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Call for Papers: Ghana Education Evidence Summit 2018
Improving learning outcomes is a key policy priority in Ghana. To ensure that well-intentioned policy goals translate into improved learning outcomes, decision-makers are eager to: (1) evaluate the success of education programs through rigorous research; and (2) build sector-wide frameworks of accountability through improved monitoring and feedback mechanisms. Both forms of evidence are necessary for a strong education system. The Ministry of Education is therefore calling for proposals for presentations on research relating to the aforementioned topics. Authors of accepted proposals may be invited to present their work at the Ghana education evidence summit scheduled to take place in July 2018.
Political Party Organization and Women's Empowerment: A Field Experiment in Ghana
Gender gaps in participation and representation are common in new democracies, both at the elite level and at the grassroots. We investigate efforts to close the grassroots gender gap in rural Ghana, a patronage-based democracy in which a dense network of political party branches provides the main avenue for local participation. We report results from a randomized field experiment to address norms against women's participation and encourage women's participation ahead of Ghana's December 2016 elections. The treatment is a large community meeting presided over by the traditional chief, known locally as a durbar. We find null results. The treatment was hampered in part by its incomplete implementation, including by local political party leaders who may have feared an electorally-risky association with a controversial social message. The study emphasizes the importance of social norms in explaining gender gaps in grassroots politics in new democracies and contributes new evidence on the l...
Community Participation, Electoral Participation, Women & Girls
Elections and Embezzlement: Experimental Evidence from Burkina Faso
Can democratic elections reduce rent extraction by public decision makers? Existing research suggests that reelection incentives can reduce the embezzlement of public funds. This paper examines three additional mechanisms through which democratic elections could have an impact on embezzlement, even in the absence of reelection incentives: (1) electoral selection effects, (2) social norms and norm enforcement, and (3) citizens' trust in decision makers. Evidence from an experiment with 472 groups of citizens in rural Burkina Faso suggests that electoral selection favors benevolent candidates. Furthermore, elections increase citizens' willingness to punish corrupt decision makers, even if their ability to do so remains unchanged. However, these beneficial effects of elections are offset by an unexpected adverse effect: elections cause citizens to trust decision makers more than they should be trusted. These findings have important implications for the role of information in electoral dem...
Malte Lierl
Civil Service Motivation & Productivity, Community Participation, Electoral Participation, Incentives, Transparency & Accountability
Small & Medium Enterprise Program Brief
The Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Program at IPA discovers and promotes effective solutions to the constraints faced by entrepreneurs and SMEs in developing countries. SMEs are the largest generators of employment in the developing world, creating nearly 60% of new jobs. They also generate a myriad of opportunities across sectors and geographic areas, and employ broad and diverse segments of the labor force. SMEs in developing countries, however, face constraints that are disproportionately large compared to those faced by larger firms and by SMEs in developed countries. Limited access to finance, low levels of human capital, and difficulty accessing markets stand out as some of the most challenging barriers to business growth.
China, Dominican Republic, Egypt, India, Mexico, Nigeria
Access to Finance, Access to Markets, Financial Capability, Human Capital & Skills, Livelihoods, Microenterprise, Technology Adoption, Training & Mentoring
Information Dissemination, Competitive Pressure, and Politician Performance between Elections: A Field Experiment in Uganda
Politicians shirk when their performance is obscure to constituents. We theorize that when politician performance information is disseminated early in the electoral term, politicians will subsequently improve their performance in anticipation of changes in citizens' evaluative criteria and possible challenger entry in the next election. However, politicians may only respond in constituencies where opposition has previously mounted. We test these predictions in partnership with a Ugandan civil society organization in a multiyear field experiment conducted in 20 district governments between the 2011 and 2016 elections. While the organization published yearly job duty performance scorecards for all incumbents, it disseminated the scorecards to constituents for randomly selected politicians. These dissemination efforts induced politicians to improve performance across a range of measures, but only in competitive constituencies. Service delivery was unaffected. We conclude that, conditional...
Guy Grossman, Kristin Michelitch
Precommitment, Cash Transfers, and Timely Arrival for Birth: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Nairobi Kenya
Nearly 2.5 million mothers and babies die each year from complications in the immediate period around childbirth. Nairobi, Kenya has among the highest maternal and neonatal mortality rates in the world. Mounting evidence suggests delivering in a facility is not enough to drive mortality reductions, with utilization of poor quality facilities and delays in receiving care the major contributors to continued poor outcomes (Lozano et al. 2011). In addition to delivering in well-equipped facilities, women must arrive at the facility and be attended to in time for complications to be effectively managed. The "three delays" model attributes poor outcomes to delays in: (i) seeking care; (ii) arriving at the facility for delivery; and (iii) receiving adequate treatment once at the facility (Thaddeus 1994). These delays are strongly associated with morbidity and mortality (Pacagnella et al. 2014). Delays could occur for many reasons including the need to travel far distances, information gaps ab...
Margaret McConnell, Katherine Lofgren, Jessica Cohen
Cash Transfers, Maternal & Child Health
Do Job Networks Disadvantage Women? Evidence from a Recruitment Experiment in Malawi
We use a field experiment to show referral-based hiring has the potential to disadvantage qualified women, highlighting another potential channel behind gender disparities in the labor market. Through a recruitment drive for a firm in Malawi, we look at men's and women's referral choices under different incentives and constraints. We find that men systematically refer few women, despite being able to refer qualified women when explicitly asked for female candidates. Performance pay also did not alter men's tendencies to refer men. Additionally, women did not refer enough high quality women to offset men's behavior.
Lori Beaman, Niall Keleher, Jeremy Magruder
Microenterprise, Women & Girls, Youth
Measuring The Impact Of Cash Transfers And Behavioral 'Nudges' On Maternity Care In Nairobi, Kenya
Many patients in low-income countries express preferences for high-quality health care but often end up with low-quality providers. We conducted a randomized controlled trial with pregnant women in Nairobi, Kenya, to analyze whether cash transfers, enhanced with behavioral "nudges," can help women deliver in facilities that are consistent with their preferences and are of higher quality. We tested two interventions. The first was a labeled cash transfer (LCT), which explained that the cash was to help women deliver where they wanted. The second was a cash transfer that combined labeling and a commitment by the recipient to deliver in a prespecified desired facility as a condition of receiving the final payment (L-CCT). The L-CCT improved patient-perceived quality of interpersonal care but not perceived technical quality of care. It also increased women's likelihood of delivering in facilities that met standards for routine and emergency newborn care but not the likelihood of delivering...
Jessica Cohen, Ginger Golub, George Omondi, Margaret Kruk, Margaret McConnell
SMS Messages for Financial Inclusion in the Dominican Republic
Bank accounts can provide a secure way for low-income households to build their assets to make large investments or protect themselves against unforeseen expenses. Yet many poor households don't use formal financial services. In the Dominican Republic, Banco Unión delivers remittances to approximately 400,000 clients who do not have a formal bank account. The bank also created two savings products tailored to the needs of these clients. In partnership with the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA), Banco Unión developed SMS message campaigns to try to boost account uptake and usage among its remittance-receiving clientele. Two randomized evaluations found that the messaging campaigns did not increase clients' use of formal bank accounts, and may have in fact discouraged account holders' engagement with Banco Unión, as observed through decreased deposit and withdrawal activity and slightly lower balances by the end of the campaigns. There are sev...
Aaron Dibner-Dunlap
Access to Finance, Financial Capability, Reminders, Remittances, Savings
Stress Management Practices, Owner Well-Being, and Firm Outcomes in Bangladesh
This paper studies the impact on well-being and business outcomes from teaching stress-management practices to small firm owners in Bangladesh. Female owners were randomly assigned either to a treatment group that received a 10-week Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) course featuring priority-setting and relaxation techniques, or to a control group exposed to Empathic Listening. CBT leads to large initial reductions in owner stress, but no initial increase in firm profits. Six months after receiving CBT, owners in sectors with a low concentration of women show large and significant effects on stress, and their firms show increased profits. By contrast, owners in female-dominated sectors experience a short-lived reduction in stress, and firms show no changes in profits. The large post-treatment differences in well-being and profits between industries suggest that the ability to manage stress is malleable, and that industry choice proxies for traits that are strongly correlated with retu...
Paula López Peña
Microenterprise, Training & Mentoring, Women & Girls
2016 IPA Annual Report
IPA stands at the forefront of a movement to build rigorous evidence and ensure it is used to improve the lives of people living in poverty. In 2016, we started 75 new studies and continued our efforts to share research findings and grow our visibility through 70 events across the world. Browse an online version of the report here: annualreport.poverty-action.org
The Impacts of Fast Track Transformational Teacher Training in Ghana
Educators and policymakers want to strengthen teacher preparation in order to improve student learning, but evidence is lacking about what makes training most effective, especially in early childhood education. Researchers evaluated a pre-service mentoring and training program for student teachers of kindergarten in Ghana's Western region. Preliminary Key Findings » The training program significantly improved student teachers' implementation of the curriculum and knowledge of early childhood education and development. » The program's impacts on teachers' professional well-being were mixed: FTTT teachers had higher levels of motivation and feelings of personal accomplishment, but lower levels of job satisfaction when placed as full-time teachers. » One year after being placed as full-time teachers, these improvements had not translated into improved child learning or development outcomes. » An additional four-day head teacher sensitization training did not have any impacts on teach...
Education Quality, Training & Mentoring
Selling low and buying high: An arbitrage puzzle in Kenyan villages
Large and regular seasonal price fluctuations in local grain markets appear to offer African farmers substantial inter-temporal arbitrage opportunities, but these opportunities remain largely unexploited: small-scale farmers are commonly observed to "sell low and buy high" rather than the reverse. In a field experiment in Kenya, we show that credit market imperfections limit farmers' abilities to move grain inter-temporally. Providing timely access to credit allows farmers to purchase at lower prices and sell at higher prices, increasing farm profits and generating a return on investment of 28%. To understand general equilibrium effects of these changes in behavior, we vary the density of loan offers across locations. We document significant effects of the credit intervention on seasonal price fluctuations in local grain markets, and show that these GE effects greatly affect our individual level profitability estimates. We also find suggestive evidence that these GE effects generate be...
Marshall Burke, Lauren Falcao Bergquist, Edward Miguel
Access to Finance, Insurance, Product Design, Savings, Technology Adoption
Performance Information and Voting Behavior in Burkina Faso's Municipal Elections: Separating the Effects of Information Content and Information Delivery
In this chapter, we report a field experiment in Burkina Faso, which aimed to isolate the effects of information content from other channels of influence through which an information intervention could affect voting behavior. The experiment was carried out in 38 rural municipalities, prior to the 2016 municipal elections. These 38 municipalities had been controlled by the same party for the past two electoral cycles, since the first nationwide municipal elections in 2006. In our experiment, we presented 741 randomly selected study participants with detailed information about their previous municipal government's performance along nine indicators of municipal service quality in the areas of health, primary education, water access, and civil services. These indicators reflected national standards for municipal services, i.e. widely accepted service delivery targets. Simultaneously, a control group of 752 study participants was presented merely with information about the indicators of mun...
Malte Lierl, Marcus Holmlund
Community Participation, Electoral Participation, Transparency & Accountability
Cash-Plus: Poverty Impacts of Transfer-Based Intervention Alternatives
Can programmatic extensions such as training and mentorship enhance the economic impact of cash transfers, or do they needlessly absorb resources that program recipients could allocate more meaningfully by themselves? Using a randomized trial, we evaluate a program that targets poor Ugandans and offers them an integrated package comprised of lump sum transfers, coaching, and training on microenterprise development as well as savings group formation. We assess its impact and that of its savings component, as well as the impacts of much simplified program variants: one intervention variant that is limited to lump sum cash transfers and another that expands upon transfers using a light-touch behavioral intervention component. The results support the notion that integrated development interventions are sensible poverty reduction tools.
Cash Transfers, Microenterprise, Savings, Training & Mentoring, Ultra Poor
Teaching personal initiative beats traditional training in boosting small business in West Africa
Standard business training programs aim to boost the incomes of the millions of self-employed business owners in developing countries by teaching basic financial and marketing practices, yet the impacts of such programs are mixed. We test whether a psychology-based personal initiative training approach which teaches and promotes a proactive mindset that focuses on entrepreneurial behaviors can have more success. A randomized controlled trial in Togo assigned microenterprise owners to a control group (N=500); a leading business training program (N=500); or to personal initiative training (N=500). Four follow-up surveys track firm outcomes over two years and show personal initiative training increases firm profits by 30 percent, compared to a statistically insignificant 11 percent for traditional training. The training is cost-effective, paying for itself within one year.
Francisco Campos, Michael Frese , Markus Goldstein, Leonardo Iacovone, Hillary Johnson, David McKenzie, Mona Mensmann
The Perverse Effects of Civic Education: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Peru
Past research suggests that improving citizen political knowledge and coordination can increase political participation and accountability and help channel grievances through democratic processes rather than conflict. A randomized field experiment in Peru demonstrates that civic education can sometimes have perverse effects on these outcomes. I find that civic education workshops reduce participation in the district's "participatory budgeting" process and increase support for protest as a tool for sanctioning politicians. Although the intervention increases the initiation of recalls for poor-performing mayors, these mayors respond to the recall threat by further reducing their effort. Taken together the evidence suggests that improved information and coordination of local elites is not sufficient to improve government performance where it has previous lagged.
Renard Sexton
Community Participation, Conflict, Electoral Participation, Transparency & Accountability
Can a Public-Private Partnership Improve Liberia's Schools? Results from the First of Three Years
"Partnership Schools" are free, public schools managed by private operators. After one year, public schools managed by private operators raised student learning by 60 percent compared to standard public schools. But costs were high, performance varied across operators, and contracts authorized the largest operator to push excess pupils and under-performing teachers into other government schools. Read the full paper here. A brief detailing results after three years is available here.
Mauricio Romero, Justin Sandefur, Wayne Sandholtz
Can Outsourcing Improve Liberia's Schools? Preliminary Results from Year One of a Three-Year Randomized Evaluation of Partnership Schools for Liberia
After one year, public schools managed by private contractors in Liberia raised student learning by 60 percent, compared to standard public schools. But costs were high, performance varied across contractors, and contracts authorized the largest contractor to push excess pupils and underperforming teachers onto other government schools. (Download the full paper at the right, and online appendix from lower button).
Targeted Remedial Education: Experimental Evidence from Peru
Improving learning among low-achieving students is a challenge in education. We present results from the first randomized experiment of an inquiry-based remedial science education program for low-performing elementary students in a developing-country setting. Third-grade students in 48 low-income public elementary schools in Metropolitan Lima who score at the bottom half of their school distribution in a science test taken at the beginning of the school year are randomly assigned to receive up to 16 remedial science tutoring sessions of 90 minutes each. Control group compliance with assignment is close to perfect. Treatment group compliance is 40 percent, equivalent to 4.5 tutoring sessions, or a 4 percent increase in total science instruction time. Despite the low treatment intensity, students assigned to the remedial sessions score 0.12 standard deviations higher on a science endline test, with all gains concentrated among boys. We find no evidence of remedial education producing wit...
Emma Naslund-Hadley, Juan Esteban Saavedra, Mariana Alfonso


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St. Landry native Karl Dunbar reaches pinnacle few coaches do
"To win it all for the first time, it's just awesome."
St. Landry native Karl Dunbar reaches pinnacle few coaches do "To win it all for the first time, it's just awesome." Check out this story on dailyworld.com: https://www.dailyworld.com/story/sports/2018/01/20/st-landry-native-karl-dunbar-reaches-pinnacle-few-coaches-do/1050201001/
Bobby Ardoin, Special to the Daily World Published 3:35 p.m. CT Jan. 20, 2018
Some of the top coaches in college football tell USA TODAY Sports who helped pave the way for them. USA TODAY Sports
Alabama defensive line coach Karl Dunbar reacts during the 2018 CFP national championship game at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta.(Photo: Mark J. Rebilas/USA TODAY Sports)
Karl Dunbar experienced a jubilant ride through Tuscaloosa sitting atop a convertible on Saturday as he and his team were honored for an accomplishment few coaches ever achieve.
Dunbar certainly played a part in Alabama's national collegiate football championship journey this season and as a participant in Saturday's tribute, he was definitely enjoying the moment.
The national title ring Dunbar will undoubtedly receive sometime during the next few months is also emblematic of a pinnacle reached for the first time in a coaching career that has included NFL and college teams.
Dunbar, a St. Landry Parish native who played football at Plaisance High, is currently Alabama's defensive line coach.
Although Alabama's championships have become somewhat routine, his national title experience with the Crimson Tide captured on Jan. 8 will obviously always stand out, he says.
"To win it all for the first time, it's just awesome. This is something not many coaches get to experience in a career and it's certainly something to remember.
"The parade and having everyone associated with the title take part in the celebration and ride to the stadium is tremendous, certainly something I won't forget," Dunbar said it a telephone interview.
Dunbar's 2017 season was his second at Alabama as the Tide's defensive line coach. At Alabama, he's already coached several All-American players of high-round draft caliber and probably more will follow.
After playing several NFL sseasons, Dunbar began a 10-year NFL coaching career with the Chicago Bears, Minnesota Vikings, New York Jets and Buffalo Bills.
He also coached in St. Landry Parish at Opelousas High and Beau Chene and in college at Nicholls State, LSU and Oklahoma State before going to the NFL. Before that, Dunbar graduated from LSU in 1992 with a criminal justice degree,
That circuitous career orbit was braked somewhat when Dunbar landed the Alabama job in March of 2016.
"I had known (Saban) back when I was at LSU and working with the weights and strength program there. I had just been released by Buffalo at the time and about the same time that happened, (Saban) gave me a call.
Karl Dunbar joined Nick Saban's staff at Alabama after being being fired from the Buffalo Bills. (Photo: Kirby Lee-USA TODAY Sports, Kirby Lee-USA TODAY Sports)
"In the NFL coaches are usually fired by either January or February, but this time I was released in March, which was unusual. (Saban) had just lost his defensive line coach at about the same time as my release at Buffalo," said Dunbar.
Working for Saban is demanding, Dunbar said, but that's Saban way of extracting the type of results he seeks.
"He is all about doing what he considers is the best way to go about getting things done and he is not going to deviate from that plan.
"(Saban) has a plan for what he wants to get done and in order to do that, you have to pay the price. The coaches here know what to expect and we respect that," said Dunbar.
Saban expounded a bit on that theme, Dunbar said, during the national championship playoff series when the Tide was seeded No. 4.
"The loss to Auburn took things out of our hands. We approached the playoffs with the attitude that we were excited now to get the opportunity to play for a championship.
"When we lost to Auburn, we gave that chance up and now we were getting another chance," Dunbar said.
That opportunity began with the Sugar Bowl victory over Clemson and then the national champion game with Georgia in Atlanta.
Georgia led at halftime, but Dunbar said the Tide didn't feel devastated by the score, since most of Georgia's points were obtained by field goals instead of touchdowns.
Once again, Dunbar said, it was as if Alabama had been given another chance to win a title, as the necessary corrections were made defensively and offensively.
Alabama is Dunbar's first college coaching job since he left in 2005 and now recruiting and the other responsibilities associated with that level require him to postpone any physical connections to St. Landry.
Alabama assistant coach Karl Dunbar is shown on the sideline Jan. 8 during the CFP National Championship Game. (Photo: Icon Sportswire via Getty Images)
Dunbar's recruiting responsibilities he said are central Mississippi, east Texas and north Louisiana.
"If I come to Louisiana on (recruiting) visits, it's been usually Shreveport and Monroe. The closest I get to home now is Alexandria," said Dunbar.
There's still a family connection for Dunbar in Alabama however, as his son, Karmichael, is working as an assistant in the Tide's strength and conditioning program.
Dunbar said coaching seems to run deep now in his family, a pursuit that started when he was back in high school.
"I think (the idea of coaching) began for me when I was high coach (Donald) Pitre. It was something I remember thinking I would like to do.
"In college, it's great, working with 18 and 19 year-olds coming out of high school and helping them. It's been fun doing that sort of work.
"Professional football is more business. The players come to practice and to the game and for them, it's going to work. You have practice, then have the game and after that the players leave to go home," Dunbar said.
Opelousas Vipers head to PONY regional tourney
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Waguespack was a coach 'who believed in what he was doing'
Shiver named St. Edmund's new head football coach
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Basketball players keep skills sharp in 'summer league'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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I Am James :: Positive Attitude
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Welcome to I Am James :: Positive Attitude -- Global Social Emotional Learning (SEL) that's humanizing. Let's love learning for life.
Let's step into a unique human's mind, heart, perspectives, and story. Let's explore self, others, and our world in a humanizing way. Take a deep breath. Let's get started.
Click the "lesson plan" tab if you're looking for ideas on how to engage with this story on your own or in a group. If you're eager to start right away and want to create your own learning guide based on the narrative, click the "story" tab or play the video!
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Judgment and bias are both quick to get and hard to get rid of. And both are really boring!
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Curiosity Before Judgment.
More Resources: Looking for a powerful learning guide for empathy and curiosity practice? Here is a version for early childhood learning. Here is a version for self-guided learning at any age. You can use the lesson plan above in the "lesson plan" tab, or you can try one of these lessons that work wonders for any of the stories on Better World Ed.
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Home / Shop / Museum / Robert Bouchet – 1977
Robert Bouchet – 1977
Additional costs (e.g. for customs or taxes) may occur when shipping to non-EU countries. CONTACT
After Antonio de Torres and Hermann Hauser, Robert Bouchet (1898-1986) is the best-known and most sought-after guitar builder in classical guitar history. Although Robert Bouchet was known as a professor of painting in Paris, in the second part of his highly artistic life he devoted himself to the art of guitar building. In the second half of the 20th century, he built outstanding fine guitars in Paris and thereby launched a fundamentally revolutionary approach to guitar building, which would be today's "French school of guitar building". Robert Bouchet built only 154 instruments and left an invaluable legacy to the world of classical guitar making.
This 1977 guitar with the number 147 is one of his youngest instruments and was built when he was at the height of his knowledge and skill. Two features make this instrument a rarity: it is the only cedar top guitar R. Bouchet has ever built. It is in a pristine original condition, free of cracks. Even the varnish and the mechanics are original.
All conceivable qualities of a classical guitar are combined and united in this sophisticated instrument. Each note evolves and rings like the bell of a cathedral, with an incredible complexity and fullness. It has an endless sustain and the overtones are almost like a symphony orchestra. The dynamic possibilities are endless and the volume is remarkable. This instrument is perfectly tuned and allows the guitarist to play freely with ease.
Luthier: Robert Bouchet
Top: Cedar
Boden & Zargen
Schellack
Mensur
≥ 65 cm
Deckenholz
Gitane – DG-255
Bernd Holzgruber – 2014 Doubletop
Milestones – Hauser I Model – 1A
Curt Claus Voigt – 2004


For project and development managers working with Jira Software and agile teams, it is very difficult in Jira to get a picture of the total amount of time remaining to complete outstanding epics when the work is spread across a multitude of user stories, sub-tasks and possibly even separate projects. There's no visibility into how those estimates roll up to the epic they are a part of.
Using Arsenale Dataplane and the ScriptRunner for Jira add-on, in no time you will be creating comprehensive reports tracking time across all your Jira Software epic initiatives.
This solution assumes you are using Jira Software and its Epic, Story and Task issue types. However, the same general approach can be used for any set of issues and sub-task issues associated with an issue representing a master feature.
Create a new ScriptRunner custom field ("Scripted Field") in Jira, called "Epic Master" (or something similar). Select Free Text Searcher for the "Search Template" option for this field, since the field will be returning text values. We are going to use this field to report on the epic that each issue is associated with, regardless of whether the issue is a user story or sub-task issue.
We're now ready to create the Dataplane report.
Epic Master Select the name of the new ScriptRunner custom field just added.
except "Resolved" and "Closed" Select which Jira issue statuses you wish to include in the report. Select all statuses in your Jira instance except "Resolved" and "Closed".
We want the estimate of time remaining for the issues in the epic.
Alternatively you could select "Original Estimate (Hours)" to report on the total time that was ever estimated to complete all the epic work, or "Time Spent (Hours)" to report on the hours of work completed so far.
If you select one of these other time fields, you'll want to change the Statuses to Include options so they're sensibly matched (e.g. including "Resolved" and "Closed" for "Original Estimate (Hours)").
You'll see a nice roll-up of the time remaining to complete all the stories and sub-tasks for each epic.
To check that we're properly including the time for all stories and sub-tasks within each epic, add "Issue Type" to Segment By in the report configuration. So we'll be segmenting the results by both the new ScriptRunner custom field, "Epic Master", and further slicing the data by "Issue Type".
Among the various Chart Type options in a report configuration, the "Normalized Bar Chart" and "Normalized Vertical Bar Chart" are great tools for comparative analysis of where time is remaining or was spent across epics.
These chart types visualize the report results on a percentage basis instead of using absolute units of time allowing for easy epic-to-epic comparisons.


going to north and seeing some of my best friends again, summer 05 (some parts), my crazy times with holly!, meeting my best friend christine hunt and adam!, hangin with kristen, north carolina ha, coming back to millcreek, meeting the most amazing guy of my life , homecoming court..football games, halloween, christmas..everything!
its been a great year…..
heyyy kid!! whats going on!?! yeah i had fun last night. how was your new years?? i cant wait till tuesday. daaaaang. its gunna be a good game… tell everyone you know to go.
ok so! i miss you. and we need to make some PLANS to hang out love you hunny!
gah i looove you soo much babbyyy!


text:
Beyond trade creation : preferential trade agreements and trade disputes
Tan LI, Larry D. QIU
This study investigates the effects of preferential trade agreements (PTA) on bilateral trade disputes. We construct a unique and comprehensive dataset on inter‐country trade disputes from 1995 to 2007. The dataset covers 110 countries and 1,162 bilateral country‐pair trade disputes. Using this dataset in a gravity‐type model of trade dispute analysis, we find that countries belonging to the same PTA tend to experience fewer trade conflicts among themselves than with non‐member countries. By studying various types of PTA with different dispute settlement mechanisms, we further find that the dispute‐reducing effect only comes from PTA with specific provisions on dispute settlement mechanisms. Moreover, the effect is stronger if those PTA explicitly stipulate that members can also resolve their disputes via the WTO Dispute Settlement Body. However, having PTA that do not address how members should resolve their disputes may lead to more dispute initiations than in cases without PTA.
Pacific Economic Review
We benefitted from useful comments and discussions of participants at the HKU‐Nottingham Workshop on International Trade, Brownbag seminar at The University of Hong Kong and Chinese University of Hong Kong, the 9th Australasia Trade Workshop, and a seminar at UIBE (Beijing). We also benefitted from the detailed and constructive suggestions of the referee and editor. We thank Ying Xue for excellent research assistance. Li gratefully acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC: 71703128).
LI, T., & QIU, L. D. (2021). Beyond trade creation : preferential trade agreements and trade disputes. Pacific Economic Review, 26(1), 23-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12314
LI, Tan ; QIU, Larry D. / Beyond trade creation : preferential trade agreements and trade disputes. In: Pacific Economic Review. 2021 ; Vol. 26, No. 1. pp. 23-53.
@article{194efe18e65c4147940039af301026b8,
title = "Beyond trade creation : preferential trade agreements and trade disputes",
abstract = "This study investigates the effects of preferential trade agreements (PTA) on bilateral trade disputes. We construct a unique and comprehensive dataset on inter‐country trade disputes from 1995 to 2007. The dataset covers 110 countries and 1,162 bilateral country‐pair trade disputes. Using this dataset in a gravity‐type model of trade dispute analysis, we find that countries belonging to the same PTA tend to experience fewer trade conflicts among themselves than with non‐member countries. By studying various types of PTA with different dispute settlement mechanisms, we further find that the dispute‐reducing effect only comes from PTA with specific provisions on dispute settlement mechanisms. Moreover, the effect is stronger if those PTA explicitly stipulate that members can also resolve their disputes via the WTO Dispute Settlement Body. However, having PTA that do not address how members should resolve their disputes may lead to more dispute initiations than in cases without PTA.",
author = "Tan LI and QIU, {Larry D.}",
note = "We benefitted from useful comments and discussions of participants at the HKU‐Nottingham Workshop on International Trade, Brownbag seminar at The University of Hong Kong and Chinese University of Hong Kong, the 9th Australasia Trade Workshop, and a seminar at UIBE (Beijing). We also benefitted from the detailed and constructive suggestions of the referee and editor. We thank Ying Xue for excellent research assistance. Li gratefully acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC: 71703128).",
journal = "Pacific Economic Review",
LI, T & QIU, LD 2021, 'Beyond trade creation : preferential trade agreements and trade disputes', Pacific Economic Review, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 23-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12314
Beyond trade creation : preferential trade agreements and trade disputes. / LI, Tan; QIU, Larry D.
In: Pacific Economic Review, Vol. 26, No. 1, 02.2021, p. 23-53.
T1 - Beyond trade creation : preferential trade agreements and trade disputes
AU - LI, Tan
AU - QIU, Larry D.
N1 - We benefitted from useful comments and discussions of participants at the HKU‐Nottingham Workshop on International Trade, Brownbag seminar at The University of Hong Kong and Chinese University of Hong Kong, the 9th Australasia Trade Workshop, and a seminar at UIBE (Beijing). We also benefitted from the detailed and constructive suggestions of the referee and editor. We thank Ying Xue for excellent research assistance. Li gratefully acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC: 71703128).
N2 - This study investigates the effects of preferential trade agreements (PTA) on bilateral trade disputes. We construct a unique and comprehensive dataset on inter‐country trade disputes from 1995 to 2007. The dataset covers 110 countries and 1,162 bilateral country‐pair trade disputes. Using this dataset in a gravity‐type model of trade dispute analysis, we find that countries belonging to the same PTA tend to experience fewer trade conflicts among themselves than with non‐member countries. By studying various types of PTA with different dispute settlement mechanisms, we further find that the dispute‐reducing effect only comes from PTA with specific provisions on dispute settlement mechanisms. Moreover, the effect is stronger if those PTA explicitly stipulate that members can also resolve their disputes via the WTO Dispute Settlement Body. However, having PTA that do not address how members should resolve their disputes may lead to more dispute initiations than in cases without PTA.
AB - This study investigates the effects of preferential trade agreements (PTA) on bilateral trade disputes. We construct a unique and comprehensive dataset on inter‐country trade disputes from 1995 to 2007. The dataset covers 110 countries and 1,162 bilateral country‐pair trade disputes. Using this dataset in a gravity‐type model of trade dispute analysis, we find that countries belonging to the same PTA tend to experience fewer trade conflicts among themselves than with non‐member countries. By studying various types of PTA with different dispute settlement mechanisms, we further find that the dispute‐reducing effect only comes from PTA with specific provisions on dispute settlement mechanisms. Moreover, the effect is stronger if those PTA explicitly stipulate that members can also resolve their disputes via the WTO Dispute Settlement Body. However, having PTA that do not address how members should resolve their disputes may lead to more dispute initiations than in cases without PTA.
JO - Pacific Economic Review
JF - Pacific Economic Review
LI T, QIU LD. Beyond trade creation : preferential trade agreements and trade disputes. Pacific Economic Review. 2021 Feb;26(1):23-53. Epub 2019 Oct 30. doi: 10.1111/1468-0106.12314


Parents are urged to report any health problem to the school nurse. Every consideration will be given to the health needs of each child. Certain information may be shared with other staff members when the school nurse deems it necessary for the health and safety of the pupil. Otherwise, information shared with the school nurse will be considered confidential.
The school nurse provides counseling for pupils on matters of health. The school nurse also serves as a health resource person in the classroom.


At Dumpster America, we strive to bring you the best service at the best price available. We have a wide selection of dumpster sizes in stock in Saxis, VA, with flexible & timley pickup and delivery. Give us a call today for all your dumpster rental and roll off needs.
Learn how long you can preserve the leased dumpster at your home so that you are not stunned with additional expenses. You should find a person that will allow this dumpster to be on your property not less than two weeks for one flat fee. If you would like the dumpster lengthier you should have the option to do so.
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text:
Malawi President Promises Continued Commitment to Freedom of Worship
by Salimu
"We cannot be a country that values democracy by denying the freedom of worship. Democracy and religion must always reconcile," he said.
President of Republic of Malawi Professor Arthur Peter Mutharika has said his current administration will make sure that the freedom of worship is respected in the country.
Mutharika made the remarks on Saturday during the official opening of this year's men's Ijitma at Luchenza in Thyolo district.
The Malawi leader said his government will continue promoting the freedom of worship to the people in the country considering the fact that religious leaders are also taking an active part in developmental issues of this country.
"The First Lady [Madam Getrude Mutharika] and I, are very glad that you invited us to attend this year's Ijitma. It's something great that we are here to discuss some of the ways of promoting our religion which is Islam and the national developmental issues. Let me promise you that my government will make sure that Muslims are having their freedom of worship as any person in the country," Mutharika said.
He expressed some of the bad things that might come if the freedom of worship is denied in any country saying people lose their lives.
"I know some of the dangers which may erupt when there is no freedom of worship in any country. The country lacks peace and it cannot develop. So, I feel good to see people in Malawi worshiping in different ways according to their doctrines. Whether you are a Muslim, a Hindu or a Christian, we all worship only one God. We are all the children of one God and we should continue to live in peace and harmony regardless of our religion so that we can also develop our country on the other way."
Muslim Leaders pausing with Apostle Timothy Khoviwa, Presidential Advisor on Religious Affairs (middle)
Democracy and Freedom of Worship
"My government really appreciates to the roles which Malawi Muslim Association [MAM] plays in the development of this country. We are really thankful for their efforts in education, health and social welfare among others. Therefore, government will do at all times safeguard your freedom of worship and seek amicable solutions to any challenges that may come in your way because this is what we call democracy. We cannot be a country that values democracy by denying the freedom of worship. Democracy and religion must always reconcile," he said.
Mutharika also asked Muslim leaders to promote the messages of peace and unity so that the people in the country should live in harmony.
"Mr. Chairman, I want to see a Malawi where there is no intolerance, there must be a country where no critical violence are happening in associated with religion. Instead, let's find a meaning of life by serving those who are less privileged than us and I want to ask Muslims in the country to observe three pillars of development which is patriotism, integrity and hardworking spirit," he said.
Education, a key to development
Mutharika also asked MAM to encourage children to attend and complete education.
"I am asking the MAM National Chairman Sheikh Idrissa Muhammad and the whole executive committee to encourage our children to attend and complete their education. This will really help Malawi to develop at a faster pace,"
Mutharika also supported the event with the money of amounting to five hundred thousand Kwacha ($1000) to use in buying some other necessities like food and water for the event.
In his remarks MAM Secretary General Twaibu Lawe commended the President and the First Lady for gracing the event and assured the government that MAM will continue supporting the government in developing the country.
"Your Excellency, we are much honored for your acceptance to be with us at this particular event to be the guest of honor; this shows that there is a cordial relationship between the government and religious bodies in the country. We therefore want to assure you that as MAM, we are going to work together in developing this country," said Lawe.
Categories: Education, Featured


