Whether I am ready of not, the end of our school year has arrived! Next week our summer plans will begin with a bang. First we are headed to a Catholic Family Camp, followed immediately by Golf Camp, Birthdays, and then Swimming Lessons. It's going to be a crazy fun summer!
Other than a couple End-of-the-Year parties we attended, and the Teacher Appreciation Gifts, I didn't really have any special plans for the end of the year. However, I was completely inspired by Sarah's End-of-Year Folders when I logged into my Google Reader this morning!
I didn't waste anytime "Making it Count" and the very first thing I did after breakfast was call each of the children into the school-room one at a time for their "interviews" and then spent nearly every free moment I had throughout the day today over at Pic Monkey creating the cover pages. I had so much fun choosing photos and playing with the various fonts and colors.
Looking back at the beginning of the school year photos has made me realize just how much the children have all grown, and just how much we have accomplished this year, despite a difficult pregnancy and adjusting to another new little one in our home. These interviews were such a fun way to document this special milestone and record the children's favorite memories from the year!
Hopefully I can spend a little time tonight brainstorming ideas on what to include in the actual folders for my kiddos... I wasn't as awesomely organized as Sarah, keeping booklists for each child (next year for sure!), but I can probably come up with some sort of summary, a list of field trips, and a few work samples to include. The big kids all have their completed Lap Books for History, and I'm sure I have plenty of pictures to choose from as well. I'm taking notes on Sarah's tips to make this easier next year!
This is so wonderful. I am going to do this with my children. Thank you. The pics are perfect.
Great Idea! I am going to have to check out that website. Seems like a neat thing to do for birthdays.
These are so cool. I think I know what I will be doing today!
They came out so cute! :) I am so flattered that you and Charlotte liked this idea so much. I loved it too!
I especially love how Snuggles is most proud of his new baby brother. That is so, so sweet. And how cool that all your kids liked different field trips the best. Obviously, you are good at choosing field trips for your kids!
I have recommended your American History plans to at least a hundred people- I'm not even kidding. I love them. We only did the first three units this year but plan to tackle the next three units (or at least the early 19th century and the Civil War) in the coming year. Thank you so much for sharing those- they have been immensely helpful to me.
Do you all go to Catholic Familyland? We are going for the first time this summer...not until August though.
How cute! Your kiddos are so adorable. :) Love Ms. Sarah's idea - so neat how it's going around. We may try to do it also!
They turned out beautiful! Very nice job and what a wonderful keepsake.


Anybody feel too much time has been wasted? Fact is, when I have primarily lived for myself, wasted time is not just my eventual feeling but the reality! I am simply too small of a package to live for. Christ has paid the price with His life to deliver me so I can be free to live for Him. And Jesus didn't just die for my sins, He also won over death!! How can I live for Him? By loving others and telling them about the love and power of Jesus Christ, my Savior.


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Habitat evolution of a peat swamp forest and belowground carbon sequestration during the Holocene along the coastal lowland in Central Sumatra, Indonesia
Kiyoshi Fujimoto ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2589-37361,
Masafumi Miura2,5,
Shigeo Kobayashi3 &
Herwint Simbolon4
Habitat evolution of a peat swamp forest and belowground carbon storage was examined in a coastal lowland along the eastern coast of Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Boring surveys using a hand-operated peat sampler for 32 sites and radiocarbon dating for 29 samples revealed that the peat swamp forest had begun formation by 6500 cal BP and expanded rapidly between 6500 and 5000 cal BP and between 4000 and 2000 cal BP to nearly the present distribution area. The thickness of the peat layer formed under the peat swamp forest reached approximately 4 m, even in the margin of the peat dome, and more than 9 m in the center. Stored carbon per unit volume of the peat layer was estimated to be between 30 and 44 kg C m−3 in the margin of the peat dome and approximately 26 kg C m−3 in the center, which was less than the general carbon values of the mangrove peat. The relatively higher amount of stored carbon per unit volume in the margin was possibly caused by an inflow of allochthonous carbon from flood deposits. Belowground carbon burial rate of the peat layer was calculated as between 31 and 105 g C m−2 years−1 in the peat dome margin and between 27 and 76 g C m−2 years−1 in the center, which were identical to mangrove peat. These data suggest that peat swamp forests have played a significant role as places for carbon sequestration belowground as well as mangrove forest with mangrove peat.
Tropical coastal swamp forests, such as mangrove forests, peat swamp forests, and freshwater swamp forests, are considered to be places of significant carbon sequestration during the Holocene (Fujimoto 2004; Dommain et al. 2011; Page et al. 2011; Alongi 2012). The coastal swamp forests have generally expanded with the evolution of coastal lowland after the postglacial transgression.
The habitat evolution of mangrove forests has been revealed geomorphologically (e.g., Woodroffe 1982; Fujimoto et al. 1996, 1999a), and concrete data on belowground carbon storage has been accumulating since the late 1990s (Fujimoto et al. 1999b; Fujimoto 2004; Alongi 2012). Fujimoto (2004) compiled the data on belowground carbon storage and revealed that the Rhizophora community, which develops in the low sediment inflow area, can solely create mangrove peat (Mochida et al. 1999) and has the highest ability to accumulate belowground carbon in mangrove communities.
Freshwater swamp forests generally develop behind the mangrove forest on deltas with high sediment inflow, such as the Mekong and Chao Phraya deltas, and have no rich organic sediments except the delta margins away from the river channel (Nguyen et al. 2000; Tanabe et al. 2003; Fujimoto et al. 2011). On the other hand, lowland peat swamp forests develop on the coastal lowland with little sediment inflow on islands, such as Sumatra and Borneo, and they form peat domes that are over 10 m thick (Gastaldo 2010; Dommain et al. 2011).
Sediments and topography of coastal peat swamp forests were first reported by Polak (1933). Anderson (1964) was the first to discuss in literature the development of coastal peat swamps in the tropics using radiocarbon ages. Furukawa and Supiandi (1985) revealed the topography and stratigraphy using a 60-point boring survey along a 70 km transect on the Batang Hari Lowland in Sumatra. Neuzil et al. (1993) clarified the inorganic geochemistry of domed peat in the Siak River Lowland and Bengkalis Island. Supardi et al. (1993) revealed the geology of the same area as Neuzil et al. (1993) and reported the depositional ages of peat layer formed under peat swamp forests. Staub and Esterle (1994) and Staub and Gastaldo (2003) revealed the sedimentary structure and peat accumulation processes based on a large number of cores and radiocarbon ages on the Rajang River Delta in Sarawak. Neuzil (1997) compiled the radiocarbon ages obtained from the basal peat of four peat swamps in Sumatra and Kalimantan and discussed the initiation of peat formation and the peat accumulation rate. Palynological studies were also conducted for Holocene peat in Malaysia and Indonesia (e.g., Anderson and Muller 1975; Haseldonckx 1977; Morley 1981; Cole et al. 2015).
These studies revealed the outline of evolution for the coastal lowlands covered by peat swamp forests. However, there are few studies (Staub and Esterle 1994; Staub and Gastaldo 2003) on the spatial habitat evolution of tropical peat swamp forests in a specific coastal lowland based on intensive coring and dating. Most previous studies obtained depositional ages of the peat layer from a few boring cores (e.g., Anderson 1964; Furukawa and Supiandi 1985; Cameron et al. 1989; Staub and Esterle 1993; Supiandi 1988; Neuzil 1997).
In terms of carbon storage, Dommain et al. (2011) estimated peat dome initiation and peat and carbon accumulation rates using existing data (e.g., Neuzil 1997; Shimada et al. 2001; Page et al. 2004) obtained from Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan, and Sumatra. Dommain et al. (2014) calculated stored and released carbon from the peat swamps of Kalimantan and Sumatra using the data compiled by Dommain et al. (2011). Dommain et al. (2015) suggested that mechanisms of peat accumulation in tropical forests were possibly different from those of northern peatlands. Cobb et al. (2017) built a numerical model of waterlogging and peat accumulation to simulate peat dome geomorphogenesis and carbon fluxes.
However, there are few data (Cameron et al. 1989; Neuzil 1997; Dommain et al. 2015) on carbon concentrations together with bulk density of peat deposits for the coastal peat swamp forest, which are essential for calculating carbon storage.
The aims of this study are to clarify the spatial habitat evolution of a peat swamp forest on a coastal lowland along the eastern coast of Central Sumatra, to estimate carbon accumulation rates related to the geomorphological situation, and to discuss the differences with the values of mangrove peat.
This study was carried out on the coastal lowland in Riau Province, Central Sumatra (Fig. 1). The coastal lowland develops along the Siak, Kampar, and Indragir Rivers. Most areas of the coastal lowland of Sumatra, which are distributed along the eastern coast, were covered by peat swamp forests until recent years. However, the coverage area dropped from 75 to 28% peatlands between 1990 and 2010 (Miettinen et al. 2011) and to 19% in 2015 (Miettinen et al. 2016) due to development, mainly for plantation fields. The peat swamp forests in Riau Province decreased from 30,962 km2 (80% peatlands) in 1990 to 13,879 km2 (36%) in 2010 (Miettinen et al. 2011) and to 9812 km2 (24%) in 2015 (Miettinen et al. 2016) for plantations, such as oil palm, acacia pulp, and coconut, and agricultural land. Small areas of mangrove forests are distributed along the coast. Though oilfields have been developed in the area between the Siak and Kampar Rivers, the peat swamp forest in the development area has been protected, except for roads and drill sites.
Map showing the study area and boring sites
Boring survey and sampling
Boring surveys using a hand-operated peat sampler (DIK-105A, Daiki, Japan), which enabled the collection of undisturbed semicircular columnar cores 50 cm long and 5 cm diameter, excluding large woody debris, was conducted for 32 sites between 2005 and 2008 (Fig. 1 and Table 1). Eight sites were located along the Siak River (SSB-1 to 8), 19 sites were along the Kampar River (SKB-1 to 19), and 3 sites were along the Indragir River (SIB-1 to 3).
Table 1 Description of boring sites
SDB-1 was located around the center of the peat dome between the Siak and Kampar Rivers, approximately 17 km from the Siak River mainstream. SDB-2 was situated beside an upland. Most sites were situated along the rivers because we had to use a boat for field research, except along limited roads. However, we conducted the boring survey not only along the mainstream but also along the tributaries to collect data from as many interior sites as possible. As SDB-1 was situated on the private land of PT. Bumi Siak Pusako, an oil development company, we carried out the research with the permission of the company.
Soil samples for bulk density measurement and carbon and nitrogen contents analyses were collected at four sites, three of them located beside the Kampar River (SKB-1, 5, and 6), and another one was located around the center of the peat dome between the Siak and Kampar Rivers (SDB-1). The soil samples were sequentially collected, except for the top 50 cm horizon of SKB-5 and the woody horizons of SKB-5 and SDB-1, which were impossible to collect as undisturbed cores using the peat sampler. The sampled depth of cores for analysis at SKB-1, 5, and 6 are shown in Table 3. One sample for each core was collected for analysis at these sites. At SDB-1, each 50 cm long boring core was cut into 10 cm sections, and one or two cut cores were used for analysis for each layer, up to 188 cm deep, 12 cut cores were used for the analysis of the homogenous peat layer between 190 and 920 cm deep. The number of samples analyzed for each layer is shown in Table 4.
Soil analyses and radiocarbon dating
Dry weight measurements for bulk density calculations and carbon and nitrogen contents analyses were conducted at the Indonesian Soil Research Institute in Bogor. Dry weight was measured after 24 h drying at 80 °C, which is an optimal procedure for peat and highly organic soils (O'Kelly 2005). Carbon and nitrogen contents were analyzed by the Walklay-Black and Kjeldahl methods, respectively.
To estimate the sedimentary environment around the boundary between the peat layer and the underlying clay layer, electrical conductivity (EC), and total sulfur (TS) content analyses were conducted for soil samples obtained from 4 sites along the Kampar River (SKB-1, 3, 5 and 6). The samples were collected at 20 to 30 cm intervals. EC was measured using a portable EC meter (WM-22EP, TOA DKK, Japan) according to the method by Yokoyama (1993), and TS analysis was conducted using an elemental analyzer (Flash EA1112, Thermo Electron Corporation, USA) at the University of Tokyo. Generally, freshwater, brackish-water, and marine sediments were indicated by EC values less than 0.4 mS/cm, 0.4 to 1.2 mS/cm, and 1.3 to 3.0 mS/cm, respectively (Yokoyama 1993). TS content was also useful in identifying marine sediments. Generally, freshwater sediments were indicated by a value of less than 0.3%, while marine sediments were indicated by values over 0.3% (Keith and Digens 1959). We applied these values of combination to estimate sedimentary environments.
Freshwater peat deposits formed under the peat swamp forest are occasionally underlain by mangrove peat (Cameron et al. 1989; Dommain et al. 2015). These two peats can be easily distinguished visually because the freshwater peat generally contains a large amount of woody debris (Cameron et al. 1989, Dommain et al. 2015), though the upper central portion of the peat dome (Cameron et al. 1989) and tip-up pool deposits formed after tree falls (Dommain et al. 2015) are more fibrous and less woody, whereas the mangrove peat mainly consists of roots (Fujimoto et al. 1999a) with black bark fragments. To reinforce the visual identification, EC and TS content analyses were applied for the basal peat at SKB-6.
Radiocarbon dating was conducted for 28 wood fragment samples and a peat sample at Institute of Accelerator Analysis Ltd. in Japan (Table 2) using the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) method; however, four samples (IAA-687, 689, 690, and 691) were analyzed by the radiometric method. The radiocarbon ages were calibrated to calendar year using CALIB 5.0. The calibrated ages in Table 2 show the minimum and maximum values of 1 σ standard deviation with median possibility in parentheses. Radiocarbon ages obtained from the basal horizon of peat swamp forest peat reported by Supardi et al. (1993) were also calibrated to the calendar year because the ages were indicated by 14C age only. The calibrated ages were shown in Fig. 4.
Table 2 Results of radiocarbon dating and calibrated ages
Distribution of peat layers and their formative ages
Figures 2 and 3 show the geologic columns of boring sites along the Kampar River and the Siak and Indragir Rivers, including the center of peat dome between the Siak and Kampar Rivers, and the results of radiocarbon dating using calibrated age. Figure 4 shows the spatial distribution of the calibrated ages obtained around the basal horizon of the peat layer, indicating the initiation age of peat swamp forest or mangrove forest consisting of Rhizophora sp., including the cores that were short of the base of the peat layer.
Geologic columns of boring sites and the results of radiocarbon dating using calibrated age along the Kampar River
Geologic columns of boring sites and the results of radiocarbon dating using calibrated age along the Siak and Indragir Rivers and the center of peat dome between the Siak and Kampar Rivers
Spatial distribution of the calibrated ages obtained around the basal horizon of peat layer. Red, orange, yellow, greenish yellow, green, and aqua colors are ages obtained from the deposit of peat swamp forest, indicating over 6000 cal BP, between 5999 and 5000 cal BP, between 4999 and 4000 cal BP, between 3999 and 3000 cal BP, between 2999 and 2000 cal BP, and between 1999 and 1000 cal BP, respectively
On the inland valley bottom lowlands, an age of approximately 7030 cal BP (IAAA-72998) was obtained from the clay layer with peat (3.20 to 3.23 m depth), which was just below the peaty clay layer overlain by the peat layer at SSB-1 in the Siak River basin, and an age of approximately 6350 cal BP (IAAA-73002) was obtained from the middle horizon of the peat layer (3.87 m depth) at SKB-15 in the Kampar River basin. At SKB-11, which is located near the mouth of the valley bottom lowland of the Kampar River, an age of approximately 6470 cal BP (IAAA-72997) was obtained from the basal horizon of peat layer (2.60 m depth).
Near the center of landward peat dome on the coastal lowland between the Siak and Kampar Rivers, peat layer over 9.2 m thick was confirmed at SDB-1, and an age of approximately 5970 cal BP (IAAA-52502) was obtained from the deepest horizon of the core (9.15 to 9.20 m depth).
On the coastal lowland of the Siak River basin, a peat layer over 4 m thick was formed 38 km inland from the river mouth (SSB-4), and an age of approximately 3830 cal BP (IAAA-73000) was obtained from the deepest horizon (3.95 to 4.00 m depth). At the site located approximately 11 km seaward from SSB-4, an age of approximately 6510 cal BP (SSB-6 IAAA-73001) was obtained from the clay layer overlain by the peat layer (2.62 to 2.63 m depth).
On the coastal lowland of the Kampar River basin, a peat layer less than 4.5 m thick was distributed along the river, and ages between approximately 2170 and 2980 cal BP were obtained from the basal horizon of the peat layer (SKB-1: IAAA-42316, SKB-3: IAAA-42427, SKB-5: IAA-690, SKB-9: IAAA-62244, SKB-10: IAAA-62245, and SKB-17: IAAA-73004), though distinctly older ages, approximately 4030 (IAA-691) and 4300 cal BP (IAAA-73006), were obtained from the basal horizon of the peat layer at SKB-6 and clayey peat layer at SKB-18, respectively. Sampling depths for the coring sites are shown in Table 2.
The basal peat between 2.5 and 3.4 m depth at SKB-6 was identified as mangrove peat from the main materials, i.e., fibric fine roots with distinctive black bark fragments. The wood sample for IAA-690, which was a black bark fragment, obtained from SKB-5 is presumed to be of mangrove origin because of this feature.
Along the Indragir River, relatively younger ages, between approximately 1130 and 1380 cal BP (SIB-2: IAAA-52504 and IAAA-52503, and SIB-3: IAAA-52505), were obtained from the basal horizon of the peat layers, their thicknesses were less than 2 m.
EC and TS analyses
Figure 5 shows the results of EC and TS content analyses. High values of EC and TS content, indicating brackish to marine environments, were measured for the clay layers overlain by peat layers at SKB-1, 5, and 6. At SKB-1, over 0.5 mS/cm of EC and over 1% of TS content were obtained from the organic clay layer below 4.0 m depth. At SKB-5, over 0.4 mS/cm of EC was obtained from the organic clay layer between 4.3 and 4.4 m depth, and over 1% of TS content was obtained from the greenish gray clay layer between 4.5 and 4.8 m depth. At SKB-6, over 0.5 mS/cm of EC was obtained from the clay layer below 3.5 m depth, and over 0.8% of TS content was obtained from the peat layer below 2.8 m depth, which was identified as mangrove peat from the main materials, with the clay layers overlain by the peat layer.
Results of EC and TS content analyses
Low values of both EC and TS content, indicating freshwater environments, were obtained from the peat layer and upper horizon of the organic clay layer at SKB-1 and 3, less than 0.4 mS/cm and less than 0.3%, respectively, with the peat layer overlaying the clay layer at SKB-5 and the peat layer overlaying mangrove peat at SKB-6.
Belowground carbon storage and its burial rate
Tables 3 and 4 show the bulk density, carbon, and nitrogen concentrations and their masses per square meter at the boring sites in the margin and center of the peat dome, respectively.
Table 3 Bulk density, carbon, and nitrogen concentrations and their masses per square meter at the boring sites in the margin of peat dome
Table 4 Bulk density, carbon, and nitrogen concentrations and masses per square meter at SDB-1 near the center of peat dome
Carbon concentrations of peaty layers at SKB-1, 5, and 6 located in the margin of peat dome were between 18 and 43%, which was lower than those at SDB-1 located in the center, except for the top 40 cm, those were approximately 55%.
At SKB-1 situated in the margin of peat dome, a 3.45-m-thick peat layer underlain by clay layer was deposited. The amount of stored carbon in the 3.45 m deep peat layer was 102.9 kg C m−2, whereas the entire 5-m-thick deposit, which included a basal clay layer contained 158 kg C m−2.
SKB-5, situated in the margin of peat dome, was located in a private garden, with a 4.29-m-thick peat layer, whose top 0.2 m was dried peat and was underlain by a clay layer. Samples for analyses were collected at up to 5.0 m depth, except for the top 0.5 m because non-disturbed samples for bulk density measurement could not be collected. Stored carbon was calculated at 165.2 kg C m−2 in the peat layer between 0.5 and 4.29 m depth and 184.1 kg C m−2 at up to 5.0 m depth.
SKB-6 that was situated in the margin of the peat dome was located in a coconut and pineapple field with a peaty layer deposit of up to 3.37 m depth, though the top 0.17 m was peaty clay, and between 2.5 and 3.37 m was mangrove peat. Stored carbon was calculated at 97.0 kg C m−2 at up to 2.5 m depth, 127.8 kg C m−2 at up to 3.37 m depth, including the mangrove peat layer, and 175.9 kg C m−2 at up to 4.33 m depth, including the underlying clay layer.
At SDB-1 located in a peat swamp forest near the center of peat dome, a peat layer over 9.2 m deep accumulated. Stored carbon was calculated at 239.5 kg C m−2 at up to 9.2 m depth.
Belowground carbon burial rates of the peat layers were calculated to be between 31 and 105 g m−2 years−1 for the sites located in the peat dome margin and between 27 and 76 g m−2 years−1 for the site near the center of peat dome (Table 5).
Table 5 Belowground carbon burial rates of peat layers
Habitat evolution of peat swamp forest
The calibrated ages indicating approximately 6350 cal BP and approximately 6470 cal BP obtained from the middle and bottom horizons of peat layers, which were inferred to be peat swamp forest peat from the features, were in the valley bottom lowland of the Kampar River basin and its mouth (Figs. 2 and 4, SKB-15 and 11 located 180 km and 147 km inland from the mouth of the Kampar River, respectively); they show that the peat swamp forest in the valley bottom lowland began to be formed by 6350 cal BP.
The calibrated age indicating approximately 7030 cal BP obtained from the clay layer with peat just below the peaty clay layer overlain by peat swamp forest peat at SSB-1 located approximately 86 km inland from the mouth of the Siak River (Figs. 2 and 4) has two possible interpretations, i.e., there was either a period of mangrove forest or freshwater swamp forest because the clay layer overlain by the peat swamp forest peat was deposited under blackish or freshwater environments. The calibrated age indicating approximately 5970 cal BP obtained from the middle horizon of the peat swamp forest peat located approximately 36 km inland from the coastline of the Panjang Strait (Figs. 2 and 4, SDB-1) shows that the peat swamp forest expanded to near the center of present peat dome between the Siak and Kampar Rivers by 6000 cal BP.
The age, approximately 6510 cal BP, obtained from SSB-6 located near the present coastline of the Panjang Strait possibly does not indicate the initiation age of the peat swamp forest but it does show the distribution of mangrove forest because the age was obtained from the clay layer overlain by the peat swamp forest peat and the site is situated in a geomorphological environment with low flooding impact because due to its distance from the rivers.
Supardi et al. (1993) reported 26 radiocarbon ages obtained from the peat swamp forest peat along the Siak River including 7 samples obtained from the basal horizon. SK-1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 11, and SKLL-4 in Fig. 4 are sites obtained the basal ages, which were indicated the ages between 3950 and 5990 cal BP.
The calibrated ages obtained from the Siak River Lowland in this study and Supardi et al. (1993) indicated that the peat swamp forest along the Siak River expanded between 6000 and 5000 cal BP.
On the other hand, the calibrated ages obtained from the bottom horizon of peat layers in the Kampar River basin suggest that the peat swamp forest on the coastal lowland expanded to the present area between 4300 and 2000 cal BP (Fig. 4, SKB-1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 17, and 18).
Approximately 4000 cal BP, a Rhizophora dominant mangrove forest was distributed around SKB-6 and was located approximately 60 km inland from the present river mouth of the Kampar River. The calibrated age of IAA-690 obtained from SKB-5 and the EC and TS content values of the sampling horizon (Fig. 5) suggest that mangrove forests were distributed along the river up to 100 km inland approximately 2160 cal BP.
The calibrated ages obtained from the coastal lowland of the Indragir River (Fig. 4, SIB-2 and 3) strongly indicate that the formation of this coastal lowland occurred later than those in the Siak and Kampar River basins. The ages obtained from the basal horizons of peat layers in this study area suggested that the peat swamp forests expanded from the north to south, i.e., from the Siak River Lowland to the Indragir River lowland.
In the Asia-Pacific region, relatively high sea levels approximately 6500 cal BP and 4000 cal BP and relatively low sea levels approximately 5000 cal BP and 2000 cal BP were reported (Tjia 1996; Sinsakul et al. 1985; Sinsakul 1992; Fujimoto et al. 1996, 1999a). In the Sunda Shelf, a relatively high sea level approximately 4200 cal BP was recognized (Geyh et al. 1979; Hanebuth et al. 2011), though the high level approximately 6500 cal BP has not been determined.
The peat swamp forest initiated habitat formation by 6500 cal BP in the inland valley bottom lowlands. They developed first in the Siak River Lowland between 6000 and 5000 cal BP and expanded after 4000 cal BP in the Kampar River and the Indragir River Lowlands (Fig. 4). Namely, the peat swamp forests in the study area seem to have formed their habitat with the sea-level changes; the sea-level falls between 6500 and 5000 cal BP and between 4000 and 2000 cal BP seems to have especially affected the habitat expansion on the coastal lowlands because of decrease of tidally affected area, though the sea-level fall between 6500 and 5000 cal BP has not been recognized in this area.
Carbon sequestration ability of coastal peat swamp forest
Stored carbon per unit volume of the peat layer at SKB-1, 5, and 6 situated in the margin of the peat dome were calculated at 29.8, 43.6, and 38.8 kg C m−3, respectively, while at SDB-1 situated in the center, it was 26.0 kg C m−3. These results indicated that stored carbon per unit volume of the peat layer in the center was possibly less than that of the margin.
Carbon concentrations at SKB-1, 5, and 6 were distinctly lower than those of SDB-1; the bulk densities of the former sites were higher than those of later site (Tables 3 and 4), suggesting that the deposits in the peat dome margin contained a clay fraction deposited by flooding. Some parts of the accumulated carbon in the margin were possibly originated by allochthonous organic matter brought with flood deposits.
Belowground carbon burial rates of the peat layers of peat swamp forests were calculated to be between 31 and 105 g m−2 years−1 in the peat dome margin and between 27 and 76 g m−2 years−1 near the center of peat dome. These values were equivalent to the data from previous studies conducted for coastal peat swamps in the tropics (e.g., Neuzil 1997; Page et al. 2004).
Stored carbon per unit volume and long-term carbon burial rate of the mangrove peat were estimated to be between 50 and 65 kg C m−3 and between 24 and 92 g C m−2 years−1, respectively (Fujimoto 2004); though the short-term burial rate was occasionally calculated to be higher, for example 300 g C m−2 years−1 by Dommain et al. (2015). Though the belowground stored carbon per unit volume in peat swamp forest was possibly lower than that of Rhizophora forest, which is the sole mangrove genus that can create mangrove peat, the long-term carbon burial rate was almost identical. The results suggested that peat swamp forests have played an equally significant role as places for belowground carbon sequestration as Rhizophora forests during the late Holocene.
The peat swamp forest initiated its formation by 6500 cal BP in the inland valley bottom lowlands and expanded rapidly between 6000 and 5000 cal BP and between 4000 and 2000 cal BP to nearly the present distribution area. The thickness of the peat layer formed under the peat swamp forest reached approximately 4 m, even in the margin of the peat dome, and more than 9 m at the center. Stored carbon per unit volume of the peat layer was estimated to be between 30 and 44 kg C m−3 in the margin of the peat dome and approximately 26 kg C m−3 in the center, which was less than the general amount for mangrove peat. Belowground carbon burial rate of the peat layer was calculated to be between 31 and 105 g m−2 years−1 in the peat dome margin and between 27 and 76 g m− 2 years−1 in the center, which were identical to rates of the mangrove peat; however, the accumulated carbon in the margin possibly contained some allochthonous carbon brought in by flooding. These data suggest that peat swamp forests have played a significant role as places for belowground carbon sequestration similar to mangrove forests with mangrove peat.
AMS:
Accelerator mass spectrometry
EC:
TS:
Total sulfur
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Furukawa H, Supiandi S (1985) Agricultural landscape in the lower Batang Hari, Sumatra part one: stratigraphy and geomorphology of coastal swampy lands. Southeast Asian Stud 23:3–37 (in Japanese)
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Miettinen J, Liew SC, Kwoh LK (2011) Decline of Sumatran peat swamp forests since 1990. In: Proceedings of 34th international symposium on remote sensing of environment. http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/2011/ISRSE-34/211104015Final00486.pdf. Accessed 23 August 2018
Miettinen J, Shi C, Liew SC (2016) Land cover distribution in the peatlands of peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo in 2015 with changes since 1990. Glob Ecol Conserv 6:67–78
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Morley RJ (1981) Development and vegetation dynamics of a lowland ombrogenous peat swamp in Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia. J Biogeogr 8:383–404
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Neuzil SG, Supardi, Cecil CB, Kane JS, Soedjono K (1993) Inorganic geochemistry of domed peat in Indonesia and its implication for the origin of mineral matter in coal. In: Cobb JC, Cecil CB (eds) Modern and ancient coal-forming environments. Geological Society of America Special Paper 286, Boulder, pp 23–44
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Page SE, Wüst RAJ, Weiss D, Rieley JO, Shotyk W, Limin SH (2004) A record of Late Pleistocene and Holocene carbon accumulation and climate change from an equatorial peat bog (Kalimantan, Indonesia): implications for past, present and future carbon dynamics. J Quat Sci 19:625–635
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Shimada S, Takahashi H, Haraguchi A, Kaneko M (2001) The carbon content characteristics of tropical peats in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia: estimating their spatial variability in density. Biogeochemistry 53:249–267
Sinsakul S (1992) Evidence of Quaternary Sea level changes in the coastal areas of Thailand: a review. J SE Asian Earth Sci 7:23–37
Sinsakul S, Sonsuk M, Hasting PJ (1985) Holocene Sea levels in Thailand: evidence and basis for interpretation. J Geol Soc Thai 8:1–12
Staub JR, Esterle JS (1993) Provenance and sediment dispersal in the Rajang River delta/coastal plain system, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Sediment Geol 85:191–201
Staub JR, Esterle JS (1994) Peat-accumulating depositional systems of Sarawak, East Malaysia. Sediment Geol 89:91–106
Staub JR, Gastaldo RA (2003) Late Quaternary incised-valley fill and deltaic sediments in the Rajang river Delta. In: Sidi HF, Nummedal D, Imbert P, Darman H, Posamentier HW (eds) Tropical deltas of southeast Asia: sedimentology, stratigraphy, and petroleum geology. Special Publication No. 76, SEPM, Tulsa, pp 71–87
Supiandi S (1988) Studies on peat in the coastal plains of Sumatra and Borneo. Part I: physiography and geomorphology of the coastal plains. Southeast Asian Stud 26:308–335
Supardi, Subekty AD, Neuzil SG (1993) General geology and peat resources of the Siak Kanan and Bengkalis Island peat deposits, Sumatra, Indonesia. In: Cobb JC, Cecil CB (eds) Modern and ancient coal-forming environments. Geological Society of America special paper 286, Boulder, pp 45–61
Tanabe S, Saito Y, Sato Y, Suzuki Y, Sinsakul S, Tiyapairach S, Chaimanee N (2003) Stratigraphy and Holocene evolution of the mud-dominated Chao Phraya delta, Thailand. Quat Sci Rev 22:789–807
Tjia HD (1996) Sea-level changes in the tectonically stable Malay-Thai peninsula. Quat Int 31:95–101
Woodroffe CD (1982) Geomorphology and development of mangrove swamps, Grand Cayman Island, West Indies. Bull Mar Sci 32:381–398
Yokoyama T (1993) Method for electric conductivity. In: Japan Association for Quaternary Research (ed) a handbook of quaternary research, vol 2. Tokyo University Press, Tokyo, pp 109–118 (in Japanese)
We thank Mr. Wardi and Mr. Oscar, researchers at the Research Center for Biology, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, for their assistance in our field research. We also thank PT. Bumi Siak Pusako for giving us permission to perform on the company's land.
This work was supported by Comprehensive promotion expenses for Global Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Japanese Government (FY2003–2007, S2-2b).
All data generated and analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Faculty of Policy Studies, Nanzan University, 18 Yamazatocho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, 466-8673, Japan
Kiyoshi Fujimoto
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
Masafumi Miura
Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Shigeo Kobayashi
Research Center for Biology, The Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Indonesia
Herwint Simbolon
Present Address: Kasukabe City Office, Kasukabe, Japan
Search for Kiyoshi Fujimoto in:
Search for Masafumi Miura in:
Search for Shigeo Kobayashi in:
Search for Herwint Simbolon in:
KF designed the methods of field research and analyses and wrote the manuscript. MM carried out EC and TS content analyses and drew the drafts of figures. SK planed the outline of the project and proposed it to the research fund. HS arranged the research permission and soil analyses in Indonesia. All authors joined in the field research. MM and SK read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Kiyoshi Fujimoto.
Dr. Herwint Simbolon, who was a core member of our research team, suddenly passed away in 2011. We offer him our sincerest condolences and this paper.
Fujimoto, K., Miura, M., Kobayashi, S. et al. Habitat evolution of a peat swamp forest and belowground carbon sequestration during the Holocene along the coastal lowland in Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Prog Earth Planet Sci 6, 41 (2019) doi:10.1186/s40645-019-0288-8
Accepted: 08 May 2019
Peat swamp forest
Habitat evolution
Belowground carbon sequestration
5. Biogeosciences

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Texting While Driving Bans
https://www.futureofcapitalism.com/2010/09/texting-while-driving-bans
Here's a great example of the law of unintended consequences, from USA Today: "Laws banning texting while driving actually may prompt a slight increase in road crashes, research out today shows." From the article:
Researchers at the Highway Loss Data Institute compared rates of collision insurance claims in four states — California, Louisiana, Minnesota and Washington — before and after they enacted texting bans. Crash rates rose in three of the states after bans were enacted.
The Highway Loss group theorizes that drivers try to evade police by lowering their phones when texting, increasing the risk by taking their eyes even further from the road and for a longer time.
It seems vaguely reminiscent of that classic New York Times article reporting that as bicycle helmets became more widely used, serious head injuries by cyclists increased.
I don't see how checking email while driving is much worse than fiddling with the radio or the air conditioner or talking to the person in the passenger seat or reading the roadside billboards. But the whole situation is a great example of how incentives work in journalism. The New York Times won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for its series Driven to Distraction about the supposed dangers of texting while driving. The guy at USA Today, Larry Copeland, who wrote the article about how the laws the Times got passed don't actually work is just going to get some praise from me, which is worth $10,000 less than a Pulitzer Prize. And the chances of the Pulitzer Board taking the Pulitzer back from the Times reporter for having whipped everyone up into a frenzy for which the cure is worse than the supposed problem are about 0%.
Update: Prize for the best comment on this post that is entered while behind the wheel of a car. Seriously, a lot of the commenters seem to think that texting while driving is more dangerous than talking on a cellphone, listening to the radio, drinking coffee, or adjusting the air conditioning. It seems to me there is a difference between taking a quick peek at the phone to see if there are any urgent emails while driving, on one hand, and actually typing a message, on the other hand. But in most cases it's better to regulate outputs than inputs. Regulating speeding or swerving or reckless driving may work better than trying to regulate other factors, like how much sleep a driver had the night before or how much of a hurry he or she is in to get where he is going or what he or she can or can't do with his phone while driving.
Another Update: Welcome Instapundit readers! Please consider bookmarking us, subscribing to our RSS feed, or signing up for our free daily mailing list. You can also follow us on Twitter or Facebook.
by Ira Stoll | Sep 28, 2010 at 8:39 am Related Topics: Auto Industry, Press receive the latest by email: subscribe to the free futureofcapitalism.com mailing list
Texting while driving are well intentioned however... [123 words] Safe Texting Dec 24, 2010 22:48
As a professional driver [89 words] Mr Evilwrench Sep 29, 2010 17:03
more harmless distraction [117 words] equitus Sep 29, 2010 16:02
Gloves make it too hard to text while on my motorcycle... [27 words] styrgwillidar Sep 29, 2010 12:28
anecdotal evidence [84 words] Old Fogey Sep 29, 2010 11:36
Where are the millions of accidents [109 words] Tom Wade Sep 29, 2010 11:21
"better to regulate outputs than inputs" [109 words] PieFarmer Sep 29, 2010 05:08
Really, if this isn't obvious ... [343 words] Long Driver Sep 29, 2010 02:49
Add me to the chorus of disagreement [135 words] Chubfuddler Sep 28, 2010 21:22
too many people cant multitask [167 words] Fen Sep 28, 2010 19:43
Unserious [108 words] Joel Sep 28, 2010 18:54
Followup [510 words] Lummox JR Sep 28, 2010 18:06
Incentive not to Text while driving. [61 words] W. Bourne Sep 28, 2010 18:01
it does not follow from the data that texting is relatively safe [115 words] W4LT Sep 28, 2010 18:01
checking e-mail is not the same as texting [143 words] deeb Sep 28, 2010 16:57
OBTW - Nanny State [64 words] lhog Sep 28, 2010 16:55
More distracting [94 words] Lhog Sep 28, 2010 16:48
Cognitive Capture [94 words] Jeff Sep 28, 2010 16:43
Email is different. [89 words] Dagwud Sep 28, 2010 16:36
"I don't see how . . ." I do. [98 words] FredB Sep 28, 2010 15:48
What is being measured? NOT if texting is going down or not. [175 words] DD Sep 28, 2010 15:45
[w/response] [213 words] Paul Simmons Sep 28, 2010 15:44
[w/response] [353 words] Lummox JR Sep 28, 2010 15:40
Texting IS dangerous while driving! [96 words] chicopanther Sep 28, 2010 15:34
Prizes [53 words] John Sep 28, 2010 15:32
At what point does Nannity become Insanity? [59 words] Owen McCall Sep 28, 2010 15:31
Shifting sight and concentration from the road is bad, mmmkay? [72 words] Mark A. Flacy Sep 28, 2010 15:27
Partly disagree [111 words] Dean Sep 28, 2010 15:25
Incentives? Penalties? [36 words] DonM Sep 28, 2010 15:18
Texting not much worse than adjusting a/c? [92 words] Gene Sep 28, 2010 15:17
Thanks again, NYT! [135 words] Ferd Sep 28, 2010 15:14
Disagree [81 words] Joe Melnick Sep 28, 2010 15:00


text:
njtranshit.com
MNE Train #0626 to HOBOKEN
View the Morris & Essex Line schedule
08:49 - MORRISTOWN
08:52 - CONVENT
08:56 - MADISON
09:00 - CHATHAM
09:05 - SUMMIT
09:10 - SHORT HILLS
09:13 - MILLBURN
09:16 - MAPLEWOOD
09:19 - SOUTH ORANGE
09:23 - ORANGE
09:25 - BRICK CHURCH
09:30 - NEWARK BROAD ST
09:46 - HOBOKEN
July 18th, 2019 at 9:00am
Morris & Essex Line
Update: M&E train #0626, the 8:49am from Morristown, is up to 10 min. late due to equipment availability.
M&E train #0626, the 8:49am from Morristown, is subject to up to a 10-minute delay due to equipment availability. An update will follow.
M&E train #0626, the 8:49am from Morristown, is up to 10 min. late due to equipment availability resulting from an earlier delayed train.
June 14th, 2019 at 8:58am
M&E train #0626, the 8:49am from Morristown, is up to 10 min. late due to equipment availability resulting from an earlier mechanical problem.
April 22nd, 2019 at 9:23am
Port Jervis Line
M&E train #0626, the 9:13am from Millburn is up to 10 min. late due to earlier equipment availability and a speed restriction near Summit.
March 22nd, 2019 at 9:42am
M&E train #0626, the 9:30am from Newark Broad Street, is up to 10 min. late due an earlier delayed train in the station resulting from police assistance.
January 30th, 2019 at 8:29am
M&E train #0626, the 8:49am from Morristown, is cancelled due to equipment availability resulting from a mechanical problem. Customers to train #6628, the 9:27am from Morristown and train #0480, the 9:26am from Summit.
January 2nd, 2019 at 8:59am
M&E train #0626, the 8:52am from Convent Station, is up to 10 min. late due to equipment availability.
November 21st, 2018 at 8:48am
M&E train #0626 the 8:49am from Morristown is up to 15 min. late due to equipment availability.
September 13th, 2018 at 9:02am
Update: M&E train #0626, the 8:49am from Morristown, is on the move and up to 10 min. late, due to earlier equipment issues.
M&E train #0626, the 8:49am from Morristown, will depart late due to equipment issues. An update will follow.
M&E train #0626, the 8:49am from Morristown will not operate today. Customers to train #6628, the 9:27am from Morristown and train #6328, the 9:50am from Summit.
July 9th, 2018 at 9:12am
M&E train #0626, the 8:52am from Convent is up to 20 min. late due to equipment issues.
May 22nd, 2018 at 9:57am
M&E train #0626, the 9:19am from South Orange is up to 40 min. late due to earlier cancelled train
M&E train #0626, the 8:58am from Chatham is up to 25 min. late due to earlier cancelled train.
March 20th, 2018 at 8:43am
M&E train #0626, the 8:28am from Dover is on the move up to 10 min. late due to earlier mechanical problems.
December 15th, 2017 at 7:40am
M&E train #0626 the 8:28am from Dover will not operate today. Customers should take train #6628 the 9:06am from Dover instead.
November 14th, 2017 at 9:03am
M&E train #0626, the 8:47am from Morristown is up to 15 min. late due to earlier vehicle stuck on tracks.
October 30th, 2017 at 8:30am
M&E train #0626 the 8:28am from Dover is cancelled due to a mechanical problem. Customers to train #6628 the 9:06am from Dover.
Update: M&E train #0626 the 8:28am from Dover is cancelled due to mechanical problems. Customers to train #6628 the 9:06am from Dover.
M&E train #0626, the 8:28am from 8:28am from Dover has not departed due to a mechanical problem. An update will follow.
September 22nd, 2017 at 8:48am
M&E train #0626 the 8:28am from Dover is cancelled due to an earlier trespasser incident near Newark Broad Street.
September 12th, 2017 at 10:00am
M&E train #0626 the 9:05am from Summit is up to 50 min. late due to an earlier disabled train.
M&E train #0626 the 9:12am from Short Hills is delayed due to a disabled train ahead. An update will follow.
My favorite tweets
There are now better odds of hitting the lottery than catching a @NJTRANSIT train that's on time.
— Joe Commuter (@njtranshit) July 30, 2015
From my Instagram feed
#amtrak is #njtranshit
A photo posted by Joe Commuter (@njtranshit) on Nov 3, 2015 at 6:17pm PST


Da Orazio is Bondi's answer to Italy's Amalfi coast. White washed walls and furniture, a huge wood fire pizza oven, dough spinning chefs, Italian accents everywhere and a cabinet filled with top quality meats and cheese.
If you dine early, you can expect it be like a rowdy child centre with kids everywhere and yummy mummies poking at their pizzas. But once 7pm hits, there is a better buzz, swift service and some of the best Italian food in the city I have done PLENTY of research to be able to have the authority to say that (and by research I mean carb loading).
As the name suggests, they're all about pizza here. The dough is made in-house and left to rise for 48 hours so there are no crusty cardboard-like bases in sight. I have tried almost all, and they are all worthy of ordering. But, I strongly suggest you dart your eyes across the right hand side of the menu and marvel at the FOCACCIA CON PORCHETTA. This piece of art is pretty much a pork pizza sandwich. The deboned rolled pork which has been roasting all day is carved into juicy pieces and stuffed in between two warm pizza bases alongside a touch of mayo, lettuce and eggplant. Heavenly.
The pastas are a pretty strong contender too - they change often but the ragus are always amazing and the pasta is always made in-house. To top it all off they make a damn fine cocktail too. My go-to is the grapefruit juice, campari and vodka on ice. The house wine is cheap too so the bill is always surprisingly cheap when you dine with a group after eating and drinking like a king.
The bitter: long wait times - you either need to book in advance or eat an pensioner hour.
The sweet: pork pizza sandwich... obviously.
The damage: dinner and some wine for 2 will cost about $70.
The details: Da Orazio is located on the lower ground of The Hub at 75 Hall Street, Bondi Beach.


text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
\input{tex/introduction}

\section{Related Work}\label{sec:relatedwork}
\input{tex/relatedwork}

\section{Method}\label{sec:method}
\input{tex/method}

\section{Caltech UCSD Birds - Domain Generalization Extension (CUB-DG) Dataset}
\input{tex/dataset}

\section{Experiments}\label{sec:experiment}
\input{tex/experiment}

\section{Conclusion}
\input{tex/conclusion}

\myparagraph{Acknowledgements.}
This work was supported by supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea grant (NRF-2021R1C1C1009608), Basic Science Research Program (NRF-2021R1A6A1A13044830), and ICT Creative Consilience program (IITP-2022-2022-0-01819).

\clearpage
\renewcommand{\thepage}{S\arabic{page}}
\renewcommand{\thesection}{S\arabic{section}}
\renewcommand{\thetable}{S\arabic{table}}
\renewcommand{\thefigure}{S\arabic{figure}}

\title{Supplementary Material for: \\ Grounding Visual Representations with Texts for Domain Generalization}
\titlerunning{Grounding Visual Representations with Texts for Domain Generalization}
\author{
    Seonwoo Min\inst{1} \and
    Nokyung Park \inst{2} \and
    Siwon Kim \inst{3} \and \\
    Seunghyun Park \inst{4} \and
    Jinkyu Kim \inst{2}
}
\authorrunning{Min et al.}
\institute{
    LG AI Research, South Korea \and
    Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, South Korea \and
    Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, South Korea \and
    Clova AI Research, NAVER Corp., South Korea \\
    Correspondence: \email{jinkyukim@korea.ac.kr}
}
\maketitle
\input{tex/supplementary}

\bibliographystyle{splncs04}

\subsection{Dataset}
No previous DG benchmarks provide viable natural language supervision. Thus, in order to thoroughly investigate the effectiveness of the cross-modality supervision in the DG task, we have created a new benchmark built upon the CUB dataset~\cite{WelinderEtal2010}. This dataset contains overall 11,788 images for 200 classes of North American bird species. Ten sentences for each of the images have been previously collected~\cite{reed2016learning}, which provides a detailed description of the content of the image, e.g., ``this bird has a long pointed bill with a white belly and a black crown.'' This dataset has been an ideal benchmark for the visual explanation task as sentences are class-specific and class-discriminative.

\myparagraph{CUB Dataset for Domain Generalization}
Since the CUB dataset is only composed of the Photo domain, we used pre-trained style transfer models to obtain images from three other domains, i.e. Art, Paint, and Cartoon. For the Photo-to-Art translation, we used the CycleGAN~\cite{zhu2017unpaired} \textit{Monet} model which was trained in the absence of paired examples based on adversarial and cycle-consistency losses. For the Photo-to-Paint translation, we used the \textit{Watercolor} neural render model~\cite{zou2021stylized}. It imitates painting creation processes by producing a sequence of strokes. For the Photo-to-Cartoon translation, we used a generative adversarial network model which separately identifies surface, structure, and texture representations of cartoons~\cite{wang2020learning}.

The generated CUB-DG dataset contains 11,768 sets of images and corresponding text descriptions. Each set illustrates the same content of a bird in four different domains. To evaluate DG algorithms in common experimental protocols, we used the following data split procedures (Figure S1). We start from the official split of the CUB dataset where the train-validation and test sets consist of 5,994 and 5,794 samples, respectively. We divide the train-validation set into three groups. For the multi-source DG task, we select a different group from each source domain, so that the different domains do not share the \textit{siblings} of the same image. For the single-source DG task, we use all three groups from a source domain. For both tasks, we evaluate DG algorithms on the test set from unseen target domains. Note that the CUB-DG dataset holds evident domain shifts such that an ERM model trained only on the Photo domain performs well on the same domain (71.2 accuracy; results not shown) but significantly deteriorates on the other domains (Table~\ref{Table:single-domain}).

\subsection{Visual and Textual Joint Embedder}
Our Visual and Textual Joint Embedder aims to learn domain-invariant visual representations from textual explanations. We argue that learning from natural language supervision has potential strength over image-only training approaches, especially for the DG task. In contrast to the vulnerability of CNNs against domain shift, the human visual recognition system generalizes well across domains, e.g. even very young children can easily transfer object concepts from picture books to the real world~\cite{ganea2008transfer}. Thus, we advocate for using explicit knowledge from humans and we train a model to better align with the thought process of humans via their textual explanations. It ultimately provides more semantically-rich information compared to standard crowd-sourced labeling for image classification.

We use a sentence-level textual encoder, which takes a variable-length sentence and yields a fixed-size latent vector ${\bf{v}}$. Given the {\em pivot} textual latent representations ${\bf{v}}$, we optimize the visual encoder to produce representations ${\bf{x}}$ that align well with the corresponding pivot. Thus, our model needs to understand the textual justification from human annotators and to map it into the image-text joint embedding space. We assume that such textual justification will often contain class-discriminative evidence reflecting visual semantic cues, thus our visual encoder can internalize knowledge from natural language supervision.

Specifically, we minimize the following loss function $\mathcal{L}_\text{align}$ based on $l_2$ distance between the projected visual and texture features:
\begin{equation}
    \mathcal{L}_\text{align} = ||f_{\text{proj}}({\bf{v}}) - g_{\text{proj}}({\bf{x}})||_2 -\sum_i y_i\text{log}(\tilde{y}_i)
\end{equation}
where $f_{\text{proj}}$ and $g_{\text{proj}}$ are the projection layers for text and visual feature, respectively. ${\bf{y}}$ is the one-hot vector representing each label's class and $\tilde{y}_i$ is the softmax distribution produced from the projected visual feature $g_{\text{proj}}({\bf{x}})_i$. Note that we use the second cross-entropy term to make the projected visual features more class-discriminative. It prevents collapsing into collapsing solutions, e.g., always projecting them to the same point.

\myparagraph{Pre-trained (Supervised) Textual Encoder (PTE).}
One way to obtain the pivot textual latent representation is via pre-trained language models. These pre-trained encoders can be adopted from off-the-shelf sentence-level textual encoders that are often pre-trained with a large-scale dataset. In this work, we adopt the widely used CLIP (i.e. Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training) model, which can embed texts and images into the joint representation space~\cite{radford2021learning}. The text encoder of CLIP is a 63$M$-parameter Transformer architecture with \num{12}-layer, \num{512}-wide, and \num{8} attention heads~\cite{vaswani2017attention}. It was jointly trained with a Vision Transformer (ViT)-based image encoder~\cite{dosovitskiy2020image} to predict the pairing of texts and images. In this work, we only used the text encoder of the CLIP-ViT-B-32 model, but other pre-trained language models are also applicable.

\myparagraph{Self-supervised Textual Encoder (STE).}
Another way to obtain the pivot textual latent representation is via self-supervision. Since our textual explanation generator justifies the rationale behind the model in the natural language, we can use it as a self-supervised textual encoder. As we will explain in the next subsection, during the training, we iteratively sample a sentence from an LSTM-based explanation generator to compute its training loss. Therefore, it is an intuitive choice to use its last hidden states as a fixed-size latent vector ${\bf{v}}$.

\subsection{Textual Explanation Generator}
Our textual explanation generator is similar to image captioning models based on an encoder-decoder framework. It contains a two-layer LSTM network that takes high-level features from the visual encoder as input and generates variable-length per-word softmax probabilities. The difference is that it is trained to explain the rationale behind the classifier, reflecting typical visual semantic cues. Since it needs the prediction outputs from the classifier as an input as well, we concatenate the category information with a projected visual feature $g_{\texttt{proj}}({\bf{x}})$. The concatenated vector is then used to update the LSTM network for a textual explanation generation.

Specifically, the first LSTM layer takes the previously generated output token ${o_{t-1}}$ as input and updates its hidden state, producing an output ${\bf{z}_t}$. This output is then fed into the second LSTM layer along with the concatenated vector of projected visual features and prediction outputs. The second LSTM layer yields the per-word softmax probabilities $p(o_t)$. Further, following \cite{hendricks2016generating}, we use the discriminative sentence generation loss function based on reinforcement learning so that a model learns to generate sentences that are more likely to be class-discriminative. Specifically, we first sample a sentence from the textual explanation generator and we minimize the expectation of the negative reward $-R(\tilde{o})$ over the sampled sentences $\tilde{o}\sim p(o|\mathcal{I}, \mathcal{C})$. The probability distribution $p(o|\mathcal{I}, \mathcal{C})$ is the model's estimated conditional distribution over descriptions $o$ conditioned on the input image $\mathcal{I}$ and the category $\mathcal{C}$. Concretely, for training our textual explanation generator, we minimize the following loss function $\mathcal{L}_\text{expl}$:
\begin{equation}
    \mathcal{L}_\text{expl} = -\sum_{t}\log p(o_{t+1}|o_{0:t}, \mathcal{I}, \mathcal{C}) - \mathbb{E}_{\tilde{o}\sim p(o|\mathcal{I}, \mathcal{C})}\big[ R(\tilde{o}) \big]
\end{equation}
We use the reward function as $R(\tilde{o})=p(\mathcal{C}|\tilde{o})$, which is the per-class softmax probabilities over the category $\mathcal{C}$ conditioned on the generated sentence $\tilde{o}$. A more class-discriminative sentence receives a higher reward. Using REINFORCE~\cite{williams1992simple} algorithm, we compute the following expected reward gradient as:
\begin{equation}
    \nabla_{\theta}\mathbb{E}_{\tilde{o}\sim p(o|\mathcal{I}, \mathcal{C})}\big[ R(\tilde{o}) \big] = \mathbb{E}_{\tilde{o}\sim p(o|\mathcal{I}, \mathcal{C})}\big[ R(\tilde{o}) \nabla_{\theta} \log p(\tilde{o}) \big]
\end{equation}

\myparagraph{Loss function.}
To summarize, we train our entire model end-to-end by minimizing the following loss function $\mathcal{L}$:
\begin{equation}
    \mathcal{L} = \mathcal{L}_\textnormal{task} + \lambda_\textnormal{align}\mathcal{L}_\textnormal{align} + \lambda_\textnormal{expl}\mathcal{L}_\textnormal{expl}
\end{equation}
where we use hyperparameters $\lambda_\textnormal{align}$ and $\lambda_\textnormal{expl}$ to control the strengths of each training objective term.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


You reach The Boss Bat's Lair by entering The Bat Hole from The Nearby Plains. The Bat Hole becomes available through The Council of Loathing. Check out the Boss Bat Quest for more information.
To unlock this area you must knock down three walls, by any combination of Screambat fights and using sonars-in-a-biscuit, obtainable in any other area in The Bat Hole apart from the Entrance.
The exact mechanism behind the Boss Bat encounter is unknown, but it is known that the current minimum number of bodyguards is 4 (disputed: see talk page), and that the bodyguards and the bat both act as normal monsters (that is, obeying the queue).
Note: Once you defeat the Boss Bat, you will no longer be able to adventure in The Boss Bat's Lair.
Note: Set a Monster Aggravation Device to 4 to get the Boss Bat britches.
Note: Set a Monster Aggravation Device to 8 to get the Boss Bat bling.
The Boss Bat has been slain, and his lair is as silent as a very, very silent thing.
You do NOT need Stench Resistance to adventure here.
This page was last modified on 14 March 2019, at 14:17.
This page has been accessed 182,527 times.


Dr. Russ Woda and Dr. David Caldwell are fellow anesthesiologists at Riverside Hospital in Columbus, Ohio. Dr. Woda is one of the founders of Three Strands and encouraged his colleague to join him on a recent trip to Africa.
In order to see the dream develop, the Taylors, along with Russ and Melinda Woda, founded Three Strands. The name Three Strands comes from Ecclesiastes 4:12, which talks about how a chord of three strands isn't easily broken.
The Wodas are both Grace College graduates. She's a registered nurse. He's an anesthesiologist at Riverside Hospital in Columbus, Ohio. "The Wodas have been engaged in CAR for 16 plus years with several short term ministry trips under their belts," adds Mike.
Taylor said that Three Strands has a mission to "provide competent, compassionate and Christ focused" health care to those in the CAR. The Grace Brethren have had a ministry presence in Bangui, CAR, for nearly 100 years.
As a part of the ministry in Bangui, the Taylors have led numerous medical teams on short-term visits to the area. Teams focus on "primary care, surgical care, dental care, and nutritional support," treating patients, as well as praying for them.
However, Taylor said that about four years ago, he realized the need to have a ministry with lasting potential, rather than teams that are always coming and going. Just as in every developing country, the needs of Central African patients are always mounting.
Three Strands' goal for the new facility is that it will become "a world-class surgical facility that becomes a beacon of hope for suffering people in the Central African region." Taylor hopes to have this facility launched and fully operational by 2015.
For more information, see three-strands.org or "like" their Facebook page.
Sarah Kraus interned with the Brethren Missionary Herald Company during the fall semester of 2012. A graduating senior at Grace College in Winona Lake, Ind., she is from Eldersburg, Md.


text:
India will definitely get its growth back: Modi
02 June, 2020, 01:15 pm
Last modified: 02 June, 2020, 01:21 pm
India inoculates 1.91 lakh on first day of vaccination drive
"Trust me, getting growth back is not that difficult. The path to self-reliant India lies before the industry. We will become even stronger and embrace the world"
File Photo: Hindustan Times
Prime Minister Narendra Modi today said India will certainly make an economic recovery soon and is already on the path to revival with "Unlock 1" to ease out of the coronavirus lockdown.
"Yes, we will get the growth back," the Prime Minister assured industry leaders and added, "trust me, it is not all that difficult", NDTV reported.
"You might wonder how I am so confident of this... I have faith in India's talent and innovation, its hard work and dedication, its entrepreneurs and workforce," PM Modi said in his online speech to mark 125 years of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).
"On one hand we need to be safe and ensure that we control the spread of the virus, but at the same time, we need to keep the economy going," said the PM, commenting on the coronavirus crisis that has impacted an already battered economy.
"Corona may have slowed our speed (of growth) but India has now moved from lockdown to Unlock Phase-1. So, in a way, the path to bring growth back has already begun."
As part of "Unlock1", the government has announced the reopening of malls, hotels and restaurants.
PM Modi reemphasized his government's goal of "Atma Nirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India)" and listed five "I"s -- "Intent, inclusion, investment infrastructure and innovation".
Assuring Indian industry that he stood by them, PM Modi said: "Trust me, getting growth back is not that difficult. The path to self-reliant India lies before the industry. We will become even stronger and embrace the world."
The Prime Minister offered the industry a new mantra of "Made in India, Made for the World" to focus on while developing new products and new ideas.
This is the time to rise to the occasion, he said, urging industry leaders to be "champions of indigenous inspiration".
"We need to manufacture products that are Made in India and Made for the World," he said, urging manufacturers to first create a robust local supply-chain to help India play a key role in the global supply-chain.
"The world is looking for a trusted, reliable partner. India has potential, strength and ability."
The Prime Minister said for his government, reforms meant having the courage of taking bold decisions and then ensuring that it is implemented in a time-bound manner. Reforms, he commented, were not random or scattered - they were carefully planned and integrated.
"We have been working continuously to create a favourable ecosystem for investment and business," he said.
Describing MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) as the country's economic engine, he outlined steps taken for small industries hit by the pandemic and also listed measures to boost farmers -- like ending the policy of trade with only fixed people. "Our government has now allowed farmers the freedom to sell their produce to anyone they wish to for the best price they get," he said.
Narendra Modi / Economy / India
Get used to power freezes and price hikes
France wants suspension of 'poisonous' US-Europe trade spat
Malaysia takes WTO legal action against EU over palm biofuel curbs


text:
Don't Be a Puppet
Teen Website
Who Do Violent Extremists Affect?
Instructions for Teens
Discussion Leaders
Instruction Guide
Why Do People Become Violent Extremists?
How Do Violent Extremists Make Contact?
What are Known Violent Extremist Groups?
What is Violent Extremism?
Attacks by violent extremists hurt many innocent people. In these videos, victims of violent extremism and hate crime activities share their personal stories on how they have been impacted.
Instructions: Read the text and watch the videos from beginning to end.
Oklahoma City Bombing
On April 19, 1995, an anti-government violent extremist named Timothy McVeigh exploded a truck bomb in front of a federal building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The blast killed 168 people, including 19 children. McVeigh and two other men who helped him plan the attack were sent to prison for this crime.
Florence Rogers was in her office on the third floor of the building that morning. Eight of her co-workers did not survive, even though they were only a few feet away.
I Survived My Hate Crime
In 2006, Nina Timani—a Muslim Arab American and mother of two—received a threatening letter at work mentioning the attacks of September 11, 2001. The letter claimed that she and her children would be killed.
Nina Timani reported the crime to her local FBI office in Philadelphia. The FBI quickly found and arrested the person who sent the letter.
On April 15, 2013, two bombs exploded seconds apart near the finish line of the Boston Marathon in Massachusetts. Three people were killed, 17 were severely wounded, and hundreds more were hurt in some way. Two brothers were identified as the bombers—one died following a shootout with police, the other was captured and later found guilty in court.
That day, Erika Brannock was in the crowd near the finish line, waiting to see her mother finish the race. When the first of two bombs exploded right in front of her, Erika was knocked backward, and in an instant, her life was changed forever.
FBI Agent Recalls 9/11 Attacks
The attacks of September 11, 2001 were the most deadly acts of violent extremism in U.S. history. Nearly 3,000 people were killed after four airplanes were hijacked and turned into flying bombs. The United States determined that Osama bin Laden and his terrorist group al Qaeda were responsible for the attacks.
New York FBI Agent J.S. responded that day and helped save his fellow citizens even though his own life was in danger.
Don't Be a Puppet
Violent extremists don't make the world a better place. Their violence causes great pain and suffering for many innocent people. The victims are not only those who are killed and injured but also their families, friends, and communities. Don't be a puppet. Find peaceful and productive ways of meeting needs and solving problems.
Visit the live site


Need a Lifeguard or a First Responder? Event Safety or Security?
Risk Assessment, Safety and Security Review, Contingency Planning, Water Camp or something else?
Do not hesitate to contact with your challenges or ideas – we're sure that we can work something out!
consists of a team of skilled, committed and highly motivating people who want other people not only to learn from their knowledge and experience, – but also how to be prepared and take action themselves.


text:
HomeFraudInterpol: Nigerian cyber fraudster arrested In South Africa Over $12m
Interpol: Nigerian cyber fraudster arrested In South Africa Over $12m
James Aliyu
Interpol arrested a 28-year-old Nigerian national who is believed to be part of a cybercrime ring involved in phishing scams, internet scams and money laundering to the tune of R192 million (about ₦4,782,378,061).
The man is accused of swindling dozens of US citizens out of millions of dollars from South Africa, via email and text messages.
James Junior Aliyu was arrested at an upmarket estate in Sandton, Johannesburg on Wednesday, following a string operation by Interpol and the police. He appeared in the Randburg Magistrate's Court on the same day.
National police spokesperson Colonel Athlenda Mathe said members of Interpol's National Crime Bureau (NCB) in Pretoria and the police's Gauteng Highway Patrol Unit swooped in on the upmarket estate where they effected the arrest.
READ ALSO: EFCC Indicts 'Naira Marley' For Cyber Fraud
"His arrest follows a widespread investigation involving law enforcement authorities from South Africa and the United States of America," Mathe added.
Authorities in the USA, where the investigation originated and most of the victims live, have applied for his extradition. The case has been postponed to Tuesday.
In July 2021, Nigerian influencer Ramon Abbas, also known as Hushpuppi, pleaded guilty to money laundering in a US court. He and several others were found to have targeted multiple victims and laundered the funds in banks all over the world. Abbas was considered a key role player in a cybercrime network that ran a range of schemes, including transferring hundreds of millions of dollars from a foreign financial institution and defrauding a US law firm.
He was arrested in Dubai.
fraudster
Hushpupp
James Junior Aliyu
phishing scams
Court awards man N100m against DSS over illegal detention
Woman Escapes Death After Encounter With One-Chance kidnappers In Lagos


Wall surfaces play an essential role when it pertains to residence decoration. It can show your individual taste as well as style. Aside from the beauty that you obtain, it could as well transform your house. The look of your residence can be entirely boosted with the excellent idea of wall design styles. In time past, individuals take advantage of paints on their walls. Well, the new trend in the modern-day world is custom wallpaper.
Custom mural wallpapers have a myriad of benefits? These benefits have made personalized mural wallpapers prominent in the existing dispensation. Is your mission for the advantages of custom-made wallpaper? Are you contemplating on the incredible functions of custom-made mural wallpapers? In this write-up, you will certainly find some reasons why personalized wallpapers are popular.
In regards to toughness, selecting personalized mural wallpapers over wall paint is a fantastic decision. For each 1-2 years, you will be expected to retouch wall surface paint. In the case of wallpapers, it may occupy to 5 years prior to any replacement. It is essential to also understand that custom mural wallpapers have a replacement assurance when the colors start to discolor.
Another reason that customized wallpapers are preferred today remains in their cost. Wall paint is much more costly compared to utilizing an individualized wallpaper. One of the most vital point is to choose the ideal vendor for your demand.
There is constantly a space for creativity for picking mural wallpapers over wall surface paint. Whether you intend to decorate your bed room, living or youngster's space, custom-made wallpapers will constantly offer even more sense of imagination. There are constantly a limited couple of options readily available when making use of wall paint. With customized mural wallpapers, there is every possibility to develop textures. Users could as well consist of text to their walls using text-oriented wallpapers. It is pricey and also hard to produce a visuals using wall paint. With mural wallpapers, you can easily put style as well as visuals on your walls.


UC Elkus Ranch is an environmental education center providing unique hands-on learning experiences for Greater San Francisco Bay Area youth. Elkus Ranch is the property of the University of California and was a generous gift from Mr. and Mrs. Richard J. Elkus in 1975.
Located on the central California coast in Half Moon Bay, the ranch offers diverse programs including those specifically designed for students with special needs, allowing participants to learn about the inter-relationship of the environment and themselves in a rural setting.
Elkus Ranch hosts more than 9,000 youth and adults each year from all over the San Francisco Bay area including: Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Santa Clara, San Francisco, and San Mateo Counties. Elkus Ranch invites all children to explore the wonders of this outdoor classroom.
The Ranch offers a myriad of educational programs and activities for children of all ages and ethnicities. Individuals and groups participate in day and overnight field trips, community service projects, internships and volunteer opportunities.


Unused and readily accessible medicines have the potential to be misused and abused, especially by teens. Prescription medications are the most commonly abused substance in the U.S.
Recent studies show that pharmaceuticals in rivers and streams, if present at high enough concentrations, can harm aquatic wildlife. When flushed down the drain, some medications are not completely removed by wastewater treatment plants. Proper disposal of unused medicine can help protect the environment.
The Sonoma County Board of Supervisors directed the Sonoma County Department of Health Services, Sonoma County Water Agency and the entire Safe Medicine Disposal Collaborative to work on a Safe Medicine Disposal Ordinance.
The ordinance under consideration could require pharmaceutical companies to develop, implement, and pay for the collection, transportation, and final destruction of the products they manufacture or distribute. The ordinance would be based on the concept of "Extended Producer Responsibility" (EPR), which makes the product manufacturers financially responsible for the full costs of their products (including disposal).
Sonoma County Waste Management Agency is working to make it easier for residents to safely dispose of unwanted medication and needles. To do this in the best possible way, your input is needed. Please fill out this short 3-4 minute survey to let us know which disposal options would work best for you and to share your thoughts on this issue. Your responses will remain anonymous.


Bobi Wine has always been known to be large-hearted and a champion for positive social change. He continues to demonstrate this through his music as well as philanthropic works. He has always been a voice for the seemingly voiceless common man, airing out their agony through his songs. He often times goes ahead to take matters in his own hands, and that's exactly what he did recently making a generous donation at Nakasongola Health Centre .
After reaping big from his Busabala concert over the Easter weekend, he decided to share some of the proceeds with the less fortunate. Yesterday, Bobi Wine visited Nakasongola Health Centre where he distributed several mosquito nets to expectant mothers. The donations were made towards the fight against malaria.
City Model Akankwasa fails to hook another man, resorts to shisha.


text:
Q: Can I use pip in a conda environment? I am using a conda environment to install a package and this package have dependencies that's not available in conda, so I have to use pip to install some additional packages in the conda environment. After I did all these:
I tested both:
pip list

and
conda list

And found that some dependencies occur in pip list but not in conda list. Is this OK? Do the packages installed by pip in conda enviroment also effect in this envorment?

A: Yes, I use a combination of pip install and conda install when setting up the environment for a project I'm working on. It works fine.
However, it is documented here that this combination can lead to issues: https://www.anaconda.com/blog/using-pip-in-a-conda-environment
According to that doc, you ought to first use conda to install as many of your packages as possible, then use pip to install the rest afterwards.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Background : The parents of Sukesh Kumar are landless agricultural labourers. Having to support a family of six including four children they find it difficult to make both ends meet. They live is a hut which is partially built with funds from Indira Awas Yojna. Village Koilo is about 30 kms from the township Jamalpur. There is an approach road from the village. They live well below the poverty line.


Did we mention that the gnats are out?
TJ, I love your action shots – even if our special mustangs are not in forward motion.
TJ, I feel their pain! Love this photo.
Oh, dang,I will have to bathe daily in bug stuff and they would still love me!


When you are applying antifungal cream to your toddler's skin, you should spread the cream over the infected area and a little past it as well. It is important to test a small amount on your child's skin before spreading a great deal of it on the skin because some children tend to be sensitive to it. With this cream, the ringworm should begin to disappear within a month.
Along with applying antifungal cream to the area, there are other things that you should do as well. For example, make sure that you are keeping your child bathed regularly. You should also wash their bedding and toys that they come in contact with on a regular basis frequently.
In order to keep the infection from spreading, make sure that you keep your toddler's nails trimmed short and their hands clean. You should also encourage them to avoid scratching the area as well. To help relieve the itch, you can use cold compresses as often as necessary.


"When we look at police violence and gun violence it's the same issue." In this new collaboration with MoveOn.org, Dante Barry of Million Hoodies reflects on how people of color have been fighting gun violence for a long time.
Summer 2017: Our Streets, Our Blocks!


We're very excited to announce a new self-initiated project, Trinity Works. We are creating a new home for our studio, along with Colchester Makerspace and a new independent café, Café Saison, in a 1970's former church in the heart of Colchester Town Centre.
We'll be in residence from 1 July 2018, so plan a visit, or you can have a sneak peek tour of the site on Sunday 20th May 2018, as part of the Trinity Street summer festival. Read more about Trinity Works here.


We serve North Carolina families by providing individualized care across a variety of services to meet the unique needs of our clients.
Applied Behavior Analysis focuses on the principles that explain how and why behaviors take place. Essentially, why do we do the things we do. Through decades of research, the field of behavior analysis has developed techniques of increasing useful behaviors that facilitate growth across areas of every day life such as academic, communication and social skills and reducing behaviors that may cause harm or interfere with learning and everyday life. ABA therapy is the leading evidence-based intervention for autism.
We specialize in comprehensive psychological testing and evaluation for children, teenagers and adults. If you feel that you or your child may be struggling with a learning disorder, attention disorder (ADD/ADHD), autism spectrum disorder, or other psychological & cognitive concerns, please contact us to determine if psychological testing could be helpful.
Our clinic can also provide psycho-educational testing including IQ testing, independent educational evaluations (IEE) and related assessments.
We understand that children spend over 32 hours a week at school. Schools serve a large population of students, each with unique needs. We believe in partnering with school systems, private and charter schools to equip teachers and school staff with evidence-based techniques to enable them to serve all of their students, from preschool to high school. Whether in a separate-setting autism classroom or a regular education math class, we provide staff with the most up-to-date, research-based methods to meet their needs. We believe the best way to support our students is through supporting our schools!


Put together announcement slides/videos for before each session.
Determine who is doing projection during staff lunch and staff breakfast functions.
Run PowerPoint slides, video, etc. before and during services.