kansas and Missouri but I have seen more shadow signs in places such as Oklahoma, Kansas and Missouri than I have in the southwest. It may all be relative to where you are looking.
The best time to find a shadow sign is usually between 11:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. That would be actual time and not daylight savings time. Think sundial here and not a watch. There are exceptions to almost every rule so some signs may have been made to be seen a little earlier or much later. It's also very possible that some shadow signs will last longer than that window of time but I am only speaking to the ones I have actually seen or talked about with other hunters who have found them.
The shadows of shadow signs can be just about anything. They can be a simple arrow or more elaborate like the bird pictured at the top of this article. The shadows in this photo form the bird's head and highlight the wing. Without the shadow there is no head and therefore no bird. This shadow sign is at the base of a small valley and was telling us to go up the valley and look higher. Since the bird was on the north side of the valley and there wasn't anything telling us to look anywhere else we continued to look on the north side of the valley wall. Another marker was found about 100 yards away at the top of the valley wall. As we got closer to the sign it could easily be seen as long as you were looking high on the valley wall. I should mention this bird was designed to be seen from a distance, specifically from the top of the opposite valley wall which was the trail into where we were going.
If you are hunting Spanish treasure, keep your eyes open!
This is a story told to me years ago by a good friend. Sometime during the 1950's an aged Comanche and his grandson stopped by my friends shop. The old man only spoke his native tongue and the grandson did the translating. After some small talk the old man got down to business. They had come to my friend since he was the unofficial local historian. His family had lived in the area long before statehood.
The old Comanche told my friend a story of how two braves many years before had attacked a stage coach as it had crossed one of the forks of the Red River. The coach was carrying a payroll which the braves took. They then hid the loot near a tree in a small graveyard somewhere in what is now known as Harmon County. The two men where later killed.
My friend was familiar with the stage crossing but didn't know of the graveyard for which they were searching. He did know of the area the Comanche men would spend their time racing horses and gambling while the women would go mine salt. This was part of the clues as well. As far as anyone knows this money was never recovered.
Now for some clues for you. The crossing was on the Salt Fork of the Red River right at the state line. The camp area is not far from there. There was stone cairns that marked out the race track, but these were knocked down years ago. The salt mines were near Erick further north. There are numerous old graveyards in the area and the one the old Comanche was seeking may not be visible today.
For those interested in these ciphers here is a photo of a replica Confederate States Cipher Disk. The original disk was less than three inches across and could be carried in a shirt pocket. It consisted of two disks, one smaller than the other with the alphabet going around the outside of each circle. The disks were made of brass and the smaller disk had three letters, CSA, in the center. This of course stood for the Confederate States of America. Just below the CSA were two more letters, S.S. It is not known for certain what the S.S. stood for however it is thought to have been for either "Secret Service" or "Signal Service".
There are only five original Confederate Cipher Disks known to exist. Two of these are in private collections, one is in the Smithsonian Institute and the other two are in the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond, VA.
Finding one of these things while metal detecting would really get your heart going!
As promised, here is some information about the famous, or infamous Vigenere cipher. A Vigenere Square or Tablet is shown here and is used to encode and decipher messages using the Vigenere cipher. The Vigenere cipher is actually a series of another cipher known as a Caesar cipher.
The Vigenere cipher has been around since the 1500s. A book was written about it explaining how the cipher worked in 1553. Even though the cipher was explained in the book, to the novice the Vigenere cipher was thought to be unbreakable. This proved to be a very big mistake for the South during the Civil War. Apparently the people in charge of their codes would be considered novices.
In an effort not to confuse anyone I have taken the liberty of copying the explanation of the Vigenere cipher from the Wikipidia page. This way I don't screw it up!
To symplify things in the field the South was known to use a Cipher Disk. This was a disk with the alphabet in a cirlce around the outside of the disk and a second smaller disk that turned on the inside with it's own alphabet around the outside of the smaller disk.
To make all of this work you had to have a key word or phrase. The South was known to regularly use three key phrases. The first two, COMPLETE VICTORY and MANCHESTER BLUFF, were used continuosly during the Civil War. As the war got closer to the end and the South saw that they were in trouble they also began using the key phrase of COME RETRIBUTION. There was a fourth key phrase attributed to the South but I have not been able to verify that this phrase was actually used. That fourth key phrase is said to be JEFFERSONS FERRY.
