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Plant Methods
Rapid diagnosis of nitrogen status in rice based on Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS)
Ke Wu1,2,
Changwen Du ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9064-35811,2,
Fei Ma1,
Yazhen Shen1,
Dong Liang1,2 &
Jianmin Zhou1
Plant Methods volume 15, Article number: 94 (2019) Cite this article
An effective and expeditious approach to assess plant nitrogen status is urgently needed in rice production and management as the conventional chemical methods are laborious and time-consuming.
Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) was used to record the spectra of rice leaves for the effective diagnosis of nitrogen nutrition status. The band in the wavenumber range of 1680 to 1630 cm−1 was associated with amide I and that from 1570 to 1510 cm−1 with amide II. We attempted to use this information to characterize the nitrogen status in rice plants at different growth stages. The ratio of photoacoustic intensity of amide II to amide I was measured and applied as nitrogen status index, and considering the yields, the ratio showed a positive linear correlation (R2 = 0.9) with the total nitrogen of rice leaves. The ratio at the tillering and full panicle stages were more suitable for diagnosis, a ratio of 0.4–0.55 indicated an adequate nitrogen status, ratios lower than 0.4 indicated a poor nitrogen status; whereas ratios greater than 0.55 indicated excessive nitrogen supply.
Our study provides an effective and rapid strategy for nitrogen-supply assessment in rice based on FTIR-PAS, which can guide rational fertilization in rice production.
Rice is one of the most common staple food crops in eastern Asia and feeds more than 65% of the population in China [1]. Nitrogen plays an important role in crop production and has been a critical factor in rice yields and agricultural environments [2, 3]. However, excessive usage of nitrogen fertilizer in rice cultivation is relatively common, which not only increases the production cost but also pollutes the environment [4, 5]. Therefore, timely and effective measurement of crop nitrogen status is critical for increasing nitrogen use efficiency and reducing environmental degradation [6, 7].
Conventional diagnosis methods currently used for measuring nitrogen status in crops are chemical in nature, which are laborious and time-consuming [8, 9]; thus, chemical analysis is not an effective method for efficient crop fertilization management, especially in precision agricultural management. Therefore, an effective and rapid approach to diagnose plant nitrogen status is urgently needed in rice production and fertilization management.
Modern remote sensing technology has been widely used in the estimation of crop biochemical components, including nitrogen [10, 11]. Most of the remote sensing techniques depend on near-infrared wavelengths. Nowadays, as a promising alternative, Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) has been effectively applied in many fields, such as analyzing soil physical and chemical properties [12, 13], identification of plant diseases [14], gas monitoring [15], and food safety [16, 17]. Compared to the near-infrared spectrum, the mid-infrared spectrum provides more information about the measured targets [18,19,20]. From the scattering of plant tissue [21], photoacoustic spectroscopy can capture more information from leaves due to the depth-profiling abilities, and then assess the nutritional status of plants tissue [18]. However, the scope of infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy to assess nitrogen nutrition levels in rice production remains unexplored.
In rice, the accumulation and distribution of nitrogen in vegetative organs and reproductive organs is an important factor in determining yield. The key period for rice to absorb nitrogen is from tillering to flowering stage, and the absorbed nitrogen is mainly stored in the leaves [22]. At the filling stage, the grain requires a large amount of nitrogen. The amount of nitrogen absorbed by the plant is much smaller than the amount of nitrogen accumulated in the mature grain, and most of the grain nitrogen is transferred from the vegetative organs, especially the leaves [23]. It was reported that a major proportion of nitrogen was redistributed from vegetative organs to panicles at grain filling stage, of which 64% was from leaf blades, 16% from leaf sheaths and 20% from stems [24]. Norman reported that at least 40 kg of N per hectare of soil was absorbed between flowering and maturity. The nitrogen content of vegetative parts decreased significantly during flowering and maturity, suggesting that the active nitrogen had been transported to the grains [25]. Considering that the leaf was the main storage organ for nitrogen, and about 65% of the above-ground nitrogen was located in the green leaf blades [26], thus, the nitrogen content of the leaves can be used to assess the nitrogen nutrition status in rice.
Amides are major chemical structures for nitrogen storage in plants [27, 28], and are classified as either amide I or amide II. The amide I band occurred in the range of 1680 to 1630 cm−1 mainly because of the C=O vibrational stretching [29], while the amide II band lies within the range of 1570 to 1510 cm−1 mainly corresponded to the C–N stretching vibrations and N–H deformation vibrations. In plants, normal nitrogen metabolism initially involves conversion of absorbed nitrates into ammonium ions (NH4+), which are then used to synthesize amino acids and other macromolecules. Nevertheless, even low concentrations of NH4+ in plants can be very harmful. Hence, plant tissues synthesize glutamine to utilize any NH4+ present, thereby, preventing ammonium ion toxicity through glutamate synthase activity. Related research shows that the primary and secondary amides are the dominant forms of nitrogen in plants [27]. Further, an equilibrium between amide II and amide I is reached at a specific nitrogen status. This equilibrium might be altered through transformation between amide I and amide II when the nitrogen supply status changes, thus providing a potential tool for the diagnosis of plant nitrogen status. In this study, we conducted a 4-year field experiment to establish a method involving amide I and amide II of rice leaves based on FTIR-PAS, which can be used for rapid monitoring of the nitrogen status in rice plants.
Experimental locations
Two field experiments were conducted from 2015 to 2018 at the Tangquan (field experiment 1) and Jiangning (field experiment 2) experimental stations of the Nanjing Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu province, China (N 32°04′15″, E 118°28′21″ and N 31°48′23.62″, E 118°55′54.69″, respectively). The soil types in the two study areas were paddy soil and river silt soil, and the basic soil properties are as following. The soil in experiment 1 (Tangquan): pH 6.0, soil organic matter 22.26 g kg−1, total N 1.31 g kg−1, Olsen-P 15.41 mg kg−1, NH4OAc-K 146.4 mg kg−1; the soil in experiment 2 (Jiangning): pH 6.8, soil organic matter 24.65 g kg−1, total N 1.72 g kg−1, Olsen-P 19.50 mg kg−1, NH4OAc-K 128.5 mg kg−1. Fertilizers used for these two experiments were as follows: compound fertilizer (N–P2O5–K2O:16–8–18), coated urea (N–42%, ISSAS, China), and urea (N–46%) controlled release fertilizer (N–P2O5–K2O, 30–10–12, ISSAS, China), and urea (N–46%).
Elemental design
Three fertilizer treatments were applied at the Tangquan experimental station from 2015 to 2018 (Table 1). (1) CO: control with no fertilizer application; (2) CF (Conventional Fertilization): conventional nitrogen fertilization, N (240 kg ha−1), P2O5 (60 kg ha−1), and K2O (120 kg ha−1) (phosphate and potash fertilizers were used as the basal fertilizers; Nitrogen fertilizer was applied as basal fertilizer, tillering fertilizer and panicle fertilizer with the ratio of 5:2:3); and (3) OF (Optimized Fertilization): mixed application of compound fertilizer; urea and coated urea (slow-release nitrogen accounted for 30% of total nitrogen applied), and the application rates were set for N, P2O5, and K2O as that of CF. All fertilizers were applied in artificial broadcasting. Every treatment was designed with four replicates. Each replicate area was 40 m2 (4 m × 10 m).
Table 1 Cultivars, treatments and fertilizer rate at each station in the experimental years
In 2015, 2016, and 2017, we used the rice cultivar Nanjing 46, a translucent endosperm japonica rice variety with good taste, high production and resistance to rice stripe disease, and in 2018, the cultivar was Wuyunjing 23, a lodging resistant japonica rice cultivar [30, 31]. The 35-day-old rice seedlings were transplanted artificially on June 17, 2015; June 25, 2016; June 8, 2017 and June 12, 2018 at a row spacing of 25 cm and plant spacing of 20 cm. They were harvested on November 24, 2015; November 24, 2016; November 7, 2017 and October 22, 2018, respectively, before measuring the yields.
Three fertilizer treatments were conducted at the Jiangning experimental station in 2018 (Table 1). (1) CO: control with no fertilization application; (2) CF (Conventional Fertilization): the nutrient application rates were N (255 kg ha−1), P2O5 (64 kg ha−1), and K2O (76.5 kg ha−1). Controlled release fertilizer was used as the basal fertilizer with a top dressing of urea. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied as basal fertilizer, tillering fertilizer and panicle fertilizer with the ratio of 7.5: 1.5: 1; and (3) OF (Optimized Fertilization): the nutrient application rates were N (192 kg ha−1), P2O5 (64 kg ha−1), and K2O (76.5 kg ha−1). Controlled release fertilizer was used as the basal fertilizer. Every treatment was designed with four replicates. Each plot area was 800 m2 (8 m × 100 m).
We used the japonica rice cultivar Nanjing 5055 with strong resistance to diseases such as stripe disease, rice smut and sheath blight. The 20-day-old rice seedlings were transplanted by machine on June 16, 2018 at a row spacing of 18 cm and plant spacing of 10 cm. They were harvested on November 9, 2018, and the yield was measured.
Sampling and laboratory procedures for all experiments
In experiment 1, the leaf samples were collected at tillering, jointing, full panicle and mature growth stages from each experimental plot in the 2015 rice season. In 2016, 2017, and 2018, leaf samples were collected at mature growth stages only. In experiment 2, the leaf samples were collected only at mature growth stage. All plant samples were oven-dried at 105 °C for 30 min and then at 60 °C for 2 days. They were then ground for photoacoustic spectral recording and total N determination. The total nitrogen concentration of leaf samples was determined using a SmartChem 200 discrete auto analyzer (AMS Alliance, Frepillon, France).
Photoacoustic spectra recording
A FTIR Nicolet 6700 spectrometer (Thermo Electron Scientific Instruments Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) with a model 300 photoacoustic cell (MTEC Photoacoustics, Inc., Oakland, California, USA) was used to record FTIR spectrum of leaf samples. An appropriate amount of ground samples was placed in the photoacoustic cup for direct determination in the infrared photoacoustic spectrum. Before the determination was made, helium was purged for 20 s to reduce the infrared absorption interference from carbon dioxide and water in the air [18]. Scans were conducted in the wavenumber range of 4000 to 500 cm−1, the mirror speed was set to 0.32 cm s−1, and the resolution was 4 cm−1. Each sample was scanned 32 times in succession.
The FTIR-PAS rice spectra were smoothed to reduce noise using the Savitzky–Golay filter [12, 32]. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a multivariate statistical analysis method in which multiple variables are linearly transformed to select fewer important variables [33]. Deconvolution was used to separate the comprehensive information among the spectrum [34, 35]. The objective of deconvolution curve fitting was to separate each peak, which may contain many independent peaks.
The principle are as follows:
$$Y\left( x \right) = \varSigma Fi\left( x \right)$$
where Y, x, and i (1, 2, 3,…n) represent the spectrum, wavenumber and number of isolated peak, respectively, the F is the expansion function or the kernel function of deconvolution. The Gauss function used was:
$$y = \frac{{a_{0} }}{{\pi \sqrt {\pi a_{2} } }}exp\left[ { - \frac{1}{2}\left( {\frac{{x - a_{1} }}{{a_{2} }}} \right)^{2} } \right]$$
where a0, a1, and a2 represent the peak amplitude, position, and width, respectively, while x and y are the wavenumber and photoacoustic intensity respectively.
Preprocessing of photoacoustic spectra and PCA were performed in Matlab R2016a (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). Curvefitting was conducted using Peakfit 4.12. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SPSS 19.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Mid-infrared photoacoustic spectra of leaves
The photoacoustic spectra of rice leaves from tillering, jointing, full panicle and mature stages with different treatments in 2015 are shown in Fig. 1, and the photoacoustic spectra of rice leaves in 2016, 2017 and 2018 can be obtained from additional file (Additional file 1: Figure S1).
FTIR-PAS of leaves from different Rice stages with different treatments in 2015 growth season. a Tillering stage, b jointing stage, c full panicle stage, d mature stage
The total spectral shapes and typical bands for all the treatments were similar among the different growth stages. The peak seen at approximately 3365 cm−1 was associated with N–H stretching vibration; the peak at 2925 cm−1 was associated with C–H stretching vibration [36]; the peak in the range of 1680 to 1630 cm−1 was associated with stretching vibration of C=O from amide I, and a small shoulder peak in the range of 1570 to 1510 cm−1 was associated with amide II. Spectral intensities of these two bands varied but the band position unchanged. Besides, the fingerprint around 1060 cm−1 was caused by C–O stretching vibration. Despite the spectral intensity changes in the wavenumber range of 1570–1510 cm−1 and 1680–1630 cm−1, the change laws among the different stages and treatments were not found. Further, the principal component analysis (PCA) based on photoacoustic spectra of Rice leaves at the growth stages with different treatments was conducted. However, at each growth stage, the score plot exhibited an irregular pattern among the different treatments (Additional file 1: Figure S2). According to some studies, the full spectrum might contain a lot of disturbed information interferences, which could reduce prediction capacity, robustness, and accuracy [37,38,39]. Hence, PCA distribution with full spectral range is not appropriate for the assessment of nitrogen status of rice. Therefore, specific wavelength range and other algorithms were considered for achieving the target diagnosis.
Curve-fitting through deconvolution
Two peaks indicative of amide among the four growth stages with different treatments in 2015 are shown in Fig. 2. The correlation coefficients (R2) between original and fitted spectra were above 0.8 and standard deviations were less than 1. Two peaks appear almost in the same spectral band of different treatments. The first peak related to amide I was at 1680–1630 cm−1 and the second peak was nearly at 1570–1510 cm−1. Thus, two independent peaks were formed, the former by the stretching vibration of the C=O from amide I and the lateral by the stretching vibration of C–N and the deformation vibration of N–H from amide II [29, 40].
Deconvolution Curve-fitting with different treatments at four stages in 2015 growth season. a Tillering stage, b jointing stage, c full panicle stage, d mature stage; CO control with no fertilization application, CF conventional fertilization, OF optimized fertilization
The bands representing amide I and amide II, despite showing approximately similar positions among the different growth stages and treatments, differed in absorption intensity. Amide has been proved to be the main chemical form for Nitrogen storage in plants. Therefore, it was presumed that these two absorption bands could be assessed for nitrogen status in rice. These two peaks were subjected to peak-fitting to find out possible relevance among the growth stages and different treatments. The effect of peak-fitting was determined by the correlation coefficient between fitted and original spectra, and the standard deviation. The higher correlation coefficient (R2) resulted in smaller standard deviation as well as better effect of peak-fitting. The deconvolution curve-fitting in 2016, 2017, and 2018 appeared in Additional file 1: Figure S3.
Diagnosis of nitrogen status in rice
As shown in Table 2, the yield of CO treatment was significantly lower than the other two treatments indicating that no nitrogen supply caused a low yield. In comparison with CF treatment, OF treatment showed a higher yield with an increment of 4.0%–7.8%. There were significant differences between CO and the other two treatments on total nitrogen concentration in rice leaves at the four growth stages in 2015 growth season, whereas no difference was found between CF and OF treatments (Table 3). However, the total nitrogen at mature stage was far less than the other three growth stages, implying that the nitrogen transportation occurred in the growth stages. Besides, for the mature stage from 2016, 2017 and 2018 growth seasons, the differences between CO and the other two treatments on total nitrogen concentration in rice leaves were also significant, whereas there were no significant differences between CF and OF treatments, implying that fertilization can significantly increase the rice leaves nitrogen concentration.
Table 2 Effect of N application on rice yield with different treatments in different growth seasons
Table 3 Effect of N application on total N concentration of rice leaves with different treatments in different growth seasons
In the spectrum, the intensity of spectral absorption was usually interfered by the instrument and external environment [18]. Therefore, the ratio of photoacoustic intensity of amide II to amide I in rice leaves was recorded to avoid this interference (Fig. 3). In 2015 growth season, the ratios of photoacoustic intensity of amide II to amide I in rice leaves sampled in CF and OF treatments were significantly higher than the ratio of CO treatment (Fig. 3a). At tillering stage, the ratioof CO treatment showed a minimal value of 0.21, however, the same ratio reached 0.43 and 0.48 when CF and OF treatments were used, respectively. Subsequently, at the Jointing stage, the ratio reached 0.49, which was higher than that of CO and CF treatments. At full panicle stage, the ratio of OF treatment was still at a high level (0.48) due to the continuously release nitrogen nutrition from coated urea, whereas the ratio reached 0.55 when CF treatment was used, because of the top dressing fertilization with urea, thus providing sufficient nitrogen nutrition for rice, resulting in a higher content of nitrogen in the sampled leaves. The ratio decreased at the mature stage compared to that at the full panicle stage regardless of the treatment used. Related research shows that the primary and secondary amides are the dominant forms of nitrogen in plants [27]. When supplied with excess nitrogen, extra nitrogen was transformed into secondary amides, therefore, In CO, with no-nitrogen supply, the ratio (approximately 0.2) was much lower than in CF or OF. At the later growth stages, the grain absorbs nearly 80% of the nitrogen found especially in leaves and in stems [24]. Thus, two-thirds of the nitrogen in stems and leaves was transported to the ears for grain filling [41]. Due to the application of coated urea (CO(NH2)2)at the first three stages, the ratio in OF was relatively stable (above 0.48), that is, the ability of the slow-releasing coated urea to supply nitrogen to the plants was relatively long lasting.
The photoacoustic intensity ratio of amide II to amide I. CO Control with no fertilization application, CF Conventional Fertilization, OF Optimized Fertilization. a The ratio of amide II to amide I in different treatments at four growth stages in the 2015 growth season, b the ratio of amide II to amide I in different treatments at mature stage in the 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 growth seasons. Bars are the standard error of the means. Different letters above the bars indicate a significant difference at P < 0.05 according to the Duncan test
Overall, increased nitrogen accumulation in stems and leaves led to increased nitrogen transportation for grain filling and thereby increased the yield [42, 43]. Therefore, the nitrogen status of the leaves can be used to characterize the nitrogen nutritional status of rice. In addition, at the first three growth stages in 2015, the total nitrogen concentration of leaves showed a positively linear correlation (R2 = 0.97) with the intensity ratio of amide II to amide I (Fig. 4a). In 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 mature stages, the ratio of CO was significantly lower than the ratio of CF and OF treatments. For all treatments, the ratios were below 0.3 (Fig. 3b) and displayed relatively low relevance (R2 = 0.35) between the ratio and total nitrogen concentration (Fig. 4b). Besides, for the maturity from every growth season, the correlation still remained relatively low (Additional file 1: Figure S4), which can probably be due to the fact that only mature leaf samples were measured. However, in 2015 growth season, the R2 was 0.94 (Fig. 4c), while for all the growth seasons, the R2 reached 0.9 (Fig. 4d), implying a good correlation between the total N and the ratio. Therefore, our results suggest that the intensity ratio of amide II to amide I can reflect the total N of the rice leaves well through the growth stages.
Linear regression between the total N concentration of rice leaves and the ratio of amide II to amide I. a The 2015 growth season for the first three stages only excluding the mature stage. b Only at the maturity from all growth seasons. c All growth stages in the 2015 season. d 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 growth seasons. The linear functions and the square of the Correlation Coefficient (R2) are shown in the each plot
Since tillering and grouting play an important role in rice yield [22, 44]. Thus, the ratio at the tillering and full panicle stages were more suitable for diagnosis. At these two stages, the ratios of CF and OF treatments were above 0.4, moreover, at full panicle stage, the ratio of CF treatment reached 0.55; whereas the ratios of CO (with no fertilization) were around 0.2. Therefore, taking into account the level and stages of nitrogen supply among the different treatments, the intensity ratio of amide II to amide I in rice leaves, and combined with the rice yield, a ratio of 0.4–0.55 reflects a suitable plant nitrogen status. When the ratio is less than 0.4, nitrogen content in the plant leaf tissues can be considered insufficient, while a ratio above 0.55 implies excess nitrogen in the plant tissues.
Our study shows that the correlation between the intensity ratio and rice leaves total Nitrogen concentration was relatively high with a coefficient of 0.94 throughout the 2015 growth season (Fig. 4c). However, the correlation coefficient (R2) at mature stage from 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 growth seasons was only 0.36 (Fig. 4b), similarly, the correlations were also not relatively high for the mature stage from every growth season (Additional file 1: Figure S4). This is mainly due to the fact that the total N concentration and ratio in leaves at mature stage were relatively low, and the variations of total N concentration and ratio were slighter compared with the calculation throughout the growth season, thus resulting in a relatively not high correlation. Besides, for the mature stage from all growth seasons, the ratios were below 0.3 among different treatments.
In 2018, at Jiangning station, the ratio of CO was very close to the ratios of CF and OF, implying that the ratio was poorly respond to the Nitrogen supply. Therefore, the ratio at the mature stage was not suitable for nitrogen diagnosis. Meanwhile, according to the analysis of all data samples in four growth seasons, the intensity ratio of amide II to amide I and the total Nitrogen concentration still showed a high correlation (Fig. 4d). This still indicates that during the entire growth period of Rice, the ratio can be used to assess the Nitrogen levels. In our study, at the tillering and full panicle stages, a ratio of 0.4–0.55 was considered appropriate. However, for Chinese cabbage, the ratio of 0.9–1.0 was suitable for its growth and without massive Nitrate accumulation [18], indicating that the appropriate ratio depends on the plant species. In addition, in our field experiments, we used three rice cultivars, whether this ratio is applicable to all rice cultivars is still unknown. Therefore, more cultivars need to be studied in future to increase the scope of this experiment.
According to the FTIR-PAS of rice leaves, the ratio of photoacoustic intensity of amide II to amide I was positively correlated to different nitrogen treatments and growth stages, and the ratios at tillering and full panicle stages were more suitable for nitrogen diagnosis. A ratio of 0.4–0.55 likely reflects a suitable nitrogen status for rice. For a ratio less than 0.4, the nitrogen status can be considered insufficient, whereas a ratio above 0.55 implies excess nitrogen. Thus, by using the FTIR-PAS, we can facilitate effective assessment of the nitrogen status in rice production, which can provide appropriate guidance for rational fertilization.
The datasets supporting the conclusion of this article are included within the article (additional files).
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This work was supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (2015CB150403), the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province China (BE2017388) and the "STS" project from Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-STS-QYZX-046, KFJ-PTXM-003).
The State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
Ke Wu, Changwen Du, Fei Ma, Yazhen Shen, Dong Liang & Jianmin Zhou
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
Ke Wu, Changwen Du & Dong Liang
Ke Wu
Changwen Du
Fei Ma
Yazhen Shen
Dong Liang
Jianmin Zhou
CWD and JMZ designed and directed the experiments. KW conducted the experiments and recorded the spectra data. KW, DL, YZS and FM were involved in the data analysis. KW composed the initial manuscript, and CWD made a revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Changwen Du.
Additional figures.
Wu, K., Du, C., Ma, F. et al. Rapid diagnosis of nitrogen status in rice based on Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS). Plant Methods 15, 94 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-019-0482-0
FTIR-PAS
Rice leaves
Amides
Nitrogen status diagnosis


A tapestry of oleander, olive trees and groves surrounds the small, modern town of Pezze di Greco which is about 6km inland from the sea, near Torre Canne.
The Masseria Montenapoleone enjoys its rural location and rustic setting about 3km outside the town. The larger settlement of Fasano is approximately 5km distant.
At the end of an oleander lined country lane, 3km from Pezze di Greco, beautiful boutique hotel Masseria Montenapoleone is a superbly converted farmhouse in delightfully rural surroundings.


Located in the center of the Sunshine State, Orlando is the theme park capitol of the world. Famous attractions such as Walt Disney Word, Universal Studios, and Sea World all boast attractions in the greater Orlando area. Besides the parks, there are plenty of other opportunities to explore Orlando; be it through world-class dining, shopping, or golf, Orlando has something for everyone and every family.
Below are a few websites to help familiarize you with Orlando and plan your trip.
Play, great golf at a discount!


This spot here will not quite touch and will need to be pulled into place before gluing, as before I would run a bead of glue right around the underside of the deck.
Once this is thoroughly set you can trim off the pegs and their tab's then sand them flush.
just to give you an idea of how strongly it all locks together all the photo's you see of this prototype so far are before I have applied any glue at all!
Next step, the coaming for the wheelhouse to locate onto.
The front of the coaming has slots that locate onto the front edge, the curve of the deck can make this a little tricky and a bit tight so angle it slightly as you slide it into place.
Now slide the rear piece into place and bring the side pieces up and into their slots.
You can now run a bead of glue around the base of the coaming where it meets the deck and up the inside corners.
The plywood structure get's sat aside for the moment while we move onto the hull so now would be a great time to seal all the plywood parts you have assembled so far, once the hull has been prepared (next step) and the plywood structure gets dropped into place the underside of the base plate and other parts cannot be accessed again so seal them well now!
It has just occured to me that I have glossed over what to do with the tops of the rear storage compartments, due to the fact that fibreglass hulls can vary a bit in wall thickness these are best left off until the base structure if fitted into the hull (they may or may not need a little trim) even though they are pictured earlier in construction they are only temporarily in place.
This is actually a good time to glue the engraved seat tops onto the cutout that locates back into the opening (that doesn't make alot of sense when you read it but the pictures should help.
Same with the rear compartment, this will sit in place by itself thanks to the two supports underneath.
Glue the larger seat top on and it should look like this.
Now it all gets exciting, we move onto the hull, as with most glass hulls it will need a wash to get rid of any traces of release agent that will stop your glue and your paint from sticking (followed by a thorough drying).
You need to be a little careful when driling out the holes as the white gel coating will want to chip especially where the rudder post exits, I find the best way to avoid chipping is to drill a pilot hole first with a 1.5mm hole and work up to the desired size with increasingly larger bits (must be super sharp).
Albert does not come with a propeller shaft so measure the diameter of yours and drill out to suit, also drill out the 5.5m hole for the rudder tube and the 4mm holes for the keel bolts.
You can just see I got a little excited when I drilled the hole on the right for the keelbolt and chipped the gel coat, this is not a problem here as it gets covered by the skeg.
Now is a good time to test fit your skeg, just to make sure the bolt holes line up and that it locates nicely onto the keel.
Ok, locate the rudder tube.
and test the fit, when finished it will slide in flush with the outside of the hull but just check the fit for now, it needs to slide in nicely with no slop, once your happy with the fit drop it back out again.
Next step is to drop the plywood insert into the hull, you may need to pull the sides of the hull apart a tad but I find firmly sliding the structure in from the bow works well.
It should drop in something like this.
notice how the hole in the servo mount needs to locate directly over the hole in the hull, in the video the servo mount is not glued together yet but by now yours should be, once in place the rudder tube slides up from under the hull and through both the hole in the base-plate and the hole in the servo mount.
Next step is to glue around the base of the rudder tube from the inside but before that you need to bolt the skeg into place with the rudder in, that way it simply has to line up as the length of the skeg dictates the position of the base of the rudder.
Even though the shaft is shown in place I only had it sitting there temporarily as you need to access the bolts for the skeg before fitting the shaft, when the shaft finally gets fitted it slides into place from inside.
Once the skeg, rudder and it's tube are in place you pour in some epoxy around the tube from the inside, I have left slots around this part to run the epoxy into.
You can just see the white epoxy poured through the slots.
While the epoxy is drying just check to make sure these tabs are touching the bottom of the hull, I gave them a dab of CA glue to hold them onto the bottom of the hull.
Once the epoxy around the ruddder shaft dries you can fit your propellor tube, please remember that Albert does not come with a prop shaft, the one I used has a tube length of 200mm and I ran it past the outside of the hull by 10mm, notice how once you poke it out through the hole the inside end lifts up to and just touches the baseplate to give the correct angle, you can now pour epoxy around the inside of the shaft to fix it in.
Now that's all done it's time to seal the front deck, I'm sure everyone has their preferred methods of doing this but I will explain the way I like to do it, as it's wood to fibreglass once again I use epoxy but I mix it with talcum powder until it's like peanut butter.
Then push it nicely into the gap, I get it roughly into place then smooth it out with a wet finger, smooth it now because once it set's it's a pain to sand.
If you haven't already you can now drop in the top frames for the aft compartments, these don't necessarily need to be sealed to he hull, it's personal choice however I had some spare epoxy left over so decided to do mine.
Frames dropped into place and glued.
I made a bit of a mess of sealing to the hull but once the seat tops are on no one will see.
It's a little late in the process for this photo of the shaft I used but I'm sure we all read all of the instructions before starting, the rod is way over length and will be shortened when I decide on a motor.
and no, you don't get one of those little disc thingies with the prop size written on it, that was just for working out what would fit nicely.
It's about now that I would fill any gaps in the fore deck and generally get it ready for painting as it makes it just that bit harder once the cap rail is on.
The next logical step is the cap rail.
I personally glue this on with CA as it is a flat surface to another flat surface, it pays to give the flat on the hull a light sand with some 240 grit and a sanding block taking care not to turn the flat into a curve.
Once this is done you need to find the centre at the stern, to do this take your favourite straight edge or ruler and put one end at the point where the steering wheel locates (right in the centre) mark the centre of the rear coaming and line the two up with your ruler.
Then mark a line where the ruler falls.
The caprail is a little tricky but I have cut it over length so you have a little bit of play, I started by running a bead of CA from the stern to the centre of the hull or middle bulkhead (where my thumb is) line up the centre of the caprail join on the stern, it should be half over the back and half over the front.
Then run it around halfway around the hull (where my thumb is) but here it must be flush with the inside of the hull.
I then continued with the bead of glue up to the bow, the caprail does tend to pull out to the side of the hull as it curves up and you do need to apply some pressure to bring it back in, keep in mind that is should be flush with the inside of the hull all the way up to the bow.
The photo shows one perfectly in place and the other pulling away from the hull ready to be glued and pulled back into place.


text:
Mes parents terribles ( ou ) est un téléfilm américain réalisé par Ron Oliver et diffusé le  sur .

Synopsis
Megan est une employée modèle dans une grande entreprise, elle est mariée à Mike, père au foyer, qui se s'occupe de leurs deux enfants. Un jour, après une transaction surprenante, elle acquiert 10 millions de dollars, Mike voit en ça une occasion de vivre une autre vie avec le départ des enfants. Mais elle projette déjà d'investir cet argent pour créer une future entreprise ! Face à cet affront, Mike  décide alors de reprendre ses études dans la même université que son fils et sa fille. Megan intègre par la suite le campus afin de tenter de ressouder sa famille…

Fiche technique
 Titre original DVD :
 Titre original diffusion :
 Réalisation : Ron Oliver
 Scénario : Terence Brody
 Photographie : Maximo Munzi
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Durée : 115 minutes
 Date de diffusion :
  :  sur M6

Distribution
 Kristy Swanson  : Megan
 Scott Grimes  : Mike
 Allie Gonino  : Zoe
 Yin Chang  : Ashley Moon
 Paul Butcher  : Sean
 Blake Boyd : Mr. Carter
 Bryan Chesters : Professeur Clark
 Kevin Covais  : Will
 Steven Krueger : Brady
 Jazz Raycole  : Eve
   : Lacy
 Karl T. Wright : Professeur Wright

  et selon le carton de doublage télévisuel.

Références

Liens externes

Téléfilm américain des années 2010
Téléfilm diffusé en 2014
Téléfilm de Hallmark Channel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


So take the chance to uncover what you require to do to make your life much more total. You can be productive and successful with out a companion, but you will feel more linked if you have a companion sharing all of the ups and downs with you.
The Rainbow Oracle - printed in 1989 - Ballantine Books - by Tony Grosso and Rob MacGregor. Colors are the most effective resources for developing http://www.lilleberg-Hopewell.com abilities; colors also portray a sense of sensation, like green with envy, seeing red, sensation blue. Colors are in every component of our life, blue caller employees, white clinic clothing, black for company and funerals. When at any time you see colors, think of the which means and how they impact you; use them to affect people or just to make a assertion of your temper. 5 dice.
Lack of correct mild is a major reason orchids do not bloom. Orchids need a certain amount of mild duration. Orchids usually need twelve-14 hours of mild throughout winter and about 16 hours of light in the summer.
Let's say you've arrive throughout a website with reside on-line psychics. You will first be requested to make an account before you will be able to communicate with a live psychic, and deposit funds from your credit card into that account. So you'll want to verify the site's SSL certificate to make certain your transactions are securely encrypted. If the SSL certificate isn't current, your individual info will not be transmitted securely more than the web and could lead to fraud on your credit score card account.
==>> To discover much more about Numerology, Blair Gorman and you Lifestyle in 2011, go to NUMEROLOGY 2011. Discover Your Lifestyle Designs for These days - Your Lifestyle Cycle for 2011 - Love Psychics - Exactly where is my Soulmate? Where is my Happiness? Love and Romance Advice - Love Psychic Reading - Discover Your Spirituality.
Yes, a psychic studying can assist you discover your ideal match! Psychic readings can do this in three magical ways -- they can give you the correct signs to watch; teach you how to entice in the adore of your life; and make you become the perfect partner.
When the telephone businesses were deregulated about twenty many years ago, numerous new solutions quickly grew to become available, together with the opportunity of a psychic reading by phone. At the outset, numerous individuals had been skeptical about this, as if it was not conceivable other than by encounter to encounter. This is fairly all-natural, as many people fall short to understand how you could get a accurate studying if they are not sitting in entrance of you. Ask Gifted Psychics Now! Nevertheless, for a long time before phone readings, http://www.lilleberg-Hopewell.com had been giving readings by mail. And very effectively too.
Presentations consider location throughout the day, numerous of which talk about Psychic Phenomena. A title a few, Mr. John Deveraux, will be giving a speak on "Demystifying Psychics and Mediums" at eleven:00 am. The subject of Vedic Psychic Readings will be offered by Usha at eleven:30. At 1:00 pm, Josiane Antonette will give a presentation on "Beyond the Veil, the seven Realms of Soul Consciousness", which delves into Spirit Communication and Ascension. At 3:30 pm, Pnina Zoharah will explain how to create your intuition.
The Knight of Cups does not gallop ahead as rapidly and boldly as the knights of the other fits. He travels gradually, calmly and with his intuition and psychological self acting as his manual. He is often a messenger of adore and chance. He can be the bearer of the starting of a new partnership that bears a warning of not searching at it with too much idealism. If this signifies a person, anticipate them to be a romantic dreamer with a flirtatious aspect. They will be passionate and goal oriented. They can't tolerate those who don't believe in them or their dreams. The Knight emphasizes moderation in dreaming and love.
The purpose of this article is to illustrate a different way to approach studying the Tarot. I've assumed that you have no knowledge of the Tarot, and I have tried to illustrate the key things that I nonetheless use today in purchase to study and broaden my understanding of the cards. This method may consider time prior to you see the benefits, but it's my perception that this way of interacting with the Tarot will offer you with higher self-confidence, creativeness and talent.
Fortunately, the Taurus gives fantastic dedication and tenacity. It is rare to give life. By environment formidable goals for himself, has the perseverance to continue their battle till the capture. That's why so many individuals born under the sign of Taurus are wealthy, famous and very successful.
A psychic studying can let you know much more about your self and other individuals. Knowing more about yourself can allow you realize your strengths, weaknesses, and errors. On the other hand, knowing more about your partner will allow you understand him or her better. In other words, Love Psychic Reading will help you turn out to be a much better individual and a better companion.


text:
Dr. Elia Chalfan (c. 1561-1624)
Elia Chalfan was born in Prague around 1561 to Rabbi Dr. Abba Mari Chalfan and Rachel Kuh. On July 5, 1598 he was granted permission to move to Vienna by Emperor Rudolf II. Only 31 Jewish families lived in Vienna at that time. When in 1599, the Jews of Vienna were unable to pay a tax of 20,000 florins, they were ordered to leave Vienna on February 5, 1600 within fourteen days. All but eleven families and Dr. Elia obeyed the order, but were soon allowed to return. According to a list of Jewish families from 1600, Elia lived with his wife Rebekka bat Heschel and five children in the house of Hannsen Mader in the Wimmer Viertel, the only Jew in that part of town. The address is now Schultergasse 10.
Elia died February 2, 1624 in Vienna and was buried in the old Roßauer cemetery in the Seegasse. During the Nazi era his gravestone was brought to the Zentralfriedhof Tor. IV and buried. A large fragment was recently discovered there, and it should be restored and moved back the Seegasse cemetery. The grave inscription was published by Bernhard Wachstein in 1912.
According to Gerson Wolf, Studien zur Jubelfeier der Wiener Universität in Jahre 1865, p. 27 (1865), many books and manuscripts belonging to Dr. Elia Chalfan are in the Austrian National Library. These likely include manuscripts written by his ancestors from Italy Rabbi Dr. Eliyahu Menachem Chalfan and the Astronomer Kalonymos ben David Kalonymos.
https://www.geni.com/people/Rabbi-Dr-Elia-Chalfan/6000000003495148202
Gerson Wolf, Studien zur Jubelfeier der Wiener Universität in Jahre 1865, p. 27 (1865)
Anton Meyer et al., Geschichte der Stadt Wien, Vol. V, p. 59 (1914)
http://katalog.ahmp.cz/pragapublica/permalink?xid=E1BD2EA1B72711DF8…
LAJ, fol. 215v, Prag, 1591 November 22
Jews of the Upper Rhine, Germany, End of the Sixteenth Century. From the Basel Stammbuch, 1612. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-jews-of-the-upper-rhine-germany-end-of-the-sixteenth-century-from-131472398.html
Jewish Book of Customs, Venice 1600 https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/jewish-book-of-customs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


William G. Arvan (Bill) and his wife, Patricia, are retired missionaries who served with SEND International for 36 years in the Republic of the Philippines. During 13 years of that time Bill had the privilege of teaching Bible at the Far Eastern Bible Institute and Seminary as well as having a Lay Leadership Development teaching ministry among churches. Since retirement from the Philippines in 1990 he has made a total of 10 trips to the Balkans, Ukraine and Russia teaching Bible in Bible Institutes and churches.
Everywhere in his travels Bill has seen the need for "grass root" practical teaching and application of the Word of God. To help meet that need, the Lord has led Bill to put some of his teaching materials into printed form, six titles are now available. They are listed in this website with a brief description of their contents. These are tried and tested practical illustrated materials. A total of 35,000 of the first five titles have been translated and printed in Russian.
Bill and Pat have two children. Their son, Bill, is a non-resident missionary in Ukraine. Their daughter, Jane, ministers in evangelism & Bible teaching through her local church. They have two granddaughters serving in full time Christian ministry; Rebecca Arvan in Riga, Latvia and her sister Bethany Arvan in Chicago, Illinois. In addition Bill and Pat have four other grandchildren and their spouses – most of which are involved in Christian ministry at their local churches.


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Nir Hasson is the Haaretz correspondent on Jerusalem andArcheology. His book, Urshalim: Israelis and Palestiniansin Jerusalem, 1967-2017, was published in Hebrew by "Books in the Attic" and " Yediot Aharonoth". The bookexamines the relationship between the two peoples whoshare the city, describing and explaining contemporaryJerusalem on the 50th anniversary of its unification/occupation.
Anyone traveling from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem and reading the signs along the way will notice a very interesting phenomenon. From Tel Aviv until Sha'ar HaGai, at the entrance to the Jerusalem hills, these signs include the Arabic name of the city, the signs say Urshalim (Al-Quds), and Al-Quds is placed in parentheses. But after Sha'ar HaGai, along the new road which has been paved in the last few years, the name of the city changes to Urshalim only. Whoever travels on other roads to the city can still find old signs which will say Urshalim-Al Quds without any parentheses.
In order to understand this strange phenomenon of the names of the city changing with time we have to go back to September 1967. Three months after the conquest of East-Jerusalem and its unilateral annexation to the State of Israel, Israeli ministers protested to the minister responsible for the Israeli Broadcasting Authority, Yisrael Galili, that Voice of Israel in Arabic used the name Al-Quds, which they said was of course a name with Muslim connotations. "Every day and every hour they repeat the impression that Al-Quds is a Muslim city," said the minister of police, Eliyahu Sasson.
Galili therefore proposed to add the name Urshalim, an ancient name for the city in Arabic which was preserved in the Christian holy writings, and to create the name "Urshalim Al-Quds" as the official name of the city. This proposal was accepted, and together with it was accepted a proposal by Minister of Postal Services Yisrael Yeshayahu that "we will temporarily use both names and with time will drop the name Al-Quds". As can be seen on the road to Tel-Aviv, the evolution of the name shows that Urshalim is pushing out Al-Quds.
So at the beginning they were two equal names, alongside each other, afterward's Al-Quds was placed in parentheses, and in the end it was deleted entirely. Despite this, in reality there is no place called Urshalim. No Arabic speaker uses this name, and it also symbolizes in the eyes of many the occupation and the effort to eliminate the Arabic and Muslim heritage from the city.
But meanwhile the fact that the city has two names, one used by the people and the other by the government, is a unique phenomenon. This is one of the anomalies of Jerusalem, but it is not the only one and it is apparently one of the smaller ones. In actuality, the best definition that I know for today's Jerusalem is that it is a place of administrative and governmental anomaly.
The biggest anomaly is the fact that almost 40% of the residents of the capital city of the State of Israel are not Israeli citizens; they are Palestinians with a legal status of residency. Professor Yael Ronen recently published a study (in the book by Amnon Ramon, "Residence not citizens") where she states that this is a situation which does not exist in any other place. "I did not find any examples or cases where a country took over an area and applied its sovereignty without enabling in an active way the residents of that area to become its citizens".(Ramon page 366). Ziad Abu Zayyad said once that Israel referred to Palestinians in Jerusalem as "70,000 Jordanian tourists who happened to be in Jerusalem when Israel occupied the city in June 1967".
The status of "residents" means that the Palestinians have the right to free mobility throughout Israel, the right to social security, to free education and to freedom of employment. Due to reasons of accessibility, knowledge and systematic discrimination, the residents of East-Jerusalem do not receive the full benefits of their rights as do the other citizens of the state, but the most important thing is that their legal status and their rights within Israel, in contrast to the rights of the Israeli citizens, can relatively easily be denied. The threat to their legal standing and rights has tremendously influenced the life of the Palestinians in the city. As of today, Israel has revoked the status of more than 14,000 Palestinian Jerusalemites. Most of them lost their status after they were unable to prove that their "center of life" is found in Jerusalem, in other way that others have left the city.
Leaving can also mean crossing the streets to Abu Dis or Al-Ram, which are outside of the municipal borders after the annexation. This fact has created another anomaly – a large urban population that is clinging to the city at all costs and is not moving to the suburbs. This is because the loss of legal status in Israel means the loss of a connection with the city of your birth and often with members of your family, the loss of the ability to travel freely, to work, to study and to receive social benefits. In order to demonstrate to what degree the situation of the Palestinians who stick to Jerusalem is unique, let us examine other populations in Jerusalem. The ultra-Orthodox Haredim Jerusalemites who migrated from the city have established no less than three medium size cities – Beitar Illit, Modi'in Illit and Ramat Beit Shemesh. The secular Jews who left Jerusalem are a significant portion of the population of Modi'in, Tel Aviv and other cities in Israel. By contrast, the Palestinians remain in the city at all costs, even if the cost is to live under very difficult conditions.
This clinging to Jerusalem also explains the growth of the Palestinian percentage of the population within the city, from 25% in 1967 to almost 40% in 2017. This, despite the great effort on the part of the Israeli government to encourage the migration of Jews to the city efforts, which included the establishment of 10 very large neighborhoods, many of which were bigger than some of the smaller cities in Israel, on territories which were annexed in 1967 and were confiscated for that purpose.
At the same time, the Israeli authorities and Israeli politicians ignored the needs of the Palestinian population in the city. This neglect stems in part from a demographic policy aimed at preventing the relative growth of the Palestinian population in the city, and in part, from the fact that the decision about the legal standing of the residents of East-Jerusalem together, with their boycott of municipal elections, left them outside of the political playing field, lacking in electoral power. Each and every time that a mayor, or a minister, had to make a decision about the channeling of resources, they chose to do so without taking into consideration the needs of the people who never voted for them.
Thus, with increasing population density on the one hand and the political neglect on the other, Palestinian neighborhoods grew huge and impoverished. They are like the Brazilian favelas, with a serious lack of roads, infrastructure, public buildings and open areas, with a large percentage of the buildings having been built without legal permits or organized plans. In this way, the legal anomaly concerning the status of the Palestinian residents determined their urban landscape and the nature of their relationship with the government.
But the Jerusalem anomaly is spreading into much broader areas. Every day at 2 o'clock in the afternoon a police car arrives at the end of Naomi Kies Street, where it connects to Route 1. The police-car parks along the side of the street, making it impossible for drivers to turn left into the main road. At 5 in the afternoon the police car leaves. This strange arrangement continued for many years. With time the method was improved, and instead of parking a police car along the length of the street, the policemen come and tie a red police tape between the traffic lights in order to block the passageway. The purpose of these road blocks is to ease the burden of the traffic on Route 1 during rush hour. Every Jerusalemite, whether he or she lives in the east or the west of the city, knows that it is impossible to imagine a police car doing something similar on the other side on the road, which would block a Jewish neighborhood on a regular basis, every day, in order to ease the traffic.
It's possible to raise other questions: Would the police close streets in a crowded Jewish neighborhood in order to enable a Palestinian national parade, or even a non-national Palestinian parade – as it does every year for the flag parade on Jerusalem Day? Would the government have approved the building of a wall which would cut across a Jewish neighborhood from the rest of the city, even if it were a particularly unruly and difficult neighborhood? Is it possible to imagine a situation where hundreds of stores on Jaffa Road, the main street in West Jerusalem, are closed because of a stabbing incident in the street? Would the municipality receive from the police a list of Jewish criminals in order to determine whether to apply fines on family members connected to parking or business registration, in order to punish them beyond the accepted punishment within the Israeli criminal justice system? All of these things happen on a regular basis in East-Jerusalem, and we cannot imagine that they would happen in the West.
"These are arrangements within which agencies on behalf of the State become involved in the municipal service systems which operate in an unarranged fashion with the goal of managing and applying the informal activity of the state mechanisms thus increasing the level of control over them. At the same time, these arrangements do not suit the administrative norms that are accepted in the state itself in terms of standards of activity, regulation and the level of their relationship to the state system". (Oren Shlomo, – The governing of East- Jerusalem in the post-Oslo period and the management and control of three municipal services, doctoral thesis, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, p.3).
In addition, concerning everything connected to the international standing of Jerusalem, we will not find any similar instance in the world of a capital without embassies and without the recognition of any government or any other international body.
The anomaly of Jerusalem is expressed also in the way the planners decide the future of the city. Three plans are circulating in the Israeli political system concerning Jerusalem in recent years. The first one, which is being advanced by the right-wing branch of the Likud, speaks about the municipal annexation of settlements around the city. The second plan, which is being advanced by former minister Haim Ramon and members of the Zionist Union Party, speaks about a unilateral disengagement from the majority of the Palestinian neighborhoods and the establishment of a new separation barrier between them and the rest of the city. The third plan, being advanced by Minister of Immigrant Absorption Ze'ev Elkin, speaks of detaching the Jerusalem neighborhoods that remain on the other side of the separation wall and establishing of a new municipal authority for them under Israeli control.
Among the three, the last proposal has the most realistic chances of being realized. But what the three plans have in common is that the Israeli political system understands that the problem called Jerusalem has to be dealt with. After 50 years of occupation, annexation, construction and the constant repeating of slogans about Greater Jerusalem being an inseparable part of the State of Israel, it seems that Israel has failed in this project. United Jerusalem did not become an integral part of the State of Israel. Unfortunately, there is something else that the three plans have in common. All of them are unilateral; they all ignore the needs of the Palestinian residents of the city, are aimed at solving problems related to the Israeli public, and they all cut Jerusalem off, in an artificial manner, from the greater Palestinian hinterland that surrounds it. In other words, the Israeli political system has already understood that Jerusalem is an anomaly that has to be solved. But it still doesn't see the other side of the equation, and does not recognize the place of the Palestinians in the city.
The discourse around the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has a tendency sometimes to present Israel as an almost unlimited power which can force its will on the Palestinians and on the international arena. There is no doubt that concerning the Palestinians, Israel has a strength that cannot be ignored. It has managed for 50 years to apply its will on Jerusalem and on the West Bank and has managed block international criticism of its behavior. But Jerusalem's anomaly teaches us that Israeli power is not unlimited. After 50 years of tireless efforts, Israel has totally failed in its Jerusalem project. The percentage of the Palestinian population in the city continues to rise, to the chagrin of the Israeli government. The city is not united, it has no international recognition and, most importantly, the Palestinian population refuses to accept its inferior standing. Thus, anyone who believes that a solution should be based on a diplomatic and egalitarian negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians and not on one-sided coercion by one side against the other, can draw a certain amount of encouragement from the Jerusalem anomaly.


Whether you are getting married on a shoe string or with no expense spared, our tips will help you manage your finances closely so you can keep track of your spending and avoid paying for your big day for years to come.
The first thing you should do is sit down with your partner and discuss what both of you may have already saved and what you can afford to put aside on a regular basis up until your wedding day. This will help you set a realistic budget and priorities for your wedding day.
A review of your finances will show you areas where you might need to cut back on your spending. If you or your partner have outstanding debts such as loans or credit card bills, concentrate on clearing them first, starting with the most expensive ones.
Once you know how much you can afford to spend on your wedding, use our handy wedding budget planner. It gives you a breakdown of items you will spend money on and helps you to figure out if your plans are within your overall budget. If not, you can reduce your spending in certain areas until you have an overall plan for your wedding.
Even with your savings you still might need to borrow some money. Use our loan calculator to see how much it will cost and how long it might take for you to pay back a loan, depending on the amount you want to borrow.
Borrowing money comes at a cost as you have to pay interest back on the money you have borrowed. The higher the interest rate, and the longer the term, the more the loan will cost you. Our personal loan cost comparison compares the latest interest rates offered by the main providers in Ireland, this will help you get the best deal. If you have to borrow to help pay for your wedding, try not to spread the payments too far into the future. This will cost you more in interest and could affect your future plans.
You may be lucky enough to receive cash as wedding presents so you may be able to use that to pay off any loans you took out for the wedding. You can also check out our information on saving and investing so you can make the most of your nest egg!
Unfortunately, when when it comes to weddings, things sometimes go wrong – such as cancellation, or a business failing to deliver a service. You may want to consider wedding insurance to cover you for any financial loss you suffer as a result of unexpected events. Many insurance providers offer wedding cover, so make sure to compare what each policy covers and costs, as they will differ. You should also consider getting engagement and wedding rings valued and insured as 'specified items' on your home content insurance, so you are covered for any loss or damage.
If you are getting married abroad or going on honeymoon it is important you take out travel insurance. This will cover you for illness or injury, damaged or delayed luggage, cancelled flights, delayed or missed departure and lost or stolen money or passports. Always check the policy details before you buy, so you don't duplicate cover you may already have with any other policies such as your health insurance.
Paying by card instead of cash or cheque offers you some protection in the event that a business goes bust – such as your hotel or bridal shop. If you pay by card your card provider may reverse the transaction, depending on the circumstances and the type of card you have. This is called a chargeback.


In this episode Scott has an excellent discussion with Coty Martin, Assistant Visiting Professor of Political Science at West Virginia Wesleyan College. Coty is also a PhD candidate at West Virginia University, studying comparative politics and international relations.
Discover how political science programs can prepare you for careers in a wide variety of professional settings, not just politics. Coty walks you through how he runs his classroom and fosters important discussion and critical thinking among his students. Skills in communication, research, and the ability to interpret data offer a wide range of benefits to any student and future professional!
What career opportunities await political science students.
How political science classes function on a day-to-day basis.
How current events can significantly impact the discussion and studies in political science courses.
What skills and traits political science students should posses in order to have success in PoliSci.
The importance of political science in shaping public policy and improving the lives of citizens around the world.
West Virginia Wesleyan College is a private residential college with 49 undergraduate majors, 34 minors, and a variety of graduate programs. With a spiritual and liberal arts education foundation, WVWC is committed to developing students' critical thinking and creative skills as well as their intellectual, ethical, spiritual, and leadership potential. Students can connect with peers and professors through community engagement opportunities or in any of the 80+ student organizations available on campus.
WVWC's Bachelor's in Political Science degree program is designed for students interested in government and diplomatic service, research organizations, professional campaign organizations, and other similar careers. Students can take classes like American Foreign Policy, Race and Public Policy, and Gender and Politics, and be prepared to continue their education in areas like political science, public administration, and law.
Interested in Political Science? Click here to explore Bachelor's in Political Science programs further and learn about your degree options.


Canadian Ice Machine Co. Ltd. (the forerunner of CIMCO) was originally founded in 1913 as a Limited Corporation. We changed our name to CIMCO Limited in 1967. In 1969 CIMCO was purchased by Toromont Industries Ltd., a public Canadian company with shares trading on the T.S.E.
CIMCO Refrigeration maintains its Head Office and main manufacturing plant in Toronto, Ontario. In addition to its Head Office, CIMCO maintains sales and service offices in major cities across North America. Secondary assembly plants are located in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia and Edmonton, Alberta.
When CIMCO was founded in 1913 as The Canadian Ice Machine Company, the refrigeration technologies that we take for granted today had only recently been developed. In fact, CIMCO's chief competition of the time was natural ice harvested from local lakes and rivers. However CIMCO founder, Tom Shipley, recognized that ice for home iceboxes could be provided year round at a lower cost with the use of the newly available refrigeration equipment. So using equipment supplied by his original firm, The Shipley Company of Brooklyn, New York, he began servicing the refrigeration needs of Canadians. The company continued to be managed by the Shipley family until 1969 when Tom's son, Howard Shipley, sold the business to Toromont.
Today, CIMCO employs over 700 people in various key locations across North America and around the world. CIMCO Refrigeration is a market leader in the design, engineering, fabrication, installation and servicing of industrial and recreational refrigeration systems.


Classic Home Design With Various Color Ideas Interior. Exterior Door Designs For Home. 30 inch exterior door home design ideas. Portable wheelchair ramps denver portable ada ramps. 20 front door ideas craftivity designs. 50 modern front door designs.
15 Classic Home Ideas And HD Images. Classic Home Design With Various Color Ideas. Classic Home Filled With Art & Vibrant Color. New Home Designs Latest.


Pixar's 'Inside Out' Gets A Synopsis!
By	Jon Negroni 6 Comments on Pixar's 'Inside Out' Gets A Synopsis!
It's been a while since we got an update on Disney Pixar's next big film, Inside Out. (Check out my last article about this movie here in case you don't know what I'm referring to).
Growing up can be a bumpy road, and it's no exception for Riley, who is uprooted from her Midwest life when her father starts a new job in San Francisco. Like all of us, Riley is guided by her emotions – Joy (Amy Poehler), Fear (Bill Hader), Anger (Lewis Black), Disgust (Mindy Kaling) and Sadness (Phyllis Smith).
And there you have it! Inside Out will arrive in theaters June 19, 2015. I'll be sure to keep you updated as Pixar begins unleashing the first of its promotional material for the movie later this year.
6 replies to Pixar's 'Inside Out' Gets A Synopsis!
Finally, a Pixar movie that isn't a sequel (no offense to Monsters University) that sounds like it has potential beyond being merely a cash cow, and yes I am blatantly talking about Cars 2.
Leslie Knope would aproove. Also, I imagined Amy Phoeler as Joy & yes, YES.
News from Pixar: 'Inside Out' Storyline Update!
Thanks for info! Looking forward to this one!
It sounds a lot like Osmosis Jones.
I was thinking that, too!


Banana gets the royal treatment! (Lilli Love) (2012) HD 720p download links are externally hosted on Extabit, Rapidshare, Rapidgator, Netload, Uploaded and Banana gets the royal treatment! (Lilli Love) (2012) HD 720p also available directly on Torrent Sources.


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Discography Browser
Folk Country
Folk Revival Cowboy Folksongs Traditional Folk
Amiable/Good-Natured Earnest Intimate Plaintive Reflective
Ramblin' Jack Elliott
Country Style [1962]
AllMusic Review by Ronnie D. Lankford, Jr.
Ramblin' Jack Elliott somehow gets lost in the shuffle when glancing back at the American folk revival. Sandwiched somewhere between a copy of Woody Guthrie and an influence on Bob Dylan, one loses the man himself. After returning from England in 1961, Elliott started recording for Prestige, one of several folk music labels. On Country Style, one can see the rambling doctor's son come into his own as a performer. On his previous recordings in England, he relied heavily on Guthrie's songs and style to build his performance persona. On Country Style, Elliott steps away from the past to carve out an irreverent, slap-happy style that showed that folk music, when handled without studious care, could be a helluva lot of fun. Whether he's yodeling his way through "Lovesick Blues" or hamming it up in "Arthritis Blues," he gives the impression that he arrived at the studio under the influence. This gives each performance a loose, happy-go-lucky feel that one might expect from a live recording. The country material, "Mean Mama Blues" and "The Wreck of the Old 97," also helps to move away from tradition. At the same time, though, Elliott's simple arrangements -- guitar, voice, and harmonica -- couldn't be more traditional. Country Style represents the first flowering of Elliott's talent and turning point for folk traditionalism.
Mean Mama Blues
Low and Lonely
Fred Rose
Wreck of the Old '97
Henry Clay Work
A.P. Carter
Lovesick Blues
Cliff Friend / Irving Mills
Arthritis Blues
Take Me Back and Love Me One More Time
Jimmie Driftwood
Those Brown Eyes
Alan Arkin / Bill Carey / Erik Darling / Woody Guthrie
Paul Westmoreland
Soldier's Last Letter
Redd Stewart / Ernest Tubb


The Leah dress captivates with it's chic low cut bodice. A fitted flared mini skirt exudes ladylike charm. Effortless in an understated neutral palette, ethereal designed in sustainable linen. Simplicity is the ultimate form of sophistication. Concealed side zipper closure. Finished with cotton lining. Special Order. Handcrafted in 2-7 days, 3 day shipping.


33 By faith these people overthrew kingdoms, ruled with justice, and received what God had promised them. They shut the mouths of lions, 34 quenched the flames of fire, and escaped death by the edge of the sword. Their weakness was turned to strength. They became strong in battle and put whole armies to flight.
It is not the amount of this faith, but the object of it. Faith says,"I cannot do this,but God can."
Father, without You I am powerless. Without You, I am fruitless.
Yet, with You- I can do the impossible. Please show Yourself in these mighty ways.
Let me coach in such a way that the world watches in amazement. Then give me the power and truth to say-"It is the Lord"


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CEE Property Development Portfolio 2 a.s. (CPDP2) je uzavřený realitní investiční fond, jehož jediným akcionářem je Česká spořitelna. Vznikl 5. února 2011 odštěpením od fondu CEE Property Development Portfolio B.V. (CPDP), ve kterém zůstala pouze investice do projektu Central Park Praha. V říjnu 2015 Česká spořitelna oznámila záměr prodat vlastněné nemovitosti a následně fond zlikvidovat.

Od vstupu na trh v září 2004 je CPDP součástí konsolidovaných účetních výkazů České spořitelny. Jeho správcem zpočátku byla společnost CEE Asset Management (CEE AM). CEE AM byla nejprve dceřinou společností developerské skupiny Sekyra Group ovládané Luďkem Sekyrou, od dubna 2008 byla jejím vlastníkem společnost CEE ASSET MANAGEMENT LIMITED sídlící na ostrově Jersey.

Po svém založení fond CPDP koupil společnost Gallery MYŠÁK, která je dnes vlastníkem stejnojmenné nemovitosti v centru Prahy, a společnost Roztyly Centrum, vlastníka kancelářské budovy, ve které sídlí T-Mobile Czech Republic. V srpnu 2006 fond založil dceřinou společnost CPDP Jungmannova, která následně získala společnost Mrázovka II ze skupiny Sekyra Group, vlastníka paláce Zlatý Kříž na Jungmannově náměstí v Praze. V dubnu 2007 CPDP získal 20 % podíl v projektu Central Park Praha. V únoru 2009 fond upsal nové akcie společnosti CPP Lux a podíl na projektu Central Park Praha navýšil na 99,9 %.

V prosinci 2009 Česká spořitelna vytvořila opravnou položku k majetkové účasti v CPDP ve výši 1,8 miliardy korun. V srpnu 2010 spekuloval deník E15 o snaze CPDP prodat nemovitosti ze svého portfolia.

V únoru 2011 byly majetkové účasti s výjimkou projektu Central Park Praha vyčleněny do nově založené společnosti CEE Property Development Portfolio 2 B.V. V říjnu 2012 zvýšila Česká spořitelna opravnou položku k majetkové účasti ve společnosti CEE Property Development Portfolio 2 B. V. o 0,4 mld Kč na 1,3 mld Kč. Opravná položka k majetkové účasti ve společnosti CEE Property Development Portfolio B. V. zůstala ve výši 1,0 mld Kč. V září 2013 společnost CEE Property Development Portfolio 2 B.V. změnila právní formu ze společnosti s ručením omezeným (B.V.) na akciovou společnost (N.V.), v prosinci téhož roku se stala jediným akcionářem Česká spořitelna.

Reference

Externí odkazy

Česká spořitelna
Nizozemské firmy
Developerské firmy
Nadnárodní korporace
Firmy založené roku 2004


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Sandeep Goyal
Blog: 2019 is going to be a PANTASTIC year
2019 should hopefully put Rishabh Pant into the coveted league of brand ambassadors.
Pic courtesy: bcci.tv
Last week, the Indian Institute of Human Brands (IIHB) ran a small-sample research in Mumbai and Benares, with a 100 respondents each in the two geographies to gauge the relative popularity of five young cricketers: Prithvi Shaw, Jasprit Bumrah, Rishabh Pant, Hardik Pandya and Kuldeep Yadav. The research was intended to calibrate each of these cricketers over one dozen attributes covering Image, Personality and Human factors. A more fuller research normally covers a Human Brand over 68 attributes, but this year-end-year-beginning mini-study was just to see if the boys could be separated from the men, and this baseline research could help marketers choose perhaps one of these emerging stars as a brand ambassador for their brand for 2019.
The choice of Shaw, Bumrah, Pant, Pandya and Yadav was dictated by their good performances over the year gone by. Pant emerged 'triumpant' amongst his cricketing peers in the survey.
Right hand opening batsman, Prithvi Pankaj Shaw, was the captain of the national under-19 cricket team. In November 2013, Shaw established a new record of 546 runs from 330 balls playing for Rizvi Springfield in a Harris Shield match, the highest ever score in Indian schools cricket. Shaw made his Test debut against the West Indies in October 2018, scoring a maiden Test century, the youngest Indian to do so at age 18 years and 329 days.
Right-arm fast-medium bowler, Jasprit Jasbirsingh Bumrah, actually bowled a delivery at 153.26 km/h during the first Test match of the current India Tour of Australia 2018 at the Adelaide Oval, making him one of India's fastest quickies ever. His Boxing Day Test haul of 6/33 in the Australian first innings made him the first Asian bowler to take five-wicket hauls in Australia, England and South Africa in the same calendar year.
Wicket-keeper Rishabh Rajendra Pant made his Test debut against England in August 2018 with a six to get off the mark, the first ever Indian batsman to do so. His maiden Test century against England made him the first Indian wicket-keeper to score a hundred in England. In December 2018, during the first Test against Australia, he took eleven catches, the most by a wicket-keeper for India in a Test. In January 2019, during the fourth Test against Australia, Pant became the first wicket-keeper for India to score a century in a Test match in Australia.
All-rounder, Hardik Himanshu Pandya, holds the record for scoring the most number of runs (26) in a single over of a Test innings for India. When Pandya scored his maiden Test century at Pallekele in Sri Lanka, he set the record for becoming the first Indian batsman to score a Test century just before lunch. Pandya also holds the record for being the first Indian to take 4 wickets and score above 30 runs in a T20I in the same match.
Spinner, in fact Chinaman specialist, Kuldeep Yadav is only the second Indian other than Bhuvneshwar Kumar and the third spinner other than Imran Tahir and Ajantha Mendis to take 5 wicket hauls in all three formats of international cricket. His hat-trick in September 2017 made him just the third bowler after Chetan Sharma and Kapil Dev to achieve this feat in an ODI for India.
2018 saw peak performances from all of the five young players above, though Shaw and Pandya have been laid low by recent injuries. Despite being match winners for India, none of this young brood, except Pandya, has actually won any significant brand endorsements. Hardik Pandya features today in ads for Gulf Oil, Gillette, Zaggle, Sin Denim, D:FY, boAt and Oppo, most of these signed up in the year 2018. He has also recently been seen in an ad for Star TV alongside MS Dhoni. Shaw, despite his heroics, only managed the MRF logo on to his prolific bat in 2018. He also has an existing endorsement deal with Protinex and a small deal with a brand called Youva. Bumrah does have a deal with Zaggle but no ads have really been seen. Yadav and Pant are yet to open their accounts in the brand endorsement business so far.
The research by the Indian Institute of Human Brands (IIHB) shows all five young cricketers clustered together very very closely, with brand maps that almost overlap on most attributes.
Nevertheless, Pant leads on Trustworthy, with Yadav not very far behind. There is not much to choose between these cricketers on Innovative though Pant leads, and Yadav is again a close second. Scores on Prestigious are low for all, but again Pant leads. Pant is ahead of the rest again on Stylish and Daring. Yadav and Bumrah lead on Intelligent perhaps because of their wiley bowling. Pant again leads on Likeable, Fun, Charming and Worth More. Pandya is next best on Fun and Charming while Bumrah is second best on Likeable.
While the research puts Rishabh Pant ahead of the rest of his young team mates, the success he has had in the on-going Australia series could have had a halo effect on the scores, giving him the advantage of recency in recognition, rememeberance and recall. Because of being on sick leave, Prithvi Shaw has surely suffered. Though his noteworthy prodigious performance was not too far back in the year, Shaw seems already a bit faded compared to Pant for example being visible and in all the current news not only as a wicket-keeper, a centurion batsman but also for the 'baby-sitting' episode with the Australian captain Tim Paine. Nevertheless, Pant shines ahead of the rest of the pack, whatever be the reasons.
2019 should hopefully put Rishabh Pant into the coveted league of brand ambassadors. Unfortunately, past trends show that in cricket, 'captain-takes-all' has been the norm over the years. Most of the endorsements in their times were cornered by captains Sachin Tendulkar, Sourav Ganguly, Rahul Dravid and MS Dhoni when they helmed Team India. Captain Virat Kohli today has almost 25 brand endorsements with no No. 2 in close range. Bowlers have never really been favorites with marketers. Kapil Dev was the only real exception, but then he was much much more as a cricketer and a World Cup winning captain.
If Brand Pant does take off in the new year, he will emulate his illustrious predecessor MS Dhoni who started to get some endorsements even before he became Captain Cool. For Pant, that shall surely be a big achievement. Pant seems a quick learner. During the Melbourne Test, Australian captain Tim Paine had advised Pant to join the Hobart Hurricanes in the Big Bash League in the wake of MS Dhoni's return to the Indian limited-overs team. The piece of advice was followed by the nasty 'baby-sitting' jibe. But Pant made the most of a chance meeting with Paine's wife and kids at a reception hosted by the Australian Prime Minister. Paine's wife Bonnie posted the picture with Pant on Instagram and called him the 'best baby-sitter' in the world. The picture went viral like crazy and young Pant suddenly found himself more famous as a baby-sitter than a wicket-keeper or a batsman! There is something fun and likeable about Pant's personality and the IIHB survey seems to have captured some bit of that sentiment. Perhaps brand managers too will like Pant's playfulness and exuberance and deem him a good choice to represent, and promote, their brands in 2019.
Actually, it is a trifle unfair that the likes of quickie Jasprit Bumrah have not found any recognition from brand marketers. There have been recent reports of sporting brand ASICS signing up Bumrah and his bowling partner Bhuvneshwar Kumar but one has still to see a campaign featuring the duo together. Fast bowlers are normally favored worldwide because they have a certain charisma and personality. No wonder, Brett Lee signed up with Timex, Tag Heuer chose Kagiso Rabada and Dale Steyn got to endorse Nissan in South Africa. In India, fast bowlers are still to get their due. This is all the more surprising because India has traditionally been a land of spinners and the emergence of a true quickie should actually be good news to brands in categories like milk additives, colas, foods, bikes, lubricants, tyres, fashion and more. I hope in 2019, this wrong of ignoring pacemen will be righted by at least some brands.
Captain Kohli continues to fire with all cylinders blazing, both on-the-field as well as off-the-field. His consistent top gun performance however should not rob his other team mates, especially the younger ones, of opportunities to play brand ambassadors. It is actually in the interest of brand marketers to expand the portfolio of endorsers so that it does not look and feel as if Indian cricket is only about Virat Kohli, and absolutely no one else.
(Dr. Sandeep Goyal is an expert in Human Brands with a PhD in the subject from FMS-Delhi.)
prithvi shaw
Blog: Hardik Pandya - macho or 'mawali'?
Virat Kohli and Rishabh Pant rap away the pimples
CricketNext takes you to the next level of sports views
Krunal Pandya and Hardik Pandya break the bro-code ...


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Walter Katzenstein (Lisboa, Portugal, 8 d'octubre de 1878 – Hamburg, 9 de setembre de 1929) va ser un remer alemany que va competir cavall del  i el . El 1900 va prendre part en els Jocs Olímpics de París, on guanyà una medalla d'or en la prova de quatre amb timoner com a membre de l'equip Germania Ruder Club, Hamburg. En la prova del vuit amb timoner acabà en la quarta posició final.

Referències

Remadors alemanys
Medallistes alemanys als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1900
Esportistes lisboetes
Morts a Hamburg
Morts el 1929


Hawaiian Breeze, the island cuisine joint at 1719 N 45th, is opening a new sushi restaurant.
Shima officially opens today at 5 p.m. at 4429 Wallingford Ave, a space formerly occupied by hair salon. We're told that the sushi chef is moving up here from California after practicing the art of sushi in Japan for more than 15 years. The full sushi menu will be offered at both Shima and Hawaiian Breeze.
Shima will be open weeknights 5 p.m. to 10 p.m., Friday and Saturday 5 p.m. until midnight – to take care of those late-night sushi lovers.