Aerobic – growing in the presence of Oxygen.
Affinity – attraction between particles or substances.
Adherent – micro-organism with affinity to anchor, adhered onto a surface, such as immobilised cells or stem cells or micro-organisms in general adhering to a surface.
Algea – are a very large and diverse group of simple in water living eukaryotic organisms.
Anaerobic – Growing in the absence of air or Oxygen.
Angstroem – the unit of length equal to 10−10 m (one ten-billionth of a metre). Named after Anders Jonas Angstroem (1814–1874).
Antibody – An range of infection-fighting proteins in the blood that tags, neutralizes and helps deactivate foreign micro-organisms or toxins. Different antibodies are secreted by different B-cells (B-lymphocytes) from the disease-fighting immune system in the mammalian body. See Polyclonal Antibodies and Monoclonal Antibodies.
Anti foam – a chemical fluid (such as surfactant Pluronic F68) added to the media during cultivation for reduced foaming and associated problems with damaging micro-organisms and blocked sterile filters, etc.
ASC – Adult Stem Cells – undifferentiated cells, found in tissues or organs of the body after embryonic development, that are capable of self-renewal and differentiate into specialized cells to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues.
ATF – Alternating-Tangential-Flow – a method of perfusion operation for continues cultivation under non-steady-state conditions. Sequentially the broth is taken from the bioreactor and alternating passing the semi-permeable membrane. The ATF method characterized by its inherent ability to reduce filter deposits. The membrane insure high cell densities are kept inside the bioreactor and allow the product to pass the membrane. Technology and concept developed by RefineTech now from Repligen. See also PTF.
Aseptic – Sterile, free from bacteria and viruses.
Assay – A testing technique for measuring a biological response or for determining characteristics such as composition, purity, activity and weight.
Autoclaving – Autoclaves use pressurized steam to destroy microorganisms, and are the most dependable systems available for the decontamination of laboratory waste and the sterilization of laboratory glassware, media, and reagents. Somewhat facility and resource demanding.
Autologous cell therapy – A therapy using cells derived from a patient's own body. This often involves the extraction of cells and an 'ex vivo' (outside the body) step of growing and multiplying them before transplanting them back into the patient. Also know as Personalised Medicine.
Bacteria – robust micro-organism with strong cell wall, fast growing with often 20 minute doubling time, high oxygen demand, product are often intracellular, limited in ability to produce molecules larger than 50 kDa, can not produce fully humanized antibodies.
Batch – a bioreactor operation method to which no fresh media is added and no used media and/or cultured liquid removed, typically lasting less than one week.
Bag – a flexible (most often single-use) container made from thin plastic foil serving various purposes, media preparation and storage, bioreactor container, product storage, size range from 250 ml to 2 m3.
Bio-mass – biological products derived from living or recently living micro organisms.
Bio-mass-sensor – a device for measuring biomass based on the capacitance characteristics of micro-organisms or by measuring particles also known as opacity.
Bioreactor – means a physical device, a container, a bag, a vessel which support biologically active environment suitable for cultivation of micro-organism such as mammalian cell lines, performing a desired process where the micro-organism are populated inside the bioreactor compartment.
BKH – Baby Hamster Kidney cells, adherent cell line, typically grown in media with high content of serum. The cells were derived in 1961 by I. A. Macpherson and M. G. P. Stoker.
Broth – the liquid content in a fermenter or bioreactor; cells, micro-organisms, nutrients, waste, etc.
Buffer – a solution containing a weak acid and a conjugate base of this acid.
Cavitation – is the formation of vapour cavities in a liquid, cavitation usually occurs when a liquid is subjected to rapid changes of pressure that cause the formation of cavities where the pressure is relatively low. When subjected to higher pressure, the voids implode and can generate an intense shockwave.
Cell retention – such as in a perfusion bioreactor integrating a hollow fibre Cross-Flow-Filter (CFF) with a pore size significant smaller than the cells being processed. Flushing the broth the CFF allow media, harvest removal and cell retention.
Centrifuge – an apparatus which exposes a suspension for high G-forces in order to separate precipitant and supernatant of different density.
CFR 21 part 11 – concerns "Electronic Records and Electronic Signatures" as edited by the USA FDA.
CFR 21 part 58 – concerns GLP – Good Laboratory Practises as edited by the USA FDA.
Chemical industrial produced materials – such as powder based small molecules pills typically the opposite of biological produced large molecules.
Chemostat – perfusion batch – a bioreactor to which fresh medium is continuously added, while culture liquid is continuously removed to keep the culture volume constant.
Chromatography – a method for purification or capture involving a device that holds chromatographic active materials, typically one or more steps is needed in a purification process for protein capture and/or separations.
CMO – Contract Manufacturing Organization.
Code of Federal Regulations – CFR – are regulated and edited by the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Collagen – is a group of naturally occurring proteins found in mammals such as skin, tendon, vascular ligature, organs, bone, cell membrane, hair, placenta.
Compartment – defines a liquid filled housing in a liquid filled bioreactor vessel in which micro-organisms are hosted and cultivated.
Conductivity – is a measure of how well a solution conducts electricity. To carry a current a solution must contain charged particles, or ions. Most conductivity measurements are made in aqueous solutions, and the ions responsible for the conductivity come from electrolytes dissolved in the water. Salts (like sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate), acids (like hydrochloric acid and acetic acid), and bases (like sodium hydroxide and ammonia) are all electrolytes. Although water itself is not an electrolyte, it does have a very small conductivity, implying that at least some ions are present. The ions are hydrogen and hydroxide, and they originate from the dissociation of molecular water.
Confluence – adherent mammalian cells proliferate and cover the entire surface available.
Continuous cultivation – steady state conditions with constant exchange of media, fresh media against used media, and harvest from the reactor. Micro-organisms may be harboured static in a packed bed alowing a constant media flow.
Cultivation – hosting of micro organism in a bioreactor compartment for production purposes, such as expression of a molecule or proliferation performed typically by mammalian cell lines or insect cell lines.
Dalton – the unit of molecular mass, very nearly equal to that of a hydrogen atom, insulin molecules are 6 kDa, calcitonin are 45 kDa, laminin is 150 kDa. Named after John Dalton (1766 – 1844) who was an English chemist, meterologist and physicist.
Differentiation – A process by which a stem cell becomes a specialized cell type to perform particular tasks.
Disposable – refers to a product manufactured from typically materials preferably taken from the group of flexible, semi-rigid and rigid materials such as from the group of polymers, thermo polymers, thermo setting polymers, and elastic polymers.
DMEM – Dulbecco Modified Eagles Medium.
Down-Stream-Processing – DSP – bio processing, separation, purification steps following fermentation or cultivation from Up-Stream-Processing – USP.
E. coli – Escherichia coli – is the most widely studied prokaryotic model organism and an important species in the fields of biotechnology and microbiology, where it has served as the host organism under fermentation in fermentors for the majority of work with recombinant DNA.
E&L – Extractables & Leachables – All materials have extractables and potential leachables. Check out under each.
ELISA = Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay = a test to measure the concentration of antigens and antibodies.
Embryonic Stem Cells – ESC – can only be derived from embryos and caused lots of controversy surrounding their use. Undifferentiated cells derived from a pre-implantation embryo (inner cell mass of blastocyst) that are capable of self-renewal and can develop into cells and tissues of the three primary germ layers. The discovery of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells have more or less exchanged the use of ESC.
Embryoid Body – EB – aggregate of cells derived from Embryonic Stem Cells. Upon aggregation, the cells spontaneously differentiated into multiple cell types derived from the three germ layers, recapitulating embryonic development.
Envelope – defines a space or a volume surrounded by a membrane or a wall of which some parts of the wall(s) are porous said envelope allow enclosure for a variety of growth bodies and/or matrix materials. Said porous walls allow a liquid and micro-organism to pass but not the growth bodies and/or matrix materials to escape from the envelope enclosure. Said envelope(s) are further containing inside a compartment. Said compartment are further contained inside a vessel.
Enzymes – proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions by causing or speeding up reactions without being changed in the process themselves.
Expression – refers to production or secretion of molecules such as proteins by micro organism being cultivated, but not to production of micro-organism by multiplication or proliferation or by fermentation.
Extractables – Chemical compounds that migrate from any product-contact material (including elastomeric, plastic, glass, stainless steel, or coating components) when exposed to an appropriate solvent under exaggerated conditions of time and temperature.
Express – to translate a cells genetic information, stored in its DNA, into a specific protein.
Eukaryotes – living cells with a cell membrane such as mammalian cells, human cells, stem cells, insect cells.
FDA – Food and Drug Administration is a federal agency of Unites States of America department of Health and Human Services. FDA is responcible for protecting and promoting human health through regulations and supervision.
Fed-batch – refers to operation of a bioreactor to which fresh medium is added and no cultured liquid removed until after termination of the process.
Feeder cells – refers to a coating on a surface with an adherent type of cell that synthesizes the extra cellular matrix and collagen or fibroblast on top of which other cells, such as stem cells semi-adhere or agglomerate to.
Fermentation – refers to large scale hosting of micro-organisms or single-celled living creatures for industrial purposes in a metabolic process creating a product. Typically bacteria or yeast are used for fermentation purposes.
Fermenter – means a physical device, a Stirred-Tank-Reactor, a container, a bag, a vessel which support biologically active environment suitable for cultivation of micro- organism, such as bacteria, yeast, algae, fungus performing a desired process where the micro-organism are populated inside a compartment.
Film – refers to thermoplastic film or foil made using an extrusion process typically in one or several layers of different material for different purposes. Films may be permeable or impermeable and translucent or coloured in thickness less than 1 mm.
Filter – means a processing device which by size exclusion separates particles suspended in a fluid in a method named filtration.
Filtrate – refers to the part of a suspension that passes through a filtration process, also called permeate.
Filtration – refers to mechanical separation, size exclusion, fractionating of solids from fluids, such as liquids or gases, by passing the feed stream through a porous material such as a porous, fibrous or granular substance, which retains selected solids and allows other solids and desired fractions of the fluids to pass through. Membrane filter products such as micro-filtration, ultra-filtration, nano-filtration, dia-filtration, gel-filtration are well known involving operation methods such as dead-end filtration, cross-flow filtration.
Fluid – means liquids as well as gases.
Gamma irradiation – low precision method for killing all lives in products such as for sterilization of various products. Often long lived, highly dangerous gamma-ray emitting isotopes, such as cobalt-60 are used. Rough to plastic materials as to low dosing accuracy.
Gas volume – sparging, aeration gas "volume gas per unit of media volume per hour" (vvh) is a general measure ranging around 0.1-1 for mammalian cell cultivation to factor of 2-100 for microbial fermentation.
Glass – a transparent silica (Silicon Dioxide, SiO2) based non-crystaline amorphous brittle and solid material often with excellent corrosion resistance.
GMP – Good Manufacturing Practices – are the practices required in order to conform to the guidelines recommended by agencies that control authorization and licensing for manufacture and sale of food, drug products, and active pharmaceutical products.
GLP – Good Laboratory Practises – CFR 21 part 58 refers to practices defined by the USA Food and Drug Administration for conducting nonclinical laboratory studies that support or are intended to support applications for research or marketing permits for products regulated by the USA FDA.
Harvest – the product part of the broth being the expected product generated by micro-organism being cultivated in a bioreactor or fermented in a fermenter.
Head Space – the difference in volume between Working Volume and Vessel Volume.
HEK – Human Embryonic Kidney cell, such as the adherent HEK 293 cells, easy to grow and transfect very readily, widely-used in cell biology research for many years. They are also used by the biotechnology industry to produce therapeutic proteins and viruses for gene therapy. Developed by Alex van der Eb in 1973.
Hollow-fiber-membrane – is a device that can serve to transfer gases, hydrophobic vapours, particles between two fluids, seewww.spectrumlabs.com. Often a device made from an outer rigid wall tube with end covers housing inside a bundle of thin wall tubes fabricated from porous material such as polyethersulfone or other polymers. The bundle of tubes are sealed, cast into the end covers separating the tubes inside from the tubes outside and hereby appearing as a Cross-Flow-Filter.
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell – hMSC – are a self-renewing population of adherent, multipotent progenitor cells that can differentiate into several lineages.
Hybridoma – a hybrid mammalian suspension cell originating from B-cells, special white blood cells producing monoclonal antibodies. Cell size typically 14 µm, surfaces of hydrophobic character. The antibodies produced by the hybridoma are all of a single specificity and are therefore monoclonal antibodies. The term Hybridoma originates from Leonard Herzenberg (1931 – 2013).
IEC = International Electrotechnical Commission = an international electrical standards body. The standard we use is 60320 devided into "C13 female socket" and "C14 male plug" type of connectors. For security reasons C13 supply power and C14 receiver power.
IgG = Immunoglobulin G = an antibody molecule and the most common type of antibody circulated in mammalian bodies.
Immobilized micro-organisms – such as adherent mammalian cells attached to a surface. The opposite of mobilised cells kept in suspension.
Immunology – is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms.
Immune reaction – antibodies in the body are in balance, until an antigen disturbs the balance, stimulating the immune reaction. Theory originating from Niels Kaj Jerne.
Inoculate – to introduce cells into a culture medium or bioreactor.
Insect cells – such as Sf9 and S2 are cultivated in serum free media often at 25-28°C and pH 6-7 and size ranging 9-10 µm are efficient in expression of eukaryotic containing proteins.
Intra-cellular – when a micro-organism produce a product, which do not pass the micro-organism membrane and said micro-organism membrane must be destroyed in order to get the product out.
In vitro – performed using laboratory apparatus for testing rather than a living animal.
In vivo – involving living animals or humans as test subject.
Ion-exchange – refers to the exchange of ions between molecules, a solutions and a complex in the form of an insoluble sorbent, resin with typical physical appearance as beads or a membrane. The trapping of anions/cations takes place only with simultaneous releasing of other anions/cations; thus the process is called ion-exchange.
Irradiation – is the process by which an object is exposed to radiation. If administered at appropriate levels, all of these forms of radiation can be used to sterilize objects, a technique used in the production of medical instruments and disposables. The irradiation dose is usually measured in Gray. Where 1 kGy and is the radiation required to deposit 1 joule in 1 kilo matter. Levels of exposure for single-use pharmaceutical object are often less than 40 kGy.
Laminin – a group of large protein (150 kDa) cell culture growth in mammalian bodies and as growth support for human embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and primary cell growth.
Leachables – Chemical compounds, typically a subset of extractables, that migrate into a drug formulation from any product contact material (including elastomeric, plastic, glass, stainless steel, or coating components) as a result of direct contact under normal process conditions or accelerated storage conditions. These are likely to be found in the final drug product.
Luer-Lok – a standardized system of small-scale fluid fittings used for making leak-free connections between a male-taper fitting and its mating female part on medical and laboratory instruments, Named after the 19th-century German medical instrument maker Hermann Wülfing Luer and now defined in the ISO 594 standard.
Lysis – disruption or breaking of the cellular membrane or cells by chemical, enzymatic or mechanical means.
MAb – monoclonal antibody, a highly specific, purified antibody that recognizes only a single epitope.
Macro carriers – micro-organism supporting device allowing cultivation of adherent depending micro-organisms. Size range typical from 2,000 to 10,000 µm composed by polymeric materials such as polystyrene or glass and may further be functionalized with one or more surface treatments and / or coatings.
Macro pore size – are ranging between 10-500 µm in diameter.
Magnetic-Stirrer-Table – MST based on excitation or 2, 4 or more magnets rotating around an axle driven by a motor.
Mammalian cell – are eukaryotes, such as CHO, VERO, BHK21, HEK293, cell size often ranging between 15-25 µm, thin cell membrane and shear sensitive, doubling time during cultivation in a bioreactor is typically 24 hours, products are usually extracellular, can produce very large molecules, produce glycosylated proteins, produce humanized antibodies.
