text:
Volume 18, Number 6—June 2012
Trichomonas vaginalis Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in 6 US Cities, STD Surveillance Network, 2009–2010
Robert D. Kirkcaldy , Peter Augostini, Lenore E. Asbel, Kyle T. Bernstein, Roxanne P. Kerani, Christie J. Mettenbrink, Preeti Pathela, Jane R. Schwebke, W. Evan Secor, Kimberly A. Workowski, Darlene Davis, Jim Braxton, and Hillard S. Weinstock
Author affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (R.D. Kirkcaldy, P. Augostini, W.E. Secor, K.A. Workowski, D. Davis, J. Braxton, H.S. Weinstock); Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (L.E. Asbel),; San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, USA (K.T. Bernstein); Public Health–Seattle and King County, Seattle, Washington, USA (R.P. Kerani); Denver Public Health Department, Denver, Colorado, USA (C. Mettenbrink); New York City Department of Health and Mental Health, New York, New York, USA (P. Pathela); Jefferson County Department of Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA (J.R. Schwebke); University of Alabama, Birmingham (J.R. Schwebke); Emory University, Atlanta (K.A. Workowski)
Nitroimidazoles (metronidazole and tinidazole) are the only recommended drugs for treating Trichomonas vaginalis infection, and previous samples that assessed resistance of such isolates have been limited in geographic scope. We assessed the prevalence of in vitro aerobic metronidazole and tinidazole resistance among T. vaginalis isolates from multiple geographic sites in the United States. Swab specimens were obtained from women who underwent routine pelvic examinations at sexually transmitted disease clinics in 6 US cities. Cultured T. vaginalis isolates were tested for nitroimidazole resistance (aerobic minimum lethal concentration [MLC] >50 µg/mL). Of 538 T. vaginalis isolates, 23 (4.3%) exhibited low-level in vitro metronidazole resistance (minimum lethal concentrations 50–100 µg/mL). No isolates exhibited moderate- to high-level metronidazole resistance or tinidazole resistance. Results highlight the possibility that reliance on a single class of antimicrobial drugs for treating T. vaginalis infections may heighten vulnerability to emergence of resistance. Thus, novel treatment options are needed.
Trichomoniasis, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, is one of the most common nonviral sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): annually, ≈248 million incident cases occur worldwide, and ≈7.4 million cases occur in the United States (1,2). The estimated US prevalence of T. vaginalis infection is 3.1%, with a higher prevalence among black women and women of low socioeconomic status than among other women (3). Trichomoniasis is a frequent cause of vaginitis and can contribute to premature rupture of membranes during pregnancy, preterm birth, low birth weight, and may facilitate HIV acquisition (4–7).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Atlanta, Georgia, USA) STD Treatment Guidelines recommends the use of a 5-nitroimidazole antimicrobial agent, either metronidazole or tinidazole, for the treatment of T. vaginalis infection (8). Metronidazole has been the mainstay of treatment for several decades; however, tinidazole has better in vitro activity and is well tolerated (8).
The reliance on a single drug class for treating T. vaginalis infections may be problematic if resistance to nitroimidazole becomes widespread in T. vaginalis strains. Three small studies that examined the prevalence of in vitro resistance in the United States have been conducted during the past 15 years, but they were limited in geographic scope (9–11). Our objective was to assess the prevalence of in vitro aerobic metronidazole and tinidazole resistance among a broad sample of T. vaginalis isolates from multiple geographic sites in the United States.
Demographic data and T. vaginalis isolates were collected from women attending 6 STD clinics participating in the STD Surveillance Network (SSuN). SSuN is a sentinel site surveillance network which, through the implementation of common protocols for collecting, reporting, and analyzing enhanced surveillance data, aims to improve the capacity of national, state, and local STD programs to detect, monitor, and respond rapidly to trends in STDs. T. vaginalis specimens from women undergoing physical examinations were systematically collected, either consecutively or on selected days of the week, during 2009 and 2010, in the following cities: Birmingham, Alabama (n = 80 viable isolates submitted); Denver, Colorado (n = 99); New York, New York (n = 93); Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (n = 103); San Francisco, California (n = 85); and Seattle, Washington (n = 96). Two sites (Seattle and San Francisco) restricted participation to symptomatic women. (Because the data were obtained through a surveillance activity, CDC did not to require human subjects review.)
Data regarding patient's demographic characteristics, pregnancy status, presence or absence of symptoms suggestive of trichomoniasis (vaginal discharge, odor, or itching), prior trichomoniasis diagnosis in the preceding 12 months, and presence or absence of vaginal discharge on physical examination were abstracted from medical records. Vaginal secretions were collected by using a sterile Dacron swab during the pelvic examination, and the swab was used to inoculate the InPouch TV (BioMed Diagnostics, San Jose, CA, USA) culture media, according to manufacturer's specifications. Before inoculation, the InPouch TV culture medium was stored at room temperature (18°C–25°C) in a horizontal position away from direct sunlight. Inoculated InPouch TV cultures were incubated at 35°C–37°C for 24–96 hours. A culture was considered positive if at least 1 trichomonad was observed by microscopy. Positive cultures were transported to the Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria Laboratory (CDC) by overnight express mail. Upon arrival, parasites were incubated in Diamonds TYM (typticase, yeast extract, and maltose medium) at 37°C until axenic cultures were obtained.
Isolates were assayed for metronidazole and tinidazole susceptibility under aerobic conditions, according to the method developed by Meingassner and Thurne using serial dilutions of drug concentrations from 0.2 to 400 µg/mL (12). The minimum lethal concentration (MLC) was the lowest dilution at which no motile trichomonads could be observed from an isolate assay. Isolates were tested in triplicate, and the assay was repeated twice. Control strains were CDC 085 (resistant) and CDC 520 (sensitive). If results differed, the modal result was used. Low-level resistance was defined as aerobic MLC 50–100 µg/mL, moderate-level resistance as 200 µg/mL, and high-level resistance as >400 µg/mL (13).
If multiple isolates were submitted from a single patient, we included the first submitted isolate in the analytic dataset. We compared median MLCs of metronidazole and tinidazole by using the Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test to account for intra-isolate correlation. We assessed the prevalence of metronidazole and tinidazole resistance among isolates and compared the prevalence of resistance to each agent by geographic site by using the χ2 test. We compared median metronidazole MLCs by geographic site by using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Demographic and clinical data for women infected with a resistant isolate (metronidazole or tinidazole MLC >50 µg/mL) were compared with data for women infected with a susceptible isolate by using χ2 or Fisher exact test for dichotomous data and t test for continuous data. p values were 2-tailed and considered significant at p<0.05. Analyses were conducted by using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
From April 6, 2009, through November 17, 2010, a total of 560 evaluable vaginal swab specimens were submitted from 538 women (range per woman, 1–3 swab specimens). Of these women, the median age was 28 years (range 13–67 years); 71% were African-American, 11% were non-Hispanic white, 11% were Hispanic or Latina, and 5% were of other race/ethnicity. Race/ethnicity data were missing for 2%. At least 1 previous episode of trichomoniasis was reported by 39% of women who submitted samples. Three percent of the women were pregnant, and none were HIV infected. Symptoms consistent with trichomoniasis (vaginal discharge, odor, or pruritus) were reported by 77% of women. By site, 80 (14.9%) women were from Birmingham, 94 (17.4%) were from Denver, 92 (17.1%) were from New York, 103 (19.1%) were from Philadelphia, 82 (15.2%) were from San Francisco, and 87 (16.2%) were from Seattle.
Figure. . . Distribution of minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) of tinidazole and metronidazole, STD Surveillance Network, 2009–2010 (n = 538). Susceptibility to metronidazole and tinidazole are defined as MLC <25 μg/mL,...
Of 538 isolates, the median MLC of metronidazole (3.1 µg/mL) was higher than the median MLC of tinidazole (0.8 µg/mL) (p<0.001) (Figure). The prevalence of low-level metronidazole resistance was 4.3% (95% CI, 2.7%–6.4%). No isolates exhibited moderate- to high-level metronidazole resistance; all isolates were susceptible to tinidazole. The prevalence of metronidazole resistance did not vary significantly by geographic site: Birmingham, 1.3% (95% CI, 0.1%–6.8%); Denver, 7.5% (95% CI, 3.1%–14.7%); New York, 2.2% (95% CI, 0.3%–7.6%); Philadelphia, 3.9% (1.1%–9.7%); San Francisco, 4.9% (95% CI, 1.3%–12.0%); and Seattle, 5.8% (95% CI, 1.9%–12.9%). The median metronidazole MLC among isolates from Birmingham (3.1 µg/mL [range 0.4–50 µg/mL]) was lower than among isolates from Seattle (6.3 µg/mL [range 0.4–100 µg/mL]; p = 0.043); otherwise no significant differences in median MLC by site were detected. We did not find significant differences between women infected with a metronidazole-resistant strain and women infected with a metronidazole-susceptible strain in terms of age, race/ethnicity, pregnancy status, symptom status, or having a previous diagnosis of trichomoniasis.
Sixteen women submitted 2 evaluable isolates, and 1 woman submitted 3 isolates. Among these 17 women, the median duration between sample collection was 128 days (range 2–392 days). Three women submitted the second specimens within 30 days of the initial submission (initial MLCs of metronidazole: 0.8–3.1 µg/mL), 3 within 60 days (initial MLCs 1.6–6.3 µg/mL), and 1 within 90 days (initial MLC 0.8 µg/mL). Data on sexual re-exposure were available for only 1 of these 7 women. For initial isolates from 2 women, MLCs of metronidazole were >12.5 µg/mL (50 µg/mL in both cases). In 1 case, the second isolate was collected 158 days after the first, and the woman reported 12 sex partners in the preceding 3 months. In the other case, the second isolate was collected 308 days later, and the MLC of metronidazole for this strain was 0.8 µg/mL.
To our knowledge, this study is the first multisite evaluation conducted to assess the prevalence of in vitro T. vaginalis resistance in the United States. Although metronidazole has been used to treat T. vaginalis infections for ≈40 years, we found a low prevalence of in vitro metronidazole resistance. MLCs of tinidazole were lower than MLCs of metronidazole, and we did not detect tinidazole resistance.
The prevalence of in vitro metronidazole and tinidazole resistance is consistent with previously published US estimates. Three studies conducted in the southeastern United States among women attending STD or gynecology clinics from 1997 through 2005 found a metronidazole-resistance prevalence of 2.4%–9.5% (9–11). Most metronidazole-resistant isolates in these studies exhibited low-level resistance. In 2 of these studies tinidazole resistance also was tested: Krashin et al. did not detect tinidazole resistance (11), and Schwebke and Barrientes detected 1 isolate (0.6%) that exhibited low-level tinidazole resistance (MLC 50 µg/mL) among the 178 isolates tested (10). Among 91 isolates collected in Spain during 1995 and 1999, 2.2% exhibited low-level resistance to metronidazole (14). A small study conducted among women from Papua New Guinea found 21 (91%) of 23 studied isolates had MLCs of metronidazole of >50 µg/mL, including 4 (17%) with MLCs of 200 µg/mL (15). However, the sampling method used to enroll women was not described and may not have been systematic, thus substantially limiting the ability to estimate the population-level prevalence of resistance. Investigators in the United Kingdom reported that 1.7% of women treated for trichomoniasis during 1998–2002 appeared to have not responded to treatment and denied re-exposure; in vitro susceptibility data were not available (16).
Inconsistency does exist between in vitro susceptibility results and clinical outcomes of treatment, particularly for infections with low-level in vitro resistance. Clinical resistance and treatment failure have occurred with T. vaginalis isolates for which MLCs of nitroimidazoles were as low as 12.5 µg/mL, and treatment success has occurred in infections with T. vaginalis isolates for which MLCs of nitroimidazoles were 100–200 µg/mL (13). In general, however, elevated MLCs are associated with a greater likelihood of treatment failure. A recent evaluation of the utility of susceptibility testing in women for whom clinical treatment has failed found that treatment recommendations based on susceptibility results may have a beneficial role in informing the clinical management of some women with persistent infection (17). T. vaginalis susceptibility testing is not available routinely; such testing should be conducted by a qualified laboratory and is available at CDC (1–800-CDC-INFO).
As a cross-sectional evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial drug susceptibility, the study was not designed to detect clinical treatment failures. Multiple isolates were collected from 17 women. However, we did not systematically collect data on sexual re-exposure after treatment or adherence, so we were not able to determine whether any of these cases resulted from treatment failure. The MLCs of metronidazole for the initial isolates were low, suggesting that clinical resistance was unlikely. In 2 cases, the initial isolate exhibited low-level resistance (MLC of metronidazole 50 µg/mL) and a second isolate was later collected. Both of these cases were probably re-infections.
For isolates in our study, MLCs of tinidazole were lower than those of metronidazole, which supports the idea that tinidazole should be prescribed for patients whose infections do not respond clinically to metronidazole. This finding is consistent with results of previous studies which showed that tinidazole had better in vitro activity than metronidazole at similar molar concentrations (18). Tinidazole has a longer serum half-life than metronidazole and exhibits good tissue penetration (19), yet is more expensive than metronidazole. Although tinidazole and metronidazole are the only nitroimidazoles available in the United States, ornidazole, tenonitrazole, and nimorazole are available in Europe and could be alternatives to metronidazole. These agents are of the same drug class as metronidazole, however, and the emergence of clinically notable nitroimidazole resistance would be expected to adversely influence the treatment effectiveness of each of these agents.
This study had several limitations. First, the sample was limited to women attending STD clinics participating in SSuN; thus, our findings are not representative of the general population. In addition, symptomatic women were likely to have been overrepresented because participating women were seeking care in STD clinics, and 2 of the sites sampled only symptomatic women. Also, although we believe this is the largest study of its kind, the sample size may not have been large enough to detect significant differences across sites, nor to detect tinidazole resistance or high-level metronidazole resistance. That we did not detect isolates with such resistance suggests that its prevalence in this population is low. CDC occasionally receives isolates that are highly resistant to metronidazole or tinidazole, however (W.E. Secor, pers. comm.).
Although the prevalence of resistance is currently low in the United States, reliance on a single class of antimicrobial drugs heightens vulnerability if clinical T. vaginalis nitroimidazole resistance becomes widespread. Market forces alone are unlikely to spur the development of new anti-trichomonal drugs. Further evaluation of existing compounds and development of novel systemic treatment options are needed, and efforts to promote and support antimicrobial drug development and evaluation are warranted.
In summary, we found a 4% prevalence of low-level metronidazole resistance among T. vaginalis isolates from women attending several STD clinics throughout the United States. Periodic sentinel surveillance evaluations of T. vaginalis antimicrobial drug susceptibility should be carried out to monitor the possible emergence of resistance.
Dr Kirkcaldy conducts surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD. and TB Prevention, CDC. His main research areas are the epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial drug resistance and gonorrhea treatment options.
We thank all clinical, laboratory, and public health staff who contribute to SSuN and, particularly, Greta Anscheutz, Wilfredo Caces, Bernadette Gay, Matthew Golden, E.J. Klinger, Robert Kohn, Bobby Ragan, Charles Rivers, Paul Swenson, and MaryAnn Williams.
This work was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (PS08-865).
World Health Organization. Prevalence and incidence of selected sexually transmitted infections, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, syphilis and Trichomonas vaginalis: methods and results used by WHO to generate 2005 estimates. Geneva: the Organization; 2011 [cited 2012 Jan 31]. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502450_eng.pdf
Weinstock H, Berman S, Cates W. Sexually transmitted diseases among American youth: incidence and prevalence estimates, 2000. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2004;36:6–10. DOIPubMed
Sutton M, Sternberg M, Koumans EH, McQuillan G, Berman S. Markowitz. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among reproductive-age women in the United States, 2001–2004. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1319–26. DOIPubMed
Cotch MF, Pastorek JG, Nugent RP, Hillier SL, Gibbs RS, Martin DH, Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Sex Transm Dis. 1997;24:353–60. DOIPubMed
Minkoff H, Grunebaum AN, Schwarz R, Feldman J, Cummings M, Crombleholme W, Risk factors for prematurity and premature rupture of membranes: a prospective study of the vaginal flora in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;150:965–72.PubMed
Moodley P, Wilkinson D, Connolly C, Moodley J, Sturm AW. Trichomonas vaginalis is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:519–22. DOIPubMed
McClelland RS, Sangare L, Hassan WM, Feldman J, Cummings M, Crombleholme W, Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. J Infect Dis. 2007;195:698–702. DOIPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59:1–110.PubMed
Schmid G, Narcisi E, Mosure D, Secor WE, Higgins J, Moreno H. Prevalence of metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis in a gynecology clinic. J Reprod Med. 2001;46:545–9.PubMed
Schwebke JR, Barrientes FJ. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates with resistance to metronidazole and tinidazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:4209–10. DOIPubMed
Krashin JW, Koumans EH, Bradshaw-Sydnor AC, Braxton JR, Evan Secor W, Sawyer MK, Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence, incidence, risk factors and antibiotic-resistance in an adolescent population. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37:440–4.PubMed
Meingassner JG, Thurne J. Strain of Trichomonas vaginalis resistant to metronidazole and other 5-nitroimidazoles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1979;15:254–7.PubMed
Lossick JG, Müller M, Gorrell TE. In vitro drug susceptibility and doses of metronidazole required for cure in cases of refractory vaginal trichomoniasis. J Infect Dis. 1986;153:948–55. DOIPubMed
Pérez S, Fernández-Verdugo A, Pérez F, Vázquez F. Prevalence of 5-nitroimidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis in Oviedo, Spain. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28:115–6. DOIPubMed
Upcroft JA, Dunn LA, Wal T, Tabrizi S, Delgadillo-Correa MG, Johnson PJ, Metronidazole resistance in Trichomonas vaginalis from highland women in Papua New Guinea. Sex Health. 2009;6:334–8. DOIPubMed
Das S, Huengsberg M, Shahmanesh M. Treatment failure of vaginal trichomoniasis in clinical practice. Int J STD AIDS. 2005;16:284–6. DOIPubMed
Bosserman EA, Helms DJ, Mosure DJ, Secor WE, Workowski KA. Utility of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Trichomonas vaginalis–infected women with clinical treatment failure. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38:983–7. DOIPubMed
Crowell AL, Sanders-Lewis AK, Secor WE. In vitro comparison of metronidazole and tinidazole activity against metronidazole-resistant strains of Trichomonas vaginalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:1407–9. DOIPubMed
Wood BA, Monro AM. Pharmacokinetics of tinidazole and metronidazole in women after single large doses. Br J Vener Dis. 1975;51:51–3.PubMed
Figure. . . Distribution of minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) of tinidazole and metronidazole, STD Surveillance Network, 2009–2010 (n = 538). Susceptibility to metronidazole and tinidazole are defined as MLC <25...
Table of Contents – Volume 18, Number 6—June 2012
Robert D. Kirkcaldy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop E2, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
Page created: May 10, 2012
Page updated: May 10, 2012
Page reviewed: May 10, 2012
June 2012expand
Trichomonas vaginalis Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in 6 US Cities, STD Surveillance Network, 2009–2010expand
Kirkcaldy RD, Augostini P, Asbel LE, Bernstein KT, Kerani RP, Mettenbrink CJ, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in 6 US Cities, STD Surveillance Network, 2009–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(6):939-943. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.111590
Kirkcaldy RD, Augostini P, Asbel LE, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in 6 US Cities, STD Surveillance Network, 2009–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(6):939-943. doi:10.3201/eid1806.111590.
Kirkcaldy, R. D., Augostini, P., Asbel, L. E., Bernstein, K. T., Kerani, R. P., Mettenbrink, C. J....Weinstock, H. S. (2012). Trichomonas vaginalis Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in 6 US Cities, STD Surveillance Network, 2009–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(6), 939-943. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.111590.


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text:
Q: Benchmarking small Arrays vs. Lists in Java: Is my benchmarking code wrong?
Disclaimer: I have looked through this
  question and this question
  but they both got derailed by small
  details and general
  optimization-is-unnecessary concerns.
  I really need all the  performance I
  can get in my current app, which is
  receiving-processing-spewing MIDI data
  in realtime. Also it needs to scale up
  as well as possible.

I am comparing array performance on a high number of reads for small lists to ArrayList and also to just having the variables in hand. I'm finding that an array beats ArrayList by a factor of 2.5 and even beats just having the object references.
What I would like to know is:

*

*Is my benchmark okay? I have switched the order of the tests and number of runs with no change. I've also used milliseconds instead of nanoseconds to no avail.

*Should I be specifying any Java options to minimize this difference?

*If this difference is real, in this case shouldn't I prefer Test[] to ArrayList<Test> in this situation and put in the code necessary to convert them? Obviously I'm reading a lot more than writing.

JVM is Java 1.6.0_17 on OSX and it is definitely running in Hotspot mode.
  public class ArraysVsLists {

    static int RUNS = 100000;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        long t1;
        long t2;

        Test test1 = new Test();
        test1.thing = (int)Math.round(100*Math.random());
        Test test2 = new Test();
        test2.thing = (int)Math.round(100*Math.random());

        t1 = System.nanoTime();

        for (int i=0; i<RUNS; i++) {
            test1.changeThing(i);
            test2.changeThing(i);
        }

        t2 = System.nanoTime();
        System.out.println((t2-t1) + " How long NO collection");

        ArrayList<Test> list = new ArrayList<Test>(1);
        list.add(test1);
        list.add(test2);
        // tried this too: helps a tiny tiny bit
        list.trimToSize();

        t1= System.nanoTime();

        for (int i=0; i<RUNS; i++) {
            for (Test eachTest : list) {
                eachTest.changeThing(i);
            }
        }

        t2 = System.nanoTime();
        System.out.println((t2-t1) + " How long collection");

        Test[] array = new Test[2];
        list.toArray(array);

        t1= System.nanoTime();

        for (int i=0; i<RUNS; i++) {
            for (Test test : array) {
                test.changeThing(i);
            }
        }

        t2 = System.nanoTime();
        System.out.println((t2-t1) + " How long array ");

    }
}

class Test {
    int thing;
    int thing2;
    public void changeThing(int addThis) {
        thing2 = addThis + thing;
    }
}

A: Your benchmark is only valid if your actual use case matches the benchmark code, i.e. very few operations on each element, so that execution time is largely determined by access time rather than the operations themselves. If that is the case then yes, you should be using arrays if performance is critical. If however your real use case involves a lot more actual computation per element, then the access time per element will become a lot less significant.

A: Microbenchmarks are very, very hard to get right on a platform like Java. You definitely have to extract the code to be benchmarked into separate methods, run them a few thousand times as warmup and then measure. I've done that (code below) and the result is that direct access through references is then three times as fast as through an array, but the collection is still slower by a factor of 2.
These numbers are based on the JVM options -server -XX:+DoEscapeAnalysis. Without -server, using the collection is drastically slower (but strangely, direct and array access are quite a bit faster, indicating that there is something weird going on). -XX:+DoEscapeAnalysis yields another 30% speedup for the collection, but it's very much questionabled whether it will work as well for your actual production code.
Overall my conclusion would be: forget about microbenchmarks, they can too easily be misleading. Measure as close to production code as you can without having to rewrite your entire application.
import java.util.ArrayList;

public class ArrayTest {

    static int RUNS_INNER = 1000;
    static int RUNS_WARMUP = 10000;
    static int RUNS_OUTER = 100000;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        long t1;
        long t2;

        Test test1 = new Test();
        test1.thing = (int)Math.round(100*Math.random());
        Test test2 = new Test();
        test2.thing = (int)Math.round(100*Math.random());

        for(int i=0; i<RUNS_WARMUP; i++)
        {
            testRefs(test1, test2);
        }
        t1 = System.nanoTime();
        for(int i=0; i<RUNS_OUTER; i++)
        {
            testRefs(test1, test2);
        }

        t2 = System.nanoTime();
        System.out.println((t2-t1)/1000000.0 + " How long NO collection");

        ArrayList<Test> list = new ArrayList<Test>(1);
        list.add(test1);
        list.add(test2);
        // tried this too: helps a tiny tiny bit
        list.trimToSize();

        for(int i=0; i<RUNS_WARMUP; i++)
        {
            testColl(list);
        }
        t1= System.nanoTime();

        for(int i=0; i<RUNS_OUTER; i++)
        {
            testColl(list);
        }

        t2 = System.nanoTime();
        System.out.println((t2-t1)/1000000.0 + " How long collection");

        Test[] array = new Test[2];
        list.toArray(array);

        for(int i=0; i<RUNS_WARMUP; i++)
        {
            testArr(array);
        }
        t1= System.nanoTime();

        for(int i=0; i<RUNS_OUTER; i++)
        {
            testArr(array);
        }

        t2 = System.nanoTime();
        System.out.println((t2-t1)/1000000.0 + " How long array ");

    }

    private static void testArr(Test[] array)
    {
        for (int i=0; i<RUNS_INNER; i++) {
            for (Test test : array) {
                test.changeThing(i);
            }
        }
    }

    private static void testColl(ArrayList<Test> list)
    {
        for (int i=0; i<RUNS_INNER; i++) {
            for (Test eachTest : list) {
                eachTest.changeThing(i);
            }
        }
    }

    private static void testRefs(Test test1, Test test2)
    {
        for (int i=0; i<RUNS_INNER; i++) {
            test1.changeThing(i);
            test2.changeThing(i);
        }
    }
}

class Test {
    int thing;
    int thing2;
    public void changeThing(int addThis) {
        thing2 = addThis + thing;
    }
}

A: It is probably not valid.  If I understand the way that JIT compilers work, compiling a method won't affect a call to that method that is already executing.  Since the main method is only called once, it will end up being interpreted, and since most of the work is done in the body of that method, the numbers you get won't be particularly indicative of normal execution.
JIT compilation effects may go some way to explain why the no collections case was slower that the arrays case.  That result is counter-intuitive, and it places a doubt on the other benchmark result that you reported.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package com.cloutteam.jarcraftinator.plugin.api;

import java.lang.annotation.*;

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Inherited
public @interface VerdigrisPlugin {

    String name();
    String version();
    String author();
    String description();

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Гурба () — село у повіті Арад в Румунії. Входить до складу комуни Шикула.

Село розташоване на відстані 404 км на північний захід від Бухареста, 49 км на північний схід від Арада, 142 км на захід від Клуж-Напоки, 89 км на північний схід від Тімішоари.

Населення
За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали  осіб. Рідною мовою 1209 осіб (99,5%) назвали румунську.

Національний склад населення села:

Примітки

Села повіту Арад

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Rich - those deadeyes are a kit. Go to the website and find the instructions to assemble them, there are three pieces to each deadeye and when complete they will look great but they do require a little bit of assembly and finish work. You should not be removing the individual bits from the parts sheet until three sheets are glued together.
Love your scratch stack and the little details. This continues to be a wonderful build.
Fantastic looking furled mainsail Frank! I really like how it came out.
Very good to see you back Frank, and I'm extremely happy that things are turning out well for you. Hope to see her in person one of these days!
Looking great. I like your work on the winch and the butte, very nice. Not sure about the cat-head location, but that's probably just because I'm so used to seeing it in a different location on mine! Enjoying watching your progress, thanks for sharing.
Another possibility is to use the improvised mill to square off the existing attempt, leaving not enough material, but you just use some of the extra sheet wood in the kit to 'shim' those now squared up areas and then sand down as needed for a good fit. Except looking right at the base of the keel from the bottom, no way to see that it is more pieces of wood than it should be. I almost had to do mine that way.
Good luck on the move Rich, hope everything goes well and you are happy in the new place.
Le' boat continues, albeit slowly as I've been out of the country a bit, and very busy, and then sick. Good times. After finishing the keel, the next step is to attach the transom. There is a lovely laser-cut guide making it very easy to get vertical, but of course it also needs to be at a 90 degree angle to the keel. I think I got it pretty close. After the transom the next step is the frames. This boat has two types of frames (as everyone knows by this point, but typing up the log as if it's a stand alone thing) single piece and 3 piece. We start with the single piece frames, which are the frames at the the ends, both the bow and the stern. Chuck suggests reinforcing these pieces prior to working with them, by placing tape on both sides, and also gluing a small piece of wood in place at the tops, which will later be covered below the cap rail and between planking layers. I did this, but took no photo's of that process, although it can be seen in the pictures if you squint just right. The reinforcement is suggested, because these frames are only 1/32" thick, and will need to be faired later before planking. After reinforcement the frames are removed from the parts sheet, and then test fit into the proper slots in the building board. They are purposely cut just slightly oversized as they need to fit snugly. The process here is simply sand slightly, test fit, sand slightly, test fit.. until they fit snugly, but not so tight that they can't be adjusted. The same process is then used to make the frame pieces fit snugly into the proper slots in the keel. Once all the pieces are test fit individually, they are then all put into the building board, and test fit together with the keel as a single unit. Nothing is glued (including the build board which will remain in 2 parts for a while) in these photo's, this is a dry fit. Next up I start assembling the 3-piece frames, which will then need to be fit into the building board and keel in the same way.
Looking great! Wish I could find more time to get into the shop and continue work on mine. It's good to have a busy life, but sort of wish it was less busy at times.
I glued them one at a time also, did not pre-assemble them. Worked perfectly.
Photo's from earlier. Once the lap joints were secure, I moved on to attaching the 4 other parts of the keel, which are centered on the now finished section. I followed the instructions and added the bow piece first, then the two stern pieces, and then finished with the long center piece. This kit is going to completely wreck my desire to do any 'mainstream' wood kits, as every single piece so far has fit perfectly without any adjustment at all. Cleaned up all the excess glue before it could dry, and then moved on to removing the laser char from the edges. Decided to give everything a coat of wipe-on poly per the instructions, when I discovered that my can of wipe-on poly is now a brick of solid poly. Oops! Time for a run to the store. Returned from the store and decided to go ahead and do the nails before the poly because I didn't want to wait for it to dry. I used some tracing paper to trace the pattern for the nails from the plans, and then used a pin to mark the locations on the keel parts on both sides. I then test fit the mono-filament line in several different size holes, and ended up using a .028" drill for the holes, which is a nice tight fit. Drilled out all the holes and then inserted mono-filament line into the holes after dipping the end in my wood glue and clipped it off to dry. I used edge-cutters to cut the line very close to the wood, and then finished with a straight razor, being careful not to cut into the wood. Gave everything a final pass with 220 grit sandpaper, and then cleaned everything and applied the first coat of wipe-on poly.
Re-assessed the keel this morning with a hopefully fresh brain, and decided that I could salvage it even though it wouldn't be "right" (one half of the lap-joint would be thicker than the other). The only way this would be seen would be from the bottom of the keel, so I decided to go for it and see what happens. I put the keel piece that I had cut too deeply into the mill and took that entire side down to match the lowest point, and then milled the stem piece much shallower to match it. I then completed the bow lap joints and fit them together. I'm not 100% happy with the joints, but they work and I don't think anyone but me will notice the imperfections, or the 'out of balance' lap joint in the stern (since it's pretty unlikely even in a high level model show that the judges would pick up the boat and inspect the keel from the bottom). I have them glued up and drying now, and will hopefully add the other 4 pieces to the keel and get the nails done this afternoon, and then I'll post some pictures.
The rust is certainly showing. Started on the keel and on the very first lap joint I got too deep on one edge and wrecked it (cutting it beyond half way). I've ordered some 5/32" yellow cedar to use to replace the keel parts and will try again, so my 'start' will be a bit delayed because of my own stupidity. Oh well! I will use the rest of the keel parts to continue working on knocking the rust off, and hopefully will only need to re-cut and replace the one piece.


Our church was founded and organized in 1921 on Linden Avenue near Preston Street, by the late Rev. George Minor. The succeeding pastors and locations of the church during its formative years, 1923-1956, are shown below.
In June 1956, Rev. Dr. Montague J. Brackett was elected to serve as the eighth pastor. At the time of his calling, Rev. Brackett was an Associate Minister at Concord Baptist Church in Baltimore.
In 1957, a Baltimore City economic development project forced us to move to our present location, 2035 West Baltimore Street. Despite our humble and uncertain beginning, God richly blessed us with continued growth and success overwhelming from this time forward.
Under Pastor Brackett's leadership, the church flourished. We installed a Baptismal Pool, purchased an organ and piano, tithing collection box, pulpit furniture, and purchased the property at 2031 West Baltimore Street.
In 1975, we launched the Christian Education building project. The Christian Education building was completed and dedicated on October 21, 1979. Pastor Brackett introduced computer technology and a Christian education program for the church and these ministries were established; Prime Age Seniors Ministry, Family Bible Study, Cub and Boy Scout Program, New Member Orientation, Scholarship Ministry, and the Drama & Cultural Arts Ministry. Several activities, programs and services, workshops, and seminars have evolved from these ministries.
Under Pastor Brackett's leadership, we also increased the number of outreach services to our congregation and the surrounding communities. In 1985, we opened our Gift of Love Center, providing food and clothing to homeless individuals and low-income families within the church and community.
Pastor Brackett served the church and community for forty-seven (47) years until his retirement on January 2, 2003. He continued preaching and serving the Body of Christ until he joined the heavenly angels on high, Tuesday, June 16, 2009.
On March 2, 2003, Rev. Dr. Lorenzo Long was installed as our ninth pastor. Under Pastor Long's leadership, the church advanced in the areas of technology and outreach. We purchased and installed office computers, a speaker and sound system, and a presentation wall screen. Pastor Long worked tirelessly with the Bon Secours Hospital Foundation for Baltimore neighborhood improvements. He involved the church more in community outreach and propelled the church closer to the Kingdom of God with his theme for the church, "Advancing towards the Kingdom of God through Praise and Worship." (John 4:23-24). Pastor Long joined the heavenly angels on high suddenly on Sunday, February 6, 2011.
On January 13, 2013, Rev. Rodney T. Morton was installed as our tenth pastor. Pastor Morton is a Bible scholar, a visionary, and an explosive preacher. His visionary theme for the church is "Moving forward together" (Philippians 3:12-16). Ignited by the theme, recent initiatives implemented under his leadership for the edification of the Body of Christ have included: quarterly prayer services, special Palm Sunday worship service, Summer Breeze Morning Glory Worship Schedule, midday and evening Bible study for adults and children, leadership training sessions, revised core values and mission and vision statements, renewed emphasis on Black History Month, and increased our community partnerships with the adoption of Mary Ann Winterling Elementary School #150. In addition, five new trustees were added to the Trustee Ministry to assist the church in facing the challenges of today's world and a Youth Pastor was hired to disciple young people in spiritual growth.
Also under Pastor Morton's leadership, the church established new offices for the ministerial staff, Office of Communication, Business Office, Conference Room equipped with polycom, and a computer room; renovated lower level classrooms and offices; fully upgraded the HVAC system for the Multi-Purpose Center and Sanctuary; installed 26 new HVAC units for offices and classrooms; installed new energy efficient lighting in the Multi-Purpose Center and all classrooms; purchased classroom furniture and digital wireless microphones; installed a security system and security cameras, telephone-activated electronic entry switch for the Baltimore Street entrance, two computerized LED exterior signs, Servant Keeper church management software; launched the church website; and, upgraded the office telephone system and internet network connections.
In 2015, we purchased eight (8) properties located at 2019, 2021, 2023, 2025, 2035, and 2037 Booth Street and 13 and 15 South Pulaski Street. Our search for new properties continues.
As we "move forward together" through the twenty-first century with Christ as our guide and Pastor Morton as our leader, we expect that many more chapters of the rich blessings of God will be added to the history of THE CENTRAL BAPTIST CHURCH OF BALTIMORE CITY.


text:
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U.S.-Iran Tensions and the Waiver Renewal for Iranian Gas Exports to Iraq
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Type Instant Insight
Date 30th January 2020
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Following the assassination of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani in Baghdad on January 3, as a result of a United States (U.S.) airstrike, the Iraqi Parliament passed a resolution stating that it "must work to end the presence of any foreign troops on Iraqi soil and prohibit them from using its land, airspace or water for any reason."
Majed A. Al Suwailem
Senior Research Associate Majed is a senior research associate at KAPSARC with a focus on sustainable energy, energy security and energy infrastructure. He… Majed is a senior research associate at KAPSARC with a focus on sustainable energy, energy security and energy infrastructure. He has over 15 years of experience in the oil and gas industry at Chevron and Saudi Aramco. His industry experience has included simulation and modeling, subsurface asset management, hydrocarbon reserves estimation, disruptive technologies and business planning. Majed holds a B.Sc. degree in petroleum engineering from the University of Tulsa in the United States. He also holds an M.Eng. degree in petroleum engineering from Texas A&M University, and an M.Sc. in reservoir geosciences and engineering from the Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP School).
Energy Security and Energy Infrastructure
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World's First Blue Ammonia Shipment Signals Prospective New Low-Carbon Energy Trade for Saudi Arabia
Following the assassination of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani in Baghdad on January 3, as a…
Natural Gas Utilization in GCC Countries
Saleh Al Muhanna
Research Associate Saleh is a Research Associate in the Policy and Decision Science program. His interests lie in geopolitical research, international agreements… Saleh is a Research Associate in the Policy and Decision Science program. His interests lie in geopolitical research, international agreements and international trade. Saleh holds a master's degree in International Commerce and Policy from George Mason University and a B.S. degree in Economics from Pennsylvania State University.
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International Agreements and International Trade
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The Relentless Politics of Climate Change: The Paris Agreement
Rami Shabaneh
Senior Research Associate Rami Shabaneh is a senior research associate with a focus on global gas and liquids markets. Rami has over 13… Rami Shabaneh is a senior research associate with a focus on global gas and liquids markets. Rami has over 13 years of research and industry experience analyzing energy markets and energy policy. Before joining KAPSARC, Rami worked at Cenovus Energy as a market fundamentals analyst, providing analytic support on specific issues affecting North American gas, natural gas liquids and condensate markets. His work informed the company's hedging strategies. Before working at Cenovus Energy, Rami spent three years as an integral member of the fuels and power research team at the Canadian Energy Research Institute. He holds an M.Sc. in sustainable energy development from the University of Calgary.
Publications See all Rami Shabaneh's publications
Can Oil Refiners Adjust to a Greater Supply of Shale Oil?
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
#ifndef __GLMESH_HPP__
#define __GLMESH_HPP__

#include "../../rrsogl_inc.hpp"
#include <rc_general.hpp>
#include "../../RomGLRenderSystem.hpp"
#include "../../Shading/GLMaterialManager.hpp"

#define INVALID_OGL_VALUE 0xFFFFFFFF

namespace RomOpenGL {

	class RenderComponent;

	class ROMOPENGL_API Mesh
	{
	public:

		Mesh();
		~Mesh();

		void Destroy();
		void LoadVertices(aiMesh* aimesh);
		void LoadIndices(aiMesh* aimesh);

		RomCommon::Vertex3D *_vertices;
		RomCommon::UINT32 *_indices;

		RomCommon::UINT32 _vertexCount;
		RomCommon::UINT32 _indexCount;

		// Test
		bool Load(const aiScene* pScene, const std::string& filename = "");
		bool LoadMeshVertexShader(pugi::xml_node shaderNode);
		bool LoadMeshMaterial(pugi::xml_node materialNode);
		void PrepareShader();
		void Render();

		boost::shared_ptr<RenderComponent> GetOwner() { return this->_pOwner; }
		void SetOwner(boost::shared_ptr<RenderComponent> owner) { this->_pOwner = owner; }

		virtual bool IsCgVProgramSet() { return this->_isCgVProgramSet; }

		void SetTextureID(RomCommon::UINT32 id) { this->_textureID = id; }
		RomCommon::UINT32 GetTextureID() { return this->_textureID; }

		void SetMaterialID(RomCommon::UINT32 id) { this->_materialID = id; }
		RomCommon::UINT32 GetMaterialID() { return this->_materialID; }

		void SetNormalID(RomCommon::UINT32 id) { this->_normalID = id; }
		RomCommon::UINT32 GetNormalID() { return this->_normalID; }

	protected:

		std::string _name;
		RomCommon::UINT32 _materialID;

		bool LoadMesh(RomCommon::UINT32 index, const aiMesh* paiMesh);

		// Test
		struct MeshEntry {
			MeshEntry();
			~MeshEntry();

			void Init(const std::vector<RomCommon::Vertex3D>& Vertices,
				const std::vector<unsigned int>& Indices);

			void Unload();

			GLuint VB;
			GLuint IB;
			//GLuint TB;

			RomCommon::UINT32 _indexCount;
			RomCommon::UINT32 _materialCount;

			// TODO: Check and try to load individual textures
		};

		std::vector<MeshEntry> _entries;
		boost::shared_ptr<RenderComponent> _pOwner;

		bool _isCgVProgramSet;

		// Global (Mesh scale) Texture ID
		RomCommon::UINT32 _textureID;
		RomCommon::UINT32 _normalID;
	};

}

#endif


text:
CHAPTER 7 - FINANCIAL SERVICES AND MARKETS
Ch 7 inserted by No 122 of 2001, s 3, Sch 1, Pt 1 [ 1] (effective 11 March 2002).
As Act No 122 of 2001 repealed Ch 7 and 8 the history notes for Ch 7 use " inserted " and references to the former provisions have been removed.
PART 7.2 - LICENSING OF FINANCIAL MARKETS
Division 5 - Other matters
SECTION 798B 798B ASIC MAY GIVE ADVICE TO MINISTER
ASIC may give advice to the Minister in relation to:
(a) any matter in respect of which the Minister has a discretion under this Part; or
(b) any other matter concerning financial markets.
Note: In some cases, the Minister must have regard to ASIC's advice: see paragraph 798A(2) (h).
S 798B inserted by No 122 of 2001, s 3, Sch 1, Pt 1 [ 1] (effective 11 March 2002).


text:
The US island paradise that's far from boring
This hotel sets a high bar for style in the nation's capital
Airport review: Watch out Changi - this new airport is a contender for world's best
The essential stops you must make along Victoria's Great Ocean Road
Experience the magic of one of the world's great wonders
The lizard that changed the destiny of a luxury resort
Airline review: The laidback, stress-free service all passengers can enjoy
The nine things you must do in San Diego
What to see, eat and avoid in Sigatoka, Fiji
Riding the mountain biking capital of the world
This article contains a photo gallery
How to visit Spain's most popular tourist attraction
Some of Alaska's most alluring attractions won't cost you a cent
Hike a 450-million-year-old geological wonder and rest in a luxury tent
World's worst airport named
The Philippine government has pledged to improve the country's main airport after it was named the world's worst. Photo: AFP
The Philippine government pledged Wednesday to improve the country's main airport after it was named the world's worst following complaints of thieving staff, dirty toilets and a collapsing ceiling.
The Ninoy Aquino International Airport's Terminal 1 was given the dubious title by an online budget travel guide, www.sleepinginairports.net, based on reviews from its readers.
Sky high airport parking fees in the firing line of new ACCC boss
'World's worst' airport to get $25 million upgrade
Manila travel guide
Reacting to the ranking, Transport Secretary Manuel Roxas said the government would work harder to improve the 30-year-old facility.
Passengers have complained of thieving staff, dirty toilets and a collapsing ceiling. Photo: AFP
"The customer is always right. This will serve as a challenge to do what we have to do faster and better," Roxas said.
"There are already plans and ongoing actions but clearly this is not enough so we will expand our efforts."
However he said there was only so much "botox" work that could be done on the old terminal.
He said the ranking reinforced the need to move the main airport out of Manila to an old US airforce base two hours' drive away, although the government has not set a timetable for this.
Explaining why Manila's airport was the world's worst, the website cited passenger complaints of mobile phones and jewellery getting lost at the security checks.
It also alleged that shops sold tampered water bottles and passengers had to endure dirty toilets, while an incident in May when part of the ceiling collapsed further damaged the airport's reputation.
Manila airport general manager Jose Angel Honrado told ABS-CBN television his staff would accept the ranking as a challenge, but insisted some of the harshest criticism was unfair and out of date.
He said toilets had been repaired while staff accused of extorting from passengers had been fired and charged in court.
Twenty things that will shock first-time visitors to NZ
The 10 foods every visitor to the US needs to try


text:
Analysis-Spain close to reversal of post-crisis labour reforms
By Belén Carreño
MADRID (Reuters) - Spain's left-leaning government is close to a major shake-up of landmark pro-business labour reforms put in place after the sovereign debt crisis but which critics say eroded employee rights and stunted wage growth.
The new rules taking shape from months of negotiations with unions and employers would give more wage bargaining power to workers and revamp the temporary contracts that are widely used in the country's services and construction-dominated economy.
They form part of a package of reforms Spain must provide to the European Commission by the end of 2021 for the release of EU pandemic recovery funds.
A European political source said Brussels was watching the provisions to ensure they did not make Spain's labour market, whose 14.6% unemployment rate in September was EU's highest, too rigid.
The 2012 reform by the centre-right government of Mariano Rajoy was imposed by Spain's EU creditors and the International Monetary Fund in the wake of the debt crisis.
It favoured employers in the collective bargaining process, allowing companies to pay below industry-standard wages - something the tourism sector has taken advantage of. It also enabled the agreement of in-house wage and conditions deals that Spain's car assembly plants were quick to adopt.
Reforming the reform was a key condition of socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez's radical left junior coalition partner Unidas Podemos, which joined government last year.
But the negotiation has generated some of the most tense exchanges so far between the social democratic and communist strands of the government which respectively control the economy and labour ministries.
"The (new) reform aims to avoid company agreements having primacy in wages setting," Joaquin Perez Rey, deputy labour minister, told Reuters.
At present companies are able to set salaries lower than those agreed by collective bargaining at sector level where trade unions are strong, the method traditionally used in Spain. They are also able to change working schedules if there is an economic justification.
"We want to recover the balance in labour relations that deteriorated under the previous reform," Unai Sordo, head of CCOO, Spain's biggest union, told Reuters.
But Sordo said that the reform will respect other aspects of company-centred collective bargaining and the possibility of opting-out in the event a business is in crisis will be kept.
MISUSE OF TEMPORARY CONTRACTS
Rosa Santos, the lead negotiator for Spain's CEOE employers' association, told Reuters an agreement on the labour reform was still a long way off because some key issues being discussed could impact the internal flexibility of companies.
But she said employers accept a new formula for wage setting is needed to eradicate "unfair competition," adding: "collective bargaining cannot be aimed at making wages more precarious."
Other measures on the table are aimed at bolstering job security and ending the precarity which critics say means millions of people in Spain lose their jobs every time there is an economic downturn.
Spain has the highest share of temporary workers in Europe, which at 20% is double the EU average. Such workers have lower severance pay and are invariably the first to be let go in the event of cuts.
The government wants to abolish the temporary contracts often misused in the construction and services sectors and create a new version that can only be used as a one-off under very specific circumstances.
According to the latest government proposal, those new contracts would be for as long as three months and cover peak periods such as the year-end holiday season and the busiest periods of Spain's highly seasonal, tourism-dependent and agriculture-heavy economy.
"We have to make a distinction between seasonal and temporary," explained Perez Rey.
For seasonal workers the government wants to promote the use of an existing form of permanent contract that allows workers to collect unemployment benefits during inactive months without leaving their companies, something already widely used in Spain's Balearic Islands, where the hospitality industry closes for around five off-season months.
A second possible provision would create a permanent mechanism similar to the furlough schemes implemented around the world during pandemic lockdowns. The purpose would be to pre-empt anticipated ecological or digital transitions within companies.
Employers want the scheme to be "flexible and simple", CEOE's Santos said. Together with unions, they have rejected the government's initial proposal.
"We would like a more flexible model like the German one," said union leader Sordo, referring to the "Kurzarbeit" system under which workers are put on reduced hours in job protection schemes.
Some labour market analysts say the plans are insufficient to cure Spain's aversion to permanently contracting workers.
"Temporary and permanent contracts are communicating vessels, if you tighten one you have to make the other more flexible. Otherwise companies lose flexibility to compete in an increasingly globalised world," said Ignacio Conde-Ruiz, Economics Professor at Madrid's Complutense University.
A source with knowledge of the matter said the European Commission would more readily accept a deal - and release the 2022 recovery funds - if employers are on board, even if it sacrifices more market flexibility that it would like.
(Reporting by Belén Carreño, Editing by Mark John, Aislinn Laing and Toby Chopra)
Argentina Says It Reached New $44.5 Billion Agreement With IMF
(Bloomberg) -- Argentina reached an initial agreement worth $44.5 billion with the International Monetary Fund in an attempt to stabilize its economy and...
Argentina, IMF Reach Understanding on Fiscal Path for Deal
(Bloomberg) -- Argentina and the International Monetary Fund have reached an understanding on when the nation will achieve a balanced primary budget, marking...
IMF Advises BOJ to Keep Stimulus Rolling Amid Global Tightening
(Bloomberg) -- The Bank of Japan should keep its inflation-targeting stimulus rolling and consider shortening the maturity of its yield target to make its...
IMF urges BOJ to consider targeting shorter-term yields
The Bank of Japan should consider further steps to make its ultra-easy monetary policy more sustainable, such as steepening the yield curve by targeting a...
IMF Payment Deepens Divide Within Argentina's Ruling Bloc
(Bloomberg) -- Sign up for the New Economy Daily newsletter, follow us @economics and subscribe to our podcast.Most Read from BloombergApple to Rival Square ...


A striking upright fern with lance-shaped fronds that create a shuttlecock-like form. This evergreen fern is provides all-year round interest in low-light planting areas and mixed borders.
With their beautiful lacy fronds in many shades of green, ferns add new shape, foliage, contrast and texture to a planting area. We offer a selection of tree ferns for sale, suitable for a range of conditions. Whether grown in pots in a courtyard, used to edge a woodland area or massed beside a water feature, they are among the best foliage plants for softening the lines of hard landscaping, creating a cool atmosphere or enhancing an exotic effect.
Most ferns dislike deep shade and are at best in dappled sun to full sun, but all will appreciate shelter from cold winds.


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/* Shift key */
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text:
Са́льса ( — «соус») — традиционный соус мексиканской кухни. Чаще всего сальса изготовляется из отваренных и измельчённых томатов или томатильо (овощного физалиса) и чили, с добавлением кориандра, лука, чеснока и чёрного перца.

Сальсу подают в качестве приправы к разнообразным блюдам, а также как дип к начос (чипсам из тортильи). Сальса с основой на томате называется salsa roja (сальса роха, «красный соус»), а с основой на томатильо — salsa verde (сальса верде, «зелёный соус»). В отличие от отварной сальсы, компоненты сальсы «пико-де-гальо» (pico de gallo) смешиваются и подаются в сыром виде.

Магазинная сальса
Широкая доступность и длительный срок хранения сальсы бренда Джарред во многом обусловили огромную популярность соуса в штатах за пределами юго-запада, особенно в тех регионах, где сальса не является традиционной частью кухни. В 1992 году долларовая стоимость продажи сальсы в США превысила стоимость томатного кетчупа.

Примечания

Мексиканская кухня
Соусы


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Canucks fan favourite Gino Odjick remembered for his mentorship of Indigenous youth
Each time Gino Odjick and his shut pal Peter Leech would go to an Indigenous neighborhood, the pair at all times felt the journey was cathartic.
"We at all times appeared on the work we did inside the communities as drugs for us," stated Leech, a member of the St'at'imc Tribal Nation who was buddies with Odjick for practically 30 years.
"It helped us mentally, emotionally, spiritually," he stated.
Odjick was broadly recognized for his function as an enforcer on the ice however spent a lot of his life mentoring Indigenous youth in communities throughout the nation to set targets and chase their desires—whether or not on the ice or in a classroom.
Odjick and Leech would go to about three to 4 communities per thirty days and hosted workshops. Leech says, at first, they had been sports-related however, over time, would broaden in scope, specializing in private development in all areas.
A lady cheers and holds an indication as lots of of followers collect in assist of Vancouver Canucks' enforcer Gino Odjick exterior of VGH on June 29, 2014. (Darryl Dyck/The Canadian Press)
"We at all times caught with training, training, training," stated Leech of their messages to youth. "When you could have an training, you could have the liberty to make selections."
There have been days when the pair would see simply what sort of distinction they made.
"A younger girl we met at 13 years outdated. She wished to thank us. She got here up and thanked each of us personally. She stated we influenced her to change into a lawyer. She was 24 once we noticed her once more," stated Leech.
Odjick runs via Merritt, BC, in the summertime of 1995 throughout his Journey of Therapeutic, a dedication to assist Indigenous youth that might final till the top of his life. (CBCNews)
Non secular journey of therapeutic
In 1995, Odjick launched into his Journey of Therapeutic between Calgary and Vancouver, stopping at 14 communities alongside the best way to lift consciousness concerning the risks of medicine and alcohol.
Chief Jen Thomas of the Tsliel-Waututh First Nation helped set up the tour, recalling Odjick's insistence that they slot in as many stops as doable.
"It was lots of laborious work, however we pulled it off in a very brief time," stated Thomas.
"He was greeted by all ages of individuals," stated Thomas. "From little ones to all the best way as much as elders. It actually meant quite a bit to these First Nations communities that he was making an effort to indicate up."
"It actually confirmed that everybody was vital to him."
WATCH | Gino Odjick wore the quantity 29 in honor of his father from him:
Why Gino Odjick wore 29 on his jersey
Residential college historian Sean Carleton and Tsleil-Waututh Nation chief Jen Thomas replicate on the importance of Gino Odjick's hockey jersey
indigenous hockey
Odjick's visits spanned the nation.
Stephane Friday, co-founder and CEO of the non-profit Hockey Indigenous, nonetheless remembers the day Odjick visited his Kashechewan First Nation, north of Timmins, Ont. He was six years outdated on the time.
"It was fairly astonishing," he stated. "I bear in mind I used to be very nervous. He was large. He was tall… it was an incredible expertise."
Friday, whose neighborhood was about 600 kilometers from the place Odjick grew up, calls him a trailblazer for youth within the space who had been impressed to see somebody from the area discover success within the NHL.
"His fashion of play was fairly distinctive," stated Friday. "That gave a special mentality to our youth that is like, OK, some youth may know they are not a aim scorer, however they know they will nonetheless make it to the NHL in that sort of fashion."
WATCH | Gino Odjick's hometown displays on his life from him:
'All people beloved him': Gino Odjick remembered by his neighborhood
Kitigan Zibi Anishinābeg neighborhood members shared their recollections of legendary hockey enforcer Gino Odjick, who died Sunday at 52.
Wirtschaftsförderung – Erfolg der kleinen Schritte
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Therapy for symptoms of anxiety as well as stress and anxiety conditions…Group Therapy For Anxiety And Depression Near Me …can considerably improve your life. It isn't constantly very easy to confess when your anxiety has gotten to the factor where you can not handle it by yourself, however occasionally you require aid. When you understand this, you may not make sure where to turn. Prior to you start searching for a therapist, it might assist to discover various kinds of anxiety therapy, so you can think about which one makes one of the most feeling for you.
From talk treatments to direct exposure treatments, specialists can utilize several methods to aid you face a few of the issues that lead to anxiousness and also instruct you how to deal with your responses. People respond in different ways to numerous approaches, so you may discover a method that works for you as soon as you begin treatment or you may cycle via numerous methods before you locate one that assists you. No matter what, it is necessary to recognize that there's something out there that will benefit you. In this short article, we'll check out some of your alternatives.
Types of Therapy for Anxiety
Therapy for anxiousness can entail talk treatments, skills training, mind-body treatments, desensitization methods, and also far more.
Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) is typically referred to as talk treatment, and also it's one of the most commonly-used treatment, specifically for anxiety problems. CBT works by helping you determine negative ideas as well as actions, so you can test their credibility. Then it can aid change these negative thoughts with more practical ones. As you work through the full scope of adverse ideas that trigger anxiousness in your life, you can establish an extra positive as well as reasonable attitude to assist you encounter anxiety-provoking situations with better simplicity and also comfort.
Acceptance and also Commitment Treatment
Approval and Commitment Treatment is developed to aid people find out and also practice mindfulness, so they can accept things as they are. Healthy approval suggests seeing things from a practical, non-judgmental perspective. In mindfulness method, you focus on the details you obtain from your 5 detects to assist you stay based in the present moment. This additionally assists you challenge the feelings of extreme dread that anxiousness often prompts. When you recognize you're not at risk, you can help avoid frustrating feelings and also future attacks from taking control of your mind and body
Psychophysiological feedback
Psychophysiological feedback is a kind of mind-body treatment in which you learn to identify and regulate your physiological actions to anxiety. An experienced therapist areas sensors on you to record your body's feedbacks to difficult stimuli. After that, with technique, you can learn to reduce your heart rate as well as breathing and also relax your muscle mass whenever you start to really feel anxiety. This type of treatment will certainly require time, however it can be beneficial for certain individuals.
Dialectical Behavior Modification
Dialectical behavior modification (DBT) is extremely effective in teaching people to manage the frustrating feelings that typically lead to stress and anxiety. The theory behind this technique includes an uncommon paradox: it suggests that you need to accept things as they are to approach changing them.
" If you're still not sure which type of treatment is best for you, you can begin your quest by choosing a specialist. When you begin working with an accredited specialist, they can aid you recognize the source( s) as well as objects of your stress and anxiety. Then, they'll have the ability to explain the kind of anxiousness you're dealing with. With this information, you'll have the ability to work together to create a therapy plan."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ywqIaBvyMno
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Talking about individual matters can be hard to do even when speaking with someone that you know well. That can make it feel harder when speaking with a complete stranger. If your therapist is beginning to discuss something that's hard for you, you may wish to back off on discussing it. It could be that it hurts to consider or that you really feel you don't understand the much deeper responses that they're trying to find. If you just permit them in on half of the info, your progress will be prevented.
It is essential that one starts by looking at themself and expectations if you are questioning how to can discover a great therapist. While a therapist one works with is important, a person plays a major role in counseling sessions. As one approaches therapy, there are some things one must know such as methods of preparing to get the most out of sessions. For instance, you may wish to avoid pointing out the following things so that you can maximize the advantages counseling brings. Group Therapy For Anxiety And Depression Near Me
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Mahsuk Yamac
Mahsuk Yamac is the Director of Studies of the Z...
Mahsuk Yamac is the Director of Studies of the Zaytuna College Master's Program in Islamic Texts and a full-time faculty member. He was born in Diyarbakir, Turkey. He started his classical training in his childhood by studying fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), Arabic and Aqīdah (Creedal Theology) under the tutelage of his father, Shaykh Nuri Yamac. Then he began studying the traditional Islamic Sciences at various madrasas in Konya, Diyarbakir and eastern Turkey. After having graduated from these madrasas, he continued his classical Islamic education, travelling to Damascus, Syria in 2000 and studying with various scholars there. He received Ijazahs from numerous scholars in Turkey, Damascus and India. He has taught courses for almost 20 years in Arabic grammar and morphology, Kalām, Logic, Ādāb al-bahth wal-munādharah (Argumentation Theory), Wad' (Philosophy of Language), Balāghah (Rhetoric) and other subjects of the Islamic sciences. He is Founder of Dil, Bilim ve Kültür Araştırmaları Derneği (The Association for Research in Language, Science and Culture) in Diyarbakir and has served as Chair and Lecturer there. He has also been Chair of Classical Islamic Sciences at İSAR Vakfı (Istanbul Foundation for Research and Education) and Lecturer at İSM (Center for Arts and Sciences) in Istanbul.
Languages: Kurdish, Turkish, Arabic, Ottoman, Turkish, Persian, and English.
Selected Works: Glossary of Abhari's Isaghoji in Classical Logic, translation with commentary from Arabic to Kurdish (In progress)
Translation of the "Waladiyyah" in the Science of Argumentation Theory, translated from Arabic to Turkish (Unpublished)
Amthila, Diagrams of Conjugating Verbs and Declining Nouns, translation with commentary from Arabic and Ottoman Turkish to English (Unpublished)
Articles: "Cumhuriyet Döneminde Medreseler: Alet İlimlerinin Mahiyeti, Önemi ve Gayesi" [The Nature, Importance and Purpose of the Classical Sciences], Rihla 13, pp. 33-40
Diplomas (Ijazas):
1998 Ijāzah 'Ilmiyyah, Shaykh Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ Ikinjī al-Ghursī, in all the Classical Islamic Sciences, Konya, Turkey
2000 Ijāzah 'Ilmiyyah, Shaykh Muḥammad Nūr Orak, in all the Classical Islamic Sciences, Diyarbakır, Turkey
2003 Ijāzah 'Ilmiyyah, Professor Shaykh Nūr ad-Dīn 'Itr, in Hadith Studies, Damascus, Syria
2010 Ijāzah 'Ilmiyyah, Shaykh Muḥammad Emīn Er al-Mirānī, in all the Classical Islamic Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
2011 Ijāzah 'Ilmiyyah, Shaykh Husni Geçer, in all the Classical Islamic Sciences (rational and transmitted), Istanbul, Turkey
2013 Ijāzah 'Ilmiyyah, Shaykh Sa'īd Aḥmad Palanpūrī, in Hadith Studies, Deoband, India
2013 Ijāzah 'Ilmiyyah, Shaykh Muḥammad Rabi' al-Nadwī, in Hadith Studies, Lucknow, India
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We always turn on Radio Gael when driving around the Isle of Skye. The soft sounds of Gaelic tug at ancient language memory while the music sets the mood for a trip through this savagely beautiful land. Can I hear shades of my Irish great aunts or my Scottish mother in law's mother talking to me through these mists? Can music evoke melancholy and joy simultaneously? Will my grandchildren recognise these sounds or connect to these places in the same way? I rake over the same old thoughts when travelling through these Celtic lands.
We follow the single track to Elgol: it's narrow, meandering and at times slightly threatening and takes you through the dark, alarming mountains that rise nearby, the Black Cuillins. Two small tourist boats await at the end of the road- the only way to visit Loch Coruisk. The boat trip, although a bit primitive, is worth it. The photos below take in some of the sights along the way. So close to Skye and the Scottish Highlands yet out of this world.
Such stunning scenery captured so beautifully!
You have taken me 'elsewhere' this pedestrian morning at home . . . I look at your use of adjectives: 'savage', 'melancholy', 'threatening', 'dark', 'alarming' . . . you have managed, for a few moments at least, to take me 'out of this world' . . . and make me want even more than before to take that boat to Skye . . . thank you for the magical photos . . .
Those places are so foreign to those of us who are used to the big brightness of Southern lands. I often wonder if it's the Scottish landscape that scares me or the ancestors I hear. It's that kind of place and probably evokes ancient memory in many visitors. Thanks Eha for coming along once again.
I am saving all these posts for my trip to Scotland next spring. Such beauty!
I hope you found a nice house on Skye for you and your friends. These little trips take some time there. Best wishes Liz.
Setting here with a Siberian cold front raging, then opening your post and seeing the beautiful Isle of Skye images has warmed my spirit this day. Thanks Francesca.
I've heard so much about that cold front Ron- I can't imagine how cold that is.
Oh, great images! You've transported me back 2 decades…..
Ah, I cannot but agree – the photos and landscapes are ……out of this world.
What a dream house… your photographs are absolutely stunning (That green! That glassy water!) Thank you for sharing and putting into such evocative words.
Thank you so much- glad you enjoyed them.
Such an unbelievably wonderful place come sun wind or rain.


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Muscle aches are as common as thunderstorms during a Chicago summer. Deep tissue massage can help relieve your stress and muscle tension, and get you feeling good enough to enjoy the sunny days.
While Swedish massage is primarily focused on imrpving circulation and addressing superficial muscles, deep tissue focuses on the the deeper muscles and works into the connective tissue to help reduce tension in the muscles.
1. Release chronic muscle tension.
2. Release of trigger point/ muscle knots.
3. Relieves stress and benefits the mental and physical state of the client.
4. Promotes circulation to muscles.
5. Breaks down scar tissue and helps eliminate muscle adhesions.
It is a myth that deep tissue massage needs to be painful to be most effective. Some people's bodies do need the deep work to get the full effect, but others bodies respond completely different to pressure. The massage has to be at a clients comfort level.
1. Because of the breakdown of the muscle fibers, you might experience next day soreness 2-3 days after a massage. This is similar to the feeling you get after working out.
2. Increased range of motion.
My wife has been having some pretty constant soreness in her body lately, especially in her back. I know she doesn't want to turn to medications for relief, so it is good to know that deep tissue massages are proven to release chronic muscle tension. How often would she need massages before seeing some sort of benefit?
Getting a massage sounds like a great idea. I love the fact that it can release chronic muscle tension. My back has been tense and sore for as long as I can remember, so that would be great.
That's great that massage releases muscle tension. Sometimes we don't even notice when we're tight. That's why massage is good for athletes who may exacerbate that tightness with performance.
I really appreciate your tip on how a massage can help circulate the muscles in your body. My wife and I have been thinking of getting a new house, and I know that the move has put a lot of strain on our muscles. I will be sure to find a massage therapist who can return circulation to our muscles!
It's surprising to learn that deep tissue massage can help break down scar tissue. I've been having a lot of pain where my gal bladder was removed and other muscles. Because of this, I've been thinking that I should get a massage. What tips do you have for finding a great therapeutic masseuse in my area?
I personally hate it when my muscles are super tense. As you said, a deep tissue massage is supposed to help with that. Maybe, I should go check out the massage therapists around.
I was talking to my sister the other day about her interest in getting a bath and spa set. She is trying to take better care of her body. It might be wise for her to know that she should expect soreness if she ever decides to get a massage as well.


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NEPAL, Royal Chitwan National Park, Island Resort
The Island Resort in the Royal Chitwan National Park was very nice. I stayed there for 5 days and 4 nights. There were usually about 50-60 people there but a few days there were only 5 of us. Usually a big group would show up. We bathed elephants, went on elephant safaris, walked through the jungle looking for tigers and rhinos and watched local tribes do custom ritual dances. You have to be ferried in a boat across the river to the island. It was a nice way to wind down after trekking through the Himilayas for 16 days.
NEPAL, Royal Chitwan National Park, elephants
Elephants have a big role at the Island Resort. The visitors are allowed to bathe the elephants every afternoon and in the morning the elephants are used in a safari in search of the rhino and tiger.
NEPAL, Royal Chitwan National Park, rhino
The Royal Chitwan National Park is 360 square miles in size and once was the private hunting land for the King of Nepal. Of the hundred breeding tigers left in Nepal about 50 are in Chitwan. I went on a special trip with my own guide one day in search of the elusive Bengal Tiger but only came up with a fresh paw print from earlier in the day. The rhinos are most impressive and you are given instruction on what to do if they charge and you are on foot. It actually happened to one group while I was there. By the way, you zigzag as you run as they do not change direction well. Also do not wear bright colored clothing. This safari is no way comparative to Africa but was nice for a couple of days rest. But your wildlife viewing will be mostly rhinos, birds and a few monkeys along with the elephants that you ride.
NEPAL, Town outside of Chitwan, Chitwan National Park
I just finished the white water raft trip with my new Swedish friends, Joseph and Lydia, and was dropped off after a 2 hr. ride in the back of a jeep to a town outside Chitwan.
NEPAL, Thara Village, Chitwan National Park
The Thara Village gives a realistic idea of the villages outside of the cities. I especially liked the photos of the woman shucking corn in a mosquito net and the marijuana plants lining both sides of the road which were pointed out to me by my guide. The tower in the field is to look out for rhinos which can damage the crops.
NEPAL, Whitewater Rafting, Chitwan National Park
I caught the bus from Kathmandu to the rafting headquarters which was about 3 hrs. Unfortunately I was not able to take any pictues while rafting. We rafted for 2 days on Class III and Class IV rapids. Lydia, the Swedish girl, was thrown from the raft the second day. The children in the picture were at the small store above our campground.


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Record rain swamps South Florida in waist-deep water
Marlins sidestep Phillies' sweep bid with four-run ninth
Rich Schultz / Getty Images
Ben Revere #2 of the Philadelphia Phillies steals second base before Enrique Hernandez #12 of the Miami Marlins can get the ball during the first inning of a game at Citizens Bank Park on September 14, 2014 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Ben Revere #2 of the Philadelphia Phillies steals second base before Enrique Hernandez #12 of the Miami Marlins can get the ball during the first inning of a game at Citizens Bank Park on September 14, 2014 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (Rich Schultz / Getty Images)
Juan C. Rodriguez
PHILADELPHIA Sunday's ninth inning opened with the Phillies up three and three outs away from hanging an inauspicious distinction on the Marlins. No visiting team in the decade-long history of the hitter haven that is Citizens Bank Park had scored fewer than two runs in each game of a three game set here.
The inning closed with the Marlins shaking hands following an improbable series-salvaging 5-4 victory.
"That's by far the biggest win of the year for us," said manager Mike Redmond, whose team had lost four in a row, including the game in which Giancarlo Stanton took a fastball off the face in Milwaukee Thursday. "It's been an emotional last few days and I know it's been weighing on guys. We needed a win, and not a better way to get one than the way we did [Sunday]."
The Marlins orchestrated a four-run ninth off closer Jonathan Papelbon after totaling three over the first 27 innings of the series.
Papelbon's first blown save in 19 career chances against the Marlins featured four hits and a wild pitch that allowed Christian Yelich to score the go-ahead run from third. Yelich knocked in a run with an infield hit that took a high bounce over Papelbon's head. Justin Bour followed and made it a one-run game with his first hit in 16 career pinch-hit at-bats.
Jarrod Saltalamacchia ignited the rally, ripping Papelbon's first pitch off the wall in right-center for a double. Three batters later with no out and the bases loaded, Jordany Valdespin knocked in the first run on a groundout to first to cap a 12-pitch at-bat.
"It was incredible," said closer Steve Cishek, who pitched out of two-on, no-out jam for his 35th save. "I think [Valdespin's at-bat] pretty much determined the outcome of the game."
Papelbon needed 38 pitches to get through the ninth. Booed as walked toward the dugout, Papelbon made an obscene gesture to fans. Crew chief Joe West, who was manning second base, saw it and ejected Papelbon.
"You could see the energy and momentum turn," said Redmond, after the Marlins' 27th come-from-behind win and fourth when trailing through eight innings. "It's even sweeter for a team when you have so many different contributors, especially the young guys to step up. These young guys are getting opportunities to play and we need all these guys to make sure we finish the season strong."
A solo homer accounted for all the Marlins' run production through the first eight. Getting the start at second, Kike Hernandez deposited a fourth-inning, David Buchanan pitch into the right-field seats to tie it at 1. The Phillies came back with two in the bottom half against starter Tom Koehler.
For Hernandez, his second career homer was his first hit as a Marlin and carried great significance. Hernandez was excused from Triple-A New Orleans for a few days last month to pay his respects to a close family friend who passed away. At the funeral, Hernandez said his friend's mother told him he would homer in his first game back with the Marlins, and it would be for her son, who Hernandez characterized as "a second dad."
"I got the chills running the bases," Hernandez said. "I was trying really hard not to tear up. I'm glad to get that first Marlins hit out of the way, but sometimes it's more than a game."
The Marlins collectively were reminded of that yet again this past week, bearing witness to the awful scene at Miller Park. Seeing their best player crumpled at the plate with blood gushing from his mouth after getting hit in the face put the club in a collective fog.
Getting swept in the aftermath of Stanton suffering multiple facial fractures would have devastated the team.
"It would be tough to right that ship," said Koehler, who gave up three runs (two earned) on seven hits over six innings for the club's fourth straight quality start. "We have to sit here and believe in each other still … and understand there are still guys in this clubhouse that can get the job done and have been getting the job done. A win like today gets us going back in the right direction."
jcrodriguez@tribune.com or Twitter @JCRMarlinsbeat
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Israelis Optimistic as Third Lockdown Restrictions Ease
IsraelNews
Economy opens up to those vaccinated or recovered from virus.
By Jan Jaben-Eilon	March 23, 2021, 4:30 pm Edit
By year's end, elementary school students will be eligible for vaccinations, said Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla.
While Atlantans continue to desperately compete for COVID vaccination appointments, Israelis are just as frantically jockeying for a seat at the newly opened restaurants in the country.
As Israel slowly comes out of its third long lockdown to reduce the pandemic's effects on the country's health and economy, it's as if the gates have suddenly opened and the race for normality is on.
The Times of Israel reported that in the first week since the country officially started to open, some restaurants in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Beer Sheva say there's a 10-day waiting list for reservations. Up until recently, restaurants had only been allowed to offer takeout and delivery services. Even now, the restaurants can only host up to 100 people indoors at up to 75 percent capacity, or up to 100 people outside – with tables about 6 feet apart.
Josh Schwarcz said the Israeli economy may grow by 4 to 5 percent in the next year.
But there's a catch: The doors are only being opened to Israelis who have been vaccinated. They receive what is known as green passes or green passports, which indicate vaccination or recovery from the COVID virus.
Introduced by the Israel Ministry of Health, the green pass initiative was designed to open up the economy. Out of a population of about 9 million, Israel has vaccinated more than 5 million, of whom more than 4 million have received both doses of the Pfizer inoculation. Since the start of the pandemic, more than 800,000 Israelis have been confirmed to have had COVID. The death toll passed 6,000 on March 14, with 1,000 of those deaths coming in the previous four weeks.
Green passes allow those who have received both doses of the vaccine to access public areas such as houses of worship, cultural events, restaurants and bars, hotels, gyms, swimming pools and fitness and dance studios. Israelis can download into their smartphones an app known as Ramzor or the Green Pass from the Health Ministry website. Those without green passes can eat in outdoor areas of restaurants, but not indoors.
Israeli newspapers report that diplomats, students and other foreigners living in Israel who have received both vaccination doses, however, cannot yet access the green pass because they lack an Israeli ID number.
The government expects to continue easing coronavirus restrictions. Nightclubs are next on the list to be open to those carrying green passes. And there's discussion of dropping the requirement to wear masks outside.
There's a "feeling of optimism in Israel" as it comes out of the latest lockdown," said Josh Schwarcz, secretary general and director of external relations at The Jewish Agency. Speaking at a webinar sponsored by the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta March 14, Schwarcz added that "the Israeli economy is expected to grow 4 to 5 percent in the next year."
While that's good news for most Israelis, like in the United States, thousands of businesses have closed their doors in the past year due to the pandemic. Israeli Channel 12 recently reported that about 4,000 of the 14,000 restaurants that operated before the pandemic have closed for good.
Entrance and exit through the country's only international airport, Ben-Gurion International Airport, is still being tightly controlled for non-Israelis. However, the Israeli Supreme Court ruled on March 17 that it was unconstitutional to limit the number of Israelis arriving or leaving the country. Meanwhile, the government expanded the number of cities from which flights can arrive into Israel. Returning Israelis must still go into quarantine for up to two weeks. Initially, flights were only allowed from New York, London, Paris and Frankfurt.
Israelis can expect to celebrate Passover without restrictions, according to Nachman Ash.
Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla told Israeli media that it was "a question of weeks" until children aged 12 to 16 could start getting the Pfizer-BioNtech vaccine, depending on FDA approval. He added that, by the end of the year, elementary school students will be eligible as well.
Adding to the country's positive outlook, coronavirus czar Nachman Ash told the country's media that, barring any unforeseen virus breakouts, Israelis should be able to celebrate Passover without restrictions at the end of the month.
Jan Jaben-Eilon
Albert Bourla
Josh Schwarcz
The Jewish Agency
jewish federation of greater atlanta
Ben Gurion International Airport
Israeli Supreme Court