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How Manipulating the Plant Microbiome Could Improve Agriculture
It has become increasingly evident that, like animals, plants are not autonomous organisms but rather are populated by a cornucopia of diverse microorganisms.
Davide Bulgarelli
Feb 1, 2018 | 10+ min read
MODELING THE MICROBIOME: Using synthetic communities of microbes to colonize Arabidopsis plants grown in a sterile substrate—the botanical equivalent of germ-free mice—researchers can begin to understand how the microbiome affects plant health. © SIMON FRASER/SCIENCE SOURCE
A few years ago, as a postdoc in the lab of Paul Schulze-Lefert at the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne, Germany, I used next-generation sequencing to study the bacterial communities that populate roots of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Although scientists had known for many years that roots interact with a variety of microorganisms, the composition of these communities was still poorly understood. As our sequencing data began rolling in, I was stunned by the staggering taxonomic diversity of bacteria that a single, tiny root can host. Yet there was an order in this apparent chaos. Almost invariably, members of the phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were enriched, differentiating...
Subsequent studies by other labs supported our findings and posited Firmicutes as an additional dominant member of the plant microbiota. In addition to these bacterial groups, genomic surveys of plants have revealed certain fungal and eukaryotic microbes. And all of these groups of organisms are making themselves at home not just beneath the soil in and around plants' roots, but in other tissues, such as leaves, as well.
This research immediately raised new questions: Why were certain microbes more abundant in roots and leaves? How did these microbial communities assemble? And most critically, how did they affect plant health?
Recently, in addition to genomic surveys of the microbes present in various plant tissues, researchers have begun to probe the functional consequences of these bacterial, fungal, and eukaryotic symbionts. A better understanding of the molecular dialog between plants and their microbiota could revolutionize agriculture. The world population is expected to reach 9.8 billion in 2050, more than 30 percent larger than at present. This will put enormous pressure on food production globally—pressure that won't be relieved solely by the agrochemicals farmers currently use to increase yield and protect crops from pests and pathogens. To encourage a sustainable food source for humanity, radical changes in the crop production process are needed—changes that could come in the form of microbial manipulation.
The interface between plant roots and soil—a zone called the rhizosphere—and the root itself are sites of colonization for microbes capable of enhancing mineral uptake by the plant, of both actively synthesizing and modulating the plant's synthesis of chemical compounds called phytohormones that modulate plant growth and development, and of protecting plants from soil-derived pests and pathogens. For these reasons, scientists are looking to manipulate the microbes populating this belowground habitat to sustainably increase crop production. And in my lab, we are looking at ancient varieties and wild relatives of crops as a source of insights into beneficial associations between plants and microbes that could be adapted for agricultural settings.
Surveying the plant microbiome
The roots of land plants thrive in soil, one of the richest and most diverse microbial reservoirs on Earth. It has been estimated that a single gram of soil contains thousands of different bacterial species, not to mention other microorganisms such as archaea, fungi, and protists. Perhaps not surprisingly, the establishment of interactions with the soil biota represented a milestone for plants' adaptation to the terrestrial environment. Fossil evidence suggests that the first such interactions with fungal members of the microbiome occurred as early as ~400 million years ago.1
PLANTS' MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES: Like animals, plants host communities of microbes that influence a wide variety of their biological processes. Recent surveys of the plant microbiome have begun to document which species are present—including not just bacteria, but fungi and microscopic eukaryotes as well—and how they affect the plant's health and functioning.
See full infographic: WEB | PDF© MESA SCHUMACHER
Comparative studies indicate that soil characteristics such as nutrient and mineral availability are major determinants of the root microbiome. Just as digestive tract microbes interact with the food consumed by vertebrates, the root microbiome mediates the soil-based diet of plants. Also paralleling host/microbe interactions in the animal kingdom, individual members of the plant microbiome appear to be compartmentalized. I and other researchers working with Arabidopsis and with rice have identified at least three distinct microbiomes thriving at the root-soil interface: that in the rhizosphere; another one on the root surface, or rhizoplane; and a third one inside the root, an area known as the endosphere.2,3 In all three compartments, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria dominate the bacterial communities in multiple plant species. The aboveground portions of plants such as leaves show similarly predictable microbial composition. (See illustration at left.)
While the categories of microbes that make up the plant microbiome are largely conserved, much variation exists in the species compositions of these communities across hosts. One key factor in determining how the microbiome is populated and maintained appears to be the plant's release of organic compounds into the rhizosphere, a process known as rhizodeposition. The amount and composition of these organic deposits vary depending on plant species and developmental stage, but may account for up to 11 percent of net photosynthetically fixed carbon and 10 percent to 16 percent of total plant nitrogen.4 This process influences the chemical and physical composition of the rhizosphere and, in turn, provides signaling molecules and organic substrates for microbial growth.
ROOT BUGS: Plant roots and the interface between the roots and the soil—a zone called the rhizosphere—are home to diverse microbes that can affect mineral uptake by the plant.© BIOPHOTO ASSOCIATES/SCIENCE SOURCE
Another factor that likely shapes the composition of the plant microbiome is interaction between microbes. In 2016, Eric Kemen of the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research and colleagues surveyed the microbes thriving in and on wild Arabidopsis leaves at five natural sites in Germany sampled in different seasons. They then plotted correlations between the abundances of more than 90,000 pairs of microbial genera identified in their survey, revealing six "microbial hubs"—nodes with significantly more connections than other nodes within the network. These hubs were represented by the oomycete genus Albugo, the fungal genera Udeniomyces and Dioszegia, the bacterial genus Caulobacter, and two distinct members of the bacterial order Burkholderiales.5 Given the high degree of connectivity within the communities, it is likely that these microbial hubs play a disproportionate role in the microbiome, akin to that of keystone species in an ecosystem.
To validate this idea that certain species can drive the composition of the plant microbiome, Kemen's team selected Albugo sp. and Dioszegia sp. as paradigmatic examples of microbial hubs. Albugo oomycetes are eukaryotic pathogens of Arabidopsis with an obligate biotrophic lifestyle—meaning that they cannot be cultured outside their host. Consistent with the central role of Albugo in the plant's microbial community, Arabidopsis that had been artificially infected with Albugo laibachii and maintained in potting soil under controlled conditions displayed a bacterial microbiome composition that was less variable across plants than that of uninfected individuals. Conversely, differences between the bacterial microbiomes of three distinct Arabidopsis strains were amplified in the presence of A. laibachii infection. The fungal microbiome, however, was not significantly affected by the presence of A. laibachii and another Albugo species.
I was stunned by the staggering taxonomic diversity of bacteria that a single, tiny root can host.
Kemen's team conducted a parallel set of experiments with Dioszegia sp., which—unlike Albugo sp.—are culturable under laboratory conditions, and six bacterial isolates from Arabidopsis leaves. The results confirmed that the presence of the fungal species can strongly inhibit the growth of Caulobacter—plants whose leaves were inoculated with Dioszegia sp. showed a 100-fold reduction in the number of colony-forming units of Caulobacter sp.—mirroring the significant negative correlation observed between these two groups of microbes in the network analysis.5
In 2017, Harvard University's Roberto Kolter and colleagues demonstrated that such microbial interactions are not limited to Arabidopsis. The researchers developed a simplified version of the maize root microbiome, consisting of seven bacterial strains previously identified in sequencing surveys. By using a leave-one-out approach to colonizing naive maize plants, they demonstrated that removal of Enterobacter cloacae disrupts the composition of the microbial community, which became dominated by Curtobacterium pusillum, while the other five species had nearly disappeared. Interestingly, this effect was limited to plant colonization: when the seven strains of bacteria were monitored in a substrate that did not contain maize seedlings, the community's composition was significantly different from the one retrieved from roots, and the regulatory role exerted by E. cloacae was not detected.6
These studies suggest that individual members of the microbiome can have a disproportionate role in assembling and stabilizing the community. Deciphering the interactions within and between the various taxa populating leaves and roots will be required to understand the regulation of the plant microbiome.
From composition to function
For years, researchers have observed that, despite the presence of pathogens and conditions favorable to infection, some regions produce plants that are less susceptible to disease than other areas. The soils in these areas, it turns out, support plant health via the microbiome.
Researchers are making strides in understanding the mechanisms underlying this support. In 2011, for example, a team led by Rodrigo Mendes, then at Wageningen University and Research Centre in the Netherlands, demonstrated that disease suppression was linked to the recruitment of a specific population of Pseudomonadaceae, a family of the phylum Proteobacteria. Using a PCR fingerprinting approach, the researchers discerned that this population could be grouped into ten haplotypes, which the team designated A to J. Of these, haplotypes A, B, and C represented some 90 percent of the isolated bacteria. When inoculated in soil, a representative strain of haplotype C suppressed the incidence of disease caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani on sugar beet roots, while, surprisingly, strains from haplotypes A or B did not.7
Similarly, in their study published last year, Kolter and colleagues found that maize plants inoculated with the seven selected bacterial strains showed significantly delayed development of Fusarium verticillioides, the causal agent of maize blight. This phenomenon was mediated by the specific strains chosen, and not by bacterial colonization per se, as seed treatment with a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli did not protect maize seedlings from pathogen development. Likewise, the seven strains together were required for the protective effect: inoculation with individual strains resulted in significantly less protection against F. verticilloides.
This method of combining sequencing data with microbial isolation is becoming a powerful tool to formulate testable hypotheses and gain novel insights into the function of the plant microbiome. Like Kolter, researchers are assembling microbial isolates into synthetic communities (SynComs) of known composition and testing their effects on host plants. This approach was once considered a daunting task, as only a very limited fraction—often less than 1 percent—of soil biota was considered culturable under laboratory conditions. But in 2015, Schulze-Lefert's lab teamed up with Julia Vorholt's group at ETH Zurich in Switzerland to investigate the proportion of Arabidopsis-associated bacteria that can be cultured, and found the 1 percent statistic to be a vast underestimate.
FUNGAL FINGERS: In addition to bacteria, the plant microbiome includes fungal species such as the Rhizoctonia solani shown here.© DENNIS KUNKEL MICROSCOPY/SCIENCE SOURCE
Comparing the taxonomic relationships among some 8,000 colony-forming microbes from leaves and roots of plants using cultivation-independent sequencing surveys of leaf and root microbiomes, the researchers demonstrated that more than 50 percent of the dominant members of the Arabidopsis microbiome can be cultured in vitro.8 Taking advantage of this finding, the team assembled SynComs representative of the microbiota of the Arabidopsis roots and leaves and tested the communities' capacities to colonize these tissues on plants grown in a sterile substrate—the botanical equivalent of germ-free mice. These experiments revealed that, upon plant inoculation, root and leaf isolates form microbial communities resembling the natural microbiomes of those tissues, demonstrating that the SynCom approach accurately recapitulates the effects of a complete microbiota.8
Since then, numerous researchers have begun to develop SynComs to further explore the function of the plant microbiome. Earlier this year, for example, Jeff Dangl of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and colleagues used the SynCom approach to explore the role of the root microbiome in phosphate uptake. In nature, less than 5 percent of the phosphorus content of soils is available to plants. To circumvent this limitation, farmers rely on the application of chemical fertilizers, but this approach is not sustainable in the long term. Thus, understanding how plants and their associated microbes can thrive under sufficient and limiting phosphorus supplies is a priority. There is a huge body of literature documenting the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to phosphorus uptake in plants, but the role of the bacterial microbiota remains mysterious.
Scientists are looking to manipulate soil microbes to sustainably increase crop production—and novel insights into the plant microbiome are now facilitating the development of such agricultural tactics.
In experiments with Arabidopsis, which does not engage in symbiotic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi, Dangl and his colleagues compared the microbiomes of wild-type plants with those of mutant lines that had impaired phosphate starvation responses (PSRs)—a set of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional activities evolved by plants to cope with phosphorus deficiency. Using a SynCom represented by 35 taxonomically diverse bacterial isolates from Arabidopsis and related plants, the researchers demonstrated that wild-type plants and mutants, grown on agar plates, assemble distinct root communities when exposed to both low and high phosphorus concentrations. Remarkably, SynCom inoculation reduced accumulation of phosphorus when plants were grown under limited conditions but not when plants were grown in the presence of abundant phosphate, suggesting that bacteria and plants compete for the element.
By monitoring a core set of 193 marker genes, the team observed that SynCom inoculation greatly enhanced PSR-related transcription in wild-type plants. When the researchers transferred inoculated wild-type plants grown with limited phosphorus to plates with sufficient supplies, they observed a striking result: 20- to 40-fold increases in phosphorus concentration in the plant stem, as compared with mock-inoculated controls. Such a dramatic increase in phosphorus uptake was not detected in inoculated plants initially grown with sufficient phosphorus. Therefore, initial plant-bacteria competition for phosphorus might be part of an adaptive mechanism to maximize PSR in plants.9
Further investigation into the binding sites of transcription factors on Arabidopsis DNA revealed that PHR1, a master regulator of PSR, and its paralog PHL1 contribute to transcriptional regulation of plant immunity. In particular, phr1;phl1 mutant plants display enhanced activation of plant immunity genes in response to phosphate starvation and to SynCom inoculation, compared with wild-type plants. Together, these data suggest that the nutritional status of the host is a driver of microbiome composition; through master regulators of mineral starvation, plants can modulate immune responses, which could, in turn, shape microbiome composition. (See "Holding Their Ground," The Scientist, February 2016.)
Characterizing the plant microbiome and its function could be applied in an agricultural setting, better equipping our crops to grow in resource-poor environments and to fight off dangerous pathogens. Indeed, the private sector has begun to invest in this approach. One strategy many companies are pursuing is a form of plant probiotic, which consists of preparations of beneficial microbes to be mixed with seeds at sowing and again once the seedlings germinate. Another approach is to use plant breeding to select for varieties that have enhanced symbiosis with the microbiota.
Many questions remain about the plant microbiome, however—not least of which is how thousands of years of cultivation have changed crops' relationships with the soil biota. Using a cultivation-independent approach, my colleagues and I recently demonstrated that wild ancestors and modern varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare) host distinct microbiotas.10 Likewise, Jos Raaijmakers of the Netherlands Institute of Ecology and colleagues last year identified a shift in the structure of the microbiome of modern and ancestral varieties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); Bacteroidetes were more abundant in wild relatives, and their contribution to the community was progressively replaced by Actinobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria in the more domesticated plants.11
How do these differences translate to altered functionality of the microbiome? Thanks to the experience gained by Arabidopsis scientists, we are now in a position to address this question, and developing SynComs from crops will be an important step in the process.
Luckily, the field is motivated to do just that, as well as to define a road map to achieve the translational potential of the plant microbiome. In a few years, the plant microbiome manipulations may have moved from the lab to the field.
Davide Bulgarelli is a principal investigator at the University of Dundee in the U.K. His research aims at understanding the structure, function, and host control of the microbiome thriving at the root-soil interface.
P. Bonfante, A. Genre, "Plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: an evolutionary-developmental perspective," Trends Plant Sci, 13:492-98, 2008.
D. Bulgarelli et al., "Revealing structure and assembly cues for Arabidopsis root-inhabiting bacterial microbiota," Nature, 488:91-95, 2012.
J. Edwards et al., "Structure, variation, and assembly of the root-associated microbiomes of rice," PNAS, 112:E911-E920, 2015.
D.L. Jones et al., "Carbon flow in the rhizosphere: carbon trading at the soil-root interface," Plant Soil, 321:5-33, 2009.
M.T. Agler et al., "Microbial hub taxa link host and abiotic factors to plant microbiome variation," PLOS Biol, 14:e1002352, 2016.
B. Niu et al., "Simplified and representative bacterial community of maize roots," PNAS, 114:E2450-E2459, 2017.
R. Mendes et al., "Deciphering the rhizosphere microbiome for disease-suppressive bacteria," Science, 332:1097-100, 2011.
Y. Bai et al., "Functional overlap of the Arabidopsis leaf and root microbiota," Nature, 528:364-69, 2015.
G. Castrillo et al., "Root microbiota drive direct integration of phosphate stress and immunity," Nature, 543:513-18, 2017.
D. Bulgarelli et al., "Structure and function of the bacterial root microbiota in wild and domesticated barley," Cell Host Microbe, 17:392-403, 2015.
J.E. Pérez-Jaramillo et al., "Linking rhizosphere microbiome composition of wild and domesticated Phaseolus vulgaris to genotypic and root phenotypic traits," ISME J, 11:2244-57, 2017.
plant defenses
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Continental Motors Group has raised the time between replacement (TBR) of its diesel CD-100 series engines to 2,100 hours. This lifetime increase affects all CD-135 and CD-155 engines manufactured since Dec. 1, 2015, incorporating revision status 2 design changes.
The lifetime extension was possible due to several design improvements engineered in the last two years, according to company officials.
Through key improvements, continuous testing and field experience, both the CD-135 and CD-155 are now rated to a TBR of 2,100 hours. The TBR of the CD-155 increases from 1,200 hours to 2,100 hours, the CD-135 from 1,500 to 2,100 hours. In addition, the gearbox and timing chain will be rated for 1,200 hours once EASA issues the final paperwork for these components.
The CD-100 family of compression ignition engines are used in flight schools around the world and have been chosen by OEMs such as Cessna Aircraft (Cessna 172 JTA Skyhawk), Diamond Aircraft (DA 40 and DA42), Glasair (Sportsman), Mooney Aircraft (M10), Piper Aircraft (Archer DX) and Robin New Aircraft. Retrofit kits for many airframes are also available.
If you look into it since these engines are made using a Mercedes diesel engine it is cheaper for Continental to buy one of the several million engines that Mercedes had made and put the aircraft accessory's on to it than it is to pay some one to do the inspections and repairs on the engine like a regular overhaul.
Nice to know we're only "renting" these engines. When TBR comes up, well, son, y'all need a new one! Gonna cost ya one meeeelion dollahs. I sure hope there is a whopping core value (uh huh) for the old one, and eventually, other sources for rebuilt engines. I have a real problem with the use it once throw it away mentality on expensive items like airplane engines.
Any time there is a "sole source" supplier for anything, they have you securely by the short and curlies, forever. You get to pay THEIR price, like it or not, take it or leave it, or now you only have an airplane shaped flower planter for your front yard.
Time between replacement sounds like a way for the company to ensure profit in the future, just like the only places that can repack a Cirrus parachute are Cirrus service centers.


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Q: Is there a way to automatically loop a video playing via Leanback's VideoSupportFragment? I have an Anroid TV/Google TV application with a 'VideoSupportFragment' video player which plays videos from an external URI.
I've found how to include primaryAction controls for the 'PlaybackTransportControlGlue' (the play/pause, skip, seek bar) including my desired repeat/loop button but cannot find any native way to have the video set to repeat the currently playing video.
The button requires your own code to implement an action response.
My current solution is this:
class VideoPlayerGlue(context: Context?, impl: MediaPlayerAdapter?) :
    PlaybackTransportControlGlue<MediaPlayerAdapter?>(context, impl) {

    override fun onPlayCompleted() {
        super.onPlayCompleted()
        // My solution, play when video completes:
        playWhenPrepared();
    }

    override fun onActionClicked(action: Action?) {
        // Handle your action clicks here to allow them to interface with
        // the player and/or the PlayerAdapter.
        super.onActionClicked(action) // Allows for built-in play/pause and seek bar clicks.
    }
}

Which plays the video again on completion but I don't believe this is suitable nor reliable.
This video player is used as a custom screensaver (using Android's DreamService), so a more reliable/better practice solution is desired.

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We would like to welcome you at reopened and reconstructed Sports Center Koráb. The area had undergone full reconstruction, and now it meets all current modern standards. In the first phase, 3 beach volleyball courts, restaurant, playground and reception. During the 2017, we want to gradually open the guesthouse, gym, wellness and a small football playground.


The TRI Marketing & Publishing Committee oversees the dissemination of news about accomplishments of TRI Centers and individual staff members through social media, the TRI website, and other TRI publications. These accomplishments include publications, presentation, appointments, awards and grants. This group is open to TRI staff only.


All domestic and commerial electrical work undertaken, no job too small!
Contact me for a free quote, I generally only work in the Midlands, but will travel if required.
I will soon be offering fixed price electrical jobs via this site, come back soon.


About The Toston Times (Toston, Mont.) 1923-192?
The first issue of the Toston Times, January 18, 1923, contains introductions from both C.C. Anderson, the editor, and W.E. Ballard, the publisher. Both emphasize how impressed they are by the local businessmen and how they aim to support both the businessmen and farmers in the area for the improvement of the all. Only eight issues survive, 5 in January/February 1923 and 3 in August/September 1924. In the early issues, the paper is smaller and focused almost entirely on local news, mostly from Toston but with a section about Radersburg and with editorials often covering state issues. The later issues are longer with more non-Montana content, and by the last issue, The Toston Times is being published in Three Forks.
This content is in the public domain.


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Every week last year, 225,700 Ohioans received emergency food assistance from a pantry, soup kitchen or similar service.
That's enough people to fill Ohio Stadium more than twice.
A report released today by the Ohio Association of Second Harvest Foodbanks illustrates the recession's devastating impact on the state.
In all, more than 1.4 million Ohioans received emergency food assistance at least once, and often more frequently, in 2009.
That's a jump of 18 percent from three years ago, the report found.
"Is this a crisis? Every day is a crisis for an increasing number of Ohioans," said Lisa Hamler-Fugitt, the association's executive director.
"The situation has deteriorated to such an extent that more than 40 percent of those surveyed in Ohio say they must choose between food and medicine or other health care needs. Thirty-one percent have at least one household member in poor health."
* More than a third of those receiving assistance are children.
* 32 percent of households include at least one employed adult.
* Half of those surveyed say they have had to choose between buying food and paying for utilities.


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Parliament proceedings
Battle for Bangladesh's soul
Despite the increasing odds, the country's success in its fight against extremism should matter to the entire world.
April 20, 2016 12:29 am | Updated December 04, 2021 11:26 pm IST
K. Anis Ahmed
Macabre scenario: "By targeting young freethinkers, the Islamists pose as defenders of religion, placing their progressive opponents on the defensive." A portrait in Dhaka of Bangladeshi-American blogger Avijit Roy, who was hacked to death in 2015. — Photo: AP
"Offending religious sentiments shows a perverted mindset," the Bangladeshi Premier, Sheikh Hasina, recently said at a celebration of the Bengali New Year on April 14. She was careful to add, however, that anyone "killing another person in response to what they have written is not Islamic". The Prime Minister's comments came just days after the >killing of Nazimuddin Samad, a young social media activist, and capture the terrible duality facing this nation of 160 million, mostly Muslims, whose progressive aspirations are under threat from violent fringe elements like never before.
The >killing of blogger Avijit Roy in February 2015 brought the level of threat to the world's attention; a series of subsequent fatal attacks have heightened the concern, in part due to the targeting of self-described or alleged atheists. It is not surprising that in a mostly rural country with low literacy rates, there is little comprehension or sympathy for anything intellectually as rarefied as atheism. But by targeting young freethinkers — atheist or not — the Islamists pose as defenders of religion, placing their progressive opponents on the defensive.
Islamists v. secularists This macabre scenario derives from an extended history of Islamist intrusion into Bangladesh. The importation of religion into politics occurred first during the military dictatorships of the 1970s and 1980s, and later under the auspices of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). The last tenure of BNP (2001-06) saw the rise of state-patronised militant outfits such as Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh and Jamat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh. In the interim, the influx of petrodollar funding for mosques and madrasas, and the presence of millions of Bangladeshi workers in West Asia, many of whom send back not just money but also conservative values, have fuelled reactionary attitudes.
The current Awami League government claims to be committed to secularism, and has boldly initiated the trial of war criminals who committed genocide and mass rape during the Liberation War of 1971, all in the name of religion. Jamaat-e-Islami, the country's leading Islamist party and firm ally of the BNP, has been hardest hit by these trials. Many of their leaders have been convicted of war crimes. Despite questions about due process, these trials remain hugely popular with a public tired of seeing the perpetrators of the most heinous crimes roam free, or occupy ministerial seats, as they did during BNP's last tenure.
The trials, in conjunction with hard-line tactics employed by the Awami League since it came to power in 2009, have left the BNP and Jamaat in tatters. Ahead of the last elections in 2014, the desperate union of BNP-Jamaat resorted to unprecedented forms of violence, including petrol-bombing commuter buses. While Bangladeshi politics has always been full of clashes, such targeting of civilians was new, and when mainstream political parties start attacking their own electorate, extremist elements will take that as licence to go yet further.
Regardless of the history of contest between secularist and Islamist forces, many foreign observers, especially American officials and media, appear keen to flag a distant force such as Islamic State (IS) as a key factor in the new Islamist spike in Bangladesh; however, experts on the ground believe self-motivated local outfits such as Ansarullah Bangla are behind the recent attacks. All the murdered bloggers were active supporters of the war crimes trials, which suggests that Jamaat or its proxies may be targeting them. Furthermore, it is in the interest of the deeply beleaguered Jamaat to create instability in the country, preferably to the point of deposing the Awami League government.
Red herring, real questions None of this is to discount the potency of a post-Jamaat wave of Islamism. The latest issue of the IS magazine, Dabiq , clearly lays out its intent to make inroads into Bangladesh. Yet any alliance with either al-Qaeda in South Asia or the IS is mainly a tactical move for publicity that suits both sides: the IS gets to project reach on the cheap, and the local thugs enjoy heightened exposure and menace value. Indeed, it is possible that local outfits will rebrand themselves as "IS" to gain greater mileage. The deeper reality is this: even if IS central were eliminated tomorrow, Bangladesh — like so many other places beset by jihadist groups — would still have home-grown Islamists to deal with. Bangladesh managed to contain the threat for nearly two decades; the first terror attacks in the country occurred back in the late 1990s. Hence, the debate over the existence of the IS in Bangladesh is a bit of a red herring. The real question should be: what more can Bangladesh do now to stave off the new surge in extremism?
The recent spate of killings is not without precedence: fanatics mounted sufficient protests for free-spirited poets like Daud Haider in the 1970s and Taslima Nasreen in the 1990s to go into permanent exile. Celebrated poet Humayun Azad was hacked to death by Islamists in 2004, just outside the same Ekushey Book Fair where Avijit Roy would meet his end in 2015. The relative complacency of many Bangladeshis, the moment a victim is revealed to be an "atheist", exposes the brittle nature of its culture of tolerance.
Despite the increasing odds, Bangladesh's success in its battle against extremism should matter to the entire world. Most Muslim nations that have been historically congratulated by the West for being "moderate" owed their relative progressivism to military, monarchic or even civil authoritarianism; for example, in the case of Turkey, Morocco and Malaysia. In contrast, secularism in Bangladesh has survived a tumultuous democracy, including periods when powers sympathetic to an Islamic tone were in charge. If Bangladesh were to survive as a secular nation, it could serve as a model of a Muslim-majority nation where faith and progressive ideals — tolerance and pluralism — could coexist.
Part of the problem is that Bangladesh is still at a stage of development where freedom of speech — like so many other fundamental rights, even habeas corpus — is treated as discretionary. And though the Awami League enjoys a reputation as the more liberal of the country's two dominant parties, its record is not without blemish; it has promulgated a draconian cyber law that allows for detention without bail. Also, and less talked about in the light of the more headline-grabbing blogger killings, dozens of people disappear each year; a bane that did not exist in the 1990s but which has flourished since the early 2000s.
Bangladesh has sustained so far as a liberal society thanks to the strength and tenor of its ethno-linguistic culture. Examples of this are the millions of women who ignored the warning of Hefazat-e-Islam, a network of hard-line clerics allied with the BNP and Jamaat, to stay away from the festivities celebrating Pohela Boishakh (the secular Bengali New Year). Yet, heartening as such spirited displays are, culture alone cannot keep us progressive.
The less we do to challenge the inhuman arrogance of violent extremists, the more we are in danger of allowing the normalisation of intolerance. To reach our most profound ideals, we Bangladeshis, and our government, must avoid appeasement, and muster the courage once displayed by those who died for our language, and for our independence.
K. Anis Ahmed is a writer, and publisher of the Dhaka Tribune. He is also a co-director of the Dhaka Literary Festival.
Bangladesh varsity professor hacked to death
Living in fear away from home
Bangladeshi Christian hacked to death
Hindu ashram worker hacked to death in Bangladesh
Writer hacked to death in Dhaka
Fourth secular blogger hacked to death in Bangladesh
Attacks on bloggers rattle Bangladesh
Secular activist murdered in Dhaka
Another killing in Bangladesh
Bangladesh / armed conflict / op-ed
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British investigation into Gujarat riots was to address concerns of our constituents: Jack Straw
IND VS NZ, Hockey World Cup 2023, HIGHLIGHTS: India loses to New Zealand in shootouts; Spain defeats Malaysia, advances to QFs

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text:
Home » Cards, Digital Payments, Internet, Mobile, Paytm
Update: Paytm withdraws its "App PoS" feature
Nikhil Pahwa
By Nikhil Pahwa (	@nixxin , +NikhilPahwa , nikhil@medianama.com ) November 24, 2016
Update: Paytm has withdrawn its "App PoS" feature (hat tip: Rohin Dharmakumar), saying:
Post our launch, we have had several discussions with stakeholders on how we can make this process even more secure. Based on some suggestions from the industry, we have decided to add additional certifications and features before making it available to merchants. We will re-launch this product as soon as we have updated the product. following criticism regarding the lack of security
Essentially, the product was criticised for not being secure enough, given the potential that the merchant could have a screen reader application, or an application that logs the 3D Secure or Verified by Visa password when a consumer adds it. This is a very responsible move from Paytm.
Some of the criticism:
@nixxin There is also a serious issue of security. How do I know if merchants phone isnt infected Does @Paytm also install antivirus?
— Srikanth ஸ்‌ரீகாந்த் (@logic) November 23, 2016
@logic You don't need infection. Merchant needs to install a card-stealing app, that's it. @nixxin @Paytm
— Nilesh Trivedi (@nileshtrivedi) November 23, 2016
Yesterday: "We want to be the largest acquirer in the country, with an order of magnitude of tens of thousand merchants. This year we are expected to clear Rs 30,000 crore of payments. We're headed towards 2 billion transactions this year. Today we have 1.5 million merchants who accept payments using Paytm. We're expecting this to become 15 million by the end of this year," Paytm CEO Vijay Shekhar Sharma said while announcing that the Paytm app is being upgraded to allow merchants to accept card payments, and essentially operate as a virtual point-of-sales terminal. At present, this is being launched on Android, since iOS requires an approval process.
Some notes and comments
1. Just a payment gateway integration: Essentially, this is just a payment gateway integrated into an application, and nothing more. Paytm has partnered with Citibank for this. Frankly, any payments app can do this, and this is not the same as a physical machine. India has 1.5 million traditional PoS machines, and Paytm is trying to add to that by calling this an "App PoS".
2. Too much friction: The user experience has significant friction. The user will have to take the app from the merchant, type in card details, the CVV to be taken to the bank gateway and enter their card details. Lets not forget that bank gateways are currently struggling with online payments.
3. Rs 50,000 limit: Merchants are allowed to accept Rs 50,000 per month, because of limitations put in by the RBI. Yesterday, the RBI allowed every payment company to sign up a merchant by self declaration. This is useful for merchants, in order to accept at least some payments. On the limit, Sharma said, "If a merchant receives Rs 50,000, then he will be able to move Rs 50,000, and move it to the bank. We're trying to convert the merchant into a full merchant, and offline shopkeepers can accept higher limits." Paytm has more than 10,000 people on the street signing up merchants.
4. MDR (essentially the fee that merchants are charged): The fee is 0% on debit cards for a merchant to transfer money to a bank account till 31st December 2016.
"Till 31st December we're allowing this money to be taken to any bank's account for free. We'll launch a Paytm payments bank, and post 31st December, we'll allow free payments to the Paytm Payments bank. Why not allow every shopkeeper, using Paytm as a platform, accept Rupay, Visa and Mastercard." Sharma later clarified that later Paytm will charge 2% for Credit Cards. "This is a charge to a banks payment gateway." Right now Paytm is paying the MDR for debit cards.
5. Paytm's marketing budget "is Rs 500-600 crore, but we keep a fund for exceptional circumstances. We'll spend around 3x of our monthly marketing budget (for seasonality). Last year, Paytm spent Rs 2546 crore on marketing."
6. On readiness for demonetization: "I wish we could have been a lot more ready. Our teams are working hard to launch products quickly. We launched 10 languages a few days ago. We at least launched a few key features in local languages, in terms of what matters most."
6. Data:
– Signing up close to 40,000 merchants a day, and this is going to 70,000 per day.
– People were doing 3 transactions in a week, now they're doing 3-4 in a day. (from Deepak Abbot)
– Paytm expects 10 million app downloads for PoS this week.
– Top cities: Hyderabad followed by Chennai are Paytm's top two cities. Volume in Bombay, Bangalore and Delhi has shot through the roof, but the smaller cities have seen significant growth.
– 55 crore debit card holders and 75 crore debit and credit cards.
– "We're adding 500,000 users a day right now. Just last month, we've added 100k the month before. Daily new user growth is 5x."
– The daily average transactions are growing at 140%
– "We're on our way to complete 2 billion transactions this year."
– Paytm customer base is 158 million today
– 700,000 merchants accept debit and credit cards.
– "We've committed Rs 5,000 crore to this. We reported Rs 1,000 crore revenue, around Rs 2,500 crore in spends, so we lost around Rs 1500 crore."
7. "Not a very large number of people are adding cash to Paytm right now, and we've not focused on increasing that."
8. On Demonetization: "This is the time when people are being forced to change. In these unprecedented times, we aren't supposed to change our behaviour, but we are supposed to change everybody's behaviour. It's bound to generate some change (in behaviour). In the history of mankind, no human race has moved forward without some pain. Whenever Apple adds a new device, they add a little bit of pain. In the long term, the impact and benefits will be bigger and better. This is time for all of us to change."…"Digital payments take you far. Once a small merchant starts to accept payments, they become part of the financial ecosystem. The power of digital payments is that it will enable data which the financial ecosystem can use to generate loans and inclusion."
9. Quips from Vijay Shekhar Sharma:
– "We're investing more in digitization than the government is. No one is investing as much as we are in keeping the media… (running). By we, I mean the startup industry."
– "In the beginning technology companies first get users, and then start monetizing after building a moat." This is a risk-reward business model.
– "We don't look at P&L loss, but we look at cash-flow. We always have cash in our bank. Right now what we're spending will allow us to spend at the current place. With the bank, we'll have new revenue line items. We are acquiring consumers. We believe the payments bank will make money in the next two years. I don't think we have an obligation to make money for the next two years. Once people switch, we will reap our dividends in the long term, not short term."
Founder & Editor at MediaNama. TED Fellow. Co-founder SaveTheInternet.in and Internet Freedom Foundation
Government doubles NATGRID budget to Rs 109 crore for 2016-17
Eros Now partners with Vodafone for content distribution
Cards that haven't been used for online transactions to be mandatorily disabled: RBI


"Chewbacca - The Trusty Co-Pilot"
"Princess Leia vs. Darth Vader - A Fearless Leader"
"Darth Vader - Might of the Empire" is the sixth episode of Star Wars Galaxy of Adventures. It first premiered on the StarWarsKids.com and the Disney Now websites on November 30, 2018.
Darth Vader walks down the ramp of a Lambda-class shuttle as smoke and foam rises. The narrator explains that Darth Vader commands the might of the Galactic Empire as he walks past two rows of stormtroopers, several Imperial officers, and AT-ST and AT-AT walkers in the hangar bay of the Executor-class Star Destroyer Executor. AT-ST drivers and AT-AT pilots stand at attention from the hatches of their vehicles. Vader then walks onto the bridge of the Executor where he watches the assembled Imperial Star Destroyers and TIE fighters of Death Squadron. As the ships fly in formation, Lord Vader says that this will be a day long remembered.


You need not look at your profession to apply for a personal loan. It is one of the easiest ways to get instant cash into your bank account and lead a healthy and secured life. You should not stop your personal growth at all due to the unavailability of funds. This should be the last thing on your mind. You have many desires and needs in life which should not stop due to finances. Nowadays, you can get a personal loan with ease and without much questions asked. The best part about such personal loans is that you can spend it anywhere you wish to, and it is not a lookout of the lender. They should get their EMI on time and that is the only catch in such a deal. So, let us look at who can apply for a personal loan.
Personal loan can be applied by anyone who has a steady income and can make a payment of the installments as decided by the lenders. This could be for salaried as well as self-employed entrepreneurs. The application procedure is the same, but the documents required may be a little different for individuals.
Personal loan application can be done by visiting the banks or non-financial institutions. They would help you with the form to be filled duly with all the information required to do a background verification. It would help them to decide if the loan can be offered or not. This can be decided based on the financial documents that you provide.
There is not much required for a personal loan. The tenure would decide the EMI amount to be paid on monthly basis and this should be about 50% of your monthly income. If this criterion meets, then you can get a personal loan with ease. In fact, the disbursement would also happen soon without much hassles.
The interest rate is a cost that the lender would charge you for the loan amount you apply for. The interest rate fluctuates based on your credit history and the strong profile you have created in such long tenure of your career. This can be reduced as well if your score is high and have a good report based on your previous repayments.
The repayment tenure can be anywhere from a year to five years. This is the maximum tenure for a personal loan as it is an unsecured loan. Therefore, the lenders also need a security for the repayment of their principle amount.
Such loans are unsecured and do not need any collateral against the loan amount. This is the best thing to happen to any borrower. It is always a risk for the borrower to lose their collateral submitted in case of nonpayment. Therefore, a personal loan is so popular among borrowers.
You can also get a personal loan without submitting your documents. This can be a situation when you have a new business and do not have much financial documents to provide. This could be with the help of a good relationship with the bank or through a credit card that has a good credit report. So, you should always apply for a credit card and keep it up to date with the payments.
A credit history is important for you to apply for a personal loan and get it approved. This credit history is built over a period of years based on your transactions for repayment. So, you should always make the payments on time or before time to get a good credit score and get personal loans or any other type of loans in the future.
When you apply for a personal loan, it is always a stop gap arrangement until you get the funds from other sources. This means that you would close the loan before the tenure completion. But would this be a good option if there are pre-closure charges. This charge is based on a percentage decided by the lender on the outstanding loan amount. You should be aware about such things and get a clarity so that at the time of pre-closure there is no issues to be dealt with.


Marshall are industry leaders in the design and manufacture of guitar amplifiers. To aid the experience of testing out their top end amps we helped them transform a boring basement room in to a fully branded Marshall demonstration mecca. With a little bit of planning, a few sheets of PVC and a whole lot of printed vinyl we helped Marshall produce a room that really rocked!
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Welcome to Pasadena Pets Monthly Newsletter Page. Sign up for our monthly newsletter so you can receive the latest veterinary related updates, stay current on potential food/medication recalls, receive educational materials regarding your pets well being and receive our monthly specials to offset some veterinary costs! We are dedicated to make sure your private information is protected and that you will not be receiving unwanted emails. You are also allowed to opt out of these updates at any time.


text:
The Helmet Catch
Down 14-10 with 1:16 left in Super Bowl XLII against the undefeated New England Patriots, the Giants faced a third-and-five on their own 44-yard line. On that play, quarterback Eli Manning escaped several New England defenders and threw up a desperation heave to David Tyree, a receiver who was seldom-used during the season. In a jump ball against safety Rodney Harrison, Tyree caught the ball by pinning it against his helmet, securing a 32-yard gain.
The play launched the 49ers to the Super Bowl, where they beat the Bengals 26-21 in what was the beginning of a dynastic run that saw San Francisco win four championships by the end of the decade.RANK: 33 LOCATION: Candlestick Park | San Francisco, Calif. DATE: 1/10/1982 CATEGORY: NFL
Interception!
Malcolm Butler, who had no interceptions in the regular season and was a rookie free-agent from Western Alabama, saw Seattle's receivers were lined up to run a pick route. He jumped the route and intercepted the ball at the goal line. The Patriots were able to run the clock out and win their fourth Super Bowl in franchise history.RANK: 25 LOCATION: University of Phoenix Stadium | Glendale, Ariz. DATE: 2/1/2015 CATEGORY: NFL
The Immaculate Reception
The play was the beginning of the end of a futile period in Pittsburgh, as the Steelers went on to win four Super Bowls in six years through the '70s. Though they lost their next game against the Miami Dolphins, the play is regarded as one of the greatest in NFL history.RANK: 47 LOCATION: Three Rivers Stadium | Pittsburgh, Pa. DATE: 12/23/1972 CATEGORY: NFL
The Rams, which featured a high-powered offense known as "The Greatest Show on Turf," ironically got their Super Bowl victory thanks to that defensive play. Mike Jones played for several more years before retiring after the 2002 season. The Rams' MVP quarterback Kurt Warner threw for 414 yards and became the sixth player to win both the NFL MVP and the Super Bowl MVP.RANK: 83 LOCATION: Georgia Dome | Atlanta, Ga. DATE: 1/30/2000 CATEGORY: NFL
The Music City Miracle
The Titans would end up playing the St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXIV. They lost the game after Dyson was tackled one yard short of the end zone on the final play.RANK: 93 LOCATION: Adelphia Coliseum | Nashville, Tenn. DATE: 1/8/2000 CATEGORY: NFL
The Guarantee
Namath and the Jets followed through on the guarantee, defeating the Colts 16-7. Namath won Super Bowl MVP, cementing his legacy. He would be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1985.RANK: 9 LOCATION: Orange Bowl | Miami, Fla. DATE: 1/12/1969 CATEGORY: NFL
The Greatest Game
The 1958 title game helped popularize the NFL thanks in part to NBC's national television broadcast of the game.RANK: 4 LOCATION: Yankee Stadium | Bronx, NY DATE: 12/28/1958 CATEGORY: NFL
The Ice Bowl
It was the third consecutive NFL Championship for the Packers, but this game would be known because of its frigid temperature. With wind chill, the temperature was -48 degrees. Several players suffered from frostbite during the game, including Starr, who got it on his fingers.RANK: 55 LOCATION: Lambeau Field | Green Bay, Wisc. DATE: 12/31/1967 CATEGORY: NFL
Eight The Hard Way
Phelps won eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games, passing Mark Spitz for the most golds by an athlete at a single GamesRANK: 6 LOCATION: Beijing National Aquatics Center | Beijing, China DATE: 8/16/2008 CATEGORY: Summer Olympics


Congratulations, to Fath Properties, on a successful 2017 Canned Food Drive event! Your food drive raised a total of 300 pounds which will provide access to 250 meals for chronically hungry children, families, and seniors in need in North Texas!
We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude for your generosity. Your participation and hard work in the struggle against hunger is commendable and greatly appreciated by more people than you may ever know. It is always a humble pleasure to work with such dedicated individuals in pursuit of solving the far too urgent problem of food insecurity.
For additional opportunities to help in the fight against hunger go to www.ntfb.org and please visit our Calendar of Events & Campaigns, or Volunteer Opportunities pages.


text:
A Dutch Company Has a Plan to Rebuild Notre Dame From the Ashes—Literally—Using 3-D Printing
Two designers suggest that the charred remains of the cathedral can be reused for its restoration.
Eileen Kinsella, April 25, 2019
Le Stryge, Tour St. Jacques, and Sacre-Coeur. Image courtesy John Weiss via Flickr.
Cutting-edge technology may play an unprecedented role in the reconstruction of Notre Dame Cathedral after last week's devastating fire.
A Dutch design firm, Conc3rde, has proposed 3-D printing lost sections of the famous Gothic church—and even using ashes from the fire as a material.
"As the extent of the damage becomes clear, it is time to think about how to rebuild this sacred monument that has seen so much history," according to a written proposal from Conc3rde co-founders Eric Geboers and Matteo Baldassari.
Conc3rde's 3D printed version of Le Styrge. Image courtesy Conc3rde, Rotterdam.
Now that President Emmanuel Macron has pledged to fully restore the church, and close to €1 billion ($1.1 billion) have been pledged, Geboers and Baldassari are proposing a strategy "to rebuild Notre Dame in a modern way, that maintains the soul and layered history of the building."
The three-year old Rotterdam-based firm has already produced a sample replacement gargoyle using the technique is has proposed. Using scans of the gargoyle that were readily available online, they created Le Styrge, a demon statue that sat on the roof of Notre Dame, with a small printer known as Armadillo White. The sculpture has been remade in a mixture of limestone and ash, materials similar to those left by the fire.
Flames and smoke billow around the gargoyles decorating the roof and sides of the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris on April 15, 2019. Photo by Thomas Sansom/AFP/Getty Images.
"What if we reuse what is left? What if we take the remains of Notre Dame and use them to build her up again? What if we take the stone that has seen so much history and not simply discard it but reuse it, and with that maintain the soul of the building?" they ask in their proposal.
They propose to collect the ash, dust, and damaged stone, and turn these materials into a 3-D printable powder. "The powder will have the color of the Parisian stone yellowish grey, mixed with the charred remains of the wood. We can then use this powder, together with the existing 3-D scans, and directly 3-D print the lost parts of the Notre Dame."
Le Styrge was added to the roof of Notre Dame during a 19th-century restoration by architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. The material that was originally used to build the cathedral, known as Lutetian limestone, came from mines that are now buried under Paris. And the large oak beams of the timber roof that was destroyed last week were made from trees felled in the 13th century, according to a report in Dezeen.
Materials used in creating 3D version of Le Styrge. Image courtesy Conc3rde, Rotterdam.
"We would like the Notre Dame to rise from its ashes like a phoenix," Geobers and Baldassari write. "The fire is now part of its long history. The building should show its layered history proudly, and show the world that it has conquered it. The fire can also be the future of Notre Dame."
In the wake of the disastrous fire, another unorthodox idea making the rounds is the notion that models made for the 2014 video game "Assassin's Creed Unity," which is set in Paris during the French Revolution, could prove useful to conservationists. The game's artist, Caroline Miousse, spent more than a year making a detailed recreation of the cathedral.
Eileen Kinsella
Senior Market Editor
Art Industry News: Philippe de Montebello and More Than 1,000 Other Experts Say Macron Is Rushing Notre Dame's Restoration + Other Stories
By artnet News , Apr 30, 2019
From the Devastating Fire at Notre Dame to Beyoncé's Art-History Lessons: The Best and Worst of the Art World This Week
By Caroline Goldstein , Apr 19, 2019
Art Industry News: As Edgy Artists Enter the Notre Dame Spire Competition, Conservatives Get Nervous + Other Stories
Art Industry News: Vanity Fair Charts How the Gallery World's 'Art Boys' Became Catnip to Celebrity Girlfriends + Other Stories
By , Apr 26, 2019
Art Industry News: The Long-Delayed Guggenheim Abu Dhabi Is Now 'On Track' to Open by 2023 + Other Stories


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text:
Revoking Contracts: Mutual Mistake Lawyers
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What Is the Contracts' Defense of Mutual Mistake?
A "mutual mistake" defense is raised by someone trying to evade their duty under a contract. The defense states that both parties to the contract relied on a mistaken assumption when entering the contract, thereby making it invalid.
What Is a Mistaken Assumption?
A mistaken assumption is a fact that both you and the other party thought to be true when the contract was signed. Yet, due to whatever circumstance, this fact is no longer true. As a result, you can no longer perform the contract as you originally planned. An example might be contracting to dig a hole in someone's backyard and discovering later that just below ground level exists solid rock.
How Does Mutual Mistake Lead to Revocation of a Contract?
Not all cases of mutual mistakes are decisive enough to warrant revoking a contract.
When determining whether a mutual mistake can apply in your case, several factors must first be examined:
The mistake must go against a basic assumption of the contract: The mistake is a primary reason why both you and the other party entered the contract in the first place. An example of this would be a professional football team that signs a starting quarterback, whom a physician later determines can only kick field goals from now on. The basic assumption here is the team and player's belief that the player would play quarterback while signing the contract.
The mistake must have a material effect on performance: The mistake must significantly change what you have to do under the contract, almost to the point where it's entirely different. An example of this would be contracting to clean someone's pool, then uncovering that the pool water has produced toxic chlorine levels over time. As a result, you cannot clean the pool without first decontaminating it.
You cannot use a mutual mistake defense if you assume the risk of the mistake: If you knew there was a strong chance or probability of a mistake when the contract was signed, you might have assumed the risk of that mistake. You, therefore, cannot use a mutual mistake defense. An example of this would be if you entered a contract to build a house straight above the San Andreas Fault.
Other ways of assuming the risk of mistake include:
Signing a contract despite your limited field of knowledge: For instance, contracting to construct a treehouse with no previous building experience and later uncovering the tree is infested with termites. You could not use the mutual mistake to revoke your contractual obligation to construct the treehouse in this circumstance.
The court assigns your assumption of risk: In some circumstances, a court itself may decide who assumes the risk of mistake. This involves looking into what is "reasonable" by analyzing who you and the other party are, what you both do, and any industry customs that may apply to your case. For example, a court is more likely to assign any construction risks to the corporate developer in a housing contract than the individual family buying the home.
What Is a Contract?
A contract may be defined as an agreement between two parties, creating legal responsibilities for each side to perform specific acts. Once the agreement is formalized, each party becomes legally bound to fulfill their contractual obligations, such as making a payment or providing goods.
For any contract to be enforceable under the law, each party needs to exchange something of value known as "consideration" (in most circumstances, this is payment for goods or services by the buyer and then provision of the goods or services by the seller). Consideration in a contract helps ensure a bargain is involved, not just a mere gift being given.
Contracts provide the parties involved with miscellaneous contract rights. When forming a contract, the sides will usually negotiate for various terms and provisions in their favor. For example, they may negotiate the quality of materials used, delivery date, payment amounts, and other contractual rights. Offer and acceptance of a contract are also necessary matters.
Forming a contract can often be difficult, even for seemingly insignificant transactions.
Common clauses in a contract may include:
Payment amounts;
When payment must be delivered;
The kinds of goods or services being sold;
When the goods or services must be delivered or performed;
Whether the contract can be assigned to another party
Remedies in the event of a breach
Therefore, exceptional care should be taken when forming a contract, particularly during the contract drafting and review stages. This can help stop a contract dispute or a contract violation in the future.
Oral contracts can be legally binding contracts, depending on the way they were created and the subject matter of the contract. Nevertheless, as a general rule of thumb, it's always better to formalize a contract in writing to be referenced in the future. Oral contract requirements may differ from state to state and according to the subject matter of the agreement.
Each party has a general duty to read a contract so they comprehend its terms and their responsibilities. When it comes to negotiating, forming, drafting, and reviewing a contract, the guidance and services of a contract attorney can be beneficial.
How Can a Contract be Broken?
After signing and agreeing to fulfill their contractual duties, contracts may be broken or "breached" by either party. This can ensue in many ways, such as failing to meet the terms or violating them. A breach of contract or contract violation may require legal action to make the non-breaching party whole if the breach has caused them any losses.
Some common ways a breach of contract can occur may include:
Non-payment for goods or services delivered;
Failure to deliver goods or services;
Delivering services or goods that are of substandard quality;
Delivering the wrong goods or services;
Not paying the entire amount for goods or services;
Paying the wrong party or delivering to the wrong party;
Miscellaneous other breaches of duties.
A breach of contract can either be minor or material. A minor breach is relatively insignificant and allows the rest of the contract to be completed. In contrast, material breaches are more severe and make it difficult or impossible to complete the contract terms.
Some other issues involved in a breach of contract situation may include:
Lack of consideration in the contract
Disputes over the length of the contract offer period
A mistake of fact in the contract performance (for instance, if a company delivers dinner "plates" as opposed to brake "plates")
No substantial performance of the contract terms;
Issues related to contract interpretation;
One of the parties was minor or could not form a contract agreement legally;
Breaches caused by the existence of fraud in the contract;
Breaches related to the assigning of duties in a contract (some duties cannot be assigned to other parties to be performed);
Instances where a contract term is vague, ambiguous, or has multiple meanings;
The contract was unconscionable (i.e., so one-sided that it would be considered unfair to one party); it may also be used as a defense to breach of contract;
Non-disclosure violations in a contract.
There may be various other ways to breach a contract. These may hinge on several factors, including state contract laws and the exact terms contained in an agreement. Since each party is free to negotiate terms in the contract, breaches can also appear differently.
How Can an Attorney Help Me?
Mutual mistake involves looking at some abstract legal factors. It's hard for most people to pinpoint what a "basic assumption" is, let alone who should "reasonably" assume the risk. The examples above represent extremely clear-cut cases of mutual mistakes that rarely occur in real-world practice.
Therefore, it is best to consult an experienced contracts lawyer to determine whether a defense of mutual mistake works for you. An experienced contract lawyer can determine the strength of a mutual mistake defense and whether it's a viable option.
Need a Contract Lawyer in your Area?
Ty McDuffey
LegalMatch Legal Writer
Updating Author
Ty began working at LegalMatch in November 2021. Ty holds a Professional Writing Degree from Missouri State University with a minor in Economics. Ty received his Juris Doctorate from the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law in May of 2021. Before joining LegalMatch, Ty worked as a law clerk and freelance writer. Ty is a native of Lake of the Ozarks, Missouri, and currently resides in Kansas City.
Ken LaMance
Original Author
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Investing in the bond market means choosing a market with a liquid value of over US$ 100 trillion (source: Bank for International Settlements, Quarterly Review, March 2014).
Ongoing and developing interest from international investors.
The global investment universe of issuers is closely monitored by a dedicated team ofmore than 20 experienced credit analysts. The universe encompasses not only sovereign and investment grade corporate issuers, but also high-yield names. In terms of regions, Société Générale Private Banking has developed extensive coverage including emerging markets ie eastern Europe, the Middle East, Latin America and Asia. More than 500 credit issuers are analysed by the credit analysts.
Bond picking: fundamentals, relative value analysis, primary markets, credit default Curves, market liquidity, currencies & capital structure.
Market risk: the value of the product may be affected by changes in the market parameters, and the price and value of investments and the income derived from them can go down as well as up. It could be lower than the issue price.
Liquidity risk: difficulty to sell rapidly an asset without causing a significant movement in the price and with minimum loss of value, or impossibility to sell an asset. An illiquid asset is an asset which is not readily saleable due to uncertainty about its value or the lack of a market in which it is regularly traded.
Volatility risk: these securities are volatile instruments and are likely to increase or decrease in value more often and to a greater extent than one that is not volatile.


Hammer and inverted hammer are amongst the top candlestick patterns. They are key reversal signals that traders look out for. First, let's understand the differences between a hammer candlestick pattern and an inverted hammer candlestick pattern.
The Hammer candlestick looks like a hammer, with a small body and a lower shadow at least two times greater than the body. The body is at the upper end of the trading range and there should be no upper shadow or a very small upper shadow. Overall, the shape looks like a hammer, hence its name. A hammer candlestick is found at the bottom of a downtrend and signals that, although the selling is still going on, the bulls have started to step in. The color of the candle body is insignificant but a white candle provides a more bullish signal than a black candle. A strong bullish day is needed the following day in order to confirm the Hammer signal.
Hammer candlestick patterns represent weakness of the bears. They pushed the price lower after the stock opened but were unable to hold the price at its lows by close. The sellers were able to bring down the price down but the bulls stepped in and took over.
The Hammer has the same shape as the Hanging Man. The difference is that the hanging man is found at the top of an uptrend whereas the hammer is found at the bottom of a downtrend. The hanging man is the bearish version of the hammer.
The Inverted Hammer pattern is the reverse of the Hammer candlestick pattern. Unlike the hammer pattern that has a lower shadow, this pattern is comprised of one candle that has a small body with an upper shadow that is at least two times larger. The open and close are near the low of the candlestick and there is no lower shadow or a very small lower shadow. An inverted candlestick is also found at the bottom of a downtrend and signals that the bulls have started to step in. Similar to the hammer pattern, the color of the small body is insignificant but a white body is more bullish than a black body. A strong bullish day is needed the next day in order to confirm the Inverted Hammer signal.
With an inverted hammer pattern, the buyers pushed the price higher after the stock opened but were unable to maintain it as some significant selling occurred. The stock closes near its opening price, with a rally in between. The presence of an inverted hammer signals a potential reversal upward.
The Inverted Hammer has the same shape as the Shooting Star. The difference is that the shooting star is found at the top of an uptrend whereas the inverted hammer is found at the bottom of a downtrend. The shooting star is a bearish version of the inverted hammer.
During a downtrend, the bears are in control. The presence of a hammer signals that the bulls have started to step in. If the stock opens higher the day after Hammer day, a buy signal is triggered, confirming that the bulls have taken control and are trying to bring the price back up towards the top of the trading range.
There are certain signals that enhance the likelihood of a trend reversal. For example, the longer the lower shadow of the hammer, the higher the possibility of a reversal. If there is large volume on the inverted hammer day, it also increases the chances of a reversal.
Take a look at the below chart of SU.
On the day of the hammer, the price opened and started to trade lower. The bears were still in control but by the end of the day, the bulls start to take over, forming a small body with a large lower shadow. The body is bearish, where the price closed below the open price. During the day of the hammer, there was a larger trading volume, meaning there is a higher chance of a reversal.The day after the hammer, the price gapped up, confirming a buy signal. The bulls are attempting to bring the price back upwards toward the top of the trading range. This shows that the bears were not able to maintain control. When trading the hammer, put a stop loss below its lowest point.
A bullish day after the hammer is needed in order to confirm the trend reversal. This doesn't always happen. For example, take a look at SRG below.
A hammer formed on low trading volume. Although a hammer formed, the price did not open higher the next day. Thus, a buy signal was not confirmed.
The formation of an inverted hammer after a downtrend is bullish. The below chart of COST is an example of an inverted hammer pattern.
Prices stopped their movement downwards by rallying significantly during the day. However, sellers took control back and pushed prices back near the open. The body is bearish, where the price closed below the open price. The fact that prices were able to increase significantly during the day shows that bulls are stepping in. If the stock opens lower the day after the market forms an inverted hammer, a sell signal is triggered. Since the stock opened higher, a buy signal is confirmed. If you are selling below the low of inverted hammer, you should put a stop loss above the pattern's highest price.
There are certain signals that enhance the likelihood of a trend reversal. For example, the longer the upper shadow of the inverted hammer, the higher the possibility of a reversal. If the body of the confirmation candlestick is large, the reversal long trade setup signal is stronger. If there is large volume on the inverted hammer day, it also increases the chances of a reversal.
The below graph of FB shows an inverted hammer followed by a bullish candle with a large body. This large body confirmed a strong trend reversal. You can go long on the trade and set up a stop loss below the Inverted Hammer candlestick's close price.
It is important to note that a hammer or inverted hammer formation is not the signal to go long, but rather there are other indicators such as a confirmation candle that is needed the following day to confirm a buy signal. Although hammers and inverted hammers are reversal signals, they are not strong by themselves and need confirmation.
Understanding how to trade the inverted hammer candlestick pattern is just one of the many swing trading strategies.


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London Korean Film Festival: One on One
Added by LKFF2014 on November 9, 2014.
Saved under Korean, LKFF2014
Kim Ki-duk's latest film, his 20th to date, opens with the grisly murder of a high school girl. The senseless death of the girl sparks a feeling of unease in the South Korean people. The violent act forces a small number of citizens to join together as a vigilante group, calling themselves The Shadows. Everyone involved in the girl's death are quickly hunted down, tortured and forced to sign confessions.
A far more conventional affair for Kim Ki-duk, One On One is the winner of the Venice Days Best Film at the Venice International Film Festival this year. A revenge film shot within two weeks sees longtime Korean actor Ma Dong-seok (The Unjust) step out of co-star shadows and into the spotlight as the film's lead.
One on One is a film Kim Ki-duk created out of the wish to express certain emotions and thoughts about contemporary Korean society where he sees corruption being considered an ability rather than a negative force. Loosely based on a real event the director looked to comment on, as he puts it, the "state of indigestion" people feel on witnessing the countless traumatic events happening daily. Kim Ki-duk wanted to ask himself and his audience "Who am I?" and what role each of us plays in stopping these terrible things.
Introduction by Anton Bitel
Please book tickets online!
Date: Sunday 9th November 17:00
Venue: London Odeon West End
About LKFF2014
The London Korean Film Festival (LKFF) returns to the capital for the 9th annual edition, 6th -21st November. Presented by the Korean Cultural Centre UK, the 2014 programme gives audiences across the capital and select UK venues the very best of contemporary Korean Cinema from this year with over 50 screenings, including UK and European premieres of box office hits, critically acclaimed independent titles, and retrospective programmes spanning epic period action adventures, edge of your seat thrillers, romantic comedies, dramas, documentary and short films. The London Korean Film Festival also offers audiences unique access to the cream of Korean filmmaking talent including directors, producers, actors and programmers.


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/ Newly Redesigned Campfire Travel Website Launched
Newly Redesigned Campfire Travel Website Launched
Chedall LLC, the publisher of an online magazine for recreational vehicle (RV) and camping enthusiasts everywhere, has announced that they have recently launched the redesigned website for Campfire Travel. Specifically, they have added a Competitions page for competitions offered through the e-magazine and the State Focus page where people would be able to browse through the previous monthly issues of the e-magazine. The states that were the focus for each month are also indicated.
David Hall from Chedall says, "We would like to welcome everyone to the new Campfire Travel e-magazine. We bring fun, entertainment and news to RV and Camping enthusiasts everywhere. Each month we will focus on four or five states across North America. In the redesigned website, we have added a page dedicated to the competitions that we offer to our readers and where they can win great prizes. Also, we have added the State Focus page where readers can browse past issues with the states that are the focus of each particulars issue are indicated for the convenience of the readers."
David continues, "Campgrounds and RV resorts will also be showcased. In each edition, we will also have $1,000 worth of vacations and prizes to win. All competitions are free to enter. There are four photo competitions, trivia and SMS to name a few to keep you busy each month."
The Campfire Travel e-magazine has been specifically designed for reading on a tablet but David says that they will soon be introducing a mobile phone specific app that takes advantage of the key features of a mobile phone to provide information and allow readers to have fun and possibly win some prizes.
David points out that the mobile phone apps they will be releasing will have embedded games for both children and adults that they can enjoy while on their camping journey. They will also be adding a Campground and RV Resort finder and directory to allow readers to look for that special place where they can go camping.
The Campfire Travel e-magazine provides all kinds of information that would be of interest to camping and RV enthusiasts. For instance, the e-magazine has a page on camping activities or those things that campers may
enjoy doing while they are out camping. These include fishing; playing Frisbee; wildlife identification; geocaching, which is an outdoor treasure hunt that makes use of GPS technology to find those hidden containers or caches that were placed there by some other geocacher; and camping activities for kids, such as swimming, biking, bird and animal-watching, scavenger hunts, and building a campfire.
The Campfire Travel e-magazine also has posted several articles that offer camping tips. One article focuses on the basics of enjoying a camp when using an RV. Another article provides a beginner's guide on how to camp. Another article describes how to remain warm and well hydrated while winter camping. And still another article discusses how to set up an RV at an RV campground.
Another important section that is provided by the Campfire Travel e-magazine are recipes for food and dishes that people are likely to enjoy while they are on camping trips. These include coffee recipes, breakfast shakshouka, cowboy hot dogs, pinnacles scramble, lime and pepper grilled chicken breasts, pressed Italian sandwiches, Alabama firecrackers, and huevos rancheros con bacon.
Still another important section of the Campfire Travel e-magazine is the one focused on gears and equipment that be helpful for RV and camping enthusiasts. One essential category is made up of RV accessories, such as LED bulbs for the interior of RV campers; a three-port USB cigarette lighter and charger; and a reflective door window cover.
And then the Campfire Travel e-magazine offers recommendations on what attractions to go to in a particular state. For instance, in New Hampshire, these include the Bear Brook State Park, in New York these include the Allegany State Park, in Ohio these include the Alum Creek State Park, in Rhode Island these include the Beavertail State Park, and in Maryland, these include the Gunpowder Falls State Park.
Those who want more information about RVs and camping or who want to make a suggestion can contact Chedall through their website at https://www.campfiretravel.com/ or call them on the phone.
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**Cut from a classic crepe, this mini skirt is designed in a fuss-free, streamlined silhouette, with a high-waisted rise that flatters the body. The silk organza flounce along the hem flutters gracefully as you walk. It features a concealed zipper and a signature "smart" zipper parallel to the hem. Fully lined.
Fabric care: Crepe part: Wash up to 30 degrees. Silk part: Cold hand wash. Iron on medium temperature.


We are proud to announce that the GGRA has joined the Sanctuary Restaurant movement and will launch the first of a series of free education workshops in partnership with the civil rights legal community. The workshops will provide training for San Francisco restaurants and staff about how to protect employees and guests against federal policies that are becoming increasingly hostile toward immigrants. The GGRA became one of the first industry trade groups in the country to join the Sanctuary Restaurant movement– a groundbreaking initiative launched in January by nonprofit advocacy organizations Restaurant Opportunities Center (ROC) and Presente.org as a response to Trump Administration immigration policies. The workshops have earned the support of policy makers including Assemblymember David Chiu and San Francisco Business Commissioner William Ortiz-Cartagena.
The first workshop will take place Monday, March 20, 2017 from 9:00am-10:30am at Don Ramon's (225 11th Street). All workshops are free and open to GGRA members and non-members. Sign up for the first workshop here.
The Sanctuary Restaurant platform includes guidelines designed to protect restaurant workers from harassment and promote diverse workplaces and communities regardless of immigration status.


text:
'''Dr. Stephen J Press, DC, PhD, [[CCSP]], FACSM, [[FICC]], [[ICCSP]], [[Royal_College_of_Chiropractors&action=edit&section=4 |FRCC]]''' is an American [[chiropractor]]. He was born in 1947 to Howard and Renée Press (née Graf) in Bronx, New York. Dr. Press is 2nd Cousin to Calvin Klein <ref name=book>{{cite journal|last=Staff|first=|title=Author Press will discuss his new book|journal=Northern valley Suburbanite (No. Jersey Media Group)| volume=| page=37| number=| date=January 19, 2005}}</ref>, and descendant of the composer Jacques Offenbach <ref name=book></ref>.
In 2015, at the World Congress of Chiropractic and FICS Congress in Athens, Greece, Dr. Press was invited to apply for recognition as Fellow of the [[Royal College of Chiropractic]] (UK). By June 17, the Council had awarded him the "post-nominal letters "[[Royal_College_of_Chiropractors&action=edit&section=4 | FRCC]]".
In 2011, at the World Congress of Chiropractic in Rio de Janeiro, the Executive Committee of the FICS, presented Dr. Press with a FICS' Past President's Medal [3]. And, then later in the same day, awarded him the "FICS's Founder's Award".[7][8] In 2015, at the World Congress of Chiropractic and FICS Congress in Athens, Greece, Dr. Press was invited to apply for recognition as Fellow of the Royal College of Chiropractic (UK). By June 17, the Council had awarded him the "post-nominal letters " FRCC".


text:
{-# LANGUAGE RebindableSyntax #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators #-}

import Prelude
import Prelude as P

import Control.Effect as E
import Control.Effect.Reader

ifThenElse :: Bool -> a -> a -> a
ifThenElse True  t e = t
ifThenElse False t e = e

main :: IO ()
main = do
  let l = runReader (flatFilter tree) (Ext vThres 3 Empty)
  print l
  print (sum l)
  where (>>) = (P.>>)
        return :: a -> IO a
        return = P.return

vThres :: Var "thres"
vThres = Var

data Tree = Leaf Int
          | Branch Tree Tree
          deriving Show

tree :: Tree
tree = Branch (Branch (Leaf 1) (Leaf 4)) (Leaf 5)

flatFilter :: Tree -> Reader '["thres" ':-> Int] [Int]
flatFilter ( Leaf i ) = do
  thres <- ask vThres
  return (if i < thres then [] else [i])
  where
    (>>=) :: (E.Inv Reader f g) => Reader f a -> (a -> Reader g b) -> Reader (E.Plus Reader f g) b
    (>>=) = (E.>>=)
    return = E.return
    fail = E.fail
flatFilter ( Branch l r ) = do
  ls <- flatFilter l
  rs <- flatFilter r
  return (ls ++ rs)
  where
    (>>=) :: (E.Inv Reader f g) => Reader f a -> (a -> Reader g b) -> Reader (E.Plus Reader f g) b
    (>>=) = (E.>>=)
    return = E.return
    fail = E.fail

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub