What weapon was used to bomb WW2 Dresden?
It appears we are being lied to again, and the proof of the lies is in the trees.
The bombing and the resulting firestorm destroyed over 1,600 acres of the city centre.
The bombing of Dresden was a British/American aerial bombing attack on the city of Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony, during World War II in the European Theatre. In four raids between 13 and 15 February 1945, 722 heavy bombers of the British Royal Air Force and 527 of the United States Army Air Forces dropped more than 3,900 tons of high-explosive bombs and incendiary devices on the city.
The bombing and the resulting firestorm destroyed over 1,600 acres of the city centre. An estimated 22,700 to 25,000 people were killed, although larger casualty figures have been claimed. Three more USAAF air raids followed, two occurring on 2 March aimed at the city's railway marshalling yard and one smaller raid on 17 April aimed at industrial areas.
The high explosives were intended to rupture water mains and blow off roofs, doors, and windows to create an air flow to feed the fires caused by the incendiaries that followed.
By now, the thousands of fires from the burning city could be seen more than 60 miles (97 km) away on the ground, and 500 miles (800 km) away in the air, with smoke rising to 15,000 feet (4,600 m).
...many were calling and looking for their children and families, and fire everywhere, everywhere fire, and all the time the hot wind of the firestorm threw people back into the burning houses they were trying to escape from.
...inner eastern suburbs had been engulfed in a single fire that had destroyed almost 12,000 dwellings.
Apparently, one of the common denominators connecting many weird urban/forest fires, and bombings with the main theme of this forum is the lack of sufficient temperature. Time and time again, fierce powerful firestorms destroying hole cities, fail to set as much as a tree on fire.
Apart from some crazy "green movement" type group, running around and planting those trees amidst the wreckage of the destroyed, war time city, I straggle for a reasonable explanation.
Interesting that similar issues exist in multiple "bombed" by high-explosive bombs and incendiary devices WW2 cities.
These appear to target living entities for the most part. Wonder if resonance weapons could isolate targets based on their natural frequency.
The frequency or frequencies at which an object tends to vibrate with when hit, struck, plucked, strummed or somehow disturbed is known as the natural frequency of the object. ... All objects have a natural frequency or set of frequencies at which they vibrate.
Did Martin Luther - German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation - piss somebody off? Why topple the statue after the bombing was over?
What didn't they like in Dresden?
KD: What fire of the described magnitude does nor destroy trees and does not char buildings? Four raids by 1249 airplanes (like 4,996 at once) with 3,900 tons of explosives dropped on Dresden.
Where is a single bomb crater? An interesting debate on the WW2 crater issue can be seen here.
An older article from German newspaper Spiegel (this magazine was allegedly founded with license from CIA after the WWII).
There is a description that there was a German Town build in Utah near (100km) Salt Lake City where they try to perfect the Firebombing to destroy German Towns.
Berlin's most remote, least-known suburb is orphaned in the scrubland of the state of Utah, about one hundred kilometers southwest of Salt Lake City. It bears the name "German Village" and is part of the army area "Dugway Proving Ground".
Dugway is about half the size of Saarland and more contaminated with toxins than the nuclear test site in Utah's western neighbor Nevada. Three generations of chemical and biological weapons of the American forces were tested here; The area was always subject to the highest secrecy and was surrounded by legends during the Cold War.
The "German village" is the remnant of a larger building complex: replicas of tenements in Berlin on which the cremation of German cities was practiced. The German-Jewish architect Erich Mendelsohn has created a huge one of modern architecture.
In 1943, the US chemical warfare corps secretly hired Mendelsohn and won him over to build a miniature Berlin working-class district in the Utah desert with engineers from Standard Oil in the Utah desert. A tenement barracks named "Building 8100" still stands today the building does not suggest that here was the same man at work, the Weimar period for such Berlin landmarks as the Mosse House, the Columbus House, the Sternefeld residential building in Charlottenburg or the Einsteinturm Observatory in Potsdam.
Absolute similarity in every respect, was the default. His clients were in a hurry. Despite successful air raids that turned German cities into flames, the Allies grew frustrated because they did not want to spark a firestorm in the capital.
Their scientific advisers therefore called for an immediate program, in which the fire properties of workers' residences should be tested on the basis of exact replicas. Planning and construction were coordinated with secret research into the flammability of Japanese homes, as the simulated destruction of Japanese targets was also on Dugway's agenda."
An older artcle from german newspaper Spiegel (this magzin was allegedly founded with license from CIA after the WWII).
There is a description that there was a german Town build in Utah near (100km) Salt Lake City where they try to perfect the Fireboming to destroy german Towns.
Thank you, I had no idea about this one. Though I'm not quite sure how this practicing could have saved those trees from being incinerated, or those thousands of bombs from leaving thousands of craters.
The Dresden event is reminiscent of this: 2017 Urban fires in California. Could DEW weapons be the true cause?
"I'm not interested in military Objects in the area of Dresden, I'm interested, how we can roast the refugees from Breslau in Dresden"
The Battlefield of all Wars befor was near the (one) City, with WWII ,first time in History, the Battlefields was in the City.
@HengistErbse, this is interesting but how does it explain the trees not affected by the overwhelming fires attributed to this particular bombing?
The cratering in that final picture show remarkable similarities to electric discharge cratering, as demonstrated by the Thunderbolts Project Youtube videos. There are several in which they go over cratering on planets in our solar system and various places on Earth, where the craters match things seen in plasma discharges in laboratory experiments.
I don't know, sounds like Japan was not nuked, and Drezden was not conventionally bombed. Something like that.
Well, take a look at those videos and the various craters and tell me what you think.
edit: Upon reading all of those comments and looking at the photographs, they look like bomb craters, except the '3 weeks after' for Hiroshima doesn't match Nagasaki's after effects at all.
Something isn't jiving... that's TOTALLY UNEXPECTED!
I don't know, sounds like Japan was not nuked, and Dresden was not conventionally bombed. Something like that.
For Dresden it is the first time i think about that it was not Firebombing. I can not say what happend.
About Dresden i found this "Seven Days and Seven Nights the City (dresden) was burning" . Sounds biblical ?
For Hiroshima and Nagasaki there are many information , that it was no Nukes, that Atomic Bombs does not exist.
Why there live people in the Citys, if the nuklear half-time is so long .
Inside a Reaktor the nuklear reaction can only run if you put graphite or so (moderator) inside. Because the Neutrons are to fast for a permanent reaktion, they must be slow down.
Video from Galen Winsor , who was an nuclear engineer. He says that he was swimming in the nuclear cooling pool, before regulation and nuclear fear.
A deeper Investiagtion about the Nuclear Hoax.
Tokio not A Bombed, (burning in Napalm) looks similar to Hiroshima ?
Look here for info on the extensive bombing of north korea during the korean war.
I'll have to try and find some pics or more information when I get the chance but I wonder if similar stuff happened there.
Korea is an interesting topic. There appears to be very few good quality images. Below are a couple with one from Pyongyang and one from Wonsan. The second image, from Wonsan, has craters similar to the ones observed in Hiroshima.
I think we can find a few interesting pre-war images of North Korean region. The architecture is something to pay attention to.
But nothing I see so far explains the survival of the trees in a fiery inferno.
LOL the architecture strikes yet again. Even the remnants in the post bombing photos make those areas of Korea seem much more advanced than what dogmatic education would have us believe.
Only semi-related but this makes me wonder about some asian history, if you look at, for example the history of early japanese emperors, they were basically mythical, said to be descendents of gods, living for times such as 140+ years. Modern history says something like most of the first 8 emperors probably didn't actually exist. I wonder if you could find some interesting links to the cover ups of the worlds history in some of the manufactured asian history. The japanese are otherwise considered to be some of the best at keeping history in much of the worlds history. Something to keep in mind maybe.
The native japanese are caucasian people called Ainu.
"The Ainu or the Aynu (Ainu アィヌ Aynu; Japanese: アイヌ Ainu; Russian: Айны Ajny), in the historical Japanese texts the Ezo (蝦夷), are an indigenous people of Japan (Hokkaido, and formerly northeastern Honshu) and Russia (Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and formerly the Kamchatka Peninsula).
The official number of the Ainu is 25,000, but unofficially is estimated at 200,000 due to many Ainu having been completely assimilated into Japanese society and, as a result, having no knowledge of their ancestry."
Old architcture same as everywhere.
The Japanese Ainu topic should probably be discussed in a different thread. The topic by itself is fascinating, and pretty sure will do great on its own.
As far as the technique to cause all the destruction goes, it sure does look very similar. With so many years in between, the isolation of targets is pretty much similar.
Unless they built models for different seasons as far as tree foliage goes, there would need to be a bit more proof. Will look into it, but not buying this so far.
Hi Dave, if you're going to advertise your channel, just admit to it. Using both avatars for different accounts is a dead giveaway.
For the record, you need big evidence to support your claims of WW2 being a hoax. Many of us still have or had relatives in that war. I suppose next up, the Korean and Vietnam war was a hoax? Lol.
A Dresden related video from JonLevi.
Nuclear Weapons: do they exist or not?


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L'impératrice Chen de Wu (), impératrice de la dynastie Han est la première épouse de l'empereur Han Wudi (Liu Che). Elle est également connue sous le nom de Chen Jiao ou par son nom chinois Chen A'Jiao (). Ses parents sont Chen Wu  et Liu Piao. Son prénom Jiao () signifie talentueuse et belle, et figure dans divers poèmes et expressions idiomatiques chinois.

La princesse Guantao Liu Piao tenant un jour son cousin Liu Che dans ses bras lui demande s'il veut épouser sa fille Chen Jiao. Le jeune prince se vantait du fait qu'il lui  s'ils étaient mariés. Un  mariage est arrangé entre Liu Che et Chen Jiao, et Chen Jiao devient la première impératrice de Chine pendant le règne de Liu Che. L'histoire de l'impératrice Chen a inspiré l'idiome chinois « Mettre Jiao dans une maison dorée » (), documenté dans Les Histoires d'Hanwu de Ban Gu ().

Le poète Sima Xiangru a écrit une chanson L'Ode de Long Gate (, Changmenfu) décrivant l'amour entre l'impératrice Chen Jiao et l'empereur Liu Che.

Biographie

Enfance et mariage
L'impératrice Chen est la fille de Chen Wu (), le marquis de Tangyi (堂邑侯), et Liu Piao (), la grande princesse Guantao (館陶長公主, la sœur aînée de l' empereur Jing de Han ). L'impératrice Chen a deux frères, Chen Xu (陳須) et Chen Jiao ( ; hanzi différents). Il n'y a pas de documents historiques authentiques attestant de son vrai nom, et le nom «A'Jiao» provient des histoires de Hanwu de Ban Gu également appelées histoires de Han Wudi ), que l'on pense avoir été écrites pendant la période Wei - Jin .

La princesse Guantao  propose à Liu Rong (劉榮), le fils aîné et prince héritier de l'empereur Jing à l'époque, ainsi  que le fils de sa concubine préférée, Lady Li (栗姬), d'épouser sa fille adolescente. Lady Li, la mère de Liu Rong rejette la proposition, contrariée par le fait que la princesse Guantao procurait souvent de nouvelles concubines à l'empereur Jing (gagnant ainsi sa faveur aux dépens de Lady Li). La princesse Guantao humiliée et frustrée approche alors Wang Zhi, une autre concubine de l'empereur Jing, et lui offre de faire marier sa fille avec le fils de 5 ans de la consort Wang Liu Che, ce fils étant le dixième (et sans doute le préféré) fils de l'empereur Jing, alors Prince de Jiaodong (膠東王). La consort Wang, qui avait observé tranquillement les péripéties en marge, voit l'opportunité offerte par ce mariage et accepte immédiatement la proposition. Ce mariage politique scelle une alliance entre les deux femmes. Elles agissent ensemble pour s'assurer que l'empereur Jing se détache de plus en plus de Lady Li. Avec la folie de Lady Li, cela aboutit à la déposition de Liu Rong, rétrogradé de prince héritier au statut de prince de Linjiang (臨江王) en  et exilé hors de la capitale Chang'an. Lady Li meurt peu de temps après, et Liu Rong est arrêté deux ans plus tard pour avoir illégalement saisi les terres du sanctuaire impérial et se suicide en détention. L'empereur Jing n'approuve toutefois pas l'union entre Liu Che et Chen Jiao en raison de leur différence d'âge (Chen a au moins 8 à 9 ans de plus que Liu Che).

Selon les histoires de Hanwu de l ère Wei-Jin (漢武故事 /), lors d'un rassemblement royal, la princesse Guantao  tient le jeune prince dans ses bras et lui  demande s'il veut épouser une fille. Après avoir rejeté le choix de dizaines de servantes du palais, la princesse Guantao montre finalement sa fille Chen Jiao à Liu Che, qui se vante qu'il «lui construirait une maison dorée» si elle l'épousait. Cet évènement inspire l'idiome chinois «Mettre Jiao dans une maison dorée» (ne ), enregistré pour la première fois dans Hanwu Stories de Ban Gu. La princesse Guantao utilise ensuite l'histoire comme preuve que le mariage était inscrit dans le destin des jeunes gens pour convaincre l'empereur Jing, qui finalement accepte le mariage arrangé.

Liu Che devient prince héritier à l'âge de 7 ans, et  épouse formellement Chen en tant qu'impératrice désignée quelques années plus tard. Lorsque l'empereur Jing meurt au début de 141 av.J.-C., l'héritier apparent Liu Che, âgé de 16 ans, monte sur le trône en tant qu'empereur Wu et officialise l'intronisation de la nouvelle impératrice peu de temps après.

 Impératrice
La dynastie Han était dirigée selon une idéologie taoïste wu wei (無為而治), défendant la liberté économique et la décentralisation du gouvernement . Du point de vue de la politique étrangère, le heqin périodique est utilisé pour maintenir une «paix» de jure avec la confédération nomade Xiongnu au nord. Ces politiques ont joué un rôle important dans la stimulation de la reprise économique après la guerre civile qui a suivi la dynastie Qin, mais non sans inconvénients. Les politiques non interventionnistes ont entraîné la perte de la régulation monétaire et du contrôle politique par le gouvernement central, permettant aux États vassaux féodaux de devenir dominants et indisciplinés, aboutissant à la rébellion des sept États sous le règne de l'empereur Jing. Le népotisme parmi les classes dirigeantes fait également stagner la mobilité sociale et encourage le mépris généralisé des lois par les nobles, ce qui conduit à la montée en puissance de despotes locaux qui intimident et oppriment d'autres civils. La politique heqin  échoue à protéger les frontières Han contre les raids Xiongnu, avec les cavaliers nomades envahissant aussi près que 300 li de la capitale pendant le règne de l'empereur Wen. Des politiciens éminents comme Jia Yi (賈誼) et  (晁錯) avaient tous deux déjà donné des conseils sur la nécessité de réformes politiques importantes, mais ni l'empereur Wen ni l'empereur Jing n'étaient disposés à mettre en œuvre de tels changements.

Contrairement aux empereurs avant lui, le jeune empereur Wu n'était pas disposé à entériner le statu quo. Moins d'un an après son ascension, sur la base des conseils d'érudits confucéens, l'empereur Wu lance une réforme ambitieuse, connue dans l'histoire sous le nom de réformes Jianyuan (建元新政). Cependant, ses réformes menacent les intérêts des classes nobles existantes et furent rapidement éliminées par sa grand-mère, la grande impératrice douairière Dou (Wen), qui détenait un véritable pouvoir politique à la cour des Han. Ses deux nobles partisans, Dou Ying (竇嬰) et Tian Fen (田蚡), ont tous deux vu leurs positions supprimées; et ses deux mentors, Wang Zang (王臧) et Zhao Wan (趙綰), ont été destitués, arrêtés et forcés de se suicider en prison. L'empereur Wu, qui est désormais privlé de tout allié, est soumis à des complots pour le faire retirer du trône.

À ce stade, l'impératrice Chen avait déjà épousé l'empereur Wu depuis des années, mais n'avait pas conçu d'enfants. Dans une tentative de rester au centre de son attention, elle lui interdit également d'avoir d'autres concubines. Le fait que le jeune et énergique empereur Wu soit toujours sans enfant est utilisé par ses ennemis politiques comme excuse pour envisager de le déposer (l'incapacité de propager la lignée royale était une affaire sérieuse) et de le remplacer par son lointain oncle Liu An (劉安), le roi de Huainan (淮南王), qui est une figure renommée de l'idéologie taoïste. La survie politique de l'empereur Wu dépendait désormais fortement du lobbying de sa tante / belle-mère, la princesse Guantao, qui sert de médiatrice pour la réconciliation de l'empereur avec sa mère, la grande impératrice douairière Dou. La princesse Guantao utilise toute occasion d'exploiter cet effet de levier et fait constamment des demandes excessives à son gendre. L'empereur Wu, déjà mécontent de l'infertilité et du comportement de l'impératrice Chen, est rendu encore plus irascible par l'avidité de sa mère mais doit tolérer de tels abus sous les conseils de sa mère l'impératrice douairière Wang Zhi pour rester sur place. Il passe les années suivantes à faire semblant d'être docile, hédoniste et d'avoir renoncé à toutes ambitions politiques, mais en réalité recrute secrètement des partisans.

Alors qu'il assiste à un rituel de cérémonie printanier annuel à Bashang (灞上) en , au cours de la deuxième année de son règne, l'empereur Wu décide de rendre une visite occasionnelle à la maison de sa sœur aînée sur le chemin du retour. Sa sœur, la princesse Zhao de Pingyang (平陽公主), qui avait depuis longtemps l'intention d'imiter sa tante la princesse Guantao et d'établir une influence politique, prépare une collection de jeunes femmes à offrir pour le concubinage de son frère. Cependant, son plan ne fonctionne pas, car aucun de ses candidates ne réussi à impressionner l'empereur Wu. Réalisant que son frère était déçu et ennuyé, elle appelle des danseurs internes pour se divertir. Cette fois, l'empereur Wu pose les yeux sur une belle jeune chanteuse appelée Wei Zifu (衛子夫) et tombe amoureux d'elle. À la suite de cette rencontre amoureuse avec Wei Zifu, l'empereur Wu transfère mille pièces d'or à sa sœur en guise de récompense, qui à son tour lui offre la jeune femme en cadeau. Cependant, après son retour à Chang'an, l'empereur Wu est contraint d'abandonner Wei Zifu en tant que femme de chambre insignifiante du palais et la néglige pendant plus d'un an sous la pression de l'impératrice Chen. Ils ne se revoient pas jusqu'à ce que Wei Zifu tente de quitter le palais en se faufilant dans une file de servantes qui devait être expulséee. À la suite du renouvellement de leur liaison, Wei Zifu tombe rapidement enceinte, débarrassant efficacement l'empereur Wu de toute spéculation sur son infertilité. Cela lui permet de devenir la concubine préférée de l'empereur.

L'arrivée soudaine d'une rivale amoureuse met l'impératrice Chen en colère, mais elle ne peut pas faire grand-chose car Wei Zifu était maintenant sous la protection directe de l'empereur Wu. La princesse Guantao tente de venger de sa fille, et après avoir découvert que Wei Zifu avait un demi-frère nommé Wei Qing (衛青) servant comme cavalier dans le camp de Jianzhang (建章營, les gardes royaux de l'empereur Wu), elle envoie des hommes, pour kidnapper et assassiner Wei Qing. Cependant, Wei Qing est sauvé par ses amis, un groupe de gardes du palais dirigé par Gongsun Ao (公孫敖), qui a également rapporté tout l'incident à l'empereur Wu. En signe de mécontentement envers l'impératrice Chen et sa mère, l'empereur Wu fait publiquement de Wei Zifu sa consorte (夫人, une concubine inférieure seulement à l'impératrice), nomme Wei Qing au chef du camp de Jianzhang (建章監), chef d'état-major (侍中) et conseiller en chef (太中大夫), promeut plusieurs autres membres de la famille Wei et récompense tous ceux qui ont contribué au sauvetage de Wei Qing. La consorte Wei Zifu monopolise ensuite l'amour de l'empereur Wu pendant plus d'une décennie et lui  donne trois filles.

L'impératrice Chen, qui s'est maintenant ouvertement brouillée avec l'empereur Wu, est largement négligée. Frustrée et jalouse, elle tente en vain de regagner l'attention de son mari en menaçant de se suicider à plusieurs reprises, ce qui ne fait que rendre l'empereur Wu plus en colère contre elle. Impuissante et désespérée, elle se tourne de nouveau vers sa mère pour évacuer sa colère. Sa mère confronte et accuse la princesse Pingyang d'avoir saboté le mariage de sa fille, mais ses plaintes sont écartées avec la déclaration selon laquelle l'impératrice Chen avait perdu la faveur de l'Empereur  à cause de son infertilité. Déconcertée par l'argument, l'impératrice Chen  dépense plus de 90 millions de pièces pour se faire soigner, en vain. Cependant, comme l'empereur Wu ne lui rend plus visite depuis l'incident de Wei Qing, il lui est  impossible d'obtenir une grossesse.

 Sorcellerie
Ayant maintenant complètement perdu l'amour de son mari, l'impératrice Chen éprouve une grande jalousie et haine envers la consorte Wei. Elle a  recourt à des pratiques occultes en une dernière tentative pour sauver la situation et est approchée par une sorcière nommée  (楚服), qui  affirme qu'elle a des ressources magiques, ainsi qu'un sort pouvant affecter toutes les concubines n'agréant pas à l'Impératrice, qui pourraient aider à restaurer l'amour de l'empereur. Convaincue, l'Impératrice se livre à des rituels avec Chu Fu jour et nuit, boit des potions, crée des poupées vaudou clouées de la consorte Wei, et couche «comme mari et femme» avec Chu Fu habillée en habit d'homme.

La sorcellerie était une infraction capitale selon les lois Han, surtout si elle impliquait des familles nobles. L'association de l'impératrice Chen avec Chu Fu est rapidement découverte, et l'empereur Wu charge le redouté procureur  (張湯) d'enquêter. Chu Fu est arrêtée et exécutée par décapitation, avec plus de 300 autres accusés. L'empereur Wu publie alors un édit déposant officiellement l'impératrice Chen de son poste d'impératrice en , l'exile hors de la capitale Chang'an et la placée en résidence surveillée au Long Gate Palace (長門宮), une maison de banlieue que la princesse Guantao a  offert à l'empereur Wu comme cadeau pour avoir toléré ses scandales privés, l'empereur Wu  promettant à sa tante que l'ex-impératrice serait  pourvue de toutes les ressources  nécessaires à  sa vie quotidienne.

Deux ans plus tard, en , la consorte Wei donne naissance au premier fils de l'empereur Wu, , et est intronisée impératrice pour sa contribution à la lignée royale. Son frère Wei Qing ou peut-être que c'était son neveu Huo Qubing qui devint le général militaire le plus estimé de l'histoire des Han, consolidait ainsi sa position. En , Liu Ju fut également nommé prince héritier . Avec la mise en place de l'impératrice Wei, toute chance de réintégration de l'impératrice Chen disparaît.

En conséquence, elle porte parfois le surnom d' Impératrice Chen Feihou''' (陳廢后) ce qui veut dire  «Fei» déposée.

 Fin de vie
L'impératrice Chen passe le reste de sa vie à Long Gate Palace. Refusant toujours d'abandonner, elle engage le célèbre poète Sima Xiangru pour composer une chanson, plus tard connue sous le nom de L'Ode of Long Gate (長門賦), espérant que cela attirerait la sympathie de l'empereur Wu. L'empereur Wu est tellement touché par la chanson qu'il lui rend visite et l'aime à nouveau. Les archives historiques indiquent que l'empereur Wu a récompensé Sima Xiangru pour son travail.

Un an après la déposition de l'impératrice Chen, son père Chen Wu décède. La princesse veuve Guantao, qui avait déjà une relation adultère avec son filleul de 18 ans Dong Yan (董偃), se concentre sur son jeune amant. Lorsque l'empereur Wu apprend cela, il laisse fuiter le scandale comme un levier en échange du comportement désormais soumis de la princesse Guantao. Après la mort de Dong à l'âge de 30 ans, la princesse Guantao meurt en , indiquant la volonté d'être enterrée avec Dong au lieu de son défunt mari. Pendant la période de deuil, ses deux fils (les frères de l'impératrice Chen) Chen Xu et Chen Yu (陈蟜) se disputent pour l'héritage, chacun commettant adultère et inceste. Ils se suicident tous les deux la même année.

Quelques années plus tard, l'ex-impératrice Chen meurt, environ 20 ans après sa déposition, et est enterrée à l'est du pavillon Langguan (郎官亭) dans le comté de Baling (霸陵縣), à environ 30 li au nord-est de Chang'an, en dehors du  cimetière de ses ancêtres.

 Ascendance royale

 Romance avec l'empereur Wu

 Jiao dans la maison dorée
Liu Che était tellement amoureux de Chen Jiao qu'il a dit qu'il construirait une maison dorée, ce qui conduirait à la création de l'idiome chinois : mettre Jiao dans une maison dorée (金屋藏娇). Comme Chen Jiao est aussi la cousine de Liu Che et la fille de Chen Wu et de Liu Piao, la relation entre les deux familles était étroite et le resterait pendant les siècles suivants.

L'impératrice Chen est la première épouse de Liu Che, et Liu Che est souvent considéré comme l'un des plus grands empereurs de la dynastie Han et de l'histoire chinoise en général. Pendant le règne de Liu Che et Chen Jiao, la dynastie Han de Chine commencerait à s'étendre considérablement en territoire dans toutes les directions et à soumettre les nomades Xiongnu du nord, inaugurant ainsi un âge d'or pour la Chine.

Pour son rôle de première impératrice pendant cet âge d'or, l'impératrice Chen devient le sujet de beaucoup d'écriture, de poésie, d'odes et d'idiomes dans des textes historiques écrits sur la dynastie Han, y compris l'Ode of Long Gate, Hanwu Stories, etc.

 Différence d'âge
Comme il n'y a pas de documents historiques fiables sur l'année de naissance de l'impératrice Chen, il est presque impossible de calculer avec précision sa différence d'âge avec l'empereur Wu. Cependant, Chen Jiao est à l'origine destinée à épouser Liu Rong, le frère aîné de l'empereur Wu. Bien que l'année de naissance de Liu Rong ait également été omise dans les documents historiques, il est possible d'estimer son âge en consultant les documents historiques.

Un des frères aînés de l'empereur Wu, Liu Fei (劉非, cinquième fils de l'empereur Jing), est enregistré comme étant de 12 ans plus âgé que l'empereur Wu; il avait environ 15 ans pendant la rébellion des sept États tandis que le jeune Liu Che n'avait que 3 ans. Entre Liu Rong et Liu Fei, il y avait deux frères nés de Lady Li (la mère de Liu Rong) et un frère né de la mère de Liu Fei, ce qui signifie que Liu Rong avait au moins 2 ans de plus que Liu Fei et donc au moins 14 ans de plus que l'empereur. Wu. Au moment de la proposition de la princesse Guantao, Liu Rong avait environ 20 ans, ce qui signifie que Chen Jiao devrait être au moins au milieu de l'adolescence (sinon elle aurait été trop jeune pour le mariage). Considérant que Liu Che n'avait que 5 ans au moment du mariage arrangé, la différence d'âge entre lui et sa cousine fiancée serait d'au moins 8 à 9 ans.

 Poésie L'Ode de Long Gate (長門賦Changmenfu ) fait partie du genre Fu (poésie) et a été écrite par Sima Xiangru sur l'amour entre l'impératrice Chen et l'empereur Liu.

Le texte original est:夫何一佳人兮,步逍遥以自虞.魂逾佚而不反兮,形枯槁而独居.言我朝往而暮来兮,饮食乐而忘人.心慊移而不省故兮,交得意而相亲.伊予志之慢愚兮,怀真悫之欢心.愿赐问而自进兮,得尚君之玉音.奉虚言而望诚兮,期城南之离宫.修薄具而自设兮, 君 曾 不肯 乎 幸 临。Une traduction française approximative est:Quelle belle femme, libre, sans entrave et pleine de joie. L'âme se perd sans se retourner, elle est flétrie et vit seule. Je suis heureuse de manger et d'oublier les gens. Toucher votre cœur sans perdre la tête, offrez une date fière et aveugle. Son objectif peut prendre du temps et être insensé, mais elle est pleine de bonne volonté et de bonheur. Prêt à poser des questions et à entrer, vous entendrez la belle voix de la  monarque. Si l'on regarde en vain l'honnêteté et la sincérité, on s'attend à ce qu'elle quitte le palais au sud de la ville. Guérir le corps maigre et se construire soi-même, pour la monarque, ce n'est pas seulement l'étiquette.Notes: 兮 xi est une ancienne particule d'exclamation similaire à 啊 a ou 呀 ya.

 Culture populaire

 1990 : série télévisée Han Wudi, interprétée par .
 2000 : Série télévisée BMN , interprétée par He Jiayi.
 2005 : Série télévisée CCTV , représentée par Xu Hongna.
 2014 :
 Zhejiang Huace Film et , séries The Virtuous Queen of Han, interprétées par Zheng Yuanyuan (郑媛元).
 Série télévisée HT .

 Voir aussi
 Articles connexes
 Empereur Wu de Han
 Sima Xiangru, a écrit une chanson d'amour sur Chen Jiao et Liu Che.
 Shiji, Sima Qian
 Livre de Han, Ban Gu
 Chen Jiao, de la dynastie Han, politicien.

 Références

 Liens externes
 Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 BCE - 618 CE'', p. 114-

Date de naissance non renseignée (IIe siècle av. J.-C.)
Impératrice du IIe siècle av. J.-C.
Décès en 110 av. J.-C.
Impératrice de Chine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Occurs in grassland and forest habitats from the Mt Lofty Ranges in South Australia (where it is rare), throughout Victoria and Tasmania, and north to the Blue Mountains of New South Wales. It is a strongly suckering plant which in cold, dry conditions may become dormant, but when growing vigorously forms a dense ground cover 10-15 cm high.
In cultivation, M. diemenica grows well in a slightly damp site in either reasonably heavy shade or full sun. In good conditions in a rockery it may become invasive and thus should be contained in a rock pocket or regularly controlled by removing suckers. It is a desirable plant between drive strips or near stepping stones where its fragrant aroma is noticed when it is trodden on.
Propagation is easy from cuttings taken at any time when the plant is growing vigorously, or by division when rooted pieces may be removed and re-established in a new situation. These new plants must be kept moist after transplanting.


text:
Economic Globalization Timeline
By Eseohe
Politics, secret alliances, imperialism, and nationalistic pride were among the true causes of World War I.The war proved the income tax's enormous revenue-generating power. Rates were raised to previously unthinkable levels prior to the conflict. It caused enormous losses because conflicting countries allocated all of their money to the war. Hunger, the destruction of physical and nonphysical means and a lack of labor supply as a result of many men going to the battlefield.
the rise of communism
It refers to an economic & political theory that advocated the abolition of private property and the common sharing of resources among a group of people.Communism harmed the economy because people were unwilling to work hard because they were paid the same. They would make poor quality products while still being paid, and as a result, no one would buy your products. The country will not profit from the sale of the products. You would be unable to do things for your country if you had less money.
The Treaty of Versailles is a law that blamed Germany for starting the war and imposed harsh punishments on the Germans, including territorial loss, massive reparations payments, and demilitarization. It affected the econonmy in these ways: Germany had to pay to repair the damages the war caused.Vital industrial territory because of the treaty, making any attempt at recovery nearly impossible. Trade was severely limited because Germany could not import or export industrial or military good.
After the war, he set a reign of terror,including purges,executions,exiles to labour camps and persecution,subduing all friction.Stalin affected the economy by taking those who objected to labor camps. People were pushed off the land. Starvation claimed the lives of 10 million people. Production fell, and famine struck. People were killed in Kazakhstan and Ukraine. He led the Soviet Union into the nuclear age. Collectivization had an impact on the economy.
It began after the October 1929 stock market crash, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped-out millions of investors. Consumer spending and investment fell over the next several years, resulting in sharp drops in industrial output and employment because companies laid off workers. It impacted the economy because it caused an economic recession, which led to a loss of confidence in the public. This was a difficult time for everyone, and in these times, you can only push your luck so far.
Adolf Hitler, the leader of Germany's Nazi Party used economic woes, popular discontent and political infighting to seize power in Germany. He also attempted to exterminate all Jews by removing them from society and incarcerating them in concentration camps.
Germany, Italy, and Japan were defeated in the war between them and the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union, the United States, China, and other allies. Because of labor shortages, many of those employed were children. Due to World War II, the federal income tax was made to help pay for war debt.There was an agricultural overflow at the time, and small farms struggled to keep up with larger farms. As the manufacturing industry expanded, the economy shifted from agriculture to manufacturing.
an international banking organization formed to control the distribution of economic aid among member countries and to make loans to them during financial crises. The World Bank Group assists countries in improving their access to global markets and participation in the global trading system. Trade is a growth engine that creates better jobs, reduces poverty, and expands economic opportunity.
Bretton Woods conference
They met in1944, with representatives from 44 countries. Delegate was attempting to determine how they could avoid the economic turmoil that could lead to another world war. The agreement has been criticized for being too rigid, not having enough power to control inflation, favoring developed countries over developing countries. Economists have argued that the agreement led to the eventual collapse of the Bretton Woods system.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a global organization that promotes global economic growth and financial stability, as well as international trade and poverty reduction. The IMF helps member countries facing an economic crisis by offering loans, technical assistance, and surveillance of economic policies. Money to fund the IMF's activities comes from member countries that pay a quota based on the size of each country's economy and its importance in world trade and finance.
Gatt
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), signed in 1947 by 23 countries, is a treaty that eliminates or reduces trade barriers such as quotas, tariffs, and subsidies. It was designed to help the economy recover after World War II.
Eastern African Timeline
Timeline with Attitude
Lower Africa Timeline
holocoust
Linea del tiempo de los filósofos presocráticos
el antes y el ahora la evolución de los juegos tradicionales a videos juegos computarizados
The life of John Steinbeck
Línea de tiempo historia de la toxicología
Important events in Modern history
Acontecimientos Relevantes de los años 1900 a 1950 en Europa
Discovery Of The Atom
PRINCIPALES APORTACIONES AL PENSAMIENTO ECONÓMICO
Santiago's Journey in "The Alchemist"
Intervenciones Extranjeras en México 1821 -- 1867
Linea de tiempo Azteca
Cristiano Ronaldo Major Events
Presidentes de México en el siglo XX y XXI
Evolución del menú
THE SCIENTISTS WHO DISCOVERED ATOMS
LINEA DEL TIEMPO DE INVESTIGACION DE MERCADOS
Linea del tiempo: Evolución del Derecho Laboral.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Colors For French Country Decorating8 min read
When it comes to French country decorating, the use of color is key. In order to create an authentically French look in your home, it's important to use shades that are inspired by the countryside. While there is no one "right" way to approach color in a French country style room, there are a few basic principles to keep in mind.
When it comes to choosing colors for a French country room, earth tones are always a good option. Think shades of beige, brown, green, and blue. These colors are all inspired by the natural landscape, and they help to create a warm and inviting atmosphere.
Another important thing to keep in mind when choosing colors for a French country room is that it's important to use light and bright shades. This is in contrast to the traditional French black and white look, which is often quite dark and formal. By using light colors, you'll create a more relaxed and inviting atmosphere in your home.
If you're looking for some specific color ideas to help you get started with your French country decorating, here are a few suggestions:
For the walls, try a light beige or tan color.
For the furniture, try a light brown or green color.
For the accessories, try a light blue or pink color.
By following these simple color guidelines, you can create a beautifully French country inspired room in your home.
1 What colors are used in French country decor?
2 How can I decorate like a French country?
3 What are French farmhouse colors?
4 What makes a room French country?
5 What are French country colours?
6 What color is French country?
7 What are French provincial colors?
What colors are used in French country decor?
The colors used in French country decor are typically soft and muted, with an earthy, romantic feel. Reds, greens, and blues are all commonly used, as are shades of brown, yellow, and orange.
One of the most popular color combinations in French country decor is red and pale green. This color scheme is often used in combination with other natural elements, such as wood and stone, to create a warm and rustic atmosphere.
Other popular colors used in French country decor include mustard yellow, light pink, and olive green. These colors are often used to create a cozy and inviting feel in a room.
If you want to create a French country-inspired decor scheme in your home, consider using soft, muted colors to achieve a romantic vibe. Reds, greens, and blues are all great options, as are shades of brown, yellow, and orange. Be sure to use natural elements, such as wood and stone, to complete the look.
IT IS INTERESTING: French Country Decorating Accessories
How can I decorate like a French country?
If you're looking to add a touch of French country style to your home, there are a few things you can do. Here are a few tips:
1. Use lots of natural materials. Wood, stone, and clay are all popular in French country style. Try using wooden beams on the ceiling, a natural stone fireplace, or clay pots for plants.
2. Use muted colors. French country style is all about creating a warm and cozy atmosphere. To achieve this, use soft colors like beige, cream, and pale green.
3. Use lots of plants. French country style is all about natural beauty, so use lots of plants indoors and outdoors. Hang pots of herbs near the kitchen windows, put a few plants on the mantel, or grow a small garden in your backyard.
4. Use vintage furniture. French country style is all about antique furniture and rustic accents. Look for furniture with distressed finishes and elegant details like carvings and curves.
5. Use lots of textiles. French country style is all about layers, so use lots of textiles like curtains, rugs, and blankets. Try using different materials like cotton, wool, and linen to create a varied and interesting look.
6. Add some decorative touches. French country style is all about making your home feel like a cozy home. Add some decorative touches like metal pitchers, ceramic animals, or woven baskets.
What are French farmhouse colors?
If you're looking to add a touch of rustic charm to your home, consider using French farmhouse colors. These colors evoke feelings of the countryside, and can be used to create a warm and inviting atmosphere.
Some of the most popular French farmhouse colors include:
– Blue: This color is often associated with the sky and the ocean, and can be used to create a sense of calm and relaxation.
– Green: Green is the color of nature, and can be used to create a fresh and earthy aesthetic.
– Yellow: Yellow is the color of sunshine, and can be used to inject a touch of brightness into any space.
– Brown: Brown is a warm and natural color, and can be used to create a cozy and homey atmosphere.
These are just a few of the many colors that can be used to create a French farmhouse aesthetic. Experiment with different shades and combinations to find the perfect palette for your home.
IT IS INTERESTING: Decorating Wall Mirrors
What makes a room French country?
There is no one definitive answer to this question, as the decor style known as French country can be interpreted in many ways. However, there are some general features that are often associated with French country decor.
One of the most defining characteristics of French country decor is its natural, rustic feel. This can be achieved by using materials like wood, stone, and wrought iron, as well as by incorporating elements like exposed beams and wrought-iron light fixtures. You can also add textural interest with fabrics like linen and cotton, as well as with braided rugs and Pottery Barn's French Country Collection.
Another key element of French country decor is its focus on comfort and livability. This means using furniture and decor that are both stylish and functional, such as sofas with loose cushions and chairs with upholstered seats. Additionally, French country rooms often have a cozy feel, thanks to features like fireplaces and built-in bookcases.
Finally, one of the most characteristic features of French country decor is its use of color. French country rooms often feature muted shades of yellow, green, and blue, as well as classic French patterns like toile and Provençal designs.
What are French country colours?
The colours of French country style are inspired by the natural landscape and include muted shades of green, blue, and yellow. These colours are often used in combination with white to create a light, airy feel in the home.
Green is the predominant colour in French country style, as it is often found in nature. It can be used as a main colour or as an accent, and is often paired with neutrals like white, beige, and brown.
Blue is another popular colour in French country style, as it can be used to create a calm and serene atmosphere. It is often used in combination with other colours, like green and yellow, to create a vibrant and cheerful look.
Yellow is a happy and uplifting colour that is perfect for use in a French country home. It can be used as a main colour or as an accent, and is often paired with blue and green.
White is a versatile colour that can be used in any room in a French country home. It creates a light and airy feel and helps to brighten up the space.
IT IS INTERESTING: French Country Decorating Ideas On A Budget
If you're looking to create a French country style in your home, then consider using these colours to achieve the desired effect.
What color is French country?
There is no definitive answer to this question as the tone and feel of French country style can vary greatly depending on the individual's personal preferences and the specific region of France that they are referencing. However, in general, French country style can be described as a mix of rustic and elegant elements, with a focus on natural materials and muted colors.
Some of the most popular colors associated with French country style include shades of taupe, beige, ivory, green, and blue. These colors are often used to create a soothing and relaxing atmosphere, and are often combined with natural materials such as wood, stone, and metal to create a warm and inviting space.
If you're looking to create a French country inspired space of your own, start by using neutral colors to create a foundation, and then add in pops of color with accessories and accents. You can also add texture to your space with materials like wood, stone, and metal, and be sure to incorporate natural elements like plants and flowers wherever possible.
What are French provincial colors?
There are a few different schools of thought on French provincial colors. Some say that any muted color can be used in a French provincial-style room, while others say that there are specific colors that are most often used in these rooms.
Mauve, pale green, and other soft pastels are often used in French provincial rooms. These colors are thought to create a calming and relaxing atmosphere in the room. Additionally, these colors can help to make a small room feel larger and more open.
If you want to use brighter colors in your French provincial room, it is best to stick to shades that are similar to the soft pastels listed above. Brighter colors can be used to add a touch of personality to the room, but it is important to use them in moderation so that the room does not feel too busy or cluttered.
Ultimately, the best way to determine the right colors for your French provincial room is to experiment until you find a scheme that you like. There is no one right way to do things, so feel free to mix and match different colors until you find a look that you love.
color French countrycolors used Frenchcolors used French countryFrench country decorFrench country style
Who Design Website
Fake Pearls For Decorating


text:
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COLORADO SILVER RAILROAD PASSES
RIO GRANDE SOUTHERN & SILVERTON RAILROADS silver filigree pass #365, issued 1892
RIO GRANDE SOUTHERN RAILROAD
ORIGINAL OTTO MEARS issued annual silver railroad pass
ISSUED 1892
Issued to G. J. MORRISON
One and a half inches in height by two and three-quarter inches in width.
Solid silver border.
Braided silver wires.
Solid silver central plate.
Solid silver letters atop filigree.
On back of pass: "S. Spitz, Santa Fe," jeweler's mark.
Not listed in William Strong's excellent publication:
The Remarkable Railroad Passes of Otto Mears
G. J. Morrison was purported to have been an investor with David H. Moffat
(still researching Mr. Morrison).
This pass does not include the leather pouch and printed card with which
it was originally issued.
This specific pass was recently discovered and purchased in England.
Issued to: Austin MacFarland,
of The Denver & Rio Grande Railroad
Otto Mears facsimile signature
on pass
The above-exhibited Otto Mears silver pass (#390) is a bit tarnished, yet still in wondrous condition. As you can see below, we have experienced a remarkable track record in selling Otto Mears silver passes; so if you would like to purchase Rio Grande Southern & Silverton Railroad silver pass #390, issued in 1892, to Austin MacFarland, please contact us at your earliest convenience.
AUSTIN MacFARLAND:
CITY TICKET AGENT,
Denver & Rio Grande Railroad,
Albany Hotel Building,
17th & Stout streets,
If you have one of these passes, or the Silverton Railroad 1889 silver pass, don't hesitate to contact us. We'll even consider the Rainbow Route pass, or any other collection of early Colorado railroad passes.
RAINBOW ROUTE, SILVERTON RAILROAD, 1890, Otto Mears FOB Pass
Pass #116, issued to Amos Steck, a Denver, Colorado mayor and gold region pioneer
Interested or have an original example for sale:
OTTO MEARS SILVERTON RAILROAD silver pass, issued 1889
Pass No. 376, issued to Fritz Thies, an influential Denver saloon owner. Thies was in the wholesale liquor business with Sam Rose. Thies was also an investor in various Colorado enterprises. He lived at 2524 Champa Street in Denver, Colorado until his death in 1921. Original silver pass invented by the creative business entrepreneur, Otto Mears.
RIO GRANDE SOUTHERN RAILROAD - SILVERTON RAILROAD Otto Mears silver filigree pass, issued 1892
Pass No. 85, issued to George Ross-Lewin, Vice-President of The First National Bank of Denver, as well as Vice-President of The Bi-Metallic Bank of Cripple Creek, Colorado.
If you have an Otto Mears silver pass -- or, even a paper pass -- please Contact Us!
Near fine condition. "S. Spitz, Santa Fe" maker's mark on back of pass.
Dimensions: 1.5 inches in height by 2.75 inches in length. Finely braided silver attached to silver frame and centerpiece. Hand-made letters applied to silver filigree. Approximately one ounce of silver.
Pass No. 419, issued to James J. Ford, Western Freight Agent, 1903; Commercial Agent, 1908, 1017 Seventeenth Street, Denver, Colorado, New York Central Lines, Michigan Central Railroad.
Pass is in near fine condition with some tarnish. Made by S. Spitz, Santa Fe. Dimensions: 1.5 inches in height by 2.75 inches in length. Finely braided silver attached to silver frame and centerpiece. Hand-made letters applied to silver filigree. Approximately one ounce of silver.
TRAVELERS PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION Railroad Convention Pass, 1890
Silver pass for the following railways:
Denver & Rio Grande Railroad
Colorado Midland Railroad
Condition: very good plus to near fine
RIO GRANDE SOUTHERN RAILROAD / SILVERTON RAILROAD SILVER FILIGREE RAILROAD PASS, 1892
Issued to Joseph C. Helm
Pass No. 289, issued to Joseph C. Helm. Embossed, "Otto Mears, Pres't."
Joseph C. Helm was born in Chicago in 1848 and enjoyed relatives of Revolutionary War fame (Woodhal Helm, Thomas Helm and Edward Ruggles). Orphaned at an early age, Helm was raised by relatives in Iowa. At age 13, John Helm enlisted in Company B, First Battalion, Thirteenth Regiment of the regular United States Infantry to fight in the Civil War. He was a drummer boy for the first two years of his military life in the Army of the Mississippi, fighting near Vicksburg. In October 1863, Helm was taken prisoner with a rifle in hand. He was held in Mobile, Alabama until a prisoner exchange took place. Directly after, Helm re-enlisted in Company D, 6th Regiment, United States Veteran Volunteer Infantry. Helm was honorably discharged in April 1866.
Joseph Helm attended State University of Iowa and graduated in 1870. After teaching for 3 years, he went back to school. In 1874, Helm received an LL.B. degree, and in 1891, he was honored with an LL.D. degree. After graduation in 1874, Helm moved to Colorado Springs. In 1875, Helm was elected Colorado Springs City Attorney. His next political step was to become a member of the lower house of the first general assembly of the State of Colorado. In 1880, Helm became a judge of the district court of the 4th Judicial District. Two years later, Helm was elected to the Colorado Supreme Court. One later, Helm was nominated to run for governor of Colorado. He lost the election, and then moved to Denver to take up private practice. Helm represented the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, the estate of David H. Moffat, and the Denver, Northwestern & Pacific Railway, especially in connection with the Moffat Tunnel Project.
Joseph Church Helm died May 13, 1915.
Price for this original Rio Grande Southern RR - Silverton RR pass (missing original card and leather case)
SILVERTON RAILROAD COMPANY, 1889
Railroad pass No. 216, issued to H. Prince
SILVERTON RAILROAD Silver Pass No. 216, issued 1889, to H. Prince.
Dimensions: approximately 2.125 inches by 3.5 inches; weight: 1 ounce.
H. Paul, engraver. Facsimile of Otto Mears signature.
Type A pass with "Otto Mears" signature engraved into surface of pass.
Condition: very good plus to near fine.
Hiram Prince was born in Mobile, Alabama on May 6, 1824. He arrived in Colorado in 1864, becoming a blacksmith in Denver. Prince was the builder of the first omnibus operated in Denver. He continued at this trade until 1879 when he decided to take up farming in Boulder County, Colorado. He became the president of the South Boulder Canyon Ditch Company. He was later appointed by Governor Pitkin as the first water commissioner. Prince served twice in the state legislature. He also served on the Boulder County school board. Prince made his fortune in farming and real estate.
Pass No. 553 issued to Chauncey M. Nichols
SILVERTON RAILROAD Silver Pass No. 553, issued 1889, to Chauncey M. Nichols.
Type B pass with "Otto Mears" signature raised from surface of pass. Type B.
Chauncey M. Nichols may have been one of the original Lawrence Party that ventured into the Kansas Territory in 1858, responding to gold discoveries in the Cherry Creek area. He would have also been one of the original founders of the St. Charles Town Association.
Price for this silver railroad pass:
National Currency 10 Dollar Bill, National Bank of Denver, William McKinley, #7048
Colorado Railroad Passes Page 1
Colorado Railroad Passes Page 10
Colorado Historical Tourist Attraction Passes
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"... But never again as during that all too short period when he and I were one person, when the fulfilled future and the wistful past were mingled in a single gorgeous moment -- when life was literally a dream...." F. Scott Fitzgerald, from 'Early Success,' The Crack Up, October 1937
Boltzmann equation
Dirac equation


text:
§ 1 Validity of the Conditions
The Seller's deliveries, services and tenders shall be based exclusively on these Terms and Conditions. Therefore these shall also apply to all future business relations, even if not expressly agreed upon again. These Conditions shall be deemed accepted no later than upon acceptance of the goods or service. Any counter-confirmation by the Buyer referring to its conditions of business and purchase is hereby objected to.
Deviations from these Terms and Conditions shall only be valid, if the Seller has acknowledged the deviations in writing.
All acts in law must be in writing. The simple electronic form (Section 127 III BGB [German Civil Code]) shall not replace the written form. The qualified electronic form (Section 126 a BGB [German Civil Code]) shall be necessary in this respect.
§ 2 Tender and Conclusion of a Contract
The Seller's tenders shall be subject to change without notice and not be binding. To be valid, declarations of acceptance and all orders shall be subject to the Seller's acknowledgement in writing or by telefax. The same applies to supplements, amendments or collateral agreements.
Drawings, illustrations, dimensions, weights or other performance data shall only be binding, if this has been expressly agreed upon in writing.
§ 3 Prices
Die Preise der Angebote und Preislisten des Verkäufers verstehen sich unverpackt in EURO ohne Mehrwertsteuer und ohne Fracht ab Werk Tuttlingen. Es werden die am Tag der Lieferung gültigen Prices quoted in tenders and price lists of the Seller shall be understood to be unpackaged in euros excluding value-added tax and freight charges ex Tuttlingen works. The prices valid on the day of delivery shall be charged.
§ 4 Delivery and Performance Period
The deadlines and periods quoted by the Seller shall not be binding, unless otherwise expressly agreed in writing.
Even in the case of bindingly agreed periods and deadlines the Seller shall not be responsible for delays in delivery and performance due to force majeure and events that make it significantly more difficult or impossible for the Seller to deliver, including subsequent difficulties in procuring materials, business interruptions, strike, lockout, a shortage of personnel, a lack of means of transportation, official orders etc., even if they occur at the Seller's suppliers or their subcontractors. They shall entitle the Seller to defer the delivery or performance by the duration of the hindrance plus an appropriate start-up period or to wholly or partly cancel the contract on account of the part not yet fulfilled.
If the hindrance lasts longer than three months, the Buyer shall be entitled after having appropriately extended the original period to cancel the contract in respect of the part not yet fulfilled.
In so far as the Seller is responsible for a failure to meet bindingly agreed periods and deadlines or is in default, the Buyer shall be entitled to compensation for damage resulting from default at the rate of 1 % for every full or partial week of default, but in total up to no more than 10 % of the deliveries and services affected by default. Claims over and above this are excluded, unless default is due to at least gross negligence on the part of the Seller.
§ 5 Special Makes
Special makes shall be charged commensurate with the cost price. Specially made articles cannot be taken back. Orders for special makes may be cancelled only with the Seller's express written consent.
The Seller shall not be obliged to check industrial property rights existing in samples, drawings or other documents handed over for a special make. The Buyer shall be solely responsible for this.
If the Seller incurs disadvantages as a result of infringing third-party industrial property rights in connection with special makes ordered by the Buyer, the Seller may demand from the Buyer compensation for the damage incurred by it.
§ 6 Shipment / Passage of Risk
The risk shall pass to the Buyer once the consignment has been handed over to the person carrying out the transportation or has left the Seller's warehouse for the purpose of shipment.
If the shipment becomes impossible through no fault of the Seller, the risk shall pass to the Buyer upon notification of readiness for shipment.
The Seller shall be entitled to insure the consignment against breakage, transport damage and fire damage at the Buyer's expense, unless the Buyer expressly refuses to accept this insurance.
§ 7 Warranty
The Seller warrants that the products shall be free from manufacturing defects and defects in materials. The warranty period is 24 months.
The warranty period shall commence upon the passage of risk.
The Buyer shall be obliged to inspect the goods received and report any defects to the Seller forthwith within 10 days.
In the event that the Buyer gives notification that the products are inconsistent with the warranty, the Seller may at its option demand that
a) the damaged part be sent for repair and subsequently returned to the Buyer;
b) the Buyer keeps the damaged part and a customer service technician of the Seller shall be sent to the Buyer, to carry out repair work.
If the Seller fails to remedy defects within an appropriate period, the Buyer may at its option demand that the fee be reduced or the contract be cancelled.
Liability for normal wear and tear is excluded.
Only the direct Buyer shall be entitled to warranty claims against the Seller. These claims may not be assigned.
Warranty claims for used goods are excluded.
§ 8 Reservation of Ownership
The Seller shall reserve ownership rights in the items delivered up until the purchase price has been fully paid and further claims arising from the existing business relationship with the Buyer have been satisfied.
The item under reservation of ownership may not be pledged as collateral security, ownership of the item may not be transferred by way of security and the item may not be burdened elsewhere with third-party rights. The Buyer shall be entitled to resell and combine with other movable items only in the normal course of its business. The Buyer shall ensure that the Seller's reservation of ownership continues to apply where possible and already now fully assigns to the Seller the purchase money claim in respect of the (where applicable processed) item in relation to the Buyer's customers. The Seller hereby accepts the assignment. The Buyer shall name the customers on request.
At the Buyer's request the Seller shall release security rights, in so far as the value of security exceeds the claims to be secured by more than 10 % and the security right can be divided.
Unless otherwise agreed, the Seller's invoices shall be payable without any deduction within in advance.
Despite instructions by the Buyer to the contrary, the Seller shall be entitled to first of all credit payments against the Buyer's older debts. If expenses and interest have already been incurred, the Seller shall be entitled to first of all credit the payment against expenses, then against interest and finally against the principal claim.
A payment shall first be deemed to have been made once the Seller has the amount at its disposal. In the case of cheques the payment shall first be deemed to have been made once the cheque has been cashed.
If the Buyer defaults, the Seller shall be entitled to charge as from the date concerned interest at a rate equivalent to the rate of interest charged by commercial banks for outstanding overdrafts plus statutory value-added tax, in all events however at the rate of 8 % above the respective base interest rate, pursuant to Section 288 II BGB [German Civil Code].
§ 10 Advance Payment and Lodging of Security
If after the conclusion of the contract the Buyer's financial circumstances significantly deteriorate or justified doubts about the Buyer's willingness to pay emerge, the Seller shall be entitled to demand at its option that its deliveries be paid in advance or by way of security.
§ 11 Limitation of Liability
In so far as these go beyond condition 4 section 4 of these Terms and Conditions, damage claims against the Seller as well as against its vicarious agents and persons employed by it to perform an obligation are excluded, except in cases of intentional misconduct or gross negligence.
§ 12 Default in Acceptance
In the event of default in acceptance by more than one month after notification of readiness for shipment the Seller may demand storage charges at the rate of 1 % of the invoiced amount for every full or partial month of default.
§ 13 Returning Goods
Every return of goods shall be subject to the Seller's prior written approval. The equivalent sum charged less processing expenses at the rate of at least 20 % (min. 150,- EUR) and reworking expenses incurred shall be credited. The return shipment shall be free of charge for the Seller. Special makes, remodelled items, discontinued models and articles not listed in the Seller's sales documents are in principle excluded from returning.
§ 14 Data Storage
The Buyer agrees that its data relevant to the performance of the contract may be stored at the Seller.
§ 15 Applicable Law, Place of Jurisdiction, Partial Invalidity
The law of the Federal Republic of Germany is applicable to these Terms and Conditions and the entire legal relations between the Seller and the Buyer.
In so far as legally permissible, Tuttlingen shall be the exclusive place of jurisdiction for all disputes arising directly or indirectly from the contractual relationship.
If a provision in these Terms and Conditions or a provision under other agreements is or becomes invalid, this shall not affect the validity of any other provisions or agreements.


As we progress towards greener, smarter cities of the future, there is an increasing need for public transport systems to become more efficient. Not only to alleviate the traffic conditions and the number of cars on the road, but also to provide a comfortable experience to the road. To do so, both the central and local government are working together to find solutions to enable commuters to allow the travelling from anywhere in the city on public transport in just 45 minutes.
One key initiative is the development of the City Rail Link. Featuring twin tunnels up to 33 metres under the city, Auckland Transport's 2.5 billion dollar city rail link will help keep up with the demands of the additional 700,000 passengers in the next 30 years.
Sharing about this upcoming project at the 18th Annual Asia Pacific Rail is none other than Auckland Transport's number one man, Dr David Warburton.
Having started his professional career as an Associate Professor at the University of Illinois and Senior Lecturer at Massey University, David took on a number of roles as Chief Executive / Director in a range of businesses including the energy, packaging, processing and farming sectors. He was also Chief Executive of professional services business CPG, a subsidiary of Downer EDI before leading the establishment of Auckland Transport as its Chief Executive in 2010. With his academic, commericial and local government experience, David is a key leader who is shaping the rail landscape in the region.
So don't miss out on this great opportunity to hear first-hand from Auckland Transport's key leader on its upcoming plans and learn from his insights on rail financing and industry game changers.
David will be speaking at Asia Pacific Rail 2016 on the topic of "Rail as the backbone of an integrated transportation ecosystem in Auckland". He will also be joining other rail leaders to discuss the future of rail as well as the challenges faced in the funding and investment of rail projects.


The country's leading conveyancing search aggregator, ETSOS, has announced that it has been awarded the Legal Eye Quality Standard.
With its fundamental commitment to helping law firms tackle their compliance challenge, ETSOS believes that it should be able to evidence its own robust processes, systems, partnerships and staff training.
"I applaud any legal information provider who practices what they preach. If you are going out there with the published aim of helping law firms and conveyancers alleviate their compliance burden, then you surely have to have your own house in order and be able to prove that you are a well-run, properly regulated business with effective risk management at its core.
Jaunita Gobby realised that there was a need for a recognised quality standard for firms within the legal services market other than solicitors, and set about working on the Legal Eye Quality Standard, which was launched at the back end of 2012.


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Opinion: Nasty brawl between Mississippi State-Tulsa shows need for no-tolerance rule in college football
We won't find much consensus on the best moment of the college football bowl season.
The Liberty-Coastal Carolina, Cincinnati-Georgia and West Virginia-Army thrillers. Your favorites are determined regionally. Within a state. Within a conference.
But from coast to shining sea, we all agree on the worst moment of the bowls. The Tulsa-Mississippi State brawl after — yes, after — the Armed Forces Bowl in Fort Worth on New Year's Eve. One of the ugliest scenes in college athletics in years. A melee. Slugging. Kicking. Helmets ripped off heads.
The worst part? The celebration of the brawl. Mississippi State's Malik Heath took to Instagram to brag about the video that shows him kicking a fallen Tulsa player in the head. "Watch how I slam his ass," Heath narrates.
I don't know who started what, and I don't know who deserves the lion's share of the blame. I don't know what Tulsa and the American Conference will do. I don't know what Mississippi State and the Southeastern Conference will do. Best guess, probably not enough.
Mississippi State and Tulsa players brawled after Thursday's Armed Forces Bowl. (Photo: Jerome Miron, USA TODAY Sports)
But I know that everyone involved in the NCAA must bind together and say stop. This isn't happening again.
"I think it's gotta come from the rules," Oklahoma coach Lincoln Riley said. "No coach ever wants to see that happen, no administrator. And no player does either. You get into the emotions and the fire of these games, they get so heated at times.
"Things can get to a tipping point, and I think we've got to have very, very strong, strong rules to make sure that people are heavily discouraged from doing that."
I agree, and it comes from game administration. Trash talking? Celebrations in the face of opponents? Zero-tolerance policy.
We need more Mike Defees. The now-retired Big 12 referee famously penalized every Sooner and every Longhorn before their 2019 game in Dallas. The teams had shown signs of a rumble, and Defee took a fire hose to such attitudes.
Everyone in uniform received an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty; any subsequent unsportsmanlike foul would mean automatic ejection, and at the coin toss, Defee told the captains, "We're going to play this game with sportsmanship. Are we clear?"
There's not enough clear in college football. Even Riley earlier this season defended OU safety Brendan Radley-Hiles, who has made a habit of drawing unsportsmanlike penalties with his talking and finger-pointing. Riley said there's a fine line between aggression and over-aggression. Riley is right. But that's what sports are all about. Staying on the proper side of that fine line.
Truth is, we've let far too much slip. A season ago, we had an awful fight in the Nevada-Las Vegas/Nevada football game. Then a detestable brawl last winter in the Kansas State-Kansas basketball game. Now this.
The Fear of God needs to return to the landscape.
Tulsa coach Philip Montgomery didn't look great when after the game he talked about how the Golden Hurricane would look out for each other.
"The one thing I'll say is our program, our guys, we're a team that's going to stand up for each and we're going to battle," Montgomery said. "We talk about faith, family, football. Family's going to take care of family."
But Montgomery looked downright humanitarian compared to Mississippi State coach Mike Leach.
"This is a football game, so we're not going to be tearing cloth over this deal," Leach said on the ESPN broadcast after the game. "Somebody went to a football game and somebody got hit. There's a point where I'm not going to lose my mind over it."
Maybe it's time coaches lost their jobs over it.
The game was boiling from the start. Tulsa had an unsportsmanlike penalty early, then two more later. Mississippi State followed with two unsportsmanlikes of its own, with a personal foul penalty in between. The officiating crew clearly lost control of this game, and other officiating crews noticed.
In bowl games Friday and Saturday, flags flew much quicker for trash-talking or demonstrations meant to intimidate or inflame the opponent. Too late to help the Armed Forces Bowl, but maybe that's the kind of rules to which Riley was referring. No tolerance.
"I look at it like targeting," Riley said. "For a long time, you could argue that rule was over the top. But the one thing right now is you don't see many targeting penalties anymore. You don't see dudes getting hit in the head egregiously. They don't happen very often … You don't see many egregious ones anymore because the penalty is so, so severe. It has sent a message.
"I think we could have a pretty severe penalty. You've seen other leagues, I can think of the NBA specifically, really come down very, very hard on players who have left the bench. Some of the altercations that happened 10 or 15 years ago, you just don't see much of that anymore. I think you've got to make the penalty severe enough that it's a hot topic and it's something that even in the most heated moment, it's in the back of that player's mind."
Bingo. Make it the Defee Rule. Start every game with every player just one unsportsmanlike conduct penalty from ejection. You want to chirp at an opponent, you want to stand over a fallen foe instead of helping him up, you want to point fingers? Fine. There are street corners and parking lots where you can do it all day. Knock yourself out.
But it's not going to happen on a college football field.
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I remember reading this when I received a copy of a mental health intake exam I took and it haunted me. As if the fact that I could get dressed that morning mitigated the fact that I spend nearly 18 hours a day worrying about things. As if appearance on the outside could possibly show what was going on inside my head. It's not the doctor's fault, she is only a student and only learning. In fact, we are all learning a lot about mental illness together as begin to start talking about these things. But what bothered me is it perpetuates this stigma that mental illness can be seen with the naked eye. Admittedly, in many cases when the days are bad, it's hard to get ready and for some people that is a cornerstone of their illness. But for others, myself including, through the naked eye you would never tell what's happening underneath.
You see, I struggle with a generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) that comes and goes as it pleases throughout all hours of the day and night — sometimes it stays for weeks. Over the past few years, what I have learned is good habits are my best friend in terms of trying to cope with my thoughts. Thus, each night I go through the same routine to try and remind my body that soon, it will be time to sleep. That routine is a cup of tea, a good skin care regime, a face mask (sometimes two if I'm feeling a little wound up). If I don't force myself through that entire night-time process, what I find is that my mind and body forget to shut off. It's as if they don't realize that it's nearly 2:23am and I must be awake at 6:30am.
If I fall asleep right this minute, I will get 2 hours and 46 minutes of sleep.
Did I offend him when I said that I didn't want to go to that show?
Shoot, I'm going to be so tired tomorrow.
These are all the thoughts I have thought time and time again, games I play as I try and fall asleep. See, when you say, "You look great this morning." I get a sense of guilt because I am not great, in fact, I spent about an hour making sure my skin looked rested and my eyes weren't puffy. This is what anxiety looks like. It's not necessarily always me on the bathroom floor, trying to catch my breath – though sometimes it looks like that too. Sometimes anxiety looks like a girl with good clothes and her hair done. So when you immediately assume that mental illness is synonymous with poor hygiene or a certain "look," remember each night I put a face mask on and still keep myself up at night.