Matrix – defines a permeable body, a porous body, such as a 3D scaffolding structure such as a non-woven fibre based material or packed fibres in general or constituting growth bodies or any combination enclosed in envelope(s). Said matrix internal surface may further be functionalised with one or more coatings for improved micro organism adherence. Reference is also made to "growth bodies", "scaffold" and to "micro carriers".
Media, growth media and nutrient – are used interchangeable and refers to a mixture containing mostly water, carbon sources, various gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbondioxide and additives from the group of; vitamins, hormones, growth factors, plant hydrolysates, animal serum, antibiotics, antioxidants, antifoams, cell stabilizers and other components for cultivation of micro organisms.
Membrane – refers to a boundary layer, which serves as a selective barrier and remains impermeable to specific particles, molecules, substances or growth bodies or micro-organisms when exposed to the action of a driving force.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell – MSC – are connective tissue cells of any organ. MSCs, are multipoten which means they can differentiate into a variety of cell types.
Meso pore size – are ranging between 1-10 µm in diameter.
Metabolites – chemical products of metabolism, the chemical process of life.
Micro pore size – are pores ranging below 1 µm in diameter.
Microbial fermentation – process involving the use of micro-organisms, such as E.coli, to produce a small molecule or other substance.
Micro carriers – is a micro-organism supporting device or particle allowing cultivation of adherent depending micro-organisms. Size range typical from 200 to more than 1,000 µm composed by gelatine, collagen, cellulose or glass and may further be functionalised with one or more coatings.
Micro-organism, microbial cell, cells or biological cells are often used interchangeable and is typically divided into living single-celled organisms, microbes such as; fungus, algae, moss, plankton, yeast, protozoa, eukaryotes, prokaryotes, archaea, micro animals, extramophiles and plant cells or the like – 1. eukaryotes are living cells such as animal cells, insect cells, mammalian cells, human cells, stem cells some adherent or semi adherent or suspended – 2. prokaryotes are a variety of bacteria such as E.coli or the like – most of the above generically modified to solve specific tasks and product needs.
Mixing time – a parameter for assessing mixing efficiency in a fermenter. Mixing time to achieve a given degree of homogeneity in the broth.
Mole – the amount of a substance that contains the same number of elements (such as atoms, molecules or ions) as there are atoms of carbon in 12 grams of carbon-12.
MpC – Magnet-pole-Centre refers to the diameter in which the maximum magnetic force is available on stirrer, turn tables, Magnetic-Stirrer-Tables.
Multi-potency – The ability of cells to develop into more than one cell type of the mammalian body. Multi-potent cell types in the body comprise lineage-committed progenitors, including organ specific adult stem cells.
Non-woven – refers to a 80 – 99% porous sheet, felt, scaffolding or web made from mono size or mixed size fibres with diameter ranging 1 – 100 µm in diameter, bonded together by, thermal and/or chemical and/or mechanical methods, which are neither woven nor knitted forming pores ranging 1 – 500 µm in size.
Newtonian fluids – are fluids of one material with even viscosity homogeneously through the fluid and linear with change in internal shear forces, friction like with increased velocity vector.
Non-Newtonian fluids – are fluid of mixed materials with different specification of non-linear internal shear forces, friction with changing velocity vector. In bioprocessing fermenters the broth is often pseudo-plastic with viscosity decreasing with increasing shear = RPM.
Nylon – is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers known generically as aliphatic polyamides. The first example was Nylon 66 produced on February 28, 1935, by Wallace Carothers (1896-1937) at DuPont´s research facility in USA. In general excellent corrosion resistance.
Oxygenator – or aeration refers to a sparging unit, bubble unit, a device or method for oxygen and/or carbon dioxide exchange from media to external sources.
PAT – Process Analytical Technology – has been defined by FDA as a mechanism to design, analyze, and control pharmaceutical manufacturing processes.
PBS – Phosphate Buffered Saline – used to wash SUBs and sensors with.
PCS – Process-Control-System – a digitally operating computer used for automation of typically industrial electro mechanical processes, such as control of STR, SUBs, SUFs via sensor input and actuator output. Such as supplied by a app 25 global manufacturer with the purpose to gather sensor data and adjust the process variable continuously in bioreactors and fermenters. About 45.000 such highly proprietary and all identical PCS has been manufactured the last 50 years. All with few sensor input being DO, pH, temperature, and media level in general limiting understanding of the processes. See www.cronus-pcs.com for an open platform PCS.
Permeable body – defines a matrix, a scaffolding, a volume containing porous materials, a porous body, a packed bed of growth bodies, a porous wall.
Permeate – the parts of a liquid mixture that is allowed to pass a filter, porous membrane, permeable body.
PG 13.5 – is a measure of threaded size classical sensor mechanical connectors and PG is the technical standard known as Stahl-Panzer-Rohr-Gewinde.
Pluri-potency – The ability of a cell to give rise to all different cell types of the body, but not extra-embryonic tissues. Pluripotent Stem Cells include ESC, iPSC cells and hiPSC.
Pluripotent Stem Cells – are stem cells that have not yet 'decided' what final cell to become. The discovery of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells have completely changed the perspective of the use of stem cells. Pluripotent Stem Cells hold great promise in the field of Regenerative Medicine.
pH – power of hydrogen or the log of the concentration of H+ ion in a solution. Søren Peder Lauritz Sørensen (1868-1939) was a Danish chemist, famous for the introduction of the concept of pH, a scale for measuring acidity and basicty. The pH symbol has roots in the French "pouvoir hydrogene" (power of hydrogen).
Polishing – refers to the final purification step(s) involving an affinity or other refined chromatography methods.
PolyCarbonate – (PC) belongs to the group of thermoplastic polymers. PolyCarbonate were first discovered in 1898 by the German scientist Alfred Einhorn (1856-1917). Unlike most thermoplastics, polycarbonate can undergo large plastic deformations without cracking or breaking. As a result, it can be processed and formed at room temperature using sheet metal techniques. PC should not be used in contact with alkaline, alkali salts, amines and high ozone, acetone and xylene concentrations. Ketones, esters causes severe crystallization.
Polyclonal Antibodies – PAbs – represent a population of antibodies collected from multiple B cell clones that have been activated by the immune response of an immunized animal. The antibody are produced in animals such as chickens, goats, guinea pigs, hamsters, horses, mice, rats, and sheeps being injected with a specific antigen that elicits a primary immune response.
Polyamid – occur both naturally and artificially (Nylon). Examples of naturally occurring polyamides are proteins, such as wool and silk.
Population – describes the numbers of micro-organisms (such as mammalian cells being 15 – 18 µm in size when suspended in a liquid) which range typically from few hundreds to a maximum of app 3-400 million per cm3 of spherical mammalian cells when centrifuged to maximum solids content from a suspension = highest possible mass. Other micro-organism will have different size and corresponding different maximum population number.
Pores – describe cavities or open spaces in a porous material expressed in micron size, such as 50 µm pore size.
Porosity – refers to a measure of the void spaces in a porous material expressed in percent 0 – 100%.
Power Number– is dimensionless parameter used for estimating the power consumed by the mixing turbine. The lower number the better! The typical used Rushton turbine has a high Power Number and opposite the Smith or Bakker turbine has a lower Power Number under same conditions.
Power consumption – the power or kinetic energy expressed in kW/m3 possible to loose, dissipated in agitation, in the broth in a fermenter ranging 50 kW/m3 in small fermenter to 10 kW/m3 in large fermenters. The full calculation also include energy for supplying compressed gas and for refrigeration.
Pre-sterilized – the particular product are enclosed in dual plastic foil bags and exposed to methods which insure the bag content is sterile. The product is then supplied in said dual bags to the end-user. The end-user hereby avoids the troublesome high temperature sterilization of the re-usable equipment and takes advantage of the single-use capability.
Proliferation – refers to a fast increase in numbers of a similar substance, a fast unlimited doubling, re-production, division of identical micro-organism, multiplication of the micro-organism or substance.
Protein – refers to complex organic macromolecules often primary ingredient in therapeutic medicine further proteins are present in each living cell of all organisms without exceptions and in the cells, the proteins are abundant in variety or types.
P-SUB – Perfusion-Single-Use-Bioreactor refer to a SUB in a setup for perfusion mode operation.
Purification – means a central part of the Down-Stream processing that takes a crude supernatant or cell homogenate (chaotic slurry of tissue and cells) and up-concentrates, isolates the biologic product in a fairly pure form. Involves processes such as filtration and chromatography in several difference form.
Establish the project design targets and goals.
Define the market and customers that will be targeted.
Discover the market, customers, and societal needs.
Develop the features of the new design that will meet the needs.
Develop or redevelop the processes to produce the features.
Raschig rings – are pieces of tube (approximately equal in length and diameter) used in large numbers as a packed bed within columns for distillations and other chemical engineering processes. Provide vastly improved surface area inside said column. Named after their inventor, the German chemist Friedrich Raschig (1863 – 1928).
Regenerative Medicine – reconstruction of diseased or injured tissue by tissue engineering and molecular biology, which deals with the "process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function.
Retentate – the parts of a mixture such as particles, "micro-organisms" of a mixture or feedstock that is held back by a "membrane", and do not pass the membrane as to its size, shape or charge.
Reynolds number – is a dimensionless number that is used to help predict similar flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. Reynolds number are also used to characterize different flow regimes within a similar fluid, such as lamianr or turbulent flow. Laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscous forces are dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant fluid motion; turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers. Named after Osborne Reynolds (1842–1912).
Rotameter – means an instrument that measures the volume or mass flow rate of a liquid or gas. Also know as a variable area flow meter being a transparent and conical tube part with a floating body inside. Operated with gravity when arranged vertical and against a spring when operating horizontal.
RPM – Revolutions per Minute.
RTD – Resistance-Temperature-Detector type of sensor which comes as Pt100 or Pt1000. Measure temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element with temperature. Most RTD elements consist of a length of fine coiled wire (Platinum) wrapped around a ceramic or glass core. The element is usually quite fragile, so it is often placed inside a sheathed probe to protect it. Pt100 show 100 and Pt1000 show 1000 Ω at 0°C.
RUS – Re-Usable-Sensor supplied from a range of manufactures.
Scaffolding – is a structure of fibers, materials creating a porous, open structure with large internal surface area for hosting typically mammalian cell lines.
Semi-permeable membrane – a membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion such as a hollow-fiber-membrane.
Sensor – refers to devices able to measure on-line quality process variables associated within a given process. Available for in liquid or in gas measurements. Such as the level of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), bio mass / cell density, conductivity, dissolved carbon dioxide, lactate, glucose, glutamine, glutamate, ammonia, pressure, liquid level, fluid flow/ mass-flow, velocity, temperature, etc. Sensors in general are available as either RUS or SUS.
Separation – means dividing fluid borne particles of different size by membrane filtration or centrifugal separation based on particle size, mass difference into at least two separate particle containing fluid streams further separation by affinity adsorbing the target compound.
Secreted product – the Angstroem size product from a micro-organism such as hormones, proteins secreted extracellularly or expressed through the micro-organism, cell wall.
SLS – Selective Laser Sintering is an Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique that uses a laser as the power source to sinter powdered solid nylon material, aiming the laser automatically at points in space defined by a 3D model, binding the material together to create a solid structure.
Septum – is a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones. Such as a round rubber wall mounted in the head plate of a bioreactor or fermenter. Used for inoculation by forcing a syringe needle through the wall injecting a liquid.
Shear force – two materials or bodies being pushed in opposite directions, fragile micro-organisms may be damaged when exposed to large shear forces.
Single-Use – refers to a product designed for use only once and to be disposed after use typically delivered pre-sterilized, irradiated and ready to use.
SIP – Sterilization-in-Place, use steam to clean and sterilize equipment or systems without moving them from their installed location.
Spallation – a non-desired process, where materials, like small rubber particles, fragments originating from hoses such as used in peristaltic pumps as to hose-to-hose wall impact and stress. The Mnemosyne pump from www.pumpcell.com avoid this problem.
Steady state conditions – a method if operating a bioreactor where most compounds, such as nutrients concentrations and biomass is maintained at constant concentrations for endurance time. Typically obtaining higher output of product and improved product quality.
Sterile – absolutely free of any micro-biological contamination.
STR – Stirred-Tank-Reactor refer to an old fashion bioreactor or fermenter seen from a range of supplier manufactured in glass and stainless steel.
Stainless Steel – refers to an alloyed metal based mostly on steel, nickel, chromium, vanadium, carbon characterized with excellent corrosion resistance. AISI316L is eqivelant to DIN 1.4404 Stainless Steel and more or less the only used in the pharma industry.
Stem cells – cells found in all multi cellular organisms. They are characterized by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types. Stem cells are in general; Embryonic Stem Cells, Pluripotent Stem Cells, induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, adult (somatic) stem cells in general, regenerative stem cells, tissue-derived stems cells, stromal vascular fraction stem cells or the like.
Supernatant – the opposite of precipitant, which are the two different products which is obtained after centrifuge of a suspension, often the liquid component that has the lowest density or cleaned from debris and cells.
Suspension – a mix of liquid and non liquid solid mater kept floating in a solution.
Suspended – refers to particles, artificial particles, micro-carriers such as "micro-organism" depending on being preferably homogeneous suspended or mobilized in liquid in the STR.
Suspension – refers to micro-organism suspended in a fluid with no or weak affinity to adhere to surfaces, such as micro-organism of semi-adherent or of non-adherent character, though willing to agglomerate, willing to semi-adherent to similar or micro-organism, willing to semi-adherent to different micro-organism by agglomeration or by other forces.
Tangential-Flow-Filtration – TFF – A separation method that transfers components of one system into another.
Titer – is a way of expressing concentration, a measured sample typically a product expressed by micro organism.
Totipotency – The ability of the cell to give rise to all cell types of the body and extraembryonic tissue. The zygote is totipotent.
Trypsin – an enzyme capable of cleaving peptide bonds. Is used to remove adherent cells from a surface and to break up purified proteins for analysis. Such as remove the binding of stem cells to surfaces.
Turbine flooding – turbine design and speed creates the phenomenon where added gasses in form as bubbles reach a pressure lower than the broth pressure and burst as to the low pressure changing the physics of the broth. Rushton turbine is prone to flooding where Smith is far better and Bakker the best know turbine design avoiding flooding.
Turn table – also known as a Magnetic-Stirrer-Table (MST) based either on excitation or 2, 4 or more permanent magnets rotating around an axle driven by a servo motor.
Unipotency – The ability of a cell to develop into only one type of cell or tissue.
Up-Stream-Processing – USP – the function associated with a bioreactor operation before the Down-Stream-Processing.
Vaccines – preparations that elicit an immune response to protect a person or animal from a disease causing agent.
VERO cells – kidney cells extracted from an African green monkey (larger than CHO cells). The original cell line was named "Vero" after an abbreviation of "Verda Reno", which means "green kidney" in Esperanto.
Virus – the simplest form of life.
Viscosity – Viscosity is a measure of a liquids resistance to gradual deformation expressed at 25°C in Pascal/second or derived centiPoise, such as honey which is 2-10 Pa·s or 2,000-10,000 cP.
VV – Vessel Volume, total volume of a STR, SUB, SUF, difference between Working Volume and Head Space Volume. VV = WV+HSV.
WV – Working Volume refers to the actual media volume a STR, SUB or SUF operate within. Typically 70-90% of Vessel Volume. Determined by various factors, such as: serum content in media, use of anti-foum agent, areation volume, agitation speed, planned cell density, etc.
Yeast – a single-celled fungus highly useful for fermentation and expression of a huge variety of products, such as ethanol.
Young's modulus or modulus of elasticity – is a measure of the stiffness of an elastic material and is a quantity used to characterize materials. It is named after the 19th-century British scientist Thomas Young (1773 – 1829).


text:
Health Feed Blog
Too Much Water? It's Possible, and a Problem
Author: Libby Mitchell
It's something you hear at every sports practice, from peewee soccer to the high school football field: drink lots of water. While it's good advice, it may be a bit misguided. A new report about over hydration shows that by encouraging kids to drink, drink, drink, we may be putting them at risk for serious health complications – and in some cases even death.
"What we need to be telling athletes is to drink enough," says Jeffery Cline, MD, a pediatrician and sports medicine specialist with University of Utah Health. "Use thirst as a guide and have adequate and appropriate fluids available to maintain hydration."
Drinking too much fluid can lead to a condition known as hyponatremia. "This is where sodium in the body is too low from excessive sodium loss in sweat or urine," says Cline. "Or it is diluted by taking in too much free water without any electrolytes."
Hyponatremia can cause headaches, nausea, dizziness, confusion, muscle cramps, and in severe cases coma, seizures, and death. "These are difficult as they can also mimic signs of dehydration," says Cline. "That's why you need to monitor fluid intake to determine if the symptoms are being caused by excessive fluid intake or very limited intake."
Hyponatremia is seen most commonly in sports like marathon running, or other endurance contests where athletes would take in more water than they would lose during the event. The prevalence actually led to a change on many courses. "Marathons have started to decrease the number of water stations to help avoid runners who think that forcing water down will help improve their performance by minimizing dehydration," says Cline.
To walk the line between dehydration and over hydration, it's best to listen to your body. "Don't force yourself to drink excessively but don't be afraid to drink if you feel thirsty," says Cline. "I usually recommend taking water breaks every 15 minutes in the heat. One sports drink per hour of exercise is also recommended to replace electrolyte losses."
Libby Mitchell
Libby Mitchell is the Social Media Coordinator for University of Utah Health Care. Follow her on Twitter @UUHCLibby.
sports medicine kids health dehydration
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


United States Sports Academy President and CEO Dr. Thomas P. Rosandich proudly announces HRH Prince Feisal bin Al Hussein of Jordan as the recipient of the 2014 Eagle Award for his accomplishments as the current president of the Jordan Olympic Committee along with his advocacy for peace through sport.
The Eagle Award, the United States Sports Academy's highest international honor, is presented annually to a world leader in sport to recognize that individual's contributions in promoting international harmony, peace, and goodwill through the effective use of sport. The recipient of this award must have tempered strength with keen judgment in using authority wisely as a means of bringing nations together through sport for the betterment of mankind.
In 2007, Prince Feisal founded Generations for Peace, one of the leading non-profit peace-building organizations in the world. The organization was founded with the mission to empower youth to lead sustainable change in communities experiencing conflict through free education and the use of sport, art, advocacy and dialogue.
Generations For Peace has trained more than 8,500 volunteer leaders of youth in 50 countries. The organization is the only peace-through-sport organization officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee and is ranked as one of the "Top 100 NGOs in the World" by the Global Journal, based on their assessment of innovation, impact and sustainability.
Prince Feisal just recently launched Living Sport, a new national strategy to encourage sport to play a part in the lives of all Jordanians. The program has a number of initiatives under its umbrella with the aim of raising the profile of sport, and the role it can play in the collective battle against health and anti-social problems.
Through his development of peace through sport, Prince Feisal was elected to the International Olympic Committee in 2010 and has led the Jordanian Olympic Committee since 2007.
As the Chairman of the National Resources Development Company and a member of the National Resources Investment Institute, Prince Feisal helped to improve and market resources for the Armed Forces of Jordan. In addition to these and other numerous clubs and committees, he is the current president of the Jordanian Gliding Club and the chairman of the Motor Sport Executive Council.
As the head of the Higher Organizing Committee for the Ninth Pan Arab Games in Jordan in 1999, he managed approximately 4,500 athletes from across the world in nearly 30 games. Prince Feisal also chaired the Higher Organizing Committee of the first Arab Games for Schools in Handball and Track and Field in 2001.
In 2013, Scott Blackmun, the chief executive officer of the United States Olympic Committee (USOC), earned the Eagle Award for his contribution to the USOC by boosting philanthropic support and the overall standing of the organization.
Presenting HRH Prince Feisal bin Al Hussein of Jordan the 2014 Eagle Award was an excellent choice. Prince Feisal's advocacy for peace through sport is admirable and reflects upon all of the great things he has done in an effort to make the world a better place. I just hope he comes to visit the United States Sports Academy campus one day.


The World's Best Restaurants have put together their list for this year. Like every year it is filled with extravagant places around the world but this year New Delhi's own Indian Accent features at #78.
Indian Accent in Friends colony is the perfect place to dine and is one of the best restaurants in the city if not the country. It's a sombre place that oozes class. It's a world class joint for foodies and is a must try for at least those who live in the city.


text:
Angi Vera  is a 1978 Hungarian drama film directed by Pál Gábor and starring Vera Pap. It was selected as the Hungarian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 52nd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

Vera Angi (Vera Pap) is an employee of a hospital in post-WWII Hungary.  She complains to her superiors about the unsanitary conditions in the hospital. As her proletarian background fits in nicely with the new doctrine of the communist regime, she is sent to a six-month education course. While in the school, she falls in love with the teacher István André (Tamás Dunai), while informers make conditions difficult for the students.

Cast
 Vera Pap - Vera Angi (as Pap Veronika)
 Erzsi Pásztor - Anna Traján
 Éva Szabó - Mária Muskát
 Tamás Dunai - István André
 László Halász - Sas elvtárs
 László Horváth - József Neubauer
 Flóra Kádár - Mrs. János Mikus

See also
 List of submissions to the 52nd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Hungarian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

1978 films
1978 drama films
1970s Hungarian-language films
Films directed by Pál Gábor
Hungarian drama films

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Twin Peaks – the secret history behind the David Lynch classic and Mark Frost dissected
By Del Pike on	 14th November 2016 Film, Opinion
The red room is waiting…
With the arrival of a new Twin Peaks book by series co-producer Mark Frost on the shelves, Getintothis' Del Pike delves into the woods and comes out empty handed.
When Twin Peaks arrived on our TV screens at the start of the 90s it felt like a new era in TV drama, not since Dallas had an American saga been so discussed and dissected. What made it so enticing was the fact that it was co-created by David Lynch, the country's finest cult director, famous for Eraserhead, The Elephant Man and Blue Velvet. A man guaranteed to offer a surreal slant on an otherwise workaday murder mystery.
His collaborator, Mark Frost has ended up somewhat in the shadows of the mighty Lynch, and this is somewhat unfair. With extensive experience in TV, Frost was able to control the structure of the show and show Lynch the ropes of how to produce a TV serial rather than a movie. He had previously enjoyed success as writer on the hugely popular cop show, Hill Street Blues.
The Twin Peaks TV show followed an investigation, headed by FBI Special agent Dale Cooper, played magnificently by Lynch favourite, Kyle MacLachlan, into the murder of small town prom queen Laura Palmer (Sheryl Lee). As the weeks rolled out it transpired there was more than just a murder mystery afoot in the town as Laura was certainly not as squeaky clean as her iconic framed portrait suggests and everyone in town had a mystery of their own. It was Cooper's nocturnal journeys into "Another Place" that made this show so different to anything else on TV, a mystical place with monochrome zig zag floors, red velvet curtains, the ghost of Laura Palmer and a dancing dwarf, presided over by the Owls of Ghostwood. Pure Lynch fantasy.
The show's initial short run of eight episodes failed to reveal the killer and viewers had to wait for the second season for the answers. The reveal came early on but the second season ran to 22 episodes and lost a lot of viewers once the mystery was over. True Twin Peaks fans would argue that once Laura Palmer's killer had been outed, that's when the show got really interesting as there was more opportunity to delve into the lives of some of the lesser used characters and play around with the surreal elements more. The 1992 film Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me, failed to ignite with audiences who had become tired of the series, which is unfortunate as when viewed as a standalone movie it contains some of Lynch's finest work.
The show returns next year after a quarter of a century and, unlike the original where Lynch made guest directorial appearances, he has embarked on taking full control of the chair this time round. The focus has been on Lynch who at one point walked off the set due to creative differences with the financiers, but his return led to an even longer run of episodes than was previously promised.
But what of Mark Frost?
He has been busy creating another layer of intrigue in the form of The Secret History of Twin Peaks, a beautifully bound book that would grace a coffee table as easily as a book shelf. The book is a novel of sorts that goes way back to 1805 to establish the origins of the town and works its way through to 1989, just after the events of the TV series.
Frost attempts to establish the mysterious happenings in the woods around Twin Peaks by presenting us with high adventure from the real life explorer Meriwether Lewis and his affairs with President Jefferson and later on the fictional character of Douglas Milford and his work with the government concerning extra terrestrial visitations. President Nixon looms large.
Explore our David Lynch Top Ten, right here
The bulk of content on conspiracy theories and secret papers on alien visits is probably interesting to some, but not your average Twin Peaks fan. It feels very much out of place here. It is much more akin to The X Files than Twin Peaks, and just leaves the reader wanting to cut to the chase and catch up on the gossip from the Double R Diner.
At over 350 pages, laid out as documents, letters and photographs (It is a beautiful artefact), it is a trial rather than a pleasure and coming from the co-creator of the show himself this is disappointing.
When the TV related content comes into play it is short-lived and merely recaps pretty much what viewers already know. The story of Margaret the Log Lady is given some context and we find out about the background to Big Ed and Norma's Romance, Hank's formative years and the origins of The Bookhouse Boys but it's not enough.
There are accounts throughout the book from a mystery archivist, and we are fed the idea that this figure is a regular from the TV show. When the archivist is revealed it's not worth the wait and isn't enough of a hook throughout to keep the reader intrigued.
This would have been a great opportunity to delve deeper into the more intriguing elements of the story but instead is a lost opportunity. Paperback copies of The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer by Lynch's daughter Jennifer and The Autobiography of FBI Special Agent Dale Cooper: My Life, My Tapes by Frost's brother, Scott are much more enjoyable. Released when the show was still on TV as tie-ins, they offer much more specific information than Mark Frost's book.
The Secret History of Twin Peaks by Mark Frost is available now.
Frost had been due to sign copies at Forbidden Planet on Bold Street on Monday November 14 at 1.00pm but this has now been postponed until 2017 on account of illness. Watch this space for further information on the rescheduled date.
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David Lynch – Twin Peaks and The Art Life assessed David Lynch revisited: Blue Velvet, Twin Peaks and Mulholland Drive – his on screen finest moments Twin Peaks the return – what lies ahead for Dale Cooper and co Twin Peaks: The return of Lynch, Badalamenti and the unseen forces of musical otherness David Lynch – Top 10 David Lynch doc to return to FACT Twin Peaks The Return – The final verdict Xiu Xiu to play music of Twin Peaks at Kazimier