As an added bonus for blog readers I am listing another key that was discovered by a college professor, and I believe it was discovered sometime in the 1990's while he was looking at some old Civil War documents. This was a key word and not a phrase and was identified as BALTIMORE. This will be a news flash to more than one KGC researcher.
Here's my thought for the day. The Knights of the Golden Circle was supposed to be a super secret organization with members so smart that they hid billions of dollars in treasure using a coding system that treasure hunters for more than a century haven't been able to figure out, right? So who in that brain trust decided to use centuries old ciphers that were known to other code breakers to pass secret messages back and forth during the Civil War? If they couldn't come up with their own ciphers to encode their most important messages, how did they come up with their own elaborate code to hide treasure?
Some of you are obviously unhappy that I pointed out the fact the Knights of the Golden Circle could have been involved in something that caused the South to loose the war, much less loosing millions of dollars. I guess that would have left them a lot less to bury in those elaborate "depositories". The big believers in the KGC are all too happy to bend the facts around their own theories with no actual proof of what they are saying; except for the "secret documents" everybody seems to have but won't show to anybody.
The last article I posted about the currency, plates and presses being identified and seized by the North due to the less than stellar performance by the South during the war is a true story, based entirely on fact. The South was very careless in how they sent their "secret" messages back and forth and chose to use at least two codes that were very old and known to several people, especially anyone who studied cryptography. Of course it wasn't called cryptography during the Civil War but you get the idea.
The Rosicrucian cipher, also known as the Pigpen cipher was considered to be an "ancient cipher", with its first use occurring before the 1700s. Besides the generals of the southern army using this ancient cipher it was also found to be in use by the Knights of the Golden Circle (actual fact). Several correspondences by the KGC were intercepted and decoded using the pigpen cipher. I have included a photo of the pigpen cipher at the top of the article so you can see what it looks like. In general, you substitute the shape around the letter you want to use for the actual letter. That would mean > would be a T and [ would be an F and < would be a U, etc.
Now for the fun part. It is a well-known fact that the Freemasons had been using the Pigpen cipher for a very long time. They used it so much that it was often referred to as the "Freemason's Cipher". I know, I know. The Freemasons you say? Yes, the Freemasons, but this doesn't mean the KGC was part of, or an offshoot of the Masons. If you take the time to read a book written in 1864 by Felix Stidger entitled "Treason History of the Order of Sons of Liberty formerly Circle of Honor succeeded by Knights of the Golden Circle afterward Order of American Knights" you will see that the KGC had secret handshakes and greetings that they used, all of which were directly ripped off from the Masons. It would be my opinion that more than one of the forming members of the KGC were at one time Masons and decided they needed some secret stuff for their group so they took what they knew and used it. I do not think that the KGC is related to the masons or the Templars as some people think and there is no proof that they were. This is more supposition based on picking and choosing the facts to fit a theory instead of developing a theory based on the known facts.
The other widely used code by the South was known as the Vigenere cipher. This cipher has been around since at least the 1500s and requires a key word or key phrase to be used to decipher an encrypted message. It is said the South had four such key words/phrases. I have been able to verify three of those four key phrases and have been given a fifth key word that was just identified in the 1990s. In my next article I will endeavor to explain the Vigenere cipher and give all of the key word/phrases the South was known to use and the one they may have used.
If you are wondering why we would even discuss ciphers such as these you need to keep in mind that there was a lot of information moved around during the Civil War, including that of hidden items, most of this information was in code. These hidden items, no matter what they are, could be worth a lot of money today and you never know when you might run across an old book or letter with one of these codes in it.


My artwork will be on display at Midwest Palliative and Hospice Center in Glenview, Illinois for the whole month of April.
If you would like to view more artwork by Lorraine click here.
©All works of art created by Lorraine Caposieno are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 2010 all rights reserved.


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14 Haunted Hotspots On Cape Cod, MA
Each town has its own haunting story.
Afton Andreadis
From Bourne to Provincetown, each town on Cape Cod has its own set of legends about the souls of sea captains, misplaced messengers, and notorious witches-- all whose spirits have never left the peninsula. Read on to see who (or what) haunts your neck of the woods. Want to spot them? Go ahead and visit these ghostly sites...if you dare.
1. Bourne
The crypt of Isaac Keith - 1893. Sagamore Cemetary, Sagamore MA
Legend has it that more than one spirit haunts Sagamore Cemetery. Isaac Keith was a prominent Sagamore businessman who died in 1893, and his apparition has been spotted throughout the graveyard. According to this article by Wicked Local, Keith has come back to the cemetery "...to try and write some wrongs from the past." The ghost of cigar-smoking Emory Ellis is said to haunt the site as well. Take a stroll through Sagamore Cemetery, and see if you can smell the faint smoke of Ellis' cigar.
2. Sandwich
The Dillingham House is one of Cape Cod's oldest-- built in 1650. It is said that in 1813, Branch Dillingham, grandson of the home's original builder and Sandwich forefather Simeon Dillingham, committed suicide, leaving his nine children to fend for themselves in the home. His wife, Ruth, died not long after he did. Today, the Dillingham House is a Bed & Breakfast, but you should only stay there if you are into doors slamming, windows mysteriously shutting, and a host of other eerie disturbances.
3. Falmouth
Highfield Hall and Gardens, Falmouth MA
Highfield Hall is a grand mansion and compound built in 1878 by the Beebe family as a summer getaway. Mary Louisa Beebe haunts a second-floor bedroom where she died from cancer at age 45. She has been seen gazing out of the second-story window, staring blankly at the gardens below her. Today, Highfield Hall is open to the public as a historic site, and you can explore the buildings, gardens, and exhibits that they often have on display. Or, you can try and spot Mary Louisa in the second-floor window.
4. Mashpee
A redditor claims to have seen the ghost of an Indian woman and her child, both dressed in deerskin, at the Mashpee River Woodlands. Mashpee is currently home to a large population of Wampanoag Indians, and it is the Wampanoags who know many stories and legends of their spirits still existing in the Woodlands along the river. After all, it was one of the many Indian burial grounds scattered across the Cape.
5. Barnstable
The Barnstable House, Barnstable Village MA
The Barnstable House, located on the historic Old Kings Highway (now Route 6A), is quite possibly the most haunted building on Cape Cod. Many know it as the house of 11 ghosts because of the 11 supposed spirits that are said to be lingering throughout the house and its perimeters. Built in 1716, the house was the site of a suicide hanging, black magic practice, the drowning of a little girl, and the perishing of homeowners in a fire. Lawyers who rent out the space today have seen apparitions of colonial women carrying hatchets and churning butter, and the ghost of Lucy Paine, the little girl who drowned in the basement. Firefighters who responded to a fire in the 1970s reported seeing a woman hanging out of a window on the second floor, calling for help. Upon investigating the scene, neither the woman nor her remains were ever found.
6. Yarmouth
Old Yarmouth Inn, Yarmouth Port MA
The Old Yarmouth Inn, built in 1696 and also located along the Old King's Highway, is the site of "more than one ghost," according to its website. A previous owner of the house is convinced that her grandfather's spirit is one that is still present, while others swear a young woman who was killed in a fire is still hangin' around. The Inn has been a hospital for Revolutionary War soldiers, a stopping point on the Underground Railroad, and a place where thousands of others have rested their heads, and many have died. Today, cold drafts can be felt, as well as unexplained disappearances of personal items. Visitors have reported seeing the apparitions in their rooms, with one man even saying a ghost had massaged his feet and proceeded to shake his bedpost. If this kind of ghostly overnight stay is your thing, then by all means, give the Old Yarmouth Inn a try.
7. Dennis
It is said that Captain Roland Kelley haunts his home on 480 Main Street in South Dennis. Residents of this Victorian home have literally heard things that go bump in the night, as well as the outlines of apparitions. I'd say it's worth a drive-- maybe you'll catch sight of Captain Kelley himself.
8. Brewster
The Old King's Highway has many notable haunted buildings along it. The Burgess House is the former home of Captain William Burgess, who perished at sea and left his widow, Hannah Rebecca, to occupy the home for another 63 years. It is said that she turned down 50 marriage proposals while she was waiting for her husband to return. Furniture and various artwork are often rearranged , and the home's residents swear it is Hannah Rebecca who continues to haunt them.
9. Chatham
"The Orb of the Chatham," a novel by Bob Staake, details the 1935 sighting of a 'black orb' that rolled through the fishing town in 1935. Five young men witnessed this mysterious orb and then were said to have disappeared shortly thereafter. Is this just an urban legend? Or did this 'orb' bring some sort of omen to its witnesses?
