text:
Year : 2017 | Volume : 145 | Issue : 4 | Page : 536-542
Seroprevalence of transplacentally acquired measles antibodies in HIV-exposed versus HIV-unexposed infants at six months of age
Sneha Jain1, Anju Seth1, Shashi Khare2, Jagdish Chandra1
1 Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
2 Division of Microbiology, National Centre for Disease Control, New Delhi, India
Anju Seth
Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi 110 092
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_44_16
Background & objectives: Measles infection is reported to be more severe, prolonged and associated with a higher complication rate in children with HIV infection. Reports indicate that infants born to HIV-infected women [HIV exposed infants (HEI)] may be more vulnerable to measles. The World Health Organization recommends measles vaccination starting at six months of age in these infants who may be HIV-infected themselves. However, in India, they are given measles vaccination at nine months of age like all other infants. In this study, the seroprevalence of transplacentally acquired measles antibodies was compared in HEI and unexposed infants (HUnI) at six months of age and the proportion of HEI undergoing seroconversion after immunization with measles vaccine was assessed.
Methods: In this prospective longitudinal study, measles IgG antibodies were estimated in serum of 49 HEI and 50 HUnI aged 6-7 months. Measles vaccine was then administered to HEI. Assessment for measles IgG antibodies was repeated 8-12 wk post-immunization.
Results: Measles IgG antibodies were detected in two of 49 (4.1%) HEI and 16 of 50 (32%) HUnI. HEI were 11 times more likely to lack measles antibodies as compared to HUnI (odds ratio=11.05, 95% confidence interval=2.989-40.908). Post-vaccination, seroprevalence of measles antibodies increased to 38.5 per cent (P<0.001) in HEI compared to 4 per cent at baseline.
Interpretation & conclusions: Most HEI lacked measles antibodies at six months age and were, therefore, more vulnerable to measles than HUnI. Seroconversion in response to a single dose of measles vaccine administered at six months age was low in these infants, signifying the need of additional dose(s) of measles/measles-containing vaccine.
Keywords: HIV-exposed infants - measles antibodies - measles immunization
Jain S, Seth A, Khare S, Chandra J. Seroprevalence of transplacentally acquired measles antibodies in HIV-exposed versus HIV-unexposed infants at six months of age. Indian J Med Res 2017;145:536-42
Jain S, Seth A, Khare S, Chandra J. Seroprevalence of transplacentally acquired measles antibodies in HIV-exposed versus HIV-unexposed infants at six months of age. Indian J Med Res [serial online] 2017 [cited 2020 Jan 21];145:536-42. Available from: http://www.ijmr.org.in/text.asp?2017/145/4/536/213747
Measles, one of the leading vaccine-preventable diseases in the world, still accounts for a large proportion of childhood mortality and morbidity[1]. HIV-infected children constitute a significant proportion of children hospitalized with measles in countries with high HIV prevalence[2],[3]. The mortality rates in children co-infected with HIV and measles are reported to be as high as 50 per cent especially in resource constrained circumstances[4]. In these children, measles is also reported to be unusual in its presentation[4],[5],[6]. The distinguishing clinical feature of measles, the morbiliform rash, is a manifestation of host cellular immune response to measles virus. Children with HIV may, therefore, lack the characteristic clinical signs of measles and the infection may remain unrecognised[7]. Further, these children may continue to shed the measles virus for a prolonged period[8], thereby increasing the risk for widespread transmission in both community and healthcare settings.
Infants born to women with HIV infection [HIV-exposed infants (HEI)] are more vulnerable to acquire measles infection as compared to those who are born to HIV-uninfected women irrespective of their own HIV status for several reasons. A few reports suggest that these infants may have lower levels of transplacentally acquired measles antibodies and may, therefore, be susceptible to measles at a younger age as compared to HIV-unexposed infants (HUnI)[9],[10],[11]. Those HEI who are HIV-infected themselves may lose protective antibody titres by 2-3 yr of age following immunization even if they mount an adequate primary antibody responses to measles vaccine[12],[13],[14]. If immunized when already immune-compromised, the response to measles vaccination may be poor[15]. Thus, HIV-exposed children remain vulnerable to measles even if immunized during infancy or early childhood at the usual recommended age.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that HIV-infected children should be immunized against measles as soon as possible (i.e., at six months and again at nine months) except those infants who are severely immune-compromised with CD4 count <15 per cent or an absolute CD4 count lower than normal for age, any history of AIDS-defining illness or those with clinical manifestations of symptomatic HIV[16]. The Indian Academy of Paediatrics and the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) currently recommend measles immunization at nine months of age in HEI[17],[18]. There is a paucity of literature from India to decide the optimum age of measles vaccination in these vulnerable children. The present study was planned to determine the seroprevalence of transplacentally acquired measles antibodies in HEI and their short-term response to measles vaccination at six months of age.
Material & Methods
This was a hospital-based, prospective longitudinal study conducted from November 2012 to March 2014 in Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India. The cases included 49 consecutive HEI in the age group 6-7 months who presented to the Paediatric Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) centre during the study. The control group included 50 age- and sex-matched infants born to HIV-uninfected mothers (HUnI) admitted consecutively in a single ward of the hospital for acute lower respiratory tract infection. The sample size was determined based on the work by Scott et al[9] where 15 per cent of HEI versus 42 per cent of those unexposed had detectable levels of measles antibodies at six months of age. The requisite sample size to detect this difference with 95 per cent confidence interval and 80 per cent power was 45 in each group. Infants with a history of measles/known exposure to measles in the past 14 days were excluded from the study. Additional exclusion criteria for the control group were a history of recurrent infections or a chronic systemic disease in the past.
The enrolled infants were evaluated as per a pre-structured proforma which included information on age, sex, birth, HIV status, feeding and immunization details, maternal details such as clinical stage, ART/anti-retroviral (ARV) prophylaxis duration and regimen to mother and infants. Weight and length of the infants were recorded. Weight for age (WFA), length for age (LFA) and weight for length (WFL) z-scores were calculated as per the WHO growth reference standards[19]. WFA <-2 standard deviation (SD) was defined as undernutrition and <-3SD severe undernutrition, LFA <-2SD stunting and <-3SD severe stunting, WFL <-2SD wasting and <-3SD severe wasting. Infants were evaluated for the presence of any acute infection, signs of any nutritional deficiencies and anaemia. The HEI was followed up and evaluated for their HIV infection status as per the current NACO guidelines by a DNA PCR test performed at the ages of six weeks, six months, and six weeks after stopping breastfeeding[18]. The test was first carried out on a dry blood spot (DBS), followed by confirmation on whole blood sample if the result on DBS was found positive. The infants diagnosed to be infected with HIV were assessed for the WHO clinical staging and were started on ART as per the National guidelines given by NACO[18].
Venous blood sample (3 ml) was drawn for assessment of measles IgG antibodies for all HEI and HUnI. The HEI were then immunized with a single dose of measles vaccine available in the Hospital [Serum Institute of India Ltd., each 0.5 ml containing 1000 CCID50 of measles virus (Edmonston-Zagreb strain)]. Batch number, expiration date and proper cold chain maintenance were verified. All vaccines used were from the same lot carrying identical batch number. A single subcutaneous dose of 0.5 ml of the vaccine was given in the upper arm or the anterolateral thigh. The caregivers were asked to maintain a diary of events at home and were asked to report back in case of development of any new symptoms during one month period after vaccination. They were also actively followed up by telephone on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28, for any side effects associated with vaccination or development of any other illness including measles. Venous sample was collected again after a time interval of 8-12 wk for estimation of measles IgG antibodies. All enrolled HEI further received MMR vaccine at 12-15 months age. Infants confirmed to be HIV infected having severe symptoms/belonging to clinical stage 3 or 4, with intercurrent illness or opportunistic infections, or with CD4 count <15 per cent of the total lymphocyte counts were excluded for vaccine administration.
A written informed consent from each selected child's caregiver was obtained. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee.
Sample processing and assessment of measles antibodies: Serum was separated and stored at -20°C in sterile plastic aliquots until serologic testing was performed. Levels of measles antibodies (IgG) were measured qualitatively using NovaLisa™ ELISA kits (NovaTec Immundiagnostica GmbH, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. This assay had a diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of >95 per cent, while the inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were <10 per cent for each. The cut-off was defined as the mean absorbance value of the cut-off control determinants. The results were positive if absorbance value was more than 10 per cent over the cut-off and were calculated in Nova Tec units (NTU) as follows:
Patient (mean) absorbance value ×10÷cut-off=NTU. Using a cut-off value of 10 NTU, levels >11 NTU were considered as positive, <9 NTU to be negative and between 9 and 11 NTU, to be equivocal for the presence of measles antibodies.
Outcome variables & statistical analysis: The primary outcome variables were proportions of HEI and HUnI detected positive for measles antibodies. Secondary outcome variables included proportion of HEI (i) testing positive for measles antibodies 8-12 wk after a single dose of measles vaccine given at six months, and (ii) suffering from adverse effects following measles vaccination.
The data were analyzed using SPSS program version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). For comparing qualitative variables between the two groups Chi-square/Fischer exact test/McNemar's test was used, while for the quantitative variable unpaired t test was used. Data were checked for normality before statistical analysis.
Baseline characteristics of the infants including sex, place and mode of delivery, gestation, birth weight, immunization details at the start of study are shown in [Table 1]. HEI were more likely to be low birth weight (P=0.009), preterm (P=0.02), have a hospital delivery (P=0.004) through caesarean section (P=0.001) as compared to HUnI. Of the 49 HEI, 10 were subsequently confirmed to be HIV-positive while 39 were HIV negative.
Table 1: Baseline characteristics of infants in the study groups
Maternal details: Of the 49 HIV-positive mothers, 46 were in WHO clinical stage T1 and two in T2. Clinical stage of one mother was not determined as she had expired before enrolment of infant. Twenty one mothers (42.86%) had CD4 count <350/μl and remaining above this. Thirty seven mothers were on ART. In 32, ART was started before delivery, and in the remaining five it was started after delivery.
Of the 17 mothers who were not on ART at the time of delivery, eight received single-dose nevirapine during delivery. The remaining nine mothers did not receive ART or ARV prophylaxis during delivery. Among infants born to HIV-positive mothers 43 of 49 received single-dose nevirapine at birth.
Nutritional status of infants: At the time of enrolment, the status of undernutrition was not different among HEI and HUnI, or among HIV positive and negative HEI. However, severe undernutrition was more prevalent among the HEI as compared to HUnI (P=0.01). Severe undernutrition was also more common in HIV-positive as compared to HIV negative HEI (P=0.05) and HIV positive or negative HEI in comparison to HUnI (P<0.001 and 0.05, respectively). There was no difference in other parameters between HEI and HUnI or any of the sub-groups. However, HIV-positive HEI had higher percentage of severe wasting as compared to HUnI (P=0.05) and HIV-negative HEI (P=0.05) [Table 2].
Table 2: Nutritional status of infants at the time of enrolment
Proportion of infants testing positive for measles antibodies at six months of age: Two of the 49 HEI (4%) were detected to be positive for measles antibodies before immunization at six months. Both of them were HIV positive [2/10 (20%)]. One case with equivocal result was taken to be negative for measles antibodies for computation of results. In contrast, 16 of 50 (32%) HUnI tested positive for measles antibodies (P<0.001). The HEI were 11 times more likely to lack detectable measles antibodies as compared to HUnI (odds ratio=11.05, 95% confidence interval=2.99-40.91). Various maternal and infant variables like maternal clinical stage, her CD4 count, whether on ART or not, infant sex and gestation at birth among the HEI with and without detectable measles antibodies, were compared. None of these factors were significantly different among the two groups [Table 3].
Table 3: Determinants of measles IgG antibodies at six months of age in HIV-exposed infants. (n=49)
Seroconversion following measles immunization in HIE: Among the 49 HEI, 46 (7 HIV positive and 39 HIV negative) received measles immunization at six months of age. Three HIV-positive infants did not receive immunization since one infant had CD4 count <15 per cent and two were severely symptomatic in clinical stage 3 of HIV. Thirty nine of these 46 (6 HIV-infected and 33 HIV-uninfected) infants could be tested for the prevalence of measles antibodies 8-12 wk following measles immunization. Proportion of infants testing positive for measles antibodies increased from baseline value of 4 per cent (2/49) to post-vaccination value of 38.5 per cent (15/39, P<0.001). Within this group, HIV-infected infants showed an increase in the prevalence from 20 per cent (2/10) to 33.3 per cent (2/6), while HIV-uninfected infants showed an increase from 0 per cent (0/39) to 39.4 per cent (13/33), [Figure 1]. Various factors such as HIV status of infant, CD4%, nutritional status and presence of measles antibodies were compared before vaccination among those who showed seroconversion and those who did not. None of these factors showed a significant difference except infants with stunting who had better seroconversion [Table 4].
Figure 1: Seroprevalence of measles IgG antibodies in HIV-exposed infants before and after measles vaccination.
Table 4: Determinants of measles IgG antibodies in HIV-exposed infants 8-12 wk post-measles immunization (n=39)
Adverse events following measles immunization: Of the 46 HEI who received measles vaccine, seven infants (2 HIV infected and 5 uninfected) developed fever on 7-14 days after vaccination. Three of these (1 HIV infected and 2 uninfected) also developed a mild rash along with fever. These symptoms were self-limiting and resolved spontaneously without any treatment. No serious adverse effect was seen attributable to measles vaccination.
In this study, 32 per cent of HUnI had demonstrable measles antibodies at six months of age. A prevalence of measles antibodies ranging between 0 and 42 per cent in the healthy/HUnI has been shown by various workers[9],[20],[21],[22],[23].
In our study a lower proportion of HEI tested positive for maternally acquired measles antibodies as compared to HUnI. A few other studies have shown similarly low prevalence of measles antibodies in HEI. Lepage et al[22] from Rwanda found that 10.7 per cent of HIV-exposed as against 25.3 per cent of HUnI had measles antibodies at six months of age. Scott et al[9] from Zambia reported a prevalence of 15 per cent in HIV-exposed vs. 42 per cent in HUnI. Possible reasons for lower levels of antibodies to measles virus in infants born to HIV-infected mothers may be low levels of measles antibodies in the mother and/or impaired placental transfer of measles antibodies to infants born to HIV-infected mothers[9],[11]. In addition, infants born to HIV-infected mothers, whether themselves infected or not, may lose their passively acquired maternal antibodies earlier than children of HIV seronegative mothers[22].
Our study also demonstrated a higher seroprevalence of measles antibodies in HIV infected as compared to HIV-uninfected exposed infants. This observation was in concordance with reports by Cutts et al[24] (11.8% of HIV-infected and 6.5% of HIV-exposed uninfected infants), Rudy et al[25] (16.7% of HIV-infected and 0% of HIV-exposed uninfected infants) and Lepage et al[22] (15% of HIV-infected and 10% of HIV-exposed uninfected infants). The possible explanation for apparent longer persistence of maternally acquired measles antibodies among HIV-infected infants may be the presence of polyclonal B-cell activation and hypergammaglobulinemia in these infants giving rise to false positive test results[26].
Despite absence of measles antibodies in most infants before immunization, a low seroconversion was observed in the HEI after immunization with measles vaccine, seroconversion was present in 33.4 per cent of HIV-infected and 39.4 per cent of HIV-exposed uninfected cases. A better seroconversion in both HIV infected and uninfected infants has been shown by other workers - 69.2 per cent in HIV-infected and 77.3 per cent in HIV-uninfected infants by Rudy et al[25], 59 per cent in HIV-infected and 68 per cent in HIV-uninfected infants by Helfand et al[27], and 100 per cent in HIV-infected and 80 per cent in HIV-uninfected infants by Chandwani et al[28]. The possible factors that may have contributed towards a lower seroconversion rate in our infants include: (i) the immune system of six months old infants may not be capable of mounting a response to measles vaccine as measured by ELISA; (ii) due to relatively lower sensitivity of ELISA, the presence of trace amount of undetectable maternally acquired measles antibodies might interfere with the seroconversion of these infants; and (iii) 30 per cent of our infants were undernourished, 12.3 per cent being severely undernourished. Associated malnutrition of these children may have contributed. However, on statistical analysis, none of the anthropometric parameters was found to be associated with lower seroconversion.
We did not find any variable like HIV status of infants, their CD4%, WFA/WFL z-scores and presence/absence of measles antibodies before vaccination to be associated with seroconversion. However, we found stunting to be associated with better seroconversion in these infants. This apparently unexpected finding is likely to be because of the small number of subjects enrolled for the study with only two infants having demonstrable measles antibodies before immunization.
Despite measles being a live-attenuated vaccine, none of our infants had any serious adverse effects associated with vaccination. Some other studies[22],[24] where a high titre measles vaccine was used also reported similar low incidence of adverse effects with no serious or life-threatening adverse effect to be associated with measles vaccine. In a systematic review and meta-analysis on safety and immunogenicity of measles vaccination in HIV-infected children, among 39 studies involving >1200 HIV-infected children, none of the study reported death in relation to measles vaccine in HIV-infected children[29].
Our study had certain limitations. ELISA, being a qualitative method, was used to measure measles antibodies, since the gold standard, plaque reduction technique that can measure titre of measles antibodies was not available. ELISA has been used in other studies as also in our previous published work[30] due to its technical ease. Second, since the number of enrolled infants was small, interpretation of determinants of the presence of demonstrable measles antibodies at baseline as well as post-vaccination seroconversion has limited significance.
In conclusion, the majority of HEI lacked measles antibodies at six months of age. Thus, earlier immunization than at the currently recommended age of nine months in the national schedule may be beneficial for them. Further, a large proportion of these infants remained unprotected following measles vaccination at six months of age signifying a need for additional doses of measles/measles containing vaccine.
Conflicts of Interest:None.
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Seth A
Khare S
Chandra J
HIV-exposed infants - measles antibodies - measles immunization
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It's the kind of project that can make a legacy: A massive port complex, complete with luxury hotels and fancy shops, constructed on an artificial island.
Mahinda Rajapaksa, the former president of Sri Lanka, was the driving force behind such a project, a $1.4 billion crown jewel to be built near Colombo by a state-backed Chinese construction firm.
But in the three months since Rajapaksa was unseated in an election stunner, the project has been put on hold, and allegations of possible corruption in the bidding process have tarnished the former president's reputation.
Sri Lanka's new president, Maithripala Sirisena, has directed his administration to investigate all deals signed by the previous government, looking for irregularities in contract negotiations.
Sirisena's government claims that many deals signed during the former president's rule, like the Port City project, did not go through the proper approval process. The number of deals under review is likely in the hundreds, worth billions of dollars.
Chinese companies are at the center of the storm. Rajapaksa had worked to develop close ties with Beijing, often at the expense of relations with New Delhi and the West. During his administration, Chinese firms won lucrative contracts to build roads, bridges and other large projects.
Sri Lanka's new finance minister, Ravi Karunanayake, didn't pull any punches on the matter, telling CNN that many infrastructure deals involving Chinese firms are suspect.
Rajapaksa, the former president, was not able to be reached for comment. But in an interview with the South China Morning Post, he defended his actions and said China was being used as a political scapegoat.
Sri Lanka, traditionally seen as being in India's sphere of influence, is strategically important to both New Delhi and Beijing.
While it has put the Port City project on hold, the new administration is keen to stress that its close ties to China remain intact. Sirisena traveled to China within two months of being sworn in, and Beijing has pledged around $1 billion in new grants.
Still, the new leadership is keen to re-balance Sri Lanka's international partnerships.
"We now have an open invitation to the world. We would like to see anybody good bringing the best of investments to Sri Lanka," the new finance minister said.
The new government itself has pledged to stamp out corruption at government level within its first 100 days.


