text:
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Friends of a Legacy
Keeping the Mustangs Wild and Free
Mustang Rendezvous
About FOAL
The FOAL Board
Starting Your Own Advocacy Group?
Defining Attainable Goals
Fundraising Efforts
Identify Potential Partners
Additional Recommendations for Success
Visit the Peaks
The PZP Solution
Capturing Water in the High Plains Desert
FOAL Pledge Form
Native or Feral?
Who is F.O.A.L.?
President: Mary Scuffham
Vice President: Frances Clymer
Treasurer: John McGee
Secretary: Buzzy Hassrick
Executive Director: Heather Green
foal2005@outlook.com
Board Members: Buzzy Hassrick, Frances Clymer, Mary Scuffham, John McGee, Michaele Dimock, Marshall Dominick, Vicki Olson, Hap Ridgway, Jack Machen
Advisory Board: Warren Murphy, Cindy Bennett, Nena Graham-Burke, Phyllis Preator
Webmaster: Michaele Dimock
Mary (President) was born and raised on a farm in Northwestern Illinois. She has had a love of horses since she could talk and asked for a horse many times. She graduated from a diploma nursing program and worked as an RN for 43 years. Mary and her husband Harold have four grown children and eleven grandchildren. Her love of horses has continued throughout her life, having owned horses twice, and spending many hours riding at a friend's home; going to all kinds of horse shows; visiting the west when possible and hosting a therapeutic riding program at their home for a few years. That program outgrew their arena and when Harold and Mary found themselves mowing their five acres many times a month with no livestock to assist them, they decided to move. Having vacationed to the Cody area on numerous occasions, they decided to move to Cody. Both Harold and Mary had been involved in community activities in Illinois. Harold was with the Lions Club and local food pantry while Mary was with the Sinnissippi Foundation Board and the White Oaks Therapeutic Equestrian Center Board. After attending Jay Kirkpatrick's presentation on PZP in November of 2015, they started volunteering for Friends of a Legacy in 2016. Mary joined the FOAL board in early 2017.
Frances B. Clymer (Board Member) is the director of the Park County Library System. Her background includes twenty years at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center in Cody (now the Buffalo Bill Center of the West) where she was employed in the curatorial division as a researcher and curatorial assistant for ten years, followed by ten years as assistant librarian in the McCracken Research Library. During her time at the Buffalo Bill Center of the West, Frances was involved in the production of the catalog for its 1999 exhibit Unbroken Spirit: the Wild Horse in the American Landscape. Frances earned a B.A. in French Language and Literature at the University of Kansas, an M.A. in Medieval Studies at the University of Poitiers in Poitiers, France, and an M.L.I.S. in library administration from the School of Library and Information Management at Emporia State University.
Buzzy Hassrick (Secretary) has lived in Cody, on and off, since 1976 and has worked in the news departments of KODI and the Cody Enterprise, continuing now as an occasional writer for the newspaper. She joined the FOAL board in 2012 and will serve as secretary in 2015. As an avid hiker, she has explored the McCullough Peaks and finds them an enchanting, fragile landscape where all wildlife, including wild horses, fill important ecological niches. The efforts of FOAL, as an advocate for the mustangs, benefit the fauna as well as the flora of the Peaks.
John McGee (Treasurer) is a third generation Wyomingite and has lived in Cody his entire life. He was a general contractor for over 35 years and has been married to the same wonderful lady for almost 40 years. John and Maryann have two grown children who both live in Bozeman, Montana. He has been around horses since a very young age since his father and grandfather both shared their passion for horses with him. John says he is "interested in helping to preserve both the wild horses of the area and the environment in which they live. I think it is important to somehow manipulate the wild horse population and keep as few as possible in a confined situation."
Michaele Dimock (Board Member) Growing up as a horse-crazy kid, Michaele is still living her dream decades later, surrounded by horses. She shares this passion with her husband Chris and together they stay busy caring for their Cody ranch and running their newest company - It's Elation Inc. which helps organizations change the way individuals live and work by empowering them to take control of their mindset. Michaele is a certified "Reach Out to Horses" trainer under international equine specialist Anna Twinney. She has fostered many mustangs from the BLM and hosted six "Untouched Horse" clinics, where students from all over the U.S., Europe, Asia and Africa came to learn the art of gentling wild horses - which ultimately made it easier for them to be adopted. Michaele currently has nineteen adopted mustangs, seven from the McCullough Peaks and the rest from the Pryor Mountains, Adobe Town, Fifteen Mile, Divide Basin and Green Mountain HMA's.
Vicki Mann Olson (Board Member) says she "impulsively" adopted a two-year-old mustang stallion from McCullough Peaks on her birthday about 14 years ago. Tate blended in well with her other horses and is still doing fine. Nine years ago she inherited/rescued a herd of over 70 Paso Finos, 30 of which she continues to care for and train as she works to find them loving homes. Vicki's great grandparents homesteaded in Powell, Wyoming, where she and her husband, Bruce, raised their 6 children. She is a retired adjunct Northwest College (NWC) faculty member, has a degree in Photographic Communications from NWC, and is currently finishing up a degree in equine training from NWC. She is a partner in Open Range Images photo gallery in Cody, works part-time for Skywest Airlines at Yellowstone Regional Airport, enjoys volunteering in her community and photo excursions around Wyoming.
Marshall Dominick (Board Member)You may recognize this name and face from his previous service to FOAL. We are glad to welcome Marshall Dominick back to the board. Northwest Wyoming has been Marshall's home for all but a handful of his 74 years, making Marshall as close to being a Wyoming native as one can get without being born here. Marshall, his wife, Bettye Dominick, Ada Inbody and Ken Martin were founding members of FOAL in 2005. He continued to serve on the board for ten years. He took a brief hiatus from service in 2015 to recharge, returning with a "burning desire to do whatever I can to improve the conditions for the wild horses." He says he "enjoys working with the members of this dynamic board." Welcome back, Marshall!
Jack Machen (Board Member) was welcomed as our tenth board member. Jack served previously on the board and has continued his involvement by serving as an advisor. A native of Baltimore, Jack has been a lifelong visitor to the Cody area since 1968 when he worked on the 7D Ranch at the age of sixteen. In 2000, Jack and his wife, Louise, purchased land in Cody and spent vacations in their seasonal yurt before moving into their newly constructed house in 2019. Jack was a commercial real estate attorney for the global law firm DLA Piper before retiring in 2012. He now works remotely as Special Chief Solicitor with the Baltimore City Law Department while he and Louise deepen their roots in Wyoming. Welcome to the board, Jack! Good to have you back!
Hap Ridgway (Board Member) was born and raised in Cody. He graduated from Cody High School and went on to Dartmouth College, followed by a two-year tour in the Army before completing a Masters in International Affairs at Columbia University. His parents purchased a homestead in Sunlight Valley and in 1957 started Elk Creek Ranch, a ranch and wilderness program for teenagers. Hap started out as the "kitchen boy" and worked his way up to manage the operation in the 1970's. He paired his summer ranch work with a career in schools--teaching, serving as the assistant headmaster at Kimball Union Academy in New Hampshire, and finishing his career as the headmaster of Berwick Academy in Maine. His spouse Susan was equally passionate about ranch and school life and about working with teenagers. They ran Elk Creek together for two decades and then supported their nieces and later their four children as they took over the reins at the ranch handling the ranch correspondence and accounting and feeding horses during the winter. Hap now continues at the ranch enjoying the work with teenagers in the summer and the mountain country of Northwest Wyoming.
Warren Murphy (Advisory Board) is the President of Friends of a Legacy (FOAL), the wild horse advocacy organization for the Cody area wild horses. Warren is an Episcopal clergyman who has served in Wyoming for over 36 years. He has been a strong advocate for the protection of wild horses and all other wildlife found in the Rocky Mountain West. He is a former board member of the Great Yellowstone Coalition and he presently serves as Environmental Projects Director for the Wyoming Association of Churches. In this capacity he is coordinating a coalition of organizations and supporters who wish to see a federally designated National Conservation Area in Wyoming's Red Desert. This is an area of unique landscapes, Anglo and Native American historical sites and dessert wildlife including several wild horse herds. He is author of the recently published book, On Sacred Ground: A Religious and Spiritual History of Wyoming.
Copyright © 2023 Friends of a Legacy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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How can we make sure Pacific voices are really heard on the big issues? By building platforms that give space for emerging voices, particularly those beyond the usual suspects.
In 2019, proud to have led the team behind Future Pasifika - a joint partnership between the World Bank Group and the University of the South Pacific (USP). While it's currently on hiatus - like much of the world, due of course to COVID-19 - we're excited to bring this event series back to its home at USP's Laucala Campus in Suva, Fiji later in 2020.
In the meantime, enjoy these snappy summaries of some fascinating discussions:
www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/08/20/future-pasifika-big-issues-bold-ideas-fresh-perspectives
aid/development, Events, Pacific, The World Bank


