text:
Facebook data-scraping breach triggers GDPR enforcement lawsuit in Ireland
Natasha Lomas
10 January 2023, 9:53 am ·10-min read
Facebook-owner Meta and its lead data protection regulator in the European Union, the Irish Data Protection Commission (DPC), are facing an interesting legal challenge over a major data-scraping breach that led to a €265 million penalty for Facebook last year under the bloc's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
The legal action, reported earlier by the Irish Examiner, is being brought by the digital rights group, Digital Rights Ireland (DRI) -- which raised a complaint about the breach on behalf of two affected individuals and is unhappy about the finding by the Irish regulator that no security breach occurred.
Instead, in a final decision of November 25 2022 on an own volition enquiry the DPC opened in response to the incident, it found a breach by Meta of the GDPR's requirement for data protection by design and default. Hence levying a fine.
However the lack of a finding by the DPC of a breach of the security of processing (aka Article 32 of the GDPR) meant there was no requirement for Meta to notify the 100 million or so EU-based Facebook users whose information was exposed and subsequently posted to online forums via the data-scraping of Facebook users carried out by unknown "malicious actors". Instead Meta could pay a fine representing a tiny fraction of its revenue to make the matter go away.
A finding of an administrative breach of GDPR -- rather than a security breach, which would identify Facebook as liable to the individuals whose personal data was exposed -- also looks relatively convenient for the tech giant when it comes to potential liability over the episode given affected individuals could pursue class-action style litigation for damages.
Such mass legal actions have been on the uptick in the region in recent years -- and are set to be bolstered this year as enforcement of the EU's Collective Redress Directive begins. And had the DPC's decision acknowledged a security breach it would have simplified such litigation in this case. However the regulator's decision avoided doing that.
The unknown entity/entities involved in the breach were able to obtain data on Facebook users by using a contact importer feature the platform had offered up to September 2019. The design of this feature was insecure in that it allowed large sets of phone numbers to be uploaded -- enabling malicious actors to find phone numbers that matched Facebook profiles and, via this method, collate a massive data-set on individuals that included (in the majority of cases) phone numbers, names, genders and Facebook IDs that was later found exposed online.
Data-sets containing linked names and phone numbers plus social media profile information offer what DRI calls a "treasure trove" for fraudsters to target people -- such as via phishing and social engineering techniques.
The total number of affected Facebook users globally is estimated to number around 533M -- so the EU component of this data-scraping breach is also just the tip of the iceberg.
Following media reports of the data-scraping breach last year, DRI complained to the DPC on behalf of two data subjects whose information had been exposed -- which led on to the DPC opening an own volition enquiry in April 2021. And in an update sent by the DPC to DRI in December, which has been shared with TechCrunch, the regulator writes:
The facts of this case, as established by the DPC, led to a conclusion that the data was not collated arising from exposure as a result of a security vulnerability falling for examination under Article 32 GDPR, but rather arose as a result of the very design of the relevant features of the platforms. Accordingly, as security was not infringed, there was no personal data breach within the definition of Article 4(12) and for that reason Article 34 was therefore not applicable.
In the letter, the DPC also asserts that: "The configuration of the Meta systems permitted such scraping to occur at the material time and this was the basis upon which the DPC found an infringement of Article 25."
So, essentially, the Irish regulator's finding asserts that the Facebook data scraping breach occurred because of the design of Meta's systems being insecure -- yet, simultaneously, declines to find that users' data was exposed because of a security vulnerability. Therefore it finds no infringement of the security of processing as defined by the GDPR -- so no personal data breach, under the regulation and, consequently, no direct liability link to individuals for exposing their information and no need for the tech giant to consider whether it should inform affected users of a security breach.
We understand a final outcome letter from the DPC to the DRI is due to be sent this month -- as the regulator says it hasn't yet provided its last word on the latter's complaint (but, per the decision it made in November on its own volition enquiry, it's safe to assume the substance isn't going to be different).
Update: The DRI has responded to refute the DPC's claim that it has not yet taken a decision on the complaint -- pointing out that the letter it received from the regulator last month stated its findings in a paragraph entitled "Your complaint"; and finished with a paragraph entitled "Conclusion" that referred to "the DPC's decision on this matter".
Here's the concluding chunk of the letter:
The DPC would like to thank you for lodging your complaint. We hope that the DPC's decision on this matter and the exercising of corrective powers, including the imposition of substantial administrative fines which are deemed to be "effective, proportionate and dissuasive" and reflective of the nature and extent of the infringements involved help to bring a satisfactory closure to this matter.
"Digital Rights Ireland utterly refutes the DPC's assertion that "a decision has not actually been made yet by the DPC in relation to this complaint," a spokesman told us.
Referring to the DPC's letter, he added: "We see no ambiguity there. This letter states the DPC's findings in the paragraph 'Your complaint'. The last sentence signals that the letter is intended to close the matter. If this isn't a decision, we don't know how we'd be supposed to recognize one.
"The idea that this letter did not represent a decision only became the DPC´s position when the DPC found out they were being sued."
Despite Meta being fined a couple of hundred million over this data-scraping breach it arguably dodged a far bigger bullet here -- since it has not had to inform the circa 100M EU-based users that it breached their security and exposed their data. (While litigation for damages on a pool of some hundred million affected users could get considerably more expensive if successful.)
One thing is clear: For a company which made over $33.6B in 2021 alone by mining people's data to sell their attention to advertisers, a fine of $275M is the proverbial 'parking ticket'/cost of doing business -- which can be written off as a business expense.
Whereas reputational damage -- which has the potential to drive users away and so reduce engagement with Meta's services -- poses a far more meaningful threat to its attention-sapping business model, before you even consider the litigation damages liability risk.
Conveniently for Meta, the tech giant has so far been able to contain damage over this massive data-scraping episode to a few media reports -- and to some reporting of the fine itself -- instead of having to communicate with every single one of the users personally affected by having their information scraped and exposed online.
Although we understand Meta is appealing the DPC's enforcement, regardless.
Discussing DRI's lawsuit, which is being lodged in the Circuit Court in Ireland -- and targets Meta and the DPC both, with the claim that "justice has been denied" to victims of the data breach -- its chair, Dr TJ McIntyre, told TechCrunch: "The data breach point is just one part of a wider complaint that they didn't make an adequate decision overall with regard to our complainants. The central argument with regard to a security breach is that it makes no sense to say that there's a notifiable breach if somebody picks the lock but not if you don't bother locking the door to begin with; i.e. a failure to apply security is a breach, not merely inadequate security."
"Whether it is a notifiable data breach is in one sense relatively unimportant -- it doesn't affect the fact that there was a violation of duty. However a finding on this point would be helpful in establishing liability towards the individuals affected," he added.
Meta and the DPC were contacted for comment on DRI's lawsuit.
A spokesperson for Meta declined to comment. But we understand the company has yet to receive any filings or legal papers regarding the DRI's case.
The DPC's deputy commissioner, Graham Doyle, sent the following statement:
It will be appreciated that we cannot comment on the substance of matters that are now before the courts. For information, however, you may wish to note that a decision has not actually been made yet by the DPC in relation to this complaint. It is acknowledged that DRI takes a different view on this point.
The DPC continues to attract criticism over its approach to enforcing GDPR against tech giants and the DRI's lawsuit joins a variety of legal actions and accusations fired at it since the regulation came into application -- which run the gamut from complainants about time wasting and wasted resources, to narrowly scoped or simply non-existent (i.e. never opened) enquiries following complaints, to legal challenges accusing it of inaction and even alleging criminal corruption.
It routinely defends itself -- arguing its dealing with a large workload that often involves complex cases that require full attention to due process to minimize the risk of decisions being overturned on appeal.
Depending on what happens with this latest legal challenge over the Facebook data-scraping breach the lawsuit could have wider significance beyond Meta itself -- in relation to other GDPR complaints being decided by the DPC that hinge on whether there's a breach of security -- such as a major complaint against Google's role in real-time bidding (which, more broadly, implicates the third party tracking ad industry as a whole) that the DPC has been formally considering since May 2019 but still hasn't decided or enforced.
Last year, complainants in that case sued the Irish regulator for inaction over what they've dubbed "the largest data breach ever".
It remains to be seen what the DPC will decide on that (separate) GDPR complaint. But the wider point here is there could be a risk of a GDPR enforcement loophole if sloppily designed systems that are insecure by design -- accidentally or even, potentially, cynically and systematically -- are allowed to provide a route for data processors to avoid broader security breach liability under the GDPR.
There is also an interesting comparison to be drawn with the Cambridge Analytica Facebook data scandal, which made global headlines back in 2018 -- and which Facebook has always strenuously denied represented a breach of user data. Yet it was, similarly, an insecure design -- in that case of its developer platform -- that led to data on hundreds of millions of users being extracted from Facebook without the knowledge or consent of the vast majority of the affected users in that earlier event.
The "rogue" actor Facebook accused of perpetrating the Cambridge Analytica data heist was an app developer who had agreed to its developer T&Cs. And the company was accused in 2018 by the developer, Aleksandr Kogan, of not really having T&Cs as a result of the company not taking actions to ensure its terms were actively being enforced.
That major global data scandal predated the application of the GDPR -- but it's interesting to speculate what kind of enforcement Facebook would have faced had the episode fallen under the EU regulation. And whether or not Ireland's DPC would have deemed Cambridge Analytica a security breach or just another failure of data protection by design.
This report was updated with a response from DRI to the DPC's claim that the letter it sent was only an update, not the outcome/decision on its complaint -- and with additional analysis of liability related to the different GDPR breach findings
Meta hit with ~$275M GDPR penalty for Facebook data-scraping breach
Ireland's privacy watchdog sued for inaction over 'massive Google data breach'
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The Cure perform "Burn" at Pasadena's Rose Bowl.
Posted on February 2, 2019 July 2, 2020 by robwinfield
The Cure's "Burn"
I wasn't planning on a second post for this chilly, rainy, gloomy Saturday afternoon/evening. But I was thinking about some of the other tracks on "The Crow" soundtrack. My previous post focused on Nine Inch Nails' cover of Joy Division's "Dead Souls," which remains one of the standouts from that 1994 film. It's been awhile since I listened to any of these songs, and I realized I had some footage of The Cure performing "Burn" back in 2016 at the Hollywood Bowl. Well, this is as good an excuse as any to post that footage, as well as reminisce about one of my longtime favorite Cure songs. So let's get to it …
The story goes that "The Crow" comic creator James O'Barr is a huge Cure fan (likewise with Joy Division), and included the lyrics to a different Cure song, "The Hanging Garden," in his graphic novel. This was the original selection for inclusion in the film. But Cure frontman Robert Smith offered instead to write and record an original song, because he took a liking to the material. I'm sure having your lyrics reprinted in a groundbreaking graphic gothic comic work can be quite persuasive. But Smith isn't off base, and "The Crow" remains a seminal creative mark in both comic and film pop culture.
I love the percussive blister of "The Hanging Garden," and it's accompanying album "Pornography," which still holds as one of my favorites. But I find it difficult to picture in the cinematic context of "The Crow." It's such a specific work, with a bruising intensity and bleakness in tone. It's theme appropriate, yet musically mismatched. So I can see why Smith would offer to pen an original track, even if he himself felt "The Hanging Garden" would fit. See for yourself if you agree …
"The Hanging Garden" from the 1982 album "Pornography."
"Burn," on the other hand, feels tapped into the visuals of "The Crow." There's definite inspiration and love for the material. And it syncs beautifully with the imagery of character Eric Draven, resurrected from the grave, assuming the identity of revenger, driven somewhat insane, yet focused with sheer determination and will to restore the balance of justice for the wrong done to him. If that doesn't make sense, just check out the film. It's a classic of the mid-'90s, when style still meant something, comic-based films could be unapologetically R-rated, and visual effects still had to rely on good-old fashion in-camera gags rather than a sweatshop of computer workstations. But I digress …
Musically, "Burn" carries a bit of "The Hanging Garden" spirit, but sounds closer to something like "Fascination Street." There's the trademark heavyset bassline and drums, synced in a percussive powerhouse groove, strengthened with otherworldly rhythms that feel in line with many earlier efforts. Smith's guitar-craft is also classic Cure, melodic, moody, layered, textured and spread across spatial planes, somewhere between melancholy and bliss.
A bit of trivia states that just Smith and drummer Boris Williams, who's since departed, wrote and recorded "Burn" in a marathon two days. Apparently, the band's line-up was undergoing a period of transition, so the two opted to bang it out themselves … which to me, just further affirms why I still continue to love The Cure.
Anyway, if you haven't heard it before, here's the result of that effort … "Burn" by The Cure (or at least two of its members).
The Cure's "Burn" from the 1994 soundtrack to "The Crow."
And as I mentioned earlier, this whole "Crow" kick, which originally got started from a friend's text, lead me to digging up The Cure's live rendition of "Burn" from 2016's Hollywood Bowl show. I was sitting in the Super Seats, which are mostly centered and comfortable, yet surprisingly not as close as you'd think, given the name. So the footage is appropriately distant.
Nonetheless, it's The Cure. And after 40 years, it's a blessing just to see them still going at it. So I'll leave you with this clip. And time permitting, I might even get around to posting more from this performance. After rewatching "Burn," I'm definitely feeling the inspiration. Enjoy!
Embed: Start at:
The Cure perform "Burn" @ the Hollywood Bowl on 05.22.16.
CategoriesTracks Tagsalternative, gothic, Hollywood Bowl, Pornography, post-punk, Robert Smith, The Crow, The Cure, The Hanging Garden
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: String::contains(String) gives "the trait bound String: FnMut<(char,)>` is not satisfied" The following code tries to check whether a String contains another String. I get a compiler error when I use the String::contains method. I expect String::contains(String) would work straight out of the box.
What is the correct way to do this in Rust, when the pattern being searched for is not a string literal? I did rustc --explain E0277, and it seems like String does not implement the Pattern trait, is that true?
fn main() {
    let a = String::from("abcdefgh");
    let b = String::from("def");

    if a.contains(b) {
        println!("Contained");
    } else {
        println!("Not contained");
    }
}

The compiler error:
error[E0277]: the trait bound `std::string::String: std::ops::FnMut<(char,)>` is not satisfied
 --> src/main.rs:6:10
  |
6 |     if a.contains(b) {
  |          ^^^^^^^^ the trait `std::ops::FnMut<(char,)>` is not implemented for `std::string::String`
  |
  = note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `std::str::pattern::Pattern<'_>` for `std::string::String`

A: Let's check the method signature of str::contains:
pub fn contains<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> bool
where
    P: Pattern<'a>,

So the second argument has to be something that implements Pattern, as you already noticed. We can find out who implements that trait by visiting the documentation of Pattern. There we can find these impls:
impl<'a, 'b> Pattern<'a> for &'b str
impl<'a> Pattern<'a> for char
impl<'a, 'b> Pattern<'a> for &'b [char]
impl<'a, F> Pattern<'a> for F
where
    F: FnMut(char) -> bool,
impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Pattern<'a> for &'c &'b str
impl<'a, 'b> Pattern<'a> for &'b String

As you can see, the trait isn't directly implemented for String. But it is implemented for &String and &str. And this makes sense: the pattern only needs to be read, so ownership of the String is not needed.
In your example, you wouldn't be able to use b afterwards since it would have been moved into the method:
let a: String = String::from("abcdefgh");
let b: String = String::from("def");

a.contains(b);

// If this would work, `b` couldn't be used anymore because it has been moved :(

So instead of passing String (b), just pass &String (&b):
if a.contains(&b) { ... }
//            ^

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Free screening Hitchcocks " Secret Agent "(1936) in Super 8mm/Sound!
Date Sunday March 10
708 Gilman St. @ The Tannery
Doors 7:00PM - Film 7:30PM
yes! BUFS brings it to you again with Hitchcocks " Secret Agent "(1936) in Super 8mm/Sound!
After three British agents are assigned to assassinate a mysterious German spy during World War I, two of them become ambivalent when their duty to the mission conflicts with their consciences.
In 1936, the film won a placement in the National Board of Review awards for Top Foreign Film.
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
Writers: Campbell Dixon (from the play by), W. Somerset Maugham (based on the novel "Ashenden" by)
Stars: John Gielgud, Madeleine Carroll and Robert Young
http://berkeleyundergroundfilms.blogspot.com/


On behalf of the pupils, parents, staff and governors of the school, welcome to Eldersfield Lawn Church of England Primary School.
As a Church School and fundamental to our ethos we promote Christian Values which we believe provide a solid basis to the lives of the pupils in our care. With just over one hundred children, everyone feels a part of the school community – and it's this sense of togetherness that makes for a strong and engaging sense of family. We use a range of experience based learning opportunities to meet the needs of every child as well as raising aspirations.
Our School motto is Enjoy, Learn, Succeed and is something that is fundamental to our daily practice.
We hope to give you a flavour of our school through this site but, of course, we'd be very happy to welcome you in person if you'd like to see the school first hand. We look forward to meeting you.
On behalf of the pupils, parents, staff and governors of the school, welcome to Eldersfield!
We are all very proud of our school, underpinned by Christian Values. With just over one hundred pupils, one of our strengths is that everyone feels a part of what's going on – and it's this sense of togetherness, that makes for a strong community.
We hope to give you a flavour of Eldersfield through this site but if you'd like to visit in person to see first hand you would be very welcome.


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Welcome To Drainage Salford S Your Solution Centre For Sewer Inspections In Salford Drainage Salford is one of the most trusted companies offering sewer inspection services in the UK. Located at Salford, we specialize in sewer inspection, design, construction and maintenance.
Your drain may be damaged by corrosion or any other agents of wear and tear that result in broken drains whatever the cause, our experts will get your drains back to optimal working condition. The first thing we do, is detect the original cause of deterioration. The team at Drainage Salford is trained to do thorough drain surveys to find problem areas in the system. Our professional staff will find the areas that need repair with CCTV and ensure they are repaired. We provide an extensive knowledge of pipes and materials in order to ensure that your new drain system lasts.
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Without replacing them completely, you can reinforce your drainage system by relining to seal the cracks. Drainage Salford has the technology to do this without digging up the drain itself. Our experts can reline the drain by infusing a polyester sleeve with resin and slotting it into the drain to fill the cracks, gaps or fissures that may have formed.
Once this has been done, it is a matter of inflating the sleeve with air or water. After leaving the newly - inserted pipe to cure for a few hours, the inflation hose is then removed, leaving a totally repaired and secured drain pipe. Drain relining usually leaves your drain about 6mm thinner but a lot more efficient and durable.
You can repair slow draining wash basins, clogged baths and sewers by removing the dirt in them. At Drainage Salford we use a high - tech power cleaning tool that scours any grime to guarantee a free - flowing system. Any blockages in your sewers will immediately be removed by our advanced high pressure jet cleanser. Contact our team on 0161 327 0508 before the problem's become more severe! When you call our Salford office, an expert will respond immediately.
Drainage systems can be inspected on a regular basis. Our Drainage Salford team in Salford advises regular inspections. Let's work together to detect any small problem's before they get out of hand. Consider it you drain's routine health check up. Drainage inspection is also vital when you want to purchase a property and for insurance claim's where applicable. Only the best CCTV technology is used to identify and fix problems.
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Discussion in 'Video Streaming Boxes & Services' started by Nesty, Dec 18, 2016.
Just bought myself the fire stick until the Nvidia shield comes down in price.
Bad news is I'm stuck before I've even started.
During the configuration phase it prompts me to check for updates.
After 20 trys I'm still getting the error "unable to update your fire stick"
I havent been in contact with Amazon yet although I will if no user has any ideas here.
Amy help is much appreciated.
Have you checked to see what the software version is installed in the stick, and what the latest actually is? It may well be that the update is failing because no update is actually required. If there is a difference, perhaps try a factory reset, check your wi-fi connection and so forth. If, after all of that, an update looks necessary, but you can't get it done, swap the stick out for a replacement.


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Home Money Management Is your email marketing strategy ready for 2019?
Today I was reading an article from My Emma titled 10 Steps to Revamping Your Email Marketing Strategy and I started thinking about 2019. After all, we're only a month away from a new year, and many businesses haven't planned their email marketing accordingly.
Along with increased automation, AI, and targeting, 2019 is likely to bring even more competition as more and more businesses realize the potential of email. After all, email continues to have the best ROI of any marketing channel. And now that businesses have access to more data about their customers (and what their customers are doing) than ever before, it's crucial you stay up to date.
I found the tips in this post super relevant, particularly the point about choosing your audience. One thing I've seen with my own clients is a failure to define their exact target audience until they've already created a strategy. Unfortunately, this 'spray and pray' technique is the opposite of what you should be doing, and it's a good way to waste your marketing budget. Before you look at your marketing strategy for next year, be sure to pinpoint exactly who you're targeting, and you'll greatly increase your chances of success.
In the meantime, be sure to check out the above post so you can optimize your email marketing strategy.
Emails tend to perform differently in each industry, but several good email marketing averagesto measure your success are a 24% open rate and a 4% click-through rate. This means nearly a quarter of your email recipients open your email and 4 out of 100 recipients click somewhere in your email.


text:
Myomegalin, also known as phosphodiesterase 4D-interacting protein or cardiomyopathy-associated protein 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDE4DIP gene. It has roles in the formation of microtubules from the centrosome. Its name derives from the fact that it is highly expressed in units of tubular myofibrils known as sarcomeres and is a large protein, at 2,324 amino acids. It was first characterised in 2000.

Structure and function
Myomegalin is mostly composed of alpha-helix and coiled-coil structures and has domains shared with microtubule-associated proteins. It has several isoforms, at least two of which have been characterised, CM-MMG and EB-MMG.

Myomegalin is necessary for the sufficient growth of microtubules from the centrosomes. The CM-MMG isoform binds at the centrosome with γ-tubulin in an AKAP9-dependent manner and on the near side of the Golgi apparatus, while the EB-MMG isoform binds with MAPRE1 at the Golgi apparatus and increases MAPRE1's effects on microtubule growth.

Myomegalin, specifically the CM-MMG isoform, is a paralogue of CDK5RAP2. Myomegalin depletion in cells does not lead to decreases in γ-tubulin or CDK5RAP2, unlike CDK5RAP2 depletion, and does not appear to affect mitosis through various spindle anchoring and orientation defects, unlike CDK5RAP2. This indicates that CDK5RAP2 can somewhat serve to compensate for the absence of myomegalin. However, myomegalin-depleted cells have slower migration, since microtubules are crucial for cell motility.

Orthologues of myomegalin are seen in vertebrates as far back as bony fish, around 450 million years ago. In mammals, around 200 million years ago, myomegalin gained an Olduvai domain. Olduvai domains have so far only elsewhere been found in NBPF genes in placental mammals, many of which are adjacent to myomegalin on chromosome 1, so it is believed that these genes originated from a duplication of myomegalin. Increased NPBF Olduvai domain duplications in humans have been implicated in human brain size evolution.

Interactions

Myomegalin (PDE4DIP) has been shown to interact with PDE4D.

History
The protein was discovered in 2000 and was so named because it was highly expressed in rat heart muscle sarcomeres (units of tubular myofibrils) and is a large protein, at 2,324 amino acids.

See also

1q21.1 deletion syndrome
1q21.1 duplication syndrome

References

Further reading

Human proteins

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Household Items That We're Washing Too Much, Or Way Too Little
Samuel Ceisler | 6 months ago
Nobody likes a dirty house, that's why it's important to clean every so often. By washing our clothes, bedsheets, and kitchen towels, we keep the whole house spick and span and stop anyone or anything from getting too smelly and gross. But, not all household items are made alike, which means washing them too much can actually ruin them. So, to help you get your house finally in order, we put together this list to help you keep your home in order, and damage free.
Dishwashers Need to Be Washed Too
If you've got a dishwasher, then congratulations. It's an amazing appliance, and the transition from not having one to having one, or vice versa, is totally jarring. That being said, a lot of people who have dishwashers are so used to hand washing their dishes that they're actually wasting more water than they need with a prewash. Your dishwasher will do most of the work for you, just gently rinse to get some food off.
Of course, if you have an older, less powerful dishwasher, then you're going to need to handwash a bit more. But, as a general rule of thumb, your dishes don't need to be washed twice if they're going to be used once.
Have You Ever Cleaned These Items?
When most people go about cleaning our homes, they usually pick specific tasks and finish them before moving on. So, we're going to do the bathroom, then we're going to the kitchen, and by the time we're done, we've completely forgotten about the doorknobs. Every person who enters your home has to open the door, and if you don't step outside and wipe that knob off now and again, you're bringing all your visitors' bacteria in with you too.
While this isn't something that should occupy a lot of your mental space, it is a good reminder to give yourself every couple of weeks.
Clean That Trashcan
Using trash bags is useful for so many reasons, not the least of which is the fact that they keep your garbage can relatively clean. However, every once in a while we've got a really smelly load of household garbage, or a bag rips and the bin gets a little messy, and at these moments it's definitely essential to wash the garbage can out. You can imagine what rotting garbage might smell like around the house, now imagine that's trapped at the bottom of your waste bin!
A simple wash down with soap and water should do fine for this one. Also, if the bin is small enough, you could wash it in the kitchen sick (after you do the dishes of course).
Don't Go Crazy With Your Windows
Obviously, you want the windows in your home to be clean, but there's a limit to how clean they can actually get. Beyond spot cleaning and maybe twice-yearly deep cleaning, you don't have to do much to your windows to keep them in great shape. Plus, you don't want to overdo it and put too much shine on any outdoor glass, as that's how you'll get birds flying right into your patio door and hurting themselves.
You can add window cleaning to one of your other, once-yearly cleaning checklists. Take care of it while you're spring cleaning or winterizing and you should be good to go.
Keep Those Pillows Out Of The Wash
Every time you change your sheets, you should also change your pillowcases. But, your actual pillows stay fresh for much longer. Since the pillowcases protect the pillow from contact with your actual skin, they need to be washed much more often than the actual pillows. If you overdo it with the pillows, those comfy inside layers may become matted and compressed, ruining the pillow. So, we'd recommend keeping it to just a few times each year.
This doesn't apply as much if you sweat heavily. Your pillows can get ruined that way too if you're not careful. So, instead of two or three times a year, in this case, wash them four.
Don't Dunk The Denim
You've probably heard this one before, but it still amazes us how many people don't know that your jeans don't need to be washed every time they're worn! Denim is a durable fabric that's made to last, and overwashing can wear out the fabric and cause pants to lose their shape. Also, wet jeans are notoriously heavy and add more weight to a load of laundry than any other normal pair of pants would.
If you're wearing jeans to go work on a construction site, that's another story. Get those sweaty things into the washer as soon as you get home. But, for everyone else just going around town, we'd say you've got a little longer.
Don't Worry About That Thick Winter Coat
If you're from the Northeastern US, or the Northwestern US, or Canada, or Northern Europe– there are a lot of places that fit the bill– you're going to be dealing with a lot of snow! Cold weather in winter is just a part of life, and to deal with it, you're going to want to get a good winter coat. But, don't worry yourself about washing it too often, the snow will do that job for you!
Washing your winter coats can cause the fabric to rip, releasing the inner lining and reducing its efficacy. Also, the jacket never touches your actual skin (hopefully), so there's nothing dirty about the inside unless you've been wearing your jacket over dirty clothes.
The More Vacuuming the Better
We just know that somebody's spouse is going to hate us after reading this, but the more vacuuming you can do around the house, the better. Especially in rooms like the living room or the kitchen, daily vacuuming can really help things stay clean. Hardwood floors get dusty, and carpets eat dirt like it's nobody's business, so it's better for everyone to have a clean slate each day after you return from the outside world.
Of course, we'd say save the vacuuming until after all your roommates wake up or before the neighbors go to sleep. Regardless, this will definitely help you keep your house clean.
We Don't Even Want to Think About What's Hiding in There
You may have heard the old adage that a telephone has more germs on it than a toilet seat. This is because our phones are exposed to all the germs that our hands come in contact with on a daily basis, whereas a toilet seat only has to deal with our mostly-covered rear ends. Well, the same thing goes for our keyboards as it does our telephones, and when exactly was the last time you cleaned yours?
Keyboards can be especially tricky because dirt and dust will fall in and get stuck between the keys. But, a simply disinfectant wipe once a week should do the trick.
Everything Plus the Kitchen Sink
There seem to be two types of people when it comes to kitchen sinks. There are the type of people who wash the sink every single time after they do the dishes, and then there are the type of people who forget about it for weeks at a time. We get it– it seems counterintuitive to take the thing you just used to wash a bunch of other things in soap and water, and then wash it with soap and water, but it really helps!
Once you get into the habit of doing this, you won't be able to stop. Simply wiping down the sink when you're done doing dishes is enough to form a habit, and keep your kitchen smelling as fresh as possible.
Save A Tree, Don't Overdo It With The Towels
Does anyone remember when hotels started implementing that policy where you could hang up a towel if you planned to use it again, and then room service would replace all the other used towels? Well, that policy wasn't just convenient, it was also cost-saving, environmentally conscious, and could be applied in our homes as well. Towels don't go bad after just one use, especially if you give them time to dry properly.
Depending on how often you shower, bath towels can often be used for up to a week. Just make sure not to overstuff your washer with too many towels at once when it is time to wash them.
Antique Furniture Is Best Left Alone
They don't make furniture like they used to, and that's probably a good thing since those old upholstered couches that all of our grandmothers had were so uncomfortable. Also, you never were allowed to eat on the couch or do anything fun. But, now we understand this was because excess moisture can ruin upholstered furniture. So, maybe you'll want to vacuum then now and again, but unless a professional is doing it, don't try to clean these things yourself.
Even if you are hiring a cleaner, the frequency upholstery needs to be cleaned correlates to the frequency it's being used. If you have a lot of visitors, maybe clean once a year.
Wait, They Don't Last Forever?
Stick with us, because our title here was a little facetious, and we know that sponges don't last forever. But, did you know that some people still don't properly clean their sponges between uses, and end up putting more grease back onto the dishes they're trying to clean? This happens if a person fails to rinse and ring out a sponge, and leaves dirty water and food bits inside the sponge.
By rinsing the sponge after you finish the dishes, you'll extend its shelf life and ensure the process is quick and easy for the next person that has to do the dishes.
Keep the Soap Away From This One
This one is a heartbreaker for us– we love to cook– but we know that there have been millions of cast iron pans ruined over the years by amateur cooks who don't know how to clean them. So, if you find yourself scratching your head and asking yourself what we mean, we need you to listen up closely. Do not, do not, do not ever wash a cast iron pan with soap.
Soap will take the protective oil layer off the pan, and cause rust to form incredibly quickly. Just rinse, use a scrubbing brush to peel off any burned bits, and then dry the pan on a burner on low heat. Afterward, put a small bit of your preferred cooking oil onto the pan and heat it up to reseason the pan.
Rubber Duckies Need Some Attention Too
Back in the day, Ernie from Sesame Street was the coolest guy around when he had his rubber ducky with him. Nowadays, everybody seems to have a rubber duck, whether they're kids, muppets, adults, or anything in between. They make them with different funny hats, and different characters, which is great. But, the best thing about rubber ducks (and other bath toys for that matter) is that they rarely need to be washed!
If you make sure to squeeze any excess water out of bath toys once you're done using them, it'll ensure that they last a very long time.
This Is What The Top Sheet Is For
Chance are, if you love your bed, it's because you've got a really nice comforter to sleep under every night. That's one of those items that we love to treat ourselves with when we need a new one, because you use it every day, and you're going to want one that lasts. Still, no matter how good the quality of your quilt, it's not going to last that long if you're washing it every week.
Unless you sweat very heavily or don't have a cover on your comforter, we suggest following the same rule as you do with pillows: wash comforters once every three or four months.
Don't Bring Your Dogs In The Shower Every Time
Most dogs don't like being bathed, which works out well with what we're about to tell you because most owners are washing their dogs too much. Unless you've got a real adventure hound who's splashing around in the mud and water every day, you can get away with giving your dog a bath around once a month. Of course, this also depends on the dog's breed, but on average, this is a good rule of thumb.
If you find that your dog struggles with baths, try contacting a professional groomer. They may be able to make your dog more comfortable and give them a proper cleaning.
Even If You're Not Talking Dirty, That Phone Ain't Clean
On a daily basis, you go around touching doorknobs, keyboards, and pens at the post office and bank– all items that other people before you used, and probably didn't sanitize. So, when you go and shove your hands into your pockets afterward, and then start texting on your cell phone, you're spreading all of those germs onto the touch screen surface. That's why at the end of each day, you might want to consider wiping your phone down.
A simple disinfectant wipe should do the trick. You don't have to do anything crazy. But, this will stop any of those bad bacteria from outside from coming into your home.
What Are Jerseys For But Getting Dirty?
If you're a professional athlete then we get it, go ahead and wash your jersey after every game (although if you're a professional, there's probably someone already doing that for you). But, if you're just a kid or a casual fan, your jersey probably doesn't need to be washed all that often at all. It's all based on use, so you can enjoy wearing those team colors until they start smelling.
A good trick, if you plan to wash jerseys with any iron-on decals (like numbers or nameplates), we suggest turning them inside out so that the washing machine doesn't melt the glue holding those decals on.
Pick One Pajama For Each Week Of The Month
Like a few of the other items on this list, how often you wash this item is going to depend on what kind of sleeper you are. For most people, sleeping is the most relaxing part of their day, so their pajamas rarely get dirty, and can be worn for four to six days before they get dirty. But, if you're a hyperactive or sweaty sleeper, they may get dirty before that.
You also may want to change your pajamas more frequently if you're dealing with acne, as the oils on your skin will stick to a used shirt and then be pressed right back into you on the next use.
Dry These Items Properly and You Won't Have to Worry About Them
When it comes to winter gloves and winter hats, their level of cleanliness really has more to do with how they're dried than anything else. A properly worn hat or pair of gloves will inevitably get wet from the snow, and in that process will get cleaned. But, if you don't put those gloves or that hat on a heater once you get inside, they might stay damp and get mildewy and gross.
A good rule of thumb is to wash your gloves and hats once a year, either at the start or the end of the winter season. And, during the season, make sure to dry them properly!
Watch Our for Your Mirrors
We know, you're looking at a picture of a public bathroom, which is something not too many people have in their homes but bear with us. Did you know that overwashing a mirror can affect the mirror's backing, in time causing peeling and damaging the integrity of the mirror? Instead of throwing detergent on there every week when you clean the bathroom, just use some paper towels to wash the mirror down instead.
Detergent can be useful once every two months or so, to give the mirror a nice shine, but don't make too much of a habit out of it.
The Smell Is a Telltale Sign With These
Any good chef wants to have a clean kitchen, but exactly how clean does it need to be? Well, we think most people have been going a little overboard when it comes to how often they wash their kitchen towels. Clean up a spill: wash the towel! Dry your hands: wash the towel! It becomes exhausting and just wastes water in the washing machine. Unless those towels really smell, they're still probably good to be used.
We'd caution against using a gently used towel to dry dishes though, as this can just dirty already clean items. Instead, have a separate hand / kitchen towel and dish towel.
Your Feet Aren't Actually That Clean
Keeping a few extra bath mats handy in your household bathrooms can make the difference between an easy, comfortable, and clean bathroom experience, and a messy one. Bath mats stop you and your guests from slipping on the wet floor, they catch drops of water when you get out of the shower, and they keep your feet warm and off the cold tile (unless you have a carpeted bathroom, which, ew). But, they still need to be washed about once a week.
If you keep extra bath mats around, you can maintain an easy rotation of mats to be washed, and mats to be used. Thus, you'll never be without that creature comfort.
Look Out for Your Stove
Depending on how messy you get when you cook, your oven is going to require a different amount of cleaning. Our rule of thumb is that if you're moving into a new apartment, treat yourself and give that oven a good deep cleaning. Afterward, just clean whatever mess you make. If you spend every day trying to make your kitchen look like a Michelin starred restaurant, chances are you're just wasting time.
Of course, if you enjoy cleaning your oven, go right ahead. That stainless steel and glass monstrosity isn't going to be damaged by a little bit of cleaning material.
Washing These Too Often Would Probably Ruin Them
Whether it's that khaki jacket you wore to the beach party, the rain jacket you wore hiking, or your dinner jacket, chances are you're washing it too often. Your jacket never makes direct contact with your skin, so it usually can't pick up any smell from your body. So, unless you spilled a bunch of food on the outside, you can usually wait and only wash your jackets once or twice per year.
Jackets are also heavy items that can take up a lot of space in a wash, so it's not the best idea to be including them with regular-sized loads.
No Shampoo For You
There's nothing better than the feeling after you climb out of a nice, warm shower. You're all clean, and your skin feels refreshed, but what's going on with your hair? Chances are, if you're shampooing every day, then you're just drying out your scalp and unnecessarily damaging your hair. There are a lot of differing opinions about there on this subject, but we suggest shampooing twice per week, and conditioning afterwards if applicable.
If you're not sure what will be right for your hair, consult with a stylist and see what they suggest. Everyone's hair grows in with different moisture levels and brittleness, so it's important you find a program that works for you.
Keeping the Car Clean Is a Losing Game
We hate to admit it, but we're guilty of this one. Sometimes, it's just too hard to keep your car clean when you know it's immediately going to get dirty again. However, if you don't wash your car every once in a while, dirt and dust can build up, trapping moisture and creating rust that will eventually destroy the car. So whether or not you wash the car, give it a once over every now and again.
This is especially applicable for people in colder climates, since road work crews will lay salt on the road, which then in turn accelerates the rusting process.
When's The Last Time You Cleaned Out The Fridge?
There's this funny idiom in American English, where we'll say that someone cleaned out the fridge if they got really hungry and ate a lot. However, when was the last time you actually cleaned out your fridge? Are you sure that the cream cheese in the back isn't past its expiration date? Has that Coca-Cola gone flat yet? What about the fruits and vegetables down at the bottom in the drawer, are those all still fresh?
It's hard to keep track of every item in our fridges, but a biweekly inspection can help stop you from accidentally biting into something expired.
Don't Let Those Sheets Get Crusty
We're not sure what it is that makes hotel beds so comfortable. Maybe it's the giant comforters, maybe it's the fact that you know you don't need to make the bed, or maybe it's the fact that you get to sleep in a bed with fresh, clean sheets. You might not realize it, but cleaning your sheets and pillowcases automatically rejuvenates a room, and will probably help you to sleep better as well.
Sheets and pillowcases, since we use them every night and they come in direct contact with our skin for a long period of time, can start to smell really bad if you let them fall out of your washing cycle.
How Do These Even Get Dirty?
Curtains are one of those items, like ovens, that don't really need to be cleaned as often as people think. If you're moving into a new flat, fine, wash those curtains and get the other person's smell (and their germs) out of your new space. But, after that, you can get away with beating the dust off the curtains and maybe tumble drying them once every few months to keep them fresh.
Other than that, you really don't need to wash your curtains more than once a year. We suggest you make it a part of spring cleaning, where you get to close out the winter by refreshing your entire living space.
Trust Us, It's Going To Be Dusty Up There
It seems counterintuitive that a household item that spins around all the time could get dusty, but trust us, if you haven't looked on top of your ceiling fan in a while, you're going to want to. Those things catch and trap dust like no other household appliance, so it's important to get up and dust the fan blades and body at least once a month. It'll keep your home clean, and improve the air quality as well.
Also, we don't think we should have to clarify this but we're going to, please turn the ceiling fan off before trying to dust up there.
The Microwave Is Splatter Heaven
When you're reheating food in the microwave, one of the ways that you know it's hot is when you hear the food start to bubble and pop under the heat– although, sometimes after that, you take it out and it's still cold... Anyway, when the food pops like that, it winds up sticking to the walls and ceiling of the microwave, and if you don't get it out quickly enough, it'll crust there and be even harder to remove.
A good rule of thumb is to wipe down the microwave after you've cooked something messy, and to give it a full cleaning once per week otherwise.
The More You Clean These, The Easier It'll Be
If you've ever had to clean up a really disgusting bathroom, first and foremost we're sorry, and second of all you can back up what we're saying here. The more often you clean your bathroom, the easier that cleaning is going to be. The more gross bacteria that you let build up, the harder it is. It's a very simple equation, but one that some people still don't seem to fully understand.
By cleaning the bathroom once a week, you'll prevent yourself from ever realizing it's dirty. Plus, it's a pretty easy cleaning task compared to something like deep cleaning the stove.
Run That Empty Cycle Once A Month
Like your kitchen sink, a washing machine is used to wash some of your other household items. And, like a kitchen sink, after a while, that washing machine is going to get dirty. Even though there's always soap and water running through the thing, dirt and soap scum can build up and have trouble escaping while clothes are tumbling around in the drum. That's why you should run an empty cycle on high heat once a month, and make sure your washing machine stays squeaky clean.
The same goes for dishwashers, actually. An empty run on high heat will allow the water jets in both machines to clean the inside of the machine itself, as opposed to cleaning your dishes or clothes.
How to Keep Your Mattress Clean
Even though you wash your bed sheets every so often, not many people think about the need to wash their mattresses. Granted, those things won't fit in any normal-sized washing machines, so we'll have to be a little inventive, but every six months or so our mattresses should get washed as well. You may also want to just go over the mattress's surface with a vacuum cleaner in order to get dust and dirt.
A steam cleaning would be great if you're buying a used mattress or haven't cleaned yours in a long time. But, don't go overboard, since that's maybe only applicable once per year.
The Lint Filter Isn't The Only Thing to Clean Out With These
Hopefully, by now you know that every time you put a new load in the dryer, you should clean out the lint that's accumulated in the lint filter from the previous load (and don't even get us started on that lady making cotton candy down there). However, it will also do you some good to dive into your dryer every few years and try to pry some lint off of the other parts that it's sticking to.
Lint can escape and get stuck throughout the machine. Without careful monitoring, this can cause a perfectly good dryer to burn out in just a few months.
More Wind, Less Dust
If you use a desk fan to keep cool or provide white noise at night, chances are that thing hasn't been cleaned in a while. We get so used to using little appliances like this, that we forget to do the required maintenance they require. With fans, a lot of dust can accumulate on the fan blade, which will then affect air quality and fan speed. But, after a cleaning, things should be right as rain.
If you've been sneezing a lot recently, but can't figure out why, then go take a look at your desk fan. Is there dust caked around the inside? That's what's been blowing in your face and making you sneeze.
It's All About That Microfiber
Since we don't often find ourselves touching our TV screens as we do to our phone screens, they don't need to be cleaned very often. Sure, they might attract a little dust with all that static electricity, but it doesn't take much to keep a TV in good shape. Every few months, you just need to take a microfiber cloth and some water and gently wipe down the screen and the vents in back.
The vents are especially important if you want to keep your TV running for a long time. If these get clogged, the TV could overheat and short itself out.
Clean, Then Lubricate
Avid bikers beware, you probably already know what we're about to say. But, if you're a novice and just getting into cycling, chances are the mechanical part of things is still a bit above your pay grade. So, one important thing to know is that once every month or so, you're going to want to spray your bike chain with some degreaser, and then oil it after the fact. This will keep your bike in tip top shape for much longer.
If you fail to clean the chain, old grease and gunk will get stuck and rust out your bike, If you don't oil the chain, that'll happen even faster.
Samuel Ceisler
Samuel has had a love for writing ever since he can remember. Starting with short comic-like stories as a child, he started writing Sci-Fi in high school and hasn't stopped putting pen to paper (or fingers to keyboard) since. Today, Sam's favorite topic to write about is anything pop culture and media related.


The long-term TC «Delivering Democacy» is a 7 days TC with 25 young people aiming to develop Democarcy from 7 regions in all over Armenia and Artsakh/Nagorno Kharabakh, promote respect for human rights and gender equlity, to do a step forward in citizenship /civic education and inclusion of vunerable groups into those processes by using OST, NFE and other methodologies.
The main activity foresees to be in Yerevan, Armenia in http://capitalhotel.am/en/ and regions.
The following 3 methods will be used during the TC: NFE (Non-formal education) methods and compass manual will be widely used. Besides, we will use humanistic and OST (Open space technology) methods. Also, we plan to have guest speakers and experts from the UNCHR Armenia, gender studies, human and women rights international institutions, experts in CEDAW etc.
Achieving gender equality is central to the protection of human rights, and democracy enabling economic growth and sustainability. In post-soviet countries, especially in Caucasus region, according to statistics, we still have a huge gap on gender equality/ for more details see: http://www.crrc.am/.
Sincere and objective feedback. Constructive comments and remarks are acceptable.


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Appeal court shies away from right to die issue
31 July 2013 by Rosalind English
R (on the application of) Nicklinson and Lamb v Ministry of Justice [2013] EWCA Civ 961 – read judgment
The Court of Appeal has today unanimously dismissed appeals by Jane Nicklinson and Paul Lamb challenging the legal ban on voluntary euthanasia.
We have posted previously on the Hight Court ruling in the Nicklinson case, here and here. The following is based on the Court's press summary. An analysis of this case will follow shortly.
Summary of the facts and the ruling
These appeals concern two individuals who suffer from permanent and catastrophic physical disabilities. Both are of sound mind and acutely conscious of their predicament. They have each expressed a settled wish to end their life at a time of their own choosing in order to alleviate suffering and to die with dignity.
Lord Judge, in his last civil judgment before he retires as Lord Chief Justice, said:
….The short answer must be, and always has been, that the law relating to assisting suicide cannot be changed by judicial decision. The repeated mantra that, if the law is to be changed, it must be changed by Parliament, does not demonstrate judicial abnegation of our responsibilities, but rather highlights fundamental constitutional principles.
The circumstances in which life may be deliberately ended before it has completed its natural course, and if so in what circumstances, and by whom, raises profoundly sensitive questions about the nature of our society, and its values and standards, on which passionate but contradictory opinions are held. Addressing these life and death issues in relation to life before birth, the circumstances in which a pregnancy may be terminated were decided by Parliament. The abolition of the death penalty following the conviction for murder was, similarly, decided by Parliament. For these purposes Parliament represents the conscience of the nation. Judges, however eminent, do not: our responsibility is to discover the relevant legal principles, and apply the law as we find it. We cannot suspend or dispense with primary legislation. (paras 154 – 155)
The Court also considered an appeal in the "Martin" case, brought by a man who wishes to end his life but needs the assistance of a third party. He argued that it should be lawful for a doctor or nurse to help him travel abroad to die with the help of a suicide organisation in Switzerland. In this case, the appellant was successful in seeking clearer guidance from the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) for carers or health professionals assisting those wishing to end their life.
His main submission was that whilst the DPP's policy provided the necessary degree of clarity for what he described as "class 1 helpers" (spouses, friends or family with emotional ties to the person committing suicide, the policy was defective in that it failed to give adequate clarity as to another group, which he described as "class 2 helpers" ((those with no emotional ties to the person committing suicide, such as healthcare professionals).
Lord Dyson, the Master of the Rolls, and Lord Justice Elias, in their majority judgment concluded that it was not sufficient for the Policy merely to list the factors that the DPP will take into account when deciding whether to consent to prosecution (see para 138). The Policy should give some indication of the weight the DPP accords to the fact that the helper was acting in his or her capacity as a healthcare professional (see para 140).
They said it would be constitutionally improper for the DPP to guarantee immunity from prosecution in respect of any class of helpers (see para 142). Further, it would be impractical, if not impossible, for the DPP to lay down guidelines which would embrace every class 2 case but that it is not impossible or impractical to amend the Policy so as to make its application in relation to class 2 cases more foreseeable than it currently is (see para 144).
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'No precedent'? Then set one! The Nicklinson right to die case
Toppled, choked and locked in: where are human rights when you need them?
Are lawyers in right to die cases breaking the law?
What is a life worth living? Further analysis of "M"
States Not Obliged to Assist Persons Wishing to Commit Suicide – Antoine Buyse
GMC to announce policy of striking off doctors who prolong the lives of terminally ill patients against their wishes [updated]
Previous posts on the Pretty and Purdy cases
Nigel simmons says:
We were all born the same we all die the same without premature illness ,who has the right to decide if someone is in enough pain or anguish for them to end their Life .Religious or non Religious no other Human has the Right to decide whether they can or can't .That is the Ultimate Control shown by Governments whom think they are above anyone's individual thought .Morals are a non entity to them ,we are treated as a number and they will act accordingly .We are all individuals and abide by the Law of society but to Live or Die is nothing to do with them – it's our choice
Nita says:
Tony Nicklinson died on the Liverpool Care Pathway….in under 3 days – continuously sedated until death…which is currently perfectly lawful. They can even place you on the LCP without your consent if the doctor thinks its in your 'best interests' to die. Many children with Down's syndrome have died on it with no consent whatsoever…likewise thousands of dementia sufferers and frail elderly… it saves the state money…you cannot even find a Legal Aid solicitor to help you with a low quantum death, so why on earth was this court case even given Legal Aid to proceed?
Interesting point – one cannot have a 'right to die' without imposing a duty on doctors to assist…despite euthanasia being 'legal' in Holland and Belgium, of the 20,000 practitioners registered in Holland, a mere 400 bothered registering to carry out this work. The 'second opinion ' doctors in Holland receive €330 per signature, whereas in Belgium, its all 'pro bono'….http://www.bioedge.org/index.php/bioethics/bioethics_article/10576


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I speak at conferences and workshops on a range of topics.
Experience includes:
Museum Next, London (2019): speaking about the Museum Freelance Network and freelancing in the cultural sector;
Museum Freelance conference, Manchester (2018) to introduce the conference and speakers;
SHARE Museums East Annual Conference (2018): running a break-out session on Working with Freelancers;
Museum Freelance conference, London (2018) to introduce the conference and speakers;
Museums Association event: Getting to know you – using visitor data intelligently. Ran a session on Demystifying non-user consultation, Edinburgh (2017);
Museums + Heritage Show, London (2017) on visitor research;
Museum Freelance event, London (2017) to introduce the conference and speakers;
National Freelancer of the Year: speaking about freelancing as part of a panel at the event, London 2016, for IPSE (the Association of Independent Professionals and the Self-Employed)
The Visitor Studies Group Conference, London (2016) on an audience development project;
The Museums Association Conference, Cardiff (2015) on perceptions and prejudice in relation to visitors;
The Regeneration Opportunities for Growth National Conference, Waterford, Ireland, (2010);
Speaking to school groups and university careers fairs;
Media appearances, including broadcast such as the BBC's Escape to the Country, BBC Radio Norfolk, HEART fm and BBC Look East, to sector and news print and online such as the Guardian Culture Professionals Network.


We will endeavour to ship all purchases through the STWA website within 1-3 working days of receipt of order and receipt of payment.
If we are unable to achieve this for any reason, you will be contacted by email and advised accordingly. Possible exceptions to this may be the Christmas or Easter periods, whereas our office may be closed for the holiday period.
Once orders are dispatched from our warehouse, they should be received with 1-5 working days, depending on where goods are being delivered to.
If any ordered items are not in stock, we will contact you advising when goods will be in stock and the earliest dispatch date. At that point if you wish to change or modify your order we will sort it out for you.
Unfortunately we cannot deliver bulk purchases to Post Office Boxes.


At Breakwater Pharmacy we provide more than just prescriptions; we focus on your health as a whole. We pride ourselves on our ability to offer unique solutions to help our patients get the most our of their medications. Our goal is to create a unique experience for everyone we help.
Have a look at some of our services to see if they can help you. If there is something that you need but don't see listed just ask, and we'll see what we can do!


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USAC recap – July 11
By Armando Carrillo
The Undergraduate Students Association Council is the official student government representing the undergraduate student body at UCLA. Council meetings take place every Tuesday at 7 p.m. in Kerckhoff 417 and are open to all students. Watch a livestream of the meetings on the USAC Live! channel on YouTube, which can be accessed with a ucla.edu account.
The council approved a bylaw change such that the Contingency Programming Fund will no longer receive 10 percent of the UCLA membership fee that funds USAC.
The council allocated $9,000 from the 10 percent membership-fee surplus to the discretionary fund, which now has a total of $19,000. The council amended the budget for the fiscal year, adding a user fee on campus programs, such as Dance Marathon and Bruin Bash, in order to hire an additional staff member who will help process and allocate financial resources directed to such programs.
The council appointed Saori Darlene Borrayo, a rising second-year English student, as the fourth activities committee appointee.
The council said they will begin to draft a public statement in response to a UCLA graduate student who was found to be a participant in the Charlottesville "Unite the Right" protests.
USAC President Claire Fieldman said that applications are open for positions on the campus programs committee, judicial board, election board and communications board. Fieldman added that an interest form showcasing all USAC internship opportunities will be released in August.
Internal Vice President Robert Blake Watson said his office is scheduling an off-campus living fair. Watson added that his office has been collaborating with Facilities Commissioner Julia Ho-Gonzalez and Student Wellness Commissioner George Louis Faour to create a redistribution center for Good Clothes Good People donations and hygiene products in the Student Activities Center.
Armando Carrillo
USAC recap – June 5
USAC recap – May 22
USAC recap – Jan. 30


The Native American Studies Program provides a broad foundation in Indigenous cultures and current events. The program's curriculum in Native American histories, religions, literatures, arts, and politics aims to generate knowledge and respect for Indigenous nations as well as foster critical thinking and socially responsible research.
NAST 101 - Introduction to Native American Studies 3 Credit(s).
Gen. Ed. Elective - Mathematics (MATH 125 recommended) 3-4 Credit(s).
NAST 127 - Native American History 3 Credit(s).
Gen. Ed. Elective - Arts and Humanities (PHIL 101 , PHIL 103 , or PHIL 240 recommended) 3 Credit(s).
Gen. Ed. Elective - Information Technology (CSIT 120 recommended) 3 Credit(s).
NAST 217 - Contemporary Native America 3 Credit(s).
NAST 207 - Native American Literature 3 Credit(s).
NAST 117 - Native American Religions 3 Credit(s).
Arts and Humanities (PHIL 101 , PHIL 103 , or PHIL 240 recommended) 3 Credit(s).
Information Technology (CSIT 120 recommended) 3 Credit(s).
Mathematics (MATH 125 recommended) 3-4 Credit(s).
Select electives as needed to meet the minimum of 60 credits for the degree. A student's selection of General Education electives will determine the total elective credits required to reach 60 credits. The following courses are recommended, but courses may also be taken in other departments with the approval of the Program Coordinator/Academic Dean. Electives should be chosen based on transfer institution requirements.
NAST 107 - Native American Art and Artifacts 3 Credit(s).
NAST 227 - Native American Women 3 Credit(s).
NAST 237 - Readings in Native American Studies 3 Credit(s).
NAST 273 - Native American Studies Internship 3 Credit(s).
** These courses may also be used to fulfill Social and Behavioral Sciences General Education electives.
The Native American Studies Area of Concentration provides a broad foundation in Indigenous cultures and current events. The program's curriculum in Native American histories, religions, literatures, arts, and politics aims to generate knowledge and respect for Indigenous nations as well as foster critical thinking and socially responsible research. This concentration is designed to help students transfer to colleges and universities that offer a baccalaureate degree with a major in Native American Studies, History, Anthropology, Sociology, and/or Political Science. Beyond the General Education requirements and other degree, program, and elective requirements, this concentration should be considered in light of the requirements of the selected transfer institution. Students should consult with an advisor for information about specific requirements.
demonstrate critical thinking and research skills including the ability to form an argument, detect misconceptions about key issues of policy and politics.