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Autographed manuscripts
Notes for a vocabulary of the dialect of Nice
Francis Campbell Macauley autograph collection and vocabulary notebooks
Ms. Coll. 957
This is a finding aid. It is a description of archival material held at the University of Pennsylvania. Unless otherwise noted, the materials described below are physically available in our reading room, and not digitally available through the web.
University of Pennsylvania: Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts
Macauley, Francis Campbell, died 1896
Date [inclusive]:
0.6 Linear feet (2 boxes)
Language Note:
Material is in English, French, German, Italian, and Latin.
This is an autograph collection compiled by Francis Campbell Macaulay. The collection is composed of letters by scientists, politicians, and men of letters, and fragments with signatures. The collection reflects Macaulay's interest in Italian literature, and includes letters from Ludovico Ariosto, Fortunato Cavazzeni Pederzini, and Alessandro Torri. Other notable autographs in the collection are those of Alexandre Dumas, Robert Morris, and Millard Fillmore. The collection also includes several letters to Macaulay regarding the Dante Society, and five volumes of Macaulay's notes for a vocabulary of the dialect of Nice.
Francis Campbell Macauley autograph collection, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania
Finding Aid's Permanent URL:
http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/ead/upenn_rbml_PUSpMsColl957
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Francis Campbell Macauley (sometimes spelled "Macaulay") was an American lawyer, literary aficionado, and archaeological advocate of the 19th century. Macaulay came to reside in Philadelphia in 1888. The following year he proposed to Dr. William Pepper and other leaders of the University of Pennsylvania the creation of an archaeological museum associated with the university. His efforts led to the foundation of the Museum of American Archaeology, which is now the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Macaulay's great interest in Italian literature resulted in an extraordinary collection of early editions of Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Torquato Tasso, as well as assorted autographs and vocabulary notebooks, which he bequeathed to the University of Pennsylvania in 1896.
The collection comprises the autographed manuscripts of various literary, political, and intellectual figures from the 15th to 19th centuries collected by Francis Campbell Macaulay, as well as five vocabulary notebooks on the dialect of Nice compiled by him. The collection is accordingly divided into two series. The first consists of sundry manuscripts, mostly letters, but also a few clippings, poems, and other documents, featuring individual autographs. The autographs are arranged alphabetically. The second series comprises the vocabulary notebooks, which were completed before Macaulay's donation of the complete collection to the University of Pennsylvania in 1896.
Highlights of the collection include autographs of U.S. presidents James Buchanan, Millard Fillmore, Thomas Jefferson, and Martin Van Buren; founding father and financier Robert Morris; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Roger B. Taney; Italian Renaissance poet Ludovico Ariosto; and French author Alexandre Dumas. Also present are several documents pertaining to events in the career of Charles Stewart McCauley, an American naval officer of the War of 1812 and the Civil War, and several letters of American naval hero Charles Stewart; both ancestors of Francis Campbell Macaulay. This collection includes items that may be of incidental interest to a variety of researchers, in particular those interested in Italian literary and intellectual figures from the 15th through 19th centuries and French dialects.
University of Pennsylvania: Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, 2014 March 24
Finding Aid Author
Finding aid prepared by Kevin Stuart Lee
This collection is open for research use.
Copyright restrictions may exist. For most library holdings, the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania do not hold copyright. It is the responsibility of the requester to seek permission from the holder of the copyright to reproduce material from the Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts.
Custodial History note
Gift of Francis Campbell Macauley, 1896.
Related Archival Materials note
In the Rare Book Collection of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library at the University of Pennsylvania: Dante Scrapbook
Controlled Access Headings
Form/Genre(s)
Autographs (manuscripts)
Etymological dictionaries
Autographs--Collections
French language--Dialects--France
Autographed manuscripts, 1479-1882.
Box Folder
Acciajoli, Jacopo, manuscript document, undated.
Acciajuoli, Archelao, fragmentary page of manuscript on vellum, 1550.
Albani, Giovanni Girolamo, letter signed to the Prior of Montenovo (1 p.), 1570 March 2.
Alfonso II d'Este, Duca di Ferrara, autographed note signed (1 p.), 1575.
Allegri, Antonio, autographed note signed (1 p.), 1479.
Ariosto, Lodovico, letter signed to Giudice dei Savii (1 p.), 1614 July 5.
Ariosto, Lodovico, Jr., letter signed (1 p.), [1598].
Bache, A[lexander] D[allas], signature on note of admittance to lecture (1 p.), 1841 January.
Badger, George E[dmund], letter signed to Mrs. Mary Culison (1 p.), 1841 August 31.
Balestrieri, Domenico, printed form signed (1 p.), 1769 October 20.
Bancroft, George, letter signed to Captain Charles Stewart McCauley, clipped autographs (2), 1846 July 27.
Bartenstein, Johann Christoph, freiherr von, letter signed (1 p.), 1755 March 24.
Beni, Paolo, autographed letter signed to Count Ranuccio Santinelli (1 p.), [1611 July 2].
Benjamin, Park, autographed letter signed asking that advertisement be placed in the next issue of a paper (1 p.), 1855 October 1.
[Karl XIV Johan, king of Sweden and Norway], letter signed, Bernadotte to the Minister of War (1 p.), [1800].
Betti, Salvatore, autographed letter signed (3 p.), 1852.
Bettinelli, Saverio, autographed letter signed to [Teresa Berrettoni] (2 p.), 1781 July 3.
Bevilacqua, Gherardo, autographed note signed to Vincenzo Rugieri (1/2 p.), 1584 [January 10].
Boiarda, Silvia Savitale, note signed to Vincenzo Ruggiero (1/2 p.), 1570 July 7.
Bonaparte, Joseph, autographed letter signed to [Count Jurvilliers] (1 p.), 1823 April 30.
Bowman, S., clipped autograph (1), undated.
Boyle, John, autographed letter signed to Charles Stewart McCauley giving him permission to be absent from the rendezvous at Boston until the 1st of October (1 p.), 1831 August 26.
Branch, John, dispatch signed order to Lieutenant Charles Stewart McCauley (1 p.), 1830 May 28.
Brunel, [Sir Marc Isambard], autographed acceptance of invitation signed to Mr. Martin (1 p.), undated.
Buchanan, James, U.S. president, clipped autographs (2), undated.
Bulgarini, Belisario, autographed letter signed to Cardinal Paleotto (1 p.) and manuscript transcript letter to Cardinal Paleotto (1 p.), circa 1600.
Burr, Aaron, clipped autograph (1), undated.
Bury, Lady Charlotte [(Campbell)], autographed note (1 p.), 1833 December 29.
Campagna, Giuseppe, autographed letter signed (2 p.) and autographed letter signed to Michele Caetani, Duca di Sermoneta (1 p.), 1856.
Cantu, C[esare], autographed letter signed to Felice DeMonnier (1 p.), 1851 February 20.
Capponi, G[ino Alessandro Giuseppe Gaspero], marchese, letter signed [concerning the centenary of Dante] (2 p.), 1864 [January] 2.
Cass, Lewis, autographed note signed (1 p.), 1858 December 27.
Cesari, Antonio, autographed letter signed to Luigi Salina (1 p.), 1815.
Chateaubriand, [Francois Auguste Rene], vicomte de, letter signed (2 p.), 1823 May 2.
Clark, Thomas M[arch], clipped autograph (1), undated.
Colombo, Michele, manuscript poem signed (1 p.), undated.
[Craik, Dinah Maria] (Mulock), autographed acceptance of invitation to Mrs. Mackenzie (1 p.), before 1864.
Crowninshield, B[enjamin] W[illiams], letter signed to Lieutenant Charles Stewart McCauley accompanying his commission as Lieutenant in the U.S. Navy (1 p.), 1815 April 21 .
Dante Society, by-laws, printed form (1), undated.
Dibdin, [Thomas Fragnall], autographed letter to Mr. Rich (3 p.), 1828 February 8 .
Dickerson, M[ahlon], printed leave form signed to Master Commandant Charles Stewart McCauley (1), 1835 August 4 .
Dionisi, Gian Giacomo, autographed letter signed to Gi[uolamo] Tartarotti (1 p.), 1756 February 15 .
Dobbin, J[ames] C[ochrane], clipped autograph, and letter signed to Commandant Charles Stewart McCauley from the Secretary of the Navy relating to Lieutenant Guest's patent sounding rod (2 p.), 1856 August 15 .
Dumas, Alexandre, autographed letter signed to Monsieur Rochefort (1 p.), undated.
Edgeworth, Maria, autographed letter signed (letter fragment), and petition to the Marchioness of Wellesley (3 p.), 1826 April 30 .
Etty, William, autographed letter signed (1 p.), undated.
Ferrante, II Gonzaga, letter signed (1 p.), 1616 September 20 .
Ferrucci, Luigi, autograph letter signed to Matteo Leonardo Matteu (?) (1 p.), 1855 January 1.
Fillmore, Millard, U.S. president, autographed letter signed to Charles C. Stratton (1 p.) and autographed letter of recommendation to Stratton signed (1 p.), 1857 April 8.
Fraser, John F[ries], autographed note signed to Franklin Institute asking that bearer be admitted to lectures on geology (1 p.), 1840 January 2.
Furness, Horace Howard, autographed letter signed to Francis Campbell Macauley relating to the Dante Society (1 p.), undated.
Galanti, Carimne, autographed letter signed to David Nutt (1 p.), 1882 January 10.
Galvani, Giovanni, autographed letter signed to Enola Raggianini (1 p.), 1829.
[Genlis, Stephanie Felicitie Ducrest de St. Aubin], comtesse de, afterwards marquise de Sillery, autographed note to Monseiur Maradan Libraire, with portrait on obverse (1 p.), undated.
Giannini, Crescentino, autographed letter signed to Michelangelo Caetani, Duca di Sermoneta (3 p.), [18]56 July 27.
Giuliani, Giambattista, autographed letter signed (3 p.) and autographed letter signed (1 p.), undated.
Gladstone, W[illiam] E[wart], autographed invitation to Mr. Stratton (1 p.), [18]57 May 25.
Graham, William A[lexander], letter signed to Charles S. McCauley concerning Mr. Follansbee (1 p.), 1851 December 8.
Guizot, [Francois Pierre Guillaume], autographed note signed (1 p.), 1849 February 27.
Henshaw, David, printed form signed to Captain Charles Stewart McCauley (1 p.), 1843 October 25.
Humboldt, Alexander, freiherr von, transcript of Humboldt's travels (2 p.), autographed note signed (1 p.), and autographed notes (2), [1802?].
Jefferson, Thomas, U.S. president, clipped autograph (1), envelope addressed to Mr. F. McCauley (1), circa 1801-1809.
John, Bishop of New York, autographed letter signed to Quackenbos (1 p.), 1850 September 2 .
Kennedy, John P[endleton], clipped autograph (1), and printed leave of absence form signed to Charles Stewart McCauley (1 p.), undated.
Kotzebue, [August Friedrich Ferdinand von], autographed note signed (1 p.), 1802 February 26.
Lafayette, [Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, marquis de], letter signed, copy of letter sent to M. Bailly (2 p.), 1789 July 23.
[LaMotte]-Fouque, [Friedrich Heinrich Karl], freiherr de, manuscript signed (1 p.), undated.
Lavater, Johann Caspar, manuscript poem signed (4 p.), undated.
Lawrence, Sir Thomas, autographed note (1 p.), [after 1810].
Leslie, C[harles] R[obert], autographed letter signed to T. Hayward (1 p.), 1825 April 29.
Masii, Francesco, autographed letter signed to Michelangelo Caetani, Duca di Sermoneta (2 p.), 1852 November 7.
Mason, J[ohn] Y[oung], autographed letter signed to Captain Charles Stewart McCauley appointing him member of a Naval Court (1 p.), 1846 November 27.
Meade, W[illiam], autographed letter signed to Mrs. Rosalie Lisle asking her to send a daguerreotype of Old Christ Church, Lancaster City, VA to J.B. Lippincott & Co. (1 p.), [18]57 January 14.
Medici, Guido, autographed letter signed to Roberto del Beccuto (1 p.), 1522 June 16.
Mordani, F[ilippo], autographed letter signed to Luca Vivarelli (1 p.), 1857 October 27.
Morris, Robert, autographed letter signed to J. Nicholson (1 p.), 1797 November 13.
Onslow, Arthur, autographed receipt, 1721 November 7.
Patterson, R[obert] M[askell], autographed letter signed to Mr. Franklin Peale asking his aid in preparing a lecture (1 p.), 1826 February 13 .
Paulding, J.K., letter signed to Captain Charles Stewart McCauley ordering him to proceed to Norfolk and report to William B. Shutrick for command of U.S. Ship of the Line Delaware (1 p.), 1841 February 19.
Pederzini, Fortunato Cavazzeni, autographed letter signed to Michelangelo Caetani, Duca di Sermoneta (1 p.), autographed letter signed to Michelangelo Caetani, Duca di Sermoneta (2 p.), autographed letter signed to Michelangelo Caetani (1 p. folder), autographed letter signed to Michelangelo Caetani, Duca di Sermoneta (1 p.), autographed letter signed to [Michelangelo Caetani, Duca di Sermoneta] (1 p.), 1853-1857.
Perry, M[atthew] C[albraith], clipped autograph (1), undated.
Potter, A[lonso], autographed letter signed to [Harrison Hall] (1 p.) and autographed letter signed to Reverend A.S. Clark (1 p.), undated.
Potter, H., clipped autograph (1), undated.
Preston, W[illiam] Ballard, clipped autograph (1), and printed form signed to Captain Charles Stewart McCauley (1 p.), undated.
[Rangoni, Fulvio], manuscript poem to Claudio Rangoni (1 p.), [15]89 April 4.
Read, T[homas] Buchanan, clipped autograph (1) and autographed letter signed to Mr. Lee (?) (1 p.), undated.
Roscoe, W[illiam], autographed note signed to Mr. Monro (1 p.), 1827 September 25.
Rosini, Gio[vanni], manuscript signed (1 p.), [17]99.
Rossi, Gio. Galeazzo, autographed letter signed to Cornelio Volta (3 p.), 1578[?] February 2.
Sacrata, Elenora Trotta, receipt signed for services of Antonio Ferrallo (1/2 p.), 1595 January 30.
Schelling, [Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von], document signed (1 p.), 1835 May 27.
Scott, Thomas F[ielding], clipped autograph (1), undated.
[Shee, Sir Martin Archer], clipped note (1), undated.
S[igourney], L[ydia] H[oward (Huntley)], manuscript of "The Muse" for the "Gift" (4 p.), [after 1830].
[Simonde] de Sismondi, J[ean] C[harles] L[eonard], autographed letter signed to M.F. Longhena (3 p.), 1825 February 6.
Smith, R[obert], printed form signed to Charles Stewart McCauley appointing him midshipman (1 p.), 1809 February 13.
Smith, Sydney, autographed letter signed (1 p.), undated.
Sorio, Bartolomeo, autographed letter signed to Il Duca Caetani (2 p.) and autographed letter signed to Il Duca Michelangelo Caetani (1 p.), 1863.
Southard, Sam[uel] L[ewis], order signed to Lieutenant Charles Stewart McCauley (1 p.), 1825 August 5.
Southey, Robert, autographed letter signed to the Reverend Leighton Wigton (1 p.), 1832 June 13.
Stewart, Ch[arle]s, 4 envelopes addressed to Mrs. Maria McCauley, 1 envelope addressed to Francis McCauley, autographed letters signed to Nathan Baker (3 p. total), 2 letters signed to LeRoy, Bayard & Co. (2 p. total), 3 autographed letters signed to Mrs. Maria McCauley (9 p. total), autographed letter signed to Lossing (1 p.) and letter signed (4 p.), undated.
Taney, R[oger] B[rooke], autographed note signed (1 p.), 1860 March 31.
Tassoni, Estense Ferrante, receipt signed, 1595.
Tassoni, Julio A., letter signed to Vicentio Rugieri (1 p.), 1575 January 5.
Thompson, Smith, printed furlough form signed to Lieutenant Charles Stewart McCauley (1 p.), 1822 December 23.
Tiraboschi, Gero[lamo], autographed note signed (1 p.), 1782 April 12.
Tommaseo, [Niccolo], letter signed (1 p.), [18]48 August 12.
Torri, Alessandro, letter signed (1 p.), autographed letter signed (2 p.), autographed letter signed (1 p.), autographed letter signed to Michelangelo Caetani, Duca di Sermoneta (2 p.), autographed letter signed to Michelangelo Caetani, Duca di Sermoneta (1 p.), autographed letter signed (2 p.), autographed letter signed to Prince Michelangelo Caetani, Duca di Sermoneta (2 p.), 1857-1858.
Toucey, Isaac, clipped autograph (1), after 1857.
Troya, Carlo, 6 autographed letters signed to Michelangelo Caetani, Duca di Sermoneta (15 p. total), undated.
Upsher, A[bel] P[arker], manuscript regulations signed (1 p.), 1842 August 3.
Van Buren, Martin, U.S. president, autographed envelope addressed from him to Mr. William L. Dungleson (1), undated.
Watson, John F[anning], autographed letter signed to Mrs. McCauley (1 p.), 1849 December 13.
White, W[illia]m, autographed letter signed to Reverend Bird Wilson (1 p.), 1832 January 5.
Wilkie, D., autographed note to Mr. Auguste (1 p.), 1890 July 1.
Wiseman, [Nicholas Patrick Stephen] Cardinal, letter to Mr. Beard (2 p.), [18]49 August 5.
Woodbury, John, receipt from the Dante Society sent to Francis C. Macaulay, autographed invitation signed (1 p.), printed form signed (1 p.), 1881.
Woodbury, Levi, letter signed to Commander Charles Stewart McCauley (1 p.), 1831 September 27.
Anonymous, annotations on the first canto and first two thirds of the second canto of the "Divine Comedy", circa 1600s.
Miscellaneous 18th and 19th century letters written by various Italian authors whose signatures cannot be identified, and one letter in German written on January 30, [17]65, 1700-1899.
Notes for a vocabulary of the dialect of Nice, before 1896.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Many problems in combinatorial optimization can be reformulated as : given a system $(E,\mathcal{F})$ where E is a finite set and $\mathcal{F}\subseteq 2^E$ , and a valued function $c:\mathcal{F}\to \mathbb{R}$ , we hope to find an element of $\mathcal{F}$ maximizing or minimizing $c$ . In this paper we restrict ourself on matroids which is a natural generalization of matrices and encodes with many basic structures in combinatorial optimization . \\

Almost all notations in this paper are followed as \cite{kor} except that we will use a different notation for the union of matroids and introduce some new concepts . In this paper we use $"\bigsqcup"$ to denote disjoint union of sets and union of matroids .

Firstly let's recall Edmonds' min-max theorem for the intersection of two matroids , which plays an important role in Edmonds' algorithm
for matroid intersection .

\begin{theorem}[Edmonds,1970\cite{edm}]
\label{Edmonds}
  Let $(E,\mathcal{F}_1)$ and $(E,\mathcal{F}_2)$ two matroids , with rank functions $r_1$ and $r_2$ respectively . Then we have
  \[\max\{|X|:X\in\mathcal{F}_1 \cap\mathcal{F}_2\}=\min\{r_1(Q)+r_2(E\backslash Q):Q\subseteq E\}.\]
\end{theorem}
For intersections of more than two matroids , no analogous result of $\mathbf{Theorem\;1.}$ has been known to the author . And it has been proved that finding a subset with the maximal cardinality of the intersection of more than two matroids , is an $\mathbf{NP-hard}$ problem ( c.f.\cite{kor} Chapter 15 , Exercice 14 (c) ) . However ,  if we make some futher assumptions on given matroids (more than two) , we can formally generalize \ref{Edmonds} to the following .

\begin{theorem}
\label{2}
Let $(E,\mathcal{F}_1)$ , $(E,\mathcal{F}_2)$ , ... , $(E,\mathcal{F}_n)$ be n  matroids with rank functions $r_1,\dots,r_n$ respectively . And assume that $(E,\mathcal{F}_1\bigcap\mathcal{F}_2)$ , $(E,\mathcal{F}_1\bigcap\mathcal{F}_2\bigcap\mathcal{F}_3)$ , $\dots$ , $(E,\bigcap_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i)$ are all matroids . And for any $X\subseteq E$  we take a increasing filtration of $X$ randomly :
\[X\subseteq X_1\subseteq X_2\subseteq \dots\subseteq X_{n-2}\subseteq E\]
Then we have the following min-max result :
\begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
        \max\{|S|:S\in\bigcap_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i\}&=\min\{r_1(X)+r_2(X_1\backslash X)+\dots+r_{n-1}(X_{n-2}\backslash X_{n-3})+r_n(E\backslash X_{n-2}):\\ &\quad X\subseteq X_1\subseteq X_2\subseteq \dots\subseteq X_{n-2}\subseteq E\}
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
\end{theorem}

In fact the above theorem can be intuitively  obtained by inductions . We will give a proof in Section 3 .
The following result is fumdamental for studying the union of matroids over a common ground set and is useful in our proof of main results in this paper .

\begin{theorem}[Nash-Williams,1967\cite{whi}]
\label{Nash}
Let $(E,\mathcal{F}_1)$ , $(E,\mathcal{F}_2)$ , ... , $(E,\mathcal{F}_n)$ be  matroids with rank functions $r_1,\dots,r_n$ respectively . And denote their (disjoint) union as $(E,\mathcal{F})=$ $(E,\bigsqcup_{i-1}^n \mathcal{F}_i)$ . Then $(E,\mathcal{F})$ is a matroid with rank function
\[r(X)=\min_{A\subseteq X} \biggl( |X\backslash A|+\sum_{i-1}^k r_i(A) \biggr) .\]

\end{theorem}

Using some properties of the duality of a matroid ,  we've proved the following main result of this paper which can give an lower bound  for the maximal cardinality of the intersection of n matroids :
\begin{theorem}
\label{main}
  Let $(E,\mathcal{F}_1)$ , $(E,\mathcal{F}_2)$ , $\dots$ , $(E,\mathcal{F}_k)$ be n matroids on the ground set E , with rank functions $r_1 ,\dots$ $r_n$ respectively , here E is a finite set . And set $(E,\mathcal{F}_j^{*})$ the duality of $(E,\mathcal{F}_j)$ for $j=1,\dots,k$ . Moreover we assume that $(E,\bigcap_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i)$ is an independent system with rank function $\Bar{r}$ ( Notice that the intersection of matroids are not generally a matroid ) . Then we have
  \[\Bar{r}^*(X)\leqslant \min_{A \subseteq E}\biggl(|X|+(n-1)|A|+\sum_{i=1}^n r_i(E\backslash A)-\sum_{i=1}^n r_i(E)\biggr)\]
    Here $\Bar{r}^*$ is the rank function of $(E,(\bigcap_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i)^*)$ . Especially if we take $X=E$ , we have the following :
  \[\max\{|X|:X\in \bigcap_{i=1}^k\mathcal{F}_i\}\geqslant \max_{A \subseteq E}\biggl(\sum_{i=1}^n r_i(E)-\sum_{i=1}^n r_i(E\backslash A)-(n-1)|A|\biggr).\]

If we restrict ourselves on two matroids  $(E,\mathcal{F}_1),(E,\mathcal{F}_2)$ , and furthermore assume that $\mathcal{F}_1\bigcap \mathcal{F}_2$ is a matroid , then the two following inequalities are actually equalities which agree with $Edmonds'\mathbf{\;min-max \;Theorem}$ .

\end{theorem}

  $\mathbf{Organization.}$  The remaining part of this paper is organized as follow : In section 2 we will recall the definition of matroid and list their basic properties without proofs . In section 3 we show the relations of the maximal cardinality of the independent sets of a matroid and its duality , using these dual relations we can give a proof of $\mathbf{Theorem\;2.}$ and  $\mathbf{Theorem\;4.}$ . And we will generalized the main result to weighted matroids intersection in section 4 .

\section{Some Preliminaries for Matroid Theory}
 In this section we will give the definition of matroids and list some basic facts without proofs just give the standard references for interested readers .

 \begin{definition}
 A system of a set is a pair $(E,\mathcal{F})$ where $E$ is a finite set and $\mathcal{F}\subseteq 2^E$ . And an $\mathbf{matroid}$ is a system of set that satisfying the following three axioms:\\
 (M1) $\emptyset\in\mathcal{F}$;\\
 (M2)If $X\subseteq Y\in \mathcal{F}$ , $X\in \mathcal{F}$ ;\\
 (M3)If $X,Y\in \mathcal{F}$ and $|X|>|Y|$ , then there exists an element $x\in X\setminus Y$ such that $Y\bigcup \{x\}\in \mathcal{F}$ .

 \end{definition}

 \begin{definition}
 The $\mathbf{rank}$ of a matroid is $r(X):=\max \{|Y|:Y\subseteq X,Y\in \mathcal{F}\}$ , for any $X\subseteq E$ .
 \end{definition}

 The following properties of rank function of a matroid can be straightforwardly obtained by definitions :

 \begin{proposition}
  Set $(E,\mathcal{F})$ a matroid with rank function r , then we have : for all $X,Y\subseteq E$\\
 $(R1)$ $r(X)\leq |X|$ ;\\
 $(R2)$ If $X\subset Y$ , then $r(X)\leq r(Y)$ ;\\
 $(R3)[\mathbf{submodularity}]$ $r(X\bigcup Y)+r(X\bigcap Y)\leq r(X)+r(Y)$ .
 \end{proposition}

 To make things down to earth we give some examples of matroids in the following propositions . And it's easy to check that the following three systems satisfy the three axioms of matroids .

 \begin{proposition}
 The following systems are all matroids:\\
 $(a)$ $A$ is a matrix over a field $\mathbb{F}$ , $E$ the set consisting of columns of $A$ , and $\mathcal{F}$:=$\{$ $F\subseteq E$ : the columns in F is linearly independent over $\mathbb{F}$ $\}$ .\\
 $(b)$ $E$ is the set consisting all edges of a given undirected graph $G$ , $\mathcal{F}:=\{F\subseteq E:(V(G),F) \}$ is a forest .\\
 $(c)$ Let $E$ be a finite set , $k$ be an integer , $\mathcal{F}:=\{F\subseteq E:|F|\leq k\}$ .
 \end{proposition}

    Another basic notion in matroid theory is the duality of a matroid which is important in our proof of main result in this paper .

    \begin{definition}
    Let $(E,\mathcal{F})$ be a independent system (i.e. , systems satisfying merely axioms M1 and M2 in the definition of matroids .) . Then the duality of $(E,\mathcal{F})$ is denoted as $(E,\mathcal{F*})$ , here:\\
    \[\mathcal{F^*}=\{F\subseteq E :There\; is\;a\;  basis\; B\; of\; (E,\mathcal{F})\; such\; that\; F\cap B=\emptyset\}.\]

    \end{definition}

It's clear that the duality of an independent system is also an independent system .

\begin{proposition}
\label{dualdual}
$(E,\mathcal{F^{**}})=(E,\mathcal{F}).$
\end{proposition}

\begin{proof}
$F\in \mathcal{F^{**}}\iff$ there is a basis $B^*$ of $(E,\mathcal{F^*})$ such that $F\bigcap B^*=\emptyset \iff$ there is a basis $B$ of $(E,\mathcal{F})$ s.t. $F\bigcap (E\setminus B)=\emptyset\iff$ $F\in \mathcal{F}$ .
\end{proof}
  The following proposition ( especially property $(ii)$ ) is useful in our proof .

\begin{proposition}
\label{dualrank}
Let $(E,\mathcal{F})$ be an independent set , $(E,\mathcal{F}^*)$ be its duality . And put $r$ and $r^*$ be the rank function of $(E,\mathcal{F})$ and $(E,\mathcal{F}^*)$ respectively . Then we have \\
$(i)$ $(E,\mathcal{F})$ is a matroid $i.f.f.$ $(E,\mathcal{F}^*)$ is a matroid .\\
$(ii)$ If $(E,\mathcal{F})$ is a matroid , then the following equality
\[r^*(\mathcal{F})=|F|+r(E\setminus F)-r(E)\]
holds for all $F\subseteq E$ .
\end{proposition}

Finally in this section we will define the union of matroids over a common ground set $E$ . Set $(E,\mathcal{F}_1),\dots,(E,\mathcal{F}_n)$ be n matroids and
$(E,\mathcal{F}_1^*),\dots,(E,\mathcal{F}_n^*)$ there dualities respectively . We call a set $X\subseteq E$ is $partible$ if there is a partition $X=X_1\bigsqcup\dots\bigsqcup X_n$ , such that $X_i\in \mathcal{F}_i$ holds for every $i=1,\dots,n$ . And let $\bigsqcup_{i=1}^n \mathcal{F}_i$ be the family consisting of all the partible sets in $E$ associated to $(E,\mathcal{F}_1),\dots,(E,\mathcal{F}_n)$ .
Then we call $\bigsqcup_{i=1}^n \mathcal{F}_i$ the $\mathbf{union}$  or $\mathbf{sum}$  of $(E,\mathcal{F}_1),\dots,(E,\mathcal{F}_n)$

\section{Proof of Main Results}\label{sec:DC}

\begin{que}
\label{que}
Does the following equality
\[(E,(\bigcap_{i=1}^n \mathcal{F}_i)^*)=(E,\bigsqcup_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i^*)\]
hold or not ? If this equality does not hold generally , when does it hold ?
\end{que}

Generally this equality does not hold because $\bigl(E,(\bigcap_{i=1}^n \mathcal{F}_i)^*\bigr)$ is not a matroid generally . However , applying $(i)$ of \ref{dualrank} if the above equality holds , it implies that $(E,(\bigcap_{i=1}^n \mathcal{F}_i)^*)$
must be a matroid for the reason that  $(E,\bigsqcup_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i^*)$ is a matroid which is easily to check to be  an basic property for the union of matroids .
Before giving the answer of this question , we need some set-theorectical preparations .
\begin{lemma}
 Let $(E,\mathcal{F}_1),\dots,(E,\mathcal{F}_n)$ be as above .

If $X\subseteq E$ and $X=\bigcup_{i=1}^n X_i$ , where $X_i\in \mathcal{F}_i$ respectively , then X is partible , i.e. ,
$X=\bigsqcup_{i=1}^n {X_i}'$ , here ${X_i}' \subseteq X_i$ respectively for $i=1,\dots,n$ .
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
We will prove this lemma by induction . For the case $n=1$ the lemma is true automatically . Suppose that the property is true when $n=k$ , that is , for any set $X$ that is the union of k subsets of $X$ , explicitly $X=\bigcup_{i=1}^k X_i$ , then we have $X=\bigsqcup_{i=1}^k X_i'$ , where $X_i'\subseteq X_i$ respectively for $i=1,\dots,k$ . \\
Suppose that $X=\bigcup_{i=1}^{k+1} X_i$ , then

\begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
        \bigcup_{i=1}^{k+1} X_i &=\biggl(\bigcup _{i=1}^{k} X_i\biggr) \bigcup X_{k+1}\\
        &=\biggl(\bigsqcup_{i=1}^{k} X_i'\biggr) \bigcup X_{k+1}\\
        &=\biggl(\bigsqcup_{i=1}^{k} X_i'\biggr) \bigsqcup    \Biggl( X_{k+1}\backslash \biggl(\bigsqcup_{i=1}^{k} X_i'\biggr)\Biggr)
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
where $X_i'\in X_i$ for $i=1,\dots,k$ by assumption . Moreover , because the subset of an independent set is also an independent set , we  complete the proof .

\end{proof}

\begin{proposition}
\label{dcon}
Let $(E,\mathcal{F}_1),\dots,(E,\mathcal{F}_n)$ be as above . Then we have the following containment relationship :
\[(\bigcap_{i=1}^n \mathcal{F}_i)^*\subseteq \bigsqcup_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i^* .\]
\end{proposition}

\begin{proof}
For every $X\subseteq E$ ,  $X\in (\bigcap_{i=1}^n \mathcal{F}_i)^*\iff $ there is a basis $B_0\in\bigcap_{i=1}^n \mathcal{F}_i$  such that $X\bigcap B_0=\emptyset$ . Now we extend $B_0$ to $B_1,\dots,B_n$ respectively , which are  bases for $\mathcal{F}_1,\dots,\mathcal{F}_n$ respectively . On the one hand ,
\[(E\backslash B_0)=(E\backslash B_1)\bigcup\dots\bigcup(E\backslash B_n)\]
and it is obvious that $E\backslash B_i\in \mathcal{F}_i^*$ for $i=1,\dots,n$ . Nextly using $\mathbf{Lemma\;12}$ we obtain that $E\backslash B_0$ is partible , hence $E\backslash B_0\in\bigsqcup_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i^*$ . On the other hand , for $(X\subseteq E)\backslash B_0$ , it results that $X\in\bigsqcup_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i^*$ . This verifies the containment relation .
\end{proof}
\begin{proposition}
\label{dualtwo}
Let $(E,\mathcal{F}_1)$ and $(E,\mathcal{F}_2)$ be two matroids and assume their intersection is also a matroid . Then the dual relation in $\mathbf{Question}$ \ref{que} holds . That is :
  \[(E,(\bigcap_{i=1}^2 \mathcal{F}_i)^*)=(E,\bigsqcup_{i=1}^2\mathcal{F}_i^*) .\]
\end{proposition}

\begin{proof}
It is equivalent to prove that :
  \[(E,(\bigcap_{i=1}^2 \mathcal{F}_i))=(E,(\bigsqcup_{i=1}^2\mathcal{F}_i^*)^*)\]
  We just need to show that , $(1)$ for every $Y\in \bigcap_{i=1}^2 \mathcal{F}_i$ , there is a basis $C\in  \bigsqcup_{i=1}^2\mathcal{F}_i^*$ such that $Y\bigcap C=\emptyset$ ; $(2)$ for every $Y'\in(\bigsqcup_{i=1}^2\mathcal{F}_i^*)^*$ , $Y'$ is also in $\bigcap_{i=1}^n \mathcal{F}_i$ .\\

 To prove $(1)$ we just need to construct such $C$ .     $C$ canbe obtained in the following way  : since $Y\in\bigcap_{i=1}^2 \mathcal{F}_i$ we extend $Y$ to $B_0$  , which is a  basis for $\mathcal{F}_1\bigcap\mathcal{F}_2$ ( Since $\mathcal{F}_1\bigcap\mathcal{F}_2$ is a matroid , the following extension is well-defined ) .  We nextly find a minimum cardinality subset $E\supseteq B_m\supseteq B_0$ satisfying that $B_m=B_1\bigcup B_2$ where $B_1,B_2$ are bases for $\mathcal{F}_1,\mathcal{F}_2$ respectively and they both contain $B_m$ . Then we assert that $E\backslash B_m$ is a basis for $(\bigcap_{i=1}^2 \mathcal{F}_i)^*$ . \\

 Fisrtly $E\backslash B_m=E\backslash(B_1\bigcup B_2)=(E\backslash B_1)\bigcup(E\backslash B_2)$ is obviously in $\bigsqcup_{i=1}^2\mathcal{F}_i^*$ . Then we just need to prove that $E\backslash B_m$ is a maximal cardinality independent set in $\bigsqcup_{i=1}^2\mathcal{F}_i^*$ .If this is not true , there are another two bases $B_1 ',B_2 '$ of $\mathcal{F}_1,\mathcal{F}_2$ respectively such that $(B_1 '\bigcup B_2 ' )\bigcap (E\backslash B_m=E) =\emptyset $ and $|B_1 '\bigcup B_2 '|<|B_1 \bigcup B_2 |=|B_m|\iff |B_1 '\bigcap B_2 '|>|B_1 \bigcap B_2 |=|B_m|$ for the reason that $|B_1 '| =|B_1|$ and $|B_2 '| =|B_2|$ and the inclusion and exclusion principle . However $|B_1 \bigcap B_2 |=|B_m|$ is the maximal cardinality set in $\mathcal{F}_1\bigcap\mathcal{F}_2$ , this lead to a contradiction . Therefore $E\backslash B_m$ is a basis for $(\bigcap_{i=1}^2 \mathcal{F}_i)^*$ . Put $C=E\backslash B_m$ , we can finish the proof of $(1)$ .\\

  It remains to prove $(2)$ . By definition , there is a basis $D\in \bigsqcup_{i=1}^2\mathcal{F}_i^*$ , such that $Y'\bigcap D=\emptyset$ . We can write $D=D_1\bigsqcup D_2$ , here $D_i\in \mathcal{F}_i^*$ for $i=1,2$ respectively . Extend $D_1$ to a basis of $\mathcal{F}_1^*$  denoted as $\Bar{D}_1$ . However , since $D=D_1\bigsqcup D_2$ is a basis , adding any elements in $E\backslash D$ wouldn't change the rank of $D$ , that is to say , $\Bar{D}_1$ must contains in $D$
  no matter how we extend $D_1$ . On the other hand , since $Y'\bigcap D=\emptyset$ , it forces $Y'\bigcap \Bar{D}_1=\emptyset$ . We therefore can assert that $Y'\in \mathcal{F}_1$ . In the same way we can also prove that $Y'\in \mathcal{F}_2$  . Then we conclude that $Y'\in\bigcap_{i=1}^2 \mathcal{F}_i$ . This leads to the proof of $(2)$ .

\end{proof}

\newpage

\begin{corollary}[Theorem\ref{main}]
Let $(E,\mathcal{F}_1),\dots,(E,\mathcal{F}_n)$ be the same as stated in $\mathbf{Theorem}$ \ref{main} .  And set $(E,\mathcal{F}_j^{*})$ the duality of $(E,\mathcal{F}_j)$ for $j=1,\dots,n$ . Moreover we assume that $(E,\bigcap_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i)$ is an independent system with rank function $\Bar{r}$ ( Notice that the intersection of matroids are not generally a matroid ) . Then we have
\begin{enumerate}
    \item \[\Bar{r}^*(X)\leqslant \min_{A \subseteq X}\biggl(|X|+(n-1)|A|+\sum_{i=1}^n r_i(E\backslash A)-\sum_{i=1}^n r_i(E)\biggr)\]
    Here $\Bar{r}^*$ is the rank function of $(E,(\bigcap_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i)^*)$ . Especially if we take $X=E$ , we have the following :
  \[\max\{|X|:X\in \bigcap_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i\}\geqslant \max_{A \subseteq E}\biggl(\sum_{i=1}^n r_i(E)-\sum_{i=1}^n r_i(E\backslash A)-(n-1)|A|\biggr).\]
  \item If we restrict ourselves on two matroids  $(E,\mathcal{F}_1),(E,\mathcal{F}_2)$ , and furthermore assume that $\mathcal{F}_1\bigcap \mathcal{F}_2$ is a matroid , then the two following inequalities are actually equalities which agree with $Edmonds'\mathbf{\;min-max \;Theorem}$ \ref{Edmonds} .
\end{enumerate}

\end{corollary}

\begin{proof}

Due to $\mathbf{Proposition\;}$ \ref{dcon} we have
\[(\bigcap_{i=1}^n \mathcal{F}_i)^*\subseteq \bigsqcup_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i^* .\]

therefore
\[\Bar{r}^*(X)\leqslant \hat{r}(X)\]
here $\hat{r}(X)$ is the rank function for $\bigsqcup_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i^*$ . Applying $\mathbf{Theorem\;}$ \ref{Nash} and $\mathbf{Proposition\;}(ii)$ \ref{dualrank} we have

\begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
        \Hat{r}(X) \\
     &= \min_{A\subseteq X} \bigl(|X\backslash A|+\sum_{i=1}^n r_i^*(A)\bigr) \\
              &= \min_{A\subseteq X}\bigl(|X\backslash A|+\sum_{i=1}^n(|A|+r_i(E\backslash A)-r_i(E)\bigr) \\
              &= \min_{A\subseteq X}\biggl((n-1)|A|+|X|+\sum_{i=1}^n\bigl(r_i(E\backslash A)-r_i(E)\bigr)\biggr)
    \end{split}
\end{equation}

hence
\[\Bar{r}^*(X)\leqslant \min_{A \subseteq X}\biggl(|X|+(n-1)|A|+\sum_{i=1}^n r_i(E\backslash A)-\sum_{i=1}^n r_i(E)\biggr)\]

What's more , since
\\\\
\[\Bar{r}^*(X)=|X|+\Bar{r}(E\backslash X)-\Bar{r}(X)\]
Taking $X=E$ we obtain
\\\\
\[|E|-\Bar{r}(E)=|E|-\max\{|X|:X\in \bigcap_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i\}\leqslant \min_{A \subseteq E}\biggl(|E|+(n-1)|A|+\sum_{i=1}^n r_i(E\backslash A)-\sum_{i=1}^n r_i(E)\biggr)\]
\\\\
After eliminating $|E|$ in both side we get
 \[\max\{|X|:X\in \bigcap_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i\}\geqslant \max_{A \subseteq E}\biggl(\sum_{i=1}^n r_i(E)-\sum_{i=1}^n r_i(E\backslash A)-(n-1)|A|\biggr).\]

This proves part 1 . And part 2 is evident for the reason that both inequalities in part 1 can be strengthened to be equalities  according to $\mathbf{Proposition\;}$ \ref{dualtwo} .
\end{proof}

\newpage
 The remaining part of this paper is left to prove $\mathbf{Theorem\;}$ \ref{2} .  Let's recall what $\mathbf{Theorem\;}$ \ref{2} tells us .

 \begin{theorem}[Theorem\;\ref{2}]
Let $(E,\mathcal{F}_1)$ , $(E,\mathcal{F}_2)$ , ... , $(E,\mathcal{F}_n)$ be n  matroids with rank functions $r_1,\dots,r_n$ respectively . And assume that $(E,\mathcal{F}_1\bigcap\mathcal{F}_2)$ , $(E,\mathcal{F}_1\bigcap\mathcal{F}_2\bigcap\mathcal{F}_3)$ , $\dots$ , $(E,\bigcap_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i)$ are all matroids . And for any $X\subseteq E$  we take a increasing filtration of $X$ randomly :
\[X\subseteq X_1\subseteq X_2\subseteq \dots\subseteq X_{n-2}\subseteq E\]
Then we have the following min-max result :
\begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
        \max\{|S|:S\in\bigcap_{i=1}^n\mathcal{F}_i\}&=\min\{r_1(X)+r_2(X_1\backslash X)+\dots+r_{n-1}(X_{n-2}\backslash X_{n-3})+r_n(E\backslash X_{n-2}):\\ &\quad X\subseteq X_1\subseteq X_2\subseteq \dots\subseteq X_{n-2}\subseteq E\}
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
\end{theorem}

Before proving this theorem , we will introduce two new concepts : $\mathbf{submatroid}$ of a given matroid and $\mathbf{restriction}$ of a matroid to its subset . Set $M=(E,\mathcal{F})$ a matroid , here $E$ is a finite set .

\begin{definition}[Submatroid]

A submatroid $M_0$ of $M$ is a matroid $(S,\mathcal{F}_S)$ where $S\subseteq E$ is a subset of $E$ and $\mathcal{F}_S$ is defined as follow :
\[\mathcal{F}_S=\{F\in 2^{S}:F\in \mathcal{F}\}\]

\end{definition}

It is easy to check that $(S,\mathcal{F}_S)$ satisfies all the matroid axioms $(M_1),(M_2),(M_3)$ . Hence the notion of submatroid  is well defined .

\begin{definition}[Restriction of a matroid]
Let $M=(E,\mathcal{F})$ be a matroid as above with rank function $r$ . For every subset $C\subseteq E$ , the $\mathbf{restriction}$ of $M$ to $C$ is nothing but the submatroid $(C,\mathcal{F}_C)$ defined as above , for brevity we denote it as $M|_C$ or $(E,\mathcal{F})|_C$ . \\

\end{definition}

And futhermore we denote the rank function of $M|_C$ as $r|_C$ .

\begin{lemma}
\label{rest}
If $K\subseteq E$ and even satisfying that $K\subseteq C\subseteq E$ , then we have
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
    r(K)&=r|_C(K).
\end{split}
\end{equation}
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
On the one hand ,  by definition of rank function obviously we have :
\[r(K)\geqslant r|_C(K)\]

On the other hand for every $K\subseteq C$ , let $P$ be the maximal cardinality independent set contained in $K$ . It is straightforward to see that $P\subseteq C$ , it implies that $P$ is also in $\mathcal{F}_C$ . Therefore
\[r(K)\leqslant r|_C(K)\]

Finally we can conclude that
\[r(K)= r|_C(K).\]

\end{proof}

\newpage
\begin{proof}[Proof\;of \;Theorem\;2]
Our strategy  is to prove by induction . For $n=2$ , $\mathbf{Theorem\;}$ \ref{2} is nothing but a special case of  Edmonds' min-max Theorem $(\mathbf{Theorem\;}\ref{Edmonds})$ . \\

Assume that equality $(4)$ holds for $n\leqslant k$ , here $k$ is a positive integer bigger  than 2 . And set $\Bar{r}_k$ the rank function for $(E,\bigcap_{i=1}^k\mathcal{F}_i)$ . Due to $\mathbf{Theorem}$ \ref{Edmonds} we have
\begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
        \max\{|S|:S\in \bigcap_{i=1}^{k+1}\mathcal{F}_i\}
        &=\max\{|S|:S\in(\bigcap_{i=1}^{k}\mathcal{F}_i)\bigcap\mathcal{F}_{k+1}\} \\
        &=\min\{\Bar{r}_k(X)+r_{k+1}(E\backslash X):X\subseteq E\}
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
The second equality is a direct result of application of Edmonds'min-max Theorem for $\bigcap_{i=1}^{k}\mathcal{F}_i$ and $\bigcap_{i=1}^{k}\mathcal{F}_i$ .\\
And observe that $\Bar{r}_k(X)=\Bar{r}_k|_X(X)$ according to $\mathbf{Lemma\;}$ \ref{rest} . Here $\Bar{r}_k|_X$ is the rank function for a submatroid  $(X,(\bigcap_{i=1}^{k}\mathcal{F}_i)|_X)$ of $(E,\bigcap_{i=1}^{k}\mathcal{F}_i)$ . What's more , we notice that
\[(\bigcap_{i=1}^{k}\mathcal{F}_i)|_X=\bigcap_{i=1}^{k}(\mathcal{F}_i|_X)\]
Applying the inductive hypothesis  to $(X,\bigcap_{i=1}^{k}(\mathcal{F}_i|_X))$ , we have
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
      \Bar{r}_k(X)&=\Bar{r}_k|_X(X) \\
      &=\min\{r_1|_X(A)+r_2|_X(A_1\backslash A)+\dots+r_{k-1}|_X(A_{k-2}\backslash A_{k-3})+r_k|_X(X\backslash A_{k-2}):\\ &\quad A\subseteq A_1\subseteq A_2\subseteq \dots\subseteq A_{n-2}\subseteq X\} \\
    &=\min\{r_1(A)+r_2(A_1\backslash A)+\dots+r_{k-1}(A_{k-2}\backslash A_{k-3})+r_k(X\backslash A_{k-2}):\\ &\quad A\subseteq A_1\subseteq A_2\subseteq \dots\subseteq A_{n-2}\subseteq X\}
\end{split}
\end{equation}
Finally combining $(6)$ and $(7)$ leads to a proof .
\end{proof}

\textbf{Acknowledgements: } The author thanks the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and his classmates and friends for their selfless help when he wrote this paper .

\printbibliography[]

\end{document}
\endinput

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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(ii)All officers appointed on regular basis to the post of video executive in Doordarshan in the pay scale of Rs.3000-4500;"
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The option exercised by Shri E KRISHNA RAO in the category of T. V. NEWS CORRESPONDENT has been considered. Accordingly Shri E KRISHNA RAO, Doordarshan Kendra, Hyderabad, has been declared as Government Servant with effect from 6.8.88 Vide Director General letter No. 45011/29/91 Bd (R) dt. 29.11.91.
All the existing rules/regulations and benefits, including pensionary benefits, the age for retirement etc. Which are applicable to the regular Civil Government Servants will be applicable to him/her. Consequently the contract entered into with him/her will stand terminated with effect from 6.8.88.
The post of Staff Artists in the category of T.V. NEWS CORRESPONDENT which was hitherto held by Shri E KRISHNA RAO is here by converted into Civil post with effect from 6.8.88 without change of designation. The fee scales in which She/he is employed will from 6.8.88 be considered as pay scales of the corresponding post and the fee drawn by him/her will be the pay drawn by him/her with effect from 6.8.88. This post would be treated to have been created as temporary post with effect from 6.8.88 to be converted into permanent post in due course in accordance with the prescribed procedure.
The Memorandum states that all the rules/regulations and benefits, including pensionary benefits, age of retirement etc., which are applicable to regular government servants, would also apply to the First Respondent with effect from 6 August 1988, thereby terminating the contract which he had entered into at the time of his recruitment. The Second Respondent was similarly declared to be a government servant.
4 The Respondents were not given any promotion for twelve years. Aggrieved by this, they filed OA 916 of 1999 and OA 1010 of 1999 before the CAT, claiming that they had not received any promotion, as they were not treated as members of the Indian Broadcasting Programme Service by the appellants. The Tribunal allowed the applications of the Respondents and directed the government to grant them all benefits under the Rules and consider their cases for promotion.
Administrative Grade (selection grade) and therefore, the Tribunal had no jurisdiction to issue such a direction.
"A bare perusal of above definition would clearly go to show that the person who holds posts on regular basis can also be treaded as "department candidate". It is not in dispute before this Court that by virtue of proceedings dated 31 March 1992 the applicants were declared as Government Servants with retrospective effect from 6 August 1988 and 12 August 1988 respectively. Therefore the applicants fit into the definition of "department candidate" as defined under Section 2 (c) of the IBPS Rules, 1990. Rule 6 of the IBPS Rules is that subject to the provisions of sub-rules (2), (3) and (4) all departmental candidates holding posts on regular basis in the scales of pay of Rs. 5900-6700, Rs. 3700-5000, Rs. 3000-4500 and Rs. 2200-4000 shall, from the dates of commencement of these Rules, be deemed to have been appointed to the corresponding posts and grades in the Service."
Hence, the High Court held that the Respondents fulfill the definition of a departmental candidate under section 2(c) of the Rules. Rule 6 provides that subject to the provisions of sub- rules (2), (3) and (4), all departmental candidates holding posts on a regular basis in the scales of pay of Rs. 5900-6700, Rs. 3700-5000, Rs. 3000-4500 and Rs. 2200-4000, shall, from the date of commencement of the Rules, be deemed to have been appointed to the corresponding posts and grades in the Service. The High Court has also relied on Note 3 of Schedule I to the Rules, under which posts sanctioned for various schemes in All India Radio and Doordarshan after 1 January 1985 are deemed to have been included in the service and such posts shall be added to the strength of the cadre.
7 Intervention Applications have been filed. The intervenors state that they fall in the same category as the First and Second Respondents and hence the Rules should also apply to them. It was also submitted that the Petitioner offered promotion to the First and Second Respondents and to similar persons after a probation of 2 years, but even after its completion they were not promoted. The Intervenors have also submitted in their written submissions that two days after the final hearing on 9 August 2018, the appellants published a Gazette notification online showing truncated Recruitment Rules 2014 that exclude the Group A posts of TV Assistant News Correspondents to prevent the affected parties from benefitting.
8 On hearing the submissions made by the Petitioner and the Respondents, we are of the view that the Tribunal and the High court are correct in their findings and conclusions.
9 Rule 6 which provides for the initial constitution of the service stipulates that from the date of the commencement of the Rules, departmental candidates who held posts on a regular basis in the stipulated pay scales would be deemed to have been appointed to corresponding posts and grades in the service. Rule 2(c) provides for the definition of the expression "departmental candidates". The effect of Note 3 to Schedule I is that posts sanctioned after 1 January 1985 in All India Radio and Doordarshan would be deemed to have been included in the service and will be added to the strength shown therein. The High Court has observed that on the date of the commencement of the Rules, the pay scales of the applicants were Rs. 3000-4500 and Rs. 2200-4000 respectively. As a result of the deeming provision in Note 3, it was held that they would be appointed to corresponding posts and grades in service.
This finding is unexceptionable. It was not in dispute before the High Court that the posts of TV News Correspondent and TV Assistant News Correspondent were regular sanctioned posts. Based on this, it was held that having due regard to Rule 6 read with Rule 2(c) and Note 3 of Schedule I, the posts held by the Respondents shall be deemed to have been included in the service. This interpretation of the High Court is borne out by the Rules. Once they were declared to be government servants, it would be unfair and inequitable to deny to them all the benefits, including of pay scales and other conditions of service applicable to posts in the equivalent pay scale.
(iii) individual cases for promotion would be considered against vacancies available, keeping seniority in view.
11 The appeals are accordingly disposed of in the above terms. Pending applications, if any, are disposed of. There shall be no order as to costs.
2 The Indian Broadcasting (Programme) Service Rules 1990 are referred to in this judgment as the Rules.


text:
Michael Landau (* 1. Juni 1958 in Los Angeles) ist ein US-amerikanischer Gitarrist, Studiomusiker und Songwriter.

Karriere
Michael "the Man" Landau ist einer der gefragtesten Studiomusiker der USA. Er hat viele Stars der amerikanischen und britischen Musikszene bei Aufnahmen oder Kompositionen unterstützt, so zum Beispiel Steve Lukather, Richard Marx, Pink Floyd, Chicago, Cher, Joni Mitchell, James Taylor, Michael McDonald, Rod Stewart, und Jazzgrößen wie Miles Davis. Aber auch andere bekannte Künstler der Pop- und Rockmusik engagieren ihn häufig; so hat er unter anderem auf Alben von Jennifer Lopez, Seal, Anastacia, Christina Aguilera, Céline Dion, Madonna, Michael Bolton, Vasco Rossi, Eros Ramazzotti oder Mariah Carey mitgewirkt.

Landau betreibt aber auch eigene Projekte, wie zum Beispiel die Bands Burning Water und The Raging Honkies, mit denen er insgesamt sechs Alben veröffentlichte. Auch einige Soloalben von ihm sind bereits erschienen, unter anderem die erfolgreichen Platten Tales from the Bulge und Star Spangled Banner sowie das Album Live 2000.
Mit Robben Ford gründete Landau die Band Renegade Creation, die bereits zwei Alben veröffentlicht hat. Außerdem spielt Landau mit Wayne Krantz und Jimmy Herring in der Band The Ringers und ist Mitglied der Steve-Gadd-Band.

Für die Musik zu der Komödie Das Geheimnis meines Erfolges wurde er als Co-Autor 1988 für den Golden Globe Award nominiert.

Michael Landau ist schon seit Schulzeiten mit Steve Lukather eng befreundet. Beide haben teilweise einen sehr ähnlichen Gitarrenstil. Sein Bruder Teddy Landau, Bassist bei Burning Water, den Raging Honkies und vielen seiner Soloprojekte, ist mit der Sängerin Michelle Branch verheiratet.

Stil
Eines seiner Markenzeichen sind seine "Magic Chords" – per Volumesweller/-pedal "hineingeschwebte" Akkorde/Akkordreste bzw. Single Notes, die gewissen Passagen eines Songs ein "engelsgleiches" Schweben und somit einen zusätzlichen Effekt geben. Vornehmlich bei Balladen, z. B. im Stile von Mariah Carey, Céline Dion oder Michael Bolton, finden sich diese wieder. Die "Magic Chords" kann man sehr gut auf Landaus erstem Soloalbum Tales from the Bulge hören.

Solistisch zeichnet sich Landau durch elegante, weiche Single-Note-Linien aus, die grundsätzlich bluesbasiert sind, jedoch viele jazzige und Fusion-Elemente aufweisen.

Equipment

Gitarren
Michael Landau hatte zeitweilig ein eigenes Gitarrenmodell bei den US-amerikanischen Gitarrenherstellern Tyler Guitars und Suhr Guitars. Seit 2013 stellt Fender Replikas seiner beiden Vintage Fender Stratocasters her, die auch im Handel vertrieben werden. Daneben setzte Landau in der Vergangenheit auch Gibson-Les-Paul-Modelle und Gibson SGs ein.

Verstärker und Effekte
Als Verstärker benutzt er unter anderem einen Custom Audio OD100 Classic Plus, an dessen Entwicklung er maßgeblich beteiligt war. Darüber hinaus verwendet er im Studio diverse Fender, Marshall Plexi und Suhr Amps. Live benutzt Landau heute einen Hot Rod DeVille ML 212, der eigens für ihn von Fender entwickelt wurde. Als Grundlage diente der Fender Hot Rod DeVille III, den Landau davor jahrelang einsetzte.

In den 1980er und 90er Jahren war Michael Landau für sein Rack-Equipment bekannt. Er war mit Buzz Feiten einer der ersten Gitarristen, die das Bob Bradshaw Switching System benutzten. Bradshaw und Landau lernten sich 1982 auf einer Studiosession kennen und es kam zu einer Zusammenarbeit.

In den frühen 1980er Jahren verwendete Landau auch Mesa/Boogie-Amps, während er in den späten 1980er Jahren Soldano-Amps (SLO-100) und Preamps (Soldano X88R) bevorzugte. In den 1990ern benutzte er die Weiterentwicklung des X88R, den Custom Audio Electronics 3+ SE.

Für seine schwebenden "Magic Chords" kombiniert Landau einen Tri Stereo Chorus (Dyno My Piano) (rack mounted) mit einem Detune-Effekt von einem Harmonizer. Ursprünglich wollte Landau den Chorus-Effekt von Pat Metheny nachahmen, entwickelte dann aber seinen eigenen Chorus-Sound, für den er schließlich bekannt wurde. Oft setzte er zusätzlich noch Delay und einen Kompressor ein, um den Sound noch extremer zu gestalten. Seit den 1990er Jahren benutzt er auch einen Arion Stereo Chorus SCH-1 im Pedalformat.

Diskografie (Auszug)
 1987: A Momentary Lapse of Reason (Pink Floyd)
 1989: Lukather (Steve Lukather), Los Lobotomys (Los Lobotomys)
 1990: Tales from the Bulge
 1993: Burning Water (Burning Water)
 1994: Mood Elevator und Live and Lit (beide Burning Water, letzteres aufgenommen 1992–93)
 1995: We Are the Best Band (The Raging Honkies)
 1996: Abbandonato (Burning Water)
 1997: Boner (The Raging Honkies)
 2000: Live 2000 (Michael Landau Trio), Give Me A Ride (Stolenfish)
 2000: Stilelibero (Eros Ramazzotti)
 2001: Star Spangled Banner, Irresistible (Jessica Simpson)
 2002: Twisted Angel (LeAnn Rimes), L.A. Reflections (AOR), Like I Said (Stolenfish)
 2003: 9 (Eros Ramazzotti)
 2004: My Own Best Enemy (Richard Marx)
 2006: Live (Michael Landau Group, Doppel-CD)
 2012: Organic Instrumentals (The Michael Landau Group)
 2013: Gadditude (Steve Gadd Band)

Filmografie
 1983: Am Ufer der Dämmerung

Weblinks
 Website von Michael Landau (englisch)
 [ AllMusic Credits für Michael Landau] (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Musiker (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rockmusiker
Gitarrist
Musiker (Los Angeles)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1958
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Credit Suisse is pleased to be the Platinum sponsor of the EY Entrepreneur of the Year (EOY) awards in China for the fifth consecutive year. Entrepreneurs in China are at the forefront of global innovation and are an important catalyst of the country's economic growth, many of them pioneering world-class technology and revolutionizing consumer behavior.
EY Entrepreneur of the Year China 2020
Now in its 15th year in China, the EOY is a prestigious and well established awards program that celebrates excellent examples of entrepreneurial drive. Many of the previous winners of the awards have become recognized as some of the most influential companies in their respective sectors. Entrepreneurship is one of Credit Suisse's core values, and the support for entrepreneurship remains deeply embedded in our DNA.
At a time of great uncertainty, entrepreneurs continue to demonstrate strong resilience and an excellent ability to adapt to the changes brought about by the pandemic. Their constant drive for innovation enables them to sustain the progress they have made and strive for new growth opportunities ahead. In this context, it is particularly significant to recognize and promote their entrepreneurial mindset. As the Bank for Entrepreneurs in Asia Pacific, Credit Suisse is committed to supporting the entrepreneur community. With our collaboration with EY now in its fifth year, we are honored to join forces again as the Platinum sponsor to take the Awards program to even greater heights.
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This awards program also provides an excellent opportunity for entrepreneurs in China who foster innovative development and build unique competitive advantages to connect and expand their network.
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text:
Classical and Medieval Studies BA (Hons)
UCAS CODE: QV81
VISIT WEBSITE GET PROSPECTUS
In this course you delve into the literature of Ancient Greece and Rome and the Middle Ages to develop an understanding of these fascinating cultures. You will explore different literary genres (taught in translation), and their wider context in history, art, and society.
This flexible course allows you to pursue your own interests and choose from a wide range of research-led subjects. The wide range of options on offer includes periods of Roman and Greek history, the historical role of women, and the magic, cults and miracles of the Middle Ages.
You can deepen your knowledge of the ancient world through optional Latin and Greek language modules and gain an understanding of the Classical period through hands-on experience with artefacts from the Ure Museum. You can also discover Rome through our unique, award-winning digital model of the city.
Our previous graduates have gone on to a wide variety of careers, including work in accountancy and banking, government and the civil service, law, heritage and museums, teaching, publishing, public sector management, libraries and archives, and media research and production. Employers of past graduates include GCHQ, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Oxford University, the British Museum, the NHS, the Environment Agency, and Sotheby's.
You may also wish to consider postgraduate study; many of our students stay on for research with our Early Modern Research Centre and Graduate Centre for Medieval Studies.
Choose a qualification
A level : BBB
University of Reading, Whiteknights House, PO Box 217, Reading, Wokingham, RG6 6AH, England
The University of Reading is an international community with more than 21,000 students from around 165 countries.
Reading is just 22 minutes from London Paddington by train, and 45 minutes from Heathrow Airport by coach. Windsor and Oxford are also close by.
Reading supports undergraduate, master's and doctoral students to maintain, improve and develop their academic English.
Classics & Ancient Histor
Classics & Ancient History
19th out of 25 1


text:
Amgen Inc
AMGN Amgen Inc
Health Care : Biotechnology | Large Cap Blend
Amgen Inc. is a biotechnology company. The Company discovers, develops, manufactures and delivers various human therapeutics. It operates in human therapeutics segment. Its marketed products portfolio includes Neulasta (pegfilgrastim); erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), such as Aranesp (darbepoetin alfa) and EPOGEN (epoetin alfa); Sensipar/Mimpara (cinacalcet); XGEVA (denosumab); Prolia (denosumab); NEUPOGEN (filgrastim), and other marketed products, such as KYPROLIS (carfilzomib), Vectibix (panitumumab), Nplate (romiplostim), Repatha (evolocumab), BLINCYTO (blinatumomab), IMLYGIC (talimogene laherparepvec) and Corlanor (ivabradine). It focuses on human therapeutics for the treatment of serious illness in the areas of oncology/hematology, cardiovascular disease and neuroscience. Its product candidates in Phase III include Erenumab for episodic migraine, Aranesp for myelodysplastic syndromes, BLINCYTO for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and IMLYGIC for metastatic melanoma.
AMGN's fiscal year ends in December
Past Earnings
This page reports
non-GAAP earnings
TD Ameritrade displays two types of stock earnings numbers, which are calculated differently and may report different values for the same period. GAAP earnings are the official numbers reported by a company, and non-GAAP earnings are adjusted to be more readable in earnings history and forecasts.
Earnings per
share actual
estimate range
Previous year's
January 31, 2023 Q4 2022 Earnings Release $4.09 $3.94 to $4.25 $4.36
November 3, 2022 Q3 2022 Earnings Release $4.70 $4.23 to $4.75 $4.67
August 4, 2022 Q2 2022 Earnings Release $4.65 $3.95 to $4.87 $4.38
April 27, 2022 Q1 2022 Earnings Release $4.25 $3.70 to $4.67 $3.70
February 7, 2022 Q4 2021 Earnings Release $4.36 $3.66 to $5.08 --
Past Dividends
November 16, 2022 $1.94 November 17, 2022 December 8, 2022
August 17, 2022 $1.94 August 18, 2022 September 8, 2022
May 16, 2022 $1.94 May 17, 2022 June 8, 2022
February 14, 2022 $1.94 February 15, 2022 March 8, 2022
, , , Copyright © 2023. All rights reserved.


At HC Real Estate Industry we offer Life, Accident and Health courses. CE for Life, Accident and Health course fee $200.00 for 15 credits. Our classes are held every Saturday from 9:00am-5:00pm. Please call school director Carol Rosso for more details at 917.557.3715.
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We offer a range of coffee machines South West across Devon, Somerset, Cornwall, Avon and Dorset with both office coffee machines and traditional espresso machines and bean to cup machines from our offices in Cullompton, Gloucester and Bodmin.
Caffia Coffee Group works with leading brands like Synchro, Macap, Franke, Cimbali, WMF, Jura, Bravilor and Necta but it is the quality of our advice that marks us out – we don't want to spend more of your money than is really needed so we will debate your needs with open and honest bluntness to reach the best solution with the latest professional coffee machines south west.
A family run coffee business that is both friendly and truly expert at advising the increasing number of offices wishing to install quality coffee machinery, farm shops, restaurants, hotels and cafes on one of the broadest ranges of commercial coffee machines in our industry!
As well as supply and installation of our coffee machines with water filters, grinders and so on we offer full staff training in operation, barista skills and cleaning of your coffee machine whether an espresso machine south west or one of the new Jura Giga X8 Generation 2 bean to cup coffee machines.
Our broad range of equipment is matched by an equally broad range of coffees; we stock 8 types of coffee beans and 8 types of filter coffees in portioned sachets including options that are Fairtrade, Organic and Rainforest Alliance certified.
We also supply sugars, teas, hot chocolate and paper cups among other products delivered all over the south west; this is all backed up with quality point of sale materials to help you sell more products; see more details on this here.


Did you catch last night's Project Runway All Stars? If not, go watch it on mylifetime.com, they post the full episode for your viewing pleasure!
Sportswear for a seasonal weekend getaway is a challenge in itself, but now competing against one other person brings it to a whole other level! I think the designers had their work cut out for them this week! On top of all that, the DRAMA! Jeez. Lots of drama this week.
Everything Rami put together I just loved, I always love his work, but this week that coat was just AMAZING! After all of the gorgeous looks he has put out, I can't believe they sent him on his way! That is just heartbreaking, especially compared to Austin whose design was so bleh. Rock on Rami, you are such a talented designer.
I think Kara is a probably a good designer, and I agree with the judges, nothing is original in this look. But it is still a beautiful pair of pants!
Le sigh. I miss Rami already! Next week's Broadway episode should be interesting, especially with the seven that are left!


Most people don't really think much about their public utility company. But when customers need to find information about these vital services – the information should be easy to access.
We partnered with Chelan County PUD to relaunch their website on a platform that the PUD in-house development team could easily manage. We refreshed the color palette, then extended the refreshed brand experience throughout the redesigned website informed by an extensive UI and UX discovery.


text:
Kosovo Agency of Statistics
National Accounts (GDP)
Government Accounts
Statistical business register
Structural Business Survey
Hotels and Tourism
Short-term Statistics
Non-observed Economy
Crime and Criminal Justice
Culture and Sport
Demography and Migration
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Agricultural Household Survey
Agriculture Price and Price Index
Economic Accounts for Agriculture
Statistical Yearbook
Catalogue of Publications
Kosovo in Figures
Statistical Atlases
Calendar of Publications
Short Term Retail Trade Statistics, Q4 2016
Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) has published "Retail Trade Statistics" for the fourth quarter (Q4) of 2016.
Based on published data, we note that in the fourth quarter (Q4) of 2016 there was an increase compared with the third quarter (Q3) 2016, to: Retail sale of cultural goods and entertainment in specialized stores (28.8% ); Retail sale of fuel for motor vehicles in specialized stores (17.2%); Retail sale of information and communications equipment in specialized stores (16.1%); Retail sale of other goods in specialized stores (16.1%); Retail sale in non-specialized stores (8.4%); Retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco in specialized stores (8.3%); and Retail sale not in stores, stalls or markets (0.7%).
While the decrease has had: Retail sale of other household appliances in specialized stores (2.5%).
If compared the fourth quarter of 2016 with the fourth quarter of 2015, there was an increase to: Retail sale not in stores, stalls or markets 53.8%, Retail sale of fuel for motor vehicles in specialized stores (15.2%); Retail sale of information and communications equipment in specialized stores (14.2%); Retail sale in non-specialized stores (6.9%); Retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco in specialized stores (6.6%); and Retail sale of other household appliances in specialized stores (4.3%).
Whereas, the decline occurred to: Retail sale of other goods in specialized stores (1.9%) and Retail sale of cultural and recreation goods in specialized stores (21.5%).
For more information on Short Term Retail Trade Statistics for Q4 2016, visit: http://ask.rks-gov.net/en/kosovo-agency-of-statistics/add-news/statistikat-afatshkurtra-te-tregtise-me-pakice-tm4-2016
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the Expenditure and Producti…
Population Estimation, 2018
KAS Coorporation
KAS Metadata
National Summary Data Page (NSDP) IMF
Classifications / Nomenclature
Statistical organisation
Central Bank of Kosovo
Foreign statistical offices
© Kosovo Agency of Statistics


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Demon Slayer Movie Is Close To US$200 Million Gross In Japan In Only 4 Weeks
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text:
ScienceSpace
The Krypton Found in the Earth's Deep Mantle Reveals Its Exciting Outer Solar System Ancestry
The different isotopes of krypton are chemical fingerprints for scientists sleuthing out the ingredients that made the Earth, such as solar wind particles and meteorites from the inner and outer solar system. (Image: via Pixabay)
Krypton from the Earth's mantle, collected from geologic hot spots in Iceland and the Galapagos Islands, reveals a clearer picture of how our planet formed, according to new research from the University of California, Davis. The different isotopes of krypton are chemical fingerprints for scientists sleuthing out the ingredients that made the Earth, such as solar wind particles and meteorites from the inner and outer solar system.
The findings indicate Earth's volatile elements — essentials such as carbon, water, and nitrogen — arrived as Earth was growing and becoming a planet. This contradicts the popular theory that Earth's volatile elements were mostly delivered near the end of Earth's formation, which is marked by the moon-forming giant impact. Instead, the krypton isotopes suggest planetesimals from the cold outer solar system bombarded the Earth early on, millions of years before the big crunch. The young Earth also hoovered up dust and gas from the solar nebula (the cloud surrounding the sun) and was bombarded by meteorites. Sandrine Péron, the lead author of the study published in the journal Nature, said:
"Our results require concurrent delivery of volatiles from multiple sources very early in Earth's formation. This study provides clues for the sources and timing of volatile accretion on Earth, and will help researchers better understand how not only Earth formed, but also other planets in the solar system and around other stars."
Primordial geochemistry
The volcanic hot spots spewing lava in Iceland and the Galapagos are fed by slushy magma plumes rising from the deepest layer of the mantle, near its boundary with the Earth's iron core. The elements and minerals in this deep layer are relatively unchanged since before the moon-forming impact, like a time capsule of the early Earth's chemistry more than 4.4 billion years old.
Artist's impression of planets forming around a young star. New, very precise measurements of krypton isotopes from deep in the Earth show that water, carbon, and other volatile materials were incorporated into the Earth earlier than previously thought. (Image: via European Southern Observatory)
Mukhopadhyay's lab specializes in making precise measurements of noble gases in rocks from Earth and elsewhere. To sample deep mantle krypton, the researchers collected lava at hot spot plumes. The ancient gases rise to the surface in the erupting lava, getting trapped and entombed as bubbles in a glassy matrix when the lava quenches to a solid, providing some protection from outside contamination. However, even the most abundant krypton isotopes in these bubbles amount to only a few hundred million atoms, making their detection challenging, Mukhopadhyay said.
Péron designed a new technique for measuring mantle krypton with mass spectrometry, concentrating krypton from rock samples in an environment virtually free of air contamination and neatly separating it from argon and xenon. Péron said:
"Ours is the first study to precisely measure all krypton isotopes for the mantle, including the rarest krypton isotopes, Kr-78 and Kr-80."
Krypton and neon in Earth's mantle from different sources
The researchers discovered that the chemical fingerprint of deep mantle krypton closely resembled primitive, carbon-rich meteorites, which may have been delivered from the cold, outer reaches of the solar system. But previous work by Mukhopadhyay and others found that neon, another noble gas in the deep mantle, was derived from the sun. The two different results suggest at least two distinct volatile sources for the Earth's mantle, delivered very early in its history. The researchers also noted less of the rare isotope Kr-86 in the deep mantle compared to known meteorites. The deficit in Kr-86 suggests that known meteorites alone may not account for all the mantle's krypton.
Finally, the new results also have implications for how Earth's atmosphere arose. The ratio of different krypton isotopes in the deep mantle doesn't match the isotope ratio in Earth's atmosphere, the researchers found. This means some gases in the atmosphere, including noble gases like krypton, were delivered to Earth after the moon-forming impact. Otherwise, Earth's mantle and atmosphere would have the same isotopic composition due to isotopic equilibration following the impact, Péron said.
Provided by: Becky Oskin, UC Davis [Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.]
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Anthony Townsend is senior research scientist at New York University's Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management and fellow at the Data and Society Research Institute. He is the author of Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia (2013).
Public Culture (2015) 27 (2 (76)): 201-212.
Since the very origins of urban planning in the late nineteenth century, the field has aspired to establish a firm scientific footing for the nature of cities, their cycles of growth and decline, and ways that we can better plan and predict the outcomes of interventions through design and policy. While these efforts have long been stymied by a lack of sufficiently detailed data and limited computing power, these obstacles are rapidly being overcome. In response, a growing number of city governments and a new cadre of academic research centers are investing in data-intensive analysis and simulation of cities. While this campaign shares many similarities with computer-based efforts to study cities and inform urban policy during the United States' urban crisis in the 1960s, the rise of the Internet presents new opportunities to involve citizens more actively, on a larger scale, and in more empowered roles than in the past. This development offers an opportunity to develop more transparent, ethical, and effective models for collaborative urban research involving universities, local government, and citizen science networks.


text:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/event.h>
#include <sys/time.h>

#include "beansdb.h"

typedef struct aeApiState
{
    int kqfd;
    struct kevent events[AE_SETSIZE];
} aeApiState;

static int aeApiCreate(EventLoop *eventLoop)
{
    aeApiState *state = malloc(sizeof(aeApiState));

    if (!state) return -1;
    state->kqfd = kqueue();
    if (state->kqfd == -1) return -1;
    eventLoop->apidata = state;

    return 0;
}

static void aeApiFree(EventLoop *eventLoop)
{
    aeApiState *state = eventLoop->apidata;

    close(state->kqfd);
    free(state);
}

static int aeApiAddEvent(EventLoop *eventLoop, int fd, int mask)
{
    aeApiState *state = eventLoop->apidata;
    struct kevent ke;

    if (mask & AE_READABLE)
    {
        EV_SET(&ke, fd, EVFILT_READ, EV_ADD | EV_ONESHOT, 0, 0, NULL);
        if (kevent(state->kqfd, &ke, 1, NULL, 0, NULL) == -1) return -1;
    }
    if (mask & AE_WRITABLE)
    {
        EV_SET(&ke, fd, EVFILT_WRITE, EV_ADD | EV_ONESHOT, 0, 0, NULL);
        if (kevent(state->kqfd, &ke, 1, NULL, 0, NULL) == -1) return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static int aeApiUpdateEvent(EventLoop *eventLoop, int fd, int mask)
{
    return aeApiAddEvent(eventLoop, fd, mask);
}

static int aeApiDelEvent(EventLoop *eventLoop, int fd)
{
    aeApiState *state = eventLoop->apidata;
    struct kevent ke;

    EV_SET(&ke, fd, EVFILT_READ | EVFILT_WRITE, EV_DELETE, 0, 0, NULL);
    kevent(state->kqfd, &ke, 1, NULL, 0, NULL);
    return 0;
}

static int aeApiPoll(EventLoop *eventLoop, struct timeval *tvp)
{
    aeApiState *state = eventLoop->apidata;
    int retval, numevents = 0;

    if (tvp != NULL)
    {
        struct timespec timeout;
        timeout.tv_sec = tvp->tv_sec;
        timeout.tv_nsec = tvp->tv_usec * 1000;
        retval = kevent(state->kqfd, NULL, 0, state->events, AE_SETSIZE, &timeout);
    }
    else
    {
        retval = kevent(state->kqfd, NULL, 0, state->events, AE_SETSIZE, NULL);
    }

    if (retval > 0)
    {
        int j;

        numevents = retval;
        for(j = 0; j < numevents; j++)
        {
            int mask = 0;
            struct kevent *e = state->events+j;

            if (e->filter == EVFILT_READ) mask |= AE_READABLE;
            if (e->filter == EVFILT_WRITE) mask |= AE_WRITABLE;
            eventLoop->fired[j] = e->ident;
        }
    }
    return numevents;
}

static char *aeApiName(void)
{
    return "kqueue";
}


text:
Seahawks' Jamal Adams: 'Full go' for wild-card game
Seattle Seahawks safety Jamal Adams plans to be on the field Saturday when the NFL playoffs begin.
The Los Angeles Rams visit the Seahawks in the middle game of a wild-card tripleheader on Saturday.
Adams left Seattle's Week 17 victory with a shoulder injury. He has also missed time this season with shoulder and groin issues.
"I'm playing man. Hey, look. As long as these legs are moving, man," Adams said. "There was never no doubt in my mind that I wasn't playing. I'm full go."
Head coach Pete Carroll said Tuesday that he would likely need all week to determine Adams' status. Adams was limited in Tuesday's practice along with defensive tackle Jarran Reed.
"I'm not limited to anything. I'm full go," Adams said.
Acquired from the New York Jets for two first-round draft picks before the 2020 season, the 25-year-old Adams played in 12 games and had 83 tackles and a career-high 9.5 sacks in his first season with Seattle.
Middle linebacker Bobby Wagner said he expects to see Adams in the defensive huddle this weekend.
"Jamal is a very high-energy person," Wagner told KJR radio, "a person who is going to do everything he can to get out there on the field so we kind of just got to wait and see and understand whatever happens at the end of the week to be ready for."


A talk and seminar exploring death as one of the most essential aspects of our humanity, from a psychological and spiritual perspective.
This ongoing inquiry into the meaning of life and death has led me to wisdoms found through myths and archetypes, psychological aspects, existentialism and spiritual metaphysics and above all an experiential journey into being and a radical new perspective.
Janet Bowers is a Core Process Psychotherapist and supervisor in private practice Over many years she has been a student of the Beshara School with a particular emphasis on the study of Ibn'Arabi. She is based in London.


text:
Last Day of Work (LDW) is a video game developer specializing in casual games. The company developed real-time "Virtual Life" simulation games including Fish Tycoon, Plant Tycoon, Virtual Families and the Virtual Villagers series for platforms including PC, Mac, iPhone/iPod touch, Palm OS and Windows Mobile Pocket PC. Last Day of Work was founded by CEO Arthur Humphrey and is based in San Francisco, California.

Games
EZ Blackjack, Video Poker Teacher, Pocket Paigow (Casino Games)
Little Pocket Pet
Village Sim
 Plant Tycoon
 Fish Tycoon
Fish Tycoon 2
 Virtual Villagers: A New Home
Virtual Villagers 2: The Lost Children
Virtual Villagers 3: The Secret City
Virtual Villagers 4: The Tree of Life
Virtual Villagers 5: New Believers
Virtual Families
Virtual Families 2: Our Dream House
Virtual Families 3: Our Country Home
Virtual Town
Virtual Villagers Origins 2

References

External links

Video game companies established in 2002
2002 establishments in California