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Manny Malhotra and the Politics of Injury
courtneyszto / October 3, 2011
In March of this year, Vancouver Canuck's forward Manny Malhotra had a puck deflect into his eye, which led to a number of career threatening surgeries. The prediction was that Malhotra's 2010-2011 season was finished and he would be lucky to ever regain normal vision. Fast-forward to the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals and Malhotra made a superhero like appearance and performed pretty well in the six games that he played. Today, Malhotra is still in "recovery mode" and Canucks fans anxiously wait to see the Manny of old on the ice.
Upon Malhotra's return to play what struck me was all the talk regarding the fabulous work of his surgeons, which brings me to my topic of discussion – the politics of injury. A few months back I got into a heated blog debate over the mythical lack of politics with regard to sports injuries. A blogger made the statement that ACL injuries are in no way political, to which I replied that all injuries are political and I will use Malhotra's eye injury as my example here to explain.
Picture this, a young man (let's call him Fred) in his thirties is playing beer league hockey at the local rink. He chooses not to wear a visor or a cage. During the last period, Fred is screening the opposing team's goalie and his defenceman takes a shot from the point. The puck stays low until it deflects off an opponent's stick and directly into Fred's eye. Blood is everywhere. The paramedics arrive and rush him to the hospital. Fred also happens to be a construction worker and a single father of three children. Fred lives in the United States and has no medical coverage. Due to financial constraints, Fred is unable to pay for the surgeries necessary to restore his vision. After Fred is released from the hospital, he is unable to perform his previous work duties due to his lingering vision complications and loses his job.
Malhotra received the finest medical attention because he is fortunate enough to be a professional athlete and because it happened to be playoff season in the Mecca of hockey nations. Therefore, not only did he receive the best medical treatment money could buy but he also received it as quickly as humanly possible because, let's face it, what is more important than the playoffs? Fred, who hypothetically sustained the exact same injury in the same circumstances, received minimal treatment because he, unfortunately, is not a professional athlete and lives in a country that does not provide universal medical care. Rationally, in my mind (and I'm sure there are plenty out there who will disagree with me), Fred should receive the best medical care because he is responsible for the livelihood of his entire family and without his job there is no safety net. Malhotra, a veteran professional hockey player, has amassed a few million dollars over his career and can financially afford to go without a pay cheque for a while. He also has the social capital to parlay a truncated career into a new career relatively easily. Would it have been extremely unfortunate to lose Malhotra as a hockey player and have his career ended by an unlucky deflection and lack of visor? Of course. Now, generally I avoid ranking suffering but in this case on one hand a whole family suffers because the politics of class and geography amalgamate to create oppression, and on the other a family is allowed to continue life as it was before because of class and social status.
Debt from medical bills is the number one reason for bankruptcy in the United States. As one Business Week article puts it, "Unless you are Warren Buffett, your family is just one serious illness away from bankruptcy." What middle-class family could afford the four surgeries that Malhotra received if their child or teenager had received the same injury? Injury throws meritocracy right out the window because regardless of your talent, dedication or work ethic one's class determines if an injury is merely a set back or the card that brings down the whole house.
Who receives treatment for injuries? What kind of treatment is provided? How quickly is treatment received? Do we focus on treatment or prevention? Do we choose one type of medication over another? What kind of rehabilitation is provided? How quickly is someone progressed through rehab? These are all political factors that contribute to how injuries occur, how they are experienced, how they are treated and how they are talked about. The fact that Malhotra is still in "recovery mode" six months after the accident means that he was nowhere close to being healed in June when he returned to play. This decision by Malhotra, his doctor's and the Canuck's coaching staff was a political statement, although not necessarily intended that way, that reproduces the athletic norm that athletes play through pain. That athletes willingly sacrifice their body for their sport and their team. That athletes will always choose performance over wellness. And then we wonder why rates of injury among youth athletes (e.g. shoulders and elbows for baseball players, ACL tears for soccer players, concussions for hockey players) has been climbing in recent years?
To conclude, I would like to highlight the fact that Malhotra's accident could have been a non-incident had he been wearing a visor or a cage – end of discussion. However, the fact that he was not, and the fact that many players do not wear visors and none wear cages unless they are coming back from injury (which in itself signals that only the weak wear cages/full shields), is in itself a political statement. That statement being – I am a man and 'real men', evidently, don't protect their faces. Sure scars can be cool, but not being able to see and glass eyes are not really that cool. Is it worth ending a career early when it is possible today to make sure that no hockey player ever suffers from an eye injury again? I don't care how good of an athlete you think you are or how strong you think you are but when it's puck versus eye, the puck wins every time. I have received a fair number of sticks and pucks into my face and I can tell you proudly that my cage is my favourite piece of protective gear. Perhaps, if one's manhood existed on the face then more men would wear cages because I have never heard any guy, Don Cherry included, bragging about not wearing a cup.
October 3, 2011 in Blog posts. Tags: class, injury, Manny Malhotra, masculinity, politics
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2 thoughts on "Manny Malhotra and the Politics of Injury"
markdavidnorman says:
Welcome to the site Courtney, and thanks for a great first post!
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Biden Nominates Utility Former Board Chair to Rejoin TVA
August 3, 2022 • From News/Media Release • Bookmark +
Joe Ritch would fill a vacant seat with a term expiring in May 2025.
Photo: TVA
President Joe Biden has nominated former board chairman of Tennessee Valley Authority to rejoin the panel, according to multiple outlets.
Huntsville, Alabama attorney Joe Ritch has been selected by Biden to return to the TVA board.
Ritch left the federal utility's board in 2017. The departure came after the Senate did not confirm former President Barack Obama's reappointment of Ritch and two others. Ritch was nominated to the board by Obama in 2012. The Senate confirmed him in 2013 and the board voted to make him chairman in 2014.
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According to TVA, the utility has set a goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2035.
Planning Ahead: Tennessee Valley Authority Announces Fleet EV Plan
Read more about Joe Biden Tennessee board Utility Fleets


text:
Q: Why is the $k$-space in multiples of $2\pi/L$? So when you find the solution to the Schrödinger equation you get that the wave function can have $k=n\pi/L$, $n=1, 2,3  \dots $
The problem I have is that when calculating the density of states of a fermi gas, you use the $k$-space.
In this space, you use $k = \frac{2\pi}{L}n$, $n=\dots; -2,-1, 0, +1, +2, \dots$.
Why don't these equations match as they are both Schrödinger solution and using boundary condition with sin functions?

A: Speaking about Schrödinger's equation, without specifying the potential and which boundary conditions are present, is equivalent to say almost nothing.
The first case, $k=\pi n/L$, corresponds to the solutions of the Schrödinger's equation with zero potential, in  the interval $[0,L]$, provided hard wall boundary conditions are used, i.e. the wavefunction must vanish at the boundary points $0$ and $L$.
The second case, $k=2 \pi n/L$, corresponds to the solutions of the Schrödinger's equation with zero potential, in  the interval $[0,L]$, provided periodic boundary conditions are used, i.e. the wavefunction must satisfy the conditions $\psi(0)=\psi(L)$ and $\psi^{\prime}(0)=\psi^{\prime}(L) $.
When calculating the density of states, one exploits the fact that for large systems the density of states gets independent on the exact boundary conditions and on the precise shape of the boundary surface, so the density of states evaluated with periodic boundary conditions is used as a convenient way of doing calculations.

Added after a few comments.
First of all, I would notice that while eigenfunctions on the case of hard wall boundary conditions can be written in term of $sin$ functions, this is not the case with periodic boundary conditions where the eigenstates are of the form
$ e^{i k x}$.
The density of states in energy per unit of length is the same in the two cases as
discussed in the first answer to a related question.
Notice however that such equality, i.e. the independence of the density of states on the boundaries for large systems is a much more general result.

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text:
Q: Undefined reference to vtable When building my C++ program, I'm getting the error message

undefined reference to 'vtable...

What is the cause of this problem? How do I fix it?

It so happens that I'm getting the error for the following code (The class in question is CGameModule.) and I cannot for the life of me understand what the problem is. At first, I thought it was related to forgetting to give a virtual function a body, but as far as I understand, everything is all here. The inheritance chain is a little long, but here is the related source code. I'm not sure what other information I should provide.
Note: The constructor is where this error is happening, it'd seem.
My code:
class CGameModule : public CDasherModule {
 public:
  CGameModule(Dasher::CEventHandler *pEventHandler, CSettingsStore *pSettingsStore, CDasherInterfaceBase *pInterface, ModuleID_t iID, const char *szName)
  : CDasherModule(pEventHandler, pSettingsStore, iID, 0, szName)
  {
      g_pLogger->Log("Inside game module constructor");
      m_pInterface = pInterface;
  }

  virtual ~CGameModule() {};

  std::string GetTypedTarget();

  std::string GetUntypedTarget();

  bool DecorateView(CDasherView *pView) {
      //g_pLogger->Log("Decorating the view");
      return false;
  }

  void SetDasherModel(CDasherModel *pModel) { m_pModel = pModel; }

  virtual void HandleEvent(Dasher::CEvent *pEvent);

 private:

  CDasherNode *pLastTypedNode;

  CDasherNode *pNextTargetNode;

  std::string m_sTargetString;

  size_t m_stCurrentStringPos;

  CDasherModel *m_pModel;

  CDasherInterfaceBase *m_pInterface;
};

Inherits from...
class CDasherModule;
typedef std::vector<CDasherModule*>::size_type ModuleID_t;

/// \ingroup Core
/// @{
class CDasherModule : public Dasher::CDasherComponent {
 public:
  CDasherModule(Dasher::CEventHandler * pEventHandler, CSettingsStore * pSettingsStore, ModuleID_t iID, int iType, const char *szName);

  virtual ModuleID_t GetID();
  virtual void SetID(ModuleID_t);
  virtual int GetType();
  virtual const char *GetName();

  virtual bool GetSettings(SModuleSettings **pSettings, int *iCount) {
    return false;
  };

 private:
  ModuleID_t m_iID;
  int m_iType;
  const char *m_szName;
};

Which inherits from....
namespace Dasher {
  class CEvent;
  class CEventHandler;
  class CDasherComponent;
};

/// \ingroup Core
/// @{
class Dasher::CDasherComponent {
 public:
  CDasherComponent(Dasher::CEventHandler* pEventHandler, CSettingsStore* pSettingsStore);
  virtual ~CDasherComponent();

  void InsertEvent(Dasher::CEvent * pEvent);
  virtual void HandleEvent(Dasher::CEvent * pEvent) {};

  bool GetBoolParameter(int iParameter) const;
  void SetBoolParameter(int iParameter, bool bValue) const;

  long GetLongParameter(int iParameter) const;
  void SetLongParameter(int iParameter, long lValue) const;

  std::string GetStringParameter(int iParameter) const;
  void        SetStringParameter(int iParameter, const std::string & sValue) const;

  ParameterType   GetParameterType(int iParameter) const;
  std::string     GetParameterName(int iParameter) const;

 protected:
  Dasher::CEventHandler *m_pEventHandler;
  CSettingsStore *m_pSettingsStore;
};
/// @}

#endif

A: *

*Are you sure that CDasherComponent has a body for the destructor?   It's definitely not here - the question is if it is in the .cc file.

*From a style perspective, CDasherModule should explicitly define its destructor virtual.

*It looks like CGameModule has an extra }  at the end (after the }; // for the class).

*Is CGameModule being linked against the libraries that define CDasherModule and CDasherComponent?

A: Not to cross post but. If you are dealing with inheritance the second google hit was what I had missed, ie. all virtual methods should be defined.
Such as:
virtual void fooBar() = 0;

See answare C++ Undefined Reference to vtable and inheritance for details. Just realized it's already mentioned above, but heck it might help someone.

A: For Qt User using CMakeList.txt
Add this line in your CMakeLists.txt : set(CMAKE_AUTOMOC ON)
As explain by Chris Morler if you forget to moc a header you get this error

A: So, I've figured out the issue and it was a combination of bad logic and not being totally familiar with the automake/autotools world. I was adding the correct files to my Makefile.am template, but I wasn't sure which step in our build process actually created the makefile itself. So, I was compiling with an old makefile that had no idea about my new files whatsoever.
Thanks for the responses and the link to the GCC FAQ. I will be sure to read that to avoid this problem occurring for a real reason.

A: If you are using Qt, try rerunning qmake. If this error is in the widget's class, qmake might have failed to notice that the ui class vtable should be regenerated. This fixed the issue for me.

A: Undefined reference to vtable may occur due to the following situation also. Just try this:
Class A Contains:
virtual void functionA(parameters)=0;
virtual void functionB(parameters);

Class B Contains:

*

*The definition for the above functionA.

*The definition for the above functionB.

Class C Contains: Now you're writing a Class C in which you are going to derive it from Class A.
Now if you try to compile you will get Undefined reference to vtable for Class C as error.
Reason:
functionA is defined as pure virtual and its definition is provided in Class B.
functionB is defined as virtual (NOT PURE VIRTUAL) so it tries to find its definition in Class A itself but you provided its definition in Class B.
Solution:

*

*Make function B as pure virtual (if you have requirement like that)
virtual void functionB(parameters) =0;
(This works it is Tested)

*Provide Definition for functionB in Class A itself keeping it as virtual .
(Hope it works as I didn't try this)

A: I simply got this error because my .cpp file was not in the makefile.
In general, if you forget to compile or link to the specific object file containing the definition, you will run into this error.

A: The GCC FAQ has an entry on it:

The solution is to ensure that all virtual methods that are not pure are defined. Note that a destructor must be defined even if it is declared pure-virtual [class.dtor]/7.

Therefore, you need to provide a definition for the virtual destructor:
virtual ~CDasherModule()
{ }

A: This is a mis-feature in GCC. That is, the G++ compiler itself cannot complain about undefined virtual methods, since they can be defined elsewhere. But - it doesn't store information about which virtual members are missing; it only stores an UND-efined vtable symbol, which the linker then complains about.
Instead, if it were to list the missing members, the linker could have told you what they are.
There is an open bug about this issue against GCC: bug 42540. Unfortunately, it's 13-years-old :-(

A: So I was using Qt with Windows XP and MinGW compiler and this thing was driving me crazy.
Basically the moc_xxx.cpp was generated empty even when I was added
Q_OBJECT
Deleting everything making functions virtual, explicit and whatever you guess doesn't worked. Finally I started removing line by line and it turned out that I had
#ifdef something

Around the file. Even when the #ifdef was true moc file was not generated.
So removing all #ifdefs fixed the problem.
This thing was not happening with Windows and VS 2013.

A: In my case I'm using Qt and had defined a QObject subclass in a foo.cpp (not .h) file. The fix was to add #include "foo.moc" at the end of foo.cpp.

A: There is lot of speculation going on in various answers here. I'll below give a fairly minimal code that reproduces this error and explain why it is occuring.
Fairly Minimal Code to Reproduce This Error
IBase.hpp
#pragma once

class IBase {
    public:
        virtual void action() = 0;
};

Derived.hpp
#pragma once

#include "IBase.hpp"

class Derived : public IBase {
    public:
        Derived(int a);
        void action() override;
};

Derived.cpp
#include "Derived.hpp"
Derived::Derived(int a) { }
void Derived::action() {}

myclass.cpp
#include <memory>
#include "Derived.hpp"

class MyClass {

    public:
        MyClass(std::shared_ptr<Derived> newInstance) : instance(newInstance) {

        }

        void doSomething() {
            instance->action();
        }

    private:
        std::shared_ptr<Derived> instance;
};

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    Derived myInstance(5);
    MyClass c(std::make_shared<Derived>(myInstance));
    c.doSomething();
    return 0;
}

You can compile this using GCC like this:
g++ -std=c++11 -o a.out myclass.cpp Derived.cpp

You can now reproduce the error by removing  = 0 in IBase.hpp. I get this error:
~/.../catkin_ws$ g++ -std=c++11 -o /tmp/m.out /tmp/myclass.cpp /tmp/Derived.cpp
/tmp/cclLscB9.o: In function `IBase::IBase(IBase const&)':
myclass.cpp:(.text._ZN5IBaseC2ERKS_[_ZN5IBaseC5ERKS_]+0x13): undefined reference to `vtable for IBase'
/tmp/cc8Smvhm.o: In function `IBase::IBase()':
Derived.cpp:(.text._ZN5IBaseC2Ev[_ZN5IBaseC5Ev]+0xf): undefined reference to `vtable for IBase'
/tmp/cc8Smvhm.o:(.rodata._ZTI7Derived[_ZTI7Derived]+0x10): undefined reference to `typeinfo for IBase'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

Explanation
Notice that above code does not require any virtual destructors, constructors or any other extra files for compile to be successful (although you should have them).
The way to understand this error is as follows:
Linker is looking for constructor of IBase. This it will need it for the constructor of Derived. However as Derived overrides methods from IBase, it has vtable attached to it that will reference IBase. When linker says "undefined reference to vtable for IBase" it basically means that Derived has vtable reference to IBase but it can't find any compiled object code of IBase to look up to. So the bottom line is that class IBase has declarations without implementations. This means a method in IBase is declared as virtual but we forgot to mark it as pure virtual OR provide its definition.
Parting Tip
If all else fails then one way to debug this error is to build minimal program that does compile and then keep changing it so it gets to the state you want. In between, keep compiling to see when it starts to fail.
Note on ROS and Catkin build system
If you were compiling above set of classes in ROS using catkin build system then you will need following lines in CMakeLists.txt:
add_executable(myclass src/myclass.cpp src/Derived.cpp)
add_dependencies(myclass theseus_myclass_cpp)
target_link_libraries(myclass ${catkin_LIBRARIES})

The first line basically says that we want to make an executable named myclass and the code to build this can be found files that follows. One of these files should have main(). Notice that you don't have to specify .hpp files anywhere in CMakeLists.txt. Also you don't have to specify Derived.cpp as library.

A: I just ran into another cause for this error that you can check for.
The base class defined a pure virtual function as:
virtual int foo(int x = 0);

And the subclass had
int foo(int x) override;

The problem was the typo that the "=0" was supposed to be outside of the parenthesis:
virtual int foo(int x) = 0;

So, in case you're scrolling this far down, you probably didn't find the answer - this is something else to check for.

A: If all else fails, look for duplication.  I was misdirected by the explicit initial reference to constructors and destructors until I read a reference in another post.  It's any unresolved method.  In my case, I thought I had replaced the declaration that used char *xml as the parameter with one using the unnecessarily troublesome const char *xml, but instead, I had created a new one and left the other one in place.

A: I think it's also worth mentioning that you will also get the message when you try to link to object of any class that has at least one virtual method and linker cannot find the file.
For example:
Foo.hpp:
class Foo
{
public:
    virtual void StartFooing();
};

Foo.cpp:
#include "Foo.hpp"

void Foo::StartFooing(){ //fooing }

Compiled with:
g++ Foo.cpp -c

And main.cpp:
#include "Foo.hpp"

int main()
{
    Foo foo;
}

Compiled and linked with:
g++ main.cpp -o main

Gives our favourite error:

/tmp/cclKnW0g.o: In function main': main.cpp:(.text+0x1a): undefined
  reference tovtable for Foo' collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit
  status

This occure from my undestanding becasue:

*

*Vtable is created per class at compile time

*Linker does not have access to vtable that is in Foo.o

A: For what it is worth, forgetting a body on a virtual destructor generates the following:

undefined reference to `vtable for CYourClass'.

I am adding a note because the error message is deceptive.  (This was with gcc version 4.6.3.)

A: TL;DR - Explains why the vtable might be missing and how to fix it. The answer is long because it explains why the compiler might forget to create a vtable. (Editor)
What is a vtable?
It might be useful to know what the error message is talking about before trying to fix it. I'll start at a high level, then work down to some more details. That way people can skip ahead once they are comfortable with their understanding of vtables. …and there goes a bunch of people skipping ahead right now. :) For those sticking around:
A vtable is basically the most common implementation of polymorphism in C++. When vtables are used, every polymorphic class has a vtable somewhere in the program; you can think of it as a (hidden) static data member of the class. Every object of a polymorphic class is associated with the vtable for its most-derived class. By checking this association, the program can work its polymorphic magic. Important caveat: a vtable is an implementation detail. It is not mandated by the C++ standard, even though most (all?) C++ compilers use vtables to implement polymorphic behavior. The details I am presenting are either typical or reasonable approaches. Compilers are allowed to deviate from this!
Each polymorphic object has a (hidden) pointer to the vtable for the object's most-derived class (possibly multiple pointers, in the more complex cases). By looking at the pointer, the program can tell what the "real" type of an object is (except during construction, but let's skip that special case). For example, if an object of type A does not point to the vtable of A, then that object is actually a sub-object of something derived from A.
The name "vtable" comes from "virtual function table". It is a table that stores pointers to (virtual) functions. A compiler chooses its convention for how the table is laid out; a simple approach is to go through the virtual functions in the order they are declared within class definitions. When a virtual function is called, the program follows the object's pointer to a vtable, goes to the entry associated with the desired function, then uses the stored function pointer to invoke the correct function. There are various tricks for making this work, but I won't go into those here.
Where/when is a vtable generated?
A vtable is automatically generated (sometimes called "emitted") by the compiler. A compiler could emit a vtable in every translation unit that sees a polymorphic class definition, but that would usually be unnecessary overkill. An alternative (used by gcc, and probably by others) is to pick a single translation unit in which to place the vtable, similar to how you would pick a single source file in which to put a class' static data members. If this selection process fails to pick any translation units, then the vtable becomes an undefined reference. Hence the error, whose message is admittedly not particularly clear.
Similarly, if the selection process does pick a translation unit, but that object file is not provided to the linker, then the vtable becomes an undefined reference. Unfortunately, the error message can be even less clear in this case than in the case where the selection process failed. (Thanks to the answerers who mentioned this possibility. I probably would have forgotten it otherwise.)
The selection process used by gcc makes sense if we start with the tradition of devoting a (single) source file to each class that needs one for its implementation. It would be nice to emit the vtable when compiling that source file. Let's call that our goal. However, the selection process needs to work even if this tradition is not followed. So instead of looking for the implementation of the entire class, let's look for the implementation of a specific member of the class. If tradition is followed – and if that member is in fact implemented – then this achieves the goal.
The member selected by gcc (and potentially by other compilers) is the first non-inline virtual function that is not pure virtual. If you are part of the crowd that declares constructors and destructors before other member functions, then that destructor has a good chance of being selected. (You did remember to make the destructor virtual, right?) There are exceptions; I'd expect that the most common exceptions are when an inline definition is provided for the destructor and when the default destructor is requested (using "= default").
The astute might notice that a polymorphic class is allowed to provide inline definitions for all of its virtual functions. Doesn't that cause the selection process to fail? It does in older compilers. I've read that the latest compilers have addressed this situation, but I do not know relevant version numbers. I could try looking this up, but it's easier to either code around it or wait for the compiler to complain.
In summary, there are three key causes of the "undefined reference to vtable" error:

*

*A member function is missing its definition.

*An object file is not being linked.

*All virtual functions have inline definitions.

These causes are by themselves insufficient to cause the error on their own. Rather, these are what you would address to resolve the error. Do not expect that intentionally creating one of these situations will definitely produce this error; there are other requirements. Do expect that resolving these situations will resolve this error.
(OK, number 3 might have been sufficient when this question was asked.)
How to fix the error?
Welcome back people skipping ahead! :)

*

*Look at your class definition. Find the first non-inline virtual function that is not pure virtual (not "= 0") and whose definition you provide (not "= default").

*

*If there is no such function, try modifying your class so there is one. (Error possibly resolved.)

*See also the answer by Philip Thomas for a caveat.

*Find the definition for that function. If it is missing, add it! (Error possibly resolved.)

*

*If the function definition is outside the class definition, then make sure the function definition uses a qualified name, as in ClassName::function_name.

*Check your link command. If it does not mention the object file with that function's definition, fix that! (Error possibly resolved.)

*Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each virtual function, then for each non-virtual function, until the error is resolved. If you're still stuck, repeat for each static data member.

Example
The details of what to do can vary, and sometimes branch off into separate questions (like What is an undefined reference/unresolved external symbol error and how do I fix it?). I will, though, provide an example of what to do in a specific case that might befuddle newer programmers.
Step 1 mentions modifying your class so that it has a function of a certain type. If the description of that function went over your head, you might be in the situation I intend to address. Keep in mind that this is a way to accomplish the goal; it is not the only way, and there easily could be better ways in your specific situation. Let's call your class A. Is your destructor declared (in your class definition) as either
virtual ~A() = default;

or
virtual ~A() {}

? If so, two steps will change your destructor into the type of function we want. First, change that line to
virtual ~A();

Second, put the following line in a source file that is part of your project (preferably the file with the class implementation, if you have one):
A::~A() {}

That makes your (virtual) destructor non-inline and not generated by the compiler. (Feel free to modify things to better match your code formatting style, such as adding a header comment to the function definition.)

A: The GNU C++ compiler has to make a decision where to put the vtable in case you have the definition of the virtual functions of an object spread across multiple compilations units (e.g. some of the objects virtual functions definitions are in a .cpp file others in another .cpp file, and so on).
The compiler chooses to put the vtable in the same place as where the first declared virtual function is defined.
Now if you for some reason forgot to provide a definition for that first virtual function declared in the object (or mistakenly forgot to add the compiled object at linking phase), you will get this error.
As a side effect, please note that only for this particular virtual function you won't get the traditional linker error like you are missing function foo.

A: I tried all the detailed steps by JaMIT and still got stumped by this error. After a good amount of head-banging, I figured it out. I was careless. You should be able to reproduce this painful-to-look-at error w/ the following sample code.
[jaswantp@jaswant-arch build]$ gcc -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/10.2.0/lto-wrapper
Target: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
Configured with: /build/gcc/src/gcc/configure --prefix=/usr --libdir=/usr/lib --libexecdir=/usr/lib --mandir=/usr/share/man --infodir=/usr/share/info --with-bugurl=https://bugs.archlinux.org/ --enable-languages=c,c++,ada,fortran,go,lto,objc,obj-c++,d --with-isl --with-linker-hash-style=gnu --with-system-zlib --enable-__cxa_atexit --enable-cet=auto --enable-checking=release --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-default-pie --enable-default-ssp --enable-gnu-indirect-function --enable-gnu-unique-object --enable-install-libiberty --enable-linker-build-id --enable-lto --enable-multilib --enable-plugin --enable-shared --enable-threads=posix --disable-libssp --disable-libstdcxx-pch --disable-libunwind-exceptions --disable-werror gdc_include_dir=/usr/include/dlang/gdc
Thread model: posix
Supported LTO compression algorithms: zlib zstd
gcc version 10.2.0 (GCC)

// CelesetialBody.h
class CelestialBody{
public:
    virtual void Print();
protected:
    CelestialBody();
    virtual ~CelestialBody();
};

// CelestialBody.cpp
#include "CelestialBody.h"

CelestialBody::CelestialBody() {}

CelestialBody::~CelestialBody() = default;

void CelestialBody::Print() {}

// Planet.h
#include "CelestialBody.h"

class Planet : public CelestialBody
{
public:
    void Print() override;
protected:
    Planet();
    ~Planet() override;
};

// Planet.cpp
#include "Planet.h"

Planet::Planet() {}
Planet::~Planet() {}

void Print() {} // Deliberately forgot to prefix `Planet::`

# CMakeLists.txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.12)
project (space_engine)
add_library (CelestialBody SHARED CelestialBody.cpp)
add_library (Planet SHARED Planet.cpp)
target_include_directories (CelestialBody PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR})
target_include_directories (Planet PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR})
target_link_libraries (Planet PUBLIC CelestialBody)

# hardened linker flags to catch undefined symbols
target_link_options(Planet
    PRIVATE
    -Wl,--as-needed
    -Wl,--no-undefined
)

And we get our favourite error.
$ mkdir build
$ cd build
$ cmake ..
$ make
[ 50%] Built target CelestialBody
Scanning dependencies of target Planet
[ 75%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/Planet.dir/Planet.cpp.o
[100%] Linking CXX shared library libPlanet.so
/usr/bin/ld: CMakeFiles/Planet.dir/Planet.cpp.o: in function `Planet::Planet()':
Planet.cpp:(.text+0x1b): undefined reference to `vtable for Planet'
/usr/bin/ld: CMakeFiles/Planet.dir/Planet.cpp.o: in function `Planet::~Planet()':
Planet.cpp:(.text+0x3d): undefined reference to `vtable for Planet'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make[2]: *** [CMakeFiles/Planet.dir/build.make:104: libPlanet.so] Error 1
make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:97: CMakeFiles/Planet.dir/all] Error 2
make: *** [Makefile:103: all] Error 2

What I've done in Planet.cpp should of course be resolved with this tip

*

*Look at your class definition. Find the first non-inline virtual function that is not pure virtual (not "= 0") and whose definition you provide (not "= default").

from JaMIT's answer.
If there is anyone else who tried all the above and nothing worked, maybe you too, like me, carelessly forgot to prefix <ClassName>:: to one or more member functions.
Either I need to get my eyes checked or I need to get some sleep.

A: I had this problem too when tried to implement Abstract Factory Pattern, but forgot to link some library. So, in case nothing was helped jet, check if all required libraries are linked

A: FWIW I was able to avoid errors like these:
 ld: /usr/local/lib/libvmaf.a(svm.cpp.o):(.data.rel.ro._ZTI7QMatrix[_ZTI7QMatrix]+0x0): undefined reference to `vtable for __cxxabiv1::__class_type_info'

When linking a "C" project with a static library from a "C++" project, by adding -lstdc++ to the linking parameters.  So it's gcc -lstdc++ now it works.
Most common way is to add the -lstdc++ to the libraries pkgconfig .pc file Library list.  Or link with g++ instead.


text:
Dean's Entertainment Report 11.24.20
Nick Carter of Backstreet Boys performing at Chastain Park Amphitheatre on Thursday, August 22, 2013, in Atlanta. (Photo by Robb D. Cohen/RobbsPhotos/Invision/AP)
WGN's entertainment reporter Dean Richards joined Bob Sirott for his daily appearance on the WGN Radio Morning Show. Dean talked about "Jeopardy!" record-holder Ken Jennings being the first in a series of interim hosts replacing Alex Trebek and the Royal Family's disdain for "The Crown". He wrapped the segment by sharing his conversation with Backstreet Boys' Nick Carter.
https://serve.castfire.com/audio/3800016/Dean_112420_2020-11-24-144816.64kmono.mp3
More Bob Sirott Stories
Dean's Entertainment Report: More names added to inaugural festivities, Dustin Diamond cancer diagnosis, and more
by Vivianne Linou / Jan 15, 2021
Dean Richards, entertainment reporter for WGN-TV, joined Bob Sirott, to talk about the latest news in entertainment. He updates us on the list of stars that are added to the inauguration festivities, Dustin Diamond's cancer diagnosis, and much more.
Lesley Stahl, legendary broadcast journalist and co-editor of 60 Minutes, joined Bob Sirott to recap the programs most talked about guests. Lesley shared details on her interview with President Trump, her recent interview with House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, and brainstorms with Bob on who her next guest should be.
The Beat Cop's Guide to Newsstands and Late Nite eats
Lieutenant David Haynes, a police officer who works on the North Side of the city, made his weekly appearance on the WGN Radio Morning Show with Bob Sirott. Lt. Haynes, who co-authored "The Beat Cop's Guide to Chicago Eats," reviewed the City Newsstand Café, which the Lieutenant called the "last real independent newsstand". Later on, he talked about Mr. E's Late Nite, who serves Chicago classics like hot dogs, Italian beef, burgers and more!
Don't forget to check out Lt. Haynes' podcast on YouTube. Got a restaurant suggestion for the Lieutenant? Send him an e-mail at BeatCopsGuide@Gmail.Com.
Weekdays 5-9am
Bob Sirott's acclaimed broadcasting career has spanned nearly five decades and has included stints at WMAQ, WBBM-FM, WLS, WGN and various television stations. (Click for more.)


October 2007; p ublished online October 2007 .
Journal Article. Subjects: European History; European Languages; Literary Studies (European). 430 words.
Reference Entry. Subjects: Media Studies. 53 words.
Reference Entry. Subjects: Literary Studies (European). 88 words.
Article. Subjects: Music; Musicology and Music History; Music and Media. 6972 words.
Chapter. Subjects: Popular Music; Music Theory and Analysis. 10794 words.
October 2014; p ublished online January 2015 .
Chapter. Subjects: Film. 9670 words.
Chapter. Subjects: Film. 6428 words.
October 2016; p ublished online August 2016 .
Journal Article. Subjects: European History; European Languages; Literary Studies (European). 8259 words.
Reference Entry. Subjects: Manufacturing; History of Manufacturing and Construction; US Politics; Native American History; World History; US Colonial and Revolutionary History. 1187 words.
Book. Subjects: Popular Music; Music Theory and Analysis. 264 pages.
Book. Subjects: Film. 254 pages.
Legal Material. Subjects: Public International Law; International Law; Law. 18433 words.
Whether the Tribunal had jurisdiction under Article 292 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.


text:
'Tiger King' Zoo Shuts Down After USDA License Suspension
Home » Animals » Animal Rights » 'Tiger King' Zoo Shuts Down After USDA License SuspensionBy Katie Valentine | August 21, 2020
Image Credit: Facebook/Greater Wynnewood Exotic Animal Park
The Greater Wynnewood Exotic Animal Park, featured in the controversial Netflix documentary Tiger King, is now closed "effective immediately," according to a now-deleted Facebook post by owner Jeff Lowe, whose U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) license to operate was recently suspended.
The decision to permanently shutter the park follows an investigation in June by the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Numerous complaints about the animals' welfare also prompted the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife to inspect the park, where injured animals were found, isolated, and given veterinary care, according to a Facebook post by the Garvin County Sheriff's Office.
At around the same time, PETA released gruesome whistleblower images of several ailing lions at the park who appeared to suffer from severe "flystrike," a painful ailment typically associated with unsanitary living conditions, in which flies bite and lay eggs on animals and maggots eat away at their skin.
Following the investigation, the USDA suspended Lowe's exhibitor license for 21 days.
Lowe, who claims he voluntarily forfeited his license amid the suspension, accused animal rights groups and activists of targeting him and levying false allegations against him, Fox Business reported.
On June 1, before the recent USDA investigation, a federal judge granted control of the property to Carole Baskin, CEO of Big Cat Rescue. Lowe was given 120 days to vacate the property and reportedly plans to relocate hundreds of exotic animals, including lions, tigers, bears, monkeys, lemurs, snakes, a sloth, and more.
This is a developing story. We will continue to monitor this case and additional details will be provided when available.


Monki is a way of doing business as well as a way of doing fashion and living life. Our clothes, our stores, the way we talk and listen, and the way we grow - it's all based on a few things that we really care about. We're convinced that we can create clothing collections that enable our customers to express their personality and at the same time care about our planet and our co-workers.


There are very few things in the world that are as frustrating as a call center "customer service" agent in the USA.
One day we will look back on this period and wish it had lasted longer so we could have accumulated more Bitcoin.
If you were a fund manager, fast forward to the end of 2019 - How do you explain to your investors why you didn't invest in digital assets?
Still not convinced about the bounce?


text:
by Elizabeth Strout
Olive Kitteridge isn't kind. She's not magnanimous, and she's not particularly happy with the world. In fact, as OLIVE KITTERIDGE goes on, this being a "novel in stories," it's pretty clear that she has sufferred a great loss in her life and that that loss is bearing down on her like a mountain of pain. Elizabeth Strout, bestselling author of AMY AND ISABELLE and ABIDE WITH ME, finds a throughline in the later parts of Olive's life in which she learns more than she bargained for about the price of love and of life, and the painful freedom of death.
Married to Henry and with a son, Christopher, Olive has resided in the same small Maine town for most of her life. With a successful career as a schoolteacher behind her, she has the opportunity to revisit her previous life as mother and educator when she comes face to face with her students, grown up and dealing with their own trials and tribulations. Her marriage is built on a rocky combination of love and familiarity, and her relationship with her son changes intensely when he marries and tries to create his own family. But her black moods, which she attributes to her father's DNA, cause her to treat her husband and son with some disdain, under which a vein of deep love does flow but rarely shows itself.
For a while, Henry has a friendly love interest in Denise, the young woman working with him at his pharmacy. Olive finds herself seen (although she hadn't known she was invisible before) by a stranger who becomes a schoolteacher friend and then a platonic love interest of her own, a married man with six children who eventually drives off the road into a tree, possibly drunk but having made it clear to Olive that they have some deep and intense connection. Her son has several relationships, all of which Olive tries to undermine in some way. She marks up her new daughter-in-law's beige sweater with a black magic marker and steals one loafer from her closet because she doesn't like the way the bride looks at her son, as if this woman truly "knows" him beyond their sexual companionship. She also blurts our her disdain for his second wife, who already has two children by two different fathers and is pregnant with Christopher's own.
Then there are other stories into which Olive is thrown: anorexic young girls who die, and a young man, a former student and successful doctor, who returns to town and finds the harsh, blunt observations of Olive just the thing to bring him back to the world of the living and the purposeful.
OLIVE KITTERIDGE is about brave and soulful people who run up against difficulties and inconsistencies that stun them as they stun the reader. Like a more wordy version of WINESBURG, OHIO, this book looks at a place and its people with a magnifying glass that still makes room for their heartfelt desires to burn through and for all their various sides to come into focus, for a moment or two, until the next emotion rises strongly and takes centerstage. It's a tour de force for a novelist to engage a reader with this many strong personalities and dire circumstances.
Yet only once does Strout go overboard. It's the chapter in which Olive walks into a hospital to use their bathroom during a road trip, gets questioned and is told to see a doctor by the attending nurse/receptionist. She ends up duct-taped and fearful in a bathroom with her husband trying to talk down an angry psycho in a pig's mask wielding a gun. Otherwise, the author shoots straight and deep into the reader's heart with a bullet made from all the parts of a difficult Yankee woman's physiology, surprisingly resonating with power and certainly causing some to recoil at such a direct hit.
Reviewed by Jana Siciliano on January 13, 2011
Genres: Fiction
Publisher: Random House Trade Paperbacks
Reading Guide (PDF)


Warehouses and Inventory Management are critical for the effective management of procurement and the supply chain to enable the efficient delivery of superior customer service. Warehouses and Inventory controls are often overlooked and are not thought to be an important activity. Therefore, incorrect levels of inventory can be held with attendant knock on effects to costs, availability and customer service. The program will destroy this myth of unimportance and demonstrate just how to: Evaluate procedures, change and improve methods wasteful activities and excess costs. Discover all of the essential tools for the effective management of warehousing and inventory Achieve best in class performance is exactly what this program is about. Use all of the practical skills to take back to the workplace so that all those internal problems that limit performance are avoided. Apply the required principles and look at many practical applications in a highly interactive learning environment; delegates will have fun while learning principles and skills to ensure that they are able to change current methods and activities.


Early goals by Victor Rodriguez and Handwalla Bwana gave the Sounders just enough cushion to hang on for a 2-1 road win at Orlando City on Wednesday, clinching a 10th consecutive playoff appearance for the Rave Green.
An exhausted-looking, subdued postgame celebration that unfolded moments after Wednesday's final whistle had little to do with the lowly opponent the Sounders had just vanquished.
Instead, it was some deserved self-applause in the Florida heat for 3 1/2 months worth of triumphs, a streak like none that the decade-old Sounders franchise had previously experienced in qualifying for a Major League Soccer record-tying 10th consecutive postseason appearance. Their 2-1 win on the road over Orlando City SC, clinching that playoff berth, had seemed over before it ever really got going after a pair of goals popped by Victor Rodriguez and rookie Handwalla Bwana in the opening 13 minutes.
A leaping, third minute volley by Rodriguez on a long ball in by right back Kelvin Leerdam gave the Spanish midfielder his fourth goal in the last three games. Fewer than 10 minutes after that, former University of Washington standout Bwana turned a defender inside out and fired a deflected shot home to get started on what appeared to be a rout.
Instead, the Sounders eased up and their hapless opponents took advantage. Orlando City kept pressing and finally made a second half game of it with a 57th minute Dom Dwyer goal that came moments after Osvaldo Alonso had just missed bagging his team's third of the match.
An added six minutes of stoppage time made things interesting, especially when a late cornerkick was awarded the home side, but Orlando City could not deny the Sounders a third straight win.
Not so much in the second half. But while the closer-than-needed result against the Eastern Conference's worst side will inevitably cause hand-wringing by the perfectionist Rave Green, the much bigger picture dating back to the start of July tells a happier story.
In that broader view, a team for which the playoffs seemed a delightful fantasy after a stunning June 30 home loss to Portland, has managed to go 13-2-2 since. That 2.4 points-per-game average over 17 games — a turnaround exceeding anything done by the team the prior two years over shorter stretches — gave the Sounders far more leeway than envisioned, turning what promised to be a fight-to-the-finish for a final Western Conference playoff spot into an anticlimax the season's final month.
The playoffs seemed certain even before September ended, the only remaining suspense being whether the Sounders could run the proverbial table the rest of the way and avoid a first-round "knockout" stage contest. That's still a possibility, with the Sounders now in fourth place and only three points behind No. 2 LAFC — both have two games remaining — in a bid for that first-round bye spot.
At the very least, if they stay right where they are, the Sounders would play host to a "knockout" round game. One of their two remaining contests will see them close out the season against a San Jose squad with the worst record in MLS, so, if they take care of business at Houston on Sunday, anything is still possible.
If anything, this presents an interesting crossroads for a franchise that's never seemed satisfied with merely making the playoffs. This latest, less-than-perfect victory over Orlando City solidifies an accomplishment nobody saw coming back in June — a record 10th straight postseason that equals the Los Angeles Galaxy squads of 1996-20o5. There are no trophies awarded for it, but it's a standout accomplishment.
Thing is, the team that's ignited behind the arrival of Raul Ruidiaz, the resurgence of Nicolas Lodeiro, a return to health by Victor Rodriguez and perhaps a final stand by Alonso now expects more. The squad with a potential Goalkeeper of the Year in Stefan Frei and Defender of the Year in Chad Marshall doesn't want to risk blowing it all in a "knockout" round night gone bad.
And that's why the aforementioned players will undoubtedly dissect this latest triumph in terms more negative than their postgame celebrations in Orlando might indicate. They know their recent schedule hasn't been the toughest and their play throughout those matches not always consistent.
They worry that when the competition steps up, especially if they are forced to play a single-match elimination game in the opening playoff round, it can all go up in proverbial smoke. It already happened against Philadelphia last month in a 1-0 loss at home that ended the team's MLS record nine-game win streak in the post-shootout era. It nearly happened on Wednesday after the Sounders hit the snooze button and let Orlando buzz around them like an annoying bunch of hornets seeking one lethal sting.
Schmetzer said the team discussed at halftime the need to improve in order to make a deep playoff run.
In fairness, though, this was a team without Ruidiaz or Lodeiro playing. A team also still missing Gustav Svensson as well, due to recently-completed international play. The full team will be around come playoff time and have a dry run these next two matches to get some cohesion going again at a point when rookies like Bwana and reserve midfielder Jordy Delem are unlikely to see the playing time they did in this one.
At least, the Sounders hope their season extends long enough for Delem and Bwana to see plenty of bench time. To guarantee that, they'll aim to play better than in their Florida clincher and ensure their upcoming playoff run lasts more than just a single game.


Insolvency Guardian Melbourne can help you to understand the role and responsibilities of Trustees in Melbourne. A Trustee plays a large role in bankruptcy and it is crucial that you understand what a Trustee is and what they do. If your debt has spiraled out of control and you are facing the possibility of bankruptcy then it is crucial that you seek professional advice as soon as possible.
Insolvency Guardian Melbourne has helped hundreds of people through the process of bankruptcy and our consultants can help you to find the best way through this difficult time. A typical bankruptcy will last for three years but our team of consultants have successfully helped people to navigate bankruptcy faster by creating a section 73 proposal that is beneficial to both the bankrupt party and their creditors.
A section 73 proposal is presented to creditors by a Trustee and if successful your bankruptcy will be annulled. This is just one example of the duties performed by a Trustee, their role means that they will be doing a lot more.
A Trustee is in charge of making investigations into the estate of a bankrupt to examine their financial affairs. The Trustee will examine the estate to ascertain if any invalid transactions have been made, for example the Trustee transfers and/or transactions made as preferential payments.
A Trustee has the ability to report their findings to the Insolvency and Trustee Service Australia (ITSA). The Trustee will conduct all investigations in an unbiased manner in order to gather an accurate value of the bankrupt estate. After the Trustee has established the value of the bankrupt estate they will make appropriate distributions to creditors to satisfy their debt.


The Rice Lake family of digital weight indicators showcases equipment capable of the most basic to the most complex of tasks. From simple weight displays to equipment that controls an entire automated process, Rice Lake Weighing Systems offers unbeatable technology for today's industrial needs.
Our digital weight Indicators display and manage the weight data that the scale platform detects; they are designed for any weighing application, to suit any business seeking to increase the visibility of their data and gain maximum efficiency from operational processes.


Does your guitar playing sometimes feel like a real struggle? You won't struggle anymore after you eliminate the silent killer of your guitar technique: excess muscle tension.
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Gatwick Airport is a popular airport for holiday travel and is very busy during the summer months.
It is the furthest distance from Peterborough of all our regular airports and we do recommend allowing a plenty of traveling time as several miles are covered on the very busy M25.
Depending on the time of day and day of the week our Gatwick Airport taxi drivers can advise on the time to leave.
We also serve: Stansted Airport Taxi, Luton Airport Taxi, Heathrow Airport Taxi and London City Airport Taxi.


Malaria is a leading cause of mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan African children. Prompt and efficacious treatment is important as patients may progress within a few hours to severe and possibly fatal disease. Chlorproguanil-dapsone-artesunate (CDA) was a promising artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), but its development was prematurely stopped because of safety concerns secondary to its associated risk of haemolytic anaemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient individuals. The objective of the study was to assess whether CDA treatment and G6PD deficiency are risk factors for a post-treatment haemoglobin drop in African children<5 years of age with uncomplicated malaria.


The BCLC accepts loan applications from Baptist churches, which cooperate with their local Baptist association or their state Baptist convention, and from BCLC Supported Churches as defined in our Vision, Mission, & Core Beliefs. The BCLC provides loans for new construction, remodeling, parking, land, facilities, and refinancing.
New loans are fully amortizing, fifteen year term notes that adjust annually at the current BCLC lending rate. To learn more about the current BCLC interest rates, call 844-273-7713 for information on low one-year, three-year, and five-year options.
The BCLC takes a first lien on all church land and improvements. The maximum loan to value is based on the size of the loan and ranges from 60% to 75%. The BCLC debt ratio is calculated by dividing total proposed debt service by undesignated tithes and offerings. The maximum debt ratio is based on the size of the loan and ranges from 25% to 30%.
*The church must submit a completed BCLC loan application and be cooperating with their local Baptist association, their state Baptist convention, or a BCLC Supported Church as defined in our Vision, Mission, & Core Beliefs. Loan approvals are not based solely upon financial ratios. The BCLC also looks at other areas such as: leadership, ministry impact, commitment of the members, growth potential, and church location when reviewing loan requests.