We're always told to protect ourselves from getting hurt.
Though I'm sure they want to preserve our innocence and wonder of the world around us, we're constantly told to be careful.
What I don't think we're entirely prepared for — or at least I wasn't — is how much friends can really hurt you.
People are the cause of most people's problems.
We're sad because someone reject us or we're disappointed because someone didn't live up to our expectations.
When this happens, we tend to think that it's a romantic relationships that causing the most drama, but a lot of times it comes from our friends.
I think it's universally understood that you don't need romance to get close to someone. Some of your deepest relationships are completely platonic — but that doesn't make them safe.
Friends can be dangerous because you're more likely to let your guard down.
You're not trying to impress someone like you would be on a first date, and you're not ever really worried that they'll leave you.
Friendship doesn't have as strict of rules as a romantic relationship does, which means there's a higher likelihood of someone crossing a line they didn't know was there.
You don't break up with friends really.
You might stop hanging out with them for awhile, and then rekindled a few weeks later with not a whole lot of questions asked. You don't expect much out of your friends, except to be available to hang out every now and then.
Even though there's no way to be Facebook official, friendships have the potential to make your life great or a living hell.
I'm guilty of choosing friends solely on how funny they are while completely ignoring the fact that they don't support me and subtly hold me back.
Giving anyone who doesn't support you a important role in your life can keep you down.
Good friends aren't like boyfriends. They don't need to call you at a certain time every day or buy you flowers.
A good friend is someone who's willing to be on a mutually supportive team with you. They're as much down for a good wine and talk night as they are some big adventure.
While they're people, and you can't rely on them completely, the likelihood that they'll answer when you call them at 2 a.m. crying is much more than that of the other people you know.
While it's totally fine to hang out with a bunch of different people, be sure to identify who's good for you and who's probably not, and adjust the time you spend with them accordingly.


Padded mats consisting of a thick, foam-padded body with anti-slip bottom, side carrying loop and a black, all-round surrounding strap. Available in rectangular form or as a 60° wedge-shaped element to match the Shift+ cabinets. Can be used as a floor covering for one person or as a chair covering. The top seating surface consists of a hard-wearing, coloured covering.
Back support roll consisting of a foam-padded body with black side element and hard-wearing, coloured covering.


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Q: wordpress count per day plugin - display number with thousends seperator I want to display the number of visitors by using this code:

 All visitors:
                 <?php global $count_per_day;
                 if(method_exists($count_per_day,"show"))
                 echo $count_per_day->getUserAll( $return );?>

Currently it shows the number without thousend seperator.
I`ve tried "number_format($number)", but it won't work.

A: Replace this line:
echo $count_per_day->getUserAll( $return );?>

With these three:
$count_before = $count_per_day->getUserAll( $return );
$count_after = number_format(intval($count_before), 0, null, ' ');
echo $count_after;?>

This will output 7000 as 7 000. If you want another separator, replace the third variable in the number_format()-function. For example '.' will output 7.000.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Wood Block Classic App Review: Legit And Paying?
Welcome to my Wood Block Classic app review.
Earlier this week, I came across this game that reminded me of this money-themed puzzle app I checked out months ago.
That game, in particular, went viral and had many people answering the question of whether it was possible to earn.
I say all this because the game, which you can see by the title, claims to help you get the reward money.
It's again a puzzle game, of which dozens of them exist, all claiming to be lucrative.
But this one quite literally says you can earn real money.
Since that is clearly stated in the screenshots associated with Wood Block Classic, you would think that it would be the case.
Well, oh, have I been wrong in the past, and as you will see, this game is by no means that straightforward.
Wood Block Classic Review Summary
What Is Wood Block Classic?
How Does Wood Block Classic Work?
How To Make Money With Money Block Classic?
Closing Off
Owner: Tomas Game
What Are They?: Puzzle Game
As I review so many games, all with the same intention of promoting an opportunity that people can somehow get rich from playing.
Well, it becomes inevitable that somewhere down the line, the same concepts and patterns arise.
Now Wood block classic is another block type game, where you create lines of blocks just like in Tetris.
A few developers have used the concept of the popular game listed above to create something that is easily monetized.
As I was saying, though, there are several games like this one, so there isn't anything different about it from them.
This is not a good thing, by the way, as almost all the puzzle or block games I have checked out have been quite bad.
You have block games in Block Puzzle Legend, Block Go and also Ball Sort Puzzle.
Those are just a few that I have reviewed who have either not paid users or are just poorly designed apps.
As you will see from the upcoming sections of this review, Wood Block Classic is very similar.
If you have played Tetris, you will need no introduction to Wood Block Classic.
As the gameplay is exactly the same.
The two main differences are that, of course, Tetris is a game you have to purchase and therefore isn't one you buy to earn money.
For the other, the difference is that this game is quite clearly a very low budget version.
This is to be expected as games like Wood Block Classic don't need to spend fortunes on making a really good game.
If the money is there to be earned and promoted well, it will be played regardless.
That is what has happened with this one, as 100 thousand users have already put the app on their phones.
Now moving back, to play it, you will have this 10×9 grid in which you will place different sized block puzzles.
The aim is to fit them all in the grid to create a full line vertically.
Do this, and you will clear that line as well get access to virtual bonuses.
Bonuses and money of which I will go into more detail in the next section.
The hope for any user playing Wood Block Classic is that filling some lines will give them redeemable cash.
After all, the audience, the app developers Tomas Game are those who are struggling to earn and want to earn money fast.
Of which an app like this at first seems to be a great solution for that.
However, despite users getting amounts as to clear these lines, like the one I got below:
This is all an illusion and cannot be withdrawn much to the user's frustration.
Some users will figure out early on that the money is worthless, while others will wait a few months to only then clock on that no payment is being.
All you need to know about Wood Block Classic, though, when it comes to money, is that there isn't to be earned.
The currency is as meaningless as earning coins in some trendy game.
While it wouldn't make too much of a difference, there is no choice with payout options.
You have one amount and method to go with.
This is PayPal and a set amount of $200.
Now the developers are stringing users along by making them believe that if they hit the amount, you can press the orange cash out button.
As shown in the screenshot below:
However, in general, the button and the cash features are essentially pointless and are only there to keep you playing.
Wood Block Classic could be interesting at first, especially with the puzzle aspect of removing lines from the grid.
But in the end, it will get boring and ultimately wear thin when you have played it for hours and have nothing to show for it.
Now my aim with each review is to be transparent with you, I am all about telling you how it is.
So why I haven't played this game for long, mainly because I do not believe for a second they pay.
But despite not doing so, I can almost guarantee you that they don't pay.
As the owners, Tomas Game clearly has just one motive: to fool users to generate as much revenue for themselves as possible.
If there were a sweepstake in place or smaller amounts given out, it would be more interesting, and there would be a bigger case for them paying.
But screenshots like the one above where I got $13 for making one line of blocks are just red flags that no money is being paid.
I say all this to warn you, so you don't end up in that rabbit hole of wasting so much time in the hope of getting rewarded only to get absolute zilch.
While I say that, you can still download and play it if that is what you want to do.
However, you are better of trying one of these apps, which actually pay and are just better alternatives for you.
On that note, I will leave it there.
I do though hope this Wood block classic app review has helped you out.
If you do have a question, though, I will always be here to help answer it for you, so if the case, just drop yours below, and I will get back to you when I can! 🙂
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Maglia PSV Eindhoven 2016-2017 Away.
2016-17 Psv Eindhoven Away Shirt (Your Name). Official Your Name football shirt for the Psv football team. This is the new Psv Away shirt for the 2016 Season which is manufactured by Umbro and is available in adult sizes S, M, L, XL, XXL, XXXL and kids sizes small boys, medium boys, large boys, XL boys. This Psv Eindhoven football shirt is Navy in colour and comes with Your Name shirt printing on the jersey.


Met an interesting client from Travel industry? With a complicated project requirements? Come to us, will make it a flawless system!
Travel is the best part of human life. And of course, it should be pleasant. Information and Technology have delved into the travel and tourism ranging from a small mobile app to customized software of travel agencies. Every country has its own tourism and tries to attract visitors to visit the place once. To step in with the same, take the advantage of information & technology to get the things done right away.
Nowadays, with the advent of making things automated approach, we can expect everything automated and just a click away. Why not with the traveling? Make your clients happy with the seamless system that shows a completely virtual tour before going in real or make them manage their guides working in globally diverse locations. A custom software development system can let your employees, customers/ travelers be on the same page.
Being manual can run the business at a local pace. Running a business with the international client base and with the locations beyond the imagination, you need a neat management across the organization. A custom software development system can ties up businesses with the travel agencies just like you. Leverage business with the best in industry web & software ideas, Because now everything is on the smart device. Why not yours?


"The faith integration, along with teachers who are passionate for Christ, is something I would not have experienced at any other school."
Read more of Rebekah's story and others like it here!
helps make the process easier.
Finding the right private school can be challenging.
Private education is a significant investment, and choosing a school is one of the most important decisions you'll ever make on behalf of your child. This is not a process to take lightly. Our free e-book helps you prioritize your needs, narrow your list, and make the most of your visits. By the time you complete the 4 steps, you'll be empowered to pick the best school for your family.
Learn how to find the best private schools in your area, what questions to ask, and how to know which one is right for your family. From academics and philosophy to transportation and fees, leave no stone unturned as you compare your options.
You will find that best private schools are often competitive and highly sought after. Discover how to give child the best chance at future success by securing your admission early and efficiently.
Choosing a school is about more than education; it's about finding a learning community that mirrors your family's teachings and serves as an extension of your home. Learn how to know you've found the winner.


Provides a widget for selecting a date.
TimePicker – A widget for selecting the time of day, in either 24-hour or AM/PM mode.
Chronometer – Class that implements a simple timer.
TextClock can display the current date and/or time as a formatted string.
ImageView – Displays image resources, for example Bitmap or Drawable resources. ImageView is also commonly used to apply tints to an image and handle image scaling.
This entry was posted in android widget and tagged amrutkar, android, channel, milind, published. Bookmark the permalink.


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Tag: 上海后花园OY
Westin Hotels taps Rachael Finch as newest brand advocate
Westin Hotels & Resorts has announced Rachael Finch, certified health coach, television presenter and model, as the brand's Well-Being Brand Advocate.In her new role, Rachael will curate and host a Westin Wellness Escape for guests at The Westin Melbourne in April 2016, marking the next phase of the Westin Well-being Movement; a brand-wide campaign designed to enhance the well-being of guests around the world."I am thrilled to join the distinguished panel of Westin Well-Being Brand Advocates for Asia Pacific; and look forward to sharing my passion for fitness and nutrition with Westin guests," Ms Finch said."Wellness is far more than just looking good physically, it's about feeling good. To achieve this, like Westin, I believe you have to make health and well-being an integral part of everyday life, even when you're on the road."A certified health coach, Rachael is a highly regarded Australian personality, sharing many synergies with the Westin brand.Her modelling career has seen her travel the world, and her talent as a television host has led to appearances on popular shows – including an experience where it sparked her passion for dance as a means for keeping fit and healthy.Known for promoting a wholesome and holistic lifestyle, Rachael's success is derived from her belief that good nutrition and an active and varied work out regime are the key foundations to fostering long-term health and well-being.For more information on how Rachael maintains her health and well-being, watch this short video.As a Westin Well-Being Brand Advocate, Rachael joins Westin Well-being experts across the globe, including other brand advocates in Asia Pacific such as Waka Nozawa, renowned fashion model and yogi from Japan; alongside soon to-be-introduced Television Personality and Wellness Expert Jojo Struys."The Westin Wellness Escapes series is designed for those seeking to achieve or sustain a healthy lifestyle while still exploring the world, something Rachael is very experienced in," said Vincent Ong, Senior Director, Brand Management, Starwood Hotels & Resorts Asia Pacific."Rachael's partnership with the Westin brand and her expertise in health and nutrition will further underscore the brand's well-being positioning,"Westin embarked on the next phase of its Westin Well-being Movement with the introduction of Westin Wellness Escapes in early 2015, an ongoing well-being series led by experts in the fields of mindfulness meditation, nutrition, yoga, running and more.With Rachael on board, Australia will play host to a Westin Wellness Escape on 16-17 April 2016 at The Westin Melbourne; helping attendees pursue their well-being through interactive workshops and ballroom dance classes. Westin Wellness EscapeSource = Westin Hotels & Resorts read more
admin August 17, 2019 上海419论坛JT, 上海419论坛VT, 上海419龙凤JS, 上海后花园BM, 上海后花园OY, 上海龙凤419HU, 爱上海419EN, 爱上海419FZ, 爱上海SB, 爱上海YC, 苏州桑拿YQ, 贵族宝贝IVLeave a comment
Belmond has the appointed Philippe Cassis to the r
Belmond has the appointed Philippe Cassis to the roles of Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer.Cassis most recently served as chief executive at Sun Resorts, where he oversaw the successful growth of the company's portfolio of luxury destination resorts."We are delighted to welcome Philippe, an experienced business leader with strong organisational, strategic and business development skills," said John Scott, president and chief executive and Belmond."Philippe has a proven 30-year track record in the luxury travel industry."He will add deep operational strength to our senior management team and will be invaluable to our near-term business execution and future growth."Prior to his role at Sun Resorts, Cassis spent 28 years with Starwood Hotels & Resorts, where he held various executive positions including senior vice president, operations South America and global initiatives Latin America, a position in which he managed a portfolio of 37 properties across Columbia, Peru, Chile, Argentina and Brazil.Cassis joins Belmond as it prepares for the launch of Belmond Grand Hibernian, the new sister to Belmond Royal Scotsman and the first luxury touring train in Ireland, and the opening of Belmond's first London property, Belmond Cadogan Hotel in Knightsbridge, following its complete restoration. read more
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I love baking. Give me a grey afternoon and a few free hours and there is nothing I would rather fill my time with than baking up a storm. But one thing I have always steered clear of is macaroons..
As much as I love eating them actually baking them was something I didn't dare try to attempt; they seem too tricky and temperamental. If you're anything like me and think that these French confectionaries are beyond your baking reach, then I would highly recommend the cookery classes at L'Atelier des Chefs.
Having never done a cookery class before I was a bit worried about my lack of skills in the kitchen and whether I would be able to keep up with the rest of the class but these fears were alleviated after I popped my plastic apron on, washed my hands and met my fellow bakers. The class was small, there was only eight of us in total, and therefore intimate and the perfect environment to learn in.
Chef Nathalia (who was so helpful and cheerful throughout the afternoon) talked us through what we were doing and instructed us to get into pairs. Everyone seemed nice but my partner was the exceptionally lovely Angellica Bell.
In our pairs we made the macaroon shells, taking it in turns to divide the tasks like whisking the egg whites and sieving the ground almonds and flour. Each duo was given a colour and then we all piped our own tray of shells before leaving to set and moving onto the fillings. For the fillings we actually worked in a big group around the stove tops, whipping up custard, ganache, salted caramel and buttercream. With the class being so small it was easy to pose questions to Chef Nathalia and get back good answers. For instance I thought that opening the oven whilst the macarons were still cooking to check on them would make them go flat but Nathalia actually reassured me that's only the case with cakes.
Everything was timed out perfectly so that while we were finishing the fillings we popped the shells in the oven and by the time the fillings were done the shells were ready to be taken out and then while they were cooling we were preparing the fillings to be pipped. And that's definitely one of the biggest takeaways I learnt during the session - baking is all about timing.
As we pipped our macaroons with fillings I honestly felt the biggest sense of pride in my little macarons. One small achievement can honestly make such a huge difference to you baking confidence and the class made me realise that with a little time management and know-how your wildest baking dreams are definitely accomplishable.


Marceline, MO -The 7th annual Art Teachers Show will be held at the NOMO Art Gallery 111 S. Main Street USA in Marceline from Monday, February 26th until April 2nd. North Central and North East area art teachers will display their work. Many pieces will be for sale.
Everyone is invited to the reception for the artists on Saturday, March 3rd from 1-4 pm. Please come meet the artists and enjoy refreshments.
NOMO hours are Monday-Friday, 9:00 am - 5:00 pm, and Saturday, 9:00 am - Noon.
NOMO is a 501c3 organization. Members of the public interested in supporting the gallery and the North Missouri Arts Council may help with an annual donation of $15 for students, $20 for a patron, and $25 for artists. Checks can be made payable to NOMO and donations can be left at the gallery, or given to Chris Ankeney, NOMO Treasurer.


In a medium saucepan, combine the soy sauce, water, 1/2 cup brown sugar, molasses, and salt. Bring the marinade #1 to a boil and set aside to cool. Put the ribs in a large, turkey-size oven baking bag. Support the bag in a 12X14 inch baking pan. Pour the marinade over the ribs and seal the bag. Marinate the ribs in the refrigerator overnight, turning the bag occasionally to thoroughly coat the meat. The next day, preheat over to 375°. Drain and discard the marinade from the bag. Cut 4 slits in the top of the baking bag. Bake the ribs for 2 hours. While the ribs are baking, prepare the barbecue sauce. In a large saucepan, blend the water, ketchup, chili sauce, brown sugar, and dry mustard. Bring this mixture to a boil, stir well to dissolve the sugar, and set aside to cool. When the ribs are cooked and tender, open the bad and discard the drippings. Lower the oven temperature to 350°. Brush the ribs on both sides with the barbecue sauce and put them on the grill for 15-30 minutes to give them a bit of a char. NOTES The ribs can be marinated in a ziploc bag. Instead of a oven bag, they can cook in the oven in a pan covered with foil.


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THREE is an innovative chamber group born through the collaboration of renowned soloists and good friends Guy Few, Nadina Mackie-Jackson and Leslie Newman. With a combined mastery of flute, trumpet, corno, bassoon, and piano, THREE's programming is versatile and eclectic, ranging from the masterpieces of Western Europe to Argentinean tangos to newly commissioned works by Canada's own great composers. The Huntsville Forester quotes: "THREE's eclectic concert…was breathtaking. Whether playing superbly in solo pieces or performing with amazing synchronism as a trio,…left the audience totally enraptured after such a brilliant and exquisite musical evening." "(THREE) absolutely mesmerised the audience. Thanks to all of you for a wonderful evening." says Michael Rosen; Vice-President, Performing Arts Lakefield.


Celebrate a birthday, anniversary, jubilee or special volunteer with a Gift Subscription to Pauline Magazine.
Note: Enter the RECIPIENT'S EMAIL in the special instructions section of your order. You can also email us this information, and we will note the transaction. Thank you!


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Q: Event based gateway in jBPM 5 or 5.1? i am currently trying to model event based gateways. Currently i'am not finding an icon for event based gatway in the BPMN 2.0 notation supported by jBPM 5.0.
Is there any solution for realizing this in the current version of jBPM 5 or jBPM 5.1.
THX.

A: The event-based gateway is currently not yet supported in the graphical editor, but the engine does support it.  You can take a look at some examples here:
https://github.com/droolsjbpm/jbpm/tree/master/jbpm-bpmn2/src/test/resources
(BPMN2-EventBasedSplit*.bpmn2)
Kris


These Panoramics are a combination of several individual pictures stitched together. In their original form they are very large files and can print easily to many feet/meters across.
If you need these files bigger than they are available here please contact me directly.


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Q: How to control a servo motor with Windows Remote Arduino? I've been playing with the new Remote Wiring libraries on Windows Remote Arduino and I have been unable to control a servo - there is a "PinMode.Servo" option in the library - but the motor does not move reliably, sometimes not at all.
The code is below
namespace UniversalBlink

{
    public sealed partial class MainPage : Page
    {
        private bool useBluetooth = true;
    BluetoothSerial bluetooth;
    UsbSerial usb;

    RemoteDevice arduino;

    public MainPage()
    {
        this.InitializeComponent();

        if (useBluetooth)
        {
            bluetooth = new BluetoothSerial("HC-06");
            arduino = new RemoteDevice(bluetooth);
            bluetooth.ConnectionEstablished += OnConnectionEstablished;
            //these parameters don't matter for bluetooth
            bluetooth.begin(0, 0);
        }
        else
        {
            usb = new UsbSerial("VID_2341", "PID_0043");   //I've written in my device D directly
            var test = UsbSerial.listAvailableDevicesAsync();

            arduino = new RemoteDevice(usb);
            usb.ConnectionEstablished += OnConnectionEstablished;
            usb.begin(57600, SerialConfig.SERIAL_8N1);
        }
    }

    private void OnConnectionEstablished()
    {
        //enable the buttons on the UI thread!
        var action = Dispatcher.RunAsync(Windows.UI.Core.CoreDispatcherPriority.Normal, new Windows.UI.Core.DispatchedHandler(() => {
            OnButton.IsEnabled = true;
            OffButton.IsEnabled = true;
            arduino.pinMode(9, PinMode.SERVO);
        }));
    }

    private async void OnButton_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
    {
        arduino.analogWrite(9, 0);
    }

    private async void OffButton_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
    {
        arduino.analogWrite(9, 140);
    }

}

}
I'm at a loss as to where to go from here.

A: The Code use Bluetooth or Serial (via USB) to control an Arduino.


Children's Hospital Medical Center, Divisions of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA.
Phone: (513) 636-4830; Fax: (513) 636-7868; E-mail: jeff.whitsett@chmcc.org.
J Clin Invest. 2002;109(5):565–569. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI15209.
This Perspective series seeks to summarize the present concepts regarding the biological processes that mediate intrinsic and innate host defense against microbial invasion of the lung. From an evolutionary standpoint, the requirements for an extensive gas exchange region that comes in direct contact with inhaled particles and pathogens present a formidable challenge that has been countered by the layering and intersection of several intrinsic defense systems.
These systems, detailed in the accompanying articles, maintain pulmonary form and function required for ventilation by means of structural, mechanical, chemical, and cellular strategies, as well as innate and acquired host defenses. The epithelial barrier itself represents a first line of defense against pathogens, and its effectiveness is greatly enhanced by fluid homeostasis and mucociliary clearance. As discussed by Knowles and Boucher in this series, these mechanisms protect the epithelium and physically remove inhaled pathogens from the lung. Additional protection comes from polypeptide mediators of the innate host defense, such as the defensins and other antibiotic peptides reviewed by Ganz in this series, and the collectin family, considered by McCormack and Whitsett. Professional phagocytes also play their part in host defense in this tissue, in part by responding to molecules found on the surface of common pathogenic microbes. Finally, the cytokine and chemokine pathways that cooperate with host defense polypeptides to mediate initial host defenses by phagocytes also orchestrate tissue repair and subsequent acquired immune responses following infection, as discussed by Strieter et al. The interplay of these various mechanisms is depicted in Figure 1.
The concerted effects of mechanical, innate, and acquired host defense systems serve to recognize, localize, kill, and remove pathogens to maintain sterility of pulmonary tissues and the host. In general, pathogens are cleared from the lung without persistent or robust inflammation, thus protecting its inherent structure and maintaining its function following exposure to microbes. It is the failure of various arms of the host defense systems that allows local or systemic infection and destruction of lung tissue that are frequently the basis of morbidity and mortality from common lung diseases, whether related to genetic or environmental disease processes. Deficient or uncontrolled host defenses and inflammation underlie some of the most common pulmonary disorders — chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, acute and chronic pneumonia, asthma, emphysema, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
The lung is a complex organ consisting of a series of branching tubules and alveoli that are highly vascularized to provide a large gas exchange surface. The respiratory tract is lined by endodermally derived epithelial cells that differentiate from the foregut endoderm. Commitment and proliferation of respiratory epithelial cells are dependent upon mesenchymal-epithelial interactions, mediated by a number of distinct and intersecting autocrine-paracrine pathways (e.g., bone morphogenetic protein–4 [BMP-4], FGF, sonic hedgehog [SHH]; see ref. 1 for review), which, in turn, regulate gene transcription to influence cell fate, proliferation, and function. In the lung, commitment and differentiation of the respiratory epithelium are mediated, at least in part, by the homeodomain protein NKx2.1 (also known as thyroid transcription factor-1 [TTF-1]), as well as transcription factors of the forkhead family (hepatocyte nuclear factor-3β [HNF-3β], HNF-3α, and hepatocyte factor homologue-4 [HFH-4]) and the zinc finger family (GATA-6) (reviewed in refs. 2–4). Lung tubules undergo stereotypic, dichotomous branching to form bronchi, bronchioles, and the peripheral airways and alveoli.
Initially, the lung is lined by an undifferentiated columnar epithelium, but as lung morphogenesis proceeds, the tubules are lined by an increasingly diverse population of respiratory epithelial cells that vary both spatially — along the cephalocaudal axis — and temporally. In the adult human lung, conducting airways are lined by a pseudostratified epithelium consisting of at least a dozen morphologically distinct epithelial cells, including squamous, ciliated, nonciliated bronchiolar (Clara cells), basal, intermediate, serous, goblet, and neuroepithelial cells, as well as alveolar type II and type I epithelial cells. This diversity of cell type accomplishes the various physiologic tasks that optimize mucociliary clearance, precise regulation of fluid homeostasis, and the synthesis and secretion of a myriad of such host defense proteins as lysozyme, defensins, surfactant proteins (SPs), and lactoferrin. The abundance and activity of the various cell types, which are strongly influenced by infection and other inflammatory stimuli, can themselves influence host defense function and respiratory cell proliferation and differentiation during repair. In the normal lung, the diverse repertoire of respiratory epithelial cells is maintained in their proper places and activation states, and they interact with professional phagocytes and the lymphoid components of the acquired immune system. In addition, an extensive system of tracheal-bronchial glands is lined by distinct epithelial cell types that produce mucous, fluid, and other host defense proteins critical for mucociliary activity that clears particles and pathogens from the lung. The generation and maintenance of this panoply of epithelial cell types provide structural framework required for host defense functions. Acute injury and chronic injury lead to epithelial cell dysplasia and metaplasia, as in the conducting airways in smokers, where squamous cell metaplasia and goblet cell hyperplasia are common. Epithelial defenses and mucociliary clearance are thus compromised, rendering the lung susceptible to injury by particles and pathogens.
The formation, maintenance, and repair of the postnatal lung depend upon precisely regulated expression of many of the same transcription factors involved in formation of the lung earlier in lung morphogenesis. Three distinct families of transcription factors, including the homeodomain protein TTF-1, the zinc finger protein GATA-6, and a forkhead family member, HNF-3β (also known as Foxβ2), play critical roles in the differentiation of foregut endoderm to form the progenitors of the lung parenchyma (Figure 2). GATA-6 and HNF-3β are involved in formation of the endoderm per se (5–8), while TTF-1 is required for the generation of epithelial cells that form the lung periphery (9). Later in development, these same transcription factors regulate the transcription of host defense molecules, such as SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and Clara cell secretory protein, modifiers of lung inflammation following infection or injury (10).
Transcription proteins, including TTF-1, HNF, and GATA family members, mediate lung morphogenesis, epithelial cell differentiation, and gene expression, creating the diverse cells of the epithelial barrier and regulating intrinsic and innate host defense responses.
The precise temporal/spatial formation and function of the respiratory epithelium are controlled at the level of transcription, mediated by the con-certed actions of both tissue-specific and ubiqui-tous nuclear proteins. These nuclear transcription proteins influence differentiation of specific epithelial cell types and regulate the synthesis of the distinct host defense proteins elaborated by subsets of respiratory epithelial cells. For example, during development, HFH-4 (also known as Foxj1) is required for ciliated cell differentiation, expression of β-tubulin, and formation of cilia in conducting airways (11). Defects in ciliated cell function, as seen in ciliary dyskinesia and Kartagener syndrome, cause situs inversus and disturb mucociliary clearance, leading to chronic infection and destruction of lung tissues. While initially derived from common progenitors, the heterogeneous epithelial cell types lining the respiratory tract are generated under the direction of cell-cell, cell-matrix, autocrine-paracrine, and transcriptional pathways that are influenced by their microenvironments. Distinct respiratory epithelial cells synthesize diverse classes of host defense molecules that maintain pulmonary sterility. There is increasing evidence that the genetic pathways that initially direct lung morphogenesis during development are later employed to regulate the synthesis of host defense molecules and cellular responses to pathogens that, in turn, influence cell proliferation and tissue remodeling. Repair following injury, at least in part, recapitulates molecular and cellular processes mediating lung formation.
The vertebrate lung is a relatively late evolutionary adaptation required for terrestrial survival, first appearing approximately 350–400 million years ago in the mid-Devonian fossil record. Of the estimated 40,000 distinct genes expressed by the human genome, relatively few are uniquely expressed in the lung, many of the molecular pathways controlling lung morphogenesis being borrowed from similar processes in other organs conserved among diverse phyla that were established long before the advent of the lung. Unique combinations of molecules mediating signaling and transcriptional pathways in many organs are used to form and maintain lung structure and function.
Signaling pathways involved in lung morphogenesis, lung defense, and repair are highly conserved. FGF receptor–, transcription factor–, cytokine-, and NF-κB–dependent pathways shared among diverse phyla participate in lung morphogenesis and repair. It is perhaps the unique combinatorial use of ancient signaling mechanisms that provides the molecular framework underlying lung formation and function. Indeed, the genes involved in generation and function of the lung have ancient antecedents, for example in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. FGF signaling via the Drosophila genes branchless and breathless (an FGF receptor [FGFR] and ligand, respectively) is required for formation of the tracheal system in the fly (12, 13), much as it is for lung formation in vertebrates (Figure 3). Likewise, FGF signaling medi-ates diverse functions of the respiratory epithelium. Deletion of either FGF-10 or FGFR signaling results in nearly complete lack of lung formation in the mouse (14, 15). Surprisingly, mutation in FGF-10 (11) or the FGFR2IIIb (16) also blocks formation of the limbs, FGF signaling mutants being both "lungless" and "limbless." It may be significant that the FGF pathway determines the formation of two organs that have been critical for adaptation of vertebrates to terrestrial habitats; namely, breathing and tetrapod ambulation.
FGF signaling in formation of the trachea and lung has been conserved from insects to vertebrates. FGFs influence proliferation, migration, and differentiation of respiratory epithelial cells, surfactant protein, and other host defense polypeptides that, in turn, orchestrate cytokine expression and the function of professional phagocytic cells mediating innate and acquired host defenses.
While FGF signaling is critical for lung formation, FGF family members also enhance epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation in the postnatal lung (17). Both FGF-7 and FGF-10 increased respiratory epithelial cell proliferation and enhanced expression of TTF-1 and its downstream targets, e.g., SP-A, -B, and -C, that are involved in innate defense and surfactant activity in the lung (18, 19). Furthermore, FGF stimulated production of cytokines and chemokines, recruiting and activating professional phagocytes. Likewise, FGF increased the expression of aquaporin V and C1-dependent fluid secretion to regulate fluid transport by the respiratory epithelium (18–20).
Transcriptional control of both acquired and innate host defense systems in the lung and other organs depends upon the nuclear translocation and activation of NF-κB in target cells (21). NF-κB family members include at least three polypeptides, P50, P65, and Rel-A. Like the FGF signaling pathway, NF-κB plays a dual role in lung morphogenesis and inflammatory responses to various pathogens. NF-κB is regulated by cell surface receptors of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Activation of TLR/NF-κB is regulated, at least in part, by binding of pattern recognition molecules that present carbohydrate peptide or lipid components of pathogens (for example, endotoxin and proteoglycan) to professional phagocytes or epithelial cell surfaces (reviewed in ref. 22). In the lung, both SP-A and SP-D, members of the collectin family of polypeptides, bind promiscuously to complex carbohydrates, serving as nonself pattern recognition molecules, binding the surfaces and products of respiratory pathogens, presenting them for phagocytosis, and modulating subsequent inflammatory responses during infection (23). Furthermore, SP-A and SP-D interact with CD14/TLR to influence cellular responses to pathogens via transcriptional pathways activated by NF-κB translocation to the nucleus of responding cells (24, 25). Members of the TLR family and associated pathways were first recognized for their involvement in dorsal-ventral patterning during Drosophila development and in fungal host defense (26). TLRs and their homologues are critical mediators of innate defenses in plants and animals, activating gene transcription via NF-κB to enhance killing of microorganisms and the inflammatory response (Table 1; see also ref. 22). Thus, the ancient NF-κB pathway serves complex and critical roles in both morphogenesis and antimicrobial host defense.
Increased activity of NF-κB in embryonic lung mesenchyme inhibits growth and budding of the respiratory epithelium, while inhibition of NF-κB signaling enhances proliferation and budding of the respiratory epithelial cells in a process likely mediated by autocrine-paracrine mechanisms (27). While the mechanisms of action of NF-κB in the lung mesenchyme are not fully clarified, enhanced NF-κB activity blocks FGF-10 expression in the embryonic lung, suggesting that NF-κB and FGF signaling are linked during both lung and limb morphogenesis. NF-κB also regulates the expression of the water transport protein aquaporin V (28), various innate host defense proteins (defensins and mucins), and cytokines, and it activates professional phagocytes following pulmonary injury or infection.
Events in lung morphogenesis, at least in part, are recapitulated during inflammation and repair. As shown in Figure 4, the multicomponent innate defense response mollifies inflammation and initiates morphogenetic events that result in the orderly repair of the respiratory epithelium and underlying stroma. Indeed, FGF and NF-κB pathways are critically involved in lung repair. TTF-1 and its downstream targets are also increased during repair following severe lung injury (29). FGF protects respiratory epithelial cells during lung injury in vivo (30) and enhances expression of TTF-1 and its demonstrated targets, SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C, as well as fluid transport proteins (18–20). TTF-1 regulates epithelial cell differentiation and proliferation and influences the expression of innate host defense molecules. In turn, these molecules influence the activation state, oxidant production, and apoptotic activity of professional phagocytes that are involved in clearance of apopto-tic cells and pathogens from the lung (23).
Formation and function of the lung are mediated by intrinsic and innate defense systems that are orchestrated by ancient transcriptional and signaling pathways that have allowed adaptation of vertebrates to air breathing.
The multiplicity and interaction of structural and cellular components of the intrinsic and innate host defenses of the lung are orchestrated temporally and spatially and are graded stochastically to prevent initial invasion, to limit the extent of injury, and to achieve rapid repair following pulmonary infection by respiratory pathogens. Detailed knowledge of these pathways should improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of common lung diseases and lead to new therapies based on knowledge of lung morphogenesis, repair, and innate host defense systems.
Hogan, BLM. Morphogenesis. Cell 1999. 96:225-233.
Perl, AKT, Whitsett, JA. Molecular mechanisms controlling lung morphogenesis. Clin Genet 1999. 56:14-27.
Costa, RH, Kalinichenko, VV, Lim, L. Transcription factors in mouse lung development and function. Am J Physiol 2001. 280:L823-L838.
Warburton, D, et al. The molecular basis of lung morphogenesis. Mech Dev 2000. 92:55-81.
Ang, SL, Rossant, J. HNF-3β is essential for node and notochord formation in mouse development. Cell 1994. 78:561-574.
Morrisey, EE, Ip, HS, Lu, MM, Parmacek, MS. GATA-6: a zinc finger transcription factor that is expressed in multiple cell lineages derived from lateral mesoderm. Dev Biol 1996. 177:309-322.
Koutsourakis, M, Langeveld, A, Patient, R, Beddington, R, Grosveld, F. The transcription factor GATA6 is essential for early extraembryonic development. Development 1999. 126:723-732.
Keijzer, R, et al. The transcription factor GATA6 is essential for branching morphogenesis and epithelial cell differentiation during fetal pulmonary development. Development 2001. 128:503-511.
Kimura, S, et al. The T/ebp null mouse: thyroid-specific enhancer-binding protein is essential for the organogenesis of the thyroid, lung, ventral forebrain, and pituitary. Genes Dev 1996. 10:60-69.
Bohinski, RJ, DiLauro, R, Whitsett, JA. The lung-specific surfactant protein B gene promoter is a target for thyroid transcription factor 1 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 3, indicating common factors for organ-specific gene expression along the foregut axis. Mol Cell Biol 1994. 14:5671-5681.
Brody, SL, Yan, XH, Wuerffel, MK, Song, S-K, Shapiro, SD. Ciliogenesis and left-right axis defects in forkhead factor HFH-4-null mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000. 23:45-51.
Sutherland, D, Samakoulis, C, Krasnow, MA. Branchless encodes a Drosophila Fgf homolog that controls tracheal migration and the pattern of branching. Cell 1996. 87:1091-1101.
Glazer, L, Shilo, BZ. The Drosophila FGF-R homolog is expressed in the embryonic tracheal system and appears to be required for directed tracheal cell extension. Genes Dev 1991. 5:697-705.
Peters, K, et al. Targeted expression of a dominant negative FGF receptor blocks branching morphogenesis and epithelial differentiation of the mouse lung. EMBO J 1994. 13:3296-3301.
Min, H, et al. Fgf-10 is required for both limb and lung development and exhibits striking functional similarity to Drosophila branchless. Genes Dev 1998. 12:3156-3161.
Hajihosseini, MK, Wilson, S, De Moerlooze, L, Dickson, C. A splicing switch and gain-of-function mutation in FgfR2-IIIc hemizygotes causes Apert/Pfeiffer-syndrome-like phenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001. 98:3855-3860.
Ulich, TR, et al. Keratinocyte growth factor is a growth factor for type II pneumocytes in vivo. J Clin Invest 1994. 93:1298-1306.
Tichelaar, JW, Lu, W, Whitsett, JA. Conditional expression of fibroblast growth factor-7 in the developing and mature lung. J Biol Chem 2000. 275:11858-11864.
Clark, JC, et al. FGF-10 disrupts lung morphogenesis and causes pulmonary adenomas in vivo. Am J Physiol 2001. 280:L705-L715.
Zhou, L, et al. Keratinocyte growth factor stimulates CFTR-independent fluid secretion in the fetal lung in vitro. Am J Physiol 1996. 271:L987-L994.
Kopp, EB, Medzhitov, R. The Toll-receptor family and control of innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 1999. 11:13-18.
Hoffmann, JA, Kafatos, FC, Janeway, CA, Ezkowitz, RAB. Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity. Science 1999. 284:1313-1318.
LeVine, AM, Whitsett, JA. Pulmonary collectins and innate host defense of the lung. Microbes Infect 2001. 3:161-166.
Sano, H, et al. Surfactant proteins A and D bind CD14 by different mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2000. 275:22442-22451.
Yoshida, M, Korfhagen, TR, Whitsett, JA. Surfactant protein D regulates NF-κB and matrix metalloproteinase production in alveolar macrophages via oxidant-sensitive pathways. J Immunol 2001. 166:7514-7519.
Lemaitre, B, Nicolas, E, Michaut, L, Reichhart, J-M, Hoffmann, JA. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 1996. 86:973-983.
Muraoka, RS, Bushdid, PB, Brantley, DM, Yull, FE, Kerr, LD. Mesenchymal expression of nuclear factor-kappaB inhibits epithelial growth and branching in the embryonic chick lung. Dev Biol 2000. 225:322-338.
Borok, Z, et al. Keratinocyte growth factor modulates alveolar epithelial cell phenotype in vitro: expression of aquaporin 5. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998. 18:554-561.
Stahlman, MT, Gray, ME, Whitsett, JA. Expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) in fetal and neonatal human lung. J Histochem Cytochem 1996. 44:673-678.
Panos, RJ, Bak, PM, Simonet, WS, Rubin, JS, Smith, LJ. Intratracheal instillation of keratinocyte growth factor decreases hyperoxia-induced mortality in rats. J Clin Invest 1995. 96:2026-2033.
Michael R. Knowles et al.
Francis X. McCormack et al.


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Acupuncture Alleviates Cerebral Palsy
Researchers conclude that electroacupuncture plus moxibustion increases the clinical effective rate of physiotherapy for the treatment of infantile cerebral palsy. Binzhou City Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital researchers combined Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) therapy (i.e., electroacupuncture and moxibustion) with standard physiotherapy. Patients receiving both TCM care and physiotherapy in a combined treatment protocol had superior patient outcomes compared with patients receiving only physiotherapy. The physiotherapy control group achieved a total effective rate of 78.9%. The TCM care plus physiotherapy treatment group achieved a total effective rate of 92.9%. The addition of TCM care to physiotherapy increases the total effective rate by 14%. Let's take a look at the results.
The study design was as follows. The investigation involved the selection of 80 patients who received acupuncture and physiotherapy treatment at the acupuncture department of the Binzhou City TCM Hospital. Patients were randomly assigned to a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group had 42 patients, and the control group had 38 patients. Both groups received identical physiotherapy. The treatment group received acupuncture and moxibustion therapy in addition to physiotherapy.
The statistical breakdown for each randomized group was as follows. The treatment group was comprised of 31 males and 11 females, with an average age of 4 (±2) years. The control group was comprised of 29 males and 9 females, with an average age of 5 (±2) years. The patients from both groups were comparable as there were no significant differences in terms of their gender and age relevant to patient outcome measures prior to beginning the investigation.
Both patient groups underwent identical physiotherapy regimens. A 1 – 2 hour physiotherapy session was conducted once daily for 5 consecutive days, followed by 2 break days. In total, physiotherapy was administered for 6 months.
The treatment group also underwent scalp and body style acupuncture, electroacupuncture, and moxibustion. Scalp acupuncture for the treatment group was administered on the following lines:
Qianshencong to GB6 (vertex-temporal anterior oblique line)
GV20 to GV21 vertex (vertex middle line)
1.5 cun from BL6 posteriorly (vertex lateral line 1)
1.5 cun from GB17 posteriorly (vertex lateral line 2)
2 cun from BL9 downwards (occiput lower lateral line)
GV20 (Baihui)
Ex-HN1 (Sishencong)
GV24 (Shenting)
The body style acupoints for the treatment group were the following:
LI14 (Binao)
LI10 (Shousanli)
TB5 (Waiguan)
TB4 (Yangchi)
SP10 (Xuehai)
ST32 (Futu)
BL40 (Weizhong)
BL57 (Chengshan)
KI3 (Taixi)
BL60 (Kunlun)
For scalp acupuncture, treatment began with patients resting in the supine or sitting position. Upon disinfection, a 0.25 mm x 25 mm filiform acupuncture needle was inserted obliquely along each selected line and was manipulated with the Ping Bu Ping Xie (attenuating and tonifying) technique. After elicitation of a deqi sensation, the acupuncture needles were connected to an electroacupuncture device. A disperse-dense wave was applied with an intensity level set to patient tolerance levels or until muscle contractions were observable. The needles were retained for 30 minutes for each acupuncture session.
For body style acupuncture, treatments began with patients resting in the supine or sitting position. Upon disinfection, a 0.25 mm x 25 mm filiform acupuncture needle was inserted perpendicularly into each selected acupoint and manipulated first with the attenuating (lifting and thrusting) technique and then with the tonifying-rotating technique. After elicitation of a deqi sensation, a 15 – 25 minute needle retention time was observed. The moxibustion acupoints for the treatment group were the following:
GV2 (Yaoshu)
GV3 (Yaoyangguan)
GV4 (Mingmen)
GV5 (Xuanshu)
GV8 (Jinsuo)
GV9 (Zhiyang)
GV14 (Dazhui)
Between 2 – 3 of the total 7 acupoints were selected randomly for moxibustion treatment. Long moxa sticks were ignited and held 2 – 3 cm above each selected acupoint. Moxa was left in place until the local skin showed initial signs of redness, this is approximately at the 5 – 10 minute marker. Acupuncture plus moxa treatments were administered once daily for 5 consecutive days, followed by 2 break days. In total, the treatment was conducted for 6 months.
The patients' general status were scored before and after treatments. In addition, all patients underwent Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) assessment before and after their treatments. The GMFM is a clinical tool designed to evaluate changes in gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. After treatment, the treatment efficacy for each patient was categorized into 1 of 4 tiers:
Recovery: The combined score increasing by over 20%.
Significantly effective: The combined score increasing by less than 20%, but over 10%.
Effective: The combined score increasing by less than 10%, but over 5%.
Not effective: The combined score increasing by less than 5%.
The researchers compared results. The treatment group significantly produced greater positive patient outcomes than the control group. The total effective rate for the control group that received physiotherapy as a standalone therapy was 78.9%. The total effective rate for the treatment group receiving a combination of physiotherapy and TCM care was 92.9%. The addition of TCM care to physiotherapy increases the total effective rate by 14%. Based on the clinical outcomes, the researchers conclude that physiotherapy combined with electroacupuncture and moxa is superior to using physiotherapy as a standalone procedure.
In Traditional Chinese Medicine, infantile cerebral palsy falls under the following class of disorders: Wuchi (translated as the five slownesses), Wuruan (translated as the five softs), or Wuying (translated as the five stiffnesses). Wuchi is caused by inherent insufficiency of essence and blood, especially insufficiency of kidney jing-essence. Wuruan is caused by inherent qi deficiency of zang-fu organs and kidney jing-essence insufficiency. Wuying is also caused by kidney jing-essence insufficiency. In infantile cerebral palsy, kidney jing-essence insufficiency leads to qi and blood deficiency, malnourishment of the seven orifices on the head, and lack of clarity of the spirit-mind.
The researchers also provide insight into TCM treatment principles based on the aforementioned understanding of infantile cerebral palsy. The focus of treatment is upon three aspects. First, scalp acupuncture opens the seven orifices, stimulates the brain, and benefits the spirit-mind. Second, body acupuncture on kidney related acupoints benefits the kidneys, replenishes jing-essence, and tonifies kidney qi. Third, body acupuncture on yangming meridians and other local areas resolves tetany and relieves pain. Electric stimulation and moxibustion were also used in the study as a supplement to manual acupuncture treatment. Moxibustion warms and frees the meridians, disperses stasis, and strengthens the muscles. Electric stimulation activates the repair and regrowth of nerve cells.
In a related clinical study conducted at the Neijiang Second People's Hospital, Xie and Lu conclude that acupuncture and massotherapy significantly alleviates drooling and improves quality of life scores for cerebral palsy patients. Xie and Lu conclude that cerebral palsy patients treated with acupuncture and massotherapy had significantly greater positive patient outcomes than patients receiving neither acupuncture nor massotherapy. Patients receiving acupuncture and massotherapy had less drooling and demonstrated significant improvements in fine motor movements, adaptive behavior, and social behavior compared with the control group. Acupuncture plus massotherapy patients also demonstrated the ability to consume meals independently better than the control group. The results indicate that acupuncture is an effective adjunct form of medical care for patients with cerebral palsy.
Jiao YX et al. Therapeutic Observation of Electroacupuncture plus Moxibustion for Infantile Cerebral Palsy [J], Shanghai Journal of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, 2017, (05):525 – 528.
Xie AS & Liu LX. (2015). Clinical Observations on Acupuncture and Massotherapy for Cerebral Palsy-salivation. Shanghai Journal of Acupuncture and Moxibustion. 34(6).
Li SQ. (2015). Clinical Observation on Acupuncture Combined with Rehabilitation Training for Treatment of Infantile Cerebral Palsy. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine on Cardio/Cerebrovascular Disease. 13(2).
Wang X, Du YH & Xiong J. (2011). Acupuncture and rehabilitation training in treating infantile cerebral palsy. 38(3): 408-413.


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The Commissioner of Income-tax Vs. thevara Patasala by Manager, Arunachalam Chettiar - Court Judgment
LegalCrystal Citation legalcrystal.com/787756
Subject Property;Direct Taxation
Court Chennai
Decided On Jan-11-1926
Reported in AIR1926Mad949; (1926)51MLJ123
Appellant The Commissioner of Income-tax
Respondent thevara Patasala by Manager, Arunachalam Chettiar
Cases Referred Common v. Governors of
- - the english authorities are quite clear that if an institution which primarily exists for charitable purposes chooses to raise funds for those purposes by carrying on a business in competition with other persons who have to pay income-tax, they like them will have to pay income-tax notwithstanding the fact that the ultimate surplus of the profits is all going to the charitable object. in our opinion, that is clearly laid down in the rotunda hospital case [common v. 68 we think that that principle applies quite clearly to the indian act as the allahabad high court hold and that the answer to this reference must be that the proceeds derived from the carrying on of this rice mill are assessable to income-tax......be taxed as being the profits of the business. it is quite clear to our minds that if they are the profits of a business they cannot at the same time be income derived from property held under trust wholly for religious or charitable purposes. the question was at first sight a little complicated by the fact which appears on the face of the document that this was a forbidden investment and that to put the money into this rice mill was a clear breach of trust on the part of the trustees. but the answer of the crown appears to be on reflection that even assuming it to be a breach of trust, that is a matter which raises questions no doubt as between the cesti qui trust and the trustees and it may be that the trustees will not be able to charge the institution with any part of the profits.....
Murray Coutts Trotter, C.J.
1. The facts in this case are quite sufficiently set out in the case stated by the Commissioner, and they are shortly these, that a Hindu joint family entered into a partition and agreed among themselves that Rs. 15,000 of the family property should be set aside for a trust purpose, which purpose was to establish a Thevara Patasala, that is, a school for teaching Hindus Tamil hymns, and that the income from the balance of the amount after erecting a building was to be used for the upkeep and carrying on of the school.The direction was that that balance was to be invested in the purchase of lands and that it was on the income arising from those lands the Patasala should be run. Now in these circumstances we entertain no doubt that there was a creation of a valid trust and one from which none of the parties or its members could possibly have resiled without committing a breach of trust. The question now arises in consequence of what the trustees did. Instead of investing the balance after building the school in lands they in some shape or form invested them in a rice mill apparently they purchased it and they carried on there the business of milling rice and derived income from it. The point taken by the Crown is that on that income they are liable to be taxed as being the profits of the business. It is quite clear to our minds that if they are the profits of a business they cannot at the same time be income derived from property held under trust wholly for religious or charitable purposes. The question was at first sight a little complicated by the fact which appears on the face of the document that this was a forbidden investment and that to put the money into this rice mill was a clear breach of trust on the part of the trustees. But the answer of the Crown appears to be on reflection that even assuming it to be a breach of trust, that is a matter which raises questions no doubt as between the cesti qui trust and the trustees and it may be that the trustees will not be able to charge the institution with any part of the profits that is taken from them by the Crown in the form of taxes. On that we express no opinion. But it does not in the least affect the position. The English authorities are quite clear that if an institution which primarily exists for charitable purposes chooses to raise funds for those purposes by carrying on a business in competition with other persons who have to pay income-tax, they like them will have to pay income-tax notwithstanding the fact that the ultimate surplus of the profits is all going to the charitable object. In our opinion, that is clearly laid down in the Rotunda Hospital case [Common v. Governors of the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin (1921) 1 A.C. 1.] which has been followed in the subsequent cases, and only the other day in In the matter of Lachman Das Narain Das I.L.R. (1924) A. 68 We think that that principle applies quite clearly to the Indian Act as the Allahabad High Court hold and that the answer to this reference must be that the proceeds derived from the carrying on of this rice mill are assessable to income-tax. The person whom we declare to be assessable and whom we make to pay the costs of this reference including a pleader's fee of Rs. 150 is the manager Arunachalam Chetty.


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Unless otherwise indicated, all content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from The Holy Bible, English Standard Version. Copyright ©2001 by Crossway Bibles, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Contact me: openbibleinfo (at) gmail.com. Cite this page: Editor: Stephen Smith. Publication date: Jun 24, 2019. Publisher: OpenBible.info. Christian Gifts
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Solomon made all the furniture which was in the house of the LORD: the golden altar and the golden table on which was the bread of the Presence; and the lampstands, five on the right side and five on the left, in front of the inner sanctuary, of pure gold; and the flowers and the lamps and the tongs, of gold; and the cups and the snuffers and the bowls and the spoons and the firepans, of pure gold; and the hinges both for the doors of the inner house, the most holy place, and for the doors of the house, that is, of the nave, of gold. Bible Scripture Art
Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, and Timothy our brother, To the saints and faithful brothers in Christ at Colossae: Grace to you and peace from God our Father. We always thank God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, when we pray for you, since we heard of your faith in Christ Jesus and of the love that you have for all the saints, because of the hope laid up for you in heaven. Of this you have heard before in the word of the truth, the gospel, ... Christian Gifts
My son, do not forget my teaching, but let your heart keep my commandments, for length of days and years of life and peace they will add to you. Let not steadfast love and faithfulness forsake you; bind them around your neck; write them on the tablet of your heart. So you will find favor and good success in the sight of God and man. Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding. ...
Unless otherwise indicated, all content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from The Holy Bible, English Standard Version. Copyright ©2001 by Crossway Bibles, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Contact me: openbibleinfo (at) gmail.com. Cite this page: Editor: Stephen Smith. Publication date: Jun 24, 2019. Publisher: OpenBible.info. Bible Scripture Art
Our huge selection of Bible verse wall quotes allows you to put your Heart and Faith on your wall. The Bible is full of beautiful verses that can share the heart of your Congregation and Church. At Wall Praise we have created beautiful Bible verse wall decals for Churches all over the World. From a dump in Tijauana to Orphanages in India and Vietnam...this is our Ministry. Christian Gifts
"You shall take two onyx stones and engrave on them the names of the sons of Israel, six of their names on the one stone and the names of the remaining six on the other stone, according to their birth. "As a jeweler engraves a signet, you shall engrave the two stones according to the names of the sons of Israel; you shall set them in filigree settings of gold.read more. Christian Gifts
While I may be a "leader," I certainly don't fit the mold. I'm soft spoken, introverted, and don't exactly share a physique with the superheroes we know and love. But when I started crafting designs featuring my favorite verses and quotes and sharing them, I began to see an unexpected impact. I received emails from team leaders who let me know how the prints had been motivating their employees. Teachers, who had been hanging them in their classrooms. And caring people who had gifted the artwork to friends battling cancer. Share Your Faith Products
A Christian wall decal from Divine Walls is the perfect gift. We offer over 600 uniquely crafted and beautiful designs on our site. Select the perfect size, color, and verse for your home, office, or church. A Divine Walls decal is easily removed and will not cause damage to your home. If you can't find what you are looking for, try our custom design service. Christian Canvas Art
Solomon made all the furniture which was in the house of the LORD: the golden altar and the golden table on which was the bread of the Presence; and the lampstands, five on the right side and five on the left, in front of the inner sanctuary, of pure gold; and the flowers and the lamps and the tongs, of gold; and the cups and the snuffers and the bowls and the spoons and the firepans, of pure gold; and the hinges both for the doors of the inner house, the most holy place, and for the doors of the house, that is, of the nave, of gold. Christian Gifts
Throughout the history of art many great artists have been inspired by stories in the bible. On this site an ever increasing selection of their work is presented, with every painting linked to a related bible passage. The text is from the King James Bible, also known as the Authorized Version. You will find the full text online, including the apocrypha and the translators' preface. Christian Canvas Art
"Now her sister Oholibah saw this, yet she was more corrupt in her lust than she, and her harlotries were more than the harlotries of her sister. "She lusted after the Assyrians, governors and officials, the ones near, magnificently dressed, horsemen riding on horses, all of them desirable young men. "I saw that she had defiled herself; they both took the same way.read more.
"Bezalel and Oholiab and every craftsman in whom the Lord has put skill and intelligence to know how to do any work in the construction of the sanctuary shall work in accordance with all that the Lord has commanded." And Moses called Bezalel and Oholiab and every craftsman in whose mind the Lord had put skill, everyone whose heart stirred him up to come to do the work. And they received from Moses all the contribution that the people of Israel had brought for doing the work on the sanctuary. They still kept bringing him freewill offerings every morning, so that all the craftsmen who were doing every sort of task on the sanctuary came, each from the task that he was doing, and said to Moses, "The people bring much more than enough for doing the work that the Lord has commanded us to do." ... Christian Canvas Art
Scripture Wall Art is the leader in the vinyl wall decal industry specializing in Bible Verse Wall Decals, Romantic Love Decals, Motivational Wall Decals, Decals for Children, Family Themed Wall Decals, and even wall decals for the Laundry Room. With over 1200 designs, we probably already have what you want, however, if we don't, we will be happy to make it for you. Christian Gifts
He also made two capitals of molten bronze to set on the tops of the pillars; the height of the one capital was five cubits and the height of the other capital was five cubits. There were nets of network and twisted threads of chainwork for the capitals which were on the top of the pillars; seven for the one capital and seven for the other capital. So he made the pillars, and two rows around on the one network to cover the capitals which were on the top of the pomegranates; and so he did for the other capital. The capitals which were on the top of the pillars in the porch were of lily design, four cubits. There were capitals on the two pillars, even above and close to the rounded projection which was beside the network; and the pomegranates numbered two hundred in rows around both capitals. Thus he set up the pillars at the porch of the nave; and he set up the right pillar and named it Jachin, and he set up the left pillar and named it Boaz. On the top of the pillars was lily design. So the work of the pillars was finished. Christian Canvas Art
Then to Adam He said, "Because you have listened to the voice of your wife, and have eaten from the tree about which I commanded you, saying, 'You shall not eat from it'; Cursed is the ground because of you; In toil you will eat of it All the days of your life. "Both thorns and thistles it shall grow for you; And you will eat the plants of the field; By the sweat of your face You will eat bread, Till you return to the ground, Because from it you were taken; For you are dust, And to dust you shall return."
It was carved with cherubim and palm trees; and a palm tree was between cherub and cherub, and every cherub had two faces, a man's face toward the palm tree on one side and a young lion's face toward the palm tree on the other side; they were carved on all the house all around. From the ground to above the entrance cherubim and palm trees were carved, as well as on the wall of the nave. The doorposts of the nave were square; as for the front of the sanctuary, the appearance of one doorpost was like that of the other. The altar was of wood, three cubits high and its length two cubits; its corners, its base and its sides were of wood And he said to me, "This is the table that is before the LORD." The nave and the sanctuary each had a double door. Each of the doors had two leaves, two swinging leaves; two leaves for one door and two leaves for the other. Also there were carved on them, on the doors of the nave, cherubim and palm trees like those carved on the walls; and there was a threshold of wood on the front of the porch outside. There were latticed windows and palm trees on one side and on the other, on the sides of the porch; thus were the side chambers of the house and the thresholds. Bible Scripture Art
Now King Solomon sent and brought Hiram from Tyre. He was a widow's son from the tribe of Naphtali, and his father was a man of Tyre, a worker in bronze; and he was filled with wisdom and understanding and skill for doing any work in bronze So he came to King Solomon and performed all his work. He fashioned the two pillars of bronze; eighteen cubits was the height of one pillar, and a line of twelve cubits measured the circumference of both. read more.
Glory of ChristChrist AtoningThe Effect Of The Word Of GodChrist's Own GloryimagepersonalityThe Beauty Of NatureGod On HighRight Hand Of GodRadiancyGod Sustaining CreationPower Of Christ, ShownHand Of GodGod, Living And Self sustainingRight SidesSalvation, Nature OfKnowledge, Of Jesus ChristCreatorGod's Glory In Jesus ChristMediatorGod, Power OfGod, Glory Of Christian Canvas Art
SWA sells only 100% ready to go wall decals made out of the highest quality materials. And while it can take up to a month to get a cheap vinyl wall decal from China that doesn't even work, we typically get your wall art to you in less than a week. Customers near us, often get them the next day. That's because we ship most orders the same business day when ordered before noon PST.
In the second year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, Nebuchadnezzar had dreams; his spirit was troubled, and his sleep left him. Then the king commanded that the magicians, the enchanters, the sorcerers, and the Chaldeans be summoned to tell the king his dreams. So they came in and stood before the king. And the king said to them, "I had a dream, and my spirit is troubled to know the dream." Then the Chaldeans said to the king in Aramaic, "O king, live forever! Tell your servants the dream, and we will show the interpretation." The king answered and said to the Chaldeans, "The word from me is firm: if you do not make known to me the dream and its interpretation, you shall be torn limb from limb, and your houses shall be laid in ruins. ... Christian Canvas Art
This is the book of the generations of Adam. When God created man, he made him in the likeness of God. Male and female he created them, and he blessed them and named them Man when they were created. When Adam had lived 130 years, he fathered a son in his own likeness, after his image, and named him Seth. The days of Adam after he fathered Seth were 800 years; and he had other sons and daughters. Thus all the days that Adam lived were 930 years, and he died. ... Christian Canvas Art
"Make for yourself an ark of gopher wood; you shall make the ark with rooms, and shall cover it inside and out with pitch. "This is how you shall make it: the length of the ark three hundred cubits, its breadth fifty cubits, and its height thirty cubits. "You shall make a window for the ark, and finish it to a cubit from the top; and set the door of the ark in the side of it; you shall make it with lower, second, and third decks. Share Your Faith Products
As for you, if you will walk before Me as your father David walked, in integrity of heart and uprightness, doing according to all that I have commanded you and will keep My statutes and My ordinances, then I will establish the throne of your kingdom over Israel forever, just as I promised to your father David, saying, 'You shall not lack a man on the throne of Israel.' But if you or your sons indeed turn away from following Me, and do not keep My commandments and My statutes which I have set before you, and go and serve other gods and worship them, then I will cut off Israel from the land which I have given them, and the house which I have consecrated for My name, I will cast out of My sight. Christian Gifts
Masters, treat your slaves justly and fairly, knowing that you also have a Master in heaven. Continue steadfastly in prayer, being watchful in it with thanksgiving. At the same time, pray also for us, that God may open to us a door for the word, to declare the mystery of Christ, on account of which I am in prison— that I may make it clear, which is how I ought to speak. Walk in wisdom toward outsiders, making the best use of the time. ... Share Your Faith Products
Many are the plans in the mind of a man, but it is the purpose of the Lord that will stand. What is desired in a man is steadfast love, and a poor man is better than a liar. The fear of the Lord leads to life, and whoever has it rests satisfied; he will not be visited by harm. The sluggard buries his hand in the dish and will not even bring it back to his mouth. Strike a scoffer, and the simple will learn prudence; reprove a man of understanding, and he will gain knowledge. ... Bible Scripture Art
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Is Presidents Day 2021 a federal holiday?
Monday, February 15 – President's Day. Monday, May 31 – Memorial Day.
Do any presidents have the same birthday?
Presidents James Knox Polk and Warren Gamaliel Harding have one thing in common aside from a stay in the White House: the same November 2 birthday. Polk died shortly after leaving office. Harding was born on November 2, 1865, in Ohio.
Is it President's or Presidents?
Saying "President's Day" implies that the day belongs to a singular president, such as George Washington or Abraham Lincoln, whose birthdays are the basis for the holiday. On the other hand, referring to it as "Presidents' Day" means that the day belongs to all of the presidents—that it's their day collectively.
Do most companies give Presidents Day off?
Presidents' Day ranked seventh among paid holidays most given by employers. While nearly 40 percent of employers give it as a holiday overall, 56 percent in the non-business category, which includes the government and education sectors, let employees have the day off.
Is there mail delivery on President's Day?
There will be no regular mail delivery on Presidents Day. Only Priority Mail Express will be delivered.
Is 17 February President's Day?
The day is a state holiday in most states, with official names including Washington's Birthday, Presidents' Day, President's Day, and Washington's and Lincoln's Birthday….
Washington's Birthday
Date Third Monday in February
2020 date February 17
Do most companies have Presidents Day off?
Who gets President's Day off? Given that Washington's Birthday is a federal holiday, federal employees get the day off, of course. Many other government and state employees do, too. Some will still be in operation, while others give employees the day off.
Are schools closed for Lincoln's birthday?
California. (Many schools, courts and businesses are closed. However, some offices and businesses remain open.)
Why do we celebrate Presidents Day?
Presidents' Day, officially Washington's Birthday, in the United States, holiday (third Monday in February) popularly recognized as honouring George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. The day is sometimes understood as a celebration of the birthdays and lives of all U.S. presidents.
Is tomorrow a holiday Presidents Day?
Presidents' Day is observed annually on the third Monday in February. In 2021, Presidents' Day will be celebrated on Monday, February 15.
Do you say Happy Presidents Day?
The Obama White House used the Chicago Style "Presidents' Day" here. The New York Times and The Washington Post have used the apostrophe as well. Merriam-Webster has stated emphatically that the apostrophe goes at the end: Happy Presidents' Day!
Why do we celebrate Presidents Day for kids?
Happy Presidents' Day! Today it is a time to honor all those who have held the highest political office in the United States, past and present. It's also a great time to teach your child about history and some of the nation's greatest leaders!
What are the 11 paid holidays?
In the U.S., this is the Federal paid holiday schedule.
New Year's Day,
Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.,
Washington's Birthday,
Memorial Day,
Independence Day (July 4),
Labor Day,
"Columbus Day" (also observed as Indigenous Peoples Day),
Veterans Day,
Why is Presidents Day not on George Washington's birthday?
Origins of the Monday Holiday 22 to the third Monday in February. Some reformers had wanted to change the name of the holiday as well, to Presidents' Day, in honor of both Lincoln and Washington, but that proposal was rejected by Congress, and the holiday remained officially Washington's Birthday.
What is Presidents Day for kids?
Officially the U.S. federal holiday's name is Washington's Birthday, established in the late 1800s to mark contributions of the first American president on his birthday, Feb. 22. The day later expanded to honor Abraham Lincoln, who was born on Feb. 12.
Who changed Washington's Birthday to Presidents Day?
Nearly a century later, in 1971, the Uniform Monday Holiday Law changed the date to the third Monday in February. The position of the holiday between the birthdays of Washington and Abraham Lincoln gave rise to the popular name of Presidents Day.
Do you get paid for Presidents Day?
George Washington's birthday, or President's Day, is a federal holiday celebrated on the third Monday of February. 24% of civilian workers get a paid holiday on this day.
Does the mailman come on Saturday?
Yes, USPS delivers on Saturday. Though USPS delivers on Saturdays, the delivery is subject to the service or mail class in use. Priority Mail & Priority Mail Express items might be delivered on Saturdays. However, the delivery of a first-class mail, media mail products, and standard post isn't specified.
What presidents is Presidents Day for?
Washington's Birthday is a U.S. federal holiday celebrated on the third Monday of February in honor of George Washington, the first president of the United States. Increasingly, the holiday has become an occasion to celebrate the birthdays of both President George Washington and President Abraham Lincoln.
Why is February 17th Presidents Day?
Washington's Birthday officially honors the life and work of George Washington, the first president of the United States. The day commemorates past presidents of the USA. Washington's Birthday is sometimes known as Presidents' Day.
What president has a birthday in February?
Is Lincoln's birthday a federal holiday?
Currently, the Lincoln holiday is celebrated unofficially nationwide, as part of what many states call Presidents' Day, which falls on Monday, February 18 this year. There were efforts right after Lincoln's death to get this birthday recognized as a holiday, but there has never been a federal Lincoln-birthday holiday.
Who made Presidents Day a federal holiday?
President Rutherford B. Hayes
Is it President's Day or Washington's Birthday?
What are the 7 legal holidays?
New Year's Day.
Martin Luther King Jr. Day.
Presidents Day (Washington's Birthday)
Memorial Day.
Independence Day (Fourth of July)
Labor Day.
Columbus Day.
Thanksgiving.
Does Home Depot pay holidays?
Yes they do offer holiday pay. Open all holidays except Christmas and Thanksgiving.
What are UPS paid holidays?
UPS is closed on New Year's (Jan 1), Independence Day (July 4), Thanksgiving (Nov 25), and Christmas Day (Dec 25). UPS Express Critical® is still available. View the operating hours for other holidays for your location. UPS® pickup and delivery services are available.
How do we celebrate Presidents Day?
Do you know why we celebrate Presidents Day? Originally established in 1885 to honor President George Washington, the holiday was celebrated on Washington's actual birthday, Feb….
Research the meaning of Presidents Day.
Create a Presidents Day quiz.
Write a letter to the president.
Do presidential skits.
Make a cherry pie.
Who gets Presidents Day off?
To set the record straight, the third Monday in February is a federal holiday, meaning that federal employees get the day off and federal offices are closed. Officially, the holiday is called Washington's Birthday, to honor the first American president, George Washington.
Which states do not recognize Presidents Day?
Thirteen states—Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island and Wisconsin—don't celebrate Presidents Day or Washington's Birthday.
What day does the new president take office 2020?
The 20th amendment to the Constitution specifies that the term of each elected President of the United States begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election. Each president must take the oath of office before assuming the duties of the position.
What is the first day of school in 2020 in NYC?
2020-2021 NYC Public School Calendar Wednesday, September 16-Friday, September 18: Remote partial school days for students. Monday, September 21: First full day of school; blended learning commences. Tuesday, November 3: Election Day, fully remote instructional day for all students.
Will schools open in the fall in NY?
New York City's public schools will be open at "full strength" in the fall, Mayor Bill de Blasio vowed on Tuesday. During an appearance on MSNBC, de Blasio declared, "We're coming back in September full strength.
Are schools closed tomorrow for Veterans Day?
Are Schools Closed on Veterans Day All the schools will remain closed on Wednesday, 11 November. it is not mandatory for State and local governments, schools and non-governmental businesses to stay close and may decide to remain schools open or closed.
Is Presidents Day a national holiday?
Officially, the holiday has another name. To set the record straight, the third Monday in February is a federal holiday, meaning that federal employees get the day off and federal offices are closed. Officially, the holiday is called Washington's Birthday, to honor the first American president, George Washington.
Will federal employees get Inauguration Day off 2021?
Inauguration Day falls on Wednesday, January 20, 2021, and it is established by statute as a holiday only for Federal employees who work in the "Inauguration Day area" (defined in law as the District of Columbia, Montgomery and Prince George's Counties in Maryland, Arlington and Fairfax Counties in Virginia, and the …
Is there school on Veterans Day 2020?
Veterans Day is a public holiday. It is a day off for the general population, and schools and most businesses are closed.
What day will banks be closed for 4th of July 2020?
Independence Day falls on a Saturday this year, so most banks will be closed on July 4, 2020. However, the Federal Reserve does not recognize July 3 as a federal holiday, so most banks will remain open on Friday, although hours may vary depending on your location so we recommend calling ahead before making a trip.
Are banks open Inauguration Day 2021?
** The Board of Governors is closed on July 5, 2021, Dec. 26, 2022 and Jan. 2, 2023. Note: The Board of Governors is closed in observance of Inauguration Day on Jan….How We Make Money.
Federal Reserve System holidays
Are NYC Schools open September 2020?
New York City's public schools will be open at "full strength" in the fall, Mayor Bill de Blasio vowed on Tuesday. During an appearance on MSNBC, de Blasio declared, "We're coming back in September full strength. As of Monday, City Hall was unable to say how many teachers have been vaccinated for COVID-19 so far.
Do schools have off for Veterans Day?
Holidays are opportunities waited for by students across the globe to have a break from school works, whether they only come for a single day or they fall on a long weekend….When are school holidays in California?
Sep 6 Labor Day
Nov 11 Veterans Day
Nov 25 Thanksgiving
Is there school on Inauguration Day?
Public Life Inauguration Day is not a public holiday and many people are expected to work as usual. Many schools, stores, and other organizations are open as normal in many parts of the USA. Public transport services run on their regular schedules.
Why do some schools not celebrate Veterans Day?
Q. Why do some schools close and others remain in session on Veterans Day? Because there is no legal requirement that schools close on Veterans Day, individual states or school districts are free to establish their own policies on school closings.
Do we have school on Columbus Day in California?
Columbus Day is celebrated annually on the second Monday of October and is not recognized as a school holiday in California.
What if holiday falls on my day off?
Some supervisors say the Holiday moves while other supervisors say the employee's regular day off moves. The rules basically are that if a holiday falls on an employee's day off, then the day to be taken off, known as an 'in lieu of day,' is the day immediately before the employee's day off on which the holiday falls.
Are schools closed on Presidents Day 2021?
Most public schools are closed in observance of Presidents' Day, although some districts reserve the date as a makeup weather day. If there's any uncertainty, check your school's calendar or social media feeds.
Does the mail run on MLK Day 2021?
Martin Luther King Jr. Day holiday, Postal Service facilities will be closed for retail transactions on Monday, January 18, 2021. There will be no residential or business deliveries. Although there will be no regular mail service, Priority Mail Express is delivered 365 days a year and will be delivered on January 18th.
Is Inauguration Day 2021 a holiday?
Presidential Inauguration Day When Inauguration Day is moved to January 21st because January 20th falls on Sunday, Federal employees in the Washington, DC, area who would otherwise work on Monday, January 21st, are entitled to a holiday on that day.
When should kids count to 10?
How successful was the Brown decision in ending segregation?


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Mayors Endorse New Movement to Create an Early Learning Nation by 2025
On Saturday, longtime Thrive by Five Washington board member Jackie Bezos launched a movement to build an early learning nation by 2025, and quickly won the support of leaders who will help drive the effort: U.S. mayors. At their annual meeting in Dallas, Texas, mayors unanimously endorsed a resolution supporting the community-led Early[…..]
Experts Warn Rising ADHD Diagnosis and Preschool Expansion Could Collide
Today, a rising wave of children are arriving in preschool and child care with a label — a diagnosis of autism, ADHD or another disorder — and they are changing early education. The spike in diagnosis of childhood disorders means that 1 in 9 children are now told they have attention deficit hyperactivity[…..]
Sam About Town: Talking Early Learning and Taking Selfies
The last month or so has been chock-full of opportunities for me to spread the good word about the importance of early learning and Thrive's work. We're so fortunate to live in Washington state, which is a national leader in this work as the result of the extraordinary vision and tireless efforts of so[…..]
President Obama's Early Ed Plan Fuels Local Progress, Even Without Congressional Success
It's been two years since President Barack Obama proposed his sweeping early education plan and it remains stuck in the congressional swamp, nowhere near his desk. Instead, states and cities continue to lead the way on early learning reforms. New York City, for example, has launched an ambitious universal preschool program, and Seattle[…..]
Creating Moments to "Love, Talk and Play" in the Grocery Store Aisles
By Marlaina Simmons Regional Coordinator Olympic-Kitsap Peninsulas Early Learning Regional Coalition Most mothers will tell you that grocery shopping with young children can be challenging. But what if it could be fun and educational instead? This summer, the Olympic-Kitsap Peninsulas Early Learning Regional Coalition will try out the use of the "Love. Talk.[…..]
It's Time for a New Way to Measure Effectiveness of Early and K-12 Education, Report Says
In the debates over education reform in recent years, policymakers and educators revamped and expanded early learning in states around the nation. But, how do we know if those statewide reforms are working? A new report suggests we need a clearer picture of schools — in particular a new way of measuring statewide[…..]