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"I'm going to the US; the pilot's license is much cheaper..." Really?
Many aviation enthusiasts opt for training in the USA because of financial benefits - but it's not that simple. To make the right decision, you should know the pros and cons. It is true that training costs in the USA are in some cases considerably lower than in Germany: The flight hours are cheaper and the fees of the flight instructors are lower than with us. As a guest flight student, however, you will be faced with additional costs: for example, for flights, rental cars, accommodation and mostly for loss of earnings during your training.
With the unification of European air law and the new licensing regulation (Regulation EU No. 1178/2011, short Part FCL (Flight Crew Licensing)); the conversion of a US-American into a fully-fledged European private pilot license (EASA PPL(H)) is only possible after additional training with practical and written examination. In addition, you must prove 100 flight hours as a helicopter pilot. If you have not already flown these flight hours in the USA, the financial advantage is here at the latest.
The conversion of a US American commercial pilot license into an EASA Part FCL license, i.e. a CPL(H) or ATPL(H), has not been possible at all since 2003! However, you need this license to work as a pilot in Germany and Europe. As a pilot with a license from a non-EASA member state, you can apply for a training facilitation, but this covers a maximum of 15 hours in the CPL training module - this is only half of the compulsory hours. This means that you must complete at least 15 additional CPL training hours and 5 night flying hours, as foreign night flying authorizations are not recognized under any circumstances.You must also take the entire theory exam in all 12-subject areas. The Luftfahrt-Bundesamt does not grant examination facilities in principle!
We are familiar with the extensive legal requirements, which we cannot describe in detail here. If you have any questions: We will be happy to advise you and respond in detail to your individual situation.
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EarthByte Honours Projects 2017
18 October, 2016 by Carmen Braz
EarthByte has now released a list of Honours projects to be offered in 2017. These projects are outlined below.
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If you are interested in learning more about any of these projects, please get in contact with the project supervisors.
Oceanic gateways: a primary control on global climate?
Supervisors: Maria Seton, Simon Williams
In 1578 the English privateer, Sir Francis Drake, inadvertently discovered a narrow passageway between the southern tip of South America and Antarctica. This was an exciting discovery of one of the world's most important navigational passageways, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In the 20th century, interest was reignited in this narrow passageway and other similar connections between ocean basins. Scientists identified such regions, termed oceanic gateways, as focal areas driving large-scale changes to the entire planetary system, from global climate and ocean circulation to species diversity. Their changing morphology over tens of millions of years was linked directly to plate tectonic
processes. However, the primary role of oceanic gateways in modulating global climate was challenged by the idea that the concentration of atmospheric CO2 is instead the dominant control. This project aims to constrain the role of tectonics on ocean circulation and global climate, particularly to differentiate between the two competing ideas and assess their relative importance. This will have major implications for determining the factors driving the change from a "Greenhouse World" 55 million years ago to our current "Icehouse World".
Several honours projects are being offered as part of this project to develop state-of-the-art palaeo-bathymetries of oceanic gateways, taking into account both lateral plate tectonic and vertical mantle-induced motions. These palaeo-bathymetries are necessary for assessing the relative role of gateways on global climate events and are an important boundary constraint for palaeoclimate simulations.
Project 1 – Vertical motions in the Scotia Sea
The Scotia Sea (Drake Passage) is the most well-known oceanic gateway, separating Antarctica from South America. The formation of this gateway has been linked to the inception of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Antarctic glaciation and the end of the "Greenhouse World" at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. In this project, you will explore the relative role of long-wavelength dynamic topography and slab window formation on the vertical motions in the Scotia Sea, assess whether either of these processes can explain the observed anomalous topography and produce a new palaeobathymetry model for the area that will constrain the timing of deep-water flow. You will develop skills in plate tectonic and geodynamic modeling and data synthesis and learn software tools such as GPlates, ArcGIS and GMT. This project involves collaboration with colleagues from the University of Wollongong.
Project 2 – Miocene or Pliocene closure of the Panama gateway?
The Central American Seaway facilitated the exchange of water, heat, salinity and biota between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The closure of this oceanic gateway, at the Isthmus of Panama, has been attributed to the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation, the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water and the great biotic exchange between North and South America during the Pliocene. However, recent studies have controversially proposed a Miocene age for gateway closure, which would require a rethink of our understanding of global ocean circulation patterns and biotic exchange. In this project, you will assess the two competing models for gateway closure by developing two alternative plate tectonic scenarios and producing corresponding paleobathymetries for the Central American Seaway, taking into account island arc growth, uplift and sealevel changes. Although this project does not involve a fieldtrip to the Caribbean, you will acquire new skills in plate tectonic modeling and data synthesis and become proficient in using software tools such as GPlates, ArcGIS and GMT.
Project 3 – Dynamic topography of oceanic gateways
The topography of the continents and bathymetry of ocean basins is a first-order earth observation, largely shaped by plate tectonic processes. However, recent studies have highlighted the important role of the convecting mantle on large-scale surface topography and bathymetry. While quantifying this "dynamic topography" has previously been studied for sedimentary basins, continental margins and continental interiors, its role on the evolution of oceanic gateways has yet to be explored. In this project, you will examine a suite of dynamic topography data for all Cenozoic oceanic gateways to identify the timing and quantify the effect of dynamic topography in these areas. You will then explore whether dynamic topography can address previously unexplained associations between gateway opening changes in ocean circulation and climate associated with these gateways. As part of this project, you will acquire skills in working with plate tectonic and mantle convection datasets and in data synthesis and using software tools such as GPlates, python, ArcGIS and GMT. This project involves collaboration with colleagues from the University of Wollongong, and will be part of the global research stream of the Basin Genesis Hub.
Vertical motions of the Tasman and Coral Sea: possible link to Ontong Java Plateau collision?
The collision of the world's largest Large Igneous Province (LIP), the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP), with the Melanesian Arc has been proposed as the cause of a localised subduction polarity reversal event along the South Solomon Trench. This reversal is believed to have led to a cascade of events such as a change in direction of the Australian plate, ore-deposit formation along the Melanesian Arc, and possibly a reorganisation of the entire plate-mantle system. Although this major tectonic event is well-recognised in the literature, determining the timing of plateau accretion is difficult; three independent approaches (palaeomagnetics, marine geophysics and onshore geology) yield timings that differ by over 30 million years.
In this project, you will address this controversy using a novel and multi-disciplinary approach that explores the far-field effect of this collision on the vertical motions of the submarine ridges in the Tasman and Coral Seas. You will integrate age and paleo-environment data from sedimentary samples, including those collected from recent voyages IN2016_T01 on the RV Investigator and SS2013_v06 on the RV Southern Surveyor. You will then construct alternative plate kinematic models of the OJP collision in GPlates, which will be fed into geodynamic models of mantle structure and dynamic topography. Lastly, you will assess which coupled plate kinematic-geodynamic model best reflects the vertical motions predicted by your Tasman and Coral Sea samples.
The multi-disciplinary nature of this project means that you acquire skills in sedimentology, geophysical data analysis and computing, with a possible research visit to New Caledonia to work with sedimentologists on the recently collected samples. Software that you will use include: GPlates, ArcGIS and the Generic Mapping Tools. This project involves collaboration with colleagues from the University of Wollongong.
Newly discovered volcanic centres of northern Zealandia: part of an intra-plate volcanism pulse?
Supervisors: Kelsie Dadd, Maria Seton
A defining characteristic of the southwest Pacific is the significant amount of continental crust distributed throughout the region, including the world's largest submerged continental fragment, the Lord Howe Rise. While largely consisting of stretched continental crust and rift basins, the Lord Howe Rise has numerous intra-plate volcanoes. Some of this volcanism can be attributed to the migration of the Lord Howe Rise over a hotspot but the remainder displays no age-progression and instead may be related to a Cenozoic pulse of magmatism in the region. In June-July 2016, a research voyage led by the University of Sydney on the RV Investigator recovered samples of volcanic breccia and basalts from several sites along the Fairway Ridge, an uplifted portion of the northern margin of the Lord Howe Rise. In this project, you will assess the petrography and geochemical composition of these newly discovered intraplate volcanics, relate them to other intraplate volcanics of the Lord Howe Rise and assess their eruption in the context of tectonic and mantle events in the region.
As part of this project, you will acquire both analytical (petrographic and geochemical) and software skills (ArcGIS, GMT, GPlates), which will prepare you for working in the exploration industry, consulting firms, government agencies or universities.
Reconstructing the upwelling history of the global ocean from the Cretaceous to the present
Supervisors: Adriana Dutkiewicz, Dietmar Müller and Rakib Hassan
Zones of upwelling are inextricably linked to major oceanographic and climatic processes including the global heat budget and global wind patterns. Upwelling plays a critical role in ocean productivity, ocean anoxia, sequestration of organic carbon and deposition of hydrocarbon source rocks. For example, the highest levels of ocean productivity are associated with shallow eastern boundary regions of upwelling in Peru and Chile, Namibia, NW Africa, and Californian [e.g., Berger and Wefer, 2002] where the total organic carbon is usually > 5% by weight [e.g., Wefer et al., 1998]. Such organic-rich sequences occur over a wide stratigraphic range along continental shelves and within deep-sea sequences. The latter are often attributed to oceanic anoxic events (OAEs). The South Atlantic sedimentary sequence contains a record of seven Cretaceous (~ 145 – 65 Ma) OAEs during which organic-rich black shales were deposited under greenhouse conditions [Jenkyns, 2010]. Modelling suggests that upwelling may have played an important role in the deposition of the organic-rich marine sediments, even in the presence of ocean-wide anoxia [Handoh et al., 2003].
The aim of this project is to reconstruct the upwelling history of the ocean using the ATOM code, developed as a collaborative EarthByte project, which is designed to model surface atmospheric and ocean circulation through geological time in a plate tectonic context. In this project, Cretaceous-Cenozoic paleo-elevation maps will be used to model key time slices from 140 Ma to present-day. Results of the model will be compared to multi-proxy ocean productivity datasets including sedimentological and paleontological data such as total organic carbon content, opal flux, distribution of diatom and foraminifera species known to be associated with high productivity [Berger and Wefer, 2002], stable isotope measurements (δ18O, δ13C) of foraminifers and bulk sediment samples. These data sets will be obtained from the iCORDS database (EGI, Univ. of Utah) and from published deep-sea drilling results. The sensitivity analysis will be done for a small number of carefully chosen locations where the zones of upwelling have changed intensity or shifted over time. The project will be part of the global Basin Genesis Hub research stream.
Berger, W. H., and G. Wefer (2002), On the reconstruction of upwelling history: Namibia upwelling in context, Marine Geology, 180(1), 3-28.
Handoh, I. C., G. R. Bigg, and E. J. W. Jones (2003), Evolution of upwelling in the Atlantic Ocean basin, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 202(1), 31-58.
Jenkyns, H. C. (2010), Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 11(3).
Wefer, G., W. H. Berger, C. Richter, and Shipboard Scientific Party (1998), Facies patterns and authigenic minerals of upwelling deposits off southwest Africa, in Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, edited by G. Wefer, W. H. Berger and C. Richter, pp. 487-504.
The enigma of Sundaland's Late Cretaceous to Eocene regional unconformity
Supervisors: Sabin Zahirovic, Tristan Salles, Mike Gurnis (Caltech), Dietmar Müller
Sundaland is a continental promontory that makes up the core of Southeast Asia, and has grown through the Phanerozoic via multiple accretionary events resulting from the convergence between the Eurasian, Indo-Australian and Pacific plates. The basins of Sundaland record global, regional and local influences of tectonics, dynamic topography and changing sea levels. Recent coupled models of plate reconstructions and mantle convection indicate a period of regional subsidence in the Early Cretaceous, followed by broad uplift in the Late Cretaceous to Eocene times. The dynamic uplift is synchronous with regional emergence, erosion and the development of unconformities in basins across the entire region. However, Sundaland became flooded again since 40 million years ago, despite falling long-term global sea levels. These observations are consistent with the dominance of dynamic topography acting on Sundaland. However, the role of basin rifting and surface processes in modulating basin histories has not yet been explored.