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HomeSotloff Lauded at Florida Service as Journalist Committed to Truth
Sotloff Lauded at Florida Service as Journalist Committed to Truth
ReutersSeptember 6, 2014Image by Getty Images
Nearly 1,000 people including relatives, friends and prominent Florida politicians attended a memorial service on Friday for Steven Sotloff, who was killed by Islamic State militants, recalling him as a journalist committed to revealing the truth.
"I'm so proud of my son for living his dream," Sotloff's mother, Shirley, told those in attendance at the Jewish Temple Beth Am.
"Most people live a lifetime and never find fulfillment," she added, remembering her 31-year-old son as inquisitive and outgoing as a child.
The Islamic State released a video on Tuesday showing the killing of Sotloff, the second American journalist it has beheaded in its confrontation with the United States over American air strikes in Iraq on the militant group's forces.
"I have lost my son and my best friend, but I know his passing will change the world," said Sotloff's father, Arthur, making his first public remarks since his son's death.
Speakers at the two-hour memorial service recalled Sotloff as a man who displayed empathy and courage. As a freelance reporter, he wrote about the hardships faced by average people caught up in Middle East conflicts, said his mourners, remembering his passion for exposing the truth.
Sotloff was kidnapped in Syria in August 2013 after he drove across the border from Turkey.
"Steven was committed to truth and revealing it," said U.S. Senator Marco Rubio, speaking to the crowd. "He has revealed the true nature of evil in the world today."
Rubio sat alongside Florida Governor Rick Scott, a fellow Republican, as well as Democratic gubernatorial candidate Charlie Crist during the ceremony.
Sotloff first fell in love with the Middle East during trips and school in Israel, where he eventually became a citizen, according to friends and family. He spoke Arabic and traveled the region writing for magazines including Time and Foreign Policy.
Others shed light on Sotloff's more rambunctious side. Chris Castle recalled taking a shot of tequila with Sotloff after receiving his approval to marry the journalist's sister.
His uncle and godfather, Lou Bleiman, described a time he ran away from Valley Forge Military Academy and called for a ride from a telephone booth. "Steven had to march up and down in the rain and he didn't like it," he said.
Dozens of cousins and other friends echoed a prepared statement released by the family earlier this week, calling Sotloff torn between his comfortable life in the United States and the Arab world.
Steven Sotloff


If you're like most people, your twenties have been messy as hell. After working one too many jobs you couldn't care less about, maybe you've wondered if there's something bigger out there for you - some larger purpose. This isn't it? Milk the Pigeon is about the three existential questions we often struggle with when we feel lost in life: What should I do with my life? How do I find work I love? How do I create an awesome, meaningful life?
I really enjoyed this book even though I'm in my late 20's this book gives beneficial advice for anyone not just individuals in their 20's. This book gives you relatable advice with real life examples and personal experiences from the author. I've purchased all his books and I never get tired of them. I can re-listen to them and always feel with a sense accomplishment and insight. He also had a YouTube channel and gives advice there as well. I recommend this book to anyone!
There is an epidemic of fatigue running rampant in our society. Every morning, hundreds of thousands of women wake up to find themselves exhausted, overwhelmed, and overstressed. Groggily turning off the alarm, they reach for coffee, soda, or some other promise of energy. They suffer through the day—irritable, on edge, forgetful, depressed, and craving sweets. And then, at night, they have trouble sleeping. Diet and exercise don't seem to change things—if they even have the energy to follow these programs. So what on earth is going on?
I really liked this book it provides insight from a medical practitioner perspective in detail most often what a doctor won't tell you. Moreover, this book gives advice on how to heal not only physical wellbeing but emotional. She also gives advice using real life examples that anyone can relate to. I am very pleased with the information provided and will be implementing it in my life.


