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Putting a lid on the light
Inefficient use of artificial light is having a detrimental effect on creatures great and small
By Peter N. Spotts Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
Long before "light pollution" entered the lexicon, Carlos Lastreto worried about it.
The California ornithologist had heard rumors that migrating birds were dying around lighthouses. In 1917, he and colleagues from the Audubon Association of the Pacific wrote to federal lighthouse keepers, asked them to keep track of the deaths of night-migrating bird at the 37 lighthouses along the coast, then tallied the results.
The survey largely absolved the lighthouses. But after 85 years of population growth and urban sprawl in the United States – as well as more rigorous studies about the biological effects of light – scientists across the country are becoming increasingly concerned about the effect that inefficient use of artificial lights may be having having on plants and creatures great and small.
In the process, they are adding a slowly growing set of voices to an issue already of considerable interest to professional and amateur astronomers, states and cities that want to cut energy bills, and just about anyone who heads out into the backyard on a clear night to find the stars or watch an aurora, only to find them shrouded by the sky glow.
"We're in jeopardy of losing the whole night sky this century," warns Dan Green, an astronomer at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Mass.
At issue is the widespread use of increasingly efficient but powerful outdoor lights – along highways, at malls, in housing developments, and even in rural areas – that shine out and up, as well as down, often spreading the light where it isn't needed. Wasted outdoor lighting adds roughly $1 billion a year to the nation's energy bill, according to the International Dark-Sky Association in Tucson, Ariz.
For homes and small businesses, lighting research has spawned halogen and metal-halide lights that pack a more-luminous punch in a smaller package than their incandescent ancestors, and they are cheaper to run, Mr. Green explains. So more people install them. During the past decade, he continues, homebuilders have put finishing touches on new construction by hanging large, clear-lensed coach lights by the front door or mounting them on posts at the ends of a driveway, while unshielded floodlights bathe garage entrances and back decks with more light than they need.
Meanwhile, many cities and towns line their streets with unshielded lights, often with little background knowledge of how the light will behave in combination with the lighting already present.
"Many communities don't even know how many streetlights they have," he adds. "Police say we need a light at this intersection, and the town puts one in" without examining whether lighting levels already are adequate.
In the 1950s and '60s, astronomers began to press for city ordinances to curb light pollution that was affecting major telescope facilities, such as the Kitt Peak Observatories south of Tucson. Sky glow not only was brightening the dark skies that drew astronomers to the area initially. The light also was difficult to filter.
But in the 1970s, as research into light's effect on organisms' "biological clocks" and nocturnal behavior patterns, more biologists took closer note of artificial lighting's effect on a range of organisms, according to Melissa Grigione, an environmental science professor at the University of South Florida in Tampa.
During the past 25 years, she says, much of this work has focused on small amphibians, reptiles, and birds.
Captivated by light from skyscrapers and radio towers, for example, night-migrating birds were found to orbit them until they dropped out of the sky from exhaustion or after colliding with other birds in the migration flock or with structures. Since 1993, skyscrapers in Toronto alone have claimed 15,000 birds, including threatened and endangered species, according to the Fatal Light Awareness Program in Toronto.
In Florida, "it was shown early that sea turtles were really affected by light in an area," Dr. Grigione adds. Beaches along the state's Atlantic coast are breeding grounds for Western Atlantic loggerhead, leatherback, and green turtles. Researchers found that lights from roads and a lengthening necklace of condos and hotels along the beaches discouraged female turtles from laying eggs. If they did lay eggs, hatchlings would leave their shells and head toward the lights instead of the ocean, only to become roadkill or meals for terrestrial predators.
Now, she says, researchers are gaining the tools to examine light pollution's effect on less visible organisms.
To see what effect artificial light may have on lakes and ponds in urban areas, two researchers at Wellesley College in Wellesley, Mass., have developed techniques to measure the intensity and spectra of artificial light as it changes with depth. After looking at five New England lakes in a range of urban and suburban settings, Marianne Moore and Susan Kohler calculated that aquatic organisms can detect artificial light to a depth of roughly three meters (about 9 feet) and found that it could have a marked effect on their night maneuvers.
Small invertebrates that ordinarily rise to feed on surface algae at night become less active grazers in the presence of increasing amounts of light. As light-pollution levels rise, the results suggest that some of the region's ponds and lakes could experience more algae blooms and lower water quality.
Some worry that excessive lighting could undercut conservation efforts in states such as California, where ecologists have tried to ensure that corridors of land link habitats isolated by suburban development. The corridors allow groups of endangered or threatened species to follow their normal migration patterns or find new breeding partners.
Studies in California about the effect of artificial light on mountain lions, who tend to avoid bright lights, suggest that light pollution "could have a severe impact on the corridors" by discouraging the movement of animals that travel under the cover of darkness, says Travis Longcore, scientific director for the Urban Wildlands Group, an environmental organization in Los Angeles.
As the constituency for more conservation-minded lighting has grown, so have the number of states, counties, and towns that have built provisions into building codes requiring the use of shielded lights. So far, nine states have adopted so-called "dark sky" provisions, which are under consideration in 11 more.
IN California, where the state's energy crisis sparked a range of conservation measures, the state energy commission is getting public comment on proposed outdoor-lighting standards required by a statute enacted last year. Under the proposal, standards for commercial as well as government lighting would apply to new buildings and to projects that require more than half of a structure's outdoor lighting to be replaced.
"This really is an extension of the experience we gained from code changes for indoor lighting," says Mazi Shirakh, senior mechanical engineer with the Energy Commission. He adds that 40 percent of the estimated 4,000 megawatts the state has saved through conservation regulations since 1988 has come through changes in indoor-lighting codes.
The Smithsonian's Green, who has been active in trying to get similar legislation through the Massachusetts legislature, notes that once code changes appear at the state level, "they tend to cascade through the whole state." Moreover, the economic clout of states such as California provides a big incentive for lighting manufacturers to develop the fixtures to meet the requirements.
Emphasizing that groups such as his are not out to ban outdoor lighting, Green adds, "all we're asking is that lights be shielded and the output be reduced" to levels sufficient to do the job.
"Night is a place of its own," adds Catherine Rich, executive director of the Urban Wildlands Group. "We need to plan for the night."
• E-mail spottsp@csps.com
Are LED streetlights really the best answer to more efficient light sources?
Northern Lights: Iceland turns off the lights to admire nature's own
How the moon affects the nighttime world. (Hint: No werewolves.)
https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0919/p11s01-sten.html


Product version: v2.1.7, last updated: December 19, 2018.
Woocrack.com – Arcade is a Storefront WooCommerce Theme being distributed by Woothemes / Woocommerce.com. Arcade bold and modern design will engage visitors and the unique homepage layout will present them with a variety of products as soon as they hit your homepage.
Remember that Arcade is a child theme and requires Storefront to be installed.


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Victim statements carry weight in Ray pre-sentence proceedings
The Daily Courier, Arizona/November 10, 2011
By Mark Duncan
Prescott -- In the protracted pre-sentence hearing for James Arthur Ray, the state has presented eight witnesses over the past three days in its effort to prove additional aggravating factors that would convince Judge Warren Darrow to sentence the motivational speaker and author to the maximum allowable term of nine years in prison.
Led by Yavapai County Attorney Sheila Polk, the prosecution seeks to show that Ray exhibited a pattern of negligent conduct that led to harm, that the victims in the case placed trust in him to keep them safe, that he lacked qualifications to conduct his events, and that many people were harmed, both physically and emotionally, by his actions and omissions.
The testimonies of Virginia Brown, Margaret Clancy, Kristina Bivins and Julia Bunker carried considerable weight toward those ends, but paled in comparison with the brief statements made at the close of Thursday's court session by Andrea Puckett, Jane Shore and Matt Collins.
Puckett is the daughter of Liz Neuman, who died in a hospital nine days after the October 2009 sweat lodge ceremony that also led to the deaths of James Shore and Kirby Brown, resulting in Ray's conviction on three counts of negligent homicide.
Collins was Shore's business partner and spoke on behalf of Shore's wife and children.
He said that violence takes many forms, and that "the failure to act and failure to manage is perhaps the worst violence."
Ray stood as Collins and the others spoke, apparently moved by their words.
Collins said that Ray "ignored myriad opportunities to learn from his mistakes," and that "incarceration appears to us to be perhaps the only instructor Mr. Ray is likely to heed."
Mrs. Shore is James' mother, and her quiet words carried the weight of untimely loss.
She spoke of how her son, seeing that Ray had no intention of helping those who were in distress in the sweat lodge, took matters into his own hands, removing one woman from the tent before returning to Kirby Brown's side at the back of the lodge, where the two were found, lifeless, after the ceremony.
"My son Jimmy had a lot of dreams," Mrs. Shore said, adding that she believed Ray to be arrogant and consumed with power and pride before asking Darrow to "please give the maximum penalty of nine years, which is clearly not enough."
Puckett had attended several Ray events with her mother, who followed Ray's lead for seven years before her death. Neuman had been a volunteer at the Spiritual Warrior seminar, and many accounts of the event described her as deeply affected by a mid-week incident in which Ray berated her and others for sharing a bottle of wine.
Witnesses at the trial believed that Ray's displeasure led her to remain in the sweat lodge longer than she should have.
Puckett said she was most upset by the fact that her mother was identified as a Jane Doe in the Flagstaff hospital, and that neither Ray nor any of his staff made the effort to notify her and her family, or any of the other families, of what had happened.
"Nine years doesn't nearly serve enough justice for the lives that were lost," Puckett said.
Speaking directly to Ray, she said he should know "how disappointed and disgusted my mom would have been at the way you treated her.
"She called you a friend and you left her there to die."
Darrow has allowed considerable leeway in the presentation of the state's case for aggravated punishment. Standing defense objections to apparent hearsay have been overruled, and Darrow has allowed the presentation of evidence he disallowed as prejudicial or irrelevant during the trial.
Beginning Tuesday, the defense will have the opportunity to present its case for a lenient sentence, contending that probation is appropriate for a man with no prior criminal record. They have listed 21 potential witnesses they intend to present in the three days leading up to Ray's sentencing Friday, Nov. 18.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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BALI UNTAMED
Bali Untamed– Celebrate Nyepi,
the Balinese New Year!
Celebrate the Most Extraordinary Balinese Ritual of the Year
Join this once-in-a-lifetime adventure into the very heart of Balinese ceremony and ritual — during the time of Nyepi, the Balinese Hindu New Year. Discover the joy of honoring your own inner darkness and releasing that which no longer serves you. Be in harmony with ancient ceremonies that wake up your own unique indigenous wisdom. Spend a full 24 hours in total silence throughout the island, giving time for self-reflection, healing and affirmations for a year of blessings.
Celebrate Nyepi in rich cultural immersion with local Balinese people and witness the once in a lifetime Ogoh Ogoh festival of giant statues parading through the village streets
Daily guided yoga and meditation sessions.
Meet founder of ARMA Museum and hear him talk about the philosophy of Balinese culture and traditions as he guides you on a private tour.
Sunrise boat ride above a gorgeously restored coral reef -Speak with a Balinese visionary about the future of Bali in this age of tourism and globalization.
Witness Melasti – the once-a-year beach ceremony for cleansing the world.
Join the Prince of Peliatan for a private tour & dinner. Special opportunity to ask the Prince questions about Bali's traditional culture as well as modern-day challenges.
Have dinner with a local Balinese family at their compound.
Experience a unique temple at night.
Delicious Balinese food, incredible scenery, culture and art.
Dig deep into Balinese culture for five days near Ubud, the cultural arts capital and hub of "global transformation." Spend your nights at a stunning Balinese-owned hotel with full amenities and easy access to Ubud village. Activities will focus on the many ways Balinese prepare and celebrate Nyepi*. Witness this extraordinary culture and its honoring of ancient traditions at its best. Watch how local villages finish their artistic (and often humorous) masterpieces of Ogoh Ogoh's, giant-size representations of internal demons and bad spirits. Participate in the processions and be part of the ceremonies at the nearby ocean, where the prayers are for cleansing their village, their island, and the whole world! You'll also visit remote temples with private guides, meetings with visionary Balinese, experience healers first-hand, and enjoy a private meeting with of one of the Royal Family princes and visit his palace.
Your journey continues to the northwest remote ocean village of Pemuteran where you will spend 3 nights staying right on the beach in a gorgeous villa resort. Considered the "spiritual capital" of Bali, experiences will include visiting one of the most unique temples of Bali for an evening visit and blessing ceremony, dinner at a local Balinese home compound, snorkeling in some of the best areas of Bali including the coral reef restoration area, a spa treatment extraordinaire and dine on fresh organic tropical foods and more. Attend local ceremonies as available. Optional trip to Menjangun Island for a day of snorkeling and boating.
A final 2 nights of renewal brings you to Sanur, a seaside town in southeast Bali made up a long stretch of gorgeous beach with calm, shallow waters. Colorful jukung fishing boats rest on the sand and a paved path snakes along the beach for several kilometers. Sanur is home for great restaurants, a wide variety of shops and a relaxed atsmosphere. These last days will be spent preparing for your journey home, enjoying delicious meals and shopping for souvenirs as you reflect on the memories you have created!
the detailed program itinerary.
About the Program Leaders:
Elizabeth Gosselin, the founder of Yoga of Compassion, will be co-leading the Bali 2023 retreat. Her love of Bali began eight years ago when she visited for the first time, describing it as "a rare and unique culture that combines spiritual devotion of Hindu-Buddhist traditions with its Balinese customs. Bali's fascinating people playfully invite visitors to experience its warm and inviting island known for beautiful nature and an exquisite mix of drama, ritual and art." This will be her forth group trip to Bali and she will be leading a gentle yoga class most mornings (optional) and simple meditations during the retreat.
Elizabeth is a certified Mindfulness teacher through the UCSD Center for Mindful Self-Compassion and Insight LA Meditation Center and the International Mindfulness Teacher's Association. She leads groups on multi-day retreats using universal themes of loving-kindness, compassion and equanimity, teachings drawn from the wisdom of contemplative traditions for building mindfulness practices. She has also been teaching yoga for more than 18 years. For more information about Elizabeth please visit yogaofcompassion.com
Marcia Jaffe, founder of Bali Institute, is delighted to join part of the program, especially during her favorite ceremonial time — Nyepi, the Balinese Hindu new year where dark forces are honored and silence is a golden connection to bringing in a new year. Marcia has a deep love for Bali, discovered on her first trip there in 2003. "The indigenous wisdom existing in the culture and its people felt like a global healing for all of humanity," she says. It became her passion and huge drive to encourage people everywhere to visit, listen and experience the knowledge that lived both in the seen and the unseen worlds in Bali. Now, more than 15 years later, the Bali Institute has emerged as the largest provider of educational travel for teens, college students and adult travelers in Bali and Indonesia. Marcia's background includes running her own events management business for over 10 years in Silicon Valley, prior to her Bali launch.
She has a degree in psychology from Univ. of Southern California, and graduate work in Leadership and Human Behavior at USIU. Her love for Bali brings a level of excitement and behind-the-veil knowledge that participants will both enjoy and find transformative. She and Elizabeth will be a dynamic duo with their special friendship that emerged from their shared love of Bali, and now being hang-out neighbors in Marin County, California. For more information about Marcia, visit https://baliinstitute.com/staff-and-advisors/
Pricing & Registration
Program Price:
Double Occupancy – $2999
Single Supplement – $750
–> If you are not traveling with someone you would like to share a room with, we will pair you with another solo traveler, if no one is available, single room occupancy fee may apply. Each traveler will have their own bed unless you have indicated otherwise.
Fees Included
Information on Nyepi
FEE INCLUDES:
10 nights at beautiful Balinese hotels (double occupancy)
All breakfasts, 7 lunches, 5 dinners
All transport including airport shuttle
Special Balinese performances and ceremonies
One delicious spa treatment
Sunrise or sunset traditional fishing boat ride
Visits with remarkable Balinese visionaries, royal families, academics, indigenous wisdom keepers, women activists and more
Private session with healer if available
Sacred temple sites/ceremonies
Private palace tour and meeting with Balinese royal family
Custom-designed experiences
Guided walk through early morning market and rice fields
Meditation at remote ancient temple site
Best selection of organic cafes and restaurants
Visa costs (if applicable)
Trip cancellation, lost baggage, or medical insurance
Laundry and personal items
Meals not listed on itinerary
Gratuities for local guides and drivers
Optional activities outside of the program itinerary
International phone calls
Nyepi is one of the most important festivals in the Balinese calendar, and it marks the new year according to the Hindu calendar. It is a day devoted to self reflection. The Balinese will not speak a word or engage in any type of entertainment for 24 hours and all shops and businesses are closed. Only hotels and emergency services are allowed to stay open. The local people take their period of silence seriously and even foreign visitors will be expected to stay in their hotels on this day. Spirituality plays a key part of life on Bali, and the Balinese believe that they need to perform regular offerings to the gods and placate demons. The new year is seen as a time of renewal, and the local people use it as a chance to purify their bodies and mind. It is hoped that by doing so it will mean that they will enjoy prosperity over the coming year. On Nyepi Eve there will be a real celebration atmosphere with parades and fireworks – probably the noisiest day of the year. And then, all of this excitement is followed by a day of complete silence. There is no other festival quite like it anywhere else on the planet.
The preparations for Nyepi begin months before, with each village preparing its own unique "Ogoh Ogoh" – a giant artistic representation of a favorite "demon". These Ogoh Ogoh's are being built on every main village road, and at night, as members of the community work together to create these monsters, the excitement is building. About three to four days before Nyepi, all Balinese prepare with the purification of temple objects – this is called the Melasti ceremony. The holy symbols that are of importance to the Balinese are taken to the sea for cleansing. This event involves processions and gamelon music.
Celebrations on Nyepi Eve (aka Tawur Kesanga) tend to be very noisy gatherings for an important reason — the goal is to drive out evil spirits. With this in mind the villagers parade their Ogoh Ogohs proudly through the streets and into the main village square. Songs and skits are often developed by different village groups. As they pass through a village the procession will stop at every crossroads and turn the Ogoh-Ogoh around three times – the aim is to confuse the spirits so that they will be forced to leave the island. As well as trying to frighten away demons and spirits, the local people will cook enough food to last them for the next couple of days. Nyepi Eve is one of the days when cock fighting is allowed because it is believed that the spilling of this animals blood can have a purifying effort for the entire island.
Reserve your Spot Today — Spaces are Limited!
–> A nonrefundable deposit of $500 is due upon registration with the balance due December 15, 2022.
If you have any additional questions, click below.


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This marching band absolutely slays Adele's 'Hello'
Video: YouTube, Marvin Price
By Charlie Mock 2015-12-02 10:24:10 UTC
There has been something missing in your life for the past few months. Until now, you were unaware of what this was but today it will become painfully clear: you were missing a marching band cover of Adele's "Hello."
If you aren't completely and irrevocably sick of the song that's been dominating airwaves and breaking records since October, Southern University's marching band is the perfect stopgap before Adele's next single is released. It's big, it's brassy and it may lead to an increase in marching band applicants next semester.
James Corden and Steve Buscemi's 'Reservoir Dogs' parody is as ridiculous as you'd expect
Robert Downey Jr. and Jimmy Fallon share glimpses of their failed 'SNL' sketches
Robert Downey Jr. and Jimmy Fallon are terrible medicine salesmen in even worse wigs
Topics: Adele, Hello, marching band, Music, Southern University, Video, Videos, Culture


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using System;
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using System.Linq;
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Now that you understand the hose stream test a bit more, let's look at why this information might change the way you inspect firestop. In this segment we will examine two very common errors we find on construction projects. The first is a problem with sealant depth. The second is a problem with annular space, which may actually impact the sealant depth.
As Chad pointed out in his article we shared previously, a thin layer of sealant will not survive the hose stream test. This is why it is important to conduct destructive testing when evaluating firestop installations (both penetrations and rated joints). If the penetration firestop assembly is installed in concrete, there is a good chance that mineral wool is a required backing material. Often, if the installer is not careful how they pack the mineral wool, it will be lumpy. When the firestop is installed over the lumpy backing material the sealant depth will be irregular. It may be thicker than required in one area and to thin in another area. The area where it is too thin can easily be the very spot the hose stream test would fail, if your field assembly were subjected to the laboratory test. This happens both in penetrations and in joint applications where any form of backing material may be used. This is why destructive testing is so critical to ensuring installation conforms to the tested and listed systems. If you are in a jurisdiction where destructive testing is not allowed, I would challenge you to walk the site when the installer is working and check the way they pack the mineral wool before they install the sealant. If it is not compacted uniformly, then the sealant won't be installed uniformly. If you are going to conduct destructive testing, this quick preliminary walk will give you some insight to what you can expect when you start your inspection. If you are in a jurisdiction that prohibits destructive testing, this can be invaluable to identifying whether or not the installations might conform to the standards.
The next problem we often find is related to the annular space. Let's revisit the scenario presented when we talked about annular space and continual point contact. We have a contractor who uses a 1" hole saw to make a hole for a 1" pipe. It may sound good, but it's going to create a problem for a good firestop contractor. The firestop tested and listed assembly will call for a required sealant depth. The sealant needs to be installed in the annular space, which means the assembly into which the firestop is to be installed needs to actually HAVE annular space. Let's paint a picture in your head of what would happen when a firestop contractor smears sealant around the edge of the pipe to make it look like there is sealant in the right place. Through the life of the building any movement of the penetration cause by pipe hammer, thermal expansion, pipe vibration or anything else would cause this thin layer of sealant to crack or pull away from the wall. Some firestop materials set up rather hard and would crack sooner than other more pliable materials but some form of failure would eventually happen to any material even before subjected to a fire scenario. Now if we take same installation that we have in your head and subject it to the test requirements even before the issues we previously noted have had a chance to occur, the picture you have in your mind should include water coming through the test assembly when it fails the hose stream test. But wait you say, the drywall would stop the water from going through, wouldn't it? Sorry to say, its not likely. Let's look at why!
The drywall on the fire side of the assembly is sacrificial and the only thing really stopping the fire is the drywall and the firestop on the non-fire side. Now let's assume you have a metal pipe, it is going to draw heat through the wall. This will likely char the non-fire side drywall weakening it and creating a scenario where the assembly will fail the hose stream test, so sorry. If you think the drywall will stop the fire in this scenario you are mistaken. It will be brittle and will fail once exposed to the hose stream test.
Next post we will paint a picture that is even more bleak and we will look at how this simple error can create an even bigger problem. If you want to be sure this is not happening on your project, check back and see where we go with this. Until then, keep learning and keep making buildings safer.


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Netball in WA celebrates first three months with Gold Industry Group
Netball in Western Australia and the Gold Industry Group have celebrated the first three months of a fruitful partnership this week.
The partnership has impacted the more than 230,000 netball participants around the State, particularly in WA's regional areas through the roll out of the Regional Office Structure, which has been made sustainable through the partnership.
NAIDOC Netball Carnival celebrates culture
The Gold Industry Group (GIG) backed NAIDOC Netball Carnival reached new heights this year, celebrating Indigenous culture and achievement, in every facet of the day.
A special welcome by Glenda Kickett was followed by an Indigenous Dance by Mandurah Grassroots to mark the official opening at the Wembley Sports Park yesterday. Australia's largest Indigenous netball carnival then came to life and in the hands of every player with a bespoke ball designed by the talented Shontae Jetta, Narrogin Aboriginal Grassroots Site and Shooting Stars participant.
Gold Industry Group backs grassroots NetSetGO program
The Gold Industry Group is thrilled to further its support of netball, joining its grassroots program, Suncorp NetSetGO, as the Associate Partner in Western Australia.
To celebrate the announcement, we are offering all West Australian Suncorp NetSetGO participants the opportunity to attend West Coast Fever's home game against the NSW Swifts via a two-for-one ticket deal.
Students inspired to Get Into Resources
Golden job opportunities were amongst those showcased at Get Into Resources last month, giving students a unique opportunity to explore career opportunities and study pathways within the resources industry.
Held over three days at the North Metropolitan TAFE's campus in Northbridge, Get Into Resources saw almost 400 year 10 students from 13 schools across Western Australia attend the careers event.
Shooting Stars leadership camp delivers
Ten Indigenous girls from the Gold Industry Group backed Shooting Stars education program were rewarded for their achievements this month, taking part in an action-packed leadership camp in Perth.
A wide variety of activities were in store for the girls, who range from year 9 to 12 and hail from regional communities as far flung as Carnarvon, Mullewa, Meekatharra, Narrogin and Leonora.
Association Champs glitter gold
This year's Fuel to Go and Play Association Championships run by Netball WA saw more than 13 000 players from 267 teams in 41 Associations across 38 divisions literally shine gold as they took to the court.
Whether it be a heart of gold hat won at our shooting comp, or gold glitter braids care of our gold face paint station, or golden smiles at our Instagram photo wall, it was all in demand with a comfy couch on which to refresh in the Gold Lounge.
Education Charter supports lifelong learning in Kalgoorlie-Boulder
The City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Kalgoorlie-Boulder Chamber of Commerce and Industry, representatives from local schools and the Goldfields Esperance Development Commission developed and launched the Kalgoorlie-Boulder Education Charter earlier this month.
Through the Charter, the City and partners will facilitate continuous engagement in local education, training and research, encouraging lifelong learning for all members of the Kalgoorlie-Boulder community.
Gold Industry Group to hold naming rights to WANL
The Gold Industry Group (GIG) are excited to announce its new Naming Rights Partnership of the West Australian Netball League (WANL) for the next three years.
It comes after a record $5 million partnership deal between the Gold Industry Group and Netball in WA was announced last month.
Museum's golden history awaits your discovery
Although the final stop on the Kalgoorlie Heart of Gold Discovery Trail, the Museum of the Goldfields is just the beginning of another golden adventure.
Visit the Museum to uncover a veritable treasure trove of historic artefacts and stories that tell the tale of Kalgoorlie-Boulder.
Gold alliance supports indigenous education
AngloGold Ashanti Australia and Independence Group have joined forces to support the education outcomes and employment pathways for indigenous students in the Dandjoo Darbalung program at St Catherine's College.
The residential program sees aboriginal students graduate with a tertiary level qualification across all five Western Australian universities.
New geological field guide to Kalgoorlie launched
A new geological field guide to Kalgoorlie and surrounds, produced by Earth Science Western Australia, John Bunting and Peter Muhling; was launched Tuesday 19 March at the Australian Resources Research Centre.
A Geological Field Guide to Kalgoorlie and Surrounds, is the third of its kind in Western Australia, with previous books showcasing Perth and surrounds and the Capes region of the Southwest respectively.
GIG collaborates with TLG on rural education
The Gold Industry Group (GIG) welcomes its newest member Teach Learn Grow (TLG) in preparation to join forces on a new gold education project to be integrated into TLG's 2019 Rural Program.
Sponsored by GIG members TLG's flagship Rural Program addresses educational disparity by empowering rural and remote Australian students to realise their full potential.
Gold backs Shooting Stars to launch Leonora site
With the support of Gold Fields' Australian Foundation, St Barbara Limited and Saracen Mineral Holdings, Shooting Stars officially launched its eighth site in Western Australia.
Leonora will be Shooting Stars' first program based in Goldfields, located 833 km northeast of Perth and will engage up to 35 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander girls from years 4-10 at Leonora District High School.
Indigenous graduates get into mining
Macmahon Holdings, AngloGold Ashanti Australia, Independance Group NL and Carey Mining celebrated the milestone of eight young Aboriginal trainees at the Tropicana Gold Mine in November.
In a formal ceremony at the Tropicana site, the trainees were each presented with certificates and traineeship offers after successfully completing the eight week Get Into Mining training programme.
Students win virtual lesson in gold
Year 5 students from Mount Pleasant Primary School were the lucky recipients of an all-expenses paid excursion on the Perth Heart of Gold Discovery Trail last week.
The excursion prize was one of two won at the Association of Independent Schools of Western Australia's HASS Week Conference in July.
A golden outback adventure
The Gold Industry Group were recently treated to the ultimate road trip through the Goldfields by Mandy and Chuck from the Goldfields Tourism Network WA.
The 300 km long photo shoot included several hidden gems and key stopping points on the Golden Quest Discovery Trail – an epic adventure through the heart of the region.
Culture celebrated in community collaboration
The Northern Star Resources' sponsored flag pole in the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder's Centennial Park is getting a face lift this week, as local Aboriginal artist Jason Dimer completes an intricate design with assistance from year 7 to 10 students as part of the City's Reconciliation Action Plan (RAP) launch.
The design is a collaboration and is based on story telling the significance of water to the land.
100 inspirational women in mining
The 2018 '100 Global Inspirational Women in Mining' were announced in London earlier this week by Women in Mining which featured seven of Australia's gold powerhouse leaders including our very own Vice Chairperson Kelly Carter.
Gold Industry Group members recognised in the top 100 as inspirational role models for future generations of mining women were Gold Fields' Kelly Carter, St Barbara Limited's Meryl Jones, Ausdrill's Alex Atkins, KCGM's Shannon Youd, Newcrest Mining's Gabriela Love and Xiaoling Liu and KPMG's Denise McComish.
Goldfields shines at WASMA ball
All that glittered was gold on Saturday night at the Kalgoorlie-Boulder Racing Club, as another year of graduates from the WA School of Mines were celebrated amongst 450 industry representatives at their annual Alumni Ball.
Traditionally held in Perth, hosting the ball for the first time in the Goldfields was the brainchild of the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder's Mayor John Bowler, who wished to align it with the City's celebration of 125 years since gold was first discovered in the area.
Gold event brings city to life
Perth's heart of gold came to life on the weekend as hundreds descended on the city for the Gold Industry Group's (GIG) annual celebration.
Following the successful launch of Perth's #heartofgold Discovery Trail in October 2017, a free community event took place in the city to unveil the trail's reverse option - with new interactive features to uncover.
Perth's virtual gold trail expands
Following the successful launch of Perth's #heartofgold Discovery Trail in 2017, the Gold Industry Group are continuing their annual celebration of Australia's gold industry.
The launch of the trail's reverse option will take place at a free community event on Saturday 20 October 2018 at The Perth Mint.
World's greatest gold investors to descend on Perth for Precious Metals Event
Attracting the who's who among the globe's greatest precious metals investors, Western Australia – which accounts for more than 70% of Australia's overall gold production - has cemented itself as a major destination to explore and mine for the famous yellow metal.
With this in mind, Australia's largest precious metal event, The Precious Metal Investment Symposium (PMIS), has this year pulled up stumps and relocated from Sydney to WA's capital and world-renowned mining hub, Perth.
Inside the GFC: Q & A with Bron & Jordan 10 Years On
This month marks the 10 year anniversary since Lehman Brothers, one of the highest profile casualties of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), went bankrupt in the United States.
We spoke to Gold Industry Group Company Secretary Bron Suchecki, who was working at The Perth Mint at the time, and ABC Bullion Chief Economist Jordan Eliseo, about their memories from that time period.
St Barbara throws support behind Shooting Stars
St Barbara has joined Saracen Mineral Holdings in forming a partnership with Shooting Stars to establish the Program in Leonora.
St Barbara will inject $300,000 into the Shooting Stars program over the next three years, which has already seen a substantial impact within the Leonora site.
A change in central bank attitudes to gold
Should central banks hold gold?
From the late 1980s into the new millennium the answer appeared to be in the negative, with global central bank reserves declining from around 36,000 tonnes to under 30,000 tonnes.
Golden resources showcased at HASS Week
Beginning 28 July 2018, the Association of Independent Schools of Western Australia (AISWA) in conjunction with the Department of Education presented HASS Week 2018, a cross-sector celebration of the Humanities and Social Sciences learning areas.
Program to teach, learn and grow rural students
AngloGold Ashanti Australia and Gold Fields are bridging the gap in rural education, sponsoring Teach, Learn, Grow's (TLG) flagship Rural Program in remote Western Australia.
Students get into resources
Inspiring the next generation of skilled workers, Get Into Resources provided secondary school students with a unique opportunity to gain insight into the resources sector and its potential 150 career pathways.
Saracen brings Shooting Stars to Leonora
Saracen Mineral Holdings is funding the start-up of Netball WA's Shooting Stars program in Leonora, which uses netball to encourage Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander girls to engage in school.
Goldfields career expo engages students
Northern Star Resources and the Goldfields Education Mining Industry Alliance (GEMIA) partnered to bring the Goldfields Career Expo to Kalgoorlie-Boulder students and the wider community in May.