This project will use cutting-edge deforming plate reconstructions of Sundaland from GPlates, and couple it to surface process modelling using the new open-source Badlands code. By applying time-dependent topography from CitcomS mantle convection models, and varying end-member estimates of erodibility and precipitation, this project will provide insights into the erosional and depositional history in the basins of Sundaland. By using the latest open-source modelling approaches developed within the Basin GENESIS Hub, the project will explore the interplay between changing sea levels, rifting and dynamic topography on basin evolution.
Image: Paleogeographic reconstruction of Sundaland in the Eocene highlighting the dominance of erosional/non-depositional environments in Southeast Asia (Sabin Zahirovic).
Australia's ancient inland sea: Evolution of the Eromanga Sea linkage to the (proto) Pacific Ocean during the Cretaceous
Supervisors: Sabin Zahirovic, Dietmar Müller, Tristan Salles, Rakib Hassan
Australia's geography has a long history of topographic change resulting from tectonism, sea level fluctuations and surface processes. Australia's coastline 100 million years ago was markedly different to the present, with an extensive epicontinental sea covering the region that is presently occupied by the Great Artesian Basin in eastern Australia. This ancient Eromanga Sea was a shallow seaway that was generated through the combined effects of higher global sea levels and a dominant effect of dynamic topography acting on eastern Australia during the mid Cretaceous. Several generations of numerical modelling approaches have provided valuable insight into the evolution of the Eromanga Sea, and emerging technologies that incorporate surface processes of erosion and deposition are providing a new perspective on the accumulation of sediments in the Great Artesian Basin. However, due to the difficulties in constraining paleo-topography and uncertainties in the location and geometry of the eastern Australian subduction zone, existing models predict an Eromanga Sea linkage to the embryonic Southern Ocean rather than a northern connection to the (proto-) Pacific as required by the sedimentary and paleogeographic record.
This project will explore the evolution of the Eromanga Sea linkage to the Pacific by combining data from Geoscience Australia's Paleogeographic Atlas and the recently-published Hydrogeological Atlas of the Great Artesian Basin with modern modelling approaches. The subduction zone location along eastern Australia and in the vicinity of the New Guinea margin will be modified using GPlates, and mantle flow models will be used to derive the evolution of dynamic topography. Published eustatic sea level curves will be combined with the dynamic topography predictions as boundary conditions to surface process models using Badlands, and end-member estimates of the paleo-topography, rainfall and erodibility will be incorporated to test whether the sedimentation history in the northern part of the Great Artesian Basin can be reproduced. As part of the Basin GENESIS Hub, this project will take advantage of cutting edge open-source technologies that link Earth processes across spatial and temporal scales to better understand the evolution of eastern Australia and New Guinea in a tectonic, geodynamic and surface process framework.
Image: Great Artesian Basin, Geoscience Australia
Evolution of Drainage Systems and Sediment Fluxes in Africa since 140 Ma
Supervisors: Rakib Hassan, Tristan Salles, Dietmar Müller
The slow northward motion of the African continent above a large-scale mantle upwelling over the past 200 Myr and Cenozo ic magmatism associated with mantle plumes have broadly shaped the tectonic history of the continent. The large-scale mantle upwelling under present-day southern Africa, also known as a large low shear velocity province (LLSVP), is responsible for the anomalous topography of southern Africa (Gurnis et al., 2000; Lithgow-Bertelloni and Silver, 1998). While Cenozoic volcanism and anomalous topographic swells in east Africa, stretching from northwestern Ethiopia to northern Tanzania, have been associated with mantle plumes (Ritsema et al., 1999). Passage of a continent above a mantle superswell can trigger continental-scale drainage reorganizations (Braun et al., 2014), while plume-related upwelling may also induce drainage reorganizations (Stankiewicz and de Wit, 2006), but at a regional scale. The space-time evolution of mantle- and tectonically-driven topography and their complex interaction with geomorphological processes, modulated by climate, provide first order controls on the production and deposition of sediments into basins and margins.
There are two very different end-member views of South African uplift, expressed in the papers by Wildman et al. (2015) and Paul et al. (2014) – either uplift was largely Cretaceous in age or Late Cenozoic. Some researchers (Green et al., 2016; Said et al., 2015) have come to the conclusion that there were two events, but their relative magnitude and regional extent is uncertain. A combination of alternative mantle convection/tectonic models tried to surface process modeling and ground-truthed by observed river profiles and observed sediment accumulation in key basins and margins will help to distinguish between these end-member models, and be able to put bounds on the magnitude and spatial geometry of Cretaceous and late Tertiary uplift.
This project will develop and apply workflows to generate realistic patterns of erosion and sediment deposition for the African continent. Tectonically-driven topography will be obtained based on state-of-the-art deforming plate models, using the GPlates software and mantle-driven topography will be obtained from a number of paleogeographically constrained numerical models of mantle convection. These space-time varying uplift/subsidence patterns will be used to drive numerical geomorphology models (BADLANDS), in order to obtain erosion/deposition patterns over the last 140 Ma. The resulting erosion/deposition patterns and space-time varying sediment fluxes will be validated against the available sedimentary record and model sensitivities will be quantified using a range of synthetic initial conditions and climatic scenarios. The project will be part of the global ARC Basin Genesis Hub research stream.
Image: Comparison between sedimentary fluxes through time in the surrounding margins of the South African Plateau: the Orange delta, the Outeniqua basin, the Limpopo delta, and the Zambezi delta (Said et al., 2015).
Braun, J., Guillocheau, F., Robin, C., Baby, G., and Jelsma, H., 2014, Rapid erosion of the Southern African Plateau as it climbs over a mantle superswell: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 119, p. 6093-6112.
Green, P.F., Duddy, I.R., Japsen, P., Bonow, J.M., and Malan, J.A., 2016, Post‐breakup burial and exhumation of the southern margin of Africa: Basin Research.
Gurnis, M., Mitrovica, J., Ritsema, J., and van Heijst, H.J., 2000, Constraining Mantle Density Structure Using Geological Evidence of Surface Uplift Rates: The Case of the African Superplume: Geochemistry Geophysics and Geosystems, v. 1.
Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., and Silver, P.G., 1998, Dynamic topography, plate driving forces and the African superswell: Nature, v. 395, p. 269-272.
Paul, J.D., Roberts, G.G., and White, N., 2014, The African landscape through space and time: Tectonics, v. 33, p. 898-935.
Ritsema, J., van Heijst, H.J., and Woodhouse, J.H., 1999, Complex shear wave velocity structure imaged beneath Africa and Iceland: Science, v. 286, p. 1925-1928.
Said, A., Moder, C., Clark, S., and Ghorbal, B., 2015, Cretaceous–Cenozoic sedimentary budgets of the Southern Mozambique Basin: Implications for uplift history of the South African Plateau: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 109, p. 1-10.
Stankiewicz, J., and de Wit, M.J., 2006, A proposed drainage evolution model for Central Africa—Did the Congo flow east?: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 44, p. 75-84.
Wildman, M., Brown, R., Watkins, R., Carter, A., Gleadow, A., and Summerfield, M., 2015, Post break-up tectonic inversion across the southwestern cape of South Africa: New insights from apatite and zircon fission track thermochronometry: Tectonophysics, v. 654, p. 30-55.
The role of mechanical stratigraphy in the structural style of deformed sedimentary basins
Supervisors: Patrice Rey, Louis Moresi (Melb Uni)
The strong variability in the structural style (geometry of folds, fault patterns etc) of syn-rift basins and inverted basins is due, in large part, to the rheological contrasts that can exist between evaporites, shales, sandstones, limestones and volcanics. The inversion, via forward modelling, of the structural style imaged through seismic methods, can help constrain the mechanical stratigraphy which, at the scale of sedimentary basin, control the structural style. This project aims at defining, via a simple inversion protocol, the mechanical stratigraphy of major sedimentary sub-basins along Australia's North West Shelf and PNG. The project will straddle the Basin Genesis Hub Technology, Northwest Shelf and PNG research streams.
Image: Ólafur Lngólfsson
Formation of flat mountain tops: numerical simulation based on natural examples, implications for mountain erosion and sediment dispersal.
Supervisors: Tristan Salles, Gilles Brocard
Since the initial work from Davies (1899), peneplains and related features termed low-relief surfaces or paleosurfaces have been described on every continent and in many mountain belts around the world. However the preservation of these remarkable features atop uplifting mountains remains unclear. The rules most commonly used in numerical simulations of mountain erosion predict that such surfaces should quickly disappear. Therefore they challenge the general validity of the rules used to simulate mountain erosion and sediment dispersal. Here we propose to adapt the numerical model Badlands in order to incorporate the influence of the 'tool effect' (amount of bedload transported) and test whether it better captures mountain erosion. Being able to simulate their preservation is important in understanding fluvial processes, as well as accurately quantifying mountain erosion and sediment transport from source to sink.
In this project, you will first define from obtained field observations (Puerto Rico, Guatemala, New Guinea) the geomorphological characteristics of perched planation surfaces. You will then estimate local and catchment-wide erosion rates by extrapolating field measurements of catchment-wide erosion in order to quantify landscape evolution. Finally, you will try to reproduce the stability of these geomorphic elements under different climatic and tectonic conditions using the numerical model, and propose scenarios of landscape dynamics on a wide range of scales (from individual catchment to basin-wide models).
The project will develop skills and experience in field data analysis, 3D visualisation and landscape evolution modelling, and be part of the Basin Genesis Hub Technology research stream.
Image: Map of perched peneplains over the mountains of Puerto Rico
Formation of river knickpoints on growing anticlines: numerical simulation based on natural examples, implications for mountain erosion and sediment dispersal.
Supervisors: Gilles Brocard, Tristan Salles
Migrating waves of incision, propagating upstream along river networks, represent an important process of erosion and landscape rejuvenation in many mountain ranges. Their formation has been related to fall in sea-level and accelerating mountain uplift. They typically initiate at breaks in slope in the river long profiles, either at the ledge of exposed continental margins, or farther inland where rivers cross active faults. From there, they propagate upstream. However, knickpoint generation and migration is also observed in areas of more diffuse tectonic deformation, a process which is presently poorly reproduced by numerical models. Being able to simulate their formation is important in understanding fluvial processes, as well as accurately quantifying mountain erosion and sediment transport from source to sink.
In this project, you will first define from obtained field observations (Turkey, Huon Peninsula, New Guinea) the geomorphological characteristics of the drainage network. You will then estimate local and catchment-wide erosion rates by extrapolating field measurements of catchment-wide erosion in order to quantify landscape evolution. Finally, you will try to reproduce the formation and upstream migration under different climatic and tectonic conditions using the numerical model (Badlands), and propose scenarios of landscape dynamics on a wide range of scales (from individual catchment to basin-wide models).
Image 1: Natural example of erosion of the southern margin of the Turkish plateau and sediment sink in the Mediterranean Sea
Image 2: Simulation of erosion along a plateau margin by headward migrating knickpoints through a simple arch (Badlands numerical model)
Exploring solid Earth models with machine learning
Supervisors: Simon Williams, Patrice Rey, Louis Moresi (Melb Uni)
Exploration for buried resources is driven by the acquisition of geological and geophysical data (boreholes, seismic, gravity, magnetics) that allow us to image the subsurface, and by geodynamic simulations that provide insights into how the subsurface is shaped by tectonic processes. Modern advances in computing and data storage give us access to huge volumes of both observational data and simulation output, providing an unprecedented opportunity to explore the relationship between the nature of structures (e.g. faulting and folding, uplift and subsidence due to mantle flow) imaged in actual data sets, and the patterns of deformation predicted by alternative simulations. This opportunity also presents new problems – how to make sense of these huge data volumes, and how to isolate the key parameters that can successfully link observations and simulations.
This project will aim to develop new approaches to the exploration of geodynamic simulations; generating synthetic geophysical data volumes from simulation output, and creating innovative techniques to allow quantitative comparisons between simulations and observations. The project may tackle a range of scales, from global mantle convection simulations to models of individual rift basins. The project will develop skills and experience in state-of-the-art computational tools for geophysical and geodynamic data analysis and machine learning. The project will be part of the Basin Genesis Hub Technology research stream.
Image: 2D projection of lithospheric extension model parameter space as a self-organized map (Boschetti, Wijns and Moresi, G-cubed, 2003). Colour indicates distance between nodes in the map.
Feedback between lithospheric extension, surface processes, and climatic forcing
Supervisors: Patrice Rey, Tristan Salles
This project investigates the interplay between extensional tectonics, and mass transfer at the Earth's surface through erosion, sediment transportation and deposition. The weight of sediments has an important amplification effect on the surface subsidence, while in the meantime modulating the Moho upwarping during extension. This loading impacts also on the evolving deviatoric stress field, and therefore the tectonic evolution of basins. Sediments – which commonly have a low thermal conductivity – have also an important effect on the long term thermal structure and therefore rheology of the underlying lithosphere, and its response to deviatoric stresses. The rate of accumulation is also key to the burial of organic matter, and evolution of good source rocks. Being able to map through time the optimum accumulation rate in an evolving basin is therefore important. The project will be part of the Basin Genesis Hub Technology research stream.
Continental rifting, mantle melting and hyper-extended continental crust
Supervisors: Patrice Rey
The formation of continental margins through the processes of continental rifting often leads to strong vertical strain partitioning during which, the upper crust, the lower crust and the lithospheric mantle record contrasting style of extension. Because these layers have contrasting densities and thermal properties, vertical strain partitioning can lead to contrasting subsidence patterns and thermal evolutions. In addition, contrasting style of extension in the lithospheric mantle could explain the development of magmatic and a-magmatic continental margins. This project will specifically investigate the role of the mantle and mantle processes, including edge-driven mantle convection, in the evolution of continental margins. The project will be part of the Basin Genesis Hub Technology research stream.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Villagers take a walk along the boardwalk stopping to look at the River Arrow.
Saturday 11 July 2009 saw the opening of the newly transformed Pembridge Village Green Conservation Area. A number of drastic changes have been made to the site largely thanks to funding from the Kingspan Insulation Community Trust, such as the transformation of the ungrazed grassland area into a managed hay meadow which in turn has become home to a number of creatures from hares to bees and butterflies.
The western half of the area has been transformed into wet woodland with local native tress and shrubs planted throughout; it is now one of the rarest native habitats in the country. One of the main species introduced is the Populus nigra tree – the native black Poplar which is the rarest of our native trees and is commonly found in river flood plains and not in woodlands. This has been planted at the east end of the site, by the river.
The River Arrow itself is home to a large number of creatures; fish including trout, salmon and grayling, crayfish, brook and river lampreys as well as water vole and the elusive otters, together with a large number of insect species. The river has been the subject of insect surveys to monitor the different levels of species in the water, and will continue to be monitored by volunteers.
The Kingspan Insulation Community Trust agreed to provide the sum of £12,000, which funded the vast majority of the project that has seen the introduction of a user friendly boardwalk and pathway with viewing points, in order to provide better access for all, particularly the less able. There are information boards describing the flora and fauna and encouraging sensible and sensitive behaviour on the site.
The information boards were partially funded by the Herefordshire Council Community Projects Grants Scheme and the work was undertaken by 6 volunteers from the village, who are all on the management committee. Children from Pembridge Church of England Primary School were also involved in the planting, with local farmer and ecology expert, Tony Norman, providing advice on what to plant, and how to manage the land and the river.
The area will be maintained on an ongoing basis by the volunteers, with the Parish Council footing the bill for annual maintenance.


text:
All similar:disney has the best casting if he doesn t like an...
"Disney has the best casting. If he doesn't like an actor he just tears him up."
Alfred Hitchcock quotes (English Film Director, 1899-1980)
"When an actor comes to me and wants to discuss his character, I say, 'It's in the script.' If he says, 'But what's my motivation?, ' I say, 'Your salary.'"
Similar Quotes. About: Money quotes.
"The length of a film should be directly related to the endurance of the human bladder."
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"Television is like the American toaster, you push the button and the same thing pops up everytime."
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"I never said all actors are cattle; what I said was all actors should be treated like cattle."
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"Always make the audience suffer as much as possible."
"What is drama but life with the dull bits cut out"
"In feature films the director is God; in documentary films God is the director"
"Dialogue should simply be a sound among other sounds, just something that comes out of the mouths of people whose eyes tell the story in visual terms."
"In the old days villains had moustaches and kicked the dog. Audiences are smarter today. They don't want their villain to be thrown at them with green limelight on his face. They want an ordinary human being with failings."
Similar Quotes. About: Elderly quotes, Audiences quotes.
"Someone once told me that every minute a murder occurs, so I don't want to waste your time, I know you want to go back to work."


if pool has a balance (lets say 10000 burst), 400 are distributed for miner proportional to their shares up to current block as payment, the rest 9600 burst will be allocated and paid for next round, (whether we found a block or not), this allocation continue until pool balance is drained out. This makes sure that the miners are getting permanently payout. With this setting, a miner that finds a block is not overproportional rewared for that, but in the long run, this system is better as others.
note : to prevent user spamming low share, we implement share penalty of -0.001 on each submission for miners who submit nonce that has higher deadline than their (current round) own best deadline, as spamming low share is no use since pool will always pick one best deadline for every submitted nonce per round. If you use the blage miner, make sure use sorting is true.


text:
Italy: 'Whoever Wins Won't Govern'
One disquieting word looms over Italy's forthcoming election: inciucio. There is no easy English translation, but it suggests an understanding reached behind closed doors between supposed enemies—a shady intrigue, a dishonorable compromise.
Ernesto Ruscio/Getty Images
Silvio Berlusconi, though barred from standing, electioneering for Forza Italia in Rome, February 11, 2018
"This is a non-election," a professor of philosophy tells me in a bar in Milan. "I will not vote."
"Meaning?"
"Whoever wins, they will not govern. All will go on just the same. Most key policies will be decided outside Italy."
The Italians go to the polls on March 4, and from outside, it might look as though there are major, exciting, and, above all, dangerous developments in the offing: the return of the octogenarian Silvio Berlusconi, the rapid rise of anti-establishment Five Star Movement, the ever more aggressive rhetoric of the xenophobic Northern League. Yet the perception among most Italians is that the political system is simply too dysfunctional and blocked for much to happen at all.
"We are the country of the 'unfinished' and the 'unforeseen,'" declared Ernesto Galli della Loggia last July in a Corriere della Sera column titled "Politics without Power." "The country of the decree that never becomes law and the investment that is always inadequate; in the rare event that everything goes smoothly and parliament gets something done we are the country that can rely on the courts to undo it. Italian power is impotence."