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SILVERSTONE CLASSIC - World Record Parade for Jaguar's Fastest Ever Production Supercar
World Record Parade for Jaguar's
Fastest Ever Production Supercar
Silverstone Classic to celebrate yet another motoring milestone
Unprecedented numbers of XJ220s to mark 25th anniversary
Amazing paddock display and special parade on famous GP circuit
Early Bird tickets on sale until the end of March
Jaguar's remarkable XJ220 is the latest classic car to receive the record-breaking treatment at the Silverstone Classic.
It's 25 years since the dramatically-styled, mid-engined, two-seater supercar was first introduced, quickly becoming not only Jaguar's fastest ever production car (an accolade it still holds today) but also the fastest production car in the world when clocked at a – then peerless – 212.3 mph.
Jaguar produced just 271 XJ220s between 1992 and 1994 in conjunction with its competition partner Tom Walkinshaw Racing – each one priced at a not inconsiderable £470,000. Such is their rarity that, until this summer's planned gathering at the Silverstone Classic (28-30 July), never have more than a handful ever been seen together.
Now, working closely with renowned XJ220 specialist Don Law Racing, the organisers of the annual Classic are aiming to bring together more than 50 examples for an astonishing display and circuit parade at the end of July.
"We are inviting all XJ220 owners from right round the world to join us for what will be a really special celebration of an often overlooked supercar," said Law. "We will be bringing along some special models including the Martini car and the MIRA crash test car, and we are also hoping to have one of the factory Le Mans cars here. The largest public gathering of XJ220s in the UK to-date is 20 – our aim for this summer's Classic is to at least double that."
The Jaguar XJ220 showcase will take place on the Saturday of the event, with a parade lap involving some specially invited guests who have close associations with the car's design, development and on-track success.
"The Classic now has quite a reputation for staging these record-breaking parades but, even by our own very high standards, this promises to be something very, very special," stated Nick Wigley, CEO of event organiser, Goose Live Events. "It all really started back in 2011 with the remarkable cavalcade of 767 E-types, which still holds an official Guinness World Record for a parade of Jaguars. Since then, we've seen massive numbers of Aston Martins, Porsche 911s, Ferrari F40s, Ford Mustangs and even grand prix cars all take to the track – and this year, we will add never-before-seen numbers of XJ220s to that incredible roster."
Although originally conceived to feature a V12 engine plus four-wheel-drive, to meet emissions legislation and performance targets, the showroom XJ220 model arrived with a 3.5-litre twin-turbocharged V6 developing 542bhp, delivered to the rear transaxle via a five-speed manual gearbox.
A racing version – called the XJ220-C – was introduced in 1993 to compete in the increasingly important GT class within international sportscar races. Later that year, one of these factory-entered cars driven by David Brabham, David Coulthard and John Nielsen won the GT category at Le Mans only to be controversially excluded by the French organisers.
"When I first saw the XJ220, I must admit I thought it was a sexy-looking beast, but as soon as we started testing it transpired to be difficult to drive," Brabham recalls. "In fact, by the time we got to Le Mans pre-qualifying, it was pretty scary and tail-happy – not to mention slow.
"A much bigger rear wing was fitted for the race, all of a sudden bringing the car to life – but even then, the week was far from straightforward. Despite a variety of dramas, we fought back against all odds to win our class.
"To represent Jaguar at Le Mans was already something very cool, and to be up on the podium after the race was amazing, with a sea of fans down in the pit-lane below. My brother was one of the overall race winners with Peugeot, so it was a particularly special moment for the Brabham family, celebrating a double victory.
"And then, of course, we got disqualified..."
All those wanting to experience this not-to-be-missed XJ220 celebration can still take advantage of Early Bird tickets, which offer discounts of up to 18 per cent if purchased before the end of March.
Adult admission starts from just £35, while the cost of the three-day weekend ticket has been frozen at £99 when purchased by Early Birds. Family tickets, camping and VIP Hospitality packages are also available. All tickets must be booked in advance of the event.
Full tickets and event details can be found on the silverstoneclassic.com website. All the latest news is also available via social media.
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Today I received the Microsoft 2006 shareholders' report. As a MS shareholder, I always enjoy reading how the company did. However, what I really enjoy reading is the proxy statement for the annual meeting of shareholders. The statement lays out where the meeting will be held, what will be voted on and tries to solicit my vote. The statement also discloses how much salary and bonus the executive team made. According to the proxy, both Billl Gates and Steve Ballmer made a based salary of $616,667 and a bonus of $350,000. That is actually low for a company the size of Microsoft. The highest paid executive was newly hired COO Brian Turner – he received total compensation of $16,162,876 ($7 million of that was a signing bonus).
What really caught my eye wasn't how much the executive team made, it was how much a member of the Board of Directors made for attending a meeting. The Microsoft Board has 10 people in it.
The Board of Director hold regularly scheduled quarterly meetings. There are also quarterly committee meetings, which are held the day after the quarterly meeting. In addition to these meetings, there might be one or two special meetings. All together, the Board of Directors met nine times in 2006. How much does a director make for attending nine meetings?
In addition, to assist directors in developing an in-depth understanding of Microsoft's business and products, directors are provided with a Tablet PC for their use while they serve on the Board. Each year, directors also may receive an additional personal computing device and a game or media player device, each with associated peripherals, and Microsoft software and subscription service with an aggregate value of less than $10,000.
That sounds like a pretty good gig! Make a minimum $200,000 to attend nine meetings! Of course, I am sure the Board has lots of important work to do at these meetings. However, the compensation seems extremely high. Other companies, of which I'm a shareholder of, don't paid their directors anywhere near this much.
On another note, both Bill Gates and Steve Ballmer elected not to receive any compensation for being on the Board of Directors. Gee, How nice of them.


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Mapplethorpe: Look at the pictures
Posted on 22 May, 2016 by pau1morgan
Scandal suited Robert Mapplethorpe. He wore it proudly, like a scarlet cloak. . .
That notoriety has evolved, these days, into a hushed, academic reverence. His photographs are not produced in court on charges of obscenity now, but hang on the walls of major galleries around the world (the National Gallery of Australia owns over 60 of them). The Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation sells tasteful notecards and Limoges porcelain decorated with his images of flowers. Despite this latter-day respectability, we should never ignore the power of his images to brutally shock and challenge how we view our bodies and ourselves. A new documentary film from Fenton Bailey and Randy Barbato, released in Australia this month, is an important reminder of his importance as an artist who used a camera.
Mapplethorpe was a complex, ruthlessly ambitious figure: an egoistic pansexual charmer, more than willing to use relationships to further his career. This is as nothing, however, next to his mastery of photography. Whatever his subject, the image – always in black-and-white – creates a still space around it, compelling the viewer's contemplation and challenging us to see it (and our response) afresh.
Mapplethorpe first came to prominence for portraits taken when he was living with Patti Smith at New York's Chelsea Hotel in the 1970s: not only of Smith's fellow-musicians like Iggy Pop, Deborah Harry, and Laurie Anderson, but established figures, including Truman Capote, William Burroughs, and Susan Sontag. He was soon a sought-after portraitist. There were his exquisite photographs of flowers too, familiar now from ubiquitous calendars and posters. It was photography of the human body, though, which Mapplethorpe commanded as his own terrain.
Between zoology and pornography lies – sprawls – the art of the nude.
Mapplethorpe refused to acknowledge any distinction between these categories, judging the tasteful 'artistic' nude a hypocritical fiction which denied an essential part of our humanity. As Sir Kenneth Clarke acknowledged in his seminal study on the topic, 'No nude, however abstract, should fail to arouse in the spectator some vestige of erotic feeling, even if it be only the faintest shadow – and if it does not do so it is bad art and false morals'.
There is often more than 'vestigial' erotic feeling aroused by Mapplethorpe's nude studies, mostly of beautiful, young black men.
'Photography and sexuality have a lot in common,' he explains. 'Both are question marks, and that's precisely what excites me most in life.'
Friends and lovers, dancers, porn stars, and body builders (including Arnold Schwarzenegger) were all called before his camera to create images full of this questioning. Whatever is pictured – however shocking – has an anatomical exactitude emphasised by the lighting, by the precision of black-and-white film, and most of all by Mapplethorpe's skill with the camera. Each image invites contemplation. The poses are often reminiscent of classical statuary, with an abstract beauty of form, heads cropped out so that a face does not distract from our focus on the naked body. The studies of body builder, Lisa Lyon, are typical. Lisa is sexually provocative as she poses naked but for a wedding veil or coating of dried mud, yet also challenges the viewer's reaction as she simultaneously flexes her enormous muscles. Is this art? A porn shoot? A bodybuilder's catalogue? The only answer is yes to all, and more . . .
Many of Mapplethorpe's images are far more overtly erotic. Acts of sexual penetration and nudes with erect penises are recorded with the same skill, dispassionate curiosity, and artistic gaze as Mapplethorpe gives to the unfurling petals of an orchid. Patti Smith comments on these photographs, 'As Cocteau said of a Genet poem, "His obscenity is never obscene"'.
In 1989, the refusal of Washington DC's Corcoran Gallery to display an exhibition of Mapplethorpe's photographs sparked a national controversy in the US about art and obscenity. Senator Jesse Helms fulminated publicly about the images, dismissing them as 'blasphemy'. In the following years, reproductions of his photographs were periodically confiscated as illegal pornography, including a seizure by South Australia Police in 2000. In all cases, the photographs were eventually judged to be not 'obscene' and returned. In response to this condemnation, some critics have described his images in defensive, highly aesthetic language, rhapsodising in precious terms about how they resemble Renaissance paintings.
The perceptions of Mapplethorpe's photographs as both pornographic and deeply serious art are actually both true. He intended these images to be challenging. 'He loved to get a jolt out of people,' recalls a friend in the documentary. In doing so, he dares us to contemplate these scenes innocently, without judgement, and to examine our own tumble of responses: shock, arousal, curiosity, awe, and even humour. In the words of Roman dramatist, Terence, Mapplethorpe's challenge to the viewer is, 'I am human; nothing human is strange to me'.
When Jesse Helms waved a sheaf of Mapplethorpe' photographs in the US Senate, excoriating their obscenity, he shouted, 'Just look at the pictures!' as though this were enough to condemn them. In a fitting irony, film makers, Bailey and Barbato, have taken Helms at his word, and used the phrase as the title of their new documentary.
Mapplethorpe: Look at the Pictures is showing at Palace Cinemas in Sydney, Melbourne, and Adelaide during May and June 2016, as part of the Essential Independents: American Cinema Now series.
Image: Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation
Rupert UX
My essay on good design and Rupert Bear . . .