text:
New Developments in Analytic Technique Applications to Therapy
"This conference presents a sampling of psychoanalysis as conducted in England, South America, and the United States from the Kleinian/Bionian perspective.Dr. Michael Feldman, a distinguished London post-Kleinian analyst, discusses and demonstrates how he and his London colleagues listen to their analysands today. He is the author of numerous, and significant contributions on post-Kleinians theory and technique..Dr. Shelley Alhanati, who was trained at PCC, shows how a Los Angeles trained Kleinan listens to her patient. Because of her unique intuition and sensitivity, she also demonstrates the technical use of Bion's theories and recommendations. While Dr. James Grotstein, himself a Kleinian/Bionian, discusses the presentations from the other contributors, and integrates their application to all forms of therapy.
After completing this program listeners will be able to:
1. Discuss the dualistic view of human nature.
2. Identify the role of anxiety in infant development.
3. Explain effect of imprinting on the limbic system.
format mp3 audio
Presenter(s) Michael Feldman, Robert Oeisner, Shelley Alhanati, James Grotstein
Series Legacy, Psychoanalytic theory
Time 6 hours


text:
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Award
Sports: Multi-sports
The honor is bestowed to the Indian University for the best all round performance in sports atInter-University, National and International level competitions. The award was instituted in 1956 by the Ministry of Education of Government of India and is presented annually by the President of India that carries a replica of Trophy and cash prize which is to be used for enhancing the level of sports.
Four Universities are nominated every year for the trophy according to the scoring system by the committee and the winner is decided by the Indian Government. The second and third winners also receive a cash prize.
Awards you must know!
BNSC Awards
Country: Botswana
Belgian Sports Award
Carrom Dron Award
Sport(s): Carrom
Gaelic Players' Associati...
IAAF Athlete Of The Year
Sport(s): Athletics
Sport: Basketball
Cricket - Trousers
Field Hockey - Shin Guards
Sport: Field Hockey
Brooklyn, United States of America
Forsyth Barr
US Bank Arena
Cincinnati, United States of America
SportVU
Carbon Fibre Wheelchair
State Games of America


text:
Dorrit Harazim wins the Prize for Excellence as part of this year´s Annual Gabriel García Márquez Awards for Journalism - Grupo Sura
Prensa/Dorrit Harazim wins the Prize for Excellence as part of this year´s Annual Gabriel García Márquez Awards for Journalism
Dorrit Harazim wins the Prize for Excellence as part of this year´s Annual Gabriel García Márquez Awards for Journalism
Publicado el 20 February 2016 Press release
 Took it from FNPI The Brazilian reporter and editor, a leading figure in Portuguese journalism with a career spanning 50 years, shall receive this award on September 30 in Medellin as part of the GGM Awards Festival. The wars in Vietnam and Cambodia, the coup against the government of Salvador Allende in Chile, the attacks on the Twin Towers in New York, the first Oil War in the UAE, four presidential elections in the United States and eight Olympics, are just some of the historic events that the Brazilian journalist, Dorrit Harazim has witnessed during her 50 year career and for which this year she shall receive the Prize for Excellence as part of the Gabriel García Márquez Awards for Journalism. The manner in which Harazim narrated these events and her ability to "find angles and aspects that other journalists failed to do, thus leading the reader to discover a whole host of meticulous interesting details" are just some of the aspects that were highlighted by the Advisory Council for the GGM Awards, made up of Germán King, Monica Gonzalez, Jean-François Fogel, Jon Lee Anderson, Hector Feliciano, Rosental Alves, Martin Caparros, Sergio Ramirez, Maria Teresa Ronderos, Hector Abad Faciolince and Joaquin Estefania, who unanimously selected the winner of this award. Dorrit Harazim is also well known for her work as editor of two important publications in Brazil the magazines Veja and Piaui, which she helped to found. She also has an outstanding track record as columnist for the newspaper O Globo. The Advisory Council of the GGM awards also recognized her narrative skills and masterful use of language, and those who have read her work say that Dorrit Harazim writes "the best Brazilian Portuguese", as stated in the Judging Panel´s Records drafted by the Advisory Council of the GGM Awards. This Prize for Excellence is awarded every year to a journalist who is well-known for his o her autonomy, integrity and commitment to the ideals of journalism as a public service journalism, and who deserves to be exemplified based on his or her previous track record and unique contributions to the search for truth and the advancement of journalism. Gianina Segnini (Costa Rica), Javier Darío Restrepo (Colombia) and Marcela Turati (Mexico) are just some of the journalists who obtained this award in the two previous annual GGM Awards in 2013 and 2014. This announcement was made this morning at a press conference held at the Itaú Cultural Center in Sao Paulo, where the winner attended a press conference accompanied by the Director General of the FNPI, Jaime Abello Banfi, and its Executive Director, Ricardo Corredor Cure. Dorrit Harazim at the GGM Award Festival in Medellin Dorrit Harazim shall receive this award on September 30 in Medellin, at a ceremony in which the names of the winners of all four categories shall be announced. These categories are namely: Text, Image, Coverage and Innovation, for which 1,645 submissions were received this year and are currently subject to the panel´s second round. As for the actual GGM Award Ceremony, this is due to take place at the GGM Award Festival from 29 September to 1 October. The Plaza Mayor Convention Center shall be open to the public for a total of three days providing visitors with the possibility of seeing and hearing the current beacons of journalism, whose names will be announced in the coming weeks. Ms. Harazim, who shall form part of this year´s program, also participated in this Festival last year. About the Gabriel Garcia Marquez Awards for Journalism These prizes, which are awarded by the FNPI, have been made possible thanks to the public-private partnership between the Medellin City Hall, Bancolombia and Grupo SURA along with their subsidiaries in other parts of Latin America. This in addition to the permanent support that the FNPI receives from its institutional partner, the Ardila Lulle Organization (OAL).


organic electric environments from BobDobbsTown on Vimeo.
beyond simulacra from BobDobbsTown on Vimeo.
another geography of culture from BobDobbsTown on Vimeo.
civil war from BobDobbsTown on Vimeo.
the relevance of Kroker today from BobDobbsTown on Vimeo.
Spasm from BobDobbsTown on Vimeo.
the camcorder generation from BobDobbsTown on Vimeo.


text:
The Portuguesa River (Spanish: Río Portuguesa, also Río la Portuguesa, Río de la Portuguesa) is a river of Venezuela. It is part of the Orinoco River basin, and is a tributary of the Apure River (which is, in turn, a tributary of the Orinoco).

Legend has it that the river's name originated from a woman from Portugal who drowned in its waters. In turn, the river's name is the origin of the name of the Venezuelan state of Portuguesa.

See also
List of rivers of Venezuela

References
Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rivers of Venezuela

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We have a few days to enjoy dry and mild conditions before another atmospheric river (maybe I should call it an "atmo" just to make it a 4 letter word) moves into the region late this week. It doesn't look like a particularly strong atmospheric river, but it does have the potential to deposit a reasonable amount of rain in the valley and rain and high elevation snow in the mountains starting Friday. High temperatures will climb to the mid-60s Tuesday and then bump up to the mid-70s on Wednesday before falling back into the 60s Thursday. On Friday, winds will increase as the first "atmo" wave hits the region, and rain looks pretty likely through the weekend. Temperatures fall into the 50s on Friday, and will chill down into the 40s on Saturday and Sunday. That much cooling could bring the snow levels close to the valley floor, although you will probably have to get up above 5,500' before you have any realistic chance of accumulations. Total water amounts could be several inches in the mountains, with a half an inch or more possible in the valleys…with more on the west side as usual.


Project Lead on exploration of potential art style direction. Worked on a prototype from an already built level that was done realistically using PBR. Objective was to find a solution for better performance in VR, as the realistic PBR approach was very taxing and dropping frame rates heavily.
- Research on approaching new way of celshading that would work with the VR platform.
- Creating documentation and step by step guides for getting the cel shade look with our FX artist who created the shaders.
- Took a highpoly scene and recreated it from the ground up. Re-sculpted, Re-topo'd, Re-UV'd and Re-textured for maximum optimization and engine performance in Unity.
- Relighting the scene and creating a new Lightmap which had handpainted elements to add stylization.
Conclusion: The prototype was a success for hitting its target of final optimization, but unfortunately was abandoned as management and publishing partners still preferred a more realistic approach.
Screenshot of VR scene with minor Paint Overs for Future-intended goals to hit. This was featuring a warmer mood.
Screenshot of VR scene with minor Paint Overs for Future-intended goals to hit. This was featuring a cooler mood.
Original Screenshot in VR without touch ups.
Relighting the scene and creating a new Lightmap which had handpainted touch ups to add stylization.
Above is part of my documentation and breakdown of how I wanted the cel shader to work. Below is the work of FX Artist Nick Rudolph, mimicking my examples and creating a shader that was applied to the 3D models.
More examples of the collaboration with FX artist, Nick Rudolph, trying to get several different material types in. Glass, fabric, plastic, metal ect.
Here, I'm working with Nick Rudolph in creating an appropriate glass shader that would fit the cel shade style.
Took a highpoly scene and practically remodeled it for maximum optimization as well as redoing all the UV unwrapping.
The prototype was a success for hitting its target of final optimization, but unfortunately was abandoned as management and publishing partners still preferred a more realistic approach.


As Florida citrus growers decide how to use US Department of Agriculture (USDA) funding to recover from damages caused by last year's Hurricane Irma – and as they cope with the lingering impact of citrus greening - University of Florida (UF) researchers are suggesting varieties for them to replant.
Producers can grow varieties that show tolerance to greening (huanglongbing) such as Sugar Belle, but it has a fairly narrow market window, said Fred Gmitter, a horticultural sciences professor with the UF Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS).
They could also plant the Orie Lee Late (OLL) sweet orange varieties, Gmitter continued, though they're still "young" varieties, meaning they have only been available for around four to five years so there's limited experience with them.
Growers also can plant the UF/IFAS-bred 'UFR' rootstocks, which seem to make trees more tolerant to greening, especially when they're combined with scion varieties like the OLLs and Sugar Belle, he said.
"Industry is catching on," Gmitter said. "Nearly 1m OLLs have been propagated by licensed nurseries, and there are also several hundred thousand UF/IFAS rootstocks out there too.
Gmitter and Jude Grosser - a fellow UF/IFAS horticultural sciences professor - base their recommendations for the latest citrus varieties to plant on their cumulative knowledge from multiple trials.
Grosser recommends combinations of citrus rootstocks and scions: "Nearly all trees in Florida groves are grafted combinations," he said.
In the field, about six to 10 inches above ground and down is the rootstock portion of the tree, Grosser said. Anything above this is the scion portion that produces the fruit.
For example, for mid-season oranges, Grosser recommended Valquarius or Vernia scions on UFR-1, UFR-4, UFR-5, UFR-6, UFR-15, UFR-16 or UFR-17 rootstocks.
For late-season oranges, new UF releases OLL-4, OLL-8 or Valencia B9-65 are good choices, on these same rootstocks, Grosser said.


text:
Nevin William Hayes, O.Carm. (February 17, 1922 - July 12, 1988) was an American Bishop of the Catholic Church. He served as the prelate of the Territorial Prelature of Sicuani in Peru from 1959 to 1970 and as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago from 1971 to 1988.

Biography

Born in Chicago, Illinois, Nevin Hayes professed religious vows in the Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Carmelites).

On June 8, 1946, he was ordained a priest.  Hayes was appointed as the prelate of the Territorial Prelature of Sicuani on January 10, 1959, by Pope John XXIII. While remaining the Prelate of Sicuani, Pope Paul VI appointed him as the Titular Bishop of Nova Sinna.  He was consecrated a bishop by Chicago Auxiliary Bishop Cletus F. O'Donnell. The principal co-consecrators were Bishops Bernard Joseph Flanagan of Worcester and William G. Connare of Greensburg.

Hayes resigned as prelate on November 7, 1970, and was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Chicago on February 2, 1971. He served in that capacity until his death on July 12, 1988.

In 1994, Leander Troy wrote the book The Dandelion Bishop: Nevin Hayes of Chicago,  which discussed Haye's work with indigenous tribes in Peru.

References

External links

1922 births
1988 deaths
Clergy from Chicago
Carmelite bishops
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Peru
20th-century American Roman Catholic titular bishops
Catholics from Illinois
Roman Catholic bishops of Sicuani


It was not unusual to experience damage at Pinetree Line radar stations due to high winds. What is unusual is the apparent lack of a compiled documentation that provides details indicating "what happened, where, and when". This file contains a summary of "significant" Pinetree Line radar station "wind damage" that is known, and documented, to have occurred in Hopedale, Labrador.
The following detail has been taken from the Historical Records of Hopedale Air Station.
The main efforts within the Installations and Engineering section field revolved around the repair of the roofs of buildings assigned to the 1876th Radio Relay Squadron, a tenant unit, which suffered severe damage caused by September-October high winds.
Communications and Electronics trouble concerned the lashing and repairing of cable blown down by high winds and the readjustment of the transmitter site frequency antenna, rendered inoperative by severe icing conditions.
During the period from 13-29 January 1962, the Operations Section was evacuated for high winds seven times for a total of more than 42 hours.
The power plant radiator room was filled with snow to approximately 5 feet as a result of the storm on 24 January 1963. A detail of ten personnel was required to clean the room, and the outside areas from which air is drawn into the diesel engines.


text:
Q: Why can't I get mapkit to display a custom annotation pin image? I figured that using my own custom pin image for annotations would be super easy.
But I have never been able to get it to work, and I have no idea why!
I am simply using:
Annotation *anno = [[[Annotation alloc] init] autorelease];
        anno.coordinate = ridesMap.userLocation.location.coordinate;
        anno.title = @"Current Location";
        anno.subtitle = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%f, %f", anno.coordinate.latitude, anno.coordinate.longitude];

        static NSString *defaultPinID = @"LocationIdentifier";
        MKPinAnnotationView *pinView = (MKPinAnnotationView *)[ridesMap dequeueReusableAnnotationViewWithIdentifier:defaultPinID];
        if (pinView == nil){
            pinView = [[[MKPinAnnotationView alloc] initWithAnnotation:anno reuseIdentifier:defaultPinID] autorelease];
        }

        pinView.image = [UIImage imageNamed:@"custom_pin.png"];
        pinView.opaque = NO;
        pinView.canShowCallout = YES;
        pinView.draggable = NO;

        pinView.annotation = anno;
        NSLog(@"Adding current location annotation");

        return pinView;

I assumed that this should work, as a UIImage is what it is wanting, and I do have the custom_pin.png file in my project.
It never uses my image, but just the standard red pin.  What am I doing wrong here?

A: From the docs:

The MKPinAnnotationView class provides a concrete annotation view that displays a pin icon like the ones found in the Maps application.

In other words, a MKPinAnnotationView will ignore the image property and always display a pin. Use a regular MKAnnotationView instead.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


What is the government trying to survive?
Home Bugging Out What are they preparing for?
The government is buying ammo in preparation – shouldn't you be?
Here's the cheapest ammo website I've found online.
Tick tock, tick tock,…. We are stocking up on food storage to prepare for what is surely to come. Check out srmarketplace.com The food is fantastic and the prices low (… for now). I've got car insurance, and home insurance…. food insurance is the logical next step. Even if things are getting better, which I doubt, we can always eat the food!
We are crazy if we prep, but it's OK for Social Security to stock up on ammo. Talk about mission creep!
Now April 15 , 2014 , things getting worse , more trouble in Ukraine , trouble at the Cliven Bundy ranch with the government trying to take over a ranchers land so a US Senator can make lots of money , money we work for not worth much anymore , government keeping watch over us ,but not ment to be to keep us safe it is meant to keep them safe from us , oil prices going up again just in time for summer vacations , so that is some reasons I am stocking up on ammo , food and water, along with other things to help make things a little better for the family when the big SHTF , which doesn't look like it will be long in coming . Be prepared and ready . Keep your powder dry .


Fortifications of Vauban consists of 12 groups of fortified buildings and sites along the western, northern and eastern borders of France. They represent the finest examples of the work of Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633-1707), a military engineer of King Louis XIV. The serial property includes towns built from scratch by Vauban, citadels, urban bastion walls and bastion towers. There are also mountain forts, sea forts, a mountain battery and two mountain communication structures. This property is inscribed as bearing witness to the peak of classic fortifications, typical of western military architecture. Vauban also played a major role in the history of fortification in Europe and on other continents until the mid-19th century.
L'œuvre de Vauban comprend 12 groupes de bâtiments fortifiés et de constructions le long des frontières nord, est et ouest de la France. Ils constituent les meilleurs exemples du travail de Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633-1707), l'architecte militaire de Louis XIV. Cette série comprend des villes neuves créées ex-nihilo, des citadelles, des enceintes urbaines à bastions et des tours bastionnées. Y figurent aussi des forts de montagne, des forts de côte, une batterie de montagne et deux structures de communication en montagne. Ces sites sont inscrits en tant que témoins de l'apogée de la fortification bastionnée classique, typique de l'architecture militaire occidentale. Vauban a joué un rôle majeur dans l'histoire des fortifications en influençant l'architecture militaire en Europe, mais aussi sur les autres continents jusqu'au milieu du XIXe siècle.
يتألف من 13 مجموعة من المباني والمواقع المحصَّنة على طول الحدود الغربية والشمالية والشرقية لفرنسا، والتي تعرض أجمل أمثلة عن عمل سيباستيان لو بريتر دو فوبان (1633 – 1707)، الذي كان يعمل مهندساً عسكرياً لدى الملك لويس الرابع عشر. يشمل الموقع أربع مدن شيِّدت من لا شيء بفضل فوبان، وست قلاع بُنيت على أراضِ منبسطة، وجدراناً محصَّنة في المدن، وأبراجاً محصَّنة ومقراً للسكن. وهناك أيضاً ستة حصون جبلية، وستة حصون بحرية، وحصن جبلي مجهَّز بمدفعية ثقيلة وبنيتا اتصال جبليتان. أدرج الموقع كشهادة على أهم التحصينات الكلاسيكية التي تميزت بها الهندسة المعمارية العسكرية في الغرب. كما اضطلع فوبان بدور بارز في تاريخ التحصين في أوروبا، وصولاً إلى القارة الأمريكية وروسيا وآسيا الشرقية.
Тринадцать фортификационных комплексов вдоль западных, северных и восточных границ Франции представляют собой лучшие образцы архитектурного творчества Себастьяна Ле Престра де Вобана (1633-1707 гг.), военного инженера при дворе Людовика XIV. Комплексный объект включает целые города, полностью построенные по проектам Вобана, равнинные крепости, городские крепостные стены, башни-бастионы и жилое здание. Это также горные крепости, морские форты, горная батарея и два объекта коммуникации. Эти строения – лучшие образцы классических фортификационных сооружений, типичных для западноевропейской архитектуры военного предназначения. Вобан внес большой вклад в развитие фортификационного строительства не только в Европе, но и на американском континенте, а также в России, Турции, Вьетнаме и Японии.
Este sitio está compuesto por 13 grupos de edificaciones y sitios fortificados situados en las fronteras norte, este y oeste de Francia, que constituyen el mejor ejemplo de la obra del ingeniero militar de Luis XIV, Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633-1707). Abarca ciudades creadas ex nihilo, ciudadelas edificadas en terreno llamo, murallas de ciudades con bastiones, varias torres-baluartes y una torre atípica, así como una mansión, fuertes de montaña y fuertes costeros, una batería de montaña y dos estructuras de comunicación en zona montañosa. Estas construcciones se inscriben en la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial por ser representativas del periodo de apogeo de la construcción de bastiones clásicos, característica de la arquitectura militar occidental. Vauban ocupa un puesto importante en la historia de la arquitectura militar defensiva y la influencia de sus obras se extendió hasta el continente americano, Rusia, Turquía y el Extremo Oriente.
De vestingwerken van Vauban bestaan uit 12 groepen versterkte gebouwen en locaties langs de westelijke, noordelijke en oostelijke grenzen van Frankrijk. Zij vertegenwoordigen de mooiste voorbeelden van het werk van Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban (1633-1707), een militair ingenieur van koning Lodewijk XIV. In de 12 groepen zijn steden te vinden die van de grond af opgebouwd zijn door Vauban, citadellen, stedelijke bastionmuren en bastiontorens. Het gebied getuigt van klassieke vestingswerken op hun hoogtepunt, typisch voor de westerse militaire architectuur. Vauban speelde een belangrijke rol in de geschiedenis van versterkingen in Europa en andere continenten tot halverwege de 19e eeuw.
The work of Vauban constitutes a major contribution to universal military architecture. It crystallises earlier strategic theories into a rational system of fortifications based on a concrete relationship to territory. It bears witness to the evolution of European fortification in the 17th century and produced models used all over the world up to the mid-19th century, thereby illustrating a significant period of history.
Criterion (i): Vauban's work bears witness to the peak of classic bastioned fortification, typical of western military architecture of modern times.
Criterion (ii): Vauban played a major role in the history of fortification. The imitation of his standard-models of military buildings in Europe and on the American continent, the dissemination in Russian and Turkish of his theoretical thinking along with the use of the forms of his fortification as a model for fortresses in the Far East, bear witness to the universality of his work.
Criterion (iv): Vauban's work illustrates a significant period of human history. It is a work of the mind applied to military strategy, architecture and construction, civil engineering, and economic and social organisation.
The property guarantees the integrity and authenticity, and reflects the various facets of Vauban's work. Its legal protection is satisfactory; the administration by the State and the local authorities provides satisfactory guarantees and responses regarding the natural and tourism risks involved. Pooling experience in the areas of restoration and enhancement of the properties within the Network of Major Vauban Sites has already begun.


text:
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    xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-archetype-plugin/archetype-descriptor/1.0.0"
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    <fileSet filtered="true" encoding="UTF-8">
      <directory>src/main/webapp</directory>
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        <include>**/*.jsp</include>
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        <include>**/*.gif</include>
        <include>**/*.css</include>
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        <include>**/*.sql</include>
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"This is the result of keeping ink flowing through the pen. This result took 2 years of haphazard scribbling. I reproduced the original on metallic photo paper (it looks really cool in person). My father and I were told we should do some designs based on this. I am hopeful that by the end of 2016 I will have some to show. It's been an idea I wanted to implement but have not conjured up the time; wish me luck."


Creates a funnel of opportunities that tail into a working sales forecast and is able to meet numbers broken down into Half-yearly/ Quarter/Week.
Partakes in Weekly Sales Commit calls with Sales Head/Regional Manager and accurately and responsibly report achievements and pipeline.
Business patch includes Direct & Indirect Sales as also Key Accounts that need special attention.
Responsible for developing a strong relationship between the company and the customer.
Must be able to recognize the potentials of a customer and accordingly chart out a deal to benefit both the customer and the organization equally.
Must have in depth knowledge of the product to be able to explain the pros and cons of the product to a customer and demonstrate the various functionalities of the product.
Should be able to negotiate the terms of the sale and close the sale effectively with possibilities of the client coming back to the company.
Should be able to analyze the market and develop an effective plan to maximize profit for the organization.
Should be able to promote product developments and enhancements or newer upgraded products to the customers.
Maintains accurate records of all pricings, sales, and activity reports.
Conduct Boardroom presentation to provide better understanding to customer on the products capabilities and its cost-effectiveness.


text:
December 11, 2019 brendan_kane
In the latest WHDH 7 News/Emerson College Iowa Poll, former Vice President Joe Biden has maintained his support and lead in the Iowa Caucus with 23% of the vote. Senator Bernie Sanders is the runner up with 22%, followed by Pete Buttigieg with 18% of the vote. Senator Elizabeth Warren has lost ground, receiving 12% support. Amy Klobuchar has seen her popularity grow with 10%, followed by Cory Booker with 4%, and Tom Steyer with 3%. Michael Bloomberg, Tulsi Gabbard, and Andrew Yang received 2% each. The rest of the field had no support. (December 7-10, MM, Democratic Caucus, n=325, +/-5.4%)
The most movement in this poll, as compared to the last Emerson Poll in October, is Warren's downward slide from frontrunner status, and Sanders' subsequent gain. Warren and Biden had 23% each in October. While Biden held his numbers in this poll, Warren fell 11 points. Sanders may have benefited from Warren's loss of support, surging to 22% from 13% of the vote in October. Buttigieg maintained steady support over the last two months, gaining slightly from 16% in October to his current 18% of the vote. Amy Klobuchar experienced a huge leap from noncompetitive numbers – just 1% in October – to 10%.
Continuing the trend evident in previous Emerson polls, Sanders leads among those under 50 with 32% support. Following him in that group, is Warren with 16%, Buttigieg with 13%, Biden with 11% and Klobuchar with 8%. Among those 50 and over, Biden leads with 36% support, followed by Buttigieg with 23%, Klobuchar with 13%, Sanders with 11% and Warren with 8%.
Looking within political ideology, of those self-described as "very liberal," Sanders leads with 49% support followed by Warren with 16%, Biden with 11%, and Klobuchar and Buttigieg with 7%. Of those self-described as "somewhat liberal," Buttigieg leads with 27% followed by Sanders with 21%, Warren with 15%, Biden with 14% and Klobuchar with 10%. Of those self-described as "moderate" or "conservative", Biden leads with 37%, followed by Buttigieg with 18%, Klobuchar with 12%, Warren with 9% and Sanders with 8%.
Respondents were asked to identify their second choice candidate.
Among Biden supporters, 27% chose Warren as their second choice, 24% chose Sanders, 23% chose Buttigieg and 14% chose Klobuchar.
Within Sanders supporters, 42% picked Warren, 20% chose Biden, 12% chose Yang and 9% chose Buttigieg.
Of Warren supporters, 51% selected Sanders, 19% chose Buttigieg, and 5% chose Biden. Among Buttigieg supporters, 26% picked Biden, 23% picked Sanders, 22% picked Warren and 12% picked Klobuchar.
Within Klobuchar supporters, 27% chose Warren, 22% chose Buttigieg and Yang and 11% chose Biden.
Among the supporters of the candidates not in the top five, Buttigieg leads with 29%, followed by Sanders with 18%, Klobuchar with 17%, Warren with 12% and Biden with 7%.
According to Spencer Kimball, Director of Emerson Polling, "the second choice question suggests that Mayor Pete might be in better shape than his 18% because nearly 1 in 3 voters who are initially supporting a less viable candidate breaks towards Pete as their second option."
A plurality of Democratic primary voters named Sanders as having the best healthcare policy, at 31%. Following him, 19% said Buttigieg has the best policy, 18% said Biden, 13% said Warren, and 9% said Klobuchar. Sanders also held a plurality lead when voters were asked which candidate has the best higher education plan, with 28%, followed by Warren with 20%, Buttigieg with 16%, Biden with 13%, and Klobuchar with 10%.
Mirroring a larger trend in the 2020 Democratic primary, the responses varied significantly by age. More than half of respondents between 18 and 29 years of age said Sanders' healthcare plan was the best, at 55%. Meanwhile, just 10% of those above 65 years of age had the same opinion of Sanders plan. The same age disparity carried into the higher education plan: 47% of those 18-29 said Sanders's policy was the best, while just 8% of those 65 and over agreed.
When Iowa voters were asked what healthcare policy they most support, 23% said a public option, 22% opted to keep it as is, 20% said Medicare for All, 17% said something else, and 19% were unsure. Among registered Democrats, 36% support Medicare for All, 31% support a public option, and 15% were unsure. Among Republicans, 33% want to keep it as is, 25% said something else, and 18% said support a public option. Independents were split across health care policies, with 22% wanting to keep it as it is, 19% supporting a public option, 18% supporting Medicare for all, and 18% supporting something else.
Those who have a union member in their household were split on what health care policy they support: 24% respectively said they support a public option and keeping it as it is, 21% were unsure, and 19% support Medicare for All.
Medicare for All was the most popular among Iowans whose main source of health insurance or coverage is Medicare or Medicaid (28%), and those who have a plan through their parents (39%). A public option was the most popular among Iowans who have purchased their own plans (34%). Keeping the system as it is is popular among those who are on Medicare or Medicaid (25%), and those who have a plan through their employer or their spouse's employer (25%)
With the impeachment investigations reaching a boiling point in D.C., opposition to impeachment in the Hawkeye state sits at 50% while 38% are supportive of it. 12% of Iowans still have yet to make up their minds about the issue. Despite the recent hearings and pressure from the House Democrats, support for impeachment has dropped slightly since the last Emerson Iowa poll in mid-October when 48% opposed impeachment, 42% supported it, and 10% were unsure.
In the 1st district, represented since 2019 by Democrat Abby Finkenauer, impeachment is opposed by a plurality of voters, 45%-43%, with 12% unsure. The 2nd district, represented by Democrat Dave Loebsack since 2007, shows a similar margin but in favor of impeachment. 46% of Loebsack's voters support it while 42% oppose it and 12% are unsure. In the 3rd district, which Democrat Cindy Axne won in the last midterms, impeachment is more unpopular with 48% opposing it and 43% supporting it, leaving only 9% undecided. In the more conservative 4th and final district, represented by Republican Steve King, impeachment is opposed by 66% of voters.
President Trump leads all potential Democratic opponents in head to head matchups in Iowa. The President leads Buttigieg by a point 46% to 45%. Against Biden, he leads 49% to 45%, and against Sanders and Warren he leads 50% to 43%. This is a shift from the previous Emerson Iowa poll, in which Sanders lead Trump by a point, and Biden and Warren trailed Trump by two points.
Donald Trump's job approval has improved slightly among Iowans over the course of the year. The Emerson poll back in March showed a 42% approval and 51% disapproval. In October, 44% of Iowans approved of the job Trump was doing as president and 47% disapproved. In the latest Emerson Poll, 45% approve and 46% disapprove of the job Donald Trump is doing as president. There is a huge disparity in Trump's approval by gender. Among men, 54% approve of the job he is doing and 36% disapprove. Among women, 36% approve and 55% disapprove.
The most important issues for voters when deciding for whom to vote for president is the economy (32%), which is down just a point from the October poll. The second most important issue for voters is healthcare (19%), the same as the October poll. Social issues is third (14%), four points higher than the October poll. The issue of impeachment (5%) has dropped a point since October.
Spencer Kimball, Director of Emerson Polling said, "one potential explanation for Trump's improvement in Iowa is the Democrats' inability to make the impeachment issue resonate more with voters as we saw a drop in both importance and support since October".
Regarding Governor Kim Reynolds job approval: 39% approve, 36% disapprove. This is almost the same as in October, when Reynolds was at 39% approve and 35% disapprove. Independents are slightly more approving than disapproving of the governor, with a 37% approve, 35% disapprove job rating among those voters.
The Iowa Emerson College poll was conducted December 7-10, 2019. The sample consisted of registered voters, n=1,043, with a Credibility Interval (CI) similar to a poll's margin of error (MOE) of +/- 3 percentage points. The data was weighted based on 2016 voter model of congressional district, gender, age, education, party affiliation. It is important to remember that subsets based on gender, age, party breakdown, ethnicity and region carry with them higher margins of error, as the sample size is reduced. Data was collected using both an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system of landlines only (n=684) and an online panel provided by Dynata and MTurk (n=359).
Transparency Initiative
New Hampshire 2020: Sanders jumps to lead, Buttigieg surges while Warren and Biden slip


Ryan Dawson is a Top Producing Realtor at the Weichert Morristown East Office. His community involvement and drive for perfection gives him an advantage over other Realtors in the area. He prides himself on being knowledgeable on the latest marketing technologies, but still relying on "old school" sales techniques.
Click on the report to find out everything you need to know about Morris Township Real Estate in 2017. I've created an in depth report that covers every home sold, the average list and sale price and the difference between the two. See how many homes sold each month and yearly totals. Also find out how long it took a home to sell in Morris Township in 2017.


text:
Q: Laravel & Jquery - Filled Textbox with Select box to the other field value How can I achieve this output?

I want a dynamic dropdown like when I select a value on the dropdown then the textbox should be filled with its connected value aircraft_id on the table below automatically
here is my database value example

so for example i choose 123 on the select  dropdown then the textbox must be filled with 3 automatically, how can i do that?
here is my code, the code is working but it is only getting the same value what i want is to get the another value from the table.
View
 Aircraft Name
                <select name="aircraft_name" class="aircraftsName">
                  <option value="0" disabled="true" selected="true"> Select </option>
                  @foreach ($aircrafts as $aircraft)
                      <option value="{{ $aircraft->aircraft_registration_number }}" >{{ $aircraft->aircraft_registration_number }}</option>
                  @endforeach

                </select>

                Aircraft ID
                <input id="aircraft_id" type="text" class="aircraft_id">

Javascript and Jquery

my Current Output and problem

A: in your script
$(document).on('change', '.aircraftsName', function() {
    var air_id =  $(this).val();
    $('.aircraft_id').val(air_id)
});

what are you doing above code ? what is the value $(this).val()
<option value="{{ $aircraft->aircraft_registration_number }}" >

you are assigning aircraft_registration_number so this is you need to change like below
<option value="{{ $aircraft->aircraft_id }}" >
even if you have 1000 records
you can use your array simply
@foreach ($aircrafts as $aircraft)
  <option value="{{ $aircraft->aircraft_id }}" >{{ $aircraft->aircraft_registration_number }}</option>
@endforeach

or You need to change your $aircrafts array it should be like this
$aircrafts = [
           '1' => 'Sample',
           '4' => 'Boieng',
           '3' => '123'
        ];

then change your for-each
@foreach ($aircrafts as $id => $aircraft)
      <option value="{{ $id }}" >{{ $aircraft }}</option>
@endforeach


text:
UBQ Wins 2022 SXSW Innovation Award For Waste-Based 3D Printing Filament
Israel's UBQ Materials has won an innovation award at this year's South by Southwest (SXSW) event, an annual conference and festival that celebrates progressive and transformative projects in technology, film, education, and culture.
The waste conversion tech firm was selected as a winner in the Speculative Design category at the 24th annual SXSW Innovation Awards, which took place at the Austin Convention Center in Austin, Texas last week. The category weighs design solutions that address challenges and opportunities in the future. The SXSW Innovation Awards highlight the world's most exciting and promising technological developments.
UBQ Materials won for its signature waste-based 3D filament made with UBQ, the company's climate positive thermoplastic, which was developed in partnership alongside Plastics App, an R&D company specializing in "tailor-made applicative innovation" for polymers and plastics. Filaments used in 3D printing are thermoplastics, which are plastics (aka polymers) that melt rather than burn when heated, can be shaped and molded, and solidify when cooled. UBQ's filament brings sustainability to the manufacturing space by substantially reducing the carbon footprint of 3D printing––a space that has typically relied on oil-based thermoplastics.
Founded in 2012, UBQ Materials specializes in converting unsorted landfill-destined waste, including discarded organic matter, into a fully recyclable thermoplastic, effectively closing the loop on municipal and household waste. UBQ is also a recognized climate tech company and currently has partnerships with giants such as Mercedes-Benz, global retail solutions provider Mainetti, PepsiCo, and Arcos Dorados, the world's largest franchisee of McDonald's restaurants across Latin America.
"3D printing enables manufacturers across industries the option to design complex products with near-immediate customizations that otherwise might be impossible to produce using conventional manufacturing methods," said Tato Bigio, co-CEO and co-founder of UBQ Materials. "The use of UBQ™ in the printing filament offers manufacturers the ability to gain the benefits of 3D printing while capitalizing on the reduced carbon footprint enabled by UBQ™. With this innovation, 3D printing may become the most environmentally conscious means of production available. We are thrilled that the SXSW Innovation Awards judging panel recognized this significant achievement and are incredibly proud to have been named the winner in this category."
Other finalists in the category included Biometric Ignited Solo Blade from SOLO Secure; Coldsnap's Flash Freeze Premium Ice Cream On-Demand; Katalyst Training System by Katalyst Interactive, Inc; and XEDEC Tri-Screen 2, by Xebec.
Tags: where to buy 3d printer filament


House in Salvador, Brazil. Built.
I come from a family of civil engineers. In the family tradition I started my education in civil engineering, only later moving on to architecture. So I spent more time in college than I had expected when I started but for this I got a great education. I learned how to build spaces before I learned how to design them. To me architecture was never an exercise in abstract thinking, it was the challenge to literally cast vision into concrete, brick, and mortar.
In Brazil I did internships at construction companies in my civil engineering days and did a lot of freelance design and construction supervision work, basically family houses and small apartment units, in my architecture days.
House in Itapetinga, Brazil. Built.
As part of my education I attended for a few semesters the University of Cincinnati in Ohio, USA. The Faculty of Design, Architecture, Art & Planning offered a co-op program where a quarter attending courses in college was followed by a quarter doing an internship at an architectural office.
After that I went back to my freelancing work – to say that I had an architectural office would be stretching things too much – doing design work, construction drawings, details, specifications, etc. for clients in Salvador, Brazil and in Berlin, Germany. I am still a registered architect in Brazil.
Apartment Building in Salvador, Brazil. Not built.
The time I spent in architecture and construction, including university education, practical training, and professional practice in Brazil and abroad, adds up to 15 years. I loved every bit of it with the exception of the long time it takes to realize a project.
Many people ask if I don't miss creating spaces and if I ever will go back to architecture and construction. Certainly someday I will use all I have learned in branding, literature, photography, and sculpture to create wonderful spaces.


Corvallis, Oregon, is a college town. It's a small city of about 50,000 people, home Oregon State University. The area votes Democratic — it's a sanctuary city with a sanctuary campus in the heart of very blue state.
Corvallis is wrestling with a changing economy, trying to balance issues of town, gown and growth — mainly how to use some of the college brainpower to create a startup hub, without damaging the city's culture.
That culture is what keeps a lot of locals happy. The cute coffee shops selling locally roasted beans, the airy riverfront restaurants brewing beer in the back, the thriving public schools ... it's all part of what makes Corvallis feel homey and accessible.
"There's a group of people in town who would like Corvallis to stay the way it is or the way it was 20 or 40 years ago," Mayor Biff Traber said. Traber is a former software executive who took office about two years ago. As nice as Corvallis is now, he's one of many who would like to see things change and grow.
RAIN — the Regional Accelerator and Innovation Network — is right there with him. The organization invests in startups and entrepreneurs in the area in partnership with the university, which provides mentoring through the OSU Advantage Accelerator program.
Caroline Cummings, a venture catalyst with RAIN, works as a matchmaker for people, programs and capital.
"Over the last two years, since we've been tracking the economic impact of RAIN, there's been about 50 companies that have gone through the accelerator programs," Cummings said. "Those 50 companies have generated about 5 million in revenue, and they've raised about 10 million in capital. And that's created 105 jobs."
The big success story for RAIN and OSU is Agility Robotics. The company makes a legged robot called Cassie, named for the bird Cassowary. Cassie looks like a headless, wingless ostrich. She can walk naturally, with the gait of huge bird or a horse's back legs.
There's probably an array of solutions for how you get those packages to your doorstep," Hurst said. "You see the drones ... some wheeled vehicles, but none of those are going to handle stops, or crowded urban environments, and legs certainly can."
Cassie can step over a flower pot and avoid the family dog. And when it comes to how legged robots might be used in the future, the possibilities are still beyond imagination. "It's like imagining what smartphones will do for us ... back when they imagined them for the original "Star Trek," Hurst said.
Cassie's mobility is valuable as a research tool and an investment. For Hurst and his two co-founders, money wasn't hard to come by. Lots of venture capitalists want to fund robotics companies.
But they needed something else, too. "We're not looking for just dollars," Hurst said, "we're looking for help and partnerships. You know, I've been a professor, but never started a company before."
That's where the accelerator and RAIN come in. Oregon State has a stake in the company — Agility Robotics' technology is licensed from the university. Hurst and his team can continue to get business advice and mentoring from the accelerator and tap into the talent pool coming out of the school.
All that makes staying in Oregon, as opposed to picking up and moving to Silicon Valley, very attractive.
"It's not a competitive environment, it's not where one person's success detracts from another's," Hurst said. "A rising tide lifts all boats. And I really, really appreciate that culture here."
And Agility Robotics got that. Their company is right by the river in Albany Oregon, 10 miles from Corvallis. The rent in Albany is cheaper, and there's more space for bigger businesses.
Mayor Biff Traber would, of course, love Agility and businesses like it to set up shop within his city's limits. He's working to encourage growth for businesses like Agility Robotics, some of which have moved into the former Hewlett Packard campus in Corvallis.
In the '90s, HP employed about 10,000 people in Corvallis. Now, fewer than 2,000 people work there, but the company leases out this building space. A few startups have already moved in, and the OSU Advantage Accelerator is expanding its offices into the HP building.
Still, Traber needs to reconcile that growth with Corvallis' quaint vibe. It's a hard balance to strike, especially given that Oregon State has added 10,000 students in the past two decades, leading to a housing crunch and a rush to build more apartments and multifamily homes.
If Traber can find a happy medium for Corvallis, then he's well on his way to solving some pretty nice problems to have.


text:
Dunces
Flint Crisis
Great Depression Timeline: No, Ray Dalio, The Fed Didn't Raise Rates and Snuff Out a Recovery
A myth - co-equal to the myth the Fed caused the Depression by being too passive - is the Fed exacerbated its Depression-era mistakes by tightening the money supply in 1937
Ray Dalio, the hedge fund manager, and a Harvard professor endorsed this myth in March 2015
A review of data from the 1930s reveals the Fed didn't tighten the money supply in 1937; instead, the Fed cut rates.
The data from the 1930s also shows the banking system was awash in excess reserves.
The huge volume of excess reserves proves there is no basis to conclude the Depression could have been avoided by the Fed creating even more banking reserves; the banking system already had more reserves than it knew what to do with.
Over the past several weeks I have been discussing the Great Depression. One of the most enduring myths of the Great Depression was discussed in the blog post from November 10. (1) In particular, the theory that a thoroughly passive and predictably conservative Fed - wedded to old and incorrect ideas - caused the Great Depression by sitting idly by as prices collapsed. Of course, the biggest problem with this theory is that it fails to explain how the US was ever able to avoid anything remotely bad as the Great Depression when there wasn't even a Fed to take the actions it presumably should have taken after October 1929. Like most of what passes for economic insight today, the idea that the Fed caused the Depression by failing to be sufficiently active is completely at odds with both simple common sense and easily observable facts from the Depression era.
Another shibboleth from the Depression era - the perpetuation of which greatly empowers the Fed of today - is the equally bogus idea that the Fed greatly exacerbated the Depression by tightening the money supply by raising interest rates in 1937. In March 2015 - and to much fanfare - the hedge fund manager Ray Dalio discussed what he considered the Fed's huge mistake from 1937. Dalio was discussing the conundrum the Fed found itself in at the time. In a letter to his clients, Dalio admitted that he couldn't be sure of the correct time to raise interest rates, but he was sure that the Fed needed a 'Plan B' if it raised rates too early to ensure the Fed didn't repeat its policy mistakes of the 1930s;
"We don't know - nor does the Fed know - exactly how much tightening will knock over the apple cart. What we do hope the Fed knows, which we don't know, is how exactly it will fix things if it knocks it over. We hope that they know that before they make a move that could knock over the apple cart." (2)
Dalio's comments sparked a lot of discussion. Among those weighing in was Jeffrey Frankel, professor of 'capital formation and growth' - whatever that is - at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. Frankel dismissed Dalio's concerns by claiming the economic environment of 2015 bore little resemblance to that of 1937. "I don't think we're in for a replay of 1937. The situation was pretty different. When the government prematurely re-enacted fiscal and monetary tightening back then, unemployment rates were still sky high." (3)
(Now that a Harvard professor dismissed any concerns I am sure we can all sleep better at night.)
Remarkably, data from the time shows no tightening of the money supply by the Fed during 1937! See the chart below. The chart plots the DJIA (blue) and the Fed's interest rate on 'discounts and advances secured by eligible paper." (4) Not only does this chart put to lie the myth the Fed raised rates in 1937, the chart also shatters the fraud the Fed caused the Great Depression by being insufficiently active. In particular, note that the chart also plots - marked in red - excess reserves. These are reserves held by the banking system that are not then loaned to the investing public. Historically, banks would try to lend all their reserves; after all, banks have to pay interest on their reserves but are paid interest on their loans. (5)
As the chart makes clear, excess reserves soared during the Depression era. To put some perspective on the size of these excess reserves, the total for 1935 - $2,779-million - exceeded the total reserves in the banking system before the stock bubble crashed! As this data makes clear, the banking system of the Depression era was awash in reserves. How could the Fed be faulted for not creating even more reserves in the banking system when the banking system couldn't find borrowers for the reserves it already had. The only tightening performed by the Fed in the late 1937s was to increase the 'required reserve ratio' - the percentage of reserves that had to remain available for withdrawal. However, with the banking system already awash in reserves this wasn't tightening in any real sense. Indeed, as the chart shows, the Fed cut rates in 1937!
Another myth from the Depression era is that the New Deal worked. Like the myths around the Fed's purported inactivity (1) or its blunders (discussed here), the myth around the New Deal working supports today's powers that be. With the New Deal, the government greatly increased its involvement in the economy, and the scope of the Federal government greatly expanded beyond its clear proscriptions in the Constitution. A practical prerequisite for this greatly expanded role of government is the belief the New Deal worked. However, as next week's blog post will show the New Deal was a spectacular failure and the economy suffered a collapse in 1937 - see Item 24 in the chart - that was actually sharper than the one it suffered in October 1929!
PS - As always, if you like what you read, please register with the site. It just takes an e-mail address and I don't share this e-mail address with anyone. The more people who register with the site, the better case I can make to a publisher to press on with publishing my book. Registering with the site will give you access to the entire Confederacy of Dunces list as well as the financial crisis timeline.
Help spread the word to anyone you know who might be interested in the site or my Twitter account. I can be found on Twitter @The92ers
1. http://www.the92ers.com/blog/fed-capitalizing-chaos-it-creates-timeline-great-depression
2. Harry Sender, Stephen Foley, and Sam Fleming. "Dalio Warns Fed of 1937 Style Rate Risk," Financial Times, March 17, 2015 https://www.ft.com/content/7a535d24-ccb7-11e4-b5a5-00144feab7de#ixzz3YLoT9SGR
(3) Nyshka Chandran, "Relax the Fed Isn't Risking a 1937-style Slump," March 17, 2015 https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/17/relax-the-fed-isnt-risking-a-1937-style-slump.html
(4) The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914-1941. Washington, D.C., November 1943, pp. 441-442 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/bms/1914-1941/BMS14-41_complete.pdf
(5) Excess reserves from, Benjamin Anderson, Economics and the Public Welfare, Liberty Press, Indianapolis, 1979 pp. 401-405.
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The Energy Infrastructure - Self-Righteous Environmentalism, Electric Vehicles and Electric Power Plants
Sure, Economists Have Sunk the World; Just be Happy They Don't Design Airplanes!
The Greatest Great Depression Myth of the Them All: Hoover the Laissez-Faire Capitalist
Great Depression Timeline: FDR the Candidate versus FDR the President: Exposing More Depression Myths
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