Can Diabetes Be Prevented and Treated with Natural Medicine?
Type 2 diabetes can be prevented and controlled with "natural medicine," but there are other factors that play into the development and progression of the disease. You may not think of food as natural medicine, but diet is important in controlling type 2 diabetes.
Take it one step further and simply follow an anti-inflammatory diet for life.


text:
Горан Іванишевич — хорватський тенісист, єдиний в історії Вімблдону гравець, який здобув перемогу, отримавши на турнір спеціальне запрошення організаторів — вайлд-кард, бронзовий медаліст Олімпійських ігор.
 Іван Іванишевич — сербський шахіст, гросмейстер.
Прізвища


text:
require 'thor'
require 'awesome_print'

module Awesomekit
  class CLI < Thor
    include Thor::Actions

    desc 'logout', 'Remove your Adobe Typekit API token'
    def logout
      Awesomekit::Authenticator.clear_api_token
      ap('Successfully logged out', color: { string: :yellow })
    end

    desc 'list', 'List available kits'
    method_option :verbose, type: :boolean
    method_option :published, default: false, type: :boolean, :aliases => "-p",
      description: 'Flag to return information on the current
      published version of the kit. Defaults to false, or draft kit version.'
    def list
      kits = typekit_client.get_kits

      ap(kits) if kits

      if options[:verbose]
        kits.each do |kit|
          kit = typekit_client.get_kit(kit['id'], options[:published])
          ap(kit) if kit
        end
      end
    end

    desc 'show', 'Display a specific kit'
    method_option :id, type: :string, required: true
    method_option :published, default: false, type: :boolean, :aliases => "-p",
      description: 'Flag to return information on the current
      published version of the kit. Defaults to false, or draft kit version.'
    def show
      kit = typekit_client.get_kit(options[:id], options[:published])

      ap(kit) if kit
    end

    desc 'yo', 'yo yo yo yo'
    def yo
      puts("What is your name? \n")
      name = STDIN.gets.chomp
      puts("   ~(0.0)~   \nyo #{name}, you seem pretty cool.\nYou should totally fork this repo and make it more awesome.\n")
    end

    private

    def typekit_client
      @client ||= Awesomekit::Client.new(Awesomekit::Authenticator.api_token)
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Longtime Holt High coach and local referee dies
By Drew Taylor Staff Writer
Feb 13, 2019 at 7:42 PM Feb 13, 2019 at 7:42 PM
Charlie "Coach" Porter loved sports.
Nowhere was Porter's love for sports on full display than in his own home during a game day, often playing one game on the living room TV, another on the radio and another on a TV in the bedroom.
"He loved sports, and he felt like it was something he was good at," said Mary, Porter's wife of 24 years.
Porter, the first black coach at Holt High School and a longtime referee for different sports in Tuscaloosa County, died last week following different illnesses he had been battling over the years. He was 81 years old.
Sports were always a part of Porter's life. Growing up in Anniston, Porter played baseball, football and basketball at the former Calhoun Training School. Despite baseball being his first and longest love, Porter went to Alabama State University to play football. After graduating in 1962, he took his first teaching and coaching job at Akron High School. Between 1962 and 1965, Porter led the football team to two West Alabama Central Conference Championship titles.
However, Porter's longest tenure was in Tuscaloosa County, coming to then-Boteler High School in 1965 to help coach the football and basketball teams, as well as teach social studies and physical education. Boteler High, which was the predominantly black school in the Holt community in the 1960s, later integrated with Holt High School, leading Porter to become the head baseball coach and assistant football coach.
Porter remained at Holt until he left to become assistant football coach at Stillman College in 1999. He officially retired in 2009.
Gary Mims, former member of the Tuscaloosa County Board of Education, worked alongside Porter for 15 years at Holt, helping coach the baseball and football teams with him. To Mims, he learned a lot watching Porter up close.
"He was always there for his students and made a difference in a lot of their lives," Mims said. "He was just a positive influence with everyone he came in contact with."
Mary said that while her husband was often a quiet man, he let his work speak for him. Porter, who often worked two jobs while teaching and coaching, was involved in building Holt's first baseball field and spent years keeping it up himself.
"He believed in doing your best in everything that you do," she said. "At the same time, he worked to make sure I was happy."
Outside of sports, Porter's second great love was refereeing, something he had done ever since he was at ASU. Porter spent decades working as a referee in Tuscaloosa County at countless football, baseball, basketball and softball games across west Alabama. Porter retired from being a referee in 2009 after his health began to decline.
In 2015, Porter was inducted into the West Alabama Softball Hall of Fame.
"He's one of the truly likeable guys in the sport. He was out there every night for at least 20 years. He helped start our umpires league," Hall Chairman Parks Burgin told The Tuscaloosa News leading up to the ceremony. "He was one of the guys you worked with and at the end of the night you, really didn't know who was out there. That's a credit when you're an umpire. If folks don't know you're there, that's the best thing that could happen."
Porter's love for calling games was one part maintaining a connection to the sports he grew up with and one part love for the players.
"I've been calling a lot of games, for 52 years. I started when I was a senior in college. It's something I really enjoyed doing," Porter told The Tuscaloosa News in 2015.
Mary said she will always treasure the final years she had with Porter. Even as dementia began taking decades-worth of memories away, he never forgot her face or name.
"He never forgot me," she said. "He remembered me up to the end."
Mims said his legacy would live on through the lessons he tried to impart to both his players and students.
"He always told students to be responsible, do the best you can do and take advantage of the opportunities you have," he said. "He tried to impart that to everyone."
Visitation will be held Friday from 11 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. at Rainey Mortuary Service, located at 4807 20th Street. Porter's funeral will be held 11 a.m. Saturday at his longtime church, Beulah Baptist Church.
Reach Drew Taylor at drew.taylor@tuscaloosanews.com or 205-722-0204.