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REED HOME
table of contents>Growing the Curriculum < Back|1|2|3|4|Next >
Growing the Curriculum
The cross-pollination of Reed's new environmental studies major
By Geoff Koch
Thirty years ago, Reed biology professor Keith Karoly was an 18-year-old freshman thinking about majoring in environmental studies at Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington. Instead he picked biology, going on to earn a PhD in the field from the University of Chicago, but he's never given up on that interest.
Today Karoly is contemplating Reed's first crop of students in environmental studies (ES), a new program sprouting this fall after years of deliberation. By all indications it should be a bumper harvest four years from now. Of the 373 incoming freshmen this year, 66 said that ES would be among their top three choices as major. That's impressive, given that the new major wasn't even approved until March. When most of these incoming students visited campus as prospies, there was nothing in the catalog—just a "rumor," Karoly says, that the program was in the works.
On a warm August afternoon, the biology building was almost deserted and the hectic beginning of a new academic year seemed far away. Strains of the band Wire echoed down a second floor hallway. Soon enough, the source of the English punk music was revealed: a boom box in Karoly's lab. There, hunched over a row of tiny pots, Karoly was planting seedlings of Northwest larkspur, an endangered flower, poking the soil with a pencil, then carefully placing thimble-sized seedlings in the holes.
"We have really bright students here at Reed, and if I wanted to burden anyone with the responsibility for trying to tackle some of these very tough environmental issues, it would be Reedies," says Karoly. "And for me this is a core interest coming full circle."
At first blush, Reed's newest major seems almost impossibly late to the save-the-planet party. The nation's first ES program began 45 years ago at Middlebury College, when Karoly was just a toddler. Many of the signature moments of the environmental movement—the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962), the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (1970), the Montreal Protocol banning of ozone-depleting chemicals (1987)—happened before today's freshmen were born.
But let's be honest. Reasons to worry about environmental unraveling continue to mount, right along with the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. That stood at more than 388 parts per million in August, an increase of about three parts per million from the previous year, according to CO2Now.org, which compiles data from a variety of official sources, most notably the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The number that many leading scientists say is the safe upper limit for carbon dioxide: 350 parts per million.
Complexity is the hallmark of this problem, and indeed of most environmental issues. Each is a Gordian tangle of the local and global, the scientific and political, the rational and the emotional. Untangling the knots—or cutting through them—requires deep expertise and a meaningful ability to work across disciplines. Reed's new program provides both, and perhaps surprisingly, one further ingredient: hope.
Biology majors Ross Young '11 and Sean Maden '11 investigate the impact of urban development on frog evolution. Under the direction of Bob Kaplan [biology, 1983+] and Zac Perry [canyon, 2000+] Ross and Sean created an amphibian breeding pond in the canyon. Their research is funded in part by a fellowship
honoring conservationist Milt Fischer '87.


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8February 2015
Boyhood and Grand Budapest Hotel triumph at the BAFTAs
Richard Linklater's epic drama scored three big awards, while Anderson walked away with five
If you're going by the results of tonight's BAFTAs ceremony alone, the Oscars race is now shaping up to be a two-horse race between Boyhood and The Grand Budapest Hotel. Richard Linklater's coming-of-age drama scored three major awards, winning best film, best director, and best supporting actress for Patricia Arquette. Meanwhile, Wes Anderson's artful hotel romp won five awards: best original music, makeup and hair, costume design, production design, as well as best original screenplay for Anderson.
Boyhood star Ellar Coltrane, who accepted the award for best film on Linklater's behalf, said in his speech: "The truth is, it didn't feel like a movie, more like an exercise in collaboration and vulnerability... To have this movie recognised alongside such grand pieces of art means life itself must be more exciting than we let on."
Wes Anderson, like Linklater, was held up at the Director's Guild of America awards. Ralph Fiennes, who played the Grand Budapest Hotel's randy concierge M Gustave, read an acceptance speech written by Anderson onstage. "I was already most unhappy (to be missing the Bafta ceremony) - now I am really, really angry and resentful. I am furious."
Congratulations to the Boyhood cast and crew for their truly remarkable film. #EEBAFTAshttp://t.co/84fjTRUywTpic.twitter.com/HLBkLXk9kh
— BAFTA (@BAFTA) February 8, 2015
Alejandro González Iñárritu's Birdman, which was heavily tipped for awards ceremony glory, had to be content with one award for best cinematography.
Julianne Moore won best actress for her moving portrayal of a woman struggling with Alzheimer's in Still Alice, while Eddie Redmayne walked away with best actor for his depiction of Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything. JK Simmons won best supporting actor for his turn as the terrifying jazz maestro in Whiplash, while Jack O'Connell nabbed the audience voted-for prize of EE Rising Star.
Check out the rest of the BAFTA winners below:
ADAPTED SCREENPLAY
FILM NOT IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
OUTSTANDING DEBUT BY A BRITISH WRITER, DIRECTOR OR PRODUCER
Pride: Stephen Beresford (writer), David Livingstone (producer)
SPECIAL VISUAL EFFECTS
OUTSTANDING BRITISH FILM
Liked this? Check out more stories on Boyhood and The Grand Budapest Hotel below:
How Richard Linklater soundtracked Boyhood
How a Viennese author inspired The Grand Budapest Hotel
Richard Linklater and Ellar Coltrane talk Boyhood
Arts+CultureNewsFilmboyhoodBAFTAsRichard LinklaterThe Grand Budapest Hotel


Points2Shop Forums » Bugs » Usamp error?
to all new users and everyone else, i believe there's a bug in uSamps, if it asks you to login, any admin can clarify this?
I had the problem for a short time. Nothing clearing cookies & cache didn't fix.
Yeah, I've been getting the same issue, maybe clearing cookies will help.
thanks for the additional comments chevy and earplug!
Have you tried logging out of P2S then clearing your cookies & cache? Doing that fixed the problem for me.
Another workaround is visiting the uSamp emails sent to your personal email. They're sent by "Points2shop Surveys". You can complete their surveys from those emails.
I tried to enter my points2shop login detail but it failed. So, I tried to change the password via "Forgot password", then now it's keep showing "Login Control"
I had already sent support ticket, but after few weeks, they're still working on it.
I had tried to contact Usamp via usamp*dot*com/contact/ and no reply after days.
So, while I wait for it till it's finally being fixed, anyone know the other ways to contact Usamp?


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Truttaedacnitis trutta är en rundmaskart. Truttaedacnitis trutta ingår i släktet Truttaedacnitis och familjen Cucullanidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Rundmaskar
trutta

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I thank you for your questions about silver. Let me set the record straight. Diluted silver has been used for many years in medical practice by topical applications. Manufacturers of dietary supplements have used dilutions of parts per million of silver often in colloid format, for its ability to kill bacteria and viruses. There is emerging evidence of its value, but silver cannot be given in a prolonged manner because it can be absorbed and deposited in body tissues over a period of time. It has dose related toxicity for the body. In general terms, silver is a heavy metal and it is a tissue fixative with defined toxicity in high dosage.
You ask specifically about the administration of intravenous silver. I cannot in anyway whatsoever recommend that anyone take intravenous silver. One could anticipate that this practice may be on occasion dangerous. There are compounding pharmacies that prepare silver preparations for intravenous injections and I believe that this should stop immediately. I cannot see any logical reason to give intravenous silver and every medical practitioner must act with compliance with the dictum "above all do no harm" (Hippocrates). My simple complete affirmative answer is do not use intravenous silver which remains very speculative in its use and not researched for its safety and effectiveness.
Vitacost sent me your article on what kind of supplements you rec'd for a good nights sleep.
The email must have been deleted, could you forward me that one again.


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CN Rail, CN Rail noise, CN Rail noise and vibration, noise from rail operations, Nous et les trains, Pieter Sijpkes, Point St Charles, ProPoint, railway noise pollution
Railway Noise and Vibration: Point St Charles, Quebec
by trainjane on	September 1, 2013
We recently received a comment from Mr. Pieter Sijpkes, which included a link to a recent editorial that he had written, and was subsequently published, by the Montreal Gazette on August 22, 2013, "Letter: Freight trains in Point-St-Charles and St-Henri."
Sijpkes describes himself as being recently retired from teaching at the McGill School of Architecture, and lives in the Point St Charles area. He states that "The very negative influence of shunting yards on human habitation was studied by my students and I in several projects over the years."
He has further indicated that he was one of the founders of "Propoint," a group that previously tried to reason with the railways. He notes that the community group "Nous et les trains," (Us and the trains) has since renewed those efforts.
Sijpkes wrote his original letter to "broadcast the archaic state of Canadian railway legislation," and suggested to us that "the wider distributed the message is, the better."
Sijpkes told us that "The situation of my own house has given me lots of reasons to stay focused on the train shunting problems, since these problems are getting more and more serious."
"Longer, heavier, (sometimes double-decker) trains carry loads that can be explosive or volatile are increasingly endangering life, polluting the air and ruining the acoustic environment in the vicinity of passing trains, but particularly in trains being shunted back and forth. (And, as I explain in the article, shunting activities now take place well outside the yards!)"
We think that Mr. Sijpkes' editorial letter is relevant to many communities across Canada, and that his message is one that many people facing serious problems with railway noise and vibration will find resonance with.
With permission from Mr. Sijpkes, and credit to the Montreal Gazette –
Trainjane
Point St Charles, Quebec:
Note the proximity of homes to the rail yard.
(In response to "Municipalities seek disclosure" Montreal Gazette, Aug. 20)
By Pieter Sijpkes
The timely article makes the same point about the transportation of hazardous goods by rail that community groups, not only in Point-St-Charles and St-Henri, but all over Canada have been making for many years. And, quite evidently, all their protests have been without any success.
The article mentions the Sept. 24, 2011, derailment of six cars of a 91-car train travelling on one of the many tracks located high on the embankment that dissects Point-St-Charles.
Hearing on the radio that six cars were teetering on the embankment, then seeing from my window the feverish coming and goings of CN repair crews, and not knowing what was in those derailed cars, made the recent CN media statements that there was nothing to worry about and that supplying first responders a detailed list of tanker and freight car contents would be a hassle seem otherworldly, not to say third-worldly.
However, the article fails however to observe the elephant in the room. The elevated tracks in Point-St-Charles form one of the busiest railway corridors in Canada; the scandal is that they are, in addition, used around the clock as a full-fledged shunting yard.
With longer and longer trains being shunted at the former Grant Trunk railway yards to the east, over the years this noisy process is more and more spilling over from the yard onto the tracks traversing the middle of the Point.
As a result, many of us no longer live next door to a shunting yard: we are the shunting yard. Trains transporting who knows what are shunted back and forth by sometimes as many as three smoke-belching diesel engines, day and night, seven days a week, 52 weeks a year; open windows or the use of the yard are out of the question — just getting a breath of fresh air is often a chore.
Imagine living in Dorval, having planes that land roaring back up into the sky and land again, over and over, madly banging into other planes on the way up and down. Or imagine living next door to a plant manufacturing heavy trucks and having the assembly line down the middle of your main street.
The Lac-Mégantic disaster has received enormous coverage in the press, and for good reason; Canada's railways were incorporated before Confederation, and the colonial mentality that reigned at that time has persisted in the railway sphere: imperiousness, disregard for collateral damage inflicted by their actions, lack of transparency — the list goes on.
The time for a complete overhaul of the self-serving railway legislation is long overdue.
Making the contents of freight and tanker cars known to civic authorities should be no problem in this age of instant communication. (Though electronic communication has not really trickled down to to the shunting community yet: like in the good old pre-Confederation days, noisy brass bells are still used to communicate a reversal of direction of the train to the shunting crews, and, in the process, to hundreds of hapless neighbours, around the clock!)
Even with perfect security measures, living next to the railway tracks will expose any neighbourhood to a remote chance of a cataclysm, the way everyone has to live with the chance of an airplane falling out of the sky.
One can live with that. The real problem in our neighbourhood is the daily certainty of having to live with air polluted by poisonous fumes, the ear-shattering noise of shunting and the greatly increased chance of an accident.
There is no lack of space in Canada to locate shunting activity away from human habitation — it's a lack of will by authorities and what appears to be an ingrained attitude of "being above the law" on the part of the Canadian National Railway Company.
Peter Sijpkes
Point-St-Charles
From → Air Pollution, CN Rail, Communities, Diesel Emissions, Environmental Impact, Long Trains, Pointe-Saint-Charles, Montreal, QC, Railway Noise and Vibration, Railway Noise Complaint
Lara permalink
Lara ryan-murphy construction inc. ryanmurphyconstruction.com
trainjane permalink
Thank you! The credit goes to Mr. Sijpkes on this one.
Mr.Sijpkes moved to a place beside a railway then decided to complain about trains. :$
Wrong. Mr. Sjipkes moved to a place by the railway, then, as explained by Mr. Sjipkes, the railway changed its operations significantly in a way that severely impacted Mr. Sjipkes, then Mr. Sjipkes complained about the railway…
So if 250 cars drive past your house instead of 50, you're going to complain about the street? :$
In two recent examples that I observed recently, there was no need. In the first instance, a change in traffic flow resulted in homes along one stretch of road along of Canada's major cities experiencing a major increase in volume of cars and trucks directly behind it. There were no complaints after the diversion was completed. That was due to the fact that a noise wall for residents was constructed and completed at the same time as the diversion.
The second example was the widening of a major arterial route for trucks through a densely-populated suburb. The road expanded closer to homes so traffic could move more freely. And residents there also received acoustic protection as part of the project.
Both the community and the road transportation network benefitted in the end.
It's great to see when transportation projects place a priority on mitigative measures for the community. But then there's rail…
Thank you for your link, Mr. Bossart.
Montreal Gazette Article Link | Parry Sounds
« Railway Fires a Serious Concern for B.C. Community
Relocating Railways: Careful Consideration A Must »


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El trepatroncos turdino (Dendrocincla turdina), también denominado trepador pardo (en Paraguay) o arapasú del sur (en Argentina), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Furnariidae, subfamilia Dendrocolaptinae, perteneciente al género Dendrocincla. Es nativa de la Mata atlántica del este de América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat

Se distribuye desde el este de Brasil (Bahía y Goiás, hasta Río Grande del Sur), extendiéndose hacia el interior hasta el centro y este de Paraguay, y el noreste de la Argentina. También se atribuye a esta especie una población aislada en el noreste de Brasil, en los estados de Pernambuco y Alagoas.

Esta especie es considerada bastante común en su hábitat natural: el nivel medio y bajo de selvas húmedas de la mata Atlántica, por debajo de los 850metros de altitud.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie D. turdina fue descrita por primera vez por el naturalista alemán Martin Lichtenstein en el año 1820 bajo el nombre científico Dendrocolaptes turdinus; su localidad tipo no fue asignada, pero hoy se asume que es: «Bahía, Brasil».

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino «Dendrocincla» se compone de las palabras del griego «δενδρον dendron: árbol, y del latín cinclus: tordo, zorzal, que proviene del griego «κιγκλος kinklos»: ave no identificada; y el nombre de la especie «turdina», proviene del latín moderno «turdinus o «turdineus»: que significa «como un tordo, o zorzal».

Taxonomía
La presente especie fue tratada como conespecífica con Dendrocincla fuliginosa, pero los datos genéticos de Weir & Price (2011) indicaron que sería mejor tratada como una especie separada; el Comité de Clasificación de Sudamérica (SACC) aprobó esta separación en la Propuesta N° 540.

La subespecie D. turdina taunayi, geográficamente aislada en el noreste de Brasil, con afinidades inciertas, debido a que es morfológicamente intermediaria entre D. turdina y D. fuliginosa, pero que vocaliza diferente de ambas, es tratada como especie separada únicamente por el Comité Brasileño de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO), con base en las diferencias de vocalización y genéticas.

Algunos autores consideran que la subespecie D. fuliginosa atrirostris estaría mejor colocada en la presente especie con base en la vocalización y en la presencia de estrías en la corona. La subespecie propuesta D. turdina enalincia , 1904 (del sur de la distribución), tiene sus características dudosas debido a las variaciones individuales a lo largo de su zona, tanto en las dimensiones como en la coloración del plumaje.

Subespecies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist/eBird v.2019 se reconocen dos subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Dendrocincla turdina taunayi , 1939 – noreste de Brasil, este de Pernambuco y este de Alagoas.
 Dendrocincla turdina turdina (, 1820) – este y sureste de Brasil (desde el este de Bahía hacia el sur a lo largo del litoral atlántico hasta el norte de Río Grande del Sur, extendiéndose hacia el interior hasta el sureste de Mato Grosso do Sul, oeste de Paraná y oeste de Santa Catarina), este y centro de Paraguay y noreste de Argentina (Misiones y noreste de Corrientes).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Dendrocincla turdina en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Dendrocincla turdina en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de Dendrocincla turdina en Wikiaves.

Aves de América del Sur
turdina
Animales descritos en 1820
Taxones descritos por Martin Lichtenstein


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England eves' maiden Pakistan tour in October: PCB
The England women's cricket team will tour Pakistan for the first time ever in history in October to play five limited over internationals, the Pakistan's cricket board (PCB) has announced.
Led by Heather Knight, England, the defending women's ODI World Cup champions, is slated to play two T20I matches followed by three ODIs against the host.
The matches will be held between October 10-22 at the Pindi Cricket Stadium in Rawalpindi.
The PCB said they were also scheduling a four-team domestic ODI tournament in September to give the players enough match practice before the women's World Cup Qualifiers in Zimbabwe later this year.
"We have not only planned quality-based competitive domestic tournaments, but also a major team such as England Women, will also be touring the country for the first ever time," Urooj Mumtaz, the chairperson women's selection committee said.
"Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we could only organise a T20 event in Rawalpindi last season. But this year we are scheduled to hold both One-Day and T20 events, including the addition of an Under-19 T20 tournament into our domestic calendar."
Meanwhile, the PCB is also in discusiion with another International Cricket Council (ICC) member for an ODI women's series before the team departs for the World Cup Qualifiers in Zimbabwe.
India willing to host 2036, 2040 Olympics: IOC Chief
Lovlina Borgohain, Manpreet Singh onboards Shyam Steel as brand ambassadors


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Let's face it--the American electorate is (to put it mildly) ticked off. National poll numbers are showing that the Democratic "majority-party" is out-of-favor with the electorate--but just as curiously, so is the Republican "minority-party." Why the "quotation marks" around "majority" and "minority"? Because we're not a "majority-party" nation, but a coalition country--but more on that later.
If one was a political analyst, one would think that the majority party's detriment is the minority party's gain--but not this year. Even in North Carolina, voters are expressing outrage at both parties--and it's incumbents that should be shakin' in their shoes right about now. With the filing deadline passed for the upcoming primary election (May 4), there are a slew of challengers facing off against incumbents. Typically, the safe bet is on the incumbent (name recognition, fundraising capabilities, strong organizational support)--but maybe not this year. It could be that both Democratic and Republican incumbents are the bulls eye of the American voter this year.
So if you're a disgruntled voter, where ya gonna go?
Here's another question they asked: "Generally speaking when you vote this fall do you plan to support incumbents or vote for challengers?"
While Democrats were split (21/21) over whether they would favor an incumbent versus a challenger and Republicans favored a challenger (42%) to an incumbent (7%), independents said that they would favor a challenger (32%) over an incumbent (7%), with 61% still not sure what they will do. Not a good sign, I'd say, for those folks seeking to hold their seats. I doubt that many current officerholders will be using the "power of incumbency" this year and reminding folks that they are the ones already in this mess. Even those incumbents with many years service may be running as a "newbie" this fall, if they can make it past their primary challenge.
As to the coalition vs. majority-party nation, while it may seem to some that the wins for the Democrats in 2006 and 2008 were a radical shift in party alignment in the nation according to exit polls, don't bet on it: while party identification in the 2008 election benefited the Democrats slightly to the detriment of the Republicans, the ideological identification of the nation didn't change any from 2004. Meaning, we're still the same ideological country as we were when we re-elected George W. Bush, but we're more willing to change our party labels than we are ideological labels. Two years of good runs may catch up with the Democrats this fall, but the old line in campaign politics is that "you can't beat someone with no one."