text:
Q: Mips polynomial multiplication I am doing a multiplication of polynomials on MIPS using the formula R[i+j] += P[i] * Q[j].
Now, the result I should be getting for R should be  6 7 15 -10 17 -15. However, what I'm getting is  6 7 9 -19 17 -15, is there something wrong in the way I add numers? what can I do to fix these two wrong values?
.data
    P: .word 2, 3, 4, -5
    Q: .word 3, -1, 3
    R: .space 1024
    m: .asciiz " "
.text
main:
    la $s0, R
    addi $t0, $zero, 0  #outer index
    addi $t2, $zero, 0  #inner index

outer:
beq $t0, 4, outer_exit          #while t0 < 16:

sll $t3, $t0, 2             #$t3 = 4 * i
lw $t1, P($t3)              #current P value ($t1 = P[$t3])

addi $t0, $t0, 1            #i++

move $t2, $zero             #restart $t2 to 0
    inner:
    beq $t2, 3, inner_exit      #while $t2 < 12:

    sll $t4, $t2, 2         #$t4 = 4 * j

    addi $t2, $t2, 1        #j++

    lw $t5, Q($t4)          #current Q value ($t5 = P[$t4])

    mul $t6, $t1, $t5       #$t6 = P[i] * Q[j]
    add $t7, $t3, $t4       #$t7 = i + j

    lw $t8, R($t7)

    sw $t6, R($t7)          #store $t6 on R[$t7]
    add $t8, $t8, $t6

    j inner
    inner_exit:

    j outer
outer_exit:
    li  $v0, 10
        syscall

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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You will need to purchase a return ticket for each day you wish to travel. They are priced at £9 when purchased in advance or £10 on the day. You can also purchase a weekend return travel ticket for £18.
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I've been enjoying a new form of birding of late: birding along the Niagara River and, like today, sitting by the lake with my scope and watching what flies or swims by. It's been a whole different approach and it's been giving me an opportunity to see more water fowl.
As a matter of fact, I saw my first Brant today - and not just my first Brant, but my 382nd Brant! Great numbers were migrating past the place on Lake Ontario from where we were watching. At first, I thought they were geese, but Doug told me that they were a life bird for me and had me look closer and work hard to figure out what they were. It took a little while, but with a little coaching and his field guide, I eventually figured out that I could finally add Brant to my life list!
I wasn't all that far off when guessing a goose (I was hoping for Cackling Goose!), because they are also known as the "Brent Goose" (not a typo). It is, in essence, a goose and has the shortest tail of all the geese.
An interesting fact about the Brant is that they have a well developed salt gland that allows them to drink salt water!
Birding along a lake or river is pretty interesting and you just never know what will fly or swim by. We had several species of ducks fly by, including Gadwall, Green-winged Teal, Mallards, American Black Ducks, Common Mergansers, 1 White-winged Scoter, Northern Pintail, and even 3 Common Loons. Quite a few Ring-billed Gulls and Herring Gulls came by, along with a few Great Black-backed Gulls and many Double-crested Cormorants. We had an Osprey fly over too.
A little later, out at Ring-necked Marsh in Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge, we ran into Willie D'Anna and Rick Thomas who told us of a wonderful sighting they had today: a Gannet! They, too, had been river watching and had great and close views of that fabulous bird!
There were at least 8 Bald Eagles out in the marsh that we found today, not quite the 12 that were reported earlier this week. Most of the eagles we saw were young, immature birds. Other than a Northern Harrier, 2 Belted Kingfishers, 3 Great Egrets, and 4 Great Herons, there wasn't much else to report at that location. All in all, though, it was a great and diverse day of birding!
Seeing such large numbers of these guys was amazing!
Younger (on left) and adult Great Black-backed Gulls. It's VERY difficult ID'ing the different year gulls- especially between the Greater Black-backs and the Herrings and Lesser Black-backs!
Sounds like a successful day. I love that Doug makes you figure it out rather than just id'ing the bird for guy. You are getting very skillful with identifying the birds and capturing their pictures. Very nice!


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Go to our RESOURCES page for information and illustrations of how crushers work, technical information related to aggregate production, links to trade associations, and other resources.
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All described items or equipment listed in this website are subject to prior sale, withdrawal from the market, or changes in definition, price or terms without notification. The used equipment market is very fluid and offered items can only be held subject to satisfactory proof of payment or other satisfactory documentation. Items listed on this website may be located across international borders and CONQUIP makes no representation or warranty as to fitness for a particular purpose, no warranty of any kind unless specifically included in the invoice. The buyers agree that they are buying used equipment, subject to normal wear and tear, unless specifically described otherwise. Descriptions of condition are an opinion only and based upon available information. The equipment is sold as-is, where-is unless specifically stated differently in the invoice.
This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of equipment and other construction related processes. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, any copywrited material on this site is distributed without profit to those who may be seeking information for research and educational purposes. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner.
This site contains references to various pieces of equipment by a brand, model, or manufacturer's name. Any reference containing a trade or copyrighted name is for reference only and is used to describe the particular piece of used equipment. CONQUIP has no affiliation or connection with any of the copyright or trademark owners.