The five-year legislature that is now coming to a close offered a spectacular example of this tendency to begin a process of major change and then retreat from it. Elections in April 2013 gave the coalition led by the Partito Democratico (PD), the main center-left party, a majority in the House of Deputies but nothing like a majority in the Senate. Both houses have equal power, but are elected in different ways. The greatest difference is that citizens need be only eighteen to vote for the House of Deputies, but twenty-five to vote for the Senate.
In the absence of an executive president who might make the difference, these institutional arrangements are a recipe for paralysis. For almost a year, a multi-party coalition was headed by PD deputy Enrico Letta, a man few Italians had heard of before he became prime minister. The main advantage of a caretaker figure like this—a typical choice in Italy—is that he doesn't have the power base to disturb those vested interests who will resist change at all costs. He is a figurehead, one who invariably presents himself as a reasonable man among extremists, a competent broker of complex compromise, and who, as a result, gets nothing done.
Letta, however, had the added quality of being the nephew of Gianni Letta, a close adviser to Silvio Berlusconi and significant figure in the media magnate's center-right Forza Italia party, which was supporting the government. When Berlusconi was found guilty of corruption in August 2013 and, after endless wrangling and stalling, finally expelled from the Senate, Letta's government was seriously weakened. In February 2014, Letta was replaced by Matteo Renzi, then the mayor of Florence and the new leader of the Partito Democratico.
Only thirty-nine at the time, Renzi was the opposite of Letta, dynamic and determined to kick out the old guard and make the country governable. To that end, he introduced the most radical constitutional reform since World War II and forced it through both houses of parliament with one vote of confidence after another. The House of Deputies was to gain far greater power than the Senate, which would no longer be directly elected but made up of representatives from regional governments. A new electoral law included mechanisms that would more or less guarantee the largest party a majority in the House of Deputies. Things could at last get moving.
That Renzi found the energy to persuade the Senate to vote for its own demotion is extraordinary. But he had promised a referendum on the reforms before they would become law. In the run-up to that vote, the press presented him as a man seeking to grab power for himself, his family, and his buddies, rather than sharing it among the endless factions that make up Italian politics. Few Italians believe in the possibility of anyone seeking power genuinely in the interest of the nation as a whole. In the December 2016 referendum, Italian voters rejected his reforms, Renzi resigned, and the country was once again consigned to be governed by a gray, accommodating figure, Paolo Gentiloni. After a debacle of this magnitude, it seems unlikely that anyone will try to reform the Italian constitution for decades to come.
As if this failure were not demoralizing enough, the forthcoming election will be held under a new electoral law laboriously put together during Gentiloni's government after the previous system, which Berlusconi introduced in 2005, was pronounced unconstitutional. The complications and compromises of this law would beggar belief, if Italians were not inured to such things. Essentially, it mixes some constituencies whose representatives will be elected by straight majority vote (or first-past-the-post) with other, larger constituencies where a number of representatives will be chosen on a proportional basis. Though the districts and distribution for each chamber differ, both chambers will comprise roughly one third directly-elected delegates and two thirds by the proportional system allocated according to numbered lists of candidates submitted by every party. Constitutionally, the House of Deputies and the Senate will continue to have equal power and thus the ability to cancel out each other's decision-making and legislative powers.
To avoid the danger that any important party boss might be left unelected to the House of Deputies, the system allows candidates for the single-member seats decided by first-past-the-post also to stand as candidates in as many as five of the multi-member constituencies that are proportional, so that if they lose in one place, they can win in another. In the name of gender equality, the parties' candidate lists for the proportional seats must alternate men and women. But parties can get around this by nominating the same woman (or women) in five proportional constituencies, but different men; once elected in one, the women are effectively eliminated from the others, leaving the men listed below them with a greater chance of election.
The overall effect of the new law is a radical separation of candidates from voters. All candidates are decided by the parties at the national level, rather than be proposed by local activists. This keeps power with the party leaders, but it also means there is little tradition of developing local candidates who might be known for their work in the constituency. As a result, there is a tendency to seek out names with a popular public profile in general, rather than any genuine political engagement. Recent weeks have thus seen an embarrassing struggle to convince big names in business and entertainment to stand for this or that party and, by the same token, a stampede by prominent party members to find a safe constituency. Once elected, they will owe nothing to the local voters who returned them.
So, who can Italians vote for? The Partito Democratico has split around the figure of Renzi, perceived on the left more as "an alien" than "a member of the family," observes Aldo Cazzullo, another Corriere journalist. Perhaps, where there is no real power to be had, there is little incentive to avoid this kind of fragmentation. Historically, supporters and politicians of the Italian left have often preferred to argue among themselves rather than govern. Polls show the party winning around 22–25 percent of the vote.
Berlusconi, now eighty-one, still leads Forza Italia, though he himself has been banned from standing for parliament until 2019. Opinion polls give his party 15–18 percent, but he has entered a binding pre-electoral alliance with the markedly anti-immigrant, right-wing Northern League, which is polling at around 14 percent. Together with various other, smaller right-wing parties, this grouping seems likely to win most seats in the next parliament, though probably not an outright majority. As for policies, the League has promised to repeal unpopular but crucial pension and employment reforms, some of the most important legislative achievements of recent years, and to be tough on immigrants and immigration. Berlusconi as ever promises drastic and undeliverable tax cuts. This right-wing alliance has not declared whom it would put forward as prime minister.
The third major player is the anti-establishment Five Star Movement, started in 2009 by charismatic former TV comedian Beppe Grillo. Last September, Grillo did not contest primaries for the leadership position, leaving the much younger, decidedly less charismatic Luigi di Maio to take over. Insisting on its ethical purity as an anti-corruption party, the Movement makes much of its Internet-driven internal democracy, which affords members the power to be constantly voting online to include or expel one another—the question of who truly belongs and who does not always being paramount in Italy. Proposing policies that include a guaranteed income to every citizen, huge investments in the technology industry, and steep cuts in the cost of politics, the Movement is showing at 27–28 percent in the polls, making it the largest single party, but with no chance of winning an overall majority in this electoral system.
