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Home » Blog » BELLS »
One of my earliest memories from previous travels in Italy involves the sound of church bells. There is timelessness in those sounds. That perception is enhanced when what reaches the ear is colored by reverberating off old stone surfaces. In communities of any size, there are a number of bell towers each with their unique metallic occupants, each with their own unique metallic voice. In short order, we learned to recognize the Ascolani bells that are speaking to us.
Although mostly welcome, under some circumstances, bells have potential to be less appreciated. Retirement is synonymous with getting older with all those assorted issues. However, in compensation, retirement also finally grants a pardon from being under the perpetual sentence of an alarm clock. When exercising the well-earned prerogative of rolling back over for a little more sleep, another form of sonic intrusion is not necessarily welcome.
The sound of bells, particularly serious bells, may be like relations with some people. There are those acquaintances that are best appreciated at a certain degree of distance. So it was by happenstance that our apartment in the historic center of Ascoli is situated where we can recognize the distinct metallic voices coming to us from a sufficient distance to be appreciated but not so close as to alter our enthusiasm for them.
Here the churches are older than in the U.S. and harken back to a time when the bell of the church was a pivot around which the community functioned. Bells signaled the milestones in the passing day. In simpler times, the bell, like the church itself, brought order to life. The early morning call to first Mass told you when to be up. At midday, the bell on the church announced it was time for Pranza and the extended rest break from the early afternoon heat in the fields. The evening bell announced it was time to stop for the day.
In Ascoli, an accommodation appears to have been reached catering to those of us with insufficient religious fervor. Although a first Mass of the day may be celebrated much earlier, we are not usually aware of bells much before eight in the morning. In addition to the church bells, the bells of the Palazzo di Capitani on the Piazza del Popolo in Ascoli announce both the hour and the quarter hour. A larger and somewhat deeper toned bell gives us the hour, in the twelve-hour format rather than the twenty-four. A smaller and higher pitched bell signals whether it is the first, second or third quarter-hour.
But this civic service begins and ends at respectful times in deference to that portion of the community who may actually sleep. We have to assume most everyone does sleep to some extent. But in Italy that is not always apparent. There is a vitality of life here that some seem to extend into early morning. And we are also aware that the workday starts early here. Perhaps we are discovering the necessity of very strong Espresso coffee taken in regular and repeated doses.
Another aspect of an Italian community of any size is the sheer number of churches in evidence. In Rome, the number of churches defies the imagination. In Ascoli, the map of the historic center lists over thirty church sites in this relatively small area. A community achieves special distinction through being the seat (the 'Cattedra') of the Bishop of the Diocese and hence the site of the seat of the Bishop becomes the Cathedral. Therefore, the Diocese will have only one Cathedral regardless of the size of other churches in the area.
During the post Protestant Reformation period, the Roman Catholic Church began in earnest to reassert its dominance over Christendom. There was an emphasis on the building of new churches and in commissioning of more elaborate religious art. Prominent families, who were not remiss in finding opportunities to compete with each other, sponsored parish churches or alternatively, chapels in larger churches. In addition to this pious, if not so humble competition, those concerned about judgment and damnation hoped they might improve their chances of ultimate salvation and bliss, rather than eternal torment, by being laid to rest in a sacred place they themselves had paid to build. It has been suggested the church may have encouraged that notion.
But there was a turning point here that made the most significant change in the domination of the church in daily life. This area of Italy was one of the regions designated as a 'Papal State.' That position harkening back to the presence of the Roman Church in European affairs as a significant military and political power from medieval times. This area was essentially under theocratic rule until the arrival of the troops under Napoleon in the very early nineteenth century. At the core of the French Revolution was antipathy not only to Monarchy but also to the theocratic structure that was seen to underpin it.
The power of the swords, muskets and cannons of Napoleon's forces set about to dismantle as many of the symbols of theocratic power as possible. High on that list were the structures of the various, powerful religious orders and communities, each with their own imposing Cloister or Convent attached to a large church here in Ascoli.
Once Napoleon was defeated, the Papacy attempted to reassert its theocratic hold on this area. But too much damage had been done to the theocratic infrastructure and there was an undercurrent of sentiment that Napoleon had set loose that did not want a return to theocracy. This region remained under nominal Papal theocratic rule until the movement to unify Italy as a secular state took hold in the late nineteenth century.
The proliferation of churches that had primarily been supported by the theocratic-political structure foundered. Ultimately, many communities found they could not support the multiple churches that had been built. The turbulent twentieth century and the ongoing economic stresses, plus a growing wave of secularism, have seen decreasing support to this proliferation of local churches.
Some churches in Ascoli have been deconsecrated and converted to other uses. That is particularly true of some of the associated structures that formally housed religious orders. The former Cloister of the Church of Saint Augustine is now the Ascoli Main Library and also houses the Contemporary Art Museum. Other deconsecrated churches simply stand empty and without function. The large church of Saint Augustine itself stands largely empty and devoid of activity except on rare occasions. Other seemingly abandoned churches share a priest and see only occasional use for a wedding or baptism. At the foot of our street, the Church of Saint Giuliano is closed and boarded up and is now adorned with graffiti.
Walking past these places that have fallen into disuse, a sense of melancholy can set in. There are countless names and faces we will never know who, in the past, came into these buildings to celebrate weddings and births and to mourn the dead. They no doubt also came into these places seeking solace and a better sense of direction faced with life's many mysteries. And now many of these places stand in the process of silent decay. But the underlying reality appears to be that within the community there is a core of religious conviction that has coalesced into presently functioning parish churches that are meeting the needs of their congregations. What survived Napoleon is a religious faith based on conviction rather than one theocratically imposed.
As I write this during a post Easter, spring afternoon, my window is ajar. At this moment, I am hearing the peel of the largest bell at the Cathedral of St. Emidio almost a half mile away. The slow, deep tone of that bell peel in the afternoon most commonly calls the community to acknowledge the passing of one of its members. There are fewer sounds that so effectively convey the essence of mourning. The words of John Donne, "Ask not for whom the bell tolls," come to mind at this moment.
And so there is the ceremonial ringing of bells, bells for the passing hours and encountering church buildings that have fallen into disuse but then to be superseded by more viable religious bodies. There is awareness that the sounds of bells are still a way of calling a community together to remind one and all of a common humanity. The sounds of bells reaching us today are coming from places that the devout still turn to in this modern age.
So for one who admits to having lost some level of previous religious identification, I have a heightened sense of awareness for what I think I hear in these distant bells, each with their own distinctive metallic voice. Those bells have been calling out a message for a very long time. The bells seem to signal that the rhythms of life need to be seen as being sacred and not taken for granted. So in those special sounds, I'm finding some inspiration.
Joyce June 16, 2014
What a beautiful statement.I am planning a move to Italy for 8 months. I will definitely listen for the bells!


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BUST: Fitted and can be worn with a strapless bra.
Coby is a size 12.


UPC has completed the annual PCI DSS audit this spring.
All main indicators of Ukrainian Payment Cards Market shown positive cashless payments trend in 2017.
The turnover of online transactions on web-sites that process payments via UPC system eCommerce Connect have increased by 190% compared to the third quarter of 2016.
For 20 years UPC has been offering to the banks payment card processing services, as well as advanced software solutions for their card business.
In April 2017 UPC has successfully renewed the PCI DSS certificate.
While a trend of ATMs and payment cards number reduction was continuing during 2016, the total number of card transactions, online payments and transfers was raising (hereinafter referred to the information of UPC customer-banks' cards).
According to Ukrainian Processing Center (UPC) data the number of contactless payments increased by 9 times in the first three quarters of 2016 compared to January-September of 2015.
Purchases by cards cover 54% share of the total financial transactions number made with the UPC customer-banks' cards.
On the 1st of June, 2016, UPC received a certificate of compliance with PCI DSS from German auditing company SRC (Security Research & Consulting GmbH) after the successful audit, which took place in March and April.
In 2015, the number of payments (including purchases) on web-sites that process payments via UPC, increased by 122%, while the turnover of these transactions increased by 83%.


As you are most likely aware, we did not run our annual magazine sale this past fall.However, those of you who purchased magazine subscriptions from our previous sale are probably ready to renew their magazines.Please know that you can do so through our online ordering site and Holy Cross HS will earn the full profit percentage form your purchases!
Simply follow the instructions below and you'll be taken right to our site. Be sure to note your child's name when prompted, or a student you would like to give credit to for your purchase.
Also, you'll find many products available for everyday use when on this site. If you decide to purchase any of these non-magazine items, Holy Cross HS also earns full profit percentage!
On behalf of the students and staff of Holy Cross HS, thank you for your continued support.
You may continue to order items throughout the year and Holy Cross will continue to earn credit.
Click: "Is This Your First Visit?" to set up your account (important to track sales).
Our school's Online Store ID# is 2663441. Here you may shop for magazines and many other gift items.


"Nature was here a series of wonders, and a fund of delight".
From my earliest years I have been enthralled by the wonders of nature. As kids, we would ride our bicycles to the outside of town to search the fields for whatever lizards, snakes, insects and other wildlife that we could capture and bring home to my zoo. My interest was especially piqued by my Biology teacher, Joe Medeiros and my Sierra Nevada teacher, Harold Basey. It was on one of the Great Valley Museum's field trips with Joe that I saw my first Greater Roadrunner in Del Puerto Canyon. Mr. Basey challenged me to get an A in his class, which was a grade he had only given out once or twice in the previous 3 years (and I did). It was because of these two teachers, that I changed my college major to Biology. While at CSU Stanislaus I pursued a concentration in Flowering plants, but Ornithology became my passion. After getting my BS in Biology with a minor in Physical Science, I applied for and was accepted to Cal Poly to work on master's in Zoology. Unfortunately due to some unexpected challenges, I was unable to pursue that goal.
BIRDING BY EAR, SAY WHAT?
Western Tanager, let's find it". And so it was for the rest of the trip, "I hear a …, let's find it!" And so, my determination to bird like David, was born. I became obsessed with learning how to identify birds but their calls and songs.
Since I did not live in San Joaquin County, David suggested that I get in touch with a teacher from Modesto, Harold Reeve, and see about joining the Stanislaus Audubon Society. I attended several chapter field trips and programs and in addition to meeting Harold, I got to know Eric Caine, Jean Hackamack, Wray Ladine and Tony Leonardini. Harold invited me to join him and his wife, Sharon, to go birding in the county. After attending several chapter programs, I wanted more. I asked Harold if there could be a possibility of participating in the Board meetings as a non-board member. Shortly thereafter in the summer of 1988, I was invited to become an actual Stanislaus Audubon Society Board Member.
In early 1995 some of the valley most active birders discussed forming a Central Valley bird club to promote birding and to facilitate the social aspect of the activity. In 1996, the club hosted the first ever Central Valley Birding Symposium at the Delta College campus in Stockton. I attended that rainy first event and have participated in every symposium since that time. I was invited to become a Board Member of the CVBC.


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The 2017–18 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders women's basketball team represents Middle Tennessee State University during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Blue Raiders, led by thirteenth year head coach Rick Insell, play their home games at the Murphy Center and were third year members of Conference USA. They finished the season 18–13, 10–6 in C-USA play to finish in a 4 way tie third place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the C-USA women's tournament to Rice. They received an at-large bid to the Women's National Invitation Tournament where they lost to Ball State in the first round.

Previous season
They finished the season 23–11, 15–3 in C-USA play to finish in second place. They advanced to the semifinals of the C-USA women's tournament where they lost to Southern Miss. They received an automatic bid to the Women's National Invitation Tournament where they defeated Morehead State and Wake Forest in the first and second rounds before losing to Georgia Tech in the third round.

Roster

Schedule

|-
! colspan="9" style=| Exhibition

|-
! colspan="9" style=| Non-conference regular season

|-
! colspan="9" style=| Conference USA regular season

|-
! colspan="9" style=| Conference USA Women's Tournament

|-
! colspan="9" style=| WNIT

Rankings
2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings

See also
 2017–18 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders men's basketball team

References

Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders women's basketball seasons
Middle Tennessee
Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders
Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders
Middle Tennessee

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Mel Gibson lashes out during 'Apocalypto' screening
defaultuser
Mel Gibson was at the center of an uproar Thursday night at the Armer Theater in Manzanita Hall at CSUN when a Central American Studies professor spoke out against the way Mayans are depicted in Gibson's film "Apocalypto."
Central American Studies Professor Dr. Alicia Estrada asked Gibson if he understood the negative portrayal of Mayans in the film. Estrada went on to say that Mayans have suffered from death and poverty but were depicted as ignorant and bloodthirsty in the film.
Members of the Mayan community were present and Estrada passed the microphone to Mayan community leader Felipe Perez who read in Spanish, the Mayan community's response to the film. Estrada translated, but because of the audience uproar, she could not be heard.
While Estrada and Perez spoke, CTVA students and others in the audience booed, yelled, "This is America, speak English!" and shouted for them to sit down and shut up.
Due to the yelling, Gibson said, "I can't understand what you're saying."
Security personnel began pushing the speaker and turned off Perez's microphone. Gibson said to let them talk, and the microphone was turned back on.
"I'm not offending you. I'm treating you with respect," Estrada said.
Gibson responded with liberal use of the f-word. Audience members clapped and cheered, one even turning to Estrada and clapping in her face.
President of the Central American United Students Association Josue Guajan came to the event because he is a CTVA student.
"I thought there would be conflict but I did not expect this disrespect to Professor Estrada," Guajan said.
Estrada said the film is blatantly racist, but Gibson responded by saying, "I don't think it's racist at all, and I resent you saying that it is."
Estrada and Perez were escorted out, but not before Gibson said, "I think you're a fucking troublemaker, so fuck off."
The Mayan community response that Perez was reading to Gibson and the audience stated, "We believe that examining us using the lens of Western culture, you are describing us as savages and barbarians, which is the exact description of our cultures made by those who used rape, torture, murders, and massacres to subjugate us."
The following afternoon Estrada said, "I never indirectly said anything about the film. I asked about his sources, which is a common question in academia. It's a question you would expect in a university setting, especially in a Q'A portion of a screening.
"It was my first time watching the film and I was taken aback by all the violence," she said.
Estrada said that she would appreciate not only an apology to her but also to the college and the Mayan community.
Another Mayan member of the community planned on speaking, but instead followed the pair out. Central American Studies major Amy Ulloa stood to walk out and said, "I'm from Central America and I am very offended by this movie, you jerk."
Gibson's camp told media outlets on Friday that Estrada was a "heckler."
This exchange came after a few other questions from the audience, and some in attendance said they were grateful that Gibson stayed to talk after his conversation with Estrada. Gibson continued to talk about "Apocalypto" and his past career experiences.
"It took a long time because of the arduous nature of where we were, the terrain," Gibson said, explaining the conditions under which he directed the film.
One audience member asked about how he kept scenes that featured chases interesting.
"If you're going to see men running after each other, it's going to be pretty boring if you don't have a grab bag of variety," Gibson said. "I've always been a fan of the chase. ? For me it's really compelling."
He added that it's important to know in action scenes how to shoot the actors in an interesting way for the audience.
"You have to have the right rhythm, have a good idea of how to keep it going," Gibson said.
Before Estrada spoke, Gibson addressed the fact that he has been accused of inaccuracies in the film.
"I got a bit of a hard time for accuracies, but that was bullshit," he said. "I did my research."
One student mentioned the fact that the film, which is subtitled, has sexual language and profanities, but Gibson said that the language was common in that era for the culture.
"Almost everything is sexual in reference," he said. "They don't say 'balls,' they say 'the balls of the penis.' ? Gutter language is encouraged."
One member of the audience said that the film's location was an idea of ethnographic film, which plays into the CTVA curriculum at CSUN, and noted Gibson's use of "crisis" in his films.
"There's no fun if there's no crisis," Gibson said. "This was supposed to be a small film, and in many ways it is, but it got (bigger)."
He said that Rudy Youngblood and Dalia Hernandez, the actors who played the main couple, were newcomers to actors, and said that while that made his direction process a bit more difficult, both performers were good.
"I found (Hernandez) in college," he said. "She was doing dancing and trying to be a lawyer or something."
Most of the rest of the cast were unknowns as well.
"Everybody was different, they all had different strengths and weaknesses," Gibson said
Part of the problem in finding a cast was Gibson's desire to stay true to the ethnicity of the characters. He said that he wanted the cast to look "indigenous, and believably so."
Another student mentioned the title of the film, and noted the obvious similarity to "apocalypse."
"It's about a civilization that's kind of coming to an end," Gibson said, explaining why he chose that title for the film. "It's on the cusp of a change."
He said that he could find topics in the film that relate to our civilization today.
"There are many things common in any era to civilizations that are on the wane," he said. "We're killing our environment, having senseless wars."
Gibson also talked about his experience directing both "Apocalypto" and other films.
"You have to start at basics (when you have an unexperienced cast), and give them something (that's) not too complex," he said. "The main thing is to breathe and relax. … Every emotion has a breath pattern. It's really about emulating a breath pattern. But relax and then emulate it."
Sam Womack and Hilda Yeghishian contributed to this article.
defaultuser, Author

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Do I need an iPhone or iPod Touch to use these web apps?
Webapps are web pages which will work with all the modern browsers. The rendering will vary from browser to browser. All apps work with Safari and Chrome, as they support webkit and HTML5. Firefox is usually OK, but Internet Explorer can be ugly. Internet Explorer users can load the Chrome Frame which will allow running webapps in a frame.
Will webapps run without an internet connection when I am offline?
You can save an application to your Home Screen by tapping the big + at the bottom of the screen in Mobile Safari, and tapping Save to Home Screen. An icon will appear on your springboard, just like a normal application.
Pocket History will only run online, because it requires a large database. The iTunes store version is being built. Let us know if you want to be notified when it is available.
Border Gas will run offline as a convenient price calculator, but won't have the latest exchange rates or gas prices.
Night Sky will run offline, but will only show the last viewed sky image. Choose which image you view last before you head off to that dark secluded place where there is no internet connection. It is possible to save more images. If you would like this feature added or have other suggestions, let us know.


LAC LA BICHE, Alberta—The images are ones of devastation—scorched homes, virtually whole neighborhoods burned to the ground. It rained a little Sunday morning in Fort McMurray, but Canadian officials say they expect to fight the massive wildfire that has destroyed large parts of Alberta's oil sands town for months.
In no way is this fire under control.


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Middle managers feel trapped in the return-to-office war
https://content.fortune.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/GettyImages-1084171600-e1663775049111.jpg
In the return-to-office war, the middle manager is feeling trapped in, well, the middle.
An executive might send out a hybrid policy memo from a far-off office, but the real heavy lifting comes from the manager who speaks to their team every day. It's left them balancing their bosses' expectations with their workers' wants and needs, reports the Financial Times' Emma Jacobs. Middle managers are stuck on the ground, figuring out what hybrid plans look like and trying to boost morale while pushing a largely reticent group back to their desks.
Many executives are obsessed with a return to the office, looking to return to the modus operandi even as the pandemic continues. But not every boss thinks the same way; some middle managers align with their workers' stance on maintaining flexibility. Research from Future Forum shows that younger executives are more concerned about the inequality surrounding remote and in-person work policies, while older executives are focused on productivity.
Catherine, a middle manager for a financial service company, told Jacobs that she doesn't understand the need for her company's hybrid plans. She described being in the middle as "lonely," as she has received little training to manage a team with different generational experiences.
"I wonder why there's a push to bring people back? People have closed M&A deals from home. The saving of not traveling and [the impact on the] climate, you have to wonder why it's a big deal," she said.
Jane, a customer service operations manager, also told Jacobs that pushing a return to office based on "mixed messaging" is challenging. "We're hearing people say, 'We'd like to encourage teams to come back.' You need to be clear about why they're doing it," she said. "Otherwise, it is just putting pressure on middle managers."
The gray area of middle management
Middle managers have always had to switch adeptly between interacting with their bosses and their team. Changing their behavior throughout the day to match workplace and social norms has led to greater rates of depression and anxiety in the middle, finds research from Columbia University and the University of Toronto. The pandemic has made managing even harder, with the pressure to implement hybrid policies only adding more to managers' plates.
Companies like Apple, Comcast, and Peloton have been reinstituting their hybrid plans with more urgency after Labor Day weekend. It's not the first time that companies have tried to push for an office return, but execs seem to mean it more this time around.
Early studies have shown that the majority of workers prefer the flexibility and connection with peers that hybrid work provides. But this fairly new fixture of work has not always been implemented with ease. Consider Google, which had to rethink its souped-up offices to adapt to hybrid work, deal with the influx of new traffic, and help people with missing desks. Yelp CEO and cofounder Jeremy Stoppelman once said hybrid work was "hell," pointing out that not all workers will be in the office on the same days.
It's hard to make everyone happy with hybrid plans, and considering that it's the middle manager often dealing directly with workers, it's likely they end up fielding the return-to-office gripes.
The increased pressure could be enough to make these in-between bosses join the Great Resignation.
In Paris without tourists, LVMH unveils Samaritaine store revamp
Fitch cuts Italy's credit rating to 'BBB-minus' with stable outlook
Is oil giant BP finally ready to 'think outside the barrel'?
Australia investigator in Citi cartel case raps colleague over personal email use
Russian gas flows via Yamal-Europe pipeline to Germany halted again
Wall St Week Ahead: Inflation data may seal fate of unloved U.S. stock rally


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Gambia Info
Google Maps Gambia
Gambia Weather
Gambia Photos
Some facts about Gambia
The Gambia (), officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa that is entirely surrounded by Senegal except for its coastline on the Atlantic Ocean at its western end. It is the smallest country in mainland Africa.
The Gambia is situated on either side of the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the centre of The Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Its area is 10,689 square kilometres (4,127 sq mi) with a population of 1,882,450 at the April 2013 census (provisional). Banjul is the Gambian capital, and the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.
The Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade, which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River, first by the Portuguese, during which era it was known as A Gâmbia. Later, on 25 May 1765, The Gambia was made a part of the British Empire when the government formally assumed control, establishing the Province of Senegambia. In 1965, The Gambia gained independence under the leadership of Dawda Jawara, who ruled until Yahya Jammeh seized power in a bloodless 1994 coup.
Adama Barrow became The Gambia's third president in January 2017, after defeating Jammeh in December 2016 elections. Jammeh initially refused to accept the results, which triggered a constitutional crisis and military intervention by the Economic Community of West African States, resulting in his exile.
The Gambia's economy is dominated by farming, fishing, and especially tourism. In 2008, about a third of the population lived below the international poverty line of US$1.25 per day.
Info aboutGambia
Capital: Bathurst
Iso code: GM
Iso Alpha 3 code: GMB
Currency code: GMD
States of Gambia


text:
import sys
import traceback
import StringIO

from copy_reg import dispatch_table, pickle

def exc_info(hide_calls = 0):
    '''as sys.exc_info() but returns a remote exception object'''
    ErrorType, thrownError, traceback = sys.exc_info()
    for i in range(hide_calls):
        if traceback.tb_next:
            traceback = traceback.tb_next
    err = withTracebackPrint(ErrorType, thrownError, traceback)
    return type(err), err, traceback

def withTracebackPrint(ErrorType, thrownError, _traceback):
    '''returns an Exception object for the given ErrorType of the thrownError
and the _traceback

can be used like withTracebackPrint(*sys.exc_info())'''
    file = StringIO.StringIO()
    traceback.print_exception(ErrorType, thrownError, _traceback, file = file)
    return _loadError(ErrorType, thrownError, file.getvalue())
    ## why don't we just use the following line?
    ## return ErrorType(file.getvalue())
    ## because the arguments would get hurt
    ## or the traceback print has no unescaped newlines

class _RemoteExceptionMeta(type):
    'Metaclass for RemoteExceptions to make copy_reg accept them'
    pass

def _pickle_function(RemoteExceptionClass):
    'how to pickle the remote exception type'
    return asRemoteException, (RemoteExceptionClass.BaseExceptionType,)

pickle(_RemoteExceptionMeta, _pickle_function)

_remoteExceptionCache = {} # exception : RemoteException

def _newRemoteException(ErrorType):
    '''create a new RemoteExceptionType from a given errortype'''
    RemoteErrorBaseType = _RemoteExceptionMeta('', (ErrorType,), {})
    class RemoteException(RemoteErrorBaseType):
        BaseExceptionType = ErrorType

        def __init__(self, thrownError, tracebackString):
            self.thrownError = thrownError
            self.tracebackString = tracebackString
            RemoteErrorBaseType.__init__(self, *thrownError.args)

        loadError = staticmethod(_loadError)

        def __str__(self):
            return '\n%s\n%s' % (self.tracebackString, self.thrownError)

        def __reduce__(self):
            args = (ErrorType, self.thrownError, self.tracebackString)
            return self.loadError, args
    RemoteException.__name__ = 'Remote' + ErrorType.__name__
    return RemoteException

def asRemoteException(ErrorType):
    '''return the remote exception version of the error above
you can catch errors as usally:
>>> try:
raise asRemoteException(ValueError)
except ValueError:
pass
or you can catch the remote Exception
>>> try:
raise asRemoteException(ReferenceError)(ReferenceError(),'')
except asRemoteException(ReferenceError):
pass
'''
    RemoteException = _remoteExceptionCache.get(ErrorType)
    if RemoteException is None:
        RemoteException = _newRemoteException(ErrorType)
        _remoteExceptionCache.setdefault(ErrorType, RemoteException)
        _remoteExceptionCache.setdefault(RemoteException, RemoteException)
        return _remoteExceptionCache.get(ErrorType)
    return RemoteException

def _loadError(ErrorType, thrownError, tracebackString):
    '''constructor of RemoteExceptions'''
    RemoteException = asRemoteException(ErrorType)
    return RemoteException(thrownError, tracebackString)

def showError(function):
    def functionShowingTheError(*args, **kw):
        try:
            return function(*args, **kw)
        except:
            type, error, traceback = exc_info(1)
            raise type, error, traceback
    functionShowingTheError.__name__ = function.__name__
    functionShowingTheError.__module__ = function.__module__
    return functionShowingTheError

@showError
def _testError():
    raise ValueError('Exception!')

def _test_no_error():
    return 12

if __name__ == '__main__':
    import multiprocessing
    p = multiprocessing.Pool(processes = 2)
    r = p.apply_async(_testError)
    print(r.get(1))

__all__ = ['withTracebackPrint', 'asRemoteException', 'exc_info', 'showError']

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


At our meetup this past Monday, October 20th, Gregory Foster presented on the asymmetry in data flow between United States government entities and the public. Communities like MuckRock have arisen to streamline open records requests, but scaling and improving the data dialog remains difficult, and many agencies have become cautious about 'Government 2.0' efforts post-Snowden. How can we "Think globally, act locally" on these issues here in Austin? We discussed these and related topics — ComputerCOP, IMSI Catcher detectors, and Automated License Plate Readers.


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The venerable Yale University Press has itself joined a kind of publishing club by presenting this formidably detailed account of the Jewish experience at Yale as if it were a broad social history, which for all its virtues it is not.
Back when such specialized books appeared with titles like "Intolerance and Esteem: Two Centuries of Academic Ambivalence," you knew what to expect. But now that university publishers have adopted sophisticated commercial techniques--glossy dust covers, catchy titles and provocative jacket copy, the impulsive buyer may find himself dutifully plodding through a worthwhile, scholarly, meticulously documented manuscript originally meant only for the author's peers, mentors, colleagues, grantors and examiners.
When such meritorious academic exercises are accepted by frankly commercial publishers, they're often pepped up with anecdote and a modicum of wry wit, but the august university presses are usually above such concessions. The general reader gets the pure unadulterated version: appendices, prefaces, introductions, conclusions, charts, statistics, 60 pages of chapter notes, voluminous bibliography, and in this case, a quixotic final acknowledgement in which the author admits the obstacles inherent in his subject.
"Had I appreciated how difficult it was to find Truth, I might never have begun my search for the interrelated history of Jews and Yale . . . I have not succeeded in my quest. At best, the research may have brought me closer to 'Truth.' "
Through no fault of Oren's, the history of Jews at Yale is riddled with lacunae and obscured by reticence. Primary sources for the early years are few and vague; time has blurred even more recent memories. For an entire century, from 1701 to 1809, there were no Jews at Yale at all; the two Pinto brothers in the class of 1777, generally assumed by previous historians to have been the first, turn out upon closer investigation to be Congregationalists in good standing, their ancestral ties left behind when the family left Portugal for the American Colonies.
Little is known of one Moses Simons, who graduated in 1809 and died in London in 1822. Seventeen years later, the eventually illustrious Judah Benjamin, secretary of state for the Confederacy, entered the class of 1829 as a 14-year-old freshman but left at the end of his second year. There would not be another Jewish student until 1852, when New Haven had acquired a small Jewish community, a few of whom lived at home but attended lectures. Since these pioneers vanished after class, few resident students seemed either aware or disconcerted by their ghostly presence.
By the time the scions of the German-Jewish bankers and merchants began arriving after the Civil War, there was apparently no discrimination at all, mainly because "they constituted too small a group to be noticed. They had occupied a middle-class position for many years and offered no target for jealousy because of either their numbers or their achievements." According to Oren, this era of good feeling ended around 1878, when Yale gradually evolved from a meritocracy to an aristocracy, dominated by preparatory school alumni, fraternities and the exclusive Final Clubs.
Thereafter, increasing numbers of Jewish students, mostly commuters from New Haven and its immediate environs, were regarded with disdain and trepidation by faculty and students alike. In the words of historian John Hingham they were "the quintessential parvenu," and the ambivalence quickly spread to the nation's other prestigious universities.
By the end of the 1870s, Catholics and Jews were companion targets for slurs and invective, the Yale News announcing, "The Pope's wealth is said to amount to $24,000,000, which is mostly in the hands of the Rothschilds at Paris." Because the day students were generally poor and obliged to work to supplement their tuition grants, they seldom were able to participate in extra-curricular activities, a circumstance that effectively isolated them from their more fortunate classmates.
The stereotypes flourished unchecked by familiarity or even acquaintance; virtually no effort was made to remedy matters from either side. During this period, admissions officers at the Ivy League institutions wrote to one another advocating various forms of a quota system; some discriminating subtly, others more overtly. This unhappy state of affairs remained until World War II, when the G.I. Bill of Rights radically transformed every American university campus.
Until then, disdain had characterized majority-minority relations. During the 1920s and '30s, Jewish fraternities and other social societies designed to counteract discrimination flourished and faded, each traced here from its beginnings with the same care given to other aspects of the work.
While Oren has fleshed out his book with personality profiles of Yale faculty and administrators, documenting the gradual liberalization of various departments and including capsule biographies of Yale's many distinguished Jewish alumni, the exhaustive study seldom catches fire. Placed in the larger perspective of 20th-Century anti-Semitism, social discrimination against Jews at Yale seems an inconvenience rather than a major disaster.
Though there are undoubtedly those who suffered mightily, the author has uncovered far more discomfort than misery; and the last third of his book becomes a celebration of change in which any Eli can take pride. The entire process has taken three centuries and perhaps is still neither perfect nor complete, but "Joining the Club" is a chronicle, not a tragedy or even a melodrama.


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 * @author e.rossi
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package org.playground.java8.utils;


text:
'Harmonica Pete': World War II veteran known for playing national anthem at sporting events dies at 98
Man accused of shooting woman at Tampa motel sought by police
by: WFLA 8 On Your Side Staff
Warning, this video may be disturbing to some readers. Viewer discretion is advised.
TAMPA, Fla. (WFLA) — Police are working to identify a man accused of shooting and wounding a woman at a Tampa motel last month.
The shooting happened at the University Motel, 9408 N. Nebraska Avenue in the early morning hours of Nov. 17.
Scott Peterson faces new life sentence in wife's 2002 death
Police on Wednesday released surveillance video showing the suspect, a man wearing a hoodie and a jacket, pull up to the motel on a bike and enter the woman's room.
Police said they got into an altercation and the woman was shot in the upper body area.
"Thankfully, the victim is recovering at a local hospital. The victim doesn't know the suspect's identity," police said on Facebook Wednesday.
Carol Jenkins Barnett, philanthropist and heiress to Publix Supermarkets, dies at 65
They're asking those with information about the man's identity to call Crime Stoppers at 1-800-873-8477 (TIPS).
Florida man planned to kill jogger, keep victim's body in closet, deputies say


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Human Creatinine Serum Detection Kit measures creatinine in serum and plasma samples. A creatinine standard, calibrated to a NIST creatinine standard, is provided to generate a standard curve. The color generating reaction is initiated with the Creatinine Detection Reagent. The assay utilizes a kinetic absorbance method to overcome interference by colored compounds in the sample. The concentration of creatinine is calculated using the delta of the optical density readings at 1 and 30 minutes.


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Q: Wiki Engine in Visual Studio? I've been using vimwiki for a while now, and I'm quite liking it. However, I spend most of my time in Visual Studio. I'd therefore like to find a personal file-based wiki that works inside Visual Studio. It should be file-based so that the pages live with my project and I can keep them in the same version control repository (Mercurial, in my case, if it makes a difference).

A: Have you tried Wiki on a Stick or TiddlyWiki?
By using a file based wiki, you could check your wiki into source control alongside your code.
You could also view it in VS with the integrated web browser. If you can use relative file:/// urls, you could actually link to your wiki from comments in your code without ever leaving Visual Studio.

A: Alternatively, you could use Markdown files as docs in your source repository and wire up MSBuild/NAnt/NRake/whatever to run Jekyll to spit out html docs.
Or, if you hosted your project on GitHub, you'd get this for free.

A: Nowadays you would probably find some success with a Markdown based wiki (such as the Jekyll site publishing supported by GitHub).
A good Visual Studio Markdown editor is available from the prolific Mads Kristensen:

*

*https://visualstudiogallery.msdn.microsoft.com/eaab33c3-437b-4918-8354-872dfe5d1bfe

*https://github.com/madskristensen/MarkdownEditor

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


industry as a research scientist, manager, and technical program lead at Honeywell and the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan. He has published over 100 journal and over 300 total papers, was an Associate Editor of IEEE Geoscience & Remote Sensing Letters, led an ad-hoc committee on Standardized Algorithms, Data, & Evaluation (SADE), enjoyed a three-year term as a UF Research Foundation Professor and is a Fellow of the IEEE.
photons per band resulting in low signal power. To increase power, the spatial resolution of the spectrometer needs to be relatively large. The unique characteristic of imaging spectroscopy, compared to image processing, is that materials can be identified and properties of materials calculated using single spectra. The low spatial resolution results in measured spectra produced by physical "mixing" of the light reflected from multiple materials in the spatial region of a spectral pixel. Algorithms for imaging spectroscopy must be designed to identify and characterize materials at a sub-pixel level. Mathematically, the problem is Given: a hyperspectral image X with pixels x1, x2,…, xN a mixing model, xn = f(e1, e2,…, eM; pn1, pn2, …,pnM) with: e1, e2,…, eM unknown spectra of "pure" materials in the scene pn1, pn2, …,pnM unknown proportions of pure materials at pixel n M << N Estimate: pn1, pn2, …,pnM, e1, e2,…, eM, and possibly M This is an ill-posed inverse problem referred to as unmixing; the objective is to invert f. The talk will cover a short history of attempts to solve this problem and a discussion of a current investigation into the suitability of deterministic vs. stochastic approaches.


Our global leadership team is currently based at DLBC Newcastle. It is run by a team of dedicated young volunteers supporting the leadership team.
Also, we currently have team members in other cities of UK: London, Leeds, Manchester, Birmingham.
We currently have a New Life. Youth team members in China, Indonesia.


Welcome to Trinity as we praise our risen Savior this morning. We hope you will stay for a time of fellowship after the service. To allow more time with family and friends we will not be having Sunday School this morning.


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A systematic review of infectious illness Presenteeism: prevalence, reasons and risk factors
R. K. Webster ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5136-10981,2,5,
R. Liu1,
K. Karimullina1,
I. Hall3,2,
R. Amlôt4,2 &
G. J. Rubin1,2
Workplace presenteeism is common and leads to the spread of infectious diseases. Previous reviews have focused on presenteeism in relation to general physical or mental ill health. In this systematic review we identified the prevalence of, and reasons and risk factors for, presenteeism in relation to an infectious illness.
We searched Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO and PsycARTICLES with terms relating to infectious illnesses and presenteeism at the work place or school; reference lists of relevant articles were also hand-searched.
Our search yielded 3580 papers after deduplication. After title, abstract and full text screening, 23 papers reporting on 24 studies were included. Twenty-three studies were cross-sectional studies and one was prospective. The quality of included studies was relatively poor due to problems such as sampling and non-response bias. Presenteeism prevalence ranged from 35 to 97%. Self-reported reasons for presenteeism fell into three main themes: 1. Organisational factors (organisational policy, presenteeism culture, disciplinary action), 2. Job characteristics (lack of cover, professionalism, job demand), and 3. Personal reasons (burden on colleagues, colleague perceptions, threshold of sickness absence and financial concerns). Statistical risk factors fell into four themes: 1. Sociodemographic, 2. Health, 3. Influenza-related behaviour, and 4. Employment characteristics. Most of the risk factors had insufficient evidence to allow us to draw any firm conclusions, and evidence regarding gender and age was inconsistent. The risk factor with the most consistent findings concerned occupation type, suggesting that those who worked in the healthcare sector, and specifically physicians, were at a higher risk of infectious illness presenteeism.
Infectious illness presenteeism is common. To address the public health consequences, organisations should focus on promoting a positive working culture and developing sickness absence policies that reduce presenteeism. Further research is needed in non-health sector organisations and schools to identify risk factors related to different organisations, which can then be used to tailor interventions at the organisational and individual level.
Presenteeism is most commonly defined as people who attend work in spite of their illnesses [1]. Compared to absenteeism, the concept of presenteeism is relatively under-studied. However, presenteeism is a global phenomenon that is common among employees of all levels and has been suggested to cause a greater loss to an organisation than the costs attributed to absenteeism [2] through productivity loss [3], and future poor health and sick leave [4]. Although presenteeism has most often been studied in employees, it can also be seen in non-workplace environments, for instance universities, schools and nurseries [5].
Studies have shown that over 60% of employees have attended work while sick, rising to 90% in some studies of occupations such as physicians [4]. Antecedents of presenteeism may include feelings of being irreplaceable, a high workload, not being able to afford to take time off, perceiving presenteeism as an organisational norm, or perceiving that you are not sick enough to justify time off work [1, 6]. However, most research has focused on presenteeism due to chronic conditions [3]. Presenteeism with acute infectious illnesses such as influenza can arguably present more problems to organisations due to the possibility of workplace epidemics.
Employees who continue to work despite having symptoms of an infectious illness pose a risk to others, especially to people who are vulnerable to diseases, such as patients, the elderly, and children [7,8,9] . This may be particularly true for health or social care professionals working with vulnerable populations [10, 11]. In the worst case scenario, presenteeism can even contribute to pandemics, as illnesses circulate within workplaces and education settings [12]. The problems associated with presenteeism are certainly recognised within the general public: a representative survey by Canada Life Group [13] reported that 82% of UK workers say they have become ill as a result of a colleague coming into work when they are unwell.
Given its public health importance, in this review we sought to summarise the prevalence of, self-reported reasons and statistical risk factors for presenteeism associated with an infectious illness in workplaces or educational / childcare settings. Our intention was to assist in highlighting possible public health approaches to presenteeism, avenues for future research, and to identify areas where there is potential to develop interventions to reduce presenteeism.
The reporting of this review adheres to the standards for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses [14].
Search strategy
KK and RL carried out preliminary work testing a variety of different search strategies, to balance both specificity and sensitivity. These were finalised in discussions with GJR and IH. Our final search strategy used terms and associated words for 'acute infectious illness' and 'presenteeism', joined by the AND function. A copy of our search strategy in MEDLINE is included as Additional file 1. The search strategy was modified for each specific database due to differences in MeSH terms, boolean operators and wildcards. Where possible, searches were limited to articles published in the English language and excluded review articles.
The following electronic databases were searched with the predefined search strategy: Web of Science, Scopus, and OvidSp (Medline, PsycINFO, and PsycARTICLES). Web of Science and Scopus were included for their cover of the sciences and social sciences, and for the fact that the two resources together complement each other, as neither of them are all inclusive. OvidSp was chosen for its cover of health science journals, and also for its inclusion of the database PsycINFO, and PsycARTICLES.
KK and RL tested the screening process for one database prior to the full database search. This was to ensure consistency in the screening process and clarify any uncertainties about whether studies met the inclusion criteria or not. RW carried out the full search on 12th October 2018 and initial electronic searches from the different databases were combined using EndNote with duplicates identified and deleted. First, the titles and abstracts were screened for mentions of an empirical study examining presenteeism relating to an infectious illness. If it was not clear from the abstract, the study was taken to full text review. All full text versions of papers that remained potentially relevant were screened in relation to the exclusion/inclusion criteria. Those papers that met the inclusion criteria also had their reference section manually searched for any other potential studies that could be included.
Studies were eligible for inclusion in this review if they meet the criteria as outlined below:
Population. Human population, any age.
Exposure. Presenteeism relating to an infectious illness. Presenteeism must be defined as going to work or school while ill.
Outcome. The study reported data on prevalence of people attending work or university / school / childcare with an infectious illness, OR the study reported data on risk factors associated with attending work, or university / school / childcare with an infectious illness OR the study reported data on self-reported reasons given for attending work, or university / school / childcare with an infectious illness.
Study design. Both qualitative and quantitative studies were eligible. Quantitative studies could be of any design. Articles that did not report on original data, e.g. review articles were excluded.
Other limiters: Published in the English language.
Data from the final set of studies were extracted by RW using a data extraction table which was developed for this systematic review. Data extracted included citation, country of study, study design, main characteristics of participants (sample size, mean age, % male), occupation or industry, illness, and results regarding prevalence of presenteeism of those with infectious or suspected infectious illness, and/or risk factors associated with presenteeism and/or reported reasons for presenteeism.
The quality of all eligible studies was assessed using appropriate quality assessment tools for the relevant study designs. These included the CASP critical appraisal tool [15] for qualitative and cohort studies, while the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT) [16] was used to assess the quality of other quantitative studies. Instead of using the original yes/ can't tell/ no answers in checklists, slight adaptation with a final category of "low", "unclear" or "high" risk was used for each question. Answers "yes", "can't tell" and "no" correspond to "low risk", "unclear risk" and "high risk", respectively.
Data synthesis and analysis
Because of the expected heterogeneity in study designs and outcomes, we did not plan for any meta-analyses and instead used a narrative synthesis. There is no general consensus on the best way to carry out a narrative synthesis for systematic reviews [17]. As such we decided to use a weight of evidence approach in order to consider the quality of the studies alongside the results in order to assess the strength of evidence of their findings.
The search yielded a total of 7079 papers, with an additional two papers identified through reference list searches. After removing duplicates, 3580 papers remained. Screening titles and abstracts resulted in 207 papers being taken forward to full text review. Of these,163 papers were excluded for not making it clear if they were measuring presenteeism with regards to infectious illnesses or not, 15 papers were excluded for not measuring presenteeism as a result of an infectious illness, 4 were excluded for measuring presenteeism as changes in work productivity/performance only, and 2 were excluded for not including an outcome of presenteeism prevalence or reasons for, or associations with, presenteeism. As a result, 23 papers were included in the systematic review, one of which reported on two studies [18] and is referred to as study 1 or 2 where necessary. See Fig. 1 for a flow diagram of the screening process and reasons for exclusion.
Flow diagram of the screening process and reasons for exclusion
Out of the 24 studies, 23 were cross-sectional, of which 20 were survey based, two were medical record reviews over a certain period and one was qualitative involving individual interviews. The remaining study was prospective involving monthly surveys completed by participants. While most of the studies were conducted in America (n = 11), seven were conducted in Europe (United Kingdom, Norway, Portugal, Poland), and three were conducted in Canada and New Zealand. The sample size of included studies ranged from 31 to 550,360. Participant ages ranging from 18 to 97 years old, and the percentage of male participants ranging from 0 to 64.4%. While 16 studies focused on employees from the health care sector, five focused on employees from different organisations, one solely focused on medical students, one sampled participants from the general population of America, and one focused on parents of pre-school children. Ten studies measured presenteeism with regards to influenza-like-illness, seven to respiratory tract infections, five to infectious illnesses in general, and two to symptoms of infectious illnesses. All studies apart from one included an outcome of infectious illness presenteeism prevalence, 12 assessed associations between baseline variables and infectious illness presenteeism, and 10 assessed participants' reasons for infectious illness presenteeism. See Table 1 for full study characteristics.
Table 1 Summary of study characteristics
The overall quality of the 22 cross-sectional quantitative studies was poor (see Fig. 2). The majority of studies provided clear objectives for which the data collected was appropriate in addressing those objectives. However, sampling methods were poor and prone to selection bias as the participants were often picked from particular segments within the targeted population, or the authors failed to justify the criteria used for selection. A large proportion of the studies were not representative due to poor sampling strategies and/or small sample size. Only some studies used standardised measurements, the rest did not elaborate on measurement items, making it unclear as to their suitability. The majority of studies had a low (below 60%) response rate and as such were at heightened risk of nonresponse bias. Two studies were medical record reviews therefore response rate was not applicable.
Quality of cross-sectional quantitative studies. *MMAT = Mixed methods appraisal tool
Quality was mixed for the two remaining studies that were prospective or qualitative in design. Carroll, Rooshenas [22] had clear aims and appropriate methodology and design, however there was a high risk of bias for recruitment as the sample was a select group of parents and not representative of the target population. In addition, more detail was needed on the data analysis. Similarly, Rousculp, Johnston [37] had a high risk of bias for recruitment as the sample was not selected to be representative of the target population, and there was a lack of description of both the measures used and drop-outs.
Prevalence of presenteeism
Twenty-three studies reported prevalence of presenteeism of those with infectious illness, all measuring work place presenteeism, apart from one study which included work place and school presenteeism in the prevalence score [23], and another which measured placement presenteeism in medical students [39]. Although all measures on presenteeism were conceptualized as going to work or school while ill, there were some discrepancies between measurements. For instance, while seven of the studies used the past 12 months as a cut-off point in the survey question, other studies used different time lines varying from 2 to 6 months, years, the length of an influenza season, or without any cut-off point. Overall presenteeism prevalence ranged from 35 to 97%, and for studies of participants who worked in the healthcare sector this was 37 to 97%. Studies of other occupational settings reported 35 to 88.6% presenteeism, and the representative survey of US adults which reported both work place and school presenteeism reported a prevalence of 82.7% in the past five months [23]. Carroll, Rooshenas [22] did not provide an outcome of presenteeism prevalence for pre-school children. See Table 2 for the results of individual studies.
Table 2 Prevalence of, reasons for and associations with infectious illness presenteeism
Reported reasons for presenteeism
Ten studies reported the reasons participants gave for infectious illness presenteeism. Reported reasons were similar in nature and could be grouped into different over-arching themes, namely, organisational factors, job characteristics, and personal reasons (Table 2 for individual results).
Organisational factors
Organisational policy
Five studies reported factors relating to organisational policy as reasons for presenteeism. Three studies reported that working while ill was due to participants not having paid sick leave or no more available sick leave [21, 25, 35]. Veale, Vayalumkal [39] reported that participants did not have clear guidelines from their organisation and so were unsure of the right thing to do regarding staying at home or going into work. In the final study parents reported that their nurseries did not have any guidance on whether children can or cannot attend nursery with an RTI [22].
Presenteeism culture
Five studies shed light on the fact that presenteeism in organisations can be a social norm, embedded within the organisational culture. For example, Perkin, Higton [18], Bracewell, Campbell [21], Rebmann, Turner [35], Veale, Vayalumkal [39] reported participants feeling pressure from colleagues to turn up to work when ill, especially when they observed other colleagues doing so. Some participants explicitly stated that their employer expected them to work when ill, and that none of their colleagues suggested they should go home when they turn up to work ill [25].
Respondents from five studies were concerned that taking sick leave might lead to disciplinary action. Worries of losing their job was the major concern, while fear of getting into trouble, receiving a poor evaluation or being penalized, and being anxious about job security were also reported [21, 25, 26, 35, 39].
Job characteristics
Lack of cover
Respondents in six studies reported attending work while ill due to the lack of cover available, as temporary workers were usually unavailable or difficult to find [21, 25, 26, 35, 39]. Similarly, for parents' deciding whether to take their child to nursery when ill, reasons often reported included not being able to find alternative care options to look after their child [22].
Five studies reported that having a strong work ethic was crucial for participant professions as they had a duty to their patients and colleagues and taking sick leave might jeopardise their reputations. For example, Chiu, Black [25], de Perio, Wiegand [26], Gudgeon, Wells [27], and Jena, Meltzer [28] all reported that participants felt they had a professional obligation to their colleagues, patients and students to turn up to work. As such, respondents who worked in the health care industry were often worried that substitutes were not qualified to perform certain tasks and therefore reluctant to let others handle their clients and felt they could not cancel their clinics due to the potential impact of substitutes or rescheduling on patient care and well-being [21, 27].
Job demand
Three studies reported job related demand as a cause for presenteeism. Employees were concerned with the extra workload they might have when returning to work because tasks would be left undone during their absence [21], as such there were fears of falling behind with their work [35] and having to make up the time when they got back to work [39].
Burden to colleagues
Participants in three studies revealed that they did not want to burden colleagues with extra workload resulting from their absence and often felt guilty of asking colleagues to cover duties [18, 21, 28]. In addition, one study noted that participants felt they would then have to repay colleagues for covering for them [28].
Perceptions from colleagues
Participants in three studies reported concerns about how colleagues might perceive them in the case of sickness absence. They were afraid to be seen as weak [28] and cared about the opinions and impressions of colleagues if they were absent from work [22, 27].
Threshold for sick leave
A common theme running through the reasons given for presenteeism was that participants often thought they did not meet the threshold for which they should take sick leave. Respondents in four studies felt that their illnesses were not severe, and they were well enough to work [21, 25, 35, 39]. Similar reasons included that their illness did not influence their capacity to carry out their work duties [18, 25]. Many respondents also believed that their illnesses were not infectious, so they were not a risk to colleagues, patients or students, and therefore chose to attend work [18, 25, 26, 39].
The last theme which fell into personal reasons for infectious illness presenteeism concerned financial worries. Three studies showed that financial stress was a cause for presenteeism. Participants reported that they could not afford the loss of salary due to sick leave as they needed to support the family [21, 25]. Similarly, parental reasons for taking their child to nursery when ill include the fact that nursery fees were paid in advance, these fees were reliant on the income from their work, and that finding alternative child care comes at an extra cost [22].
Other reasons
Some motives for presenteeism did not fit comfortably in the above themes. These included medical students finding it hard or too much of an effort to get a doctor's note in order to be allowed to take sick leave [27, 39], or feeling that they would be missing out on vital experience if they took sickness leave [39]. Another reason given by HCPs concerned the fact that they had already missed too much work in the year already [25].
Statistical risk factors for presenteeism
Twelve studies tested the association between different variables and infectious illness presenteeism. These were grouped into four main categories: sociodemographic factors, health, influenza-related behaviour and employment characteristics.
Sociodemographic factors
Six studies evaluated the association between gender and presenteeism, with inconsistent results. Three studies did not find any significant associations [21, 26, 28]. Two studies found females reported significantly more presenteeism [24, 34], and one study showed a significant association between being male and presenteeism [19]. Given the varying quality of these studies and the inconsistent findings, we considered the evidence for the association between gender and infectious illness presenteeism to be inconclusive.
Six studies investigated the relationship between age and presenteeism, of which three of the higher quality studies found no significant associations [21, 25, 26]. The remaining three all found that being younger was associated with higher levels of presenteeism [19, 24, 34]. The age ranges of the sample were slightly smaller in the studies that found no significant effect, so this could have contributed to these findings. However, given the contrasting findings at this point the evidence for the association between age and infectious illness presenteeism is inconclusive.
Two studies of higher quality found no associations between whether participants had any dependents [21], or a household with children [26] with infectious illness presenteeism.
Three studies looked at whether participant health status is associated with infectious illness presenteeism, showing inconsistent effects. Bracewell, Campbell [21] found that self-reported health was not significantly associated with presenteeism. Similarly, in a higher quality study de Perio, Wiegand [26] found that having a chronic condition such as asthma or diabetes was not related to presenteeism. However, participants who had a healthy immune system that was not weakened by illnesses such as cancer or immunosuppressant medication were more likely to report presenteeism [26].
Influenza-related behaviour
Influenza-related behaviour was another factor which was included in studies. Ablah, Konda [19] found that intention to go work with an ILI was associated with actual presenteeism. Similarly, Chambers, Frampton [24] found that those who had more presenteeism days in the past, had higher levels of current presenteeism. Chiu, Black [25] found that those who had received their influenza vaccine for that season had higher levels of presenteeism. However, a lower quality study found no significant associations between various influenza related behaviour variables and presenteeism such as receiving the vaccine that season, how often they receive the influenza vaccine, if they recommend it to patients and if they have taken antiviral medications [31]. Therefore, there is some indication of the role that past influenza-related behaviour and future intentions are associated with current presenteeism, but more robust research is needed.
Employment characteristics
Six studies measured the association between occupation and infectious illness presenteeism. Ablah, Konda [19] found that those who worked in the health care sector as opposed to non-health occupations were significantly more likely to engage in presenteeism. Within non-health settings, de Perio, Wiegand [26] found no effect of occupation type in a school setting, or whether their job took place within the school or not. The remaining four studies looked at occupation type within the health care sector, Bhadelia, Sonti [20] found no effect of occupation type. However, Bracewell, Campbell [21], Chiu, Black [25], and Gudgeon, Wells [27] all found that physicians had higher associations with presenteeism than other health care workers such as nurses, assistants and students. However, it did not seem to matter if participants had professional or clinical status [25]. In addition, those who worked in a hospital setting as opposed to long-term care settings also had higher levels of presenteeism.
Four studies of mixed quality looked at the experience level of participants on presenteeism. No significant associations were found between length of time in the job or profession [24, 25], or the training year of medical students [28, 33] with presenteeism.
Two studies looked at the number of hours worked per week [21, 26] (e.g. full time or on a part time employment) and found no significant associations with presenteeism.
Two studies of mixed quality looked at whether the type of patient that healthcare workers cared for was a factor associated with presenteeism and found no associations [25, 34].
Other factors related to employment included job satisfaction, and the amount of work left undone if absent [21], none of which showed any significant associations with presenteeism. Participant perceptions of the infection control measures at their institution were associated with presenteeism, with those who thought there was poorer control showing higher levels of presenteeism [31]. Rousculp, Johnston [37] also identified that those who could not work from home when sick had higher levels of presenteeism. However, all these factors have only been studied once, therefore our ability to draw conclusions from this is limited.
In our review, the overall prevalence of infectious illness presenteeism ranged from 35 to 97%. Although a very broad range of estimates, even the lower end of this range is troubling and is likely to result in increased transmission of infection in a workplace or school. This range is in line with previous studies of presenteeism prevalence relating to ill health in general [1, 41, 42]. Our review found that rates of presenteeism were generally higher in health and social care workers, which matched the results from existing literature [4, 5]. Again, given the vulnerable populations these groups interact with, this is a source of some concern.
Reported reasons for infectious illness presenteeism could be grouped into three main themes concerning organisational characteristics, job characteristics and personal reasons. Common organisational factors included policy regarding sick leave, with a lack of flexible sick leave and strict attendance control protocol appearing to stimulate presenteeism in employees [43, 44]. Similarly, applying a policy of sick leave allowance may encourage employees to save their allowance for family emergencies, again leading to an increase in presenteeism [45]. Other organisational factors concerned the perception of a presenteeism culture. Pressure from organisations, supervisors and colleagues to work while ill, and the urge to maintain a positive relationship with co-workers were often given as reasons. It is possible that employees were reluctant to call in sick due to the fear of receiving negative comments from colleagues or to avoid creating tension with supervisors who may question the legitimacy of their sickness [46]. Fear of receiving disciplinary actions was also reported, yet it is important to note that punishments were mainly anticipated, and many respondents may not have been penalized.
In terms of job characteristics, a perceived 'lack of cover' was widely reported, especially in respondents who were health care professionals. Employees in this sector might find it more difficult to find backups due to their specialized roles or due to general understaffing in the workplace [32]. Because of these highly specialised roles another related reason concerned professionalism, and the fact it was their duty to provide care to patients and not to disrupt this.
Personal reasons mentioned included "fear of increasing burden on others", and to avoid feeling guilty [47]. Moreover, many respondents were unsure about the threshold of taking sick leaves since they were uncertain if their symptoms were severe enough for sickness absence and thought they were not infectious. It is interesting that many physicians also reported similar reasons, despite their relative expertise in this area. This could be explained by the reluctance of physicians to recognize sickness in themselves and their incongruent perceptions of illness, as they may compare their illnesses with their patients' and conclude they are not sick enough to stay at home [24, 38].
The risk factors tested for associations with infectious illness presenteeism could be grouped into four main themes: sociodemographic, health, influenza-related behaviour and job characteristics.
For sociodemographic factors, we found inconclusive evidence for the role of gender. This seems to reflect what is found in the general presenteeism literature in which some studies find males tend to exhibit more presenteeism [48, 49], and others females [50, 51]. There was some indication that age was associated with presenteeism, with those that were younger showing higher rates of presenteeism, again reflecting findings in the general presenteeism literature [52, 53] however the results were overall inconclusive.
For health, participants' general health or prevalence of chronic conditions such as asthma or diabetes was not associated with presenteeism, but having a healthy immune system was. This is at first sight surprising as previous evidence suggests it is those with poorer general health that are at risk of sickness presence [54,55,56]. Employees with poor health may believe that they are compelled to work due to the time off that they already have taken [57]. Alternatively, it may be that those who feel they have a healthy immune system believe they can fend of infectious illnesses and therefore not be a risk of transmission to colleagues.
Not surprisingly past influenza-related behaviours and intentions show some associations with infectious illness presenteeism. As is well documented in health behaviour theory [58] peoples past behaviours and intentions predict their future behaviour, and in this case those who have had a higher number of presenteeism days in the past and intend to go to work with an infectious illness do indeed have higher rates of presenteeism.
For many of the variables which fell under job characteristics and were assessed for associations with presenteeism, the evidence base was weak. Variables such as patient type and working hours had been assessed in two studies showing no associations, but again this limited evidence base is not enough to justify any robust conclusions. By far the most important factor coming under job characteristics was occupation type. We found that working in the health care sector was a risk factor for infectious illness presenteeism, which was in line with pervious literature [54]. Different studies showed that health care professionals, especially physicians, generally reported more sickness presence [19, 21, 25, 27]. The daily tasks of health care workers usually involve providing care services, and the relationships between these employees and their clients or students can play a crucial role in job outcomes. It is believed that such relationships would predispose employees to sickness presence [54].
Quality of included studies
The majority of included studies were cross-sectional, and therefore causal relationships could not be established. Although the overall quality of studies was poor with many studies at a high risk of sampling and non-response bias, we did not find an obvious trend for high quality studies to report more significant results compared to low quality studies. Contrasting results were often found and acknowledged by authors; however, attempts were seldom made to explain such inconsistencies. Some frequently reported reasons, such as lack of cover were often not tested in quantitative studies. Those reasons could be adapted and tested as variables in quantitative studies to provide a more comprehensive result. The exclusive use of self-reported data to measure presenteeism was another limitation. Although it is understandable that objective data is hard to obtain in this situation, additional questions that provide more details of sickness presence may be a better measure.
Quality of this review
This comprehensive review explored the prevalence, reasons and risk factors for infectious illness presenteeism. A major strength is that two independent reviewers went through the screening process for one of the databases, meaning subjective views and human errors were minimized. This process was then followed for the remaining databases by a third independent reviewer and any inconsistencies discussed. However, this present review suffers from various limitations. Firstly, although we searched three large databases, it is possible that we missed some articles that would have fit our criteria. Secondly a large proportion of studies were excluded for not being clear that they were measuring presenteeism because of an infectious illness. It is possible that some of these studies were incorrectly excluded. Thirdly, the quality of our review may be limited by publication bias. It is plausible that some studies with non-significant results were not published. It is also worth noting that many of our included studies had health care professionals as their target populations, as such the findings of this review may be more representative of the healthcare sector than other organisational settings. Additionally, reasons for and variables tested for associations with infectious illness presenteeism were grouped into common themes and presented in our results to ease interpretation, but in spite of our best efforts in clustering them, clear differentiation was not always possible.
The results show that presenteeism is common in employees, leading to an increased risk of disease transmission. Longitudinal studies are now needed to establish causality among variables and provide more substantial evidence regarding risk factors for infectious illness presenteeism which can be subsequently addressed in interventions. It is also important for standardised and objective measurements of sickness presence to be formulated which will help to increase the consistency and comparability of research in this field. Risk factors that provided contrasting results, such as gender, age, and those with a small evidence base such as dependents and various job-related factors should be replicated to verify associations. Other sociodemographic variables such as ethnicity and education were not a focus in existing literature, but further study in this area would be useful. Additionally, many of the existing studies solely focused on infectious illness presenteeism in health care staff, studies should also explore this in other industries and non-workplace environments such as schools and nursery's in order to explore specific risk factors in different settings. The lack of studies that have tested interventions to reduce infectious illness presenteeism was also striking. As evidence for the risk factors of presenteeism begins to grow, it will be important to use these to develop intervention programmes that address these and cater to the different needs of health sector vs non-health sector organisations and schools.
From the results reported here it, a fruitful avenue for such interventions may be for organisations to promote the legitimacy of taking sick leave and emphasise the negative impacts of presenteeism. At the organisational level, specific job-related risk factors, such as lack of cover, should be identified so that counter measures can be developed. Since many employees are unsure about the threshold for taking sick leave, clear guidelines should also be given regarding what to do when they are sick. To minimise external pressure, it is also crucial for bosses to cultivate an organisational culture that emphasises the importance and benefits of taking sick leave and recognises the potentially hazardous impacts of sickness presence, especially the increased risks of spreading infectious diseases to other employees. At the individual level, workload should be properly managed and monitored. Although reducing workload is not always achievable, skills, resources and techniques can be enhanced to help workers cope with job demands [56]. Supervisors and managers should act as role models and be supportive of workers who require sick leave. Having a supportive environment could encourage illness disclosure and reduce the negative feelings associated with absenteeism, such as guilt from burdening others [59].
Even though the above-mentioned strategies may not show immediate results, such integrated and tailored approaches could provide long term economic, social and personal benefits from reducing presenteeism. In particular focusing on the management of presenteeism now, rather than during a pandemic [60], puts us in a stronger position for when a new pandemic does happen. Developing policies and interventions designed to reduce presenteeism in different organisations, as well as schools and nurseries, will facilitate the rapid implementation of strategies to mitigate the impacts of a new pandemic when the risks are greater to the working population and children.
This review analysed data on the prevalence, reported reasons and risk factors for infectious illness presenteeism, and provides insights for researchers and practitioners. Our results indicate that infectious illness presenteeism is common in organisations. While some variables were found to be associated with working with a suspected infectious illness, such as occupation type and influenza-related behaviour, many others showed inconsistent results. Given the uncertainties and additional risks of disease transmission, future research is needed, which should include the development and implementation of interventions.
All data is contained within the published manuscript.
HCPs:
HCWs:
ILI:
Infectious like illness
MMAT:
Mixed methods appraisal tool
RTI:
Respiratory tract infection
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Rebecca Webster, Ian Hall, Richard Amlot and G. James Rubin are affiliated to the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE), in collaboration with the University of East Anglia and Newcastle University. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, the Department of Health or Public Health England. The funders had no role in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data or in writing the manuscript.
Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
R. K. Webster, R. Liu, K. Karimullina & G. J. Rubin
National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response, King's College London, London, England
R. K. Webster, I. Hall, R. Amlôt & G. J. Rubin
School of Mathematics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, England
I. Hall
Behavioural Science Emergency Response Department Science and Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, England
R. Amlôt
Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
R. K. Webster
R. Liu
K. Karimullina
G. J. Rubin
RL, KK, IH and GJR made substantial contributions to the design of the study. RW carried out the full search, analysis, interpretation of the data, and drafted the first version. Substantial revisions were provided by RL, KK, IH, GJR and RA. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Correspondence to R. K. Webster.
Additional file
Search strategy. Example of search strategy used in MEDLINE (DOCX 13 kb)
Webster, R.K., Liu, R., Karimullina, K. et al. A systematic review of infectious illness Presenteeism: prevalence, reasons and risk factors. BMC Public Health 19, 799 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7138-x
Presenteeism
Working while ill
Infectious illness
Influenza-like-illness