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Home Breaking News Cambodia's Khmer Rouge Trials: No Justice for Victims of Illegal U.S Bombing
Cambodia's Khmer Rouge Trials: No Justice for Victims of Illegal U.S Bombing
Aug 11, 2014: 5:28 pm
David Hutt
RINF Alternative News
This week two high ranking ex-Khmer Rouge leaders were sentenced to life in prison for crimes against humanity and genocide. The United States heralded this as "justice for the Cambodian people." But what about justice for the hundreds of thousands of Cambodians who were killed in illegal and secret bombing raids committed by the United States?
In the courtrooms of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) Nuon Chea, 88, and Khieu Samphan, 83, were this week sentenced to life in prison for their role in genocide and crimes against humanity committed by the Khmer Rouge. It has taken three years to announce the ruling in this case, during which time one co-accused died in custody and another was declared mentally unfit to stand trial. The two guilty men have been dubbed the highest-ranking surviving members of the Khmer Rouge, which between 1975 and '79, led by the infamous Pol Pot, killed an estimated 2 million Cambodians through murder and starvation.
Whole cities were emptied overnight. Doctors, teachers and anyone considered an intellectual was killed. Those who survived were forced to work in communal farms. They received barely enough food to work the next day. Those who were caught eating frogs or tarantulas disappeared. Now, tourists visit the 'killing fields' on excursions out of Phnom Penh, where the bones of tens of thousands of innocent Cambodians who were slaughtered still trickle to the surface during rainy seasons. A tree in the corner of one field is known as the 'Children's Tree'. Here, children were swung by their legs against the trunk until their bodies broke.
Since the formation of the ECCC (also known as the Khmer Rouge Tribunal) in 2006, only three individuals have been held responsible for these crimes — including the two sentenced this week. In 2010, Kaing Guek Eav, commonly known as 'Comrade Duch', was sentenced to life in prison for his role in running prison (death) camps where tens of thousands of civilians were tortured, raped and murdered. In total, these trials have cost in excess of $200 million.
After this week's sentencing the U.S Embassy in Cambodia released the following statement. "The U.S Embassy in Cambodia welcomes today's historic guilty verdict…We express our gratitude to the judges and other representatives of the tribunal for their hard work and commitment to justice."
It added: "The U.S. Government will continue to support the efforts of the ECCC to bring justice to the Cambodian people."
However, there was no mention of justice for the hundreds of thousands of innocent Cambodians who were killed by the illegal and secret bombings carried out by U.S forces between 1964 and 1974. Acts that most historians agree brought the Khmer Rouge to power.
Indeed, when the United States calls for justice, it means justice for the victims it considers 'worthy victims'. These were the victims of a communist-inspired, Western-backed, Khmer Rouge regime. But they do not call from justice for the 'unworthy victims', those who happened to live in the rural villages were hundreds of thousands of American bombs landed during decade of illegal and secret bombing raids.
Between 1964 and 1974 American military planes secretly crossed the Vietnam-Cambodia border. Their supposed targets were camps belonging to Vietnamese guerrillas. But in reality, the casualties were innocent men, women and children. In 1973 American B-52s dropped more bombs on Cambodia in one year than were dropped on Japan during the entire Second World War. One estimate puts the destruction caused by these bombs as the equivalent of five Hiroshimas. Officials responsible called these raids "breakfast, lunch and dinner". The operations were named, "Operation Menu" and 'Operation Freedom Deal'.
It is believed between 50,000 and 200,000 people were killed by these U.S bombs. Some sources put the death toll as high as 300,000.
According to the historian Mark Philip Bradley, who has written extensively on the Vietnam War and U.S activity in Indochina, "Popular support for the Khmer Rouge before the American intervention in Cambodia was very limited…The American bombing campaign, which killed as many as 150,000 Cambodian civilians, was critical in drawing ordinary Cambodians into the arms of the revolutionary movement."
Such a viewpoint is supported by the CIA. Documents written at the time and later released in the 1990s state: "[The Khmer Rouge] are using damage caused by B-52 strikes as the main theme of their propaganda…This approach has resulted in the successful recruitment of a number of young men [and] has been effective with refugees."
In public, Richard Nixon promised that he "would not expand the [Vietnam War] into Cambodia". But in private, Henry Kissinger, National Security Adviser to the president and mastermind behind these raids, told colleagues in the State Department, "we are bombing the bejesus out of Cambodia."
No U.S official has ever been held accountable for these crimes. There have been no investigations. No tribunals. No interrogation of the decision making process. And no justice for the victims. Instead, in the greatest mockery of justice, the same year Henry Kissinger masterminded the dropping of 250,000 tons of bombs on Cambodia, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
The Khmer Rouge regime was ousted in 1979. Cambodia's liberators were the Vietnamese forces that had repelled both French and U.S forces. The Khmer Rouge fled to the northern regions that bordered Thailand, while the Vietnamese built hospitals to treat survivors and helped develop the necessary infrastructure for a country that had just experienced a brutal genocide. The West, meanwhile, refused to send any aid to Cambodia. While children were dying of common diseases and others struggled to feed themselves in a country that had decimated food production, Western countries were debating whether Cambodia could be trusted with aid. This is because Cambodia was liberated by Vietnam. And Vietnam was the enemy of the United States and China.
It is not known how many Cambodians died in the year after the Khmer Rouge was overthrown due to the absence of aid that could have been so easily sent by the West. Some historians have estimated it to be in the hundreds, others in the thousands. In 1979, the total Western aid sent to Cambodia, by organizations like the Red Cross and the UN Children's Fund was a mere 1,300 tons. This is effectively nothing. The journalist John Pilger, who was one of the first foreigners to enter Cambodia after the Khmer Rouge, wrote, "In all its history. The United Nations had withheld development aid from only one Third World country: Cambodia".
He added that the embargo placed on Cambodia and Vietnam was so severe, "not even Cuba and the Soviet Union were treated in this way."
Back in the West the United States, Great Britain and others in the U.N refused to recognise the new government of Cambodia — the Vietnamese-backed government — as the official government of Cambodia. Rather, they said the Khmer Rouge government was still the official government of Cambodia, and welcomed Khieu Samphan (the man who was sentenced to life in prison for his crimes) as their man at the U.N.
Cambodia had fallen into the wrong side of Cold War politics. Vietnam was the enemy. Vietnam was the enemy so much that the U.S and the U.N preferred to accept the murderous and genocidal Khmer Rouge as the recognised government of Cambodia, rather than a Vietnamese-backed one.
But, in utter grotesqueness, having just watched the Khmer Rouge kill an estimated 2 million of its own people, its utter brutality, the 'West' continued to secretly fund remaining members of the Khmer Rouge during the 1980s. It is as if someone had funded the Nazi Party to rebuild post-war Germany.
Between 1980 and 1986, the United States secretly gave the Khmer Rouge – who were hiding in forests in the north of the country or in Thailand – $85 million. They supplied food, medicine, weapons, vehicles as well as training. Through 'Task Force 80', a unit of the Thai army, the U.S supplied aid and weaponry base camps belonging to Pol Pot's men. An 1989 article by Simon O'Dwyer-Russell written in the Sunday Telegraph found that during the 1980s, Great Britain had been secretly training Khmer Rouge units in bases across Southeast Asia with the guidance of the SAS.
The United States officially denied it was funding the Khmer Rouge, and Great Britain denied it was training Khmer Rouge soldiers in the arts of guerrilla warfare. However, both countries could not keep up the lies for too long, and by 1990 the two governments had accepted responsibility for their actions. The U.S government accepted responsibility on the same day the Gulf War ended — its admission of funding the Khmer Rouge barely made it in mainstream newspapers.
At Khieu Samphan's trial in 2009 he called on the ECCC to expand its scope and look at war crimes committed by the United States. He told the courtroom, "You seem to forget that between January 1970 and August 1973 the United States carpeted the small Kampuchean territory with bombs."
The attorney of another defendant at this trial, Michiel Pestman, stated, "Most historians agree that without this American intervention the Khmer Rouge would not have been able to seize power. Without Kissinger we would not be here today." He called on Henry Kissinger, the former U.S. secretary of state, to face questions for war crimes.
The ECCC ignored these calls. The Tribunals remit – established by the United Nations with support from the United States and Great Britain – specifically states that investigations would only look into crimes committed between 1975 and 1979. Thereby, excluding any reference to crimes committed by the United States years earlier. This has effectively white-washed significant parts of Cambodia's history. It neglects the war crimes committed by the United States that were the catalyst for the Khmer Rouge coming to power, and it whitewashes the fact that even after the world knew about the horrors perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, both U.S and British governments financially and militarily supported their return to power. When it became obvious that the Khmer Rouge could not be returned to power — as allies of the West — the U.N created the ECCC to make it look like justice was being served.
While Cambodia has publicly and consciously looked into its past to prosecute those responsible for crimes against humanity, and has been championed by the West for doing so — the United States has not been so willing to look into its own troubled past in Cambodia. But this should come to no surprise. The U.S rarely acknowledges the deaths of those it calls 'collateral damage' — a term invented during the Vietnam War. And on the rare occasions U.S foreign policy is called into question, it simply refuses to accept responsibility.
Take the 1986 International Court of Justice ruling that found the United States had violated international law when it armed and supported the 'Contas' in Nicaragua — armed counter-revolutionary units that burnt down schools and hospitals, and raped and murdered innocent men, women and children. Found guilty of supporting these so-called 'rebels', the United States simply refused to accept the decision and blocked any enforcement of the ruling through the United Nations Security Council. To this day, it has not paid one dollar in compensation to Nicaragua; a country that remains one of the poorest in the region.
When Barack Obama visited Cambodia in 2012 — the first time a U.S president had visited the country in decades – Theary Seng, president of the Association of Khmer Rouge Victims in Cambodia, said, "President Obama should have [offered] a public apology to the Cambodian people for the illegal U.S. bombings, which took the lives of half a million Cambodians and created the conditions for the Khmer Rouge genocide."
But no such apology was forthcoming. An article in the New York Times lamented: "Four decades after American warplanes carpet-bombed this impoverished country, an American president came to visit for the first time. He came not to defend the past, nor to apologize for it. In fact, he made no public mention of it whatsoever."
Over the last ten years Cambodia has made great strides in coming to terms with its past. History textbooks now accurately present the Khmer Rouge and the ECCC has given survivors a voice. Despite it being slow and cumbersome, the ECCC has brought to justice some of those responsible for the death of more than two-million Cambodians. It is, however, unlikely that justice will be found for the hundreds of thousands of Cambodians — known in the West as 'collateral damage' – who were killed by an illegal bombing campaign by U.S forces.


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Die Kap-Löffelente (Spatula smithii, Syn.: Anas smithii), auch Südafrikanische Löffelente genannt, ist ein südafrikanischer Entenvogel, der zu den Schwimmenten gerechnet wird. Sie ist die größte der Löffelenten.

Erscheinungsbild
Die Kap-Löffelente erreicht eine Körperlänge von 53 Zentimetern. Sie schwimmt verhältnismäßig tief im Wasser, der Schnabel weist meist in Richtung Wasseroberfläche. Die Männchen können vor allem durch ihren hell rahmfarbenen Kopf und die aufgehellten Halsseiten identifiziert werden, die sich deutlich von dem dunklen, klobigen Schnabel und dem dunklen Körpergefieder absetzen. Schulter- und Scapulargefieder sind besonders dunkel und glänzen schwach grün. Die Flankenfedern sind rotbraun gesäumt. Die Weibchen sind etwas kleiner und haben einen helleren Schnabel. Bei ihnen kontrastiert außerdem das Körpergefieder nicht so auffällig mit dem Kopfgefieder. Im Flug sind gleichfalls der große Schnabel sowie die hell blaugrauen Flügeldecken wesentliche Erkennungsmerkmale. Der grüne Flügelspiegel ist beim Männchen immer weiß begrenzt. Beim Weibchen ist dieses Merkmal unauffälliger ausgeprägt und kann bei einzelnen Individuen auch ganz fehlen. Die Weibchen sind insgesamt etwas dunkelgrauer als die anderer Löffelenten. Die Unterflügel sind bei beiden Geschlechtern blassbraun. Das Männchen hat gelbe Füße und Beine. In der Fortpflanzungszeit sind sie von einem leuchtenden Gelborange. Die Augen sind gelb. Bei den Weibchen ist der Schnabel eher dunkelbraun als schwarz. Die Beine und Füße sind gelbbraun. Die Augen sind dunkelbraun. Jungenten gleichen in ihrem Federkleid den Weibchen. Sie sind jedoch ein wenig heller und ihr Gefieder ist nicht so kontrastreich. Bei männlichen Jungenten sind die Schulterpartien bereits schwärzlich und die großen Armdecken weiß. Bei den jungen Weibchen dagegen ist das Rückengefieder heller und die großen Decken grau.

Die Kap-Löffelente weist keinen saisonalen Dimorphismus auf. Das unterscheidet sie von afrikanischen Anas-Arten, bei denen die Männchen alle ein sich farblich unterscheidendes Ruhe- und Prachtkleid tragen. Das Mauserschema dieser Entenart ist bislang nicht ausreichend untersucht. Sie wechseln aber vermutlich zweimal im Jahr ihr Gefieder.

Eine Verwechslungsmöglichkeit besteht vor allem mit der im Verbreitungsgebiet der Kap-Löffelente überwinternden eurasischen Löffelente, deren Ruhekleid dem Federkleid der Jungenten der Kap-Löffelente sehr stark gleicht.

Verbreitungsