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Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Tagged: pathophysiology
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a maladaptive esophageal condition that develops from the reflux of ingested foods or stomach contents into the esophagus. GERD is estimated in approximately 10-20% of Western society, but diagnostic rates are elevated on a global scale (Badillo and Francis, 2010). Bhatia et al (2011) analyzed 3,224 questionnaires from 12 health care centers in India and estimated that 245 of those participants experienced symptoms of GERD at least once a week. In Japan, Fujiwara and Arakawa (2009) carried out a systematic review and noted a steady increase in GERD since 1990. Of the 42 studies reviewed, data revealed a 52.1% prevalence of reflux conditions in the Japanese sample. In western culture, reflux disease is classified into two types: erosive reflux disease (GERD) or non-erosive reflux disease (NERD). Differences noted between GERD and NERD are the lack of damage to the esophageal lining and responsiveness to pharmacological interventions in patients with NERD. The most prevalent form of GERD is the erosive category (Badillo and Francis, 2010).
Gilger et al (2008) reported 12.4% of 402 children that underwent upper esophageal endoscopies were found to have erosive esophagitis linked to GERD symptoms. Despite higher diagnosis of GERD in adults, manifestations are noted to be more severe in children. Acute, unmanaged GERD in children has shown to progress to cerebral palsy, esophagus related birth defects, and chronic lung disease (Gilger et al, 2008). Although behavioral issues, such as obesity, have contributed to the development of GERD in adults, in children this correlation is not clearly defined. Elitsur, Dementieva, Elitsur, and Rewalt (2009) analyzed body mass indices (BMI) of 738 children meeting full criteria for GERD based on histological lab results. The authors failed to find a correspondence between the child's weight and GERD. However, the data collected demonstrated a slightly higher incidence of GERD in males than females.
In adults, heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, and dysphagia are all symptoms that provide indications of GERD. However, the two most common issues reported are heartburn and regurgitation. Symptomatology is categorized on a spectrum of typical, atypical, and extraesophageal manifestations. Heartburn and regurgitation are considered typical symptoms, but atypical symptoms have ranged from epigastric pain, dyspepsia, nausea, bloating, or belching. Extraesophageal symptoms are defined as issues that have developed because of GERD. Examples of extraesophageal symptoms include chronic coughing, asthma, laryngitis, and dental decay (Badillo and Francis, 2010). The present paper will focus on the physiological implications relevant to reflux disease to provide an understanding of symptomatology and treatment interventions.
The Lower Esophageal Sphincter
The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a bundle of circular muscle fibers that separate the esophagus from the stomach. Distal to the esophagus, the LES is approximately 2-5 centimeters in length, horizontally. The objective of the sphincter is to retain stomach contents from reaching the esophagus and permit ingested foods into the stomach. Neurologically, the LES can send sensory messages to the brain via spinal and vagal afferent cells. Spinal messages indicate damage or danger to the LES, whereas vagal transmissions to the brain include non-threatening information (Sidhu and Triadafilopoulos, 2008).
The sphincter works in unison with the gastric sling and diaphragm; other bodily structures located distal to the throat. Systematization of these parts is needed for the maintenance of the "high-pressure zone" or the pressure that maintains closure of the LES. Patients with GERD are reported to have little complications with pressure maintenance. However, GERD is a result of spontaneous sphincter loosening, also known as transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR) (Sidhu and Triadafilopoulos, 2008). Babaei, Bhargava, Korsapati, Zheng, and Mittal (2008) investigated causes of TLESR by measuring pressure frequencies and using ultrasounds to view the LES during voluntary and involuntary sphincter relaxations. Voluntary relaxation was defined as the LES opening when eating and swallowing and involuntary was correlated with random weaknesses. The authors reported that TLESR may be attributed to longitudinal muscle contractions in the esophagus. Contractions recorded began before the sphincter relaxed, were more powerful than voluntary contractions, and sustained duration as the sphincter remained weak. Failure of the sphincter to protect the esophagus from damaging contents, such as stomach acid, has altering effects on one's esophageal composition.
Sidhu and Triadafilopoulos (2008) hypothesized that diet may play a role in TLESR. GERD symptoms are correlated with increased body mass index (BMI) and obesity. Diets in the United States with increased consumption of saturated fat are reported to boost episodes of TLESR. Time of day meals are consumed has also been linked to sphincter relaxation. It is recommended not to eat at least two hours prior to bedtime. Laying down puts one's body in a position that prevents healthy regurgitation.
Anatomy of the Esophagus
Aversive effects and damage caused by GERD symptoms and malfunction of the sphincter can be explained by the anatomy of the esophagus. The esophagus is compiled of four core layers. The outermost layer is referred to as the adventitia, composed of blood vessels and muscle tissues. Muscularis, the second layer, contains tightly bound muscle tissues including both striated and smooth muscle types. The final two layers of the esophageal wall are the submucosa and the mucosa. The submucosa serves the purpose of connecting the mucosa to the three outer layers through blood vessels and glands (National Institutes of Health, 2018).
Mucosal lining is composed of stratified squamous epithelium cells (Triantos, Koukias, Karamanolis, and Thomopoulos, 2015). Bove, Vieth, Dombrowski, Ny, Ruth, and Lundell (2005) explored the effects of acid exposure to epithelium lining by examining biopsies of lower esophageal samples exposed to acid (pH <4) for 30 minutes compared to samples without. Participant's with GERD were noted to have denser basal cell layers within mucosa than individuals without GERD. The authors also reported that thickened layers formed immediately following exposure and created changes that the epithelium sustained. The mucosa's general function is to protect the throat. Prolonged acid in in the esophagus signals the mucosa to release mucus as a protective mechanism (Triantos, Koukias, Karamanolis, and Thomopoulos, 2015).
GERD symptoms are hazardous to the mucosal lining of the esophagus. Patients that have presented with symptoms of GERD are advised to seek treatment right away. Health care providers can provide diagnosis of the condition through various testing. Lacy et al (2010) reviewed gastroenterology literature from 2008 and described diagnostic tools used by gastroenterologists (G.I.).
Heartburn and regurgitation are the two most prevalent conditions associated with GERD. Sometimes, physicians can diagnose based on symptom presentation alone. Self-report questionnaires can be paired with symptom presentation. The Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire (GERQ) is used by many G.I. providers. The GERQ contains 22 questions that are related to common GERD symptoms and patient and family history (Lacy et al, 2010). Typical symptoms have responded to pharmacological treatment without prior testing. This is the most cost-effective intervention. Symptoms unimproved from empirical therapy, such as proton pump inhibitor (PPI) trials, are subject to further examination (Badillo and Francis, 2014).
More severe, atypical symptoms must be watched closely. G.I. specialists monitor the amount of acid in the throat with ambulatory pH monitoring through a wireless capsule or catheter. The capsule is implanted in the mucosal lining of the lower esophagus and sends information to a device attached to the patient's clothing or belt. The catheter is more restricting and uncomfortable for patients but offers extra abilities; catheter monitoring can detect non-acid reflux for patients with NERD. The wireless capsule has a long-term monitoring life, but the catheter can only be placed for 24 hours (Badillo and Francis, 2014).
Upper endoscopies, or using a camera to view the patient's esophagus, is another alternative for individuals with severe GERD symptoms. Endoscopies have determined whether damage to the throat from prolonged acid exposure has occurred. It is not common to have an endoscopy to confirm a diagnosis of GERD, but for conditions such as Barrett's esophagus or esophageal adenocarcinoma that are attributed to GERD.
Severe diseases related to GERD symptoms can be avoided when acid reflux is managed. Mentioned briefly above, medication therapy is widely used and cost-effective. Minor GERD can be treated with over-the-counter antacids. Examples of an antacid are Tums and Mylanta (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2018). Antacids do not suppress stomach acid, but balance its acidity level (Fock, Ang, Bee, and Lee, 2012). More severe cases of GERD can be treated with prescribed medications that reduce stomach acid production.
Fock, Ang, Bee, and Lee (2012) discussed proton pump inhibitors (PPIs); acid reducers with immediate, irreversible effects. PPIs permanently alter parietal cell membranes in the stomach to lessen acid secretion. PPIs are offered to individuals experiencing symptoms two or more times a week. Binding to the hydrogen-potassium pumps of stomach cells, PPIs were reported most effective at alleviating heartburn than the alternative medication, histamine-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) (Sigterman, Van Pinxteren, Bonis, Lau, and Numans (2013). PPIs initiate parietal cell's conversion from acid catalysts to reactive species. Expanding on the benefits of PPIs, Badillo and Francis (2014) indicated an increased healing of damaged esophageal lining in patients prescribed inhibitors as opposed to H2RAs.
Histamine 2 receptor antagonists are offered to patients with both symptoms of GERD and NERD. Examples of H2RAs are Pepcid AC and Zantac. Compared to over-the-counter antacids, histamine 2 antagonists are considered metabotropic and decrease symptoms from 4 to 10 hours. Like PPIs, H2RAs attach to histamine receptors of parietal cells to block the cell's acid production. Different from PPIs, H2RAs have a short half-life and are not recommended for individuals with severe esophageal damage. Compared to placebo trials, H2RAs had increased healing rate, but in comparison to PPIs, H2RAs were not effective (Kahrlias, 2018).
Considering the pathophysiology of GERD and the malfunction of the LES, some agonists have been studied to eliminate sphincter weakness. Sidhu and Triadafilopoulos (2008) studied the effect of Baclofen, a GABA-b agonist, in patients with GERD. It was previously stated that the sphincter is controlled through both spinal and vagal connections. Baclofen has been shown to inhibit vagal message transmission which decreases sphincter relaxation. In clinical trials, this drug has been used with other appropriate PPIs or H2RAs.
Aside from pharmacological interventions, individuals with recurrent GERD may be referred for surgical techniques. Surgery is extended to patients with a noncompliance with medications, individuals that have experienced aversive side effects to drugs, recurring acid exposure or esophagus damage, and hiatal hernias (Badillo and Francis, 2014). According to Sidhu and Triadafilopoulos (2008), laparoscopic fundoplication is performed when patients fail to respond to acid reducing medications. This is a two-hour surgery in which a piece of the stomach is wrapped around the failing sphincter to stop acid reflux. Richter (2013) indicated a low mortality rate for this anti-reflux surgery, but some postsurgical complications are possible. Aversive effects include bloating, dysphagia, diarrhea, and heartburn, but patients stated issues improved between three- and six-months following procedures.
Untreated GERD
Without proper treatment, GERD can develop into more serious conditions. Barrett's esophagus is the "specialized intestinal replacing the squamous epithelium of the esophageal mucosa in response to gastroesophageal reflux". Barrett's name is derived from the British physician, Norman Barrett, that noticed columnar cells in the lower esophagus of a patient. Healthy esophageal mucosa is composed of squamous epithelium. Columnar cells in the mucosa convert from squamous cells through a process called metaplasia. As a protective mechanism, cells in the esophagus convert to cells similar to our stomachs to withstand prolonged exposure to stomach acid. Increased metaplasia becomes dangerous because it increases the occurrence of dysplasia, or rapid cell growth. Consequently, the esophagus attempts to protect itself from acid exposure escalades the opportunity for esophageal adenocarcinoma to occur (Gulliem, 2005).
GERD is a common, but serious condition that occurs when stomach acid and contents backflow into the esophagus. Reported in both children and adults, malfunctions of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) are attributed most to the pathophysiology of GERD. Heartburn and regurgitation are the most prevalent symptoms presented in primary care and gastroenterology settings. To avoid damage to the mucosal lining of the esophagus, PPIs, H2RAs, or surgical techniques can be utilized to decrease acid secretion or stop acid reflux entirely. Prolonged exposure of stomach contents to healthy squamous epithelium induces the conversion of squamous to columnar cells and conditions such as Barrett's esophagus or esophageal adenocarcinoma. Familiarity with GERD and its symptoms should be considered by all individuals working in a health care setting. Managed GERD decreases the risk of fatal conditions and improves patient's quality of life.
Argyrou, A., Legaki, E., Koutserimpas, C., Gazouli, M., Papaconstantinou, I., Gkiokas, G., and Karamanolis, G. (2018). Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease and analysis of genetic contributors. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 6(8), 176–182.
Babaei, A., Bhargava, V., Korsapati, H., Zheng, W. H., and Mittal, R. K. (2008). A unique longitudinal muscle contraction pattern associated with transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation doi://doi-org.ezproxy.pcom.edu/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.031
Badillo, R., & Francis, D. (2014). Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 5(3), 105–112.
Bhatia, S.J., Reddy, D.N., Ghoshal, U.C., Jayanthi, V., Abraham, P., Choudhuri, G. . . . Dhali, G.K. (2011). Epidemiology and symptom profile of gastroesophageal reflux in the Indian population: Report of the indian society of gastroenterology task force. Indian Journal of Gastroenterol, 30 (118).
Bove, M., Vieth, M., Dombrowski, F., Ny L., Ruth, M., and Lundell, L. (2005). Acid challenge to the human esophageal mucosa: Effects on the epithelial architecture in health and disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 50 (8). 1488-1496.
Elitsur, Y., Dementieva, Y., Elitsur, R., and Rewalt, M. (2009). Reflux esophagitis: A retrospective analysis of 738 children. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 7(3). 211-214.
Fujiwara, Y. and Arakawa, T. J. (2009). Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of gerd in the japanese population. Journal of Gastroenterology, 44 (6). 518-534.
Fock, K.M., Ang, T.L., Bee, L.C., and Lee, E.D. (2012). Proton pump inhibitors. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 47(1). 1-6.
Gilger, M.A., El-Serag, H.B., Gold, B.D., Dietrich, C.L., Tsou, V.M., McDuffie, A., and Shub, M.D. (2008). Prevalence of endoscopic findings of erosive esophagitis in children: A population-based study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 47 (2). 141-146.
Kahrlias, P.J. (2018, March 28). Medical management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults. Retrieved from https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.pcom.edu/contents/medical-management-of-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-in-adults?search=medical%20management%20of%20GERD&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1576013433
Kim, H.I., Hong S.J., Han, J.P., Seo, J.Y., Hwang, K.H., Maeng, H.J., Lee, T.H., and Lee J.S. (2013). Specific movement of esophagus during transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Journal of Neurogastroenterology Motility, 19(3). 332-337.
Lacy, B., Weiser, K., Chertoff, J., Fass, R., Pandolfino, J., Richter, J., and Rothstein, R. (2010). The diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The American Journal of Medicine., 123(7), 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.01.007
Mayo Clinic Staff. (March 9 2018). Gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361959
National Institutes of Health. (2018). Layers of ugi organs. Retrieved from https://training.seer.cancer.gov/ugi/anatomy/layers.html
Richter, J.E. (2013). Gastroesophageal reflux disease treatment: Side effects and complications of fundoplication. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 11(5). 465-471.
Sidhu, A. S., and Triadafilopoulos, G. (2008). Neuro-regulation of lower esophageal sphincter function as treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 14(7), 985–990.
Sigterman, K.E., Van Pinxteren, B., Bonis, P.A., Lau, J., and Numans, M.E. (2013). Short‐term treatment with proton pump inhibitors, h2‐receptor antagonists and prokinetics for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease‐like symptoms and endoscopy negative reflux disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5.
Triantos, C., Koukias, N., Karamanolis, G., and Thomopoulos, K. (2015). Changes in the esophageal mucosa of patients with non erosive reflux disease: How far have we gone? World Journal of Gastroenterology, 21(19), 5762–5767.
All Answers Ltd. (November 2018). Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Retrieved from https://nursinganswers.net/essays/pathophysiology-of-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease.php?vref=1
"Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease." nursinganswers.net. 11 2018. All Answers Ltd. 01 2022 <https://nursinganswers.net/essays/pathophysiology-of-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease.php?vref=1>.
"Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease." All Answers Ltd. nursinganswers.net, November 2018. Web. 18 January 2022. <https://nursinganswers.net/essays/pathophysiology-of-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease.php?vref=1>.
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Q: PDFBox - overlay content being rotated I have a pdf (the backing pdf) that has a page that is rotated (rotated to landscape).
I have an overlay pdf that has page with dimensions the same as the landscape page but it has no rotation.
When the overlay is applied, the overlay is being rendered perpendicular to the rotated page.

I've attempted setting the rotation of the individual overlay pdf pages but it seems to have no effect.
    PDDocument baseDocument = PDDocument.load(new File("examples/test/base.pdf"));;
    PDDocument overlayDocument = PDDocument.load(new File("examples/test/overlay.pdf"));

    Iterator<PDPage> baseDocumentIterator = baseDocument.getPages().iterator();
    Iterator<PDPage> overlayIterator = overlayDocument.getPages().iterator();

    while(baseDocumentIterator.hasNext() && overlayIterator.hasNext()) {
        PDPage backing = baseDocumentIterator.next();
        PDPage foreground = overlayIterator.next();
        if(backing.getRotation()!= foreground.getRotation())
        {
            foreground.setRotation(-backing.getRotation()); //doesn't seem to do antyhing
        }
    }

    PDAcroForm acroForm = baseDocument.getDocumentCatalog().getAcroForm();
    if (acroForm != null) {
        acroForm.flatten();
    }
    Overlay overlay = new Overlay();
    overlay.setOverlayPosition(Overlay.Position.FOREGROUND);
    overlay.setInputPDF(baseDocument);
    overlay.setAllPagesOverlayPDF(overlayDocument);

    Map<Integer, String> ovmap = new HashMap<Integer, String>();
    overlay.overlay(ovmap);

    AccessPermission ap = new AccessPermission();
    ap.setCanExtractContent(false);
    ap.setCanFillInForm(false);
    ap.setCanModify(false);
    ap.setReadOnly();
    ap.setCanModifyAnnotations(false);
    StandardProtectionPolicy standardPP = new StandardProtectionPolicy("", "", ap);
    standardPP.setEncryptionKeyLength(128);
    baseDocument.protect(standardPP);
    baseDocument.save("examples/test/output.pdf");
    baseDocument.close();
    overlayDocument.close();

Sample pdfs
Is there any way to handle this case with pdfbox?
Thanks

A: you are probably using a pdfbox version before 2.0.17 as in this version a bug that causes the described behavior was fixed:
[PDFBOX-4596] - Overlays with /Rotate value appear rotated in result file

with 2.0.17 and later your code generates:

A: This is a bug in PDFBOX. Overlay ignored rotated pages. You can see the issue here PDFBOX-4596. It is resolved since version 2.0.17 released on 2019-09-20.
Also note that since version 2.0.10, you can override Overlay.calculateAffineTransform to have major control of how the overlay is applied (the default is to center on the destination)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Government Efforts
Notice and Comment
Measuring the Change
using prevalence data providing the widest temporal coverage of the most complete and comparable measures available by ICLS standards.
Due to lack of nationally representative data, there is no change to report.
Best Target 8.7 Data: Child Labour Rate
Child labour: ILO/UNICEF data
Forced labour: No nationally representative data
Human trafficking: No nationally representative data
Human Development Index Score: 0.689 (2018)
Mean School Years: 7.3 years (2018)
Labour Indicators
Vulnerable Employment: 25.9% (2018)
Working Poverty Rate: 0.3% (2020)
Key Ratifications
ILO Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention, P029: Not Ratified
ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, C182: Ratified 2001
UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Palermo Protocol): Accession 2009
National Strategies
Child Protection Policy (2017–2022)
Social Protection Coverage
General (at least one): No data
Unemployed: No data
Pension: No data
Vulnerable: No data
Children: No data
Disabled: No data
Poor: No data
Measurement of child labour prevalence has evolved considerably over the past two decades. Estimates of child labour incidence are more robust and exist for more countries than any other form of exploitation falling under SDG Target 8.7.
Children in Hazardous Work, Aged 5-14 (Source: ILO)
Hazardous child labour is the largest category of the worst forms of child labour with an estimated 73 million children aged 5-17 working in dangerous conditions in a wide range of sectors. Worldwide, the ILO estimates that some 22,000 children are killed at work every year.
In Iraq, the latest estimates show that 0.3 percent of children aged 5-14 were engaged in hazardous work in 2011. The number is lower than in 2006, and has decreased from 1.4 percent in 2000.
All measures provided do not cover the full definition of hazardous work, but use the same, reduced definition.
The chart displays differences in the percentage of children aged 5-14 in hazardous labour by sex and region. Complete disaggregated data to compare groups is provided for 2000, 2006 and 2011.
Weekly Work Hours, Children Aged 5-14 (Source: ILO)
Children aged 5-11 are considered to be subjected to child labour when engaging in any form of economic activity. Children aged 12-14 are permitted to engage in "light" work that is not considered hazardous and falls below 14 hours per week.
According to the latest 2011 estimates, the average number of hours worked per week by children aged 5-14 in Iraq was 13.8 hours. The average number of hours worked has increased from 12.2 hours in 2006.
The chart displays differences in the number of hours that children aged 5-14 work in economic activities by sex and region. The sample includes all children of this age group. Complete disaggregated data to compare groups is provided for 2000, 2006 and 2011.
Weekly Work Hours Children Only in Economic Activity, Aged 5-14 (Source: ILO)
Children not attending school who are engaged in economic activity can be subjected to longer working hours.
In 2011, the latest year with available data, children in economic activity only, meaning they are not in school, worked an average of 20.3 hours per week. This number has increased since 2006, when the average number of hours worked by this age group was 15.5.
The chart displays differences in the number of hours worked by children aged 5-14 who are not in school, by sex and region. Complete disaggregated data to compare groups is provided for 2000, 2006 and 2011.
Weekly Hours Household Chores, Children Aged 5-14 (Source: ILO)
Researchers recognize that children involved in economic activities are not the only children working. The ICLS recommended definition of child labour includes children aged 5-14 performing household chores for at least 21 hours per week.
Children aged 5-14, on average, are found to work on household chores 7.4 hours per week according to the 2011 estimate. This estimate represents a decrease in hours worked across all age groups since the last estimate in 2006, which found that children aged 5-14 in Iraq worked an average of 9.6 hours per week.
The chart displays differences in the number of hours children aged 5-14 work on household chores by sex and region. Complete disaggregated data to compare groups is provided for 2000, 2006 and 2011.
Measuring the incidence of forced labour is a much more recent endeavour and presents unique methodological challenges compared to the measurement of child labour.
No nationally representative data is available on forced labour prevalence in Iraq.
Visit the How to Measure the Change page for information on new guidelines presented by the International Labour Organization and adopted by the International Conference of Labour Statisticians.
The challenges in estimating human trafficking are similar to those of estimating forced labour, though recent innovations in estimation have begun to produce prevalence estimates in developed countries.
No nationally representative data is available on human trafficking prevalence in Iraq.
Visit the How to Measure the Change page to learn about measuring human trafficking prevalence, including information on collecting data through national referral mechanisms and producing prevalence statistics using Multiple Systems Estimation (MSE).
Case Data: International and Non-Governmental Organizations
Civil society organizations (CSOs) focused on human trafficking victim assistance can serve as crucial sources of data given their ability to reach a population that is notoriously difficult to sample.
Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative (CTDC): The International Organization for Migration (IOM), Polaris and Liberty Asia have launched a global data repository on human trafficking, with data contributed by counter-trafficking partner organizations around the world. Not only does the CTDC serve as a central repository for this critical information, it also publishes normed and harmonized data from various organizations using a unified schema. This global dataset facilitates an unparalleled level of cross-border, trans-agency analysis and provides the counter-trafficking movement with a deeper understanding of this complex issue. Equipped with this information, decision makers will be empowered to create more targeted and effective intervention strategies.
Prosecution Data
UNODC compiles a global dataset on detected and prosecuted traffickers, which serves as the basis in their Global Report for country profiles. This information is beginning to paint a picture of trends over time, and case-specific information can assist investigators and prosecutors.
Key aspects of human development, such as poverty and lack of education, are found to be associated with risk of exploitation. Policies that address these issues may indirectly contribute to getting us closer to achieving Target 8.7.
Human Development Index (Source: UNDP)
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of achievements in three key dimensions of human development: (1) a long and healthy life; (2) access to knowledge; and (3) a decent standard of living. Human development can factor into issues of severe labour exploitation in multiple ways.
The chart displays information on human development in Iraq between 1990 and 2018. Only certain sample years have data disaggregated by sex.
The most recent year of the HDI, 2018, shows that the average human development score in Iraq is 0.689. This score indicates that human development is medium.
HDI Education Index (Source: UNDP)
Lack of education and illiteracy are key factors that make both children and adults more vulnerable to exploitive labour conditions.
As the seminal ILO report Profits and Poverty explains:
"Adults with low education levels and children whose parents are not educated are at higher risk of forced labour. Low education levels and illiteracy reduce employment options for workers and often force them to accept work under poor conditions. Furthermore, individuals who can read contracts may be in a better position to recognize situations that could lead to exploitation and coercion."
The bars on the chart represent the Education Index score and the line traces the mean years of education in Iraq over time.
Decent work, a major component of SDG 8 overall, has clear implications on the forms of exploitation within Target 8.7. Identifying shortcomings in the availability of equitable, safe and stable employment can be a step in the right direction towards achieving Target 8.7.
HDI Vulnerable Employment (Source: UNDP)
There are reasons to believe that certain types of labour and labour arrangements are more likely to lead to labour exploitation. According to the ILO:
"Own-account workers and contributing family workers have a lower likelihood of having formal work arrangements, and are therefore more likely to lack elements associated with decent employment, such as adequate social security and a voice at work. The two statuses are summed to create a classification of 'vulnerable employment', while wage and salaried workers together with employers constitute 'non-vulnerable employment'."
Between 1991 and 2018, Iraq showed a decrease in the proportion of workers in vulnerable employment as compared to those in secure employment.
Working Poverty Rate (Source: ILO)
Labour income tells us about a household's vulnerability. As the ILO explains in Profits and Poverty:
"Poor households find it particularly difficult to deal with income shocks, especially when they push households below the food poverty line. In the presence of such shocks, men and women without social protection nets tend to borrow to smooth consumption, and to accept any job for themselves or their children, even under exploitative conditions."
ILO indicators that measure poverty with respect to the labour force include working poverty rate, disaggregated by sex, with temporal coverage spanning from 2000 to 2020. The chart displays linear trends in working poverty rate over time for all individuals over 15 years of age.
Labour Productivity (Source: ILO)
"Labour productivity is an important economic indicator that is closely linked to economic growth, competitiveness, and living standards within an economy." However, when increased labour output does not produce rising wages, this can point to increasing inequality. As indicated by a recent ILO report (2015), there is a "growing disconnect between wages and productivity growth, in both developed and emerging economies". The lack of decent work available increases vulnerability to situations of labour exploitation.
Labour productivity represents the total volume of output (measured in terms of Gross Domestic Product, GDP) produced per unit of labour (measured in terms of the number of employed persons) during a given period.
Research to date suggests that a major factor in vulnerability to labour exploitation is broader social vulnerability, marginalization or exclusion.
Groups Highly Vulnerable to Exploitation (Source: UNHCR)
Creating effective policy to prevent and protect individuals from forced labour, modern slavery, human trafficking and child labour means making sure that all parts of the population are covered, particularly the most vulnerable groups, including migrants.
According to the 2016 Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: "Almost one of every four victims of forced labour were exploited outside their country of residence, which points to the high degree of risk associated with migration in the modern world, particularly for migrant women and children. "
As IOM explains: "Although most migration is voluntary and has a largely positive impact on individuals and societies, migration, particularly irregular migration, can increase vulnerability to human trafficking and exploitation." UNODC similarly notes that: "The vulnerability to being trafficked is greater among refugees and migrants in large movements, as recognized by Member States in the New York declaration for refugees and migrants of September 2016."
The chart displays UNHCR's estimates of persons of concern in Iraq.
Policy Coordination
Targeted Government Action
Addressing Risk
Achieving SDG Target 8.7 will require national governments to take direct action against the forms of exploitation through policy implementation.
Official Definitions
Constitution of the Republic of Iraq, 2005
First: The liberty and dignity of man shall be protected.
Third: Forced labor, slavery, slave trade, trafficking in women or children, and sex trade shall be prohibited."
Labour Law, 2015
"Article 1- For the purposes of this law, the following terms and expressions shall have the meaning ascribed to them below:
12 – Forced Labor: Any work or service imposed on any person under threat of any sanction, and which this person did not volunteer to perform of his own free will."
"Article 6 – Freedom of work is safeguarded and the right to work may not be restricted or denied. The State adopts the policy of promoting full and productive work and respects its fundamental principles and rights, whether in the Law or in the implementation, which include the following:
1- Freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining
2- Elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labor.
3- Effective abolition of child labor.
4- Elimination of discrimination in employment and occupation."
"Article 9 – 1- This law prohibits forced or compulsory labor in all its forms, including:
a- Slavery and bonded labor
b- Secrete human trafficking, trafficking of immigrant workers, which is by nature a non-freely chosen work.
c- Domestic work, which includes compulsory factors.
2- The work shall not be deemed forced or compulsory labor, if performed according to the following:
a- Any work or service imposed on any person based on the conviction of a court of law, provided that these works or services are performed under the supervision and control of the public authorities, and that this person is not rented to individuals, companies or associations or put at their disposal.
b- For the completion of any work or service, which is part of the normal civic duties in accordance with the provisions of this law.
c- Any work or service which is imposed in emergency situations and in general, in any circumstance threatening the survival or well-being of the whole population or part of the population."
Instruction No. 19 of 1987 (on Child Labour)
20 – Minor Worker: For the purpose of this law, any person, whether male or female, who has reached the age of (15) fifteen but has not reached the age of (18) eighteen.
21 – Child: Any person who has not reached the age of (15) fifteen."
"Article 7 – Minimum age of employment in the Republic of Iraq is 15.
Article 103: The provisions of this Chapter do not apply to minors of more than 15 years of age, working in a family business under the authority or supervision of the spouse, father, mother or brother, producing local consumer goods and not employing wage earners."
Worst Forms of Child Labour
"Article 95: 1) It shall not be allowed to employ minors in activities whose nature or work conditions may harm their health, safety or morality.
2) The Ministry, in consultation with the relevant trade unions and employer's associations, may make reviews, on a periodic basis and whenever necessary, of the work lists, subject to the provision specified in paragraph 1 of this article. Such works include for example but not limited to:
a- Working in underground and underwater locations or working in dangerous heights or restricted areas.
b- Working with dangerous machines, equipment, or tools requiring a manual intervention or lifting of heavy loads.
c- Working in an unhealthy environment exposing the minors to hazards or to unusual temperatures, noise or to movements harmful to their health.
d- Working in difficult conditions for long hours or in some conditions during night.
3. Minors may not be employed to perform night work or mixed schedule work."
"Article 96: 1) Minors shall only be employed in the authorized positions, following a comprehensive medical exam by a medical committee, confirming their physical fitness and their ability for the required work.
2) The certificate confirming the minor's physical fitness for a given work shall be issued in accordance with the following:
a- Specific employment conditions;
b- A specific activity or series of activities involving the same health hazards classified as a category by the competent authority.
Article 97: 1) The minor's fitness to carry out the activity remains subject to health supervision, until he turns 18.
2) Minors are subject to regular medical exams each year, at least during their employment term.
3) The work fitness medical exams must be repeated until the worker turns 21, at least with respect to the activities the competent authority deems including high health hazards.
4) The minor worker or his parents shall not bear any costs for the medical exams specified in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this article.
5) The competent authority for the purposes of this chapter shall mean the Ministry in charge of labor or the Ministry in charge of health or both.
Article 98: 1) The employment term of the minor worker not yet completing 16 years of age shall not exceed 7 working hours per day.
2) The daily working hours shall include one or more rest periods not less than one hour, provided the consecutive working hours does not exceed 4 hours."
Article 104: Hazards or unusual temperatures, noise or movement harmful to the minor's health, safety and morality shall be specified by virtue of instructions issued by the Minister.
Law on Combating Trafficking in Persons, 2012
Article 1 First: For purposes of this law, the term "Human Trafficking" shall indicate recruiting, transporting, housing, or receiving individuals by force, threat to use force, or other means, including by coercion, kidnapping, fraud, deception, misuse of power, exchange of money, or privileges to an influential person in order to sell and exploit the trafficked individuals by means of prostitution, sexual abuse, unpaid labor, forced labor, enslavement, beggary, trading of human organs, medical experimentation. Second: the victim here means, the person who suffered from material or moral damage caused by one of the crimes stipulated in this law
"Article 37:
International Commitments
International Ratifications
ILO Forced Labour Convention, C029, Ratification 1962
ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, C105, Ratification 1959
ILO Minimum Age Convention, C138, Ratification 1985 (minimum age specified: 15 years)
ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, C182, Ratification 2001
Slavery Convention 1926 and amended by the Protocol of 1953, Definitive Signature 1955
UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, Ratification 1963
UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Palermo Protocol), Accession 2009
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Accession 1994
UN Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, Accession 2008
UN Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, Accession 2008
National Action Plans, National Strategies
Provides a holistic approach to addressing children's needs, including ameliorating the child labor situation in the country, through prevention, protection, and rehabilitation programs such as a poverty alleviation initiative, and educational and mental health services. Includes a component to provide rehabilitation and reintegration activities for children previously engaged in armed conflict, as well as children who experienced trauma during the period of ISIS occupation.
Governments can take action to assist victims and to prevent and end the perpetration of forced labour, modern slavery, human trafficking and child labour. These actions should be considered in wider societal efforts to reduce prevalence and move towards eradication of these forms of exploitation.
Programs and Agencies for Victim Support
Policies for Assistance
Policies for Assistance, Human Trafficking
Article 11: Concerned State directorates shall commit (while taking into consideration the needs of the babies) to assisting the victims of human trafficking with special consideration to children needs, as follows: First: To provide victims medical examination by a specialized doctor. Second: Provide linguistic assistance to non-Iraqi victims. Third: Provide assistance, legal consultation, and guidance to victims. Fourth: Secure contact with the victim's family (if any), country of citizenship, and civil society organizations to obtain necessary assistance. Fifth: Provide necessary protection to victims and witnesses. Sixth: Guard information privacy, respect privacy, and preserve the dignity of victims. Seventh: Provide financial assistance and a temporary shelter based on gender and age classification. Eight: To provide social, psychological, and physical rehabilitation by establishing specialized rehabilitation centers or care houses based on special program to reintegrate the victims in society. Ninth: Provide work opportunity, training, and education. Tenth: Facilitate their stay in Iraq by granting temporary entry and residence visas and, if necessary, pertinent travel documents. Eleventh: Provide diplomatic support to non-Iraqi victims to facilitate their return to their home countries.
Penalties, Human Trafficking
"Article 5:
First: A person who commits the crime of Human Trafficking stipulated in Article (1) of this law shall be punished by temporary imprisonment and a penalty not less than 5 million, and not exceeding 10 million, Iraqi dinars. Second: A person who commits the crime of Human Trafficking by the following means shall be punished by imprisonment not exceeding 15 years and penalty not exceeding 10 million Iraqi dinars: A. The use of any form of coercion, including blackmail, threat, and/or confiscation of travel or official documents. B. The use of fraudulent means to deceive or victimize victims. C. Giving or receiving money or privileges in exchange for approval from a person of authority or guardianship over the victim."
First: A person who commits the crime of Human Trafficking under one or more of the following circumstances shall be punished by life imprisonment and penalty not less than 15 million, and not exceeding 25 million, Iraqi dinars:
First: If the victim is under 18 years of age.
Second: if the victim is female, or disabled.
Third: If the crime was committed by an organized crime group or of international nature. Fourth: The crime was committed by kidnapping or torture. Fifth: The perpetrator is an immediate or second relative, guardian, or spouse of the victim. Sixth: The trafficking resulted in terminal illness or permanent disability to the victim. Seventh: The trafficking affected multiple persons or for a multiple of times. Eighth: The trafficking was carried out by a government employee or a person commissioned to public service. Ninth: Exploitation of influence or a victim's weakness or need."
Article 7: A person who committed one of the following acts shall be punished by imprisonment of not less than 3 years or by a penalty not less than 10 million, and not more than, 20 million, Iraqi dinars, or both penalties: First: Established or managed an internet website to engage in human trafficking Second: Engaged or facilitated a human trafficking contract using the internet Article 8: If the act of Human Trafficking leads to death of the victim, the punishment shall be capital punishment.
Article 9: First: A legal person who is proved to be an accomplice in a crime (committed in person, through an accomplice, or to his personal benefit) shall be punished by a fine not less than 5 million Iraqi dinars and not higher than 25 million Iraqi dinars, provided this punishment does not contravene a sentence determined against a person (authorized or responsible for) administering the legal person if this administrator was proven to have participated in the crime. Second: A court may permanently or temporarily revoke the status, stall the activities, or close the Office of a legal person if it were proven that he has committed a criminal act prohibited by this law.
Penalties, Child Labour
Article 105: The employer infringing the provisions of this chapter shall pay a penalty of not less than (Dinars 100,000) one hundred thousand Dinars and not more than (Dinars 500,000) five hundred thousand Dinars.
Penalties, General
"Article 11- 1- The worker may resort to the Labor Court to file a complaint when exposed to any form of forced labor, discrimination or harassment in employment and occupation.
2- Shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months and a fine not exceeding one million dinars or by any of the two sanctions, whoever violates the provisions of the articles contained in this chapter relating to child labor, discrimination, forced labor and sexual harassment, as the case may be."
Data Commitments
A Call to Action to End Forced Labour, Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking, Not signed
1.ii. Take steps to measure, monitor and share data on prevalence and response to all such forms of exploitation, as appropriate to national circumstances;
Programs and Agencies for Enforcement
Measures to address the drivers of vulnerability to exploitation can be key to effective prevention. A broad range of social protections are thought to reduce the likelihood that an individual will be at risk of exploitation, especially when coverage of those protections extends to the most vulnerable groups.
Social Protection Coverage: (Source: ILO)
The seminal ILO paper on the economics of forced labour, Profits and Poverty, explains the hypothesis that social protection can mitigate the risks that arise when a household is vulnerable to sudden income shocks, helping to prevent labour exploitation. It also suggests that access to education and skills training can enhance the bargaining power of workers and prevent children in particular from becoming victims of forced labour. Measures to promote social inclusion and address discrimination against women and girls may also go a long way towards preventing forced labour.
The ILO measures social protections coverage through the Social Security Inquiry (SSI). Every two years, national governments, including responsible ministries, provide data to the SSI on social protections including coverage and expenditure.
There are no visualizations, as there is not a sufficient amount of data provided on social protections for the Arab States region.
Delta 8.7 has received no Official Response to this dashboard from Iraq. If you are a representative of Iraq and wish to submit an Official Response, please contact us here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Dev Singh was born in Chandigarh, northern India. His early childhood was strongly influenced by various classical Indian music gurus and at the age of twelve, he started his musicology studies. He has followed the ancient tradition of Guru-Shishya system (an intimate master-student relationship), in which the Guru passes knowledge through the spiritual, intellectual and emotional bond between them.
This early education included the history of Indian classical music and understanding the complex rhythmic and melodic structures (called Ragas). Across his learning years, Dev Singh's teachers (Gurus) introduced him to spiritual and healing aspects of Indian classical music, which included music (Nada, Mantras) and meditative (Dhyana) Yoga.
We are blessed to have Yogi Dev join us at The Sound Temple to share his gifts of Nada Yoga as part of our team who currently host Vedic Chant, Kirtan, Yoga Nidra, Nada Yoga, Indulgence Retreats, Satsang and special events.


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Pune Airport Will Soon Get Liquor Outlet For Flyers!
Located 10 km north-east of Pune (Maharashtra), Pune Airport will soon have access to a liquor shop for the passengers.
An airport official stated that "The outlet will be on the ground floor of the terminal building, at the arrival area. Spread across an area of 27.77 sqm, it will be a duty paid the shop for domestic passengers at the Pune airport."
This addition will give passengers a number of options.
As per the statement of an official, there are many new facilities opening at the airport. A number of new food outlets are introduced at the airport, selling South Indian food at affordable prices. Passengers will definitely get to pick from a number of options once the new liquor shop opens.
Ajay Kumar (Pune airport director) has also stated on the about the liquor pricing at the shop that "Liquor pricing is an issue governed by the seller. However, the shop will have to follow the state's excise rules."
For international travelers, last year only; two duty-free shops were opened. One is located at the arrivals and the other one at the departures. As per the sources, both the shops are doing good business.
As there is only one shop available at the departure area, a decision will soon be taken on whether to open outlets selling hard liquor in the departure area and the lounge.
Currently, at Mumbai and Delhi airports, there is the availability of outlets where the passengers can grab a quick drink while waiting for the flights.
On the other hand, passengers should also understand that drunken behavior has serious consequences and will not be tolerated in the terminal building or on the airport premises.
Nowadays, the penalty for being in an intoxicated condition inside the airport is Rs 5,000.
Have A Look At Varanasi Airport Reviews, Terminal Info & Facilities!
Look Out The Terminal Details & Reviews Of Lucknow International Airport
← Lufthansa To Offer Wi-Fi On Flights Bound For India
Airlines May Charge 30% Of Fare For Wi-Fi! →


The World XContest (https://www.xcontest.org) is an international paragliding and hanggliding contest covering main and important countries in Europe and in the World. The main aim of this project is to offer all interested nations and pilots great and user-friendly interface for management of their flights and rankings.
The powerfull XContest system is at the moment technically most advanced solution for decentralized online cross country contests.
The World XContest is partnered by Cross Country magazine as general media partner. Report from XContest is published each issue of Cross Country.
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Your name will be associated with XContest project, which is top rated by PG/HG public. Pilots feel it as technological innovation among worldwide online XC systems.
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The RSIO Serial Interface adds a DB-9 connector for Pro Series boards. This connector is compatible with the R45Pro, R410Pro, R420 and R430 4-channel boards. This is also used for the 8-channel R85Pro, R810Pro, R820Pro, R830Pro boards.


text:
Architecture Share This Page
Indian Architecture: Colonial India
by Sonam Gupta
India has been invaded ever since the times of Aryans repeatedly, the invaders almost always attracted by richness of its resources and natural bounties or by the heritage and glory of an already flourishing reign. The Europeans also were no exception to this fact; European interest in India persisted since the classical times and for very cogent reasons. India had much to give Europe in the practical form of spices, textiles and other oriental products.1
That probably was the reason of all the expeditions from Vasco da Gamma in 1498, the Dutch in 1590, to the east India Company in 1600.
The Europeans extended their sovereignty over the Indian continent, post industrial revolution, to seek profits by exploring new markets for their products, which now had a lesser market in the area where 'industrial revolution originated'. Besides, obtain the required resources be it the raw material or absolutely inexpensive labor.
Amongst the many countries setting up colonies in India, 'the British', though not the first but definitely, in the long run were the most powerful one. Following a trajectory similar to the Dutch, and used the Dutch techniques, later in time, with more spectacular results. The ascendancy falls into five phases that begin roughly in 1600, 1740, 1792, 1820 and 1848, the shape and substance of 'British India' changed dramatically.2 The British formed 'East India Company' on "31st December 1600" 3, of the knights and merchants of the city of London and Queen Elizabeth I granted its royal monopoly charter. It flourished in the same up–and–down manner as other commercial operations, like those of the French, Dutch, and older merchant communities who worked under the authority of the Mughals and their contemporaries.
But the British fought against the Dutch, progressed gaining territorial powers by military control to increase their control over assets in the interiors to the extent that by around 1784 William Pitt's India act made the company an autonomous body. This act decried territorial expansion which accelerated imperial expansion and with the British military aristocracy taking charge of the company armies, a lot of regions were conquered, Delhi (1803) being one of those. Along with these achievements treaties were signed with the 'princely states' and Ajmer and Mewar became directly administered British territory. By 1813, the parliament opened British India to private merchants and missionaries. As the power increased Indian affairs were controlled directly by crown and parliament and now British citizens could operate in India under the crown protection in company territories called 'presidencies', with their capitals at Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. 2
The Indian families' were pushed out of the market, the British silver rupee became the imperial currency and thus the value of Indian goods kept decreasing by folds for the next thirty years. By 1833, the company's trading rights ended completely making it strictly an arm of British administration and as consequence India became part of the larger "British Order". With India becoming part of the order many a changes were made for instance – English becoming the official language, commercial networks entailing deeper controls of Indian resources, and the drive which began in 1830 materialized by almost 1848 to bring the hills also under the British conquest.
The British India – The Multiplicity of Motives Become Visible:
Britain viewed the people of India as second-class citizens in their own country, working to build an infrastructure that fed India's natural resources to England while depriving the indigenous population opportunities to enjoy the fruits of their labor. 4 The Hindustan, under the sway of the British Empire, was despotism – complete deprivation of freedom.
Though, the 1850s witnessed the introduction of the three "engines of social improvement" that heightened the British illusion of permanence in India. They were the railroads, the telegraph, and the Uniform postal service, but it was primarily to serve the British and not for the development of the natives. 5
India map of
the British colonized areas.
[David Ludden]
The Colonial Culture Reflecting In the Architecture:
The infrastructure in India without the giving of the industrial revolution was negligible for the British, as mentioned above; the developments were for the colonizers and not for the ruled, the architectural manifestations also had a colonial aim of representation. Representation of power, supremacy and yet somewhere, even in their own dilemma, a way to connect to the masses of the colonized Indians and symbolize their blatancy of rule.
The architectural undertakings in the colonial empire also just like in their own nation, politically driven, had different needs to subside to. For instance, the colonial and India office buildings in white hall, in fact, themselves indicated something of the distinctive character of empire. Both structures, designed by Scott and aligned with the Foreign Office, were classical in their architectural form. Most revealing, however, was their sculptural ornamentation. The topmost story of the Foreign Office was decorated with a series of sculpted figures emblematic of different countries, such as France and Italy. Similar figures set on the India Office, however, represented not the nations but "Indian tribes", an afghan, a goorkha, a Malay, a Maharatt, and so on", social categories identified by the British as significant for their rule of the sub continent. While the inner court of the foreign office was plain, that of Indian Office was decorated with busts and statues of" celebrated worthies, both civil and military, connected with the Indian empire."6
British architects who worked in the empire, regardless of their choice, shared a set of attitudes very different from their colleagues' home. Their views together formed the colonial style, which more or less were inflicted with a concern of making visible Britain's imperial position as ruler. Since, the British thought process was based on the allegory that, "to know was, in some measure, already to rule", hence the imperial architecture was – "architecture both of knowledge and of power."6
With his Calcutta General Post Office, Walter Cranville fused the Classical and Baroque.
It is probably for the thought that, T. Roger Smith stated, "The great peculiarity of a tropical climate is that it is very hot…and that is one point an architect must never forget."
Innovation did not stop here.
The Thought Materializing Together
with the Imperial Apparition of Pre-Eminence:
The Indians had of course over the centuries developed ways to accommodate the country's climate in their building and the English men even with full realization of the fact did not adopt the same means but set their work different from that of the Indians. To satisfy those imperial whims were adopted the bungalow form, which ideally combined the climate and political fantasies – 'of social distinction'.
Early Colonial Bungalow (Sanatarium in Kinnur)
It had thick walls and high ceilings – to provide ample ventilation.
Encircling veranda – shaded the main structure; also
It provided an arena for a carefully regulated intercourse with that world.
The placement of the bungalow in a large compound – emphasized a social distance and of superiority.
The superiority further emphasized by an impressive drive way and with access regulated by walls, gates and watchmen.
Though this expression and culture of colonialism did not confine only to the architectural manifestations like the bungalow or other public buildings but it was prominently visible at the urban level in the form of many settlements.
The Demarcations And The Results
These settlements probably borne out of some kind of a racist fear, as the British created separately demarcated spaces for themselves. In cities these areas were labeled 'civil lines', with associated 'cantonments' for the military, in mountains they established 'hill stations' that served as summer refuges not only for individuals but for the colonial governments. The building of these areas went hand in hand with a increased number both of settled families, their presence made easier by improved communications of the day, and of British military personnel. These spaces communicated racial difference as well as the threatening disorder and 'putrid air' understood to characterize the old cities. They represented, moreover, as part of lived experience, an association of British culture with 'modern' in contrast to the older sections of the city seen as 'medieval ' or 'traditional' – always the necessary foil to modernity. The 'colonial city' was predicated on such duality. 3
Though at the urban level there was a concern about the break down in sanitation, and alarming diseases and epidemics. Drainage, removal of refuse, safe water supply, were the remedies thought but whatever measures were taken at the urban development level were in to the English privilege. In fact, one of the earliest, "sanitary concerns focused on the military, whose poor health was evident from the fact that more soldiers died from diseases than from the battle.
The city of Allahabad, capital of the United Province, is a classic example of the way health and safety drove urban design. One of the most celebrate pilgrimage places, its population varied tremendously along the course of the year. The British feared itinerancy in all forms so that Allahabad seemed a particularly dangerous site for health and safety. The old city had two or three main streets, but from these a labyrinth – as the British saw it – of narrow streets led off to distinct neighborhoods, some still with gates fastened at night. The houses mixed together with shops and warehouses, looked inwards and were densely built. With the establishments of sanitary commissions and municipal councils, efforts were made to improve sanitation in the old city, but resources were disproportionately directed towards the European areas.
Here, to just like in the case of Delhi, rail line was strategically used as the defence for European population, and so it ran through the city forming a barrier between the civil lines and the areas inhabited by the native population.
Apart The Records ...
All of these facts have been penned down over a certain period of time but what is left for direct observation, also though matches many of those writings, are the great works of architecture, the existent pattern of education, and much of the planning aspects in almost every part of our free nation. Along with probably, their thought process which we have banked upon or were adapted to and have not been able to grow out of. The thought process, of ultimate grandeur and one worth a flaunt, is eminent in the buildings left by the English on the land, which was alien to them but are well suited to the context of our nation. The context -be it of the climate, the psychology of the masses or the understanding and appreciation of the already existent wonders for creations of our history, owing to which was given birth to the "indo-saracenic" style of architecture, by far outstands the way we incorporate these elements integral to the constructional legacy of any realm and its populace.
Viceroy's lodge: built in the new city of British capital, Delhi
Even after decades of freeing ourselves of a foreign rule, we have not been able to surpass the magnificence and opulence reflective in the undertakings of the 'foreigners'. The splendor of those accomplishments still speaks of the by-gone era where we were each day made to realize that, we even with huge resources and bounties, "are inferior". If that is not "incorrect", What was it that we wanted to free ourselves of and Have we actually been able to liberate ourselves form that rule? Are we actually "now" an independent nation and not a "colony"?
1: History of India – Volume II, penguin books, Percival Spear
2: India and south Asia – a short history , Oneworld , David Ludden
3: A Concise History of Inida – Cambridge university press, Barbara D. Metcalf and Thomas R. Metcalf.
4: Colonial India - Wikipedia
5: British Empire in India - British rule
6: An Imperial Vision – Indian architecture and Britain's raj , Faber and Faber London, Thomas R. Metcalf
More by : Sonam Gupta
Views: 28576 Comments: 2
Comments on this Article
I am a scholar of Manipal university. This article giving correct picture of the styles and characteristic features of the British architecture in India. This is useful to me.
sumana s pai
sumana
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Home » Greif Expands Product Range in UK
EU Company News
Greif Expands Product Range in UK
KEYWORDS drums / expansion
BURTON UPON TRENT, UK — Greif, a provider of industrial packaging products and services, announced the introduction of a new line of specialty steel and stainless steel drum types at its Burton upon Trent plant in the UK.
The UK facility has a long history of producing UN and non-UN stainless steel drums. This product line has now been expanded to include both tight head and open head drums in sizes ranging from five liters to 250 liters capacities.
The expanded product line means Greif can better serve customers in the food and beverage, pharmaceutical, personal care, flavors, and fragrance industries, which demand stringent packaging requirements, and underlines Greif's commitment to its customers in these markets.
Tim Higham, Specialty Sales Manager at Greif UK, commented, "We are constantly seeking new ways to meet customers' expectations and market demand which is what has led us to expand our range.
"Our stainless steel drums are a high integrity option for the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries," he continued. "Stainless steel offers a high level of chemical resistance and can provide a flawlessly pure and sanitary performance."
Greif holds a prominent position within the industrial packaging industry in the UK. The facility in Burton upon Trent has been involved in drum making since the early 1900s and has a workforce of 60 employees. The company recently achieved ISO 9001:2015 certification.
Applied Graphene Materials Expands Product Range
Vencorex Expands Specialty Waterborne Range of Products in United States
Valspar Paint Expands Presence in UK and Ireland
Greif Investment Expands Capacity for Food-Grade IBCs
Laser Technology: Applications in Adhesion and Related Areas
Adhesives Technology Handbook, 3rd Edition
Fluorinated Coatings and Finishes Handbook, 2nd Edition


If you would like to submit a request for plant material, please visit our Products & Services page.
Persimmons, which originally came from China and Japan, are gaining in popularity. Here at the Repository, we house three species of this interesting fruit. It is part of the Ebenaceae family which contains approximately 400 species. There are only five edible fruits in this group of plants. The persimmon grows on a tall deciduous tree and has a shape and size similar to that of a tomato. One noteworthy characteristic of the fruit is its high tannic acid content. This will disappear when the fruit is ripe or over-ripe.
Use GRIN-Global to search for more information on Diospyros and the accessions in the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS).
Some information for this page was obtained from: The Complete Book of Fruits. D. Pijpers, J.G. Constant, and K. Jansen. Gallery Books, New York. 1985.


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Reacting to novelties in the Church
Reposted from March 2016
LMS Pilgrimage to Our Lady of Caversham. Come on in.
It must be a perennial truth about the Church, that to every issue some people will criticise what you do - whatever it is- as too 'soft', and others as too 'harsh'. Since Vatican II, this has gone from being a parlour game to a major industry, as those who have wanted to maintain the Faith in its integrity cheer themselves up by criticising each other for being either too accommodating of novelties, or too suspicious of them.
The 'circular firing squad' this easily becomes is not helpful to the cause, but the question, of how suspicious or accommodating one should be, is an important one and does need to be addressed seriously. Which new initiatives, new theological perspectives, new structures or new forms of worship, are perfectly ok, and which are not? Of the latter, which need to be criticised, where possible evaded (by not using them), or repudiated? Each initiative should in principle be treated on its merits, though the scale of the avalanche of new things since 1960 is itself open to critical assessment.
(Anyone afflicted by the thought 'Anything the Pope says must be ok' should, of course, read my posts about Papolatry, but can still follow the argument in this post by considering examples where the Pope had not actually mandated anything. In a number of cases Popes have condemned novelties, which have still spread through the Church, such as routine use of EMHCs, or General Absolution.)
The difficulty in most cases has been that the problem presented by the new things has been not that they contradict the teaching of the Church in a propositional way - only in seminaries and certain academic institutions have Catholics actually been asked to deny the faith in as many words. Rather, where the old version of whatever it is pointed towards the teaching, the new one points away. They are typically accompanied by official documents which are worded in such a way that they can be read, perhaps with a little effort, in accordance with the Church's teaching, and also read, with a little effort, in accordance with a new view which is not compatible with the teaching of the Church (although this may depend on ignoring some of the document in question).
To avoid tiresome abstractions, let me give an example: Communion in the Hand (CITH). It was allowed, we all know, by Paul VI, though strictly speaking Memoriale Domini was an Instruction of the Congregation of Divine Worship. It is perfectly obvious that CITH points away from the Real Presence. It is, in fact, acknowledged by Memoriale Domini itself, which pleads that the practice be introduced, if at all, only after 'adequte catechesis':
The result of this catechesis should be to remove any suggestion of wavering on the part of the Church in its faith in the eucharistic presence.
By contrast, communion on the tongue evidently points towards the Real Presence: as Pope Benedict expressed it, it marks it with 'an exclamation point'.
That is not to say that CITH is propositionally incompatible with a the Real Presence: heck, it's a practice, not a proposition. And it can be favoured by those who genuinely believe in the Real Presence, on other grounds, though it is notable that these grounds do not derive directly from the teaching of the Church. They might include, for example, an ecumenical motive (to bring the practice of the Catholic Church into line with that of Protestants), a desire to emphasise Christian 'adulthood'; the idea that the traditional practice emphasised the Real Presence at the expense of other features of the liturgy or the Christian life; or that the old practice was just embarrassing.
This kind of thing raises the question: 'How bad does a novelty have to be (how emphatically must is point away from the teaching of the Church), how radically must it infringe normative tradition, on the one hand, and on the other hand how weak must be the arguments in favour of it, and the mandate of legitimate authority in favour of it, for it to be a duty to evade or criticise it?' In many cases, priests are involved in implementing the novelty, so they have a particularly stark version of the question to answer. One thing which is obvious is that there is no simple way to answer such questions. No one can propose a formula for weighing the different considerations against each other, or a scale of seriousness by which the different aspects can be assessed in themselves. Reasonable people, thoughtful people devoted to the good of the Church, will draw the line in different places. It is essential that we recognise that. It is essential that we recognise the good will of those who draw the line in different places than we do ourselves.
This recognition must, however, be carefully distinguished from an attempt to turn the issue into one of personal preferences. A lot of Neo-Cons say things like: 'I personally prefer Latin / Communion on the Tongue / whatever, but I don't criticise those who don't'. If CITH, or whatever it is, was a mistake, it was a mistake for everyone. If it was a good idea, then (certain cultural and historical situations aside), it is good for everyone. In either case, the reasons for and against have got nothing to do with personal tastes. It is a matter of theology, and perhaps of human psychology.
This may be hard for people to do, or for people who aren't used to the kind of disagreement academics engage in, but we have to hold these two things together: I can accept that my opponent on one of these issues is sincere while still maintaining he is objectively wrong. Again, I can maintain that the matter we are discussing is one of objective truth and of great importance, while still respecting the moral integrity of those who disagree with me. Of course, there are positions so extreme or poorly motivated that the integrity of those holding them is called into question, but not all positions except one's own are like that. There is at least a range of options which are not completely unreasonable, and this range is wider than the range which is objectively morally legitimate, and this latter range may well be wider than just one option.
A major source of disagreement on such matters is naturally the weight to assign different factors. No doubt those who accept and even promote CITH do not regard it as as damaging to belief in the Real Presence, as those who criticise CITH. How damaging it is to the faith of ordinary Catholics is an objective question, just one not easy to answer. Suppose it were very damaging, and many Catholics did not realise this, then their acceptance of the practice would be objectively wrong, but it would still be subjectively reasonable. They would not be committing a sin by accepting it, unless their failure to realise how bad it is was itself a result of sin (of negligence, say).
Saying such issues are matters of personal taste trivialises the issues. It also obscures the effect of the novelties on the Church as a community. The novelties affect everyone, even those who do not accept them (in this case, those who go on receiving on the tongue), because it affects the general tone and atmosphere, what actions are regarded as normal and what as eccentric or singular, and of course it affects people's beliefs. If the congregation in my local Church, or the parents involved in my local Catholic school, weaken in their faith, this is a problem for me. I can't just pretend nothing has happened, and carry on as normal.
This is clearly true also for attitudes to marriage. Already we have a situation when most parents sending their children to a Catholic school accept same-sex marriage, contraception, cohabitation, and remarriage after divorce, without annulment. Things have got so bad, in fact, that it is regarded as the height of straitlaced orthodoxy, to say of a case of institutionalised adultery, 'well, let's hope that they can get an annulment', as if the only correct view to take of a sinful lifestyle is to close our eyes and imagine, without any particular justification, that for obscure reasons it may not be as bad as it looks. A lot of things the Church has done at the institutional level, a lot of post 1960s novelties, have contributed to this collapse of the Faith by 'pointing away' from the Faith. The weakening of the Church's official opposition to civil divorce, and to mixed marriages for Catholics; the failure to preach against contraception; and a widespread collapse of discipline over who can receive Communion, or be involved in Church activities.
It is unimaginable that Pope Francis is going to reverse this trend when he publishes the Post-Synodal Exhortation. The only question is how far he will go in accommodating the Church still further to secular attitudes, thereby reinforcing them within the bosom of the Church. There has been little, if anything, lay Catholics or ordinary priests have been able to do to manifest a rejection or criticism of the policies which have led us to this pass, when those policies have been a matter of changes to Canon Law, to catechetical textbooks, or to Bishops' statements on forthcoming civil legislation. As far preaching about contraception, and refusing Communion to public sinners, the pressure on priests not to do such things has been intense, and there has been little lay Catholics could do to assist them.
Developments in the future may make it harder, or in some ways easier, to criticise novelties, but how it can be done depends, as I keep saying on this blog, on the precise form they take. On the recent change to Canon Law procedure, the accelerated process for annulments, the matter is in the hands of bishops. I doubt that it would be justified for individual priests to deny the Marriage Rite or Communion to a couple who had had a 'quickie annulment', and they'd be for the high jump if they tried it. What can lay Catholics do about it? Write blog posts, I suppose.
Over the last fifty years, resistance to novelties has coalesced into the movement in favour of the Traditional Catholic liturgy. Not all novelties, of course, have been liturgical, but one's ability to make a critical assessment of any of them is crippled if one is ideologically committed to a huge number of liturgical ones. This movement has provided a home, a friendly environment and a source of moral support, for both clergy and laity uncomfortable with a wide range of novelties. It is to this movement, in my view, that we must look for any kind of sustained, collective resistance, to the next things coming down the road.
The Stripping of the Altar, at the end of Mass on Maundy Thursday.
Labels: Communion on the Tongue, Marriage & Divorce, Reposted
CMP3 4:59 pm
A good article for those within the TLM movement. Those who understand already. Not strong enough perhaps to clarify, as Bishop Schneider has done, the issue of CITH, EMHC etc. Apparently these practises are being reintroduced now to Churches that abandoned them over the last 10 - 12 or so years. The wolves are waiting to sweep in and brush the
cobwebs of 'novelty' from under the bed back onto the floors of parishes. We can't see the hidden webs but they are still there as they haven't been gathered up and thrown onto the rubbish heap of the reform of the 60's unfortunately. The windows have again been opened and the novelties won't be flying out.
Just my opinion for what it's worth. A sidenote: QUOTE: This movement has provided a home, a friendly environment and a source of moral support, for both clergy and laity uncomfortable with a wide range of novelties... I am one of the fortunate who has found refuge within the arms of a Personal Parish within Tradition and will stay there. A haven in the madness!
Sean W. 3:12 pm
Thank you for a very excellent post, Dr. Shaw. Absolute correct, unflinching, and charitable, as ever.
Memoriale Domini is an interesting point, and ties back into your earlier argument that what matters is the 10% that's remembered of any given document and not the 90% that's forgotten. As a test of this, I once registered a guest account at Catholics Answers Forum and posted arguments against CITH from Memoriale Domini in a relevant thread, changing only a few words here and there (and without quotation marks or a cited name, so as to make seem it was my own opinion). I was, naturally, almost immediately, accused of disobedience (even schism!) and a lack of charity toward bishops. Bizarre.
An excellent point, too, about the argument to personal taste missing what's really at stake. We expect secular liberals to say things like "if you disapprove of pornography, then don't watch it," because they are individualists whose deranged ideals have alienated them from careful consideration of the social consequences of their beliefs. But it is baffling that Catholics should make more or less the same arguments in so many ways, despite a body of social teachings that make clear that man is a social animal whose good is bound up with the health of his community. When people behave abysmally and irreverently at Mass, it negatively impacts my own ability to behave reverently. And it is bitterly amusing that the liturgical reform, conducted in part on the grounds that the communal elements of worship needed to be communicated more effectively, has inaugurated a dynamic whereby those whose spirituality is actually harmed by the community are told their concerns are irrelevant or even contemptible.
Finally, your point about traditionalism becoming a lodestone for general resistance against the novelties of the postconciliar Church is well taken. It is very easy for a faithful Catholic paying attention to make a connection between the liturgical laxity of the reformed Mass and the moral and disciplinary laxity of its adherents, and the growing doctrinal laxity of the clerics shaped by it. My own traditionalism is two parts love for traditional liturgy for every one part turning away in disgust from the spectacle of priests conducting themselves like women at Mass and criminals elsewhere.
Nicolas Bellord 6:25 pm
Recently I had to go to Mass in an adjacent Parish. In the leaflet Father X was described as the 'Presider'. To my way of thinking Presider suggests a Chairman who is going to preside at a meeting but not actually take part other than to regulate what happens. I thought that a priest celebrated mass i.e. he alone did the job. Am I being pernickety?
Highland Cathedral 8:20 pm
heck, it's a practise, not a proposition.
heck' it's a practice.
Joseph Shaw 8:42 pm
Ha ha! The spell check has been 'correcting' refereneces to 'practices' annoyingly.
Jacobi 8:22 am
CITH and the indissolubly of Marriage are good examples which illustrate a major problem in the Church today. That is Gradualism
A new practise can be introduced and discussed, but a sizeable number, in my parish about 98+ % , with CITH, will go along with it, and without taking any of the procedures for removing particles of the Consecrated Host, which the priests do. After one generation it is standard, contrary to the thinking of century's of Catholicism, and belief in the Real Presence is diminished if not eliminated in the minds of that generation.
Accidental or intentional?
Blogging incidentally is here to stay in some form. But, I have commented elsewhere on my impression that there is an attack now on Blogging from within certain quarters in the Church . This takes the form of individual bloggers being "nobbled", or an increasing denial of comment with the Blog and/or a decease in the number of controversial subjects being discussed.
Am I just being a bit paranoiac?
@Jacobi@Sean
Very good points and no Jacobi you are not paranoid. One must be vigilant today as it is also obvious that those within who are not simply looking at the Traditional Latin Mass as yet another novelty in the Church, but from the aspect of survival of such are a threat to the status quo. We must pray for these as we pray for the hierarchy. That eyes are opened to abuses etc. Fraternal correction didn't end with the Acts of the Apostles but must be done with charity in order to bear fruit. Paranoia is seeing something imagined as a threat that doesn't exist. The threat exists within and without the Church. It's called Modernism. The worse heresy that incorporates all heresies declared anathema by former Councils.
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The Church Extension
Read our latest news here February 2019 Work begins with an archaeological survey prior to the installation & connection of water services. Links to the plans are at the bottom of this page.
Autumn 2017 update
New Year 2017 update
What is happening with the extension project?
Steady progress is being made towards our goal of providing our beautiful historic church with basic modern facilities. The existing vestry, itself a late 19th century 'extension', will be replaced by a two-storey extension providing one disabled and one further toilet, washing up facilities and a meeting room. Our application has been approved by The Parish Council and District Council.
What will the extension look like?
Great care has been taken with the design to ensure that the extension will be in keeping with the original architecture of the church. There is no incursion into the main body of the building , the 'footprint' of the building does not extend beyond the existing building and will be clad in the same stone as the main church. The plans are on display at the back of the church and can be viewed online at MSDC online register at Mid Sussex District Council under the reference DM/15/4345.
How will this be funded?
In addition to the revenue from fund-raising events and the contributions pledged by St.Margaret's PCC and the Churchyard Trust, applications will also be made to relevant grant funding bodies once all approvals are in place and once we can demonstrate that a significant proportion of funds has already been raised. There remains a funding 'gap' for which we have launched our appeal to the wider community and any donors moved to help us.
We are delighted by the success of our fund-raising events so far and very grateful for the support of the community. The Slinfold Concert Band returned to delight their audience with a further selection of popular tunes, many from well-known shows. A varied programme of exciting community events has been well supported through 2016 including organ and harp recitals, a 'from scratch' performance of 'Joseph and the Technicolour Dreamcoat', a flower arranging workshop, a barn dance and most recently a mediaeval banquet.
Details of forthcoming events will be posted on the Hoathly Hub and in the Chronicle.
Our appeal
We launched our appeal on Saturday 9th April 2016. Come along and see the plans which are now on view in church and help us to 'raise the roof' on our new extension so that our much-loved 11th century church can continue to hold its place in the heart of the community in the 21st century and beyond.
Bishops Message
Plan Downloads
Plans reproduced by kind permission from Robin Nugent Architects
Click on the links below to view the elevation plans for the extension.
Revised Floor Plan – 1st and 2nd Floor
Proposed South and East Elevation
Proposed West Elevation
Proposed section North South
Proposed Churchyard Plan
Extension Flyer – Page 1