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James Francis Edward Keith
Title: James Francis Edward Keith
Subject: Russo-Swedish War (1741–43), History of Freemasonry in Russia, James Keith, 1696 in Scotland, Jacobites
Collection: 1696 Births, 1758 Deaths, 18Th-Century Russian Military Personnel, 18Th-Century Soldiers, Alumni of the University of Aberdeen, Alumni of the University of Edinburgh, Field Marshals of Prussia, Jacobites, Military Personnel Killed in Action, People from Peterhead, Prussian Military Personnel of the Seven Years' War, Recipients of the Order of St. Andrew, Recipients of the Order of the Black Eagle, Russo-Swedish War (1741–43), Scottish Mercenaries, Scottish Soldiers, Spanish Military Personnel, University of Paris Alumni
James Keith was a Scottish mercenary in the service of Russia and Prussia.
The Hon. James Francis Edward Keith (11 June 1696 – 14 October 1758) was a Scottish soldier and Prussian field marshal. As a Jacobite he took part in a failed attempt to restore the Stuart Monarchy to Britain, before joining the Spanish and Russian armies. He ultimately came to serve in the Prussian army under Frederick the Great where he distinguished himself. He died during the Seven Years' War at the Battle of Hochkirk.
Early life 1
Military career 2
Spanish and Russian service 2.1
Prussian service 2.2
He was born at Inverugie Castle near Peterhead, the second son of William, 9th Earl Marischal of Scotland. Through his careful education under the historian Robert Keith, and subsequently at the University of Aberdeen in preparation for the legal profession, he acquired that taste for literature which secured him the esteem of the most distinguished savants of Europe.
Military career
But at an early period his preference for a soldier's career was clear. The Jacobite rising of 1715, in which he displayed qualities that gave some augury of his future eminence, compelled him to seek safety on the Continent (Nihtinen 1998).
After spending two years in Paris, chiefly at the university, he took part in abortive risings in 1719 in support of James Stuart, son of the deposed King James VII and pretender to the Scottish throne.[1]
Spanish and Russian service
He then passed some time at Paris and Madrid in obscurity and poverty, but eventually obtained a colonelcy in the Spanish army, and, it is said, took part in the Siege of Gibraltar (1726-1727).
Finding his Protestantism a barrier to promotion, he obtained from the King of Spain a recommendation to Peter II of Russia, from whom he received (1728) the command of a regiment of the guards. He displayed in numerous campaigns the calm, intelligent and watchful valour which was his chief characteristic, obtaining the rank of general of infantry and the reputation of being one of the ablest officers in Russian service as well as a capable and liberal civil administrator. He was also one of the first Freemasons active in Russia.[2]
In the Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743), Keith was briefly de facto Vice-Roy of Finland, where he met the love of his life, a prisoner of war many years his junior named Eva Merthen.[1][3]
Prussian service
Judging, however, that his rewards were not commensurate with his merits, he offered his services to 10th Earl Marischal, a strong personal regard.
In 1756, the Seven Years' War broke out. Keith was employed in high command from the outset, and added to his Russian reputation on every occasion by resolution and promptitude of action, not less than by care and skill. In 1756, he commanded the troops covering the investment of Pirna, and distinguished himself at Lobositz. In 1757, he commanded at the siege of Prague and later in this same campaign he defended Leipzig against a greatly superior force. He was also present at Rossbach, and, while the king was fighting the campaign at Leuthen, conducted a foray into Bohemia.
In 1758, he took a prominent part in the unsuccessful Moravian campaign, after which he withdrew from the army to restore his broken health. He returned in time for the autumn campaign in the Lausitz, and was killed on 14 October 1758 at Hochkirch. His body was honourably buried on the field by Marshal Daun and General Lacy, the son of his old commander in Russia. He was transferred shortly afterwards by Frederick to the garrison church of Berlin. Keith died unmarried, but had several children by his mistress, Eva Merthen, a Swedish prisoner captured by him in the Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743).
Many memorials were erected to him by the king, Prince Henry, and others. In 1889, the 22nd Infantry Regiment (1st Upper Silesian) was named after him. Hochkirch plans to erect a stone tablet inscribed to Keith outside its church, to stand with others dedicated to the victims of Prussia's defeat by Austria on 14 October 1758.[1]
Kingdom of Finland (1742)
^ a b c http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20071029/ts_nm/germany_scot_dc;_ylt=Avy.Pz7XCvqyRbIJFralv.VZ.3QA
^ Andrew MacKillop, Steve Murdoch. Military Governors and Imperial Frontiers C. 1600-1800: A Study of Scotland and Empires. Brill Academic Publishers, 2003. Page 103.
Sam Coull: Nothing but my sword: the life of Field Marshal James Francis Edward Keith. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2000 ISBN 1-84158-024-4
KA Varnhagen von Ense: Leben des Feldmarschalls Jakob Keith. Berlin, 1844
James Keith: A Fragment of a Memoir of Field-Marshal James Keith, written by Himself, 1714-1734; edited by Thomas Constable for the Spalding Club. Edinburgh, 1843
-- von Paczyński-Tenczyn: Lebensbeschreibung des General-Feldmarschalls Keith. Berlin, 1889 (with a second ed. (Berlin, 1896) on the occasion of the bicentenary of Keith's birth)
Peter Buchan, An historical and authentic account of the ancient and noble family of Keith, Earls Marischal of Scotland, from their origin in Germany down to 1778, including a narrative of the military achievements of James Francis Edward Keith, Field-Marshal in Prussia .... Peterhead, 1820
Peterheadian (i.e., Norman N. Maclean): Memoir of Marshal Keith, with a sketch of the Keith family. Peterhead, 1869
C. F. Pauli: Leben grosser Helden des gegenwärtigen Krieges. Thl. 4. Halle, 17--
J.-H. Formey: A discourse on the death of Marshal Keith, read before the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin, translated from the French original. Edinburgh, 1764
Anon: An Elegy on the universally lamented death of his excellency James-Francis-Edward Keith, Field Marshal in the armies of the King of Prussia, &c. &c. &c. n.p., ca. 1758
WorldHeritage articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with no article parameter
WorldHeritage articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
Use dmy dates from April 2012
Scottish soldiers
Field marshals of Prussia
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
University of Paris alumni
People from Peterhead
Recipients of the Order of St. Andrew
Recipients of the Order of the Black Eagle
Scottish mercenaries
Jacobites
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
18th-century soldiers
Spanish military personnel
18th-century Russian military personnel
Russo-Swedish War (1741–43)
Military personnel killed in action
Prussian military personnel of the Seven Years' War
Key figures in the History of Freemasonry in Russia
James Keith
Ivan Yelagin
George von Reichel
Nikolay Novikov
Ivan Schwarz
Pyotr Tatishchev
Ivan Lopukhin
Alexander Labzin
Russian Empire
Ottoman Empire, World War I, British Empire, Peter the Great, Russia
London, United Kingdom, France, Amsterdam, Berlin
Madrid, Andalusia, Portugal, European Union, Barcelona
Brno, Olomouc, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bohemia
Finnish language, Russian Empire, Swedish language, Sweden, Finland
History of Freemasonry in Russia
Freemasonry, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace
James Francis Edward Keith, James Keith, Baron Keith of Avonholm, James Keith (jurist), James R. Keith, Reverend James Keith Parsonage
1696 in Scotland
1694 in Scotland, 1695 in Scotland, 1697 in Scotland, 1698 in Scotland, 1839 in Scotland


Landmannalaugar - lime green moss along Road F208 iceland.
A field of lupins with the mist of Blue Lagoon in the distance. Taken near Reykjavik Iceland. Also known as lupinus or lupines. Photo taken in daylight at midnight in June.
view from top of Ljotipollur - explosion crater in Iceland.
Photo of view from top of Ljotipollur, explosion crater in Iceland. This is in the region of Landmannalaugar.
View of Hnausapollur from the top of Ljótipollur in Iceland.
Photo of a sign for Fjallabak Nature Reserve along F208 Landmannalaugar. Zooming in, it shows a good map Landmannalaugar area.
from site: The Fjallabak Nature Reserve is somewhat hidden behind the usual tourist trail of the Ring Road as it passes southern Iceland. Yet this is a wonderful place to visit, and only a short distance from the beaten track.
from site: The Fjallabak Route (F208) is a spectacular alternative to the coast road between Hella and Kirkjubæjarklaustur. It passes through the scenic nature reserve to Landmannalaugar, an area of rainbow-coloured rhyolite peaks, rambling lava flows, blue lakes and hot springs which can hold you captive for days. Much of the route is along (and in!) rivers and therefore unsuitable for 2WD vehicles.
Landmannalaugar - the rough road along Road F208 iceland.
A photo showing the rough road along F208 in the region of Landmannalaugar in Iceland.
Road sign for Eldgjá and Ófærufoss Waterfall in Iceland.
Road sign for Eldgjá and Ófærufoss Waterfall in Iceland. The sign is located on F208. Eldgjá is a volcano valley in which is Ófærufoss Waterfall.
Photo of the west side of the mountain Lómagnúpur in Iceland from Ring Road 1 (Lomagnupur). This mountain is 688 meters (2250 feet) high.
from site: Mosses are small flowerless plants that typically grow in dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations. The individual plants are usually composed of simple, one-cell thick leaves, attached to a stem that may be branched or unbranched and has only a limited role in conducting water and nutrients. Although some species have vascular tissue this is generally poorly developed and structurally different from similar tissue found in other plants.
from site: Facts and information on Mountains for kids, including the five different types of mountains that exist.
from site: A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. The adjective montane is used to describe mountainous areas and things associated with them.
Landmannalaugar (Icelandic, meaning the people's pools) is a region near the volcano Hekla in southern section of Iceland's highlands.
from site: A remote encampment consisting of a campsite, and accommodation hut as well as basic amenity huts including an excellent shower block and a small shop.


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COMMUNITY OF VALENCIA GP - moto2
Simone Corsi is ninth in the overall standings of the Moto2 World Championship 2017.
Simone Corsi and Augusto Fernandez bring the Speed Up bikes to points in the Valencia Motul Grand Prix, which closed the 2016 World Championship. The challenge in today's race started off after the difficult qualifying session of yesterday in which Simone Corsi placed nineteenth as he did not solve the chattering problems of the weekend in the warm-up. Teammate Fernandez started twenty-fisrt but with a good feeling. Despite the disadvantaged grid positions, both riders managed to climb up positions lap after lap. Both determined to reach the points zone, continued to climb until the last lap and finished the race respectively in ninth and fourteenth.
SIMONE CORSI#24 - 9°
"I'm happy with today's result. This morning I was scared because getting to points seemed was really difficult. The problems with the bike setting were the same as in the weekend, but I tried to push more than I could for the whole race. It was not a year of great satisfactions as we expected, but I really want to thank all the guys in the team and especially Luca Boscoscuro who believed in me in these two seasons!"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Arrest Reports
State and Nation
Limestone Ledger
Limestone Life Magazine
Faith & Family Magazine
Athens Senior Scene Magazine
TN Ag & Outdoors Magazine
BOOM Magazine
Home for the Holidays Magazine
Athens, AL (35611)
Snow showers this evening. Clearing skies later. Low 19F. Winds NNW at 10 to 20 mph. Chance of snow 40%..
Snow showers this evening. Clearing skies later. Low 19F. Winds NNW at 10 to 20 mph. Chance of snow 40%.
Serving Athens and Limestone County:
A Community of Tradition and Future
MorgueFile
CNHI News Service
editor's pick featured
BLAKELY TRIAL: State drops theft charge; juror dismissed
Jessica Barnett
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Prosecutors resumed questioning their final witness — the chief investigator in their case against Limestone Sheriff Mike Blakely — Tuesday morning, only to return from lunch and move to dismiss one of the charges he discussed on the stand.
Meanwhile, a juror was accused of breaking court rules by discussing the case with her boyfriend, an inmate at the Limestone County Jail who is said to have then bragged to fellow inmates that if he could be released early, he would persuade her not to convict the sheriff.
The two events took place during a two-hour period granted to jurors for lunch. Prosecutors had rested their case before lunch Tuesday, and Judge Pamela Baschab ordered attorneys to only take one hour for their break so matters could be discussed out of jurors' earshot before defense attorneys began presenting their case for Blakely's innocence.
When attorneys returned, the first motion was a move by the defense for Baschab to announce Blakely as not guilty on all charges. They said the prosecution had failed to present evidence of criminal intent or theft, repeating arguments similar to those used in previous motions to dismiss charges.
As with those attempts, the measure failed — Baschab eventually denied the motion, but not before Assistant Attorney General Kyle Beckman informed the court that the prosecution planned to file its own motion to dismiss one of the counts.
No more Count 5
That charge, listed as Count 5 on the indictment, accuses Blakely of keeping for himself part of a $2,500 check given to him ahead of a trip to Las Vegas in 2014. Blakely and two Limestone County Sheriff's Office deputies were registered to attend a law enforcement conference focused on emerging social media trends, and the $2,500 was taken from the law enforcement fund at LCSO for "travel, lodging and registration," according to the check's memo line.
LCSO Chief Clerk Debbie Davis testified in court that the check was to be used for an overnight hotel stay on the way to the conference and on the way back, as the group planned to drive to Nevada so Blakely could avoid flying. Davis said she had suggested he take more than $2,500, but that Blakely told her it would be fine.
Testimony and evidence have shown Blakely decided at some point he did need additional funding, as a former LCSO jail clerk testified she wired Blakely $500 while he was on the trip.
Beckman said in his opening statement that after Blakely's return, only about $1,600 of the $2,500 was accounted for. Davis initially testified that she wasn't sure if Blakely brought back receipts or other documents showing how he had spent the funds, but she later told the court he had returned $945 in leftover funds to the law enforcement fund.
The question of whether this actually happened and why proof of it happening took so long to make an appearance in the case became the subject of additional testimony from Davis days after her original turn on the stand, as well as cause for a delay in court starting Monday and a hearing Tuesday morning.
It also led to prosecutors calling for a dismissal of the related theft charge. Beckman noted the receipt wasn't produced until the middle of the trial and noted the timeline of Blakely paying back the funds.
Evidence shows Blakely and the deputies returned to Limestone County from the conference on or around Dec. 13, 2014, but the check written to pay back the $945 was dated Dec. 28, 2014. In between the two dates, evidence shows a check for $1,500 was deposited into Blakely's personal account at Bank Independent.
Witnesses have testified the check was presented to Blakely before the trip to Las Vegas, at a board meeting for the Athens-Limestone Association of Realtors. However, while two representatives from Realtors associations — one representing the local group and the other representing the state level of the organization — testified last week that the funds came from a political action committee and were meant for campaign debt or expenses, the board president at the time said it was meant for "out of pocket" expenses and for Blakely to use at his discretion.
Blakely is accused of stealing the funds by violating campaign finance laws and depositing the check into his personal account instead of the "Friends of Mike Blakely" campaign account set up at another bank, where Blakely is listed as a signatory and could have deposited the check, according to witness testimony. As it stands, evidence shows Blakely deposited the check three days after his return from Las Vegas and wrote a check about 12 days after that to pay back law enforcement funds he received for the trip.
Evidence further shows the check wasn't cashed until January 2015. Davis testified she isn't sure why she didn't cash the check sooner, though Davis and former LCSO jail clerk Ramona Robinson have each testified that they would occasionally hold checks for Blakely, with Robinson saying she would wait until Blakely gave the OK for it to be cashed.
Blakely faces multiple charges related to campaign donations that were cashed in his personal account, with prosecutors saying it was done to prevent overdraft charges that would have occurred had he not deposited the checks into that account and on more than one occasion involved the donation not being reported on the required campaign finance report.
Juror excused
Also Tuesday was the matter of an inmate claiming influence over trial proceedings — specifically, how it might end. The inmate, identified as Mickey Dale Sanders, is listed on jail records as having been at Limestone County Jail since December 2020.
According to two other inmates — Austin Smith Clem and Brian Ross McFarland — Sanders was heard telling multiple people that his girlfriend was one of the jurors in Blakely's trial. Clem testified Tuesday that he is on work release with Sanders and heard Sanders' claims on at least two occasions. Meanwhile, McFarland said he works in the jail as a trustee and cook, and he testified he heard the rumors while retrieving supplies from the area where work release inmates stay.
Each reported what they heard to jail staff, who in turn sent the report up the chain. LCSO Lt. Tammy Waddell told the court Tuesday that after receiving the report, she began listening to Sanders' phone calls, about 60 of them involving his girlfriend.
Waddell said the pair seemed to talk in code, with Sanders asking if the girlfriend had to be at "work" at 9 a.m. and asking if she could bring two Gatorades from the Jiffy because "it would be hot where she was working." Waddell said the latter made no sense if the girlfriend was a juror, but given another conversation in which the girlfriend knew physical descriptions of other work-release inmates, it made her wonder if the girlfriend had been visiting Sanders at McClary Tires in Athens, where he was assigned to work.
According to Clem and McFarland, the conversations between Sanders and his girlfriend led to Sanders "bragging" to inmates that if Blakely could find a way to get Sanders released from jail, he would convince his girlfriend to acquit him.
News to blame?
"We was talking about the news, and he just went off and started talking about it," Clem said, later testifying that while inmates don't have access to the internet, they did watch the TV news.
Clem said Sanders had shared details of the case that weren't mentioned on the news. Defense attorneys suggested this could be the result of the girlfriend sharing bits of the trial with Sanders. Prosecutors noted that if Sanders was working in a public business with non-inmates, then it was possible coworkers or customers who read newspapers or online coverage of the trial may have discussed details where Sanders could hear them.
After the testimony and discussion, Baschab called the juror into the courtroom to formally excuse her from the rest of the trial. She told the courtroom it was "appalling" that everyone had been placed in such a situation and emphasized that she has tried from the start of jury selection to "protect" the jury.
Baschab initially banned all news media or public from coverage of the trial, leading media outlets — including The News Courier — to file a motion to intervene for access. She later changed her decision, rendering the motion moot but banning cell phones from the courtroom as witness testimony began.
This decision was also later reversed, allowing reporters the option of live tweeting so long as they did not use their phones to record audio or video of court proceedings.
Court to resume Wednesday
Baschab sent the remaining jurors home around 4 p.m. Tuesday with instructions to return by 9 a.m. Wednesday. The News Courier will have additional coverage of the trial throughout the week.
Blakely trial coverage
Mike Blakely
Pamela Baschab
Mickey Dale Sanders
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Nelson, Thomas
Thomas "Thunder" Nelson, 73, of Elkmont, passed away on Thursday, January 27th, 2022, at Athens-Limestone Hospital. Mr. Nelson was born on August 3rd, 1948, to Eldon and Violet Nelson. Mr. Nelson is survived by his wife of forty-five years, Susan Ball Nelson of Elkmont, AL; Kerri Truett (Jas…
Ruffin, Helen
Helen Robinson Ruffin, 70, Athens, passed away. There visitation will be Jan. 28 from 5-7p.m. at Peoples' Funeral Home. The funeral will be Jan. 29 at 12p.m. at Round Island Creek Mission Center. Masks and distancing required.
MCCARTNEY, John Nov 18, 1937 - Jan 24, 2022
Athens company claims $250,000 federal contract
Foundational surprise: Ardmore High school gets a $1M donation
Waffle House to open second Athens location
Joint-county effort leads to drug bust
Arrest reports for 1/27/2022
Park Supply celebrates grand opening
Bass arrested on drug charges
Athens High coaches and school leaders step up to deep clean school
LCCI saying goodbye to two longtime volunteers
'The real deal': Lindsay Lane's Henry Woodall signs first cross country scholarship in Lions history
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By Sean C. Morgan
New Oak Heights principal started educating kids young
NEW OAK HEIGHTS PRINCIPAL Josh Dargis says he's always been interested in elementary education.
Josh Dargis takes over as principal at Oak Heights Elementary School this year with an appreciation for Sweet Home generated by years working in small towns and a long connection with east Linn County.
Dargis is moving from a four-year position as vice principal and athletic director at Sweet Home Junior High. He came to Sweet Home five years ago as a math teacher from Glide School District.
"I decided I wanted to be an educator when I was young," he said. "I have 11 nephews and nieces. As early as when I was 11, I had a niece already."
Being an uncle most of his life, he had yo...


For those interested, FKFicFest's bonus grace period has expired and it's time for the gentle poking of those who haven't yet uploaded their FKFicFest stories. We've got 10 in the queue, and the other 3 players have all been in touch. We'll see what happens; we'll see what can work!
The 10 stories uploaded so far span quite a range of lengths (1.1K to 18.6K words), and are about evenly divided between "General audiences" and "Teen and up" ratings. To my great surprise, there are only 2 avowed pairing stories; the rest register as gen. (When I made the matches last spring, I'd supposed that this would be a big year for pairing stories!) Nick, Natalie and Lacroix appear in most of the stories, Janette in a lot, Schanke in some, and the specifically-third-season characters in 2. Oh, and we have 2 crossovers!
Addendum, 3:43 PM Pacific Time: Two of the three outstanding stories are having technical difficulties, but should still make it in smoothly. One is a little more complicated. We may or may not need a pinch-hitter. I don't yet know.
Addendum, 10:06 PM Pacific Time: All sorted! No pinch-hitters required!


Oftentimes, presently employed individuals, as well as job applicants, find themselves out of a job based on an accusation of having committed a crime. Unfortunately, arrest records do not offer the entire picture of both sides of the story. Think about being at the wrong place at the wrong time, mistaken identity, overzealous police officers wanting to close a case, etc.
Just imagine getting rejected for a job merely as a consequence of an alleged crime?
If an employer performs a employment screening solely based on a criminal database search, they may find arrest records and not an updated disposition to the case. Making a hiring or employment termination decision based the results of the criminal database may give the employee or employment applicant legal grounds to file an EEOC or FCRA lawsuit.
Unless an arrest record is followed by a criminal courthouse case search, it is merely an accusation at best. Furthermore, even after a case is filed — an employer must look at the final disposition of the case as the defendant may have been found innocent or the case dismissed in its entirety without any merit to the initial arrest.
An employer's use of an individual's criminal history in making employment decisions may, in some instances, violate the prohibition against employment discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended.
The Guidance builds on longstanding court decisions and existing guidance documents that the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (Commission or EEOC) issued over twenty years ago.
The Guidance focuses on employment discrimination based on race and national origin. The Introduction provides information about criminal records, employer practices, and Title VII.
The Guidance discusses the differences between arrest and conviction records.
The fact of an arrest does not establish that criminal conduct has occurred, and an exclusion based on an arrest, in itself, is not job-related and consistent with business necessity. However, an employer may make an employment decision based on the conduct underlying an arrest if the conduct makes the individual unfit for the position in question.
In contrast, a conviction record will usually serve as sufficient evidence that a person engaged in particular conduct. In certain circumstances, however, there may be reasons for an employer not to rely on the conviction record alone when making an employment decision.
The Guidance discusses disparate treatment and disparate impact analysis under Title VII.
A violation may occur when an employer treats criminal history information differently for different applicants or employees, based on their race or national origin (disparate treatment liability).
An employer's neutral policy (e.g., excluding applicants from employment based on certain criminal conduct) may disproportionately impact some individuals protected under Title VII, and may violate the law if not job-related and consistent with business necessity (disparate impact liability).
National data supports a finding that criminal record exclusions have a disparate impact based on race and national origin. The national data provides a basis for the Commission to investigate Title VII disparate impact charges challenging criminal record exclusions.
The employer develops a targeted screen considering at least the nature of the crime, the time elapsed, and the nature of the job (the three factors identified by the court in Green v. Missouri Pacific Railroad, 549 F.2d 1158 (8th Cir. 1977)). The employer's policy then provides an opportunity for an individualized assessment for those people identified by the screen, to determine if the policy as applied is job related and consistent with business necessity. (Although Title VII does not require individualized assessment in all circumstances, the use of a screen that does not include individualized assessment is more likely to violate Title VII.).
Compliance with other federal laws and/or regulations that conflict with Title VII is a defense to a charge of discrimination under Title VII.
State and local laws or regulations are preempted by Title VII if they "purport to require or permit the doing of any act which would be an unlawful employment practice" under Title VII. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-7.
The Guidance concludes with best practices for employers.
View the full-text of arrest and conviction records from the EEOC.


ROBERT S. ATKINS COMPANY OF SAN FRANCISCO is an entity registered at California with company number C0485943. Company is incorporated on 16th February 1965. Current status of the company is FTB SUSPENDED.
Do you know this company? Do you have positive or negative experience with ROBERT S. ATKINS COMPANY OF SAN FRANCISCO? Rate the company and help other users.
Robert S. Baek Chiropractic, Inc.
ROBERT S. BARKELL, CO., INC.
ROBERT S. BARRY, M.D., INC.
ROBERT S. BERNS, M.D., INC.
ROBERT S. ARNOLD DDS, INC.
ROBERT S. ANGEL INVESTMENT CO., INC.
ROBERT S. ANDERSON CO., INC.


The Royal Navy of Oman Vessel (RNOV) Shabab Oman II was crowned with the International Friendship Cup for Long Sailing Ship of the Year 2017, at the end of the long sailing ship festival in Szczecin.
The award is granted to the vessel which excels in showing the meanings of friendship, love and understanding among all participating ship crews. The voting for the award is done by the captains and crews of the participating 104 vessels.
The Shabab Oman II crew expressed their overwhelming joy and happiness in winning the 2017 International Friendship Cup, the result of the strenuous efforts made by the crew on this voyage 'Friendship and Peace Sail'.


Oklahoma has long been synonymous with Bingo. That's due to the fact that the Amerindian tribes of Oklahoma have run Bingo games for many years. Guests from every one of the nearby states get in autos and visit Oklahoma to bet on Bingo for the weekends.
The 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act was introduced after a landmark ruling by The U.S. Supreme Court the year before. Since that instance, twenty three of the thirty nine Indian tribes located in Oklahoma have opened gambling halls. The Chickasaw were the first Oklahoma Amerindian tribes to take advantage of the betting restrictions, and at this time run 10 casinos of their own. Bingo is the game on which these gambling halls were founded. digital games like slots were not authorized, on the grounds that they are believed to contribute to gambling dependency at a higher rate than bingo.
In recent years, Oklahoma law have altered to allow for massive American Indian gambling gambling halls. You will now see American Indian gambling dens with slot machine games, video poker and black jack tables. Craps and roulette are still not legal in the American Indian gambling halls yet, however that is simply a matter of time. No one can say with whether having other gambling den games in the bingo houses will do for the draw of bingo.


The shortage of housing supply, across all tenures and age groups, and reducing qualities in the standards of living is a known issue and a challenge that we are all facing together.
MCAU was established to find ways to engage with this challenge by combining excellence in design and place-making, grounded within a clear understanding of development philosophy and investment experience. Imaginative and efficient 'new build' design solutions are required responding to the requirements of this new age where a shortage of housing supply has become a real challenge to us all.
MCAU are completely experienced in delivering high and low density housing and the latest thinking in the Build to Rent, Later Living, Co-Living, and Student Accommodation sectors.
Seventy-five per cent of the houses required by 2050 are already built and the challenge is how they are adapted for life in the 21st century. Re-using and reviving existing legacy housing, commercial redundant office space, industrial, and heritage assets in smart, creative ways must also be part of the solution.


Have you ever wanted to hide a geocache in a crab but couldn't get them to stop moving? Well, this might be a solution for you!
These cast iron creatures are ready to add some fun and maybe even a little whimsy to your hides. With a waterproof container and log sheet included, they are ready to go! Just lift the back and you will find a small Bison container with the official Geocaching logo and a log sheet already inside. All you need to do is find the perfect spot to offer delighted discovery!
There is even a little bit of room for some small SWAG or a couple of trackables, so don't forget your FTF gift!
These creatures are a two piece cast iron set. The top is not attached, it just sits in place. A small Bison with log sheet is included.
Dimensions: Approximately 6 inches x 2.5 inches. Bison tube is approximately 1.75 inches long with a 1/2 inch interior diameter.


Serious question here: what do you do with your old journals?
Every time I move house, I'm reminded (urgently, heavily, annoyingly) that I really need to make a decision about what the heck to do with the million boxes' full of old scribbling. Years of journals and notebooks and looseleaf papers, boxes of soul-spillings that I'd be mortified for anyone to ever read. Scrawlings that have followed me from Nebraska to Delaware to Scotland to Madrid to Florida to not one, not two, not three, but four different (small, urban, closet-space-short) homes in California.
At some point you have to say: really, dude? Why am I continuing to schlep around these old selves? These wrinkled, painfully-earnest windows into another moment in time? What's the point? And what am I holding on to here?
I love her emphasis on insignificance. How true it is, eh? This might just give me the kick in the pants I need to really burn these puppies and lighten up, figuratively and literally.
What'd you do with yours? Do you still have boxes tucked away in a dusty corner that you just can't quite summon the guts to sit down and sort through? Or did you burn yours years ago and regret doing so, wishing you still had a portal into the mind of your 19-year-old self? More importantly, do you, too, need a tumbler full of bourbon on the rocks in order to bear actually reading through them?


A Sheffield man is starting years behind bars for multiple crimes including burglary, theft, drugs and driving offences.
Patrick Lee Bailey, 34, of no fixed address, was charged with four commercial burglaries, one theft from a dwelling, one possession of a weapon offence, one possession of cannabis offence and multiple driving offences.
Yesterday (Wednesday 15 August) following a trial at Sheffield Crown Court, Bailey was found guilty of all these crimes and has been sentenced to serve four years and three months in prison.
The commercial burglaries took place across the Derbyshire and North Yorkshire borders, within Sheffield city centre and in Crookes, Sheffield, between July 2017 and February 2018.
Bailey also committed a further theft from his own family totalling approximately £13,000 before fleeing the city. He was later arrested in February 2018 while committing another commercial burglary In Scarborough.
DC Haydn Crooks, the investigating officer in the case, said: "Bailey's victims have gone through a great deal of torment and distress due to his actions. Bailey even committed a serious crime against his own family who had done nothing but try to help him and in return, he stole from them.


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Fit Cult
Mindful Medicine
melissacrawley.substack.com
In this week's Rundown, meditation matches antidepressants, cleverly designed massage wheels roll away aches and pains and a solar watch offers features, features and more features.
Melissa Crawley
Mindful Medicine. Researchers at Georgetown University Medical Center have completed a first-of-its-kind study that tested a specific type of mindfulness meditation against a common antidepressant. They found that in a clinical trial of patients with anxiety disorders, an eight-week mindfulness program was as effective at reducing measures of anxiety as a drug treatment.
The study focused on mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), which is structured around a daily meditation practice. Of the more than 200 participants with clinically diagnosed anxiety disorder, half were randomly assigned to an eight-week course of an antidepressant. The other half completed a MBSR program that had weekly guided meditation classes, daily 45-minute home exercises and one day-long class halfway through the course.
At the end of eight weeks, a trained clinician who was unaware of which intervention the subjects had, assessed each participant's anxiety levels. Both groups showed about a 30% decrease in anxiety measures.
The pros and cons: The MBSR protocol requires time and effort to be effective, unlike the simple act of taking a pill but it is more accessible compared to clinician-managed drug therapies.
Wheel Relief. The Chirp Wheel+ 4-Pack is four massage wheels that are designed to relieve your exercise aches and pains. A channel runs through the center of each of the wheels making them especially neck and spine friendly. The range consists of a 12 inch for light massage, a 10 inch for targeted pressure, a 6 inch for deep pressure and a 4 inch for a little more ouch to go along with your relief.
Solar Power Stunner. If you're "the more features, the better" fitness wearables type of person, the Garmin Forerunner 955 Solar watch has you covered. It has seven clocks, 15 health monitoring features, 19 daily smart features, six safety and tracking choices, and 54 (!) features that focus on training and analysis. It also includes full-color built-in maps and a training readiness score. Thanks to sun power, it tracks in GPS mode for 49 hours on a single charge.
This week's vintage moment in sports culture is brought to you by the soaring touchdown skills of Dolphins' tight end Randy McMichael. Saints at Dolphins, August 15, 2002. Photo: Bob Rosato.
Thanks for reading Fit Cult! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.
© 2023 Melissa Crawley


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The Peterborough School
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The Peterborough School is the city's only independent day school for boys and girls from Nursery to Sixth Form. We offer small class sizes and a friendly, nurturing environment.
The Peterborough School is the city's only independent day school for boys and girls from Nursery to Sixth Form. The school's small class sizes and friendly, nurturing environment provide a safe and happy place for children to develop a passion for learning and achieve highly across the curriculum and beyond.
Founded in 1895, the school promotes traditional values but with modern, progressive teaching at its core.
The campus is situated in 11 acres of beautiful grounds close to the city centre and pupils, staff and parents enjoy its safe environment.
The Peterborough School is a member of the Woodard group of schools, which is the largest collection of Church of England schools in England and Wales and one of the principal educational charities in the UK.
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Diplomacy, Frontier, Native Americans, People, Politics During the War (1775-1783), Prewar Conflict (<1775), Prewar Politics (<1775) May 3, 2022 May 2, 2022
Charles Thomson and the Delaware
Charles Thomson, drawn from life. (New York Public Library)
There are many, many founding fathers in the story of America's Revolution and unfortunately only a few are really known to the general public. Yet without those who are less known, there would have been no revolution.
One of those men was the official secretary of the Continental Congress, Charles Thomson. He was the sole fixture of the congress throughout its entire fifteen years of existence. All the others came and went, some were sent overseas to diplomatic assignments, many returned to their home colonies to participate in local legislatures. There was a time after the war was over when they all went home and left Charles Thomson all alone; he was the entire government for a period of time. He never left his post; he was always there. In the end, when it was all over, it was he who traveled to Mt. Vernon to inform George Washington, officially, that he had been elected to the presidency of the new government under the new constitution. He then accompanied Washington to New York, the new capital of the nation, and turned over to Washington all the official papers, journals, and documents of the nation including the Great Seal.
Charles Thomson was born into an Irish family. In 1739 his mother died and his father thought he should emigrate to America. Thomson's father left his daughter in Ireland with other members of the family, took his three sons, and sailed for America. Charles was eight years old, the youngest. Unfortunately, his father died before the ship reached America. When the ship arrived at New Castle, Delaware, the two older brothers were able to get jobs and support themselves. The captain apprenticed Charles to a blacksmith in town who had no children of his own. That night Charles overheard the man and his wife talking about they now had someone who would learn the trade and support them in their old age. It seems no one asked Charles about that. So, that same night, Charles put what goods he had into a small bag, climbed out a window and left town.[1]
When he reached Philadelphia, he was able to enroll in a school run by Francis Alison, a Presbyterian minister. Mr. Alison has been recognized as one of the leading educators in early American history. Five of his students went on to be physicians, four were members of the Continental Congress, and when the new constitution was adopted and the new government formed, five went on to become either senators or members of congress. Four signed the Declaration of Independence, and some became federal judges.[2]
After graduating from Mr. Alison's school, Thomson moved back to New Castle to start his own school. He did this for a number of years, often traveling to Philadelphia where he became friends with Benjamin Franklin and his son William. Franklin had created a trust to start a new school, the Academy of Philadelphia, which eventually became the University of Pennsylvania. Under Franklin's plan it was to be a non-sectarian school. In 1750 Franklin suggested that Thomson apply there for a teaching position; he was hired at a salary of £60 a year.[3] He was originally hired as a teacher of Latin and Greek, but after a few years was also given the duties of treasurer.
Thomson spent five years at the academy but left to teach at a Quaker school, the Friends Public School of Philadelphia, as the head of the Latin Department at a salary of £150 a year.[4]
The colony of Pennsylvania was not a Royal colony, that is, it did not come under the rule of the King or Parliament. It was owned first by William Penn for the settlement of Quakers, as they were not allowed in Massachusetts or Virginia. After he died, the proprietorship of the colony was left to his heirs, all of whom lived in England. The family members appointed a governor to run the colony in their absence. He answered to the family, not to the British government. The colony was allowed to have an elected legislature as were other colonies, but the governors were always chosen by the family in Britain. This was an extremely lucrative situation for the family. Under the rules of the colony, as set up by William Penn, only the governor could negotiate with the Native Americans to buy land from them. The land belonged to the family, not the colony. The family then had the purchase divided into lots and the lots sold to settlers. Revenue came from taxes on land owned by settlers, not the land owned by the family—they paid no taxes. This left the tax burden solely on small land owners. The legislature of the colony decided to send Benjamin Franklin to London to petition the King and Parliament to make Pennsylvania a royal colony with a governor appointed by the King, as in other colonies. This was a long, drawn-out process that went on for years. Franklin was still in London trying to have Pennsylvania made into a Royal colony when the American Revolution began.
For over eighty years wars broke out between France and Britain. A number of battles were fought in the new world with American colonial militia units participating. The last great war prior to the American Revolution, was known in America as the French and Indian War. For the first few years the war went badly for the British and Americans. The French and their Native American allies defeated a large force of British regulars and Virginia militia in the Ohio Valley under British Gen. Edward Braddock. They were now able to raid well into territories settled by English settlers. The French had built a large fort in the area now known as Pittsburgh, and their Delaware and Shawnee allies owned lands between that fort and the surrounding area of western Pennsylvania. In order for new British forces to get to the French fort in Western Pennsylvania and round the great lakes, they would have to fight their way through Delaware and Shawnee lands.
As the war was going on a group of Quakers tried to establish better relations with the Delaware and Shawnee who were the original occupiers of land in what is now Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The people known as the Delaware, a name given to them by the British, referred to themselves as the Lenape. Before the English came they lived in what is now known as New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, southern New York, and the Maryland Eastern Shore. Prior to the English coming they had been conquered by the Six Nations; also, their population had been decimated by European diseases.[5] Over the years after the settlement of Pennsylvania by Quakers under the leadership of William Penn, English colonists bought land from the Delaware to settle. As more and more settlers came, the demand for more and more land created ever more purchases. The problem was that what was supposed to be the boundaries of the land tended to be viewed differently by the English and the Delaware. The Delaware were constantly crying "foul" when they saw the English settling land that they felt exceeded the boundaries they had agreed to.
The Quakers, being pacifists, felt uneasy at the cost of the French and Indian war and the taxes that were being requested of them to finance it. They felt that if the Delaware could be satisfied with respect to their complaints and properly recognized borders be agreed to by both parties, there would be no need for the war, especially if the Delaware, who were siding with the French, could be made neutral if not allies. The Quakers formed a group called the "Friendly Association." They approached Charles Thomson and asked if he would research all the records of treaty negotiations and land purchases between colonial authorities and the Delaware to determine the facts. He agreed.
He began by reviewing all the transcripts of minutes taken by colonial authorities with the goal of trying to determine exactly where the boundaries were supposed to be. He also interviewed a number of eye witnesses. He published his research in a report entitled Causes of the Alienation of the Delaware and Shawnese Indians from the British Interests.[6]
Thomson opened his report with the observation that "It has been to many a cause of wonder, how it comes to pass that the English have so few Indians in their interest, while the French have so many at command." He also asked "by what means and for what reason those neighboring tribes . . . who, at the first arrival of the English in Pennsylvania, and for a long series of years afterwards, showed every mark of affection and kindness, should become our most bitter enemies."
Some, he said, looked upon the Native American "as faithless and perfidious." "Others," he said, "imagine there must be some causes for the change in their behavior." Native Americans, he said, "to explain the motives of their conduct, declare that the solicitations of the French, joined with the abuses they have suffered from the English, particularly in being cheated and defrauded of their land, have at length induced them to become our enemies and to make war upon us." Thomson took notice of the fact that when challenged, colonial authorities took "much pain" to present the claims of the Native Americans "as groundless, and only lame excuses for their perfidiousness." Thomson went on to explain the purpose and method of his research to find the truth.
In order, therefore, to clear up these points, and to examine into their foundation and truth of the complaints, recourse has been had to as many of the treaties and conferences held between the Indians and this government . . . It is a matter of no small consequence to know the ground of complaints made by the Indians, that in case they are false, justice may be done to the characters of those who are injured thereby; and if true, that proper remedies may be applied, and that the Crown of Great Britain may not, by the avarice and wickedness of a few be deprived of the friendship and alliance of those nations who are capable of being our most useful friends, or most dangerous enemies.
It could be wished, for the sake of truth, that access had been allowed to the minutes of Council, which are the only public records kept of the transactions between the Government of Pennsylvania and the Indians, or the minutes of several conferences with the Indians had been duly taken, and regularly published, or that all the deeds granted by the Indians had been recorded in the Rolls-Office, as they ought to have been: had these been done, the matter might have been set in a fuller and clearer light. However, by perusing the following extracts taken from such treaties as could be met with, from the votes of the assembly, from the deeds as have been recorded, and from other authentic papers and letters, it will be clearly seen whether the complaints of the Indians are only invented to palliate their late conduct; whether they are objects of party; or whether their pretensions are reasonable and their demands consistent with justice.
Much of Thomson's report dealt in depth with the numerous treaties and conferences, especially conferences in 1722, 1727, 1729, 1732, 1736, 1737, and 1749, with reference to various deeds documenting purchases from the Delaware. One treaty which was much discussed between the parties was that of 1686. This deed was missing from the record and seems to be the one that started the process of buying lands from the Delaware. Colonial officials often referred to it, but never produced it, much to the chagrin of the Delaware.
The primary complaint of the Delaware was that the boundaries agreed to in the treaties were never respected by the English. A boundary was described in a treaty, be it a river or a mountain range in which one side was for the English and the other remained the possession of the Delaware. No sooner was the ink dry than English pioneers began to settle on the Delaware side of the border in ever increasing numbers. When the Delaware complained to colonial officials, the officials claimed that there were too many settlers to be removed and that therefore they needed to buy the disputed land from the Delaware and set up a new boundary. Thus, the Delaware were forced to move further and further west until they were forced onto Shawnee lands. Then, the two of them were forced into the Ohio where they bumped up against the French who were expanding their settlements and forts down from Quebec into the Ohio Valley. Thomson noted that it "was commonly the case that when the Indians complained; they had fair promises made them, but no effectual measures seem to have been taken to redress their grievances".
Map of the Province of Pennsylvania, 1756. (New York Public Library)
Thomson could find no notes or minutes of the 1737 meeting. While there were deeds going back to 1718 there were no records or minutes of the meetings to prove there were payments made to the Delaware for the land described in the deed. He concluded that the deeds were questionable if not downright fraudulent. This led to the infamous Walking Purchase. It was agreed that the boundaries would be defined by the distance a man could walk in one-and-one half days, which normally would be about forty miles. To this the Delaware agreed. What the Delaware did not know was that the Pennsylvania governor prepared ahead of time for this and even before he suggested it to the Delaware, he had a trail prepared and pathway cleared. He then arranged for runners to run in relays. When the Delaware saw this, they were furious. Instead of a forty mile boundary the English were able to declare they had an eighty mile boundary, and they refused to budge on the issue.[7] When the Delaware kept complaining of fraud the governor requested the Iroquois of the Six Nation Confederacy send representatives to the conference to speak to the Delaware as the Six Nations claimed supremacy over them. The Six Nations Confederacy, also known as the Iroquois Confederacy, consisted of the Mohawks, Oneida, Onondagas, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora nations.[8]
When the representatives of the Six Nations arrived at the meeting, they told the Pennsylvania governor "that they saw the Delawares had been an unruly people, and were altogether in the wrong; that they had concluded to remove them, and oblige them to go over the River Delaware, and to quit all claim to any lands on this [the east] side for the future, since they have received pay for them."
Then the representative of the Six Nations turned to the Delaware and said,
they deserved to be taken by the hair of the head and shaked severely, till they recovered their senses and became sober—That he had seen with his eyes a deed signed by nine of their ancestors above fifty years ago for this very land . . . But how came you to take upon you to sell lands at all? We conquered you; we made women of you: you now are women, and can no more sell land than women; nor is it fit you should have the power of selling lands, since you would abuse it. This land that you claim is gone thro' your guts; you have been furnished cloaths, meat and drink, by the goods paid you for it, and now you want it again like children as you are. But what makes you sell lands in the dark? Did you ever tell us that you had sold this land? Did we ever receive any part, even the value of a pipe shank, from you for it? You have told us a blind story, that you sent a messenger to us, to inform us of the sale, but he never came amongst us, nor we ever heard any thing about it. This is acting in the dark, and very different from the conduct our Six Nations observe in the sales of land . . .
But we find you are none of our blood; you act a dishonest part not only in this but in other matters; your ears are ever open to slanderous reports about your brethren—for all these reasons we charge you to remove instantly; we don't give you the liberty to think about it. You are women. Take the advice of a wise man, and remove immediately. You may return to the other side of Delaware where you come from; but we do not know whether, considering how you have demeaned yourselves, you will be permitted to live there, or whether you have not swallowed that land down your throats . . . We therefore assign you two places to go, either to Wyomen or Shamoken. You may go to either of these places, and then we shall have you more under our eye, and shall see how you behave. Don't deliberate, but remove away.
Thomson wrote that some of the Delaware did as they were told and moved up closer to the Six Nations, but others refused to go to where they were told; instead, they moved further west, merging with the Shawnee and into the Ohio. There they formed an alliance with the Shawnee and both found a powerful new ally in the French. The French were quite happy to give them guns, powder and clothes without making territorial demands.
Here Thomson noted the difference in how the French treated the Native Americans as opposed to the British. The English, he said,
in order to get their lands, drive them as far from them as possible, nor seem to care what becomes of them, provided they get them removed out of the way of their permanent settlements; whereas the French, considering that they can never want land in America, who enjoy the friendship of the Indians, use all the means in their power to draw as many into their alliance as possible; and to secure their affection, invite as many as can to come and live near them, and to make their towns as near the French settlements as they can. By this means they have drawn off a great number of Mohawks, and other Six Nation tribes and having settled them in towns along the banks of the river St. Lawrence, have so secured them to their interest, that even these, they can command about six or seven hundred fighting men.
Thomson noted that by 1742 even the Six Nations were beginning to complain that they were suffering from illegal land seizures by the English, and by 1744 were demanding the English remove all English settlers along the Juniata River.
By the 1750s English settlers who had remained east of the Appalachian Mountains began to spill over into western Pennsylvania and the Ohio lands. The Six Nations began to rethink their alliance with the English. Hunting grounds were being compromised and over hunted; worse, land in the Ohio was being cleared and cultivated.
In 1749 Pennsylvania authorities made a purchase of lands from Native Americans around the Susquehanna and the Juniata Rivers. More and more land was being cleared and cultivated. Thomson wrote that by 1753 the Native Americans had requested a new meeting to clear up some deeds and land grants. This meeting was to open to the Delaware, Shawnee, and Six Nations. In 1754 Thomson reported that
a purchase of land was made by the proprietors of Pennsylvania which ruined our interest with the Indians and from then, especially those westward of us and drove them entirely into the hands of the French . . . By this the lands where the Shawnese and Ohio Indians lived and the hunting grounds of the Delaware, the Mohicans and the Tuteloes were included and consequently these nations had nothing to expect but to see themselves in in a short time, at the rate the English settled, violently driven from their lands, as the Delaware had formally been, and reduced to leave their country and seek settlement they knew not where. This engaged many of the people to give ear to the French, who declared that they did not come to deprive the Indians of their land but to hinder the English from settling westward of the Alleghany hills.
The Delaware, the Onandago, and the Shawnee were never invited to the meeting, as the Pennsylvania authorities dealt directly with the Six Nations. By this time the Six Nations were suspicious, so the Pennsylvania authorities pulled a ruse. According to Thomson, the governor told the Six Nations that they were buying this additional land over the mountains, not to settle, but to keep settlers out. They persuaded the Six Nations that if the government owned the land they could better accomplish this. They said they wanted to own the land simply to keep the French from settling there and building forts. The Six Nations agreed, but as soon as the land was transferred to the governor surveyors started showing up and dividing it into lots. The Six Nations, those who had been stalwarts in defending the English against other tribes in the area, had been deceived.
Around this time several tribes under the leadership of the Delaware realized that each tribe by itself could never stand up to the English or the Six Nations. They needed an alliance of their own. Several, primarily the Shawnee and the Delaware, decided to unite and elect a chief to speak for them all. They elected a man called Teedyuscung. He led them on several raids against the English on the frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania. The English called upon the Six Nations to stop the raids. The Six Nations notified the Delaware to send representatives to meet with them. When the delegates arrived the leaders of the Six Nations started to talk down to them as they had in the past, but the representatives of the Delaware stopped them short. They replied to the Six Nations,
They looked upon themselves as men, and would acknowledge no superiority that any other nation had over them. We are men and are determined not to be ruled any longer by you as women; and we are determined to cut off all the English, except those that escape from us in ships; so say no more to us on that head, lest we make women of you as you have done us.
Having thus gotten the attention of the Six Nations, the Delaware did agree to listen to the Seneca who had backed the stance of the Delaware.
While war was ongoing between the English and the French with the Delaware and Shawnee among others siding with the French, a group of Quakers in Philadelphia talked the Pennsylvania governor into trying to discuss a real peace with the Delaware and honestly address their complaints. The Pennsylvania authorities, speaking through the Six Nations, invited the Delaware and the new confederacy to a new conference. The Delaware agreed to listen to what the English had to say and as an act of good faith agreed to return a number of captives to the English.
In the conference the Six Nations agreed to the independence of the Delaware and recognized Teedyuscung as a chief speaking for the new alliance of the four nations as well as the Six Nations.
All through 1756 and 1757 there were a series of negotiations about how and where a conference would take place and who should be invited. It was agreed that the Delaware, Shawnee, Seneca, and the rest of the Six Nations would attend and that Teedyuscung would speak for them all. As this meeting, held in Easton, Pennsylvania, started, Teedyuscung did something that had never been done before at a treaty conference between Native Americans and the English. He requested that he have his own secretary present to keep notes on the speeches and agreements. Up to this time it had always been the English who had a scribe present to keep notes, who would give a copy of any agreement to the Native Americans at the end of the conference. Often those notes were incomplete or inaccurate—in one past treaty meeting the scribe had thrown down the pen and refused to write down what the chief was saying as he complained about the cheating done by the English in land transactions. The Quakers, who had meetings with Teedyuscung prior to the conference, suggested having a scribe to him. When the request was made the Pennsylvania governor refused and said that it had always been that the English had kept the notes and he saw no reason why that should change. Teedyuschung refused to meet unless he had his own scribe. The standoff lasted four days until the governor realized he needed Teedyuscung more than Teedyuscung needed him. When it was finally agreed, Teedyuscung announced that Charles Thomson would be his scribe.
The conference went on for days, but in the end it was agreed that the Delaware would make a complete list of all their complaints that would be sent to the King in England who would make the final decision. In addition to the complaints listed by the Delaware, the report of the histories of the various treaties written by Charles Thomson would be a part of papers that would be sent to London. By this time, with the war against the French going badly with the defeat of Braddock in the Ohio, the King and his ministers decided to get directly involved in dealing with the Native Americans. Teedyuscung agreed to abide by the decision of the King. But he made one additional and far-sighted request of the King, besides just addressing his specific complaints. He was looking into the future and sought a way to create a final peace. What he asked for was simple but far-reaching and was a huge admission that for there to be a real peace, the culture of Native Americans had to adjust to the reality that the English were not going to ever leave the lands. He said that for the Delaware, he thought it was
best to have a certain country fixed for our life and the lives of our children forever and as we intend to make a settlement . . . and to build houses from what we have done before, such as may last not only for a little while, but for our children and us; we desire you will assist us in making our settlements, and send us persons to instruct us in building houses and in making such necessaries as shall be needful; and that persons be sent to instruct us in the Christian religion, which may be for our future welfare, and to instruct us into reading and writing. That our trade be established between us and such persons appointed to conduct and manage affairs as shall be agreeable to us.
This was an extraordinary request which, if carried out, had the potential of creating a lasting peace throughout the land.
With this treaty, both the English and the Delaware agreed to abide by the King's decision. The Delaware ceased their war against the English which allowed the English free passage through to the French in Ohio. The Shawnee remained loyal to the French and pulled their forces back closer to the French forts. The French abandoned their fort at what is now Pittsburgh and withdrew further into the Ohio territory.
Charles Thomson made one final note, a request to the English as well as the King. He said,
Here the affair rests. If the proper papers and true state of case be laid before the king and council for a just determination: If the Indians be assisted in making this settlement, secured in their property and instructed in religion and the civil arts, agreeable to their request, and the trade with them regulated and set upon such a footing that they may be secure from abuse, there is not the least doubt but the alliance and friendship of the Indians may be forever secured to the British interest; but should these things be neglected, the arms of the French are open to receive them.
While working and living with the Delaware Thomson was adopted into the tribe and given the name that means "the man who tells the truth." This legend of telling the truth stuck with him throughout his time at the Continental Congress. After the American Revolution he wrote to a man who asked him about this legend and Thomson wrote back saying that "It was well known that I had resolved in spite of consequences, never to put my official signature to any account, the accuracy of which I could not vouch as a man of honor."[9] Under the rules of the Continental Congress, no document was official unless it contained signatures of both the President and the Secretary. This meant that Charles Thomson's signature was required on all official documents of the United States during the time of the Continental Congress.
After the 1757 conference Thomson organized his notes into a full report and in addition to giving the governor a copy, sent a copy to Benjamin Franklin in London. Realizing the report would give great discomfort to the Penn family, Franklin had it published. He sent several copies to various crown officials, sent 250 copies back to Pennsylvania to be distributed, and put several hundred copies up for sale in Britain. He reported back to his allies in Pennsylvania that sales were brisk and said that the effect "was more positive that I expected. It will, I think, have a good effect".[10]
To what extent Charles Thomson's report may have influenced official British thinking we do not know. We do know that it was circulated in the highest circles in the British government. Benjamin Franklin confirmed this. We also know that after the French and Indian War, the King of England issued his famous Proclamation of 1763, in which he addressed Native American concerns. This proclamation specifically addressed a number of issues described in Thomson's report: settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, insecure borders, fraudulent land grabs, porous borders, and unscrupulous traders. The Proclamation stated:
Whereas it is just and reasonable, and essential to our interest, and the security of our colonies, that the several Nations or Tribes of Indians with whom we are connected and who live under our protection, should not be molested or disturbed in the possession of such parts of our Dominions and Territoriesas, not having been ceded to or purchased by us, are reserved to them. . . no [colonial authority] do presume, upon any pretense whatsoever, to grant warrants of survey, any patent for lands beyond the bounds of their respective governments . . . beyond the heads or sources of any rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean . . . nor any lands whatever which . . . are reserved to the said Indians or any of them.
We do further declare it to be our Royal will and pleasure . . . to reserve under our sovereignty protection and dominion, for the use of the said Indians, all the lands and territories lying to the westward of the sources of the rivers which fall into the sea . . .
And we do hereby strictly forbid, on pain of our displeasure all our loving subjects from making any purchase or settlements whatever or taking possession of any of the lands above reserved . . .
And we do further strictly empower and require all persons who have seated themselves upon any lands . . . still reserved for the Indians as aforesaid, forthwith to remove themselves from such settlements.
And whereas great frauds and abuses have been committed in purchasing lands of the Indians . . . we do, with the advice of our Privy Council, strictly require that that no person or persons is to presume to make any purchase of land from the said Indians.
And we do, by the advice of our Privy Council declare and enjoin that the trade with the said Indians shall be free and open to all our subjects whatsoever provided . . . they do take out a license for carrying on such trade . . . and give security to observe all our regulations as we shall at anytime think fit . . . taking car to insert a condition that such license shall be void and security forfeited in case the person . . . shall refuse or neglect to observe such regulations.[11]
This proclamation was considered by the American colonists to be one of the "intolerable acts" and as such was given as an excuse to rebel against Britain. With American independence, the proclamation became moot and under the American flag settlers poured into the Ohio territory, pushing ever westward and leading to one hundred years of wars with Native Americans until Anglo-Americans completed their "manifest destiny" and occupied all the lands between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Teedyuscung's dream of a secure place was not to be.
[1]Boyd Stanley Schlenther, Charles Thomson, A Patriot's Story. (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1990), 19.
[2]Ibid., 20.
[3]Ibid., 7
[4]Ibid., 22-23.
[5]Joseph E. Wroblewski, "Governor William Franklin: Sagorighweyoghsta, 'Great Arbiter' or 'Doer of Justice,' Journal of the American Revolution, April 8, 2022,allthingsliberty.com/2022/04/governor-william-franklin-sagorighweyoghsta-great-arbiter-or-doer-of-justice/.
[6]Charles Thomson, Causes of the Alienation of the Delaware and Shawnese Indians from the British Interest (Philadelphia: John Campbell, 1889). All quotes from this report in this article are taken from this edition, reprint from the first publication in London by J. Wilkie in 1759.
[7]Brittania.com. 2/18/2022
[8]Wroblewski, "Governor William Franklin: Sagorighweyoghsta."
[9]Schlenther, Charles Thomson, 48-49.
[10]Ibid., 23
[11]avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/proc1763.asp.
Benjamin Franklin, Charles Thomson, Delaware Tribe, Francis Alison, French and Indian War, Lenni Lenape, Penn family, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, President George Washington, Proclamation of 1763, Quakers, Royal Colonies, Shawnee Tribe, Six Nations, Teedyuscung, Treaty of Easton, University of Pennsylvania, Walking Purchase, William Penn
James M. Smith
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Stephen Minchin says:
Thank you James! This was a wonderful piece on a man underrepresented in our history. You have sparked my interest to learn more about him as well as the Native American tribes during that period.


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49ers News: Jerick McKinnon Is in SF's Plans for 2019 Season, Per John Lynch
Tyler Conway@jtylerconwayTwitter LogoFeatured ColumnistMarch 25, 2019
Josie Lepe/Associated Press
The San Francisco 49ers have no plans on moving on from Jerick McKinnon.
49ers general manager John Lynch told reporters Monday the team will keep McKinnon on its roster past April 1, the date his $3.7 million salary for 2019 guarantees. McKinnon missed the entire 2018 season due to a torn ACL.
"Jerick's working incredibly hard," Lynch said. "He's always had a chip on his shoulder because that was his first opportunity to be the guy. I'm sure he'll have a bigger chip on his shoulder. But he's very much a part of our plans. The way he's working is very encouraging. But it's a big thing to come back from, that's for sure. Yeah, Jerick is going to be a part of us."
McKinnon signed a four-year, $30 million contract with the 49ers last March. He spent his first four seasons with the Minnesota Vikings, emerging as a versatile option due to his ability to catch balls out of the backfield.
San Francisco fortified its running back position again in free agency this year, signing Tevin Coleman to a two-year, $8.5 million contract. Coleman previously worked with 49ers head coach Kyle Shanahan during the latter's time as the Atlanta Falcons' offensive coordinator.
"We saw an opportunity with Tevin and we pounced on it, because we knew the player he was," Lynch said. "And that's one where Kyle had first-hand experience with him. If we could do it at that price, absolutely, we'd be involved. We worked hard to get it done, and we're really thrilled."
The 49ers also have Matt Breida returning, giving them three capable backs who might not be able to handle every-down rigors but can combine into a formidable unit. The 49ers' main obstacle this offseason will be finding a top wideout for Jimmy Garoppolo, who is also returning from a torn ACL. No 49ers receiver topped the 500-yard mark last season.
Albert Haynesworth Discharged from Hospital
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The Grim Future of RB Contract Negotiations
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November 4, 2018 by rebekahhein
Multistakeholder Internet Governance and Sustainable Development
The internet is a world in and of itself, home to budding virtual communities, a wealth of knowledge, and immense power for growth and exploration. However, with the internet comes a desire to establish global norms and regulations in governing the space, manifesting in a multistakeholder approach based on principles determined by the international community. These governance mechanisms are instituted for safety but also for access and human rights. NetMundial summarizes internet governance principles, citing the following seven criteria as the means for approaching internet governance:
Human rights and shared values
Protection of intermediaries
Culture and linguistic diversity
Unified and unfragmented space
Security, stability and resilience of the internet
Open and distributed architecture
Enabling environment for sustainable innovation and creativity
Initiatives and organizations like NetMundial, the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), the Internet Society (ISOC), and even the Global Alliance for ICT and Development (GAID) at its conception are (were) all dedicated to upholding this multistakeholder, collaborative approach grounded in variations of the aforementioned seven internet governance principles. Yet, this multistakeholder approach is arguably limited due to the demonstrated disparities and inequalities that manifest in access to the internet. There are essential divides that contribute to inequalities in access, ranging from general competency to geographic location, divides which have been observed in previous reports like "Falling Through the Net" published by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration and the Maitland Report from the International Telecommunication Union. Thus, more information is needed about how these organizations and initiatives have acknowledged these digital divides and continue to recognize them in pursuing their multistakeholder approach.
One particularly compelling example of this is the introduction of the "dynamic coalitions" under the Internet Governance Forum. These coalitions seek to bring a higher level of collaboration and knowledge sharing between key stakeholders in internet governance and vulnerable or underrepresented populations by creating an interactive body for idea sharing and knowledge exchange on key issues. They specifically draw upon private sector, civil society, and technical experts to inform their work. Coalitions such as the Dynamic Coalition on Community Connectivity (DC3) and the Dynamic Coalition on Innovative Approaches to Connecting the Unconnected (DC-Connecting the Unconnected) are tackling these digital divide issues head-on. DC3 seeks to foster "community networks", creating sustainable and affordable internet access mechanisms at the local level while DC-Connecting the Unconnected looks at targeted approaches and strategies for increasing internet access, specifically in Asia and Africa where the divides are argued to be most prevalent.
Programs such as there are crucial in establishing an international governance mechanism for the internet, given that approaches are defined by a collaborative, unified, diverse, and open exchange between stakeholders. This includes those who have "fallen through the net." A failure to include vulnerable populations creates a fundamental contradiction in the process. According to World Bank data from 2016 for the percent of individuals using the internet, approximately 45% of the population has access to and utilizes the internet. (It should be noted that these numbers may have changed given their groundings in 2016 statistics.)Without a multistakeholder approach that recognizes and acts in accordance with these statistics, over 50% of the world's population would be excluded from the internet, their opinions being unheard according to the World Bank study. In an age where the internet is conceived as a human right, the exclusion of over half the population is a fundamental contradiction to the very principles that inform internet governance. This is not to say international initiatives and organizations are ignorant to this inequality, in fact they are not as demonstrated in mechanisms like the dynamic coalitions. However, careful attention must be paid to how officials can continue to diversify and open internet governance processes to the groups that traditionally haven't been heard but must be in order to create the internet of global stakeholders conceived as equal, open, and rooted in human rights, stability, and freedom.
IGF Dynamic Coalitions
Dynamic Coalition on Community Connectivity (DC3)
Dynamic Coalition on Innovative Approaches to Connecting the Unconnected (DC-Connecting the Unconnected)
World Bank Statistics: Percent Using the Internet
Internet Society: Access to Internet – A fundamental human right
← Internet Governance and Sustainable Development
Multi-stakeholder Internet Governance →


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One of the biggest coin tosses when it comes to websites, SEO and consumers is do I build my site for content or conversion? The type of website you build (lean, stark and mean or robust and authoritative) depends on (a) the anticipated volume of content (b) the topic or topics covered (c) how prominent certain segments or pages are and (d) what the ultimate ranking objectives are for search engine optimization. Let's explore a few options below.
If you have a robust site, then making sure you keep the site architecture and naming conventions flat enough to capitalize on the value of the depth of the content by funneling the available link flow to the root folder or an ideal page landing capable of translating the intent of the collective content into a semantic beacon.
Wikipedia serves its purpose but maybe a stark visually appealing image-centric site with minimal text and a shopping cart based core is really what you need. Conversion is the measuring stick, what happens to facilitate it, is up to you as the webmaster.
The balance of visual appeal, appealing design and incorporating enough information to make an informed decision such as product dimensions, make, model, color choice, delivery time, summary, the outline of services or timeline for deliverables (if a service is offered) is the priority for conveying the needed signals for conversion.
On the contrary, by cluttering a page with redundant or inaccurate information that does not address the emotional needs of the end user, you provide them with no proposition of value and that is what drove them to search for something in the first place.
For conversion keep a site lean, but use deep silos or subsections of a site that are segmented enough to produce enough term weights which will allow you to execute some on page sculpting later down the road.
There are two reasons to create new content in a website (1) to topple a competitive keyword that requires a more concentrated occurrence of semantic usage or related phrases or (2) to facilitate conversion. Don't confuse the two reasons as they are not interchangeable.
One thing we see a lot of is people binding too much to a particular page or trying to go back and make changes to aged pages to squeeze more out of them. While the notion is noble, every time you change an aged page in your website, there is a 50/50 chance that you removing some element of trust that is propping up a ranking for another page.
By changing links, you shift link flow, by changing the content; you take the chance of skewing the market focus or topic of the page. Each keyword has a place and based on the proximity (which keywords are first or around related keywords), the title, the inbound and forward/internal links leaving the page all create a distinct signature.
If you disrupt that signal as a result of constantly editing or changing multiple pages, you can also disrupt the trust your page has (which is the propelling force in search engines). Tactful SEO content or SEO copywriting services can salvage a site from theme diffusion.
The takeaway is, it's better to build it right the first time than have to go back and try to stop the leaks or use band-aids to perform major repairs down the road. I have seen horror stories manifest due to dated shopping carts and CMS systems that lock a user into their way or the highway and after you have vested and built a site on a certain platform, the notion of changing it is daunting and intimidating (since all of your cards could crumble from disrupting search engine trust).
There are solutions and workarounds to virtually any demise, but keep in mind, no one said that you have to keep a site the same way or that you cannot make granular changes to patch areas that are lacking by creating a new segment or subfolder of a site to act as an SEO beacon or supplement vital ranking factors.
If you can (a) add content to the body area of a page (b) alter the internal links on each page (c) control the title and descriptions independently and (d) control the navigation or add images to use as secondary navigation on key pages, then you can salvage a site with SEO.
Previous Article Gain Access To Michael Campbell's Dynamic Media Vault!


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Home Reports The Only Way to End Suffering in Yemen is to End the...
The Only Way to End Suffering in Yemen is to End the War
Ireland is set to donate €5million in aid to Yemen as the country battles with what has been described as the "world's worst humanitarian crisis".
A leading charity has said families are so poor children are being forced into marriages for money.
International Development Minister Ciaran Cannon pledged to boost Irish aid while addressing a UN conference in Geneva yesterday. The Swiss conference aims to raise €3.7billion for the country's humanitarian fund.
To date, the Saudi-led coalition has displaced hundreds of thousands of people from their homes, towns and villages, caused outbreaks of infectious diseases and famine in some areas, and wrought significant destruction of Yemen's infrastructure.
According to statistics from UN bodies and organizations, hundreds of thousands of civilians have been killed and injured, with many more suffering from deteriorating humanitarian conditions, outbreaks of disease and epidemics, especially cholera, and a decline in the volume of cash reserves.
The reason that Khashoggi captured more press coverage where Yemen did not was not because of the absence of gore and violence, but because the gore and violence in Yemen is "Made In USA" and bought and paid for, with US military personnel providing maps, targets and fuel for the bombing campaign, and US Navy units intercepting shipping to prevent weapon deliveries to the Houthis.
Yemen's humanitarian crisis is the most important story in the world, but because its victims are poor and practically invisible to the rest of the world their stories are mostly unheard and then ignored even when they are told.
Children in Yemen are living in the worst humanitarian crisis in the world because of the coalition's war for nearly four years. The only way to end this suffering is to end the war.
UAE occupation continues to create more militias in Yemen's southern provinces
Previous articleSaudis violate Hoddieah truce 283 times over the last 72 hours
Next articleAl-Houthi comments on US president's announcement of the release of an American citizen
Pentagon to soon resume Saudi training halted after base shooting
The Daily Report of Saudi-led violations in Yemen 1-2/1/2020
Yemen kills dozens during attack on Hadi's Army barracks


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Kuwait is a sovereign emirate located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in Southwest Asia and the Middle East.  Kuwait is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and Iraq to the north and west.  The name of Kuwait is a diminutive of an Arabic word meaning "fortress built near water." It has a population of 4.1 million and an area of 17,818 km2. Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government and Kuwait City serves as its political and economic capital.

General reference

 Pronunciation: ; Kuwaiti Arabic: ; Literary Arabic:
 Common English country name: Kuwait
 Official English country name:  The State of Kuwait
 Common endonym(s): List of countries and capitals in native languages
 Official endonym(s): List of official endonyms of present-day nations and states
 Adjectival(s): Kuwaiti
 Demonym(s):
 Etymology: Name of Kuwait
 International rankings of Kuwait
 ISO country codes:  KW, KWT, 414
 ISO region codes:  See ISO 3166-2:KW
 Internet country code top-level domain: .kw

Geography of Kuwait

Geography of Kuwait
 Kuwait is: a country
 Location:
 Northern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere
 Eurasia
 Asia
 Southwest Asia
 Middle East
 Arabian Peninsula
 Time zone: UTC+03
 Extreme points of Kuwait
 High:  unnamed location
 Low: Persian Gulf 0 m
 Land boundaries:  462 km
 240 km
 222 km
 Coastline: Persian Gulf 499 km
 PopulationPopulation of Kuwait of Kuwait: 2,851,000  - 136th most populous country
 AreaArea of Kuwait of Kuwait: 17,818 km2
 Atlas of Kuwait

Environment of Kuwait

Environmental issues in Kuwait
 Climate of Kuwait
 Renewable energy in Kuwait
 Geology of Kuwait
 Protected areas of Kuwait
 Biosphere reserves in Kuwait
 National parks of Kuwait
 Birds of Kuwait
 Mammals of Kuwait

Natural geographic features of Kuwait

 Bays of Kuwait
 Kuwait Bay
 Islands of Kuwait
 Lakes of Kuwait: None
 Mountains of Kuwait
 Volcanoes of Kuwait:None
 Rivers of Kuwait
 Waterfalls of Kuwait: None
 Valleys of Kuwait:None

Regions of Kuwait

Regions of Kuwait

Ecoregions of Kuwait

List of ecoregions in Kuwait

Administrative divisions of Kuwait

Administrative divisions of Kuwait
 Governorates of Kuwait
 Areas of Kuwait

Governorates of Kuwait

Governorates of Kuwait
 Areas of Kuwait

Districts of Kuwait

Districts of Kuwait

Municipalities of Kuwait

 Capital of Kuwait: Kuwait City

Demography of Kuwait

Demographics of Kuwait

Government and politics of Kuwait

Politics of Kuwait
 Form of government:constitutional monarchy
 Capital of Kuwait: Kuwait City
 Elections in Kuwait
 Political parties in Kuwait

Branches of the government of Kuwait

Government of Kuwait

Executive branch of the government of Kuwait
 Head of state: Emir of Kuwait,
 Head of government: Prime Minister of Kuwait,
 Cabinet of Kuwait

Legislative branch of the government of Kuwait

 National Assembly (unicameral)

Judicial branch of the government of Kuwait

Court system of Kuwait
 Supreme Court of Kuwait

Foreign relations of Kuwait

Foreign relations of Kuwait
 Diplomatic missions in Kuwait
 Diplomatic missions of Kuwait
 Iraq–Kuwait relations

International organization membership
The State of Kuwait is a member of:

African Development Bank Group (AfDB) (nonregional member)
Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
Development Bank of Central African States (BDEAC)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Group of 77 (G77)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
International Criminal Court (ICCt) (signatory)
International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)
International Development Association (IDA)
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
International Labour Organization (ILO)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)

International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
Islamic Development Bank (IDB)
League of Arab States (LAS)
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
Nonaligned Movement (NAM)
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
United Nations (UN)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)
Universal Postal Union (UPU)
World Customs Organization (WCO)
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
World Health Organization (WHO)
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
World Trade Organization (WTO)

Law and order in Kuwait
 Constitution of Kuwait
 Crime in Kuwait
 Corruption in Kuwait
 Human trafficking in Kuwait
 Terrorism in Kuwait
 Human rights in Kuwait
 LGBT rights in Kuwait
 Freedom of religion in Kuwait
 Law enforcement in Kuwait
 Kuwait Police
 Legal system of Kuwait

Military of Kuwait

Military of Kuwait
 Command
 Commander-in-chief:
 Ministry of Defence of Kuwait
 Forces
 Army of Kuwait
 Navy of Kuwait
 Air Force of Kuwait
 Kuwait National Guard
 Military ranks of Kuwait

Local government in Kuwait

Local government in Kuwait

History of Kuwait

History of Kuwait

Culture of Kuwait

Culture of Kuwait
 Architecture of Kuwait
 List of tallest buildings in Kuwait
 Cuisine of Kuwait
 Festivals in Kuwait
 Languages of Kuwait
 Kuwaiti Arabic
 Kuwaiti Persian
 Coat of arms of Kuwait
 Flag of Kuwait
 Media in Kuwait
 Newspapers in Kuwait
 Television in Kuwait
 National anthem of Kuwait
 People of Kuwait
 Prostitution in Kuwait
 Public holidays in Kuwait
 Records of Kuwait
 Religion in Kuwait
 Buddhism in Kuwait
 Christianity in Kuwait
 Hinduism in Kuwait
 Islam in Kuwait
 World Heritage Sites in Kuwait: None

Art in Kuwait
 Art of Kuwait
 Cinema of Kuwait
 Literature of Kuwait
 Music of Kuwait
 Theater of Kuwait

Sports in Kuwait

Sports in Kuwait
 Football in Kuwait
 Kuwait at the Olympics

Economy and infrastructure of Kuwait

Economy of Kuwait
 Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 53rd (fifty-third)
 Agriculture in Kuwait
 Banking in Kuwait
 National Bank of Kuwait
 Kuwait Finance House
 Communications in Kuwait
 Internet in Kuwait
 Companies of Kuwait
Currency of Kuwait: Dinar
ISO 4217: KWD
 Energy in Kuwait
 Energy policy of Kuwait
 Petroleum industry in Kuwait
 Healthcare in Kuwait
 Health in Kuwait
 Mining in Kuwait
 Kuwait Stock Exchange
 Tourism in Kuwait
 Visa policy of Kuwait
 Transport in Kuwait
 Airports in Kuwait
 Rail transport in Kuwait
 Roads in Kuwait

Education in Kuwait

Education in Kuwait
 Coeducation in Kuwait

See also

Kuwait

Index of Kuwait-related articles
List of international rankings
List of Kuwait-related topics
Member state of the United Nations
Outline of Asia
Outline of geography

References

 Kuwait People Management System(KPIMS) http://clubco.dyndns.org/kpims

External links

 The Office of the Amir of Kuwait

Kuwait

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