Add to this array of choices the dozens of smaller parties, some in binding, if improbable, coalitions with one other or with one of the larger parties merely in order to surmount the 3 percent threshold for representation in parliament, and it's understandable that voters not only have no idea who will win, but also no notion of what government might emerge if this or that party inches ahead. Abstentions, especially among younger voters, are expected to be very high.
Most curious of all is the absolute absence in this election campaign of any real vision or dynamism. Identity in Italy is local, or ideological, or clan-based, but rarely national. Unemployment remains high, at nearly 11 percent, and after years of recession the economy is still worryingly sluggish. Many commentators speak of permanent decline. There is much unease that the European Union and, in particular, the euro, rather than being a panacea, are actually making economic recovery more difficult; in a surprisingly candid interview with La Stampa in December, for example, none other than the governor of the Bank of Italy spoke persuasively of a German betrayal of the euro at Italy's expense. Nor has the EU done much to help with the very high level of illegal immigration by boat from Libya.
Despite this, there is no serious debate about Italy's relations with the EU, or about its foreign policy in general and the country's position in the world. There is equally an absence of any radical proposals for getting the economy moving again. Extraordinarily, given his record in office and ineligibility to serve in the government, Berlusconi is offering himself as a safe pair of hands who could guide his party's elected representatives from outside parliament, thus saving the country from the presumed incompetence of the Five Star Movement.
Still more surprisingly, the president of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, met Berlusconi in January to discuss Italy's ills and relations with Europe. Far from commenting on the evident conflict of interest involved in a politician's owning much of the country's TV and publishing media, Juncker seemed to be preparing for Berlusconi's return—despite the fact that it was pressure from Europe's institutions that helped to force the Italian leader from office during the financial crisis of 2011. Even a former editor of The Economist, Bill Emmott, who once declared Berlusconi unfit for government, now speaks of the magnate as the nation's possible savior. Perhaps, after Britain's Brexit vote, other Europeans just want an Italy that will muddle through without rocking the boat.
That is something the country is used to, after all. In 1867, the patriot Ippolito Nievo observed: "This was what many centuries of political void had produced: people thought they had been put in this world as spectators, not as actors." In this regard, the EU, which has taken over many basic policy functions from national governments, confirms the perception of most Italians that it is hopeless for their country to seek to be a protagonist in a globalized world. Day by day, they listen to news bulletins announcing whether Brussels and, above all, Berlin have approved, or more likely not approved, their government's policies. It was the kind of thing that profoundly irritated many British people, but Italians accept it with apparent equanimity and no nostalgia for lost sovereignty. At the same time, Italy is one of the countries most frequently condemned by the European Court of Justice for breaking the Union's rules. Estimates of the size of Italy's informal economy vary between about a fifth and a quarter of the country's national income.
One disquieting word looms over the forthcoming election: inciucio. There is no easy English translation. Taken in the 1990s from the Neapolitan dialect word 'nciucio—meaning gossip or intrigue—it suggests an understanding reached behind closed doors between supposed enemies, and, by extension, a shady, confused, and generally inefficient political coalition. The Five Star Movement has regularly accused all recent governments of being sinister inciuci, but after years of isolation, Di Maio has spoken of the party's willingness to enter a coalition after the elections. Renzi claimed that his reforms were aimed at preventing future inciuci, yet he is now accused by his onetime allies of seeking such a compact with Berlusconi.
As for Berlusconi, he declared some time ago that he would retire from politics if the Italians were stupid enough not to give him a majority, but has now suggested that if there is no clear outcome, the present government should continue until new elections can be held. Since, however, parliamentarians enjoy quite extraordinary pension benefits if they hold their seats for the entire legislature, few believe that some kind of inciucio will not be served up. As Galli della Loggia also once observed, in Italy a broad coalition may perhaps "tirare a campare," live from hand to mouth, but it certainly won't achieve anything. "And always living from hand to mouth," he went on, "one can also end up dying."
More by Tim Parks
The Eternal Colony
In Sicily there has been a dysfunctional mismatch for centuries between the many different local communities and the ideas and plans of those governing the island from afar.
August 19, 2021 issue
The Visible Translator
Characters in Search of a Conflict
The life of the Sicilian writer Luigi Pirandello, like those of his characters, oscillated between pathos and beffa: ironic, unexpected, crushing reversal.
Tim Parks is the author of many novels, translations, and works of nonfiction, most recently The Hero's Way: Walking with Garibaldi from Rome to Ravenna.
(August 2021)
Berlusconi: Why He Can Still Cause Havoc
Alexander Stille
The Corrupt Reign of Emperor Silvio
April 8, 2010 issue
Christopher Carroll
Love, It's What Makes 'Suburra'
The surprising and ultimately tragic intimacy that develops between its principal characters stands out as one of Suburra's great pleasures, setting it apart from the plodding, grisly portentousness of contemporary prestige crime dramas such as Narcos.
Giovanni Agnelli Foundation
The Senator Giovanni Agnelli International Prize
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Scenes from Eastern Ukraine
In late August, Russian-backed rebel forces launched a devastating counter-offensive against Ukrainian troops.
Understanding the China Dream
In this video produced by VICE News, Orville Schell discusses the significance of former president Jimmy Carter's recent trip to Beijing, where he was treated offhandedly by China's leaders, and how the US might benefit from better understanding the "China Dream."
Christa Wolf, translated by Henning Gutmann
A Speech in East Berlin
From a New Year's Day Speech
February 15, 1990 issue


Located relatively close to Boise, Idaho, right along the stunning Snake River, this National Conservation Area is a great destination in itself, or a fun stop on an amazing vacation. This Conservation Area and the Snake River are prime examples of why Idaho is one of the northwest United States' great destinations, perhaps lesser known than Montana, but equally filled with destinations of interest. In a region full of vast natural beauty, this Conservation Area stands out.
The conservation area is part of the Bureau of Land Management's National Landscape Conservation System, so it is different than National Parks and Forests. The area was established relatively recently, in 1993, and, as its name suggests, was created in order to protect a unique concentration of birds of prey. Within the vast acreage of this Conservation Area there are both nesting and migrating birds of prey. The species prevalent here include eagles, falcons, hawks, and owls, with a grand total of 24 species of raptors in the area.
For visitors hoping to enjoy some bird-of-prey watching, spring is the best time to visit. If you do go to the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area with the intention of bird watching, you will have to be patient and get up early in the morning to catch a glimpse of these magnificent birds.
The area was created as a sanctuary and preservation area for the native birds of prey to live in their natural environment. They are not on display like they are in the zoo. Bird-watchers will find that camping is the best way to see the most birds possible.
Recreational opportunities abound in the area. Visitors can enjoy hiking, boating, fishing, and hunting. The Conservation Area has plenty of trails, a boat ramp, and even historical sites, exhibits, and displays for visitors. The rural nature of the area also allows for a much wider variety of wildlife viewing far beyond the bird watching.


One of our original recipes and still one of the best.
A great meal for transitioning your dog from a highly processed dry food diet to real food.
Grain free this meal consists of poached free range chicken breast & thigh meat with the right amount of oven baked chicken heart and/or liver served on a bed of our 6 veggie mix soaked in our house made chicken bone broth. Free range egg, chia seed, fresh fruit, fresh herbs, turmeric, ginger, ground seed mix, iodized salt & eggshell powder make this a Winner Winner, I'm no Sinner, Chicken Dinner.


"I went up because of a revelation and set before them…the gospel that I proclaim among the Gentiles, in order to make sure I was not running or had not run in vain" (v. 2).
In their attempt to undermine Paul's apostolic authority in Galatia, the Judaizers made much ado about the various trips Paul took to Jerusalem following his conversion. If these false teachers had not been referring again and again to the apostle's visits to the Holy City, there would be little reason for Paul to spend so much time telling his audience why he went there in Galatians 1:18–2:10. It makes sense that the Judaizers pointed to Paul's journeys to Jerusalem to make their case. What better way could there be to prove that the apostles, not Christ Himself, commissioned Paul than to highlight his visits with Peter, James, and John (1:18–19; 2:9)? Certainly, the emphasis on these meetings would help the false teachers convince the Galatian Christians that Paul received his gospel from the apostles and later perverted its message.
Paul's second visit to Jerusalem (2:1–10) would have provided them with the most ammunition for their attacks, since it was on this occasion that Peter, James, and John recognized Paul as a fellow apostle (vv. 6–10). Yet it is clear from today's passage that Paul was not seeking the pillars of the church to sanction his message when he went to Jerusalem again years after his first post-conversion visit. As Paul writes in Galatians 2:1–2, Jesus Himself initiated this trip, appearing to the apostle and telling him to go to the Jerusalem church. Barnabas, Paul's co-laborer during his early ministry (Acts 9:26–15:41), and Titus, a Gentile convert who was like a son to Paul (Titus 1:4) went along with the apostle on this second visit, which is recorded in Acts 11:27–30.
Paul's vigorous defense of his independent calling as an apostle precludes us from thinking that he sought the approval of the Jerusalem church on his ministry when he went to the city to make sure he was not evangelizing in vain (Gal. 2:2). Instead, he knew the Gentile Christians would get confused about salvation and that his ministry would be hindered if the Jewish church in Jerusalem misunderstood Paul's work outside of Judea. Therefore, at the behest of Jesus, Paul went to clarify his teaching so that no slander from his enemies could stand and make the other apostles question Paul's gospel.
Many of the problems we have in the church arise from the misunderstandings we have about other Christians and the work they are doing. Teachers, especially, can run into difficulties when their words and intentions are misrepresented. As Christians we should follow Paul's example and work to make sure that we clearly explain ourselves to others. We should also be willing to give others the benefit of the doubt lest we give ear to gossip and thereby sin against God.


Last seen 07-04-2018, 07:02 PM.
Local time is 04-20-2019 at 12:20 PM.
Concept: Darrel isn't from Sandbridge; he originally moved there from Medford to attend Willowhill University. He grew up in a fairly typical middle class home, went to a decent school, and had time left over for whatever sports he wanted to play. (Especially during summer.) He swam a bit for two years, but most of his attention went to running track, which he did all of his elementary and middle school years, and for his first two years in high school. He gave up sports entirely his junior year in high school, however. He'd found something he liked better. He found Photoshop. He found Macromedia Flash. He found computer-generated art in general, really, but those were the two programs he'd learned to use himself. He even took classes in photography in order to get raw material for shops. He'd wanted to try to make a living at it, but his parents persuaded him there was no money in it. So when he went off to college in Sandsbridge, he decided to major in Chemistry; everyone said STEM was where the money was. Why not?[br] [br] That's not to say that he stopped using Photoshop, of course. He met a gaming group while he was at Willowhill, and kept using his Photoshop and Flash skills to create art related to their games. Character portraits, maps, and such. But he didn't take any more classes in it, and academically he just focused on getting that chemistry degree.[br] [br] Now, two years later, he kinda regrets getting into chemistry. He hasn't found a job in it, and is still working at the Subway he worked at in college. It pays the bills, but not much else. He'd like a better paying job. One that uses his degree would be nice: it would get him a decent amount of money and job security, and more respect than a "sandwich artist" gets. (There [i]is[/i] an art to it, if done properly, but good luck explaining that to someone who hasn't worked preparing food.) And he's sure he has the skills for an entry-level job in that position, if someone's offering him one. But that's not what he WANTS to do.[br] [br] He still wants to do the same thing he wanted before college. He still wants to go into digital art. If he met someone who was willing to show him how to make money off of it he'd take them up on it, if he believed they could actually help him and didn't have to give up his job at Subway until he was already getting results.[br] [br] But in the meantime, he is a sandwich artist. He works down at the docks, and is seeing the opiate crisis everyone talks about on the news firsthand; fishermen are especially vulnerable to the temptation of heroin because their job tears their bodies apart and most common painkillers are based on the same active ingredient.[br] [br] And now something stranger is happening. People are coming in high off of something they call Shubnam. And somehow nobody can agree what that something is. He's heard junkies describe it as a drug, or a song, or sometimes refuse to try to explain it at all. He's scared of what's happening, he's wondering exactly what's going on and how dangerous it is, and he wonders if he can't figure out what Shubnam is himself if he gets his hands on some. He's got to get something out of his degree, right?


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