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Gene-driving management practices in the dromedary husbandry systems under arid climatic conditions in Algeria
Derradji Harek ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6581-73941,2,
M'hamed El Mokhefi3,
Hacene Ikhlef2,
Rachid Bouhadad4,
Hocine Sahel1,
Noreddine Djellout5 &
Fodil Arbouche6
Pastoralism volume 12, Article number: 6 (2022) Cite this article
Changes in socio-economics, demography, politics, and climate in arid and semi-arid regions in recent decades have led to profound transformations in livestock practices, particularly in the management of local animal resources. The dromedary Camelus dromedarius has always played an important role in human life history in Algeria; it provides a substantial contribution in protein production such as milk and meat, and it is used as means of transportation by local populations. It is well-adapted to arid environments and has a satisfactory potential for food production that enables economic security to locals, especially in the context of climate change. This paper adds supplementary yet valuable information to the current knowledge on camel genetic diversity related to different management practices. Genetic and phenotypic variations and the underlying management practices are studied to understand differences between breeds, for a better resource management. The survey of 277 camel breeders across the Algerian desert revealed a genetic diversity in terms of breeds driven by four pastoral practices. According to coat colour and morphological aspect, the camel population "Tergui" corresponds to three breeds, namely Mahri with 53.13% of the population, Marouki (43.22%), and the single-ecotype Azerghaf (3.65%). Mahri is a mixture of Amelal and Abahou ecotypes that are being outnumbered by Marouki's ecotypes (Atelagh and Alemlagh). This biodiversity is under real threat because of the behaviour of pastoral societies that pushes breeders to turn to breeds with a high market value. Several useful conservation methods, including the use of modern farming systems, could be positively used and/or improved, in order to protect the genetic variety and help breeders realize a good living out of rearing camels.
In Saharan regions, the dromedary is a prestigious domesticated species well-adapted to desert climates and constraining conditions; it provides milk, meat, and hair products as well as services, while other animal species would suffer from heat and lack of feed and water. This adaptation is due to its great resistance to heat and long periods without drinking water combined with capacity to make better use of feed resources characterized by their low availability and limited nutritional value (Sawadogo et al. 1998). The dromedary Camelus dromedarius, like all other herbivores of arid and semi-arid areas, faces seasonal difficulties of feed and water scarcity both in quantity and quality (Moaeenuddin et al. 2004; Wernery 2006). It also faces several challenges that result in low production rates because of traditional camel husbandry systems (Kadim and Mahgoub 2013). For this reason, camels are considered as livestock species of secondary interest (FAOStat 2020).
In Algeria, camel farming occupies an important place in both the local and national economy (Abiola and Laporte 1998). Locally, dromedary production is an important protein resource (Faye et al. 2014; Faye and Brey 2005). The camel is also of great importance in agricultural production systems of the arid and semi-arid areas (Kouadja et al. 2018); these systems are undergoing profound changes, both in terms of herd management and productive orientations. The interest of local people in animal production remains a major asset for food safety, animal genetic resource conservation, and social stability, especially for nomadic populations (Adamou 2008). This growing interest in animal raising and breeding and its subsequent economic importance have always been bound to the evolutionary history and human civilization since the Neolithic era. However, the different modes and practices of animal genetic camel husbandry remain very little documented (Harek and Bouhadad 2008). Up-to-date, few studies are published on camel farming systems in North Africa, i.e. Algeria (Adamou 2008; Bedda et al. 2019; Ben et al. 2019; Longo-Hammouda et al. 2011), Tunisia (Salmi et al. 2018), and Morocco (Michel et al. 1997; Faye et al. 2014; Kamili et al. 2020). Other investigations within the last decade on camel husbandry were conducted in Saudi Arabia (Abdallah and Faye 2013) and Mauritania (Biya et al. 2021). However, the typologies revealed by these authors were built on unstandardized sets of variables (rate of mobility, reproduction, and feeding or care practices), which limits the comparisons between systems.
To our knowledge, no studies on camel production systems in Algeria are available, with the exception of the typological analyses designed by Harek and Bouhadad (2008) and a few reports in the grey literature limited to specific regions. The scarcity of data is likely due to the complexity of the field and the difficulty to reach the nomadic populations across the vast extent of the Sahara. The country is experiencing significant changes in pastoral and agro-pastoral systems due to climate change, economic globalization (milk marketing), and urbanization (Faye et al. 2014). Thus, a supplementary constraint adds up for breeders who are continuously on the move in quest of water and fodder along the ever-changing Saharan landscape.
The present study was carried out with the aim of characterizing the diversity of camel farming practices and husbandry and their zootechnical performances, in order to establish a genetic improvement plan for the maintenance of local camel resources. The information resulting from the surveys on breeders would allow definition of the different types of farming systems practised by using statistical analyses and is therefore of major importance, combining the morphological characteristics of the animals and the management methods implemented by the breeders (Tichit et al. 2004). However, the use of appropriate methods to assess study parameters of camel livestock is constrained due to the difficulties of collecting crucial data in highly mobile and dispersed herds (Lesnoff et al. 2007). The implementation of individual animal monitoring may be a solution, but it is very expensive (Bebe et al. 2002). Moreover, it would be interesting to establish the relationships between farming types and intra-specific diversity. Another option would be to set up herd monitoring with simplified procedures (Madani et al. 2002), but this is complicated in a context of high mobility (nomadism and transhumance). In addition, we aimed to define the functioning of the husbandry modes and identify the underlying ecotypes of the "Tergui" population. Finally, we hoped to define the problems and obstacles that hinder its development in the region. Thus, we add a stepping-stone to the knowledge related to camels and a valuable piece of information for the actions to be taken by policy-makers and the different actors in the field. We note that camel husbandry systems are not unchangeable and current trends attest to the ability of herders to adapt their strategies to current global changes (Faye 2018).
Geographical context
The study was conducted in the region of Tamanrasset 2000 km to the south of the capital Algiers (Fig. 1). Algeria is located in North Africa with a human population more than 42 million. The Algerian camel population is estimated at 381,882 heads representing 1.18% of the world population, 1.40% of the African population, 4.25% of the Arab population, and 4.39% of the Maghreb population which puts Algeria at the 14th rank in the world and in the top 5 in the Arab world. At a local scale, camels have a prominent place in the area of Tamanrasset with more than 84,901 heads, of which more than 13,170 heads are present in the Hoggar (MADR 2018, FAOStat, 2018). However, the exact number of camel breeders is unknown due to the fact that they practise transhumance all year round.
Study area around the region of Tamanrasset under arid climate
To conduct this study, a cross-sectional survey was carried out on 277 breeders. The farmers had mixed herds of goats, dromedaries and sheep. The questionnaires covered all aspects of animal husbandry. Both quantitative and qualitative information was collected. The questions focused on herd size, diversity, nature, and importance of the systems practised. Practices and functioning of camel farms were described based upon the periods of distribution of complementary feeds, the criteria for selection of breeding stock, reproduction and weaning, and the type of products intended for sale. The baseline data used a set of codes for the quantitative and qualitative variables studied, considering that the qualitative variables were transformed into quantitative variables for the multivariate analysis. Breeders were randomly selected so as not to have any external influence that could be in favour of more dynamic test cases in terms of the breeding system. Only one condition was placed on the choice those surveyed: they were camel breeders, regardless of the number, the type of breeding practised, and the types of other animals that they would breed. The discriminating variables were chosen in such a way as to limit as much as possible the estimates made by the breeders, while keeping the guideline of the number, the type of breeding practised, and the "breeds", which were determining factors in this study (Fig. 2).
Survey of camel breeders in the Tamanrasset region
The database has been entered on Excel and has been the subject of a multi-factorial analysis with Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft 2008), which represented a possible statistical strategy (Escofier and Pagès 2016; Pagès 2002). The segregation criteria chosen are as follows: qualitative and quantitative variables, which reveal the relationships existing within the different types and systems of practising camel farming, the perception of the breeders for improvement of the practised modes, and the management of this resource. Collected data was used in the PCA and the HAC of multi-variate analysis. The objective is to present in graphic form the maximum amount of information contained in a data table made up of individuals and quantitative variables (Philippeau 1986).
In this section, we discuss the 6 major management indicators related to camel breeding.
Workforce, livestock structure, and evolution
The 277 breeders surveyed raised livestock estimated at 27,516 heads distributed as follows: 38% (n = 10,457) goats, 36% (n = 9823) camels, and 26% (n = 7236) sheep. The sizes of the 277 farms showed that 60.7% of the livestock was owned by 27% of the breeders, 12.8% owned by 18.2%, 11.80% by 11.7%, and 11% owned by 24.7% of the breeders. A low rate of only 3.70% of the livestock was owned by 18.4% of the herders (Table 1). These figures, however, only give an approximate indication of the ownership structure. Indeed, the declarations of the breeders often hide the reality of the numbers, which makes it difficult to make a real assessment.
Table 1 Distribution of farm classes by breeder and by head including goats, dromedaries, and sheep
The number of camels, goats, and sheep has increased during the period from 2003 to 2014 (Fig. 3). This situation has resulted in the decrease in forage resources due to overgrazing, which did not prevent an unequal evolution in the number of the different types of livestock:
The relatively lower increase in the camel population (1296 heads/year between 2003 and 2014) is due to the particularity of its diet compared to other species. It feeds on plant species especially and preferably, Atriplex halimus, that disappears during the dry season. In periods of drought, breeders are forced to sell the least resistant individuals and control the reproduction of females.
The relatively higher increase in goat numbers, in low proportions (3047 heads/year between 2003 and 2014), is explained, on the one hand, by the need for self-consumption since they provide the dairy products that constitute one of the basic elements of households and, on the other hand, by the capacity to adapt to the natural conditions of the environment.
Evolution of livestock in Tamanrasset area between 2003 and 2014 (MADR 2015; DSA 2015)
Husbandry modes
Four modes of animal husbandry were identified in the region, namely nomadic, transhumant, semi-nomadic, and sedentary representing 41% (n = 4.027), 21% (n = 2.063), 18% (n = 1.768), and 20% (n = 1.965), respectively (Table 2).
Table 2 Distribution of breeders according to the size of their camel herd and husbandry mode
The size of the camel herd does not follow any specific pattern related to the breeder's financial or social conditions. The structure of the camel herd is composed mainly of females which the breeder tries to manage according to objectives such as:
Animals for selection or replacement of the herd
Animals intended for reproduction
Animals for sale
Animals for slaughter
This situation is driven by the breeder's household needs according to which he can sell about 10 camel heads per year if the needs are important or just 1 to 5 to cover basic needs. As for renewal, it is generally based on the herd itself and the phenotypic criteria that prevail in this case, since the breeder generally considers the size and conformation of the animals. Helped by the hardiness of the animals and their adaptability, breeders have always ensured a balance of the herd and a maintenance of its already established performance. Breeders are convinced that the best way to protect their animals is to know how to manage them by controlling reproduction, especially when herds of different owners are mixed for long periods, which is common in the region.
The camels and goats feed on the vegetation of the place where they graze with a preference for any vegetation of leguminous or grassy type that grows especially in rainy years and is more abundant in certain seasons, both on the regs which is a stony desert essentially made up of rocky formations, and at the edges of the wadi (river) beds of the Hoggar massifs. According to Moskal (1983), Saharan fodder constitutes more than half of the diet of ruminants. Unlike other ruminants, the dromedary's exceptional walking ability and eclecticism allow it to compose its diet with very scattered and often very thorny plants found in arid areas (De Fabrègues 1989). It feeds upon woody and coarse plants. In addition, and taking into account their specificities, the pasture sites are diverse according to the composition of their floristic procession, their location, and the palatability of the available plants. The pastures can be classified into two categories:
"Acheb" or ephemeral pasture that is made up of herbaceous and annual vegetation
Pastures of perennial and woody and bushy vegetation or halophytic vegetation. The woody perennial vegetation such as Aristida pungens is intended for the maintenance of the animal (Fig. 4).
Camel livestock feed in the Tamanrasset region. A, B Grazing in Acacia radiana trees; C grazing in dry periods; D food complementation in barley; E thrust of grazing after rain
In the area of study, we did not observe a great diversity in food resources; 85% of livestock feed resources come from rangeland. The rest is provided in the form of relatively varied barley-based complementation in camel feed. A ration of more or less energy is allowed at certain physiological stages of the animal, but this is not possible throughout the year for the whole herd because of limited barleyavailability. In order to determine the composition of the vegetation with sufficient precision, an exhaustive inventory of the foraging potential of the region for animals was established by Harek and Bouhadad (2008). In general, the patterns have remained intact with a dense and diversified vegetation cover; we can mention for example the plants most grazed by the camel with a variable degree of palatability in the Hoggar region: Tamarix aphylla, Tamarix gallica, and other vegetative associations composed by plants such as Panicum turgidum, Balantite aegyptiaca and Cornulaca monocantha, Schowia purpurea, and Aristida pengens. According to Harek and Bouhadad (2008), in Hoggar region, the plants most grazed by the dromedary are Astragalus vogelii, Morettia canescen, Tribulus alatus, Panicum turgidum, Acacia radiana, Acacia seyal, Schowia purpurea, Cornulaca monocantha, Aristida pungens, Moricandia arvensis, Schouwia purpurea, Tribulus terrester, Trichodesma calcaratum, Forsskaolea tenacissima, Maerua crassifolia, Salvodora persica, Atractylis aristata, Balanites aegyptiaca, Echinops bovei, Colocynthis vulgaris, and Atriplex halimus. In Hoggar, it is recommended that a more in-depth study be proposed on the extent to which fodder grazed by dromedaries covers the needs of the animals in a strategic manner so that performance is not hampered by nutrition.
Selection of genitors
Closely related to feeding, reproduction is also the indicator parameter of good or bad management of the breeding. It is an indicator that provides information on the herd's degree of performance and its level of productivity. Results of the present study showed that breeders choose reproducers according to ancestry and conformation, and these criteria are met in 78% for the males and 43% for the females. Other criteria are considered as follows: (a) for female camels: corpulence and zootechnical performance (6.8%), early entry into heat and corpulence (6%), zootechnical performance (5%), zootechnical performance and early entry into heat (2.5%), early entry into heat (1.4%), and zootechnical performance, corpulence, and early entry into heat (3%), and (b) for male camels: zootechnical performance (23%), body build and zootechnical performance (16.8%), early entry into heat and body build (12.5%), early entry into heat and zootechnical performance and body build (2%), and early entry into heat (0.7%). In conclusion, it can be said that the breeder chooses his breeding animals solely based on phenotypic criteria.
Reproductive performance criteria, namely age at first calving, length of lactation, and calving interval, are crucial for milk production. They are relatively homogeneous in the major camel producing countries. They indicate the willingness of breeders to maximize the physiological possibilities of dairy camels: one camel calf per 2 years and 12 months of lactation. The finding in this study is that the calving rate varies greatly, especially according to the level of feed provided by pastures. It varies from an average of 100% in transhumant herds to 58.43% in sedentary and semi-nomadic herds 37.5%. The age of the first mating varies between 30 and 36 months, with an average of 32 months, which is fairly consistent with the literature. The first mating can be early, if the animal is subjected to an energetic and abundant diet. The male, on the other hand, is not taken to reproduction until reaching 7 years of age, although sexual maturity is achieved between 3 and 4 years of age. This practice is justified by the fact that the male is only introduced into the female herd when he is able to protect himself from other adults. These results do not correspond with Elwishy (1987) neither with Elwish (1988) who considered that the dromedary was dominated by behaviours, whose heats are often shorter, more frustrating, and later: 27 months minimum against 9 to 12 months for early dairy breeds. This 27-month period between heats means that camels will only give birth once every 2 years, which would correspond to a herd calving rate of about 50%. This is proof that improving the feeding reduces the interval between calvings. The distribution of parturition throughout the year is also a very important factor in both extensive systems and dairy production because it ensures sustained production (Faye 2004).
Genetic variability of the population
The Algerian species is characterized by various variants considering the phenotype. They are generally breeds strongly crossed with the Arab dromedary. But beyond the genetic data, which remains scarce (Longo-Hammouda et al. 2011; Harek and Bouhadad 2008; Benlamnaouar 2000), the main common point remains a strong decline in numbers and a noticeable decline of some sub-types like Naili and Ouled Sidi Cheikh. The national camel population belongs to two major genetic groups: Châambi and Tergui. It has eight inventoried sub-types: the Reguibi, the Sahraoui, the Aftouh camel, the Ajjer, the Aït Kebbach, the Ouled Sidi Cheikh, and the steppe camel. This distribution was confirmed by studies carried out in Algeria by several authors (Boué 1952; Lasnami 1986; Ben Aissa 1988; Oulad Belkhir 2013, Harek et al. 2017). Two populations were reported: Tergui and Sahraoui populations are the most preferred saddle animals (Harek and Bouhadad 2008) often sought after in the Sahara as a genitor (Ouled Laid 2008). The frequency of the "Tergui" population encountered was 301 individuals; the phenotypic types are highly variable and diversified. However, we noticed the importance of the Amelal ecotype (37.87%) in the whole population studied. The Spotted Magpie ecotype, or Azerghaf, was poorly represented (3.65%), and it was found in the localities of Izernene, Tarahnent, Izerzi, In-Amguel, Hirafok, and Tamanrasset. The Alemlagh ecotype was found in all surveyed localities with a relatively higher frequency of 22.26% compared to the Amelal ecotype (Fig. 5).
Diversity and ecotypes of the "Tergui" population in the Tamanrasset region. A Atelagh ecotype; B Amelal ecotype; C Azerghaf ecotype; D Abahou ecotype
Multivariate analysis
The multivariate analysis allows the maximum amount of information to be extracted in a simple and coherent form from a very large dataset and to highlight the inter-relationships between variables and the similarities and contrasts between the populations analysed by testing the inter- and intra-relationships of the variables studied. A PCA and a HAC were realized on all 277 farms, highlighting the diversity of the farms, which shows the percentage of the total variance explained by each factor. It can be seen that the first 04 axes contain more than 59% of the information; this means that the presentation on the first 04 axes will have more than 60% of the variability preserved (Table S1). The results show that the two first axes do not represent a good description of the dispersion of individuals since they only explain almost half of the total variation 41%. So there is no clear separation of the axes. Cumulation reaches 100% up to a factor of 15 which explains the importance of the contribution of each variable. The assessment of the contribution of each variable based on the correlations makes it possible to prioritize the variables responsible for the formation of each axis. The variables that contribute more to the distribution of individuals on axes 3 and 4 where the camel is dominant along with the species that make up the population are variables that explain the distribution of individuals along axis 5. We note that the variables that contribute most to the distribution of individuals on axes 3 and 4 where the dromedary is dominant as well as the branches that make up the population (Mahri and Marouki) are variables that explain the distribution of individuals on axis 5. On the other hand, axis 5 contributes to the explanation of the variable Azerghaf. In contrast, axes 4 and 5 contribute to the explanation of the variables goat and cattle (Table 3).
Table 3 Contribution of variables (squared cosine)
The graphical representation of the variables on axis 1.2 confirms these contributions cumulating 40.59% inertia. These projections are relatively far from the centre, which explains the absolute contribution of each variable to the explanation of axes 1–2. This gives us information on the typology of camel farms and the structuring of the "Tergui" population; the dominance of the transhumant farming mode is linked to camel farms and to a lesser extent goat farming, while the sedentary farming mode is linked to sheep farming. On the other hand, for the breeds that make up the population, Mahri (0.99 ± 0.10) and Azerghaf (0.25 ± 0.44) dominate the population with an intermediate position for Marouki (0.88 ± 0.32). These results of analysis represented graphically constitute good projection plans despite the fact that the explanation by the first 03 axes is not relatively strong 53.86% (Fig. 6).
Circle of correlation of quantitative variables on the axes 1–2
However, the projection of the individuals on plane 1–2 shows the formation of 04 main groups (Fig. 7). On the one hand, axis 1 opposes the individuals in relation to their breeding methods. The individuals are grouped on the negative section of the x-axis and correspond, for the most part, to individuals of transhumant and semi-nomadic farming modes for camel farming. On the other hand, axis 2 opposes sedentary and nomadic individuals linked to goat rearing.
Diagram of ordination derived from the PCA in terms of projection axes 1–2
According to this description, it can be said that the semi-nomadic farming mode occupies an intermediate position with a tendency towards the sedentary farming mode. The results of the typology allowed distinguishing, according to the variables of performance and production strategies, four types of operations involved in the production and breeding of dromedary in the study area. This great diversity observed in the production system seems however new in the south of Algeria. Camel production systems have undergone a very high degree of profound changes, both in terms of herd management and productive orientation. This corroborates the conclusions of Ben Bouguerra (1991) and Bensahraoui and Kerrache (1999); and that livestock farming remains traditional and evolves on the margins of technical progress and that it is exploited mainly for household needs.
▪ The first group (cluster I)
The transhumants are in periodic movements organized by the availability of water and grass with 20%; their logic is the search for pastures and watering sources for the livestock. The herders make regular or even daily trips away from the camps. Nomads travel the longest distances (41–50 km/day) for 76% of them. For all the herders surveyed, the average distances traveled are 50 km for 50% of the cases and 31 to 40 km for the other cases. The breeds that make up this centre are Azerghaf and Marouki, and this is explained that during travel these breeds are chosen for their resistance and production, especially milk. Significant variations have been observed. They can be determined by the following factors: nature, size of the herd, and the season. It often happens that stray animals are only found after a long search or returned to their owners by other smugglers who have collected them. These situations are not a cause for concern for the breeders who can count on the inter-tribal solidarity that is very active in these regions.
▪ The second group (cluster II)
Nomads who live in the desert and use tents as a means of housing account for 41%. It should be noted that for their strategy of life the nomadic breeders have the largest herds; 36% have more than 30 goat heads, and 49% have more than 30 camel heads of the Mahri breed known for its abilities and interest among the Touaregs of the region. Owning a large herd is synonymous with a source of survival as breeding is their only source of income. In this regard, it is specified that nomadism as a way of life was born from economic imperatives related to the geo-climatic conditions of Hoggar. The topography and weather leading to the scarcity of rainfall and the dry soil have led the herders to long transhumance in search of water and grass.
▪ The third group (cluster III)
These breeders use a mixed housing mode (18%), using tents at certain times of the year, when vegetation is abundant and this allows the herds to graze for several days. When the vegetation dries out in the sun and water points are scarce, there is no justification for a continuous presence of livestock on the rangelands. The sedentary people and, to a lesser degree, the semi-nomadic people, develop survival strategies based on the multiplicity of income resources (livestock, agriculture, and trade). However, the agricultural activity practised by sedentary people has seen its importance diminish in recent years due to sociological and hydrological factors. The survey shows that 11% of herders have tourism as a secondary activity. The analysis of their livestock assets also reveals a differentiation according to the age of the stockbreeders. In fact, there is a predominance of camel herds of more than 80 heads among breeders over 50 years of age and a higher proportion of herds of between 2 to 40 heads among those under 50 years of age, who have recently entered the profession and therefore have only a modest herd size. Paradoxically, however, these age-induced differences tend to diminish with respect to goat herd ownership. Large goat herds are found in all age classes (41.8% among breeders aged 30–50 years; 36.5% among breeders aged 51–70 years). This phenomenon is explained by the privileged position of goats and the profitable breed, especially Terguia in the region. It provides milk, from which is made the "Ourdi" (very popular butter) and meat and hair for making tents. The possession of goats has an additional advantage over camels, that of better resisting the decrease in pasture during years of severe drought since they consume small quantities.
The sedentary breeders represent 21%, and they generally have a lower breeding activity and own a few heads of livestock, especially sheep. They have a short-term vision of problems, favouring rapid solutions to actions that generate development of this species.
The dendrogram structure of the hierarchical ascending classification (HAC) confirms the groupings obtained by the PCA (Fig. 8).
Dendrogram from the hierarchical ascending classification (HAC) of qualitative variables
However, this great diversity of production systems seems to be new, due to the appearance of other more sustainable practices and production systems. This can be explained by the herders' perception of their activity which appears to be clearly determined by their economic position. Only the "most affluent" have this ability to think of their knowledge as the result of a practice and means of action on the factors of production. Among the most deprived, this constant reference to the "family heritage" and to the founding myths tends to justify the continuity of their way of life. The current livestock systems could be more functional by identifying development opportunities and significant changes in the organization of mobility in time and space scales with the recent socio-ecological and political changes which could be an opportunity for camel development (Amsidder et al. 2021).
The work was carried out in the Hoggar region for the identification of breeding and husbandry systems and the structuring of the camel population "Tergui". We were able to provide a detailed description of the breeding situation and the underlying problems. Four livestock systems were identified: nomadic, transhumant, sedentary, and semi-nomadic. It can be concluded that the search for immediate solutions by breeders is dictated not only by pressing needs, but also by a mistrust of state structures. This study highlights new modes and practices of camel farming systems trying to cope with the rapid growth in demand and interest in this species, despite the general context dominated by extensive systems with low production. The changes detected in evolution of animal management patterns would be influenced by the emergence of a new system offering a reliable outlet for breeders who aim at increasing productivity, especially milk production.
The work was able to provide more information and details on the Algerian camel population's genetic diversity in its natural environment. The most essential element for the future of this species relies on a good knowledge and control of its breeding. The population is structured into 3 breeds: Mahri, Marouki, and Azerghaf with very distinct ecotypes. Observations made in the region of Tamanrasset showed that the Amelal and Abahou ecotypes are threatened by absorption by the Atlagh and Alemlagh ecotypes due to the orientation of breeders towards more profitable value chains. Indeed, change in pastoral societies is pushing herders to turn to breeds with high market value for milk and meat. We are witnessing the gradual decline of breeds, i.e. Mahri and Azerghaf, with marked and unique zootechnical characteristics. This observation deserves to be taken into account within the framework of safeguarding camel's biodiversity. This would not be possible unless breeders are supported and fully integrated in the process of change, in which they should be the main actors. Further studies are urgently needed to assess the social, economic, and environmental consequences of establishing the semi-nomadic production system. It seems to be an appropriate alternative to supply the local population's increasing demand for camel milk, thus increasing the monetary value of camel farming.
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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Biya, M.B., Chrif Ahmed, C.Y. Dieye, A.K.M. Diop, R.B. Mohamed, A. Salem, M. Sidatt, et al. 2021. Typologie descriptive des systemes d'elevage camelin en Mauritanie. Livestock Research for Rural Development 33 (3): 18.
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De Fabrègues, Bernard Peyre. 1989. Le dromadaire dans son milieu naturel. Revue d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 42 (1): 127–132.
Direction des Services Agricoles (DSA). 2015 Statistiques Agricoles. Direction Des Services Agricoles De La Wilaya De Tamanrasset.
Elwishy, A.B. 1987. Reproduction in the female dromedary (Camelus dromedarius): A review. Animal Reproduction Science 15 (3-4): 273–297.
Elwishy, A.B. 1988. Reproduction in the male dromedary (Camelus dromedarius): A review. Animal Reproduction Science 17 (3-4): 217–241.
Escofier, B., and Pagès, J. 2016. Analyses Factorielles Simples Et Multiples-5e Éd.: Cours Et Études De Cas. Dunod. Paris France. https://www.dunod.com/sites/default/files/atoms/files/9782100741441/Feuilletage.pdf.
FAOStat. 2018. Statistical Data. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
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Faye, B. 2004. Performances Et Productivité Laitière De La Chamelle: Les Données De La Littérature. In Lait de chamelle pour l'Afrique; Atelier sur la filière laitière cameline en Afrique, Rome. FAO. pp 7–16.
Faye, B. 2018. What future for camel pastoralism in the world? In Proc. The 5th Conference ISOCARD Recent Advances in Camelids Biology, Health and Production, 12-15 Nov. 2018, ed. A. Sghiri and F. Kichou, 32–38. Laâyoune: IAV Hassan II.
Faye, B., and F. Brey. 2005. Les relations entre chameaux et société: Entre marginalisation et idéalisation. Ethnozootechnie 77: 43–50.
Faye, Bernard, Mohamed Jaouad, K. Bhrawi, Abdelhakim Senoussi, and Mohammed Bengoumi. 2014. Elevage camelin en Afrique du Nord: État des lieux et perspectives. Revue d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 67 (4): 213–221.
Harek, D. 2017. Contribution à l'étude de la diversité génétique des populations camelines (genre camelus) dans la région du Hoggar (Sud Algérien). In: Thèse de Magister en sciences agronomiques, option Sciences animales. Institut National d'Agronomie (INA) d'El Harrach. 114P.
Harek, D., and R. Bouhadad. 2008. La Diversité Des Élevages Camelins Dans La Région Du Hoggar (Wilaya De Tamanrasset). Colloque international : 'développement durable des productions animales : enjeux, évaluation et perspectives', Institut National d'agronomie (INA) Alger, Algérie.
Harek, Derradji, Hacene Ikhlef, Rachid Bouhadad, Hocine Sahel, Youcef Cherifi, Noreddine Djellout, M'hamed El Mokhefi, Semir Bechir Suheil Gaouar, and Fodil Arbouche. 2017. Genetic diversity status of camel's resources (Camelus dromedarius. Linnaeus, 1758) in Algeria. Genetics and Biodiversity Journal (GABJ) 1 (1): 43–65.
Kadim, Isam T., and Osman Mahgoub. 2013. Camel Carcass Quality. Camel Meat and Meat Products, 98–112. Wallingford: CAB International.
Kamili, Asma, Bernard Faye, Nour Saïd Tligui, and Mohammed Bengoumi. 2020. Typologie des systemes d'elevage camelins du sud du Maroc. Revue d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 73 (2): 71–80.
Kouadja, S.G., A. Bakayoko, A.K. N'guessan, and C.N. Kouassi. 2018. Modes d'alimentation des ruminants en élevages urbains et périurbains de Bouaké (Côte d'Ivoire). Fourrages 233: 55–59.
Lasnami, K. 1986. Le Dromadaire En Algérie Perspective D'avenir. Thèse de magister en sciences agronomiques; option production animale. Institut National d'Agronomie (INA) El Harrach.
Lesnoff, M., R. Lancelot, and C.H. Moulin. 2007. Calcul des taux démographiques dans les cheptels domestiques tropicaux: approcheen temps discret, 74. Versailles: Editions Quae.
Longo-Hammouda, F.H., K. Toumi, A. Mouats, and N. Benlamnaouar. 2011. Contribution À La Connaissance De La Population Cameline Femelle «Tergui» Dans La Wilaya De Tamanrasset. Algerian Journal of Arid Environment 1 (1): 7.
Madani, T., B. Hubert, B. Vissac, and F. Casabianca. 2002. Analyse de l'activité d'élevage bovin et transformation des systèmes deproduction en situation sylvopastorale algérienne. Revue d'Elevage et de Médecine vétérinaire des Pays tropicaux 55 (3): 197–209. https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9824.
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Oulad Belkhir A, Chehma A and Faye B 2013 Phenotypic variability of two principal Algerian camel's populations (Targui and Sahraoui). Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 25 (3): 231-237. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v25i3.15457. http://www.ejfa.info/.
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This work was carried out within the framework of the surveys conducted in Algeria for the development of camel breeding, which was supported by the National Institute of Agronomic Research of Algeria (INRAA). We acknowledge the help of many colleagues from other institutions and universities. The authors are also grateful to the Direction des Services Agricole and the Chamber of Agriculture of the wilaya of Tamanrasset who facilitated the logistics for the realization of the surveys, as well as to the camel breeders of the region who gave their time for the collection of data.
The authors did not receive any funding for this publication.
National Institute of Agronomic Research of Algeria (INRAA), 2 rue Ouadek BP 200, Hassen Badi, 16200, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
Derradji Harek & Hocine Sahel
National Superior School of Agronomy (ENSA), Avenue Hassan Badi, 16200, El Harrach, Algeria
Derradji Harek & Hacene Ikhlef
National High Veterinary School, Rabie Bouchama, Rue Issad Abbes, 16300, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
M'hamed El Mokhefi
University of Sciences and Technologies Houari Boumediene (USTHB), 16500, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
Rachid Bouhadad
Veterinary inspection of the Tamanrasset Region, Tamanrasset, Algeria
Noreddine Djellout
University of Ghardaia, Scientific Zone, P.O. Box 455, Bounoura, Ghadaia, Algeria
Fodil Arbouche
Derradji Harek
Hacene Ikhlef
Hocine Sahel
The authors contributed to the conception, design, data collection, and analysis and drafted the manuscript. Furthermore, the authors contributed to the questionnaire design, conducted the pilot, participated in data collection, provided information about the study area, and proofread the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Derradji Harek.
The data used are from a previous study of the PNR 1_CRA02_1994 project, which investigated camel breeding in the Tamanrasset region. The aim and purpose of the research were explained to community members during meetings. All participants were informed that they explain how the management of this resource is done.
The authors declare that the manuscript does not contain any personally identifiable information and all personal data is anonymous.
Eigenvalues and the variability between different variables.
Harek, D., El Mokhefi, M., Ikhlef, H. et al. Gene-driving management practices in the dromedary husbandry systems under arid climatic conditions in Algeria. Pastoralism 12, 6 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-021-00219-z
Pastoralists
Transhumants


We have had a pair of mourning doves around our apartment for several months and have enjoyed watching them "bill and coo" and listen to their calls.
They made a nest on a furnace vent of the townhouse next door and I can see it as I sit at my computer every day.
It's a little more difficult now because the trees have leafed out.
Today I went out to take the trash and when I was walking back I saw a large bird fly into the tree right next to the nest.
Not being much of a birder, it took me a few seconds to realize that it was a hawk, not a crow.
Almost the instant I identified it, it flew with great force into the nest and hit the wall then flew away. I knew what had happened.
My husband and I got the ladder and a mirror to look inside the nest. There were feathers and three eggs. A fourth egg was on the ground under the nest.
I'm sure the hawk got at least one of the doves if not both. There were also lots of feathers on the ground for several feet.
It's kind of sad to us because we really enjoyed those two little birds. Circle of life and all that, I guess.
I will miss about Pennsylvania.
1. My hair stays fluffier due to the humidity. I need it because as you get older, your hair thins.
2. Places we want to go are generally not very far away. We save a lot on gas.
3. We go to a really nice church. Big, but nice, and it's only a couple of miles away.
4. I adore the Mennonite Care and Share Shoppes thrift stores. There are three stores in the same strip mall, one for furniture/appliances, one for clothing and one for everything else. My favorite is the last one.
5. The green everywhere and the birds. There may be more birds because there aren't any cats loose in our complex.
6. There's Whole Foods and Ikea. They aren't real close, but I can go if I want and it isn't a full day's drive.
7. Jomar. They have huge messy piles of fabric bolts and it's all very cheap. Again, not close, but not too bad.
8. Josh's school. The teachers and principal are all such dedicated educators and genuinely nice people. They do an excellent job.
I found a page that explains how to activate the links. It's just too late tonight to be that thinky... Will try tomorrow.
But I can't figure out how to make the top right "About", "FAQ" and "Contact" links active. It was free, as many of them are, so I can't expect perfection. It would be nice to figure out how to make them work though. Jeff has taught me to be bold and hack the HTML a tiny bit so I can customize some but not completely at will. Maybe I'll be able to figure it out from the web somehow and I'm going to contact the creator, too.
This was taken at 3:00am (her departure time).
Pastelon is a Puerto Rican dish. Picture a lasagna, but instead of noodles for the separating layers, you use plantains. It's SO good! There are many variations. Plus, there are a lot of common additions to Pastelon - like capers, olives or raisins, if you desire.
Heat dash of oil, sofrito, Sazon, onion and garlic on medium heat until well sauteed.
Add ground beef and tomato sauce and stir until well cooked, but not dry.
Make sure ground beef is well ground (that it has no chunks).
Add cheese to picadillo (ground beef), if using, it helps to bind the meat together.
Peel and slice plantains lengthwise.
If the plantains are large, you'll probably get about three-four lengths per plantain.
Saute plantain slices in medium-hot oil for a few mintues, flipping halfway through cooking.
Set slices on paper toweled tray or use a brown garbage bag, and allow the oil to be absorbed; and pat dry.
Layer plantains along bottom of greased 9x9 pan.
Pour two eggs, beaten, over bottom layer.
Top with ground beef layer.
Repeat plantain and beef layers, making sure the plantain layer is the top.
Optional cheese layer on top.
Cook in 350ºF oven for about 35 minutes, making sure eggs are cooked and not watery.
If I was a direction, I'd be northwest.
Want to play, too? Tag, you're it!


Shipstation is a shipping software used for e-commerce fulfillment. If you're an existing ShipStation user, you can add your account in Orderhive to either send orders to ShipStation or directly generate labels for carriers added in ShipStation.
Being a ShipStation user, chances are you use the software to connect with your shipping carriers and create shipments. Our whole purpose of building Orderhive was to help sellers centralize back-end operations. Along with inventory tasks, if you want Orderhive to be the central repository for your shipping operations also, then you can use this integration.
Follow the steps mentioned in the Detailed Instructions tab and connect your ShipStation account.
Once connected, the integration will show up on the Manage Integrations page and all the shipping carriers added in ShipStation will be added in your Orderhive account too.
All the carriers added in your ShipStation will be synced as Shipping Method in Orderhive and will automatically populate in the Carrier dropdown while you create a new shipment.
You can ship via those carriers, check rates, and print labels within Orderhive's interface.
This integration allows you to automatically sync carriers added in ShipStation and create shipments in Orderhive with ease.
If you want to continue using ShipStation for your shipping operations, and use Orderhive to accumulate all channel orders and send them to ShipStation for fulfillment, then you can use this integration.
Go to Integrations and under Shipping click on ShipStation (Send Orders).
Enter the required fields to connect.
Once you connect, all confirmed and not confirmed orders (based on your selection) will automatically sync to your ShipStation account. You can then process those orders in ShipStation.
After sync, any order status changes made in ShipStation will get updated in Orderhive.
Once the order is sent from Orderhive to ShipStation is mark as shipped, shipping charges along with tracking information will be synced in Orderhive and your channel automatically.


text:
Q: Executable jar Alright i made a executable jar that holds a test game ran through a application. It runs fine for me but for my friend it does not. It says its unable to find the main class. So does he have to install java jdk or something? Is there a way around this?

A: Well, for one, he could be using the wrong command line arguments to the JVM to run the Java jar. Secondly, you could have not defined the main class correctly when you built the jar file  (see: Unable to load main-class for jar file).
The way that you work around this? In the link I provided above, you'll see that there are a few command line parameters that can be supplied to the JVM that makes a big difference in how the JVM runs. Take those command line parameters and build a batch (or shell) file that end users can run to initialize the program correctly.
As your computer is setup differently, so may be the shell extension that handles files of type ".jar"

A: Try installing the newest version of java (JRE) on their machine (make sure it is of equal or higher version than the one your application was compiled against) and ensure that if you are using different architectures (x86 / x64) that you have the right versions of any libraries. I had this error only yesterday because I deployed a JDK 7u7 application to a machine with JRE 6u7.

A: Yes, there is a way around it.   Run this script:
@ECHO off
SETLOCAL ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION
:: this .bat script creates a file association for executable .jar files
ECHO Creating .jar file association...
ECHO JAVA_HOME is %JAVA_HOME%
IF NOT DEFINED JAVA_HOME GOTO :FAIL
REG ADD "HKCR\jarfile" /ve /t REG_SZ /d "Executable Jar File" /f
REG ADD "HKCR\jarfile\shell" /ve /f
REG ADD "HKCR\jarfile\shell\open" /ve /f
ECHO REG ADD "HKCR\jarfile\shell\open\command" /ve /t REG_SZ /d "\"%JAVA_HOME%\bin\javaw.exe\" -jar \"%%1\" %%*" /f
REG ADD "HKCR\jarfile\shell\open\command" /ve /t REG_SZ /d "\"%JAVA_HOME%\bin\javaw.exe\" -jar \"%%1\" %%**" /f
REG ADD "HKLM\jarfile" /ve /t REG_SZ /d "Executable Jar File" /f
REG ADD "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Classes\jarfile\shell" /ve /f
REG ADD "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Classes\jarfile\shell\open" /ve /f
REG ADD "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Classes\jarfile\shell\open\command" /ve /t REG_SZ /d "\"%JAVA_HOME%\bin\javaw.exe\" -jar \"%%1\" %%*" /f
ECHO Finished creating .jar file association for executable .jar files.
PAUSE
GOTO EOF
:FAIL
ECHO Script failed. JAVA_HOME not defined.
PAUSE

A: *

*install the new JRE .

*while running the jar make sure you giv the class path in he command.
Eg. java -cp asd -jar file.jar

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Rituals Cosmetics, Noord-Holland Noord Safety Region, and Tempo-Team recruitment agency have been nominated for the award for the 'Smartest Organization of the Netherlands'. The Dutch Business Intelligence Award jury will announce that today. These three organizations excel in effective, intelligent, and agile business processes through the smart use of (big) data. On December 3, 2015, the winner will be announced during "Intelligence at the Speed of Business" annual conference.
"We feel honored and proud to be nominated for this prestigious award. At Rituals, we are convinced that daily routines may be transformed into special moments with just a little special attention. This conviction is essential to our entire organization, including the use of Business Intelligence. This nomination is a recognition of our BI program, where we involve, in a smart way, all levels of the organization with all numbers, analysis, and forecasts in real time," says Raymond Cloosterman, Rituals CEO.
The organization's support team proved to be decisive and real-time business analytics has been used not only as a source of information, but as a source of inspiration. The focus is not on what's wrong, but on what can be improved. Thanks to this social infrastructure and data-driven flexibility, Rituals is able to open 1.6 stores per week.
"When someone has a heart attack, every second counts. Along with the MCA cardiologists in Alkmaar, Noord-Holland Safety Ambulance sought solutions to reduce the time between calling 112 and angioplasty in patients suffering a heart attack. We have developed a dashboard where all the process steps for the emergency unit, the ambulance care, and the hospital follow each other in a clear and logical manner. Based on that, we implemented various improvements in the process, focusing on a faster turnaround on emergency care. Our goal was a lower mortality rate due to heart attacks and a better quality of life after a heart attack," says Martin Smeekes, director of Ambulance Care.
With the proper use of Business Intelligence, the NHN Safety Region managed to reduce the total Call-to-Balloon (surgery) time by as much as 20 minutes (standard time: 120 minutes). This is phenomenal and life saving, especially for Emergency Care, where every second counts. And it is of great public interest, too.
Within Tempo-Team, part of the Randstad Group Netherlands, BI has been adapted into Sales Navigator, a user-friendly app with a smart matching feature that allows data to be identified and interpreted for everyone. With the resulting insights, all employees are empowered to optimize both integrated and short-cycle matching between jobseekers and employers on a daily basis. This is vital for rapidly a changing market and it takes courage.
The selection began with the company-wide IQ test that had to be completed by the applicants. In total, 59 applicants registered, from which the jury selected the twelve best. They were asked to describe how intelligent their organization's operations are. As a result, six applicants were invited to an interview that took place last week. After deliberations, the jury selected three finalists.
During the annual conference "Intelligence at the Speed of Business" on December 3, 2015, in Nieuwegein, the Jury will announce which of these three top organizations may be awarded the title of the 'Smartest Organization of the Netherlands' and who can take home the Dutch Business Intelligence Award.
Alongside the award granted by the professional jury, a public award is also granted at each ceremony. For this, everyone is invited to cast their vote starting from today on the website www.slimsteorganisatie.nl.
In 2004, Harry Starren (former director of de Baak) got together with André de Waal (Professor in Maastricht), Mr. Leo Kerklaan and Daan van Beek. The leading topic was not analysis and data, but the approach and synthesis; what to do with the data and how to achieve better and enduring results as a cooperative thanks to smarter collaboration. It is not just a handful of managers in charge. And decisions align perfectly with each other. The first set of criteria has since been refined, and now many organizations have entered the contest. Recent winners, Coolblue (2012) and the Amsterdam Fire Department (2013), have shown that the correct data culture not only provides commercial profit but also can be life saving. This is the 9th edition of the awards to date.
We love to help you getting started with 3 companies compete for the title of the "smartest organization".


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Armin Tufo, an IRES Student, Participated in a Human Rights Defenders School
Armin Tufo, a second year student at the Department of International Relations and European Studies, participated in a week-long Human Rights Defenders School between July 15 and July 20, 2019 in the Anton Monastery in Perast, Montenegro, organized by Civil Rights Defenders, an international organization aimed at advancing human rights throughout the world.
Civil Rights Defenders organize an annual summer school about human rights that offers young activists, i.e. current or future human rights defenders, an "opportunity to learn from experts and gain practical experience on human rights issues impacting the Western Balkans," according to the Human Rights Defenders School website.
Human rights defenders are activists that are aware of available human rights mechanisms, monitor and report human rights violations, help victims of human rights violations use their rights, advocate for human rights protection, and campaign to expand and strengthen human rights protections. In short, they defend human rights.
Specific topics discussed included the current human rights situation in the Western Balkans with a special focus on problems related to the discrimination of disadvantaged groups, the EU, UN, and Council of Europe human rights mechanisms, advocacy opportunities at local, national, and international levels, and human rights communications and campaigning.
"Participating in the Human Rights Defenders School this summer will enable me to further use this knowledge in future courses related to human rights and human rights mechanisms and to impart it onto others, as well as implement it in a more local context," Tufo commented.
Prominent lecturers include Nurcan Baysal, an author and activist who deals with the human rights of the Kurdish minority in Turkey, Ben Leather, who deals with potential and actual government and business abuse of the rights and security of environmental activists, and Tommaso Nodari, who is Civil Rights Defenders' program officer in Brussels.
Through the lectures, participants of the Human Rights Defenders School listen to personal stories of various guest speakers, learned what their organizations to do defend human rights in their own contexts, were able to interact with them to extract as much useful knowledge and information as possible, and were introduced to human rights theoretical frameworks.
"What this School did, and what few others do, is gather youth from the entire region and connect us in a way that our differences didn't matter and what mattered was our joint dedication to and passion for human rights and doing whatever we could to defend human rights, individually and collectively," Tufo added.
"With this knowledge and new contacts," Tufo continued, "I plan on contributing to my community, mainly through my university education and my involvement in the non-governmental sector, potentially with local officials, and in cooperation with my enlarged network of like-minded people I met during the Human Rights Defenders School."
Tufo is one of the most successful students at the Department of International Relations and European Studies and we are proud of his accomplishments, both curricular and extracurricular. We are glad to have supported Tufo in participating in this project and other ambitions. We are very proud of our Armin Tufo.
Armin Tufo, IRESstudents, Civil Rights Defenders, Human Rights Defenders School
Burch Diplomacy Club and SAFE representatives donated 100 presents
Mr Azem Dervišević to IBU Students: "Knowledge cannot be taken away"
Professor Dejan Jović held a Lecture to IBU Students
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"City for Children Aged Seven to Twelve: Alternatives to Encouraging and Recognizing the Cultural Heritage Using Video Games", by Aline Faiwichow Estefam. Keywords: Child Education; Cultural Heritage Education; Urban Appreciation.
"Challenges of Intangible Cultural Heritage Management in the Eyes of Young Professionals", by Elena Finariu, Carlos Garcia de las Bayonas. Keywords: EYCH; Intangible Cultural Heritage; Cultural Management; Young Professionals; Sustainable Safeguarding.
"Industrial and Archaeological Heritage Convergence. The Metros of Madrid, Athens, Rome and Istanbul", by David Jiménez López. Keywords: Archaeological Heritage; Heritage; Industrial Heritage; Madrid and Management.
"The Kiss by René Lalique: a Celtic Love Story", by Patrícia Ferrari. Keywords: Art Nouveau; Celtic Culture; Jewellery; Literature; René Lalique; Tristan and Isolde.
"Sustainability of Rock Carving Techniques in the World Heritage Site, Cappadocia", by Şerife Özata. Keywords: Cappadocia; Local Masters; Material Characterization; Rock Carving Techniques; Rock-Cut Structure; Sustainability.
"The Historical Reenactment and the Living Museums: Other Ways of Teaching", by María de la Paloma Chacón Domínguez. Keywords: Change; Diffusion; Education; Living Heritage; New Tools.
"Effective Protection of Contemporary Heritage of Twentieth Century Architecture: The Case of Seville", by Juan-Andrés Rodríguez-Lora, Daniel Navas-Carrillo, Teresa Pérez-Cano. Keywords: Contemporary Heritage; Emerging Heritage; Historic City; Modern Movement; Seville; 20th Century Heritage.
"A City Full of Hidden European Gems – a Walk Through a Student´s Blog, by Nicole Gieser, Jana Tempelmeier, Thomas Grosser. Keywords: Münster; Heritage; Germany; Blog.
"The Azulejo (Tile) Work of Portuguese Painter José António Jorge Pinto During the Art Nouveau Period", by António Cota Fevereiro. Keywords: Art Nouveau; Azulejo; Jugendstil; Lisbon; Portugal.
"Tourism as a Path to (Re)Discover a Common European Identity. A Reflection on the Use of New Technologies", by Neus Crous-Costa, Byron Alvarado Vanegas. Keywords: Cultural heritage; Identity; Narratives; Technologies; Tourism.
"Geographical Information Systems as a Large-Spectre Tool for Cultural Heritage Use. Two Case studies", by Rafael Lima. Keywords: Braga; Geographical Information System (GIS); Reggio di Calabria; Cultural Heritage Management.
"Industrial Heritage Patrimonialization Process", by Denise Fernandes Geribello. Keywords: Cultural Heritage; Hydropower Plant; Industrial Heritage.
"Heritage Tourism as a Means of Conflict Resolution", by Athanasios Vlitas. Keywords: Culture; Tourism; Peace; Trauma; Attitudes.
"Integration of Architectural Heritage of Marrakech and Fez, Tourism and Social Media Impact", by Havva Merve Tuncer, Şerife Özata, Hümeyra Şentürk". Keywords: Architectural Heritage; Fez; Marrakech; Social Media; Tourism Development.
"The Water Architecture in the Real Building of Mafra: Actors of the Hydraulic Project", by Ana Patricia Alho. Keywords: Hydraulics; Military Engineers; Royal Palace; Water; 18th Century.


The ruby's protective powers made it a highly symbolic wedding gift from the Burmese people that have stood The Queen in good stead as she has served the Commonwealth longer than any of her predecessors. For Canada, no other royal relationship has been as rich and enduring, inspiring more respect and affection with every passing year. To this day, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II embodies traditions that date back over a thousand years, yet she has also shone as a luminary through periods of unprecedented change.


Youths in Kabba, yesterday, Saturday, stoned the Senator representing the Kogi West Senatorial District for which Kabba is part, the controversial Dino Melaye.
Senator Melaye was said to have arrived at the venue of the 2017 annual Kabba Day celebration and observed the celebration in peace, along with other dignitaries.
Eye witness account said that the Senator was first ushered into the venue of the occasion by his supporters, who hailed him when he entered the Kabba Township Stadium, venue of the event.
It was gathered that trouble started when he made to leave the venue at the end of the occasion, when the youths began by jeering and attacking him.
The angry youths were said to have followed him outside the stadium, stoning his car and the cars in his convoy. The cars were hurriedly driven away from the venue.
The youths alleged that the Senator had not been representing the Senatorial District well in the National Assembly, but that he has been busy fighting the leaders who are helping them at home.


Sixty percent of all deaths in the world are due to NCDs, and the impact in low income countries is devastating. Diabetes mellitus is a global epidemic, currently affecting 246 million people worldwide and continues to grow. By 2025, the largest increases in diabetes prevalence will take place in developing countries. Funding for international health programs have traditionally focused on infectious diseases and maternal and child health, however, awareness is growing among the world community on the need for NCD prevention and wellness programs. Project HOPE has been working to address NCDs since 1998, when a team launched the China Diabetes Education Program. Since then, Project HOPE has developed and implemented NCD programs throughout Latin America, Africa, India, and the US. Our approach includes applying lessons learned from 50 years of work in international health in the areas of maternal and child health and infectious diseases to NCD programs like diabetes. Project HOPE works at every level of the health care system, from tertiary care hospitals to community based programs. Our programs have focused on skills building among healthcare providers at all levels, developing healthy habits and encouraging lifestyle behavior changes among community members, and focusing on linking rural facilities to larger hospitals and networks to increase access to specialized care.
Session Objectives: Describe the current global NCD situation. Explain Project HOPE�s approaches to implementing strong NCD programs. Identify best practices for addressing global NCDs.


A wildflower seed mix that is attractive to bees and other pollinators, this mixture of annual and perennial flowers provides bees and other pollinators with nectar and pollen. Considered a bee forage for native and honey bees, this wildflower seed mixture provides food for bees and other pollinators all season, from spring to fall.
Great for bee keepers and the environment as this wildflower mix provides the food that is needed to feed pollinating insects such as the bee. The honey bee and native bees in particular are endangered. This is the wildflower mix that is used by the USDA for habitat improvement for pollinating insects, particularly honey bees and native bees.
Planting Rate: 6-12 lbs per acre or 5 oz. per 1000 sq. ft.
Visit our informational Wildflower website for more on Bee Feed wildflower seed mix.
Click on products for planting and detailed information.


I've been listening to your songs over the last few months but haven't had enough time to join the dialog. Sorry. You all are making some great music! I'm humbled by your skills and creativity.
I recently got a few songs back from the copyright office and I've posted them to my SoundClick page http://www.soundclick.com/dcspacedog.
I originally wrote the melody when I was a teenager back the 70s but the lyrics were never that good. My Wife and I rewrote the lyrics this past winter and I recorded it with a simple accompaniment. It's intended to be a folk-style lullaby easy to fingerpick on guitar. I used to play folk guitar back then.
On this recording, I'm playing the piano and strings (based on the BB generated strings) but the main instrument is the RT 365 Guitar, Acoustic, Fingerpicking Ev 085. I just used BB and RB for the recording and mixing. The vocal effect is a simple doubling of the lead vocal track.
I hope you like it. I'll post the next in a week or so.
I think your song totally works as a lullabye. I can easily imagine singing this song to my grandbabies (if I had any) as they drifted off to sleep.
Certain pop-type songs come and go without ever becoming part of the fabric of our lives. But other songs (like happy birthday, lullabyes etc) are so much a part of our patterns that they have a much longer shelf life than other songs. I'm glad you formally applied for copyrights to this song. Its the kind of song which, if someone famous recorded it, could catch on.
Do you plan to market these songs?
SD - nice lullaby (haven't heard many of those) - and nice simple production - just what it needed.
Very sweet lullabye SD. Soothing pretty arrangement and I especially liked the positive message. I could enjoy going to sleep listening to that myself.
You are too kind. I'm glad you liked it.
The copyright process is so easy and cheap, it seems like the right thing to do. I don't market the songs. I barely find time to write and record them. No one downloads them from Soundclick so I figure it would be a waste of time and money to pitch them.
If any one wants the leadsheet I'll send it to them.
I'm glad you liked it. I love your music as well. I always watch for your new songs. I'll try to comment more often.
Very nicely done, Vocal is outstanding, I am going to bed now, LOL! Thanks for sharing!
I'm so glad you took the time to listen. I'm a huge admirer of your work! I just can't imagine how you can be so prolific.
nice lullaby (haven't heard many of those) - and nice simple production - just what it needed.
Glad you liked it. I know it's not your style but thanks for listening.
I smiled when I saw that you'd posted a new song It's good to have you visit the forum again!
I agree with everything that's been said. This song is a credit to you. Very enjoyable and relaxing listening.
Thanks for your kind words. I'm glad you liked it. I wish I had more time to write/sing/record/post ... but I'll keep trying.
Glad you liked it. I'm glad I resurrected it.
Thanks for listening. I'm glad you enjoyed it. At some point I'll have pick up my guitar again.
You should market this one!
You're so kind. I'm gald you liked it.
I wouldn't mind more people hearing my songs, but no one even downloads them off the website. I can't imagine enough people would buy them to make it worthwhile. Besides, with so many scams out there, I'd probably get burned. In fact, ever time I receive my copyright certs I get a scam from "record company" wanting to "help" me record and market the songs.
SD, isn't HillTop Records a PITA.
We always get a "sign with us and you will be a star" letter from them on every copyright! We copyrighted a Christian song and they sent us a letter stating that for $500 we will evaluate your song to see if it will fit in our latest Christian album. I wrote back that the song has been uploaded here so I'll save my money and you can go and listen to it and see if it fits. I have serious doubts about them.


Rotating text is an Android library that can be used to make text switching painless and beautiful, with the use of interpolators, typefaces and more customisations.
Rotating text is made of two parts : RotatingTextWrapper and Rotatable. Each rotatable encapsulates the collection of words that are two be periodically switched and also defines various properties related to these words, like, size, color, animation interpolator etc. Each Rotatable must be a part of a RotatingTextWrapper. This defines the actual layout of the text and the positions of the rotating text.
For eg : rotatingTextWrapper.setContent("This is ?", rotatble);. Here the ? denotes the postion of the rotatable.
Content setContent(...) Set the actual content. Composed of a String and array of Rotatables.
RotatingText is licensed under MIT license. View license.


Since being elected William has been working on his Six Point Plan for the Hazel Grove constituency. This six point plan was outlinned by William during the 2015 General Election as the pirorites he will spent the course of this Parliament working on.
Williams clear plan to secure a better future for the constituency of Hazel Grove and to make it an even better place to live is set out below - throughout the course of the next Parliament (2015-2020) you can find updates on the work William has done for each of these points.
1. Secure the best schools for local children to give them the best start in life.
As a teacher, I want to ensure all young people in our area can attend excellent schools and get the support they need to fulfil their potential. Conservatives in Government have provided funding for new school buildings at Werneth School in Romiley and I will campaign for more support.
2. Back Stepping Hill Hospital and campaign for the best local health services.
Hundreds of local residents have signed my petition to back Stepping Hill Hospital's bid for specialist hospital status, as part of the 'Healthier Together' consultation. I will continue to campaign for the best local health services so that residents get the care they need.
3. Create jobs and growth for a more secure future for our area.
Unemployment in our area has fallen since 2010. I will back local businesses and campaign for greater investment in the area to create local economic growth and more job opportunities so that more people have the security of a regular pay packet.
4. Campaign for sensible and effective improvements to our transport system.
Traffic and congestion is a common problem. I will campaign for effective solutions, including the bypass from Hazel Grove to the M60 at Bredbury to help take traffic off our local roads. I am also working with residents to find sensible transport improvements in High Lane.
5. Work to cut crime, keep our streets safe and strengthen our communities.
Whilst crime has fallen in our area, local residents regularly raise the issue with me. I will campaign for more effective measures to tackle crime so that residents feel safe. I want to see more community policing to help make this a stronger, safer community to live and work in.
6. Continue to support our local parks and green spaces so they are valuable community facilities.
I have successfully campaigned for new play equipment across the area. I have set up Friends groups to help give local residents a greater say in the running of their local park. I will continue to ensure parks and green spaces are protected so they can be enjoyed by local people.


The Baltic is one of Germany's finest and best preserved holiday regions, with any number of unique vacation options.
Bracing Baltic Sea breezes and wide skies. Low-slung landscapes of unspoiled natural beauty. Miles of beaches and breathtaking sea cliffs. Forests, reed-thatched cottages, salt marshes and scenic salt-water lagoons. Eighteen piers including some fine historic examples, some up 500 m long, form the focal points of the Baltic Sea resorts that stretch like a strand of pearls across the coast and the islands that guard it. Holidays on the Baltic are imbued with a sense of space.


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Exclusive: Sabbir Khan's Next Project To Be An Exciting Thriller
Avya Sharma
Looks like filmmaker Sabbir Khan is on a roll. The talented director who has Abhimanyu Dassani and Shirley Setia starrer Nikamma up for release has already started working on an interesting thriller with Sony Pictures, yet again.
From creating blockbuster films, Sabbir has now branched into becoming a content curator as well. Bringing his versatility to the fore the filmmaker is diversifying his content game and he is all set to back content that does not limit itself to any particular genre or format be it shorts, features, or an extended series.
The filmmaker has been developing content over the last two years to set up Sabbir Khan Films holistically. From a robust creative team to multiple active writers rooms, Khan is collaborating with promising young untapped talents to bring forth unique stories. Backing diverse stories and voices is the agenda of his production house, he says.
This is evident as, over the past few months, Khan has been busy prepping his second project, a new age thriller with an enviable ensemble of powerhouse performers.
Talking about the same, Khan tells us-
This is an exciting time to not just be a content creator but a content curator as well. Our next feature is an resonates that! We are constantly brainstorming on ideas and concepts because as artistes in 2021, we want to have a distinct voice and create something unique.
A trade insider tells us- "Sony announced its mammoth slate recently. There is a great buzz for Nikamma. Sabbir Khan over the years with his grand outings has earned the reputation of being a director whose commercial films are bang for the buck. The Abhimanyu Dassani and Shirley Setia starrer is just that. The folks at Sony are impressed with Nikamma and have loved Sabbir's new script as well."
Khan diversifying his content game is also in sync with what Sony seems to be doing. Those who have seen the rushes of Nikamma say the film is a classic Sabbir stamp and now the studio and the filmmaker have decided to come out with something completely different.
Well, if that's the feedback, one can't help but wait for an announcement! We hear it's just around the corner.
BollywoodBollywood News & GossipSabbir KhanMovies