10. Orleans
Orleans Waterfront Inn, Orleans MA
And the Old King's Highway strikes again. According to its owner, the former brothel was the site of a gruesome murder. Hanna was a brothel worker in the 1920s, and she is said to have never left the premise. A bartender named Fred also hanged himself at the Inn, and one more unnamed spirit haunts the site as well. This Inn is open to the public, and it's worth a stay if you are keen on experiencing the supernatural.
11. Eastham
"The Witch of Eastham" is a favorite ghost story among Cape Codders. Maria Hallet was a local woman who fell in love with Captain Samuel Bellamy, an infamous pirate who frequented the shores of the Cape. "Black Bellamy" had abandoned Maria-- who was carrying his child. After being imprisoned for "laying with the devil," Maria had escaped and moved to a shanty where she sold her fabrics. Legend has it, Maria practiced witchcraft in her shanty and it was her who cast a spell on the famed ship Whydah-- which sunk off the coast of Wellfleet-- and was carrying Black Bellamy. You can spot Maria "Goody" Hallet by dunes of the National Seashore in Eastham today. Don't approach her though; it is said that she has never stopped practicing her witchcraft.
12. Wellfleet
The Inn at Duck Creek, Wellfleet MA
The Inn at Duck Creek was built in 1810 and is the site of a few haunts, according to their present owners. The have seen both an apparition of a woman and two little girls, along with strange sightings of flying objects and slamming doors. The woman is thought to be Eulalia Price, a former owner who had her husband committed to an insane asylum while they lived there.
13. Truro
The Jenny Lind Tower in Truro is located near Highland Light, but it is sitting on protected government land. Although one cannot legally access the tower, if you want to spot the ghost of musician Jenny Lind, it is worth a sneak up there. Legend tells the tale of opera singer Jenny Lind who performed a concert for a mob from that tower, and according to Haunted Massachusetts, she disapproves of modern music.
14. Provincetown
Provincetown is a particularly haunted community, and it is at the Carpe Diem guesthouse where you can experience one of the many haunts that peruse the historic buildings. Guests of the Carpe Diem have reported seeing a couple walking around in Victorian clothing, as well as whispers, cool touches, and voices telling them to "get up and get out!". Provincetown offers a ghost tour for the not-so-faint of heart; book your tickets, if you dare.
Note: I could not find a record of a ghost in the town of Harwich. If you know of any apparitions in Harwich, comment below.


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Q: I can not run c++ code in code blocks, what to do? I created a simple program and according to the video lecture I needed to built the file after that I can run the file but when I click the run icon an popup message asking to built the program, so by clicking the yes button that popup window closes but it didn't run the code and this problem occurs again and again and I can not run the program
How can I overcome this problem?
this is my code:
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
        int main(){
            int num1, num2, sum,op;

            cout<<"This a simple calculator using c++ language "/n"Enter
            any two numbers one by one:";
            cin>>num1>>num2;
            cout<<"There are 4 operations in this calculator->"/n"Enter
            the respective number"/n<<"1. Addition"/n"2.
            Subtraction"/n"3. Multiplication"/n"4. Division";
            cin>>"Operation">>op;
            if(op = 1){
                sum = num1+num2;
                cout<<"The addition of the given numbers is "<<sum;
            }
            else if(op = 2){
                sum = num1 - num2;
                cout<<"The subtraction of the given numbers is"<<sum;
            }
            else if(op = 3){
                sum = num1 * num2;
                cout<<"The multiplication of the given numbers is"<<sum;
            }
            else if(op = 4){
                sum = num1 / num2;
                cout<<"The division of the given numbers is"<<sum;
            }
            else{
                cout<<"Oop!! an error occurred... try again."
            }
    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Last week was an exciting time when the advisory board of the Lansing Foundation held its first meeting in Richmond. The advisory board is made up of associates from across the company representing various position levels. They will be the guiding force in growing the Foundation and leading it's causes. Our advisory board President, Nikki Stone, is doing a fantastic job. I am grateful for her leadership as well as the other members of the advisory board. They embody the Lansing culture and live its values. New ideas and exciting projects were discussed and I look forward to seeing the advisory board continue to execute on their goals.