Cells are the structural and functional units of all living organisms. The smallest organisms consist of single cells and are microscopic, whereas larger organisms are multicellular. The human body, for example, contains at least 1014 cells. Unicellular organisms are found in great variety throughout virtually every environment from Antarctica to hot springs to the inner recesses of larger organisms. Multicellular organisms contain many different types of cells, which vary in size, shape, and specialized function. Yet no matter how large and complex the organism, each of its cells retains some individuality and independence.
Despite their many differences, cells of all kinds share certain structural features (Fig. 2-1). The plasma membrane defines the periphery of the cell, separating its contents from the surroundings. It is composed of enormous numbers of lipids and protein molecules, held together primarily by noncovalent hydrophobic interactions (p. 18), forming a thin, tough, pliable, hydrophobic bilayer around the cell. The membrane is a barrier to the free passage of inorganic ions and most other charged or polar compounds; transport proteins in the plasma membrane allow the passage of certain ions and molecules. Other membrane proteins are receptors that transmit signals from the outside to the inside of the cell, or are enzymes that participate in membrane-associated reaction pathways.
Figure 2-1 The universal features of all living cells: a nucleus or nucleoid, a plasma membrane, and cytoplasm. The cytosol is that portion of the cytoplasm that remains in the supernatant after centrifugation of a cell extract of 150,000 g for 1 h.
Because the individual lipid and protein subunits of the plasma membrane are not covalently linked, the entire structure is remarkably flexible, allowing changes in the shape and size of the cell. As a cell grows, newly made lipid and protein molecules are inserted into its plasma membrane; cell division produces two cells, each with its own membrane. Growth and fission occur without loss of membrane integrity. In a reversal of the fission process, two separate membrane surfaces can fuse, also without loss of integrity. Membrane fusion and fission are central to mechanisms of transport known as endocytosis and exocytosis.
Among the particles suspended in the cytosol are supramolecular complexes and, in higher organisms but not in bacteria, a variety of membrane-bounded organelles in which specialized metabolic machinery is localized. Ribosomes, complexes of over 50 different protein and RNA molecules, are small particles, 18 to 22 nm in diameter. Ribosomes are the enzymatic machines on which protein synthesis occurs; they often occur in clusters called polysomes (polyribosomes) held together by a strand of messenger RNA. Also present in the cytoplasm of many cells are granules containing stored nutrients such as starch and fat. Nearly all living cells have either a nucleus or a nucleoid, in which the genome (the complete set of genes, composed of DNA) is stored and replicated. The DNA molecules are always very much longer than the cells themselves, and are tightly folded and packed within the nucleus or nucleoid as supramolecular complexes of DNA with specific proteins. The bacterial nucleoid is not separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane, but in higher organisms, the nuclear material is enclosed within a double membrane, the nuclear envelope. Cells with nuclear envelopes are called eukaryotes (Greek eu, "true," and karyon, "nucleus"); those without nuclear envelopes-bacterial cellsare prokaryotes (Greek pro, "before"). Unlike bacteria, eukaryotes have a variety of other membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm, including mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, and, in photosynthetic cells, chloroplasts.
In this chapter we review briefly the evolutionary relationships among some commonly studied cells and organisms, and the structural features that distinguish cells of various types. Our main focus is on eukaryotic cells. Also discussed in brief are the cellular parasites known as viruses.
Most cells are of microscopic size. Animal and plant cells are typically 10 to 30 μm in diameter, and many bacteria are only 1 to 2 μm long.
What limits the dimensions of a cell? The lower limit is probably set by the minimum number of each of the different biomolecules required by the cell. The smallest complete cells, certain bacteria known collectively as mycoplasma, are 300 nm in diameter and have a volume of about 10-14 mL. A single ribosome is about 20 nm in its longest dimension, so a few ribosomes take up a substantial fraction of the cell's volume. In a cell of this size, a 1 μM solution of a compound represents only 6,000 molecules.
Figure 2-2 Smaller cells have larger ratios of surface area to volume, and their interiors are therefore more accessible to substances diffusing into the cell through the surface. When the large cube (representing a large cell) is subdivided into many smaller cubes (cells), the total surface area increases greatly without a change in the total volume, and the surface-to-volume ratio increases accordingly.
The upper limit of cell size is set by the rate of difl'usion of solute molecules in aqueous systems. The availability of fuels and essential nutrients from the surrounding medium is sometimes limited by the rate of their diffusion to all regions of the cell. A bacterial cell that depends upon oxygen-consuming reactions for energy production (an aerobic cell) must obtain molecular oxygen (O2) from the surrounding medium by diffusion through its plasma membrane. The cell is so small, and the ratio of its surface area to its volume is so large, that every part of its cytoplasm is easily reached by O2 diffusing into the cell. As the size of a cell increases, its surface-to-volume ratio decreases (Fig. 2-2), until metabolism consumes O2 faster than diffusion can supply it. Aerobic metabolism thus becomes impossible as cell size increases beyond a certain point, placing a theoretical upper limit on the size of the aerobic cell.
There are interesting exceptions to this generalization that cells must be small. The giant alga Nitella has cells several centimeters long. To assure the delivery of nutrients, metabolites, and genetic information (RNA) to all of its parts, each cell is vigorously "stirred" by active cytoplasmic streaming (p. 43). The shape of a cell can also help to compensate for its large size. A smooth sphere has the smallest surface-to-volume ratio possible for a given volume. Many large cells, although roughly spherical, have highly convoluted surfaces (Fig. 2-3a), creating larger surface areas for the same volume and thus facilitating the uptake of fuels and nutrients and release of waste products to the surrounding medium. Other large cells (neurons, for example) have large surface-to-volume ratios because they are long and thin, star-shaped, or highly branched (Fig. 2-3b), rather than spherical.
Figure 2-3 Convolutions of the plasma membrane, or long, thin extensions of the cytoplasm, increase the surface-to-volume ratio of cells. (a) Cells of the intestinal mucosa (the inner lining of the small intestine) are covered with microvilli, increasing the area for absorption of nutrients from the intestine. (b) Neurons of the hippocampus of the rat brain are several millimeters long, but the long extensions (axons) are only about 10 nm wide.
Because all living cells have evolved from the same progenitors, they share certain fundamental similarities. Careful biochemical study of just a few cells, however different in biochemical details and varied in superficial appearance, ought to yield general principles applicable to all cells and organisms. The burgeoning knowledge in biology in the past 150 years has supported these propositions over and over again. Certain cells, tissues, and organisms have proved more amenable to experimental studies than others. Knowledge in biochemistry, and much of the information in this book, continues to be derived from a few representative tissues and organisms, such as the bacterium Escherichia coli, the yeast Saccharomyces, photosynthetic algae, spinach leaves, the rat liver, and the skeletal muscle of several different vertebrates.
In the isolation of enzymes and other cellular components, it is ideal if the experimenter can begin with a plentiful and homogeneous source of the material. The component of interest (such as an enzyme or nucleic acid) often represents only a miniscule fraction of the total material, and many grams of starting material are needed to obtain a few micrograms of the purified component. Certain types of physical and chemical studies of biomolecules are precluded if only microgram quantities of the pure substance are available. A homogeneous source of an enzyme or nucleic acid, in which all of the cells are genetically and biochemically identical, leaves no doubt about which cell type yielded the purified component, and makes it safer to extrapolate the results of in vitro studies to the situation in vivo. A large culture of bacterial or protistan cells (E. coli, Saccharomyces, or Chlamydomonas, for example), all derived by division from the same parent and therefore genetically identical, meets the requirement for a plentiful and homogeneous source. Individual tissues from laboratory animals (rat liver, pig brain, rabbit muscle) are plentiful sources of similar, though not identical; cells. Some animal and plant cells proliferate in cell culture, producing populations of identical (cloned) cells in quantities suitable for biochemical analysis.
Genetic mutants, in which a defect in a single gene produces a specific functional defect in the cell or organism, are extremely useful in establishing that a certain cellular component is essential to a particular cellular function. Because it is technically much simpler to produce and detect mutants in bacteria and yeast, these organisms (E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for example) have been favorite experimental targets for biochemical geneticists.
An organism that is easy to culture in the laboratory, with a short generation time, offers significant advantages to the research biochemist. An organism that requires only a few simple precursor molecules in its growth medium can be cultured in the presence of a radioisotopically labeled precursor, and the metabolic fate of that precursor can then be conveniently traced by following the incorporation of the radioactive atoms into its metabolic products. The short generation time (minutes or hours) of microorganisms allows the investigator to follow a labeled precursor or a genetic defect through many generations in a few days. In higher organisms with generation times of months or years, this is virtually impossible.
Some highly specialized tissues of multicellular organisms are remarkably enriched in some particular component related to their specialized function. Vertebrate skeletal muscle is a rich source of actin and myosin; pancreatic secretory cells contain high concentrations of rough endoplasmic reticulum; sperm cells are rich in DNA and in flagellar proteins; liver (the major biosynthetic organ of vertebrates) contains high concentrations of many enzymes of biosynthetic pathways; spinach leaves contain large numbers of chloroplasts; and so on. For studies on such specific components or processes, biochemists commonly choose a specialized tissue for their experimental systems.
Sometimes simplicity of structure or function makes a particular cell or organism attractive as an experimental system. For studies of plasma membrane structure and function, the mature erythrocyte (red blood cell) has been a favorite; it has no internal membranes to complicate purification of the plasma membrane. Some bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) have few genes. Their DNA molecules are therefore smaller and much simpler than those of humans or corn plants, and it has proved easier to study replication in these viruses than in human or corn chromosomes.
The biochemical description of living cells in this book is a composite, based on studies of many types of cells. The biochemist must always exercise caution in generalizing from results obtained in studies of selected cells, tissues, and organisms, and in relating what is observed in vitro to what happens within the living cell.
All of the organisms alive today are believed to have evolved from ancient, unicellular progenitors. Tvvo large groups of extant prokaryotes evolved from these early forms: archaebacteria (Greek, arche, "origin") and eubacteria. Eubacteria inhabit the soil, surface waters, and the tissues of other living or decaying organisms. Most common and well-studied bacteria, including E. coli and the cyanobacteria (formerly called blue-green algae), are eubacteria. The archaebacteria are more recently discovered and less well studied. They inhabit more extreme environments-salt brines, hot acid springs, bogs, and the deep regions of the ocean.
Within each of these two large groups of bacteria are subgroups distinguished by the habitats to which they are best adapted. In some habitats there is a plentiful supply of oxygen, and the resident organisms live by aerobic metabolism; their catabolic processes ultimately result in the transfer of electrons from fuel molecules to oxygen. Other environments are virtually devoid of oxygen, forcing resident organisms to conduct their catabolic business without it. Many of the organisms that have evolved in these anaerobic environments are obligate anaerobes; they die when exposed to oxygen.
All organisms, including bacteria, can be classified as either chemotrophs (those obtaining their energy from a chemical fuel) or phototrophs (those using sunlight as their primary energy source). Certain organisms can synthesize some or all of their monomeric subunits, metabolic intermediates, and macromolecules from very simple starting materials such as CO2 and NH3; these are the autotrophs. Others must acquire some of their nutrients from the environment preformed (by autotrophic organisms, for example); these are heterotrophs. There are therefore four general modes of obtaining fuel and energy, and four general groups of organisms distinguished by these modes: chemoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and photoautotrophs (Fig. 2-4).
As shown in Figure 2-5, the earliest cells probably arose about 3.5 billion (3.5 x 109) years ago in the rich mixture of organic compounds, the "primordial soup," of prebiotic times; they were almost certainly chemoheterotrophs. The organic compounds were originally synthesized from such components of the early earth's atmosphere as CO, CO2, N2, and CH4 by the nonbiological actions of volcanic heat and lightning (Chapter 3). Primitive heterotrophs gradually acquired the capability to derive energy from certain compounds in their environment and to use that energy to synthesize more and more of their own precursor molecules, thereby becoming less dependent on outside sources of these molecules-less extremely heterotrophic. A very significant evolutionary event was the development of pigments capable of capturing visible light from the sun and using the energy to reduce or "fix" CO2 into more complex organic compounds. The original electron (hydrogen) donor for these photosynthetic organisms was probably H2S, yielding elemental sulfur as the byproduct, but at some point cells developed the enzymatic capacity to use H2O as the electron donor in photosynthetic reactions, producing O2. The cyanobacteria are the modern descendants of these early photosynthetic O2 producers.
Figure 2-4 Organisms can be classified according to their source of energy (shaded red) and the form in which they obtain carbon atoms (shaded blue) for the synthesis of cellular material. Organic compounds are both energy source and carbon source for chemoheterotrophs such as ourselves. Some, but not all, chemoheterotrophs consume O2 and produce CO2, and some photoautotrophs produce O2 (shaded green).
Figure 2-5 Landmarks in the evolution of life on earth.
The atmosphere of the earth in the earliest stages of biological evolution was nearly devoid of O2, and the earliest cells were therefore anaerobic. With the rise of O2-producing photosynthetic cells, the earth's atmosphere became progressively richer in O2, allowing the evolution of aerobic organisms, which obtained energy by passing electrons from fuel molecules to O2 (that is, by oxidizing organic compounds). Because electron transfers involving O2 yield energy (they are very exergonic; see Chapter 1), aerobic organisms enjoyed an energetic advantage over their anaerobic counterparts when both competed in an environment containing O2. This advantage translated into the predominance of aerobic organisms in O2-rich environments.
Modern bacteria inhabit almost every ecological niche in the biosphere, and there are bacterial species capable of using virtually every type of organic compound as a source of carbon and energy. Perhaps three-fourths of all the living matter on the earth consists of microscopic organisms, most of them bacteria.
Bacteria play an important role in the biological exchanges of matter and energy. Photosynthetic bacteria in both fresh and marine waters trap solar energy and use it to generate carbohydrates and other cell materials, which are in turn used as food by other forms of life. Some bacteria can capture molecular nitrogen (N2) from the atmosphere and use it to form biologically useful nitrogenous compounds, a process known as nitrogen fixation. Because animals and most plants cannot do this, bacteria form the starting point of many food chains in the biosphere. They also participate as ultimate consumers, degrading the organic structures of dead plants and animals and recycling the end products to the environment.


text:
Q: iOS Voiceover support for combobox widgets Typically a combobox widget is an input field that launches an associated popup with a bunch of suggestions in the popup. In desktop browsers using keyboard, while the focus stays with the input field, pressing Up/Down arrow keys, the selection within the popup can be changed. Pressing ENTER key populates the input field with current selection in the popup and closes the popup.
For accessibility purpose, the input field is marked role="combobox", the popup is linked with the input field via aria-owns. The AT are indicated the current selection via aria-activedescendant.
While this setup works great in desktop browsers with tools like JAWS/NVDA etc., there seems to be a major issue with voiceover on iOS. On swiping the finger, the virtual cursor moves to the next element in the page from the input field, though I would expect with aria-owns set, the focus to move to the first suggestion item or to the popup.
Any suggestions on how such a combobox widget can be made accessible in iOS with voiceover?
PS: The popup and input field are not siblings in the DOM order.

A: It sounds like you are creating a custom combobox.  If you use the native <select>/<option> elements, the combobox works correctly on ios/voiceover.  If you are creating your own, follow the guidance on https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-practices/#combobox.  You mentioned several ARIA attributes so perhaps you're already following the advice on that page.
Swiping right with voiceover will move the focus to the next element in the DOM.  If your dropdown list is hidden, then focus won't move to it.  Double tapping on your <input> should display the dropdown list.

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text:
NASS rejects INEC's Budget, approves N143bn
Editor IN
Senate President Saraki and Speaker of House of Rep. Dogara: as Senate rejects INEC budget and approves Buhari's proposal
By Ifeanyi Nwoko
The Joint Committee on Electoral Matters in the National Assembly, has rejected the N189 billion proposed Budget of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC).
Arising from a closed-door meeting at the National Assembly Complex, Abuja, the committee directed the electoral body to revert to the N143 billion proposed by President Muhammadu Buhari in his letter to the National Assembly.
Buhari had proposed the approval of the INEC budget in trances of N143 and the balance in 2019, but the Electoral body in its own proposal, requested that the total sum be approved and released in one fell swoop.
The Chairman of the Committee Suleiman Nazif (APC, Bauchi) who briefed newsmen after the meeting with INEC, said that INEC has been advised to return on Tuesday with a budget proposal that will reflect the N143 Billion Presented by President Buhari.
"The joint committee has sat and has deliberated the position to adopt the N143 billion as presented by Mr. President at this point in time it is also the wish of this committee that INEC represents their budget of N143bn as requested by Mr. President.
Therefore INEC has an opportunity to reprioritize and this committee will be ready to receive them. This committee will be reconvening tomorrow (Tuesday) by 1:00 O'clock so that we can consider the presentation by INEC," he said.
The Commission is now expected to return on Tuesday with a harmonized budget figure for speedy approval by the committee.
Categories: headlines, News, Politics
Tags: INEC Budget, National Assembly, President Muhammadu Buhari, Senator Suleiman Nazif

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text:
Q: How can I use Perl libraries from PHP? I want to use Perl libraries from a PHP application. I have heard that it is possible.
I have considered the possibility of re-writing the libraries in PHP, but I do not think that is a good idea because it is difficult.

A: You can use Inline::PHP CPAN module from Perl to integrate PHP code (just use library and call you your PHP code). Or you can use perl PECL extension to call Perl from PHP.
In future you will be able to use Parrot virtual machine to use libraries from any supported language. Parrot supports this, but Perl 5 and PHP support in Parrot is weak.

A: You could also use PHP::Interpreter from CPAN. This allows you to embed a PHP interpreter in Perl and also, more usefully for you, to create a Perl object in PHP:
<?php
    $perl = Perl::getInstance();
    $fh = $perl->new("IO::File", "<$file");
    while($fh->getline()) {
      # ...
    }
  ?>


text:
Increases in Quitline Calls and Smoking Cessation Website Visitors During a National Tobacco Education Campaign — March 19–June 10, 2012
August 31, 2012 / 61(34);667-670
Mass media campaigns and telephone quitlines are effective in increasing cessation rates among cigarette smokers (1–5). During March 19–June 10, 2012, CDC aired Tips from Former Smokers (TIPS), the first federally funded, nationwide, paid-media tobacco education campaign in the United States. The TIPS campaign featured former smokers talking about their experiences living with diseases caused by smoking. The campaign was primarily intended to encourage adult smokers aged 18–54 years to quit by making them aware of the health damage caused by smoking and letting them know that they could call the telephone quitline portal 1-800-QUIT-NOW or visit the National Cancer Institute (NCI) smoking cessation website (http://www.smokefree.gov ) if they needed free help to quit. The campaign included advertising on national and local cable television, local radio, online media, and billboards, and in movie theaters, transit venues, and print media. To determine the effects of the TIPS campaign on weekly quitline call volume and weekly unique visitors to the cessation website, CDC analyzed call and visitor data immediately before, during, and immediately after the campaign period and compared them with data from the corresponding weeks in 2011. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which found that the number of weekly calls to the quitline from the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and Puerto Rico increased 132% (207,519 additional calls) during the TIPS campaign, and the number of unique visitors to the cessation website increased 428% (510,571 additional unique visitors). These results indicate that many smokers are interested in quitting and learning more about cessation assistance, and will respond to motivational messages that include an offer of help.
The distribution of the TIPS campaign advertising purchases included 80% for national advertising and 20% for additional advertising in media markets with higher-than-average adult smoking prevalence. The advertising was intended to reach approximately 87% of U.S. adults aged 18–54 years an average of 18 times each.* All television and radio advertisements included either the quitline portal number or the smoking cessation website address, each of which appeared on television for approximately 3 seconds while being read aloud.† CDC compared weekly quitline call volume and number of unique website visitors during the TIPS campaign period (March 19–June 10, 2012) with the corresponding weeks (March 21–June 12, 2011) in the previous year. Data on calls and unique website visitors were obtained from NCI. Call volume represented total attempted calls, not unique callers. Some persons might have both called the portal number and visited the NCI website. Data for the 2-week period May 30–June 12, 2011, (corresponding to approximately 15% of the 12-week baseline comparison period) were missing because of a database error, and therefore were imputed from the average weekly call volume during March 21–May 29, 2011. The number of unique visitors to the cessation website was obtained by NCI from Google Analytics.
Total call volume during the TIPS campaign was 365,194 calls, compared with 157,675 calls during the corresponding 12 weeks in 2011, for a total of 207,519 additional calls or a 132% increase (Figure 1). Compared with the corresponding weeks in 2011, weekly increases in calls during the campaign ranged from 86% to 160%. The website received 629,898 unique visitors during the TIPS campaign, compared with 119,327 during the same period in 2011, for a total of 510,571 additional unique visitors or a 428% increase (Figure 2). Weekly increases in visitors compared with the corresponding weeks in 2011 ranged from 355% to 484%. Altogether, compared with 2011 data, 718,090 additional calls and unique website visitors were received during the TIPS campaign.
Erik Augustson, PhD, Mary Anne Bright, MN, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Stephen Babb, MPH, Ann Malarcher PhD, Robert Rodes, MS, Diane Beistle, Timothy McAfee, MD, Paul Mowery, MA, Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC. Corresponding contributor: Stephen Babb, sbabb@cdc.gov, 770-488-1172.
Well-designed tobacco education media campaigns with adequate reach increase cessation and reduce tobacco use (1–3). Evidence reviews of tobacco education media campaigns have found that emotionally evocative advertisements that employ graphic images and personal testimonials showing the negative health consequences of smoking are especially effective in motivating smokers to quit (2,3). The findings from the analysis described in this report generally were consistent with results reported from campaigns conducted in U.S. states and other countries (2,3).
The TIPS campaign was based on previous research and formative testing indicating that an approach featuring testimonials from former smokers living with smoking-related diseases was memorable and believable, resonated well with both smokers and nonsmokers, and would encourage both of these groups to take action. The campaign was designed to have sufficient reach and frequency to be effective in encouraging change in smoking behaviors, in keeping with CDC recommendations (5). The primary long-term goals of the TIPS campaign were to generate at least 500,000 quit attempts and 50,000 successful quits. A short-term goal was to generate additional calls to state quitlines and additional visitors to the NCI smoking cessation website. The $54 million spent on the TIPS campaign is the equivalent of what cigarette manufacturers spend on advertising and promotion in 2 days.§
Quitlines significantly increase rates of smoking cessation, compared with minimal interventions, self-help, or no counseling; a meta-analysis of nine studies estimated the odds of quitting as 1.6 to 1 (95% confidence interval = 1.4–1.8) (4). All 50 states and the District of Columbia have their own quitlines. Callers to the national 1-800-QUIT-NOW portal are transferred to their state quitlines. The quitline network is supported by NCI, which manages the national portal, and by CDC, which provides supplemental funding to state quitlines as part of its support for comprehensive state tobacco control programs, as well as providing funding to the North American Quitline Consortium. State quitlines provide a variety of services, including brief advice, counseling, medications, self-help materials, and referrals to other cessation resources (6,7). Services usually are provided by a contractor, which can be a public or private organization. The specific services provided vary by state and eligibility (6). State quitlines currently reach only 1%–2% of smokers, largely because most state tobacco control programs lack sufficient funding to provide and promote quitline services to more callers (6,7). CDC recommends that state quitlines reach 6%–8% of the state's smokers (5), a level that has been achieved in a few U.S. states where services and promotional activities have been funded consistently (8).
The NCI smoking cessation website is administered by NCI. The website provides practical advice and tools, such as a step-by-step quit guide, to assist smokers as they think about and prepare for quitting. Smokers interested in quitting also can access NCI's LiveHelp service to chat with a counselor or sign up for the SmokefreeTXT text-messaging cessation program.¶ Although the Community Preventive Services Task Force recently found mixed evidence of the effectiveness of Internet-based cessation programs, in part because of wide variation in the content provided, the Task Force concluded that text messaging is effective in increasing cessation (1).
Results of the analysis described in this report suggest that smokers have not been "saturated" by state media campaigns or other health information to the point that they no longer respond to tobacco education campaigns. These results also illustrate the significant untapped potential of state quitlines to reach more smokers, especially given that only about one fourth of the television advertisements included the quitline portal number.
The increase in calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW suggests that the TIPS campaign likely will generate increases in smoking cessation over time. This effect would be expected to occur through two mechanisms. First, smokers who called quitlines and obtained free counseling and, in some cases, free cessation medications would increase their chances of quitting successfully. Second, because mass media campaigns that include information on cessation resources normalize quitting and make smokers aware that help with quitting is available should they need it, the campaigns increase the number of quit attempts and successful quits, even among smokers who never call the quitline (7,9,10). The fact that the TIPS campaign resulted in more than 700,000 additional calls to state quitlines and visits to a cessation website suggests that the campaign motivated many other smokers to try to quit without assistance or with other forms of assistance.
The findings in this report are subject to at least four limitations. First, this was a natural history time series analysis and did not control for other factors that could have contributed to the observed increases in call volume and unique website visitors from 2011 to 2012. However, the immediate sharp uptick in both calls and visits at the onset of the campaign and the rapid tailing-off in both calls and visits after the campaign ended are strongly suggestive of a causal relationship between the campaign and these increases. Second, the NCI data on calls reflect only the number of attempted calls that were received by NCI at the national portal. The disposition of the callers and the types of services received once the caller was transferred to state quitlines were not captured by this analysis. In addition, the data do not reflect calls that might have been received directly by some state quitlines through other telephone numbers. Third, the analysis did not correlate quitline calls or visits to the cessation website with exposure to TIPS campaign advertisements. Finally, some states scaled back or halted their own media efforts before the TIPS campaign to conserve funding and to avoid generating more calls than their quitlines could handle, which might have resulted in understating the campaign's effect.
This report indicates that an evidence-based national tobacco education media campaign with adequate reach and frequency can lead to substantial increases in calls to a national portal for state quitlines and unique visitors to a cessation website. The increase indicates that many smokers are interested in quitting and in finding out more about cessation assistance, and will respond to motivational messages that include an offer of help. This analysis provides additional evidence that, within the context of comprehensive tobacco control efforts, tobacco education media campaigns are an important intervention for increasing cessation.
Yvonne Hunt, Diane Ruesch, Shani Taylor, Deanne Weber, Bob Zablocki, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Robert Alexander, Shauntrelle Andrews, Jami Fraze, Asha Hill, Michelle Johns, Jerelyn Jordan, Brendan Kenemer, Sharanya Krishnan, Joel London, Bill Marx, Jane Mitchko, Amy Rowland, Karena F. Sapsis, Robin Scala, Karla Sneegas, Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC. Linda Bailey, Jessie Saul, Tamatha Thomas-Haase, Natalia Gromov, North American Quitline Consortium, Oakland, California. The 14 U.S. residents who shared their personal stories through their participation in the TIPS campaign.
Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Increasing tobacco use cessation. Atlanta, GA: Task Force on Community Preventive Services; 2011. Available at http://www.thecommunityguide.org/tobacco/cessation/index.html . Accessed August 24, 2012.
National Cancer Institute. The role of the media in promoting and reducing tobacco use. Tobacco Control Monograph No. 19. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute; 2008. Available at http://www.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/19/index.html . Accessed August 24, 2012.
Durkin S, Brennan E, Wakefield M. Mass media campaigns to promote smoking cessation among adults: an integrative review. Tob Control 2012;21:127–38.
Fiore MC, Jaen CR, Baker TB, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update, US Public Health Service clinical practice guideline. Respir Care 2008;53:1217–22.
CDC. Best practices for comprehensive tobacco control programs—2007. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2007. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/stateandcommunity/best_practices/index.htm. Accessed August 24, 2012.
Keller PA, Feltracco A, Bailey LA, et al. Changes in tobacco quitlines in the United States, 2005–2006. Prev Chronic Dis 2010;7(2):A36.
Anderson CM, Zhu SH. Tobacco quitlines: looking back and looking ahead. Tob Control 2007;16(Suppl 1):i81–6.
Woods SS, Haskins AE. Increasing reach of quitline services in a US state with comprehensive tobacco treatment. Tob Control 2007;16(Suppl 1):i33–6.
Ossip-Klein DJ, Giovino GA, Megahed N, et al. Effects of a smoker's hotline: results of a 10-county self-help trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991;59:325–32.
CDC. Telephone quitlines: a resource for development, implementation, and evaluation. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2004. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit_smoking/cessation/quitlines/index.htm. Accessed August 24, 2012.
* Final, verified, gross rating point data are not yet available.
† Certain advertisements displayed other website addresses. For example, digital advertisements displayed http://www.cdc.gov/quitting/tips, and an asthma print advertisement with a secondhand smoke focus showed http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco in the English version and http://www.cdc.gov/español in the Spanish version.
§ Federal Trade Commission cigarette report for 2007 and 2008. Available at http://www.ftc.gov/reports/index.shtm#2011 .
¶ Available at http://smokefree.gov/smokefreetxt .
CONSECUENCIAS DE COVID-19 SOBRE LA EVOLUCIÓN CLÍNICA DEL EMBARAZO


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Trinity Symposia
Michael Emerson on Race in America — Feb 2, 11am
Carl Henry | January 19, 2012
How Race Works, and Why it Matters for the Church
The Henry Center invites students, pastors, and all interested parties to join an exciting two-part conversation on the TEDS campus — "Jonathan Edwards and Race in America: Two Conversations." In an earlier blog post, we mentioned that on Feb 1 Pastor Thabiti Anyabwile will be speaking on Jonathan Edwards and American Racism (for details, see the previous blog post).
On the following day, Feb 2, Professor Michael Emerson will continue this important conversation about race and religion. Dr. Emerson is a sociology professor at Rice University and co-director of the Kinder Institute for Urban Research. He has written important works on the relationship between race and religion. Some of his well-known books are Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America (co-authored with Christian Smith; Oxford University Press, 2000), which was named the 2001 Distinguished Book of the Year by the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion. He is also the author of People of the Dream: Multiracial Congregations in the United States, published by Princeton University Press in 2006.
Dr. Emerson will speak in the ATO chapel on Thursday, Feb 2, at 11am on: "How Race Works, and Why it Matters for the Church." His talk will be based on Ephesians 6:12. After chapel, there will be a free luncheon for all in attendance. Dr. Peter Cha, associate professor of pastoral theology at TEDS, will moderate a conversation with Dr. Emerson and the audience. A TEDS alumnus, Rev. Peter Hong, will also be a part of that conversation. He is a second-generation Korean American who planted a multiracial church in Chicago ten years ago. The church is called New Community Covenant Church and now has about 600 members.
After the luncheon is over (1pm), interested local church pastors and other students can remain for a longer conversation with the speakers (till about 2pm).
The Henry Center is made up of a small staff of workers along with several students, our "Henry Fellows," who play a vital role in keeping our digital presence fresh and lively.
All posts by Carl Henry | follow on &
Jonathan Edwards and American Racism -- Feb 1, 1-2:30pmAnyabwile Live-Stream
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Carl Henry


Dragon Soldiers, present and past, will be in the spotlight as the U.S. Army Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear School hosts the 98th Chemical Regimental anniversary from June 23 to 24.
This year's theme is "The Evolution of the Dragon Soldier," which focuses on "where we've been and where we are going in support of the nation's defense as the CBRN counterforce against the threat of weapons of mass destruction," according to Russell Gehrlein, CBRN school operations officer.
A pre-regimental anniversary 5k fun run begins the slate of activities. The run's start time is 8 a.m. Saturday at the Chemical Memorial Grove. The cost to participate is $20.
The run and all regimental anniversary activities are open to the public. Contact Sgt. Maj. Phillip Pennington at 563.4026 to register for the 5k or do so online at www.ozarkccra.org/events.html.
Runners will again take to the streets for the regimental run that begins 5:30 a.m. June 23 at Gammon Field. Contact Sgt. 1st Class Shane Wolfe at 563.2831 for more information.
Brig. Gen. James Bonner, CBRN School commandant and chief of chemical, will lead Dragon Soldiers in the run that will also include the Air Force, Navy, Marines, international liaison officers, Family members, civilians and retirees.
The regiment pays honor to fallen Dragon Soldiers during the Fallen Sunrise Service at 6 a.m. June 24 at the Chemical Memorial Grove. "We will honor our fallen Dragon Soldiers from every conflict who have made the ultimate sacrifice for our nation," Gehrlein said.
The guest speaker for the event will be retired Command Sgt. Maj. Donald Moten, former 48th CBRN Brigade command sergeant major. For more information about the sunrise service, contact 1st Sgt. Tony Leonvega at 563.7469.
A multitude of events are slated from 9 to 11:30 a.m. June 24 in Baker Theater, beginning with Bonner presenting the state of the regiment address.
The cake cutting ceremony, Sibert Award and Hall of Fame/Distinguished Member of the Corps Induction Ceremony, will follow that event. The Sibert Award recognizes the best CBRN companies in the regiment, active, Reserve and National Guard through a screening process.
Being selected to receive this award is a reflection of the unit's exceptional performance, outstanding leadership, and dedication to mission accomplishment, according to Gehrlein.
This year's winners are: active duty, 172nd CBRN Company, Fort Riley, Kansas; Army National Guard, 690th CBRN Company, Mobile, Alabama; and Reserve, 366th CBRN Company, Savannah, Georgia.
The Green Dragon Ball is scheduled to begin at 6 p.m. June 24 in Nutter Field House. Lt. Gen. Thomas Spoehr, Army Office of Business Transformation director and 24th Chief of Chemical and former CBRN school commandant, is the scheduled guest speaker.
The cost to attend is $40, with a dress code of formal military or civilian equivalent. The registration deadline is Sunday. Call Felicia Higgins at 563.6145 to register.
A golf scramble is scheduled from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. June 25 at the Piney Valley Golf Course. The cost is $55 to play. Contact Pennington at 563.4026 or register online at http://www.ozarkccra.org/events.html.
Visitors to the celebration should be aware of the post's access-control procedures. All persons age 18 years and older must present a state or federally issued picture identification.
Individuals with a driver's license from Missouri, Illinois, Minnesota, Washington and American Samoa, or those not having a Department-of-Defense-issued-ID card, will need a supplemental form of identification, such as a Social Security card, birth certificate or passport to gain entry onto the installation.
All persons requesting unescorted access will be vetted through the National Crime Information Center prior to being issued an installation pass and should plan for a few extra minutes at the Visitor's Center, according to Fort Leonard Wood's Directorate of Emergency Services.
Contact the Visitor's Center for questions about entry documentation at 573.596.0131, ext. 60590. The center is open 24/7.


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Home » News by Sector » Energy
ABP welcomes Peterson UK Limited to the Port of Lowestoft
Peterson UK Limited, a major logistics and service provider to the offshore energy industry, has concluded a new long-term agreement with Associated British Ports to establish a new operational and logistics base to the Port of Lowestoft. The new agreement will see Peterson operate a wide range of warehouse, cargo and…
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ScottishPower Renewables brings job boost to Lowestoft as part of East Anglia ONE windfarm
Applications are now open for long-term skilled jobs on the East Anglia ONE windfarm being developed by ScottishPower Renewables off the Suffolk coast. This initial pool of jobs is open to applicants until Friday 4th January and represents a significant landmark in the project which is seeing £25 million invested in…
Work begins on construction of 'home' for East Anglia ONE windfarm as £2.5m contract is signed…
Construction work has begun to build the hub of the East Anglia ONE windfarm in Lowestoft as part of a £25 million investment. The new operations and maintenance building, which is to be constructed at Associated British Ports' Hamilton Dock, Lowestoft, will support the day-to-day operations of the windfarm being…
22nd July, 2018
Building and ConstructionBusiness ArticlesEnergyFeatured ArticlesEast of England


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A exposição de Cicero Dias
Montenegro, Olívio
After spending many years in Paris, the artist Cícero Dias returned to his native city, Recife, in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco. There at the Faculdade de Direito, he exhibited his work, which was of a distinctly abstract nature. In his review of this exhibition of very abstract work, the writer Olívio Montenegro suggests that it was painted to express the least organic, indefinite, and pure aspects of the tangible reality of things. The article was published in the Revista Região.
Following the very timid forays into abstraction by artists of the early twentieth century in the city of Recife—with the exception of the work produced by the brothers Vicente and Joaquim do Rêgo Monteiro in the 1920s—it was Cícero Dias (1907–2003) who produced abstract painting in the mid-1940s. His exhibition at the Faculdade de Direito de Recife and his grand abstract mural at the state's Secretaria da Fazenda [Treasury Department] (1948) brought the art viewing public in the state of Pernambuco face-to-face with abstract art. The Revista Região published reactions and heated discussions, including a series of articles that sought to elucidate the fundamentals of abstract art, as identified in his essay by Olívio Montenegro.
The Revista Região was launched in 1945, and was published in Recife until (probably) December 1948, when the tenth issue appeared. It was originally edited by Flávio Guerra, but entered a "new phase" in 1946 when Edson Regis became the new director. The goal of the magazine was to cover "all the modern literary and artistic activity" in the state of Pernambuco. One contributor to the magazine was the artist, designer, and book illustrator Vicente do Rego Monteiro, a prominent figure in the Brazilian avant-garde during the 1920s.
[As complementary reading, see the article about the above-mentioned artist in the ICAA digital archive: "Conversa com Cícero Dias: 'No abstrato está o futuro da pintura'" (1111000)].
Dias, Cícero
exhibitions (events)
MONTENEGRO, Olívio. A exposição de Cicero Dias. Região, Recife, n.10, p.4;20, dez. 1948.
Arquivo Pessoal de Paulo Bruscky


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Hired guns of sci-fi shaping our future
Jack Malvern
August 1 2017, 12:01am, The Times
Jules Verne's Nautilus in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1870) inspired Simon Laketo to build Argonaut, the first submarine to operate successfully in the open ocean, in 1898Rex Features
Ever since Mary Shelley imagined the story of Frankenstein on a rainy holiday in Switzerland, writers of science-fiction have sought to entertain readers by taking them into parallel worlds.
While many authors are catering for a desire for escapism, one group has discovered that there is another paying audience with more practical concerns.
Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale created the hoverboard for Michael J Fox in Back to the Future Part II (1989). Greg and Jill Henderson demonstrated one on an electromagnetic track in 2014Film Company
Ari Popper, founder of SciFutures, sells sci-fi short stories to businesses to help them develop corporate strategies.
He has built a stable of more than 100 writers to create stories tailored for the needs of organisations such as Visa, Del Monte foods, Ford, Pepsi, Samsung, Nato and the US navy. British clients include a consumer goods business that prefers to remain anonymous.
The companies use SciFutures, based in California, to commission stories…


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Q: Birthday problem- Adam and Eve Question:
Adam and Eve are in a room with $n − 2$ other people. Suppose you know that at least two of the people in the room celebrate their birthday on the same day. What is the probability that Adam and Eve celebrate their birthday on the same day? (Assume that a year has 365 days and that the distribution of births over a year is uniform.)
MyApproach:
I think it is knowing that at least two people have the same birthday that is confusing to me. Does it change anything to have this info?

A: Hint: Let $B$ be the event that Adam and Eve have the same birthday. Let $S$ be the event that two people have the same birthday. You are trying to compute the conditional probability
$$P(B|S) = \frac{P(B\cap S)}{P(S)}.$$

A: It certainly changes things. Say $n=5$, then we know at least one of the possible pairs have the same birthday. There are $10$ pairs, and each is equally likely to have the same birthday, so the probability that it is Adam and Eve who have the same birthday is at least $\frac1{10}$, much more than the $\frac1{365}$ it would be without the extra information.
To get the exact value, use
$$P(X\mid Y)=\frac{P(X\text{ and }Y)}{P(Y)}.$$
Here $X$ is Adam and Eve having the same birthday, and $Y$ is some two people having the same birthday, so $P(X\text{ and }Y)=P(X)=\frac1{365}$.
Now you just need to find $P(Y)$. It is easier to calculate the probability that no two people have the same birthday, and subtract from $1$. (Hint: what is the probability that the first two have different birthdays? If they do, what is the probability the third person has a different birthday from both of them?)

A: Yes it does. As noted above, we are computing a conditional probability.
Let $P(A')$ be the probability that no two people have the same birthday. Therefore, $$ P(A') = \frac{365}{365} \frac{364}{365} ... \frac{365 - (n-1)}{365} $$
Let $P(A)$ be the probability that at least two people have the same birthday, that is $P(A) = 1- P(A')$. ($A$ and $A'$ are complementary events.)
Let $P(B)$ be the probability that Adam and Eve share the same birthday. That is, $$ P(B) = \frac{365}{365} \frac{1}{365}$$
As noted above by the other answers, we are trying to find $$P(B|A) = \frac{P(B \cap A)}{P(A)}$$
So, we must find $P(B \cap A)$.
Suppose Adam and Eve have the same birthday. The event $B$ is fully contained in $A$, hence $P(B \cap A) = P(B)$.

A: The total number of combinations T is
$$T=365^n$$
The number of combinations where no pair has the same birthday, i.e. invalid combinations I is
$$I=365 \cdot 364 \cdot \ ... \ \cdot (365-(n-1))$$
So the number of valid (i.e. at least one pair with same birthday) combinations V is
$$V=T-I = 365^n - 365 \cdot 364 \cdot \ ... \ \cdot (365-(n-1))$$
The number of correct combinations C where Adam and Eve have the same birthday
$$C=365 * 365^{n-2} = 365^{n-1}$$
So now the probability is:
$$\frac{C}{V} = \frac{C}{T-I}$$
or
$$\frac {365^{n-1}} {365^n - 365 \cdot 364 \cdot \ ... \ \cdot (365-(n-1))}$$
If desired this can be rewritten to
$$\frac { \frac {1}{365}} {1 - \frac {365 \cdot 364 \cdot \ ... \ \cdot (365-(n-1))}{365^n}}$$
$$\frac { \frac {1}{365}} {1 - P(No \ one\ with \ same \ birthday)}$$
$$\frac { \frac {1}{365}} {P(At \ least \ two \ with \ same \ birthday)}$$


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The Latest and Greatest to See at Philly's Art Museums
By Eric McInnis | December 3, 2019 | Culture
Philadelphia prides itself with its many art museums—from the infamous Barnes Foundation to the iconic Philadelphia Museum of Art, there's a plethora of arts and culture meccas to choose from. With that in mind, why not plan a visit to one of them? They have plenty of exhibits on view. Here, a list of our favorites.
Our Town at Woodmere Art Museum
The late Edith Neff is one of the most important and influential realist painters. A lifelong resident of Philadelphia, Neff combined the landscape and public areas of the city with portraits of herself, friends and family to celebrate Philly and deconstructed concepts such as race, gender and identity. This is the first large-scale exhibition of her work in over two decades, and features perspectives and commentary from Neff's contemporaries. Through January 19, 2020, tickets from $10, 9201 Germantown Ave., woodmereartmuseum.org
Designing Hollywood at Allentown Art Museum
One of the most important aspects of the Golden Age of Hollywood, going from the late 1920s through the 1950s, were lavish and luxurious costumes, paired hand-in-hand with Hollywood's biggest celebrities and movie stars. Designing Hollywood celebrates this fact with more than fifty garments, from period clothing to the personal wardrobe of stars like Marilyn Monroe and Joan Crawford. Learn how costume designers contributed to Hollywood productions, and their oft-ignored importance in helping to define some of the greatest films of all time. All of these garments are owned by local private collector Gene London. Through December 22, 2019, tickets from $12, 31 North Fifth St., allentownartmuseum.org
30 Americans at Barnes Foundation
When it comes to contemporary artists, many of the all-time greats are from the African-American community. With such important figures like Jean-Michael Basquiat and Norman Lewis, it is also important to celebrate current African-American artists delivering incredible work in today's time. That's why the Barnes Foundation is hosting 30 Americans, a look at the work of 30 different contemporary African-American artists through painting, sculpture and photography. Each artist takes a look at identity and the African-American experience, specifically pervasive and unfortunate stereotyping. Race, gender, sexuality, class and more is explored in these unique artworks. Expect to see work from Rashid Johnson, known for combining photography with black history; Nina Chanel Abney, who tackles loaded topics with bright colors and cartoonish figures; and Kara Walker, best known for her black-cut paper silhouettes. Through January 12, 2020, tickets from $25, 2025 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, barnesfoundation.org
42nd Annual Wind Challenge Exhibition Series at Fleisher Art Memorial
Since 1978, Fleisher has commemorated the Wind Challenge, a series of juried competitions intended to expand people's minds through art. See the second challenge on December 6, which strives to introduce contemporary artists to Pennsylvania audiences. Viewers will see new talent and their own defining artwork, whether it be painting, sculpting or other forms of visual art. From December 6 through January 25, 2020, times vary, free admission, 719 Catharine St., fleisher.org
Ancient History of the Distant Future at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
Ancient History takes contemporary art from 13 different artists and pairs it with historical collections of the Academy. Through this combination, artists get to point back at these historic artworks, whether critically or with reverence. Viewers also see how life and times have changed, stayed the same, and just how complex history truly is. Some of the notable artists who contributed to this exhibit include visual artist Cassils, who works in several fields, including live performance, film, sculpture and photography; Mario Garcia Torres, who focuses on untold or unknown stories in history; and Adrian Villar Rojas, who tackles the idea of the end of the world through sculpture, video and music. Through February 2, 2020, tickets from $15, 118-128 N. Broad St., pafa.org
Visionary Voices at Philadelphia's Magic Gardens
Lasting until February, Visionary Voices looks at the creations of four talented, self-taught artists known for their distinctive portraitures and memorable political themes. Each of these four artists have stunning imagery and designs to call their own, from the abstract to the simplistic, and there's plenty to enjoy for any art-loving viewer. These include Philly-based artist Chloe Fimiano, a Philly-based artist, portraiture Anthony Coleman, mixed-media artist Susan Wallack, and stream of consciousness artist Jaither West. All four have their own styles and attributes, through the way they combine color, mood, commentary, and their own inspirations—resulting in astonishing and breathtaking artworks that should inspire just about anyone. Through February 23, 2020, tickets from $10, 1020 South St., phillymagicgardens.org
Impressionism to Modernism at Michener Art Museum
When reading a title as simple as Impressionism to Modernism, one may assume this exhibit is just a random assorted collection of different paintings, both impressionist and modernist. However, it has a greater meaning to Michener, as the collection comes from two of the biggest philanthropists in Philadelphia. The two are Marguerite and Gerry Lenfest, who in 1999 gave the Michener Museum 59 Pennsylvania Impressionist paintings, from the likes of Walter Emerson Baum and Edward Redfield. The couple would later give a collection of Modernist works in 2010, from artists like Charles Evans and Charles Rosen. And so, in memory of Gerry Lenfest, who passed away last year, the Michener Museum presents all of the works formerly by the Lenfests in one glorious exhibition, detailing a high-quality sampling of two unique art forms from two of the most generous collectors and supporters of art in Philadelphia. Through March 1, 2020, Times vary, tickets from $15, 138 S. Pine St., michenerartmuseum.org
Marisa Merz at Philadelphia Museum of Art
The late Marisa Merz was one of the most famous Italian sculptors in history, and a notable figure in the Arte Povera movement of the 1960s (one that celebrated the simplicity and wonders of life). The only woman in said movement, Merz's radical sculptures attacked Italy's corporatism, with an unconventional style all her own. Merz took simple materials like copper wire and clay and turned them into memorable and subversive designs. Experience just some of Merz' best designs and creations, and learn about her and other artists' contributions to the radical resistance of Arte Povera in this exciting exhibit. Through summer 2020, tickets from $25, 2600 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, philamuseum.org
To Berman with Love at Berman Museum of Art
A part of Ursinus College, The Philip and Muriel Berman Museum of Art has been around for 30 years, and has been used to enlighten college and community audiences alike. To celebrate such a momentous occasion, the Museum has a unique anniversary exhibit that boasts an interactive element to many of the museum's patrons. Over the past couple months, five thousand postcards have been produced and distributed to community members. Receivers then wrote their own personal love letters to Berman and what the museum means to them. Each written postcard is displayed on the walls of this walk-through exhibit and available to read for patrons. This creates a one-of-a-kind anniversary celebration that commemorates a place that offers high art to patrons everywhere, and offers an interactive element with community members that is seldom seen in museums. Through October 2020, free, 601 E. Main St., ursinus.edu/berman
Tags: philadelphia museums galleries december 2019
Photography by: Triptych, 1967, by Edith Neff. Oil on canvas, 42 x 90 in. (Woodmere Art Museum: Gift of Dr. Maria B. Smith, 2012);
Self-Portrait, 1971, by Edith Neff. Oil on canvas. 50 in. x 43 in. (Woodmere Art Museum: Gift of Dr. Barbara Torpie and Dr. Richard Torpie, 2013)
4_WAYS_TO_CELEBRATE_NATIONA.textClipping


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Q: Why are fonts in java 1.7 different to 1.6? I've been building a development environment in Java (as a small research project). As part of that, I built a custom text component that draws the text itself using Graphics2d like so:
g2.drawString("some text", 100, 100);

Everything worked fine developing things in Eclipse using 1.6 (I assume this is provided by Apple), until I packaged everything up and ran in java 1.7 (provided by Oracle). Obviously in development environments fonts are pretty important, so I was displeased to see the results in 1.7.

I have tried packaging custom fonts, but they all appear grainy and eroded. The comparison above isn't too bad, but some fonts (like Monaco) look terrible.
I'm guessing this is to do with how Apple hooks things into Quartz. But is there any way to improve things so it doesn't look terrible on other systems? Does anyone have a strategy for this?
Update: This is the comparison in Monaco:

and a zoomed comparison of the C (in paintComponent) in Monaco (1.7 on left, 1.6 on right). Note that I am loading the font from a local ttf file using:
GraphicsEnvironment ge = GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment();
InputStream is = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("monaco.ttf");
Font customFont = null;
try
{
customFont = Font.createFont(Font.TRUETYPE_FONT, is);
customFont = customFont.deriveFont(16.0f).deriveFont(Font.BOLD);
                    is.close();
                    ge.registerFont(customFont);
                } catch (FontFormatException e1)
                {
                    e1.printStackTrace();
                } catch (IOException e1)
                {
                    e1.printStackTrace();
                }
this.setFont(customFont);

Note also that anti aliasing is turned on using:
 g2.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING,
                    RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON);

A: Java 6 was developed by Apple. Apple put a lot of work into the graphics layer to make it work with Quartz/Cocoa and especially to make it look good.
For Java 7, the development was taken over by Oracle. This doesn't mean that Oracle got the sources from Apple. Instead, they started over (probably porting some Unix code to OS X). This means all the work that Apple put into making Java look good on OS X was basically lost.
Apple cares a lot about design. Oracle ... well ... not so much (exhibit A, exhibit B)
What can you do?

*

*Write and submit a patch to the OpenJDK.

*Get enough people who care to ask Apple to submit a patch (money might help).

*Go back to Java 6

*Use JNI to access Cocoa/Quartz directly so you get the OS X font rendering engine.

Related articles:

*

*http://chriswjohnson.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/java-text-when-platform-independence.html


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Being an Android user in a world obsessed with iPhones definitely has its downsides. Oftentimes you'll feel like a second-class citizen who is being left out and persecuted because of the phone you use. There are a couple of different ways in which this feeling comes about.
The most obvious example is when apps are launched for iOS before Android. It's the year 2015, and the latest reports show Android has over 80% of the mobile market while iOS is at a mere 15%. Despite those cold hard facts we still see apps and big updates launch on iOS first. There is absolutely no reason why that should happen. The problem has gotten a lot better over the years, but it still exists.
When an app that has been available for iOS finally does launch for Android we experience the other part of being treated like a second-class citizen. Back in 2012 when Instagram finally migrated to Android there was a huge backlash from iOS users. The same thing happened when Secret launched for Android. It was a disgusting display of elitism and superiority. There are many iPhone users who actually believe Android phones are "just for poor people." It's ridiculous.
Tom Petty once said "the waiting is the hardest part." He must be an Android user. We're always trying to find the perfect phone. As soon as we think we found it a better one comes along. If you're always waiting for the perfect phone you will end up with a lot of disappointment and no phone.
Most of us don't have the resources to buy each and every new Android device. Thankfully manufacturers have scaled back the amount of devices they launch in a year. Most manufacturers now focus on one or two flagship devices each year. Your best bet is to buy one of these devices and make peace with it. Something better will be announced, but every Android device is awesome in its own way. Be happy with what you have.
Siri is a fun little toy that iPhone users love to show off, but that's all it is: a toy. Most iPhone users don't really use Siri as a handy tool. They might use it to set alarms and add reminders, but that's about it. Google Now, on the other hand, is a super powerful voice search/personal assistant. Siri might be able to tell better jokes, but Google Now actually helps you get stuff done and shows you information when you need it. That's how a personal assistant should work.
One of the biggest mistakes Apple made in the last few years was replacing Google Maps with Apple Maps. At launch it was an unmitigated disaster. The directions were awful, and large chunks of maps were simply not there. It was a mess. Thankfully Google Maps is available for iOS, but it's not nearly as good as what we have on Android. Google Maps is hands down the best navigation app available for smartphones. Your friends should be jealous.
Tom Petty really must be an Android user. The waiting game for Android updates is arguably the worst thing about being an Android user. If you have a Nexus device you can expect to get timely updates, but if you use something else it's pretty much a crap shoot. Manufacturers have gotten a lot better at updating popular devices quickly, but you're still going to be waiting a few months.
The best thing you can do is change the way you think about Android updates. A Samsung or HTC device doesn't run Android in the tradition sense. They have essentially created their own version of Android. Your Samsung or HTC device is on the latest version of software they have made. If you want Google's version of Android you need a Nexus.
The last, but probably most annoying, thing only Android users will understand is when someone asks if you're using an Apple product. It really doesn't even matter how un-Apple-like your device may look. Someone will ask if it's the latest Apple product. Got a Note 4? "Is that the iPhone 6 Plus?" Got a Moto 360? "Is that the Apple Watch?" Got a Nexus 7? "Is that the iPad Mini?" It never fails.
This is the world that Android users live in. We understand these situations all too well. Still, at the end of the day it's all worth it. They can have their iMessages and fancy cases, we'll take our wide variety of devices, customization options, powerful features, and cute little robots any day. What are things that you think only Android fans understand?
Do you agree with this list? Tweet it to your friends!


Movimientos are back for another funky Friday fiesta. Get ready for some rich Latin flavors with Peruvian Cumbia and Afro-Latin beats from Movimientos favourites Lokandes to groovy West African sounds from Koroleko... and LUKAS award winning UK MC Mike Kalle blends his Latino heritage with his London upbringing for some fierce and funky verbal dexterity.
DJ Cal Jader will be joining the dots in between and keeping things rocking until 3am with selections of Latin rhythms and Tropical bass.


Why use a REALTOR® with the MRP certification? They understand that when military members, veterans and their families relocate, the services of a real estate professional who understands their needs and timetables makes the transfer easier, faster, and less stressful. The MRP certification focuses on educating real estate professionals about working with current and former military service members which helps their clients find the housing solutions that best suit their needs and take full advantage of military benefits and support that are available.
Active duty, Guard and Reserve when you receive your PCS the clock starts. You need to move soon and sell your current house even sooner. As a Military Relocation Professional (MRP), I understand your unique situation and have the knowledge to make the most of every transaction, selling and buying. My goal is to find a location and community quickly, so that you and your family can feel at home.Thank you for your service and welcome home.
Veterans you have served our country bravely, and now you're ready for a new home. A Military Relocation Professional (MRP) has the understanding to address your situation and the knowledge to make the most of every selling and buying transaction. As an MRP, I can help you find a location with convenient access to the military benefits you've earned. You'll always be a veteran, and we'll always get you home.


When you hear the words "ghost town," haunted neighborhoods are what probably immediately come to mind, but these communities aren't where the Boogie Man lives. American ghost towns are actually regions or settlements from long ago that were suddenly abandoned and largely remain unsettled today. There's often a lot of mystery and uncertainty around what happened to the community (and why), but the lack of information gives the areas some charm. If you're an adventurous traveler or a massive history buff (or both), you may want to explore some of the top American ghost towns on your next vacation. Scroll down to learn about six of the most interesting ghost towns stateside. Just don't say we didn't warn you that they're spooky.
Rhyolite, Nevada, should be your spooky day trip the next time you venture out to Las Vegas. The area was once dubbed the Bullfrog Mining District because its founders mistook some green rock with gold ore on it for a bullfrog (good thing they realized what it really was). In 1905, the camp went from holding two tents' worth of people to having an estimated 5000 residents in just six months. At this point, the town had 50 saloons, 16 restaurants, and even a public bathhouse. As with most towns, the natural resources ran out, businesses closed, and the electricity was shut off in 1914.
Some of the original structures still remain, so the town has a real Wild West feel, complete with cacti.
Bodie is located in the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains in central California. In 1859, William Bodey struck gold in a spot now known as Bodie Bluff (the spelling was confused at some point). Soon as many as 10,000 people flocked to the community. It became a major mining town filled with families, robbers, store owners, and beyond until it became too costly to keep the mines going. There are still around 100 structures in place for you to see, including saloons, residences, and mills. At one point, the community was home to as many as 65 saloons, housed several opium dens, and even had a red-light district, which is why they say it's in "a state of arrested decay."
This ghost town in southwest Montana was restored to its original splendor by the Bovey family from 1945 to 1948, and it's now a "living historical museum." But in the 1860s, it was one of two main mining centers during one of the biggest gold strikes in the Rocky Mountains (the other hub was sister city Virginia City). Fast-forward to 1876, and the community had moved on to greener pastures. Now you can come and explore tons of wood-paneled buildings that look like they haven't aged a day (like the barbershop and saddlery).
This attraction is great for the whole family and is particularly kid-friendly. Little ones can "mine" at the River of Gold and explore the largest collection of automated music machines at The Nevada City Music Hall.
Kennecott, Alaska, looks as though it could belong in Switzerland—the rolling hills and snow-capped peaks are insanely beautiful. And guess what? The abandoned town located 60 miles into Wrangell–St. Elias National Park is actually larger than Switzerland. From 1911 to 1938, the area was primarily a mill town, cranking out $200 million worth of copper ore (it was insanely popular because workers received higher wages than they did at other mills). But workers left when the mines were tapped of the natural resource.
The building you see above is actually one of the remaining mills, and you can view the others on a guided tour.
St. Elmo, Colorado, nestled in the Rocky Mountains, is located about three hours southwest of Denver. The area was a popular mine and railroad stop from the 1870s to 1922, which was pretty much a double whammy. When compared to other ghost towns still remaining, it may very well be the best preserved. Many of the original buildings on Main Street—including a general store that's still open for business—are privately funded and look as though they're still frequented on the regular. When the railroad closed in the 1920s, the story says that only Annabelle Stark, a longtime resident of St.
Elmo, stayed until she passed away in 1960 (but rumor is that she's never really left).
This ghost town in Texas near the Rio Grande was once known to be a popular site for mercury mining in the early 1900s. But when the need for the mines dried up, the population all but vanished by the 1940s (you'll see these residents' abandoned dilapidated houses around town, as well as decaying mines). For an unknown reason, the area reinvented itself in the 1970s and is now the location of a well-known chili cook-off. If you're going to visit the area, be sure to stop by The Starlight Theatre restaurant and bar (it's the only place to eat in town).
Likewise, if you're looking for lodging, The Big Bend Hotel is your best (and only) option.
Where are you going on your next vacation? Tell us in the comments below, or show us your travel photos on Instagram using #MyDomaineTravels.


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The Founders' Award
Written By: Chris Carter
Character Chivalry & Respect Diffusion of Culture Features Scholarship Service Sigma Pi Experience Spotlight Values
The Founders' Award is the highest and most prestigious honor which the Fraternity bestows upon an individual brother. The selection is based upon outstanding contributions or exceptional service in business, a profession, education, or humanitarianism, including service to Sigma Pi or the fraternity system as a whole.
Through the years, the Fraternity has developed programs for the recognition of outstanding brothers, alumni, and chapters. Since 1962, Sigma Pi has recognized several of its most outstanding alumni brothers through the presentation of the Founders' Award. Before each Convocation, the Grand Council selects the recipients from among those brothers recommended by chapters and alumni clubs.
The presentation of the Founders' Award to recipients takes place during the closing banquet of each Convocation. Since its inception, 92 outstanding brothers have had the prestigious Founders' Award bestowed upon them.
The Founders' Award was the brainchild of Past Grand Sage J. Robert Odaniell (BN, SIU–Carbondale '51). He presented the concept in 1961 at the Grand Council retreat in St. Louis, Missouri. During the 26th Biennial Convocation in French Lick, Indiana, the Grand Council presented the first Founders' Awards to Byron R. Lewis (A, Vincennes, F, Illinois '05), Curtis G. Shake (A, Vincennes '06) and Robert W. VanHouten (AM, NJIT '30).
JAMES KEENE
MU, CORNELL '57
For over 60 years, Brother James Keene has lived the Sigma Pi creed as a stellar supporter of both Mu Chapter at Cornell University and as a civic leader in his community. After pledging the Fraternity in the fall of 1953, James has served with dedication, devotion and passion in order to establish Mu Chapter as not only as a strong organization, but also to complement its stability in both housing and scholarship funding.
As a civic leader, James served unselfishly while giving back to his community and the theatre arts. He was the Founder of both Opera Omaha Council and of the Brownville Concert Series. He has served as President and Chairman of Opera Omaha; Chairman of the Omaha Symphony Foundation, President of the Omaha Symphony Men's Council; as a Trustee of the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha, Nebraska; Advisory Board for the Johnson Art Museum in Ithaca, New York; and finally as former Trustee for Doane College in Crete, Nebraska.
His current civic involvement includes Member of the President's Council for the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia; Board Member and Co-Chair of private fund raising for the Nebraska Shakespeare Festival in Omaha, Nebraska; Member of the Cornell University Council in Ithaca, New York; and Board Member, Co-Chair and Program Director of the Brownville Concert Series in Brownville, Nebraska.
Keene and his wife, Ruth, were recognized by the Governor of Nebraska with The Nebraskland Award in recognition to their service to the entire State of Nebraska, and also The Governor's
Arts Award, for their significant contribution to the artistic life of the State of Nebraska. In 2012, in recognition of his long service to Mu Chapter, the chapter and alumni establishment of a special fund in James' name to assist the chapter Sage financially, and the commissioning of an oil painting of him that hangs in the Chapter House in Ithaca.
Keene's dedication to scholarship, art, and Sigma Pi has been marked with excellence. We are proud to recognize his accomplishments by presenting him with a 2014 Founders' Award.
PGS JIM VERPLANCK
BETA-MU, MISSISSIPPI '61
PGS Jim Verplanck's renowned career Public Administration and Urban Planning has received recognition from several planning and professional organizations, as well as government agencies. Verplanck enrolled at the University of Mississippi in 1958 to pursue a degree in Public Administration, and pledged Sigma Pi in the fall of 1958. Verplanck's undergraduate leadership experiences include serving as Third Counselor and Sage, representing Beta-Mu Chapter on IFC and involvement in intramural sports. Verplanck sought employment with Sigma Pi in February 1962 as a field representative, and worked to establish a colony at the University of Texas.
Jim was elected to the office of Grand Fourth Counselor in 1972, Grand Second Counselor in 1974, Grand Sage in 1976 and Past Grand Sage in 1978. Verplanck is listed among the top 50 Lifetime Donors to the Sigma Pi Educational Foundation. Some of Jim's most cherished moments in Sigma Pi were his years at Ole Miss and the continued brotherhood he has maintained with his fellow chapter brothers. The time he cherishes the most was spent as a Field Representative achieving success in working with chapters, establishing colonies, chartering new chapters and networking with Grand Council members. Verplanck always looked forward to Council meetings and is proud of his Grand Council service.
With a commitment to fellowship within the communities he led, and his service to Sigma Pi, Jim Verplanck will be honored at Convocation with a 2014 Founders' Award.
MARK REED
ALPHA-PHI, GEORGIA '69
Mark Reed's lifelong commitment and achievements within the United States Armed Forces, the religious ministry and Sigma Pi validates Reed's dedication to the creed of Sigma Pi.
Since pledging Sigma Pi at the University of Georgia in 1965, Reed has made real the Fraternity's ideals through his military and ministry service. His ability to bring to life the values truth, justice and strong character to life guided his service to our nation during his tenure in the U.S. Army.
During his outstanding career, Reed has been recognized with numerous honors including a Vietnam Service Medal, Vietnam Campaign Medal, American Defense Medal, Soldier of the Quarter, Bangkok Detachment Soldier of the Month and an honorable discharge.
Reed additionally served as a member of the Men's Ministry Servant leadership team and Editor of the Ministry Newsletter for the Fellowship Bible Church. Reed additionally attended numerous ministry mission trips around the world, concentrating on Haiti since 2003.
Reed's lifelong commitment of service to Sigma Pi began during his undergraduate career when he served as his chapter's rush chairman, social chairman, Second Counselor and Sage. Reed later served as Chapter Director, Province Archon, and President of the Alpha-Phi housing corporation. His contributions to his chapter remains paramount. Beyond his chapter, Reed served as Founder and first president of both Atlanta and Georgia Alumni Clubs, chairman of the 44th Convocation in Tampa, FL, chairman and member of the Sigma Pi Fraternity International Housing Committee, and a previous board member of the Sigma Pi Fund.
Reed's quest has been marked with excellence, and it is for this reason that he will be honored at Convocation with a 2014 Founders' Award.
JOHN SHIGLEY
BETA-SIGMA, NORTHERN ILLINOIS '78
Since 1986, John Shigley has built a professional reputation in three different countries as a leader in the Gaming Industry.
Shigley pledged at Northern Illinois University (Beta-Sigma) in Fall of 1974 and graduated with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Accountancy in 1978. Shigley sponsors the John and Winifred Shigley scholarship to one NIU graduate accountancy student each year. In 2009, Shigley was presented the Outstanding Alumni Award for the College of Business at NIU. He is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and an active member in the Beta-Sigma alumni
In 2000, John joined Caesars Palace as Executive Vice President, and later, President. Among his accomplishments, Shigley invited the Celine Dion organization and opened a restaurant with a James Beard award winning celebrity chef.
In February of 2002, John was recruited to work for rival MGM Resorts International as EVP of New York New York Hotel, a $400 million operation. Later, Shigley joined the executive committee of the MGM Grand Hotel as EVP and CFO, a $1.1 billion operation. In two years, Shigley implemented cost savings of $16 million. In 2008, Shigley took over all operations of the MGM Grand Hotel.
In March of 2011, Shigley was named President and COO of MGM Grand Ho Tram, Vietnam, the first international quality casino resort casino in Vietnam. In May of 2012 he was named Executive Vice President-Far East Marketing for the MGM Macau, Macau SAR, China. Currently, John is responsible for restructuring and improving the profit of the high-end casino marketing department in the world's largest gaming market. He also serves on the team designing the new $3 billion MGM Cotai project in China.
Shigley's dedication to scholarship and culture lends support for his recognition at Convocation with a 2014 Founders' Award.
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Who Were You In Your Past Lifetimes?
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An article by Doug Simpson. Edgar Cayce gave approximately 2500 life or reincarnation readings for some 2000 different individuals. A few were startled to discover their past connections to historical individuals and events.
The legendary American mystic from Virginia Beach, Virginia, Edgar Cayce, gave approximately 2500 life or reincarnation readings for some 2000 different individuals. Needless to say, most of them were delighted to receive information on their previous incarnations, and a few were startled to discover their past connections to historical individuals and events.
Mrs. 5373 was one of the last people to be granted a life reading from the very-ill Edgar Cayce, who would shortly after suffer a stroke which would ultimately result in his death six months later. Her friend, Mrs. 808, had received twenty medical and past-life readings from Edgar, so Mrs. 5373 had some idea of what she might discover from her past, but the results certainly propelled her into the startled minority. Mrs. 5373 was not present in Virginia Beach when her reading took place; she was at her home in Washington, D.C., and therefore we can only imagine her reactions when she opened the envelope and commenced to read its contents. As an experiment, pretend that you are Mrs. 5373 and you just received your first, and only from Edgar Cayce, reincarnation reading. Imagine how you would have reacted to the excerpts from the reading below. I am reproducing only the highlights, not the entire, rather long reading.
17. Before that we find the entity was in the Egyptian land when there were those beginnings of the preparation for the coming of the lawgiver [DS: Moses]. The entity was among those of the maids to the princess of Egypt, and the individual who waded into the river to bring the little ark or bassinet ashore with the babe in same. About the babe were lilies, which is a portion of the symbol, and it is a gentle reminder of the law given by the entity [DS Moses] whom the servant or maid brought to this princess.
19. Before that we find the entity was in the early, early days, when there was the garden called Eden. There we find the entity was among those who looked on the activities of the mother of mankind. The entity then was among the "things" and yet was touched in person, was touched in heart, and sought to know the meaning of same, for it saw then fruit, leaves, trees, which had their spiritual meaning in peoples' lives.
15. Before that we find the entity was in that now known as the Palestine land, or the Holy Land, during those periods when the Master walked in the earth.
16. The entity then was among the children of the household of Cleo, the wife of Peter and his peoples; or the one that was set SECONDLY as the child blessed by the Master when He said, "Suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid them not, for of such is the kingdom of heaven."
Junie, as stated in paragraph 16, was the daughter of the Apostle Peter and his wife Cleo, and she was blessed by the Master at the same time as Mrs. 5373's child, as indicated in 5373-1, paragraph 15, at the top of the article.
Well, did your interest in having a past-life reading change over the previous ten minutes or so as you progressed through today's story from the Edgar Cayce psychic readings? Hope So!
Copyright © 2010 Doug Simpson. Edgar Cayce Readings © 1971, 1993-2009 by the Edgar Cayce Foundation. Used by Permission, All Rights Reserved.
Doug Simpson is a retired high school teacher from Canada. Retirement has blessed him with the opportunity to pursue a second career as a writer and author. His article titled Jesus' Secret Healing appeared in the April-June 2010 edition of Venture Inward Magazine. Doug may be contacted at jesuscayce@yahoo.com. His website is at http://dousimp.mnsi.net.
Everyone I've talked to about this book loved it as much as I did.
While I was reading, the hairs on the back of my neck stood up, not from fright, but from the emotional charge. It makes sense that children are likely to remember past lives as their open minds allow them to experience a trance state that adults have to practice to achieve, and maybe more children relive their former lives than we think.


Jonas Phillips, a native of Asheville, North Carolina, sometimes stands at an Interstate overpass near his workplace and holds a sign that reads Impeach Bush-Cheney. Wednesday morning, he'd been standing there about ten minutes when he was approached by one Russell Crisp of the Asheville Police Department. Crisp asked Phillips how long he intended to stay in his spot, and Philips said not long–he had to be at work shortly. The officer then asked Phillips for his ID. Phillips asked if he had done anything wrong, and Crisp said only that a sergeant was on the way.
Sergeant Randy Riddle then appeared, told Phillips to put his sign down and to place his hands behind his back. He then arrested and handcuffed Phillips, and—when asked—informed him that he was in violation of County Ordinance 16-2, and that he was obstructing the sidewalk. Phillips replied that Officer Crisp had witnessed a man walk by him and his sign and could therefore attest that the sidewalk had not been obstructed.
Once at the jail, Phillips says he was repeatedly questioned about his memberships in particular groups—Veterans for Peace and the Southeast Convergence for Climate Action. He was then searched, photographed and given a court date.
Phillips reports that in Asheville, it is legal to stage a protest on a city sidewalk without a permit. According to his wife, he has contacted the American Civil Liberties Union for help. Also, the police are considering changing the charge to a state violation of endangering motorists. After all, he must be guilty of something.