In Boston, we give St. Patrick's day the epic celebration it deserves. Where are the top spots to party this Paddy's Day? Read on for our top Tablelist picks, from bar crawls to bottle service and more.
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Forgot account? It is our mission to provide quality and compassionate health care services to the Asian American community and all other underserved or underprivileged communities in a culturally competent and linguistically appropriate Singles dances in the twin cities Great Yarmouth. Emergency Care.
Adult Services. Craigslist st croix Scunthorpe Specialties. We speak many languages including Japanese, Cantonese, Vietnamese, and several Indian dialects. We help people understand their needs, and achieve their goals in a safe and sensitive environment.
AHS has Asian health center Cambridge many challenges during its year history.
AHS emerged from student activism of the civil rights and social justice movements of the late s with the mission to serve and advocate for the API community by ensuring access to health care services regardless of income, insurance status, immigration status, language, or culture.
AHS Cambrixge overcome many challenges during its year history.
One such challenge was the passage of Proposition 13 which severely threatened community based organizations across California with eliminated funding. Mission to serve and advocate for the API community by ensuring access to health care services regardless of income, insurance status, immigration status, language, or culture.
Faced with these dire funding cuts, AHS worked in collaboration with local community groups to galvanize its patient base to protest Prop 13 cuts. As a result of such rousing protests from its Naughty mermaid Nuneaton and passionate patients, AHS did not lose funding and was able to continue serving the medical Cambridhe of the API community.
ASIAN HEALTH SERVICES – Health Care for All. Advocacy for the Underserved.
AHS has also overcome the challenges presented by the passage of California Proposition which denied undocumented immigrants from Cabridge public benefits and represented a significant barrier to health care for underserved APIs. AHS again collaborated with local community based organizations to advocate for immigrant rights and health care reform.
These Cmabridge ultimately resulted in the creation of Family Care, a new health insurance plan offered to all Alameda County residents regardless of immigration status.
Along with providing linguistically and culturally competent medical services to the API centrr. AHS has long been a pioneer of community organizing. Throughout its history, AHS has consistently collaborated with ally organizations on the local, state and national levels.
AHS continues to be a leader in centsr and linguistically competent health care for underserved, low-income, and limited English speaking APIs, and serves as a strong reminder that health care, regardless of socioeconomic status, immigration status, language, or culture, is a human right. ❶Clinicians Psychiatrists clinical psychologists social workers. Research by RAND Europe on outpatient clinics Green singles Washington when the policy makes sense and how it can be more effective.
Join or Log Into Facebook. Step 3: Check out and scheduling a follow-up appointment After seeing your doctor, do not forget to check.
Our providers, who together speak 14 Asian languages, look forward to the opportunity to serve you. Sign Up. AHS is a Joint Commission-certified health center and is nationally-recognized for its advocacy work on behalf of patients. Who can I call about heapth questions? We offer a sliding fee scale for our patients based on income.
AHS Family Health Center
Studio oriental Redhill Europe and the University of Cambridge tested whether the Q Improvement Lab approach could become an effective, valuable way of developing ideas or interventions Asian health center Cambridge support positive change at multiple levels of the health and care.
As part of the pan-EU project EPIC-CVD, which aims to provide clinicians Cxmbridge policymakers with healtj range of evidence-based policy options for cost-effective, individualised risk assessment for cardiovascular disease, researchers explored options for the implementation of new cardiovascular risk assessment tools across Europe.
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This past […]. All donations are welcomed.]We identify public health issues of the local Asian community and Aian with local area, especially in Quincy, Malden, Brookline, Cambridge and Newton. CHA health care services. The Asian Mental Health Program is a special program for people from Asia and the Indian sub-continent. Our work covers the. Cambridge Health AllianceCambridge, MA, US develop individualized treatment plans New Exeter confidential escorts into account patient needs and available clinical services, using.
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The Dave Rayner and John Ibbotson Funds are looking for talented young riders to apply for backing for the 2011 season.
Anyone wishing to apply needs to send their CV, along with a covering letter to the funds' contacts (see below) explaining why they believe they should be chosen.
Both funds place riders in foreign teams and give them financial backing. The Dave Rayner fund backed 26 riders in 2010, and has supported many riders since the mid 90s in their bids to land a pro contract. Charly Wegelius and Dave Millar were both backed by the fund when they were younger.
The John Ibbotson fund started in 2005, after the shock death of the former professional rider from arythmagenic right ventricular dysplasia. This year it backed Sam Allen and Alistair Carr who are both racing in Brittany for the season.
The Ibbotson fund has its main fund raising event, Ibbo's Cake Quest, coming up on September 26. The sportive starts and finishes in Walton-on-the-Hill, near Box Hill, and takes in the hills of Surrey. Three road routes are offered from 60km to 150km while one guided off-road route will let people explore the trails in the area.
The Dave Rayner fund is now selling tickets for its annual dinner. Held this year at the Bradford Hilton on November 13, the event always brings in a huge crowd, eager to bid for the memorabilia to be auctioned off. Tickets are £40 and are available through Bill Holmes (details below) from the fund.


Calendar is a method to list a period of time (such as the case). These kind of names are classified as calendar dates. This date can be depending on the actions of heavenly bodies like the sun and moon. Calendars can also refer to tools that illustrate the machine.
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The 2013-2014 Prayer cycle is now available both in a basic text version and a .pdf booklet. Hardcopies of the booklet are available upon request from the Diocesan Office.
The Parishes, Missions and House Group Locations Map has been updated. It now better represents the ACC around the UK (and indeed in France with our first European Chaplaincy).
The 'Legend' of St Thomas Becket is on the wall!
During June and July 2013 there will be no weekday services at St Augustine's Church, Best Lane, Canterbury. The revised Sunday Schedule is attached in pdf format.


HUNTSVILLE, Ala. –-- Northrop Grumman Corporation and MBDA have successfully completed a joint, company-funded effort to incorporate the Common Anti-air Modular Missile (CAMM) family into the Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD) Battle Command System (IBCS). CAMM is the first non-U.S. missile system to be integrated with IBCS.
With the Northrop Grumman-developed Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD) Battle Command System (IBCS) as the enabler for next-generation IAMD in the multidomain battlespace, warfighters gain the advantage of leveraging any available sensors and effectors to counter evolving and emerging threats.
"This integration further demonstrates how the CAMM family and its associated systems have been designed from the outset for integration into IAMD networks, including with third-party battle management command and control and sensors, allowing the most complex engagement scenarios to be achieved with lower demands on the network and a lower integration burden," said Michael Mew, ground-based air defence programme head, MBDA.
The CAMM family is the next generation of air defense missiles for multidomain applications. Designed to defeat the most challenging of modern and future threats, including saturation attacks by precision-guided munitions and maneuvering high-speed missiles attacking simultaneously from multiple directions, the CAMM family of missiles feature a solid-state active radar seeker, two-way data-link, low-signature rocket motor and a 360° soft-vertical launch system.
With more than 90 armed forces customers worldwide, MBDA is a world leader in missiles and missile systems. In total, the group offers a range of 45 missile systems and countermeasures products already in operational service and more than 15 others currently in development. MBDA is jointly owned by Airbus (37.5%), BAE Systems (37.5%), and Leonardo (25%).


Dunkirk has been working with link schools in all three countries for two years. Teachers and Head Teachers from the schools visited Dunkirk in April. They were only here for two days but were able to visit classes, join assemblies led by our International Ambassadors at both Highfields and Abbey Campus and take part in a meeting where the whole two year project was evaluated. Future linking plans were also discussed. They watched the film 'The Man Who Planted Trees' which showed the amazing collaboration that took place between Abbey Campus pupils and pupils in our link school in Italy. They also took part in in the whole process of making bread with Oak Class and Cedar Class hosted an amazing Tea Party which had a wonderful range of food from across the world that the pupils brought in.


text:
Q: Guard against object in deleted state inside delegate callback I'm writing a game in Unity3D, and I'm wondering if I should be using events -- or some other construct entirely -- instead of delegates for my web requests.
At certain points in the game's lifecycle, we need to call out to a REST API and await its response. Consider a UI screen that retrieves a list of your friends, and displays the number of friends, along with an entry for each friend. Currently, the workflow looks something like this, using Action delegates as parameters to the various methods of my Server class:
class FriendsUI : MonoBehaviour
{
    [SerializeField]
    private Text friendCount; // A Unity Text component

    private void OnStart()
    {
        Server.GetFriends(player, response => {
            ShowFriendList(response.friends);
        });
    }

    private void ShowFriendList(List<Friend> friends)
    {
        this.friendCount.text = friends.Count.ToString();
        // Display friend entries...
    }
}

The Server.GetFriends method does an HTTP request to our REST API, gets the response, and calls the delegate, returning the response and control to FriendsUI.
This usually works just fine. However, if I closed the friends UI screen before the delegate is called, the friendCount component -- and any other component in the class, for that matter -- has been destroyed, and an NPE is thrown trying to access it.
Knowing that, do you think C#'s event system be a better design for this? Server would expose something like a FriendsEvent event, and FriendsUI would subscribe to it. At the point when Server has validated/transformed the response, it would raise the event. FriendsUI would also clean up after itself and unregister the handler when the GameObject on which the script has been attached is destroyed/disabled. That way, at the point the event is raised in Server, if the event handler is no longer valid in FriendsUI, it just wouldn't get called.
I'm just trying to run this through in my head before implementing it, because it would end up becoming a somewhat large refactor. I'm looking for guidance as to whether or not people think it's a good route to go, if there are any other routes that might turn out better, and any pitfalls I might run into along the way.
Thanks, as ever, for your time.

A: Simply use C# delegate and event. Make each script that wants to be notified when friends list is received from the server to subscribe to the event.
public class FRIENDSAPI : MonoBehaviour
{
    public delegate void friendListReceived(List<FRINDSINFO> _friends);
    public static event friendListReceived onFriendListReceived;

    //Function that gets friends from the network and notify subscribed functions with results
    public void getFriends()
    {
      StartCoroutine(getFriendsCoroutine());
    }

    private IEnumerator getFriendsCoroutine()
    {
     List<FRINDSINFO> friendsFromNetwork = new List<FRINDSINFO>();

     /*
     NETWORK CODE

     //FILL friendsFromNetwork with Result
     friendsFromNetwork.Add();

     */

     //Make sure a function is subscribed then Notify every subscribed function
      if (onFriendListReceived != null)
      {
        onFriendListReceived(friendsFromNetwork);
      }

     yield return null;
     }
}

Then in your FriendsUI class, subscribe in the Start() function and unsubscribe in the OnDisable() function. You usually subscribe in the OnEnable() function but sometimes it doesn't work because things don't initialize on time. Doing it in the Start() function is a fix for that.
public class FriendsUI: MonoBehaviour
{

    void Start()
    {
        //Subscribe
        FRIENDSAPI.onFriendListReceived += onFriendsReceived;

        FRIENDSAPI friendAPI = gameObject.GetComponent<FRIENDSAPI>();
        friendAPI.getFriends(); //Get friends
    }

    public void OnDisable()
    {
        //Un-Subscribe
        FRIENDSAPI.onFriendListReceived -= onFriendsReceived;
    }

    //Call back function when friends are received
    void onFriendsReceived(List<FRINDSINFO> _friends)
    {
        //Do Whatever you want with the result here(Display on the Screen)
    }
}


text:
United for Hungary () is a political alliance in Hungary that was formed to compete in the 2022 parliamentary election.

History

The need for collaboration

The need for opposition cooperation stems from the characteristics of the latest electoral system, the diversity of opposition parties, and the game-theoretic characteristics of human behavior:

 a single round, plurality voting system introduced in 2011 delegates the most supported district candidate to parliament, even if his or her support is actually below 50%, only the other candidates received even less support individually. This is identical in the United Kingdom, however in Hungary, the electoral system was adopted and therefore districts were created solely by the ruling parties, and many consider the districts to be gerrymandered in their favour.
 due to the unity of the right-wing ruling parties (Fidesz–KDNP) and the multiplicity of opposition parties, and without opposition coordination, the last voters have been naturally divided among their parties for years, so that their voting power has mostly not reached the one-sided right-wing community
 opposition parties face the tragedy of the commons known from game theory, because if they pursue their selfish interests alone, they are more likely to get into parliament and stay afloat, although they cannot form a government, and their cooperation is hampered by the fact that "a selfish player in this game his behavior naturally entails similar behavior by others":
 "Under the current rules, if a single party lists, it must reach 5% to get in, if two, 10%, if more, 15%." – it encourages selfishness, as there is a greater risk to not reaching the higher threshold
 "a political group could henceforth be formed only by members of the same party who had drawn up a national list and obtained a mandate in the previous election" – this is a condition for remaining afloat
 out of 106 "candidates must be nominated in 27 SMDs (since increase to 71) in order for the nominating organization to have a national list" – but the district votes are shattered if more opposition candidates enter in one district
vote for losing candidates are transferred to the list tier (although with inherently less weight), thereby encouraging every party to run a candidate in every SMD if they run separately, unless any agreements to tactically withdraw prove more beneficial

According to Tibor Závecz, managing director of Závecz Research, the support data and the willingness of the opposition side to vote show that there can even be close competition between Fidesz and the opposition, which has been cooperating much more closely than before. Fidesz has a huge advantage on the party list, but it can be a potential challenger in the unifying opposition. According to a July 2020 poll, 87% of opposition voters supported the common candidate, 83% also supported the common list.

Foundation and Purpose of the Alliance
The founder parties of the alliance at its formation were the Hungarian Socialist Party, Democratic Coalition, Movement for a Better Hungary (Jobbik), LMP – Hungary's Green Party, Dialogue for Hungary and the Momentum Movement.

The alliance's aim is to nominate one candidate against the Fidesz–KDNP candidate in each of the 106 individual constituencies and, in the event of a victory, to co-govern on the basis of a commonly agreed programme and principles.

Opposition parties are not expected to merge completely, as the goal is not to eliminate differences, but to function if they want not only a change of government, but "to create a lasting livable Hungary where differences can be discussed and managed".

Controversies within the party alliance
Closer cooperation through the alliance, but much debate is also expected between the parties. A joint program can be created through close cooperation between the expert staffs, the background institutions and the party foundations operating them, which requires the coordination of financial resources and communication activities.

Serious debates were expected on the selection of the 106 individual candidates, the issue of joint or separate lists, and the manner in which the joint prime ministerial candidate would be selected. The alliance was born of several ideas; some parties supported full cooperation, but Péter Jakab, president of Jobbik, spoke of two types of lists, namely an MSZP-DK-Dialogue and a Jobbik-Momentum-LMP list. Jakab said he needed two lists because he said not many people in rural villages would vote for politicians ruling before 2010. A joint decision on this issue is expected by the end of 2020. According to a July 2020 survey, only 5 percent wanted more lists, the rest uncertain. Common candidates were supported regardless of party preference, with differences in sympathizers from each party in the common list: 80 and 81 percent of DK and Momentum voters would support "only" it (4 and 7 percent, respectively, strongly oppose it), while 88-91 percent of the rate. In his view, that one list would be psychologically better for the opposition. However, according to an analyst at Political Capital, anti-Orbán voters could be better mobilized if they had at least one tiny choice and could choose at least the most attractive party groupings.

Primary elections

The party presidents agreed to set up a joint programme in the interests of the country and considered the institution of primary elections to be a legitimate tool for the selection of individual candidates in addition to the negotiated path. Not only individual joint candidates were decided by primary, but also the person of the joint prime ministerial candidate.

The opposition primary was held between 18 and 28 September 2021 (first round) and 10–16 October 2021 (second round), it was the first countrywide primary election in the political history of Hungary. 106 local candidates were elected to be the joint candidates of the participating opposition parties.

Non-partisan candidate Péter Márki-Zay was elected as prime ministerial candidate of the united opposition.

Selection of list candidates
The full list of candidates that will make up the joint list of United for Hungary are yet to be announced. Some participating parties, including MSZP, LMP, Momentum and Dialogue for Hungary have already put forward a list of their preferred candidates for the joint list.

Composition
United for Hungary is composed of the following political parties and organisations:

Main parties

Associate parties

Organizations

Election results

National Assembly

Notes

References

2020 establishments in Hungary
Opposition to Viktor Orbán
Political opposition organizations
Political parties established in 2020
Political party alliances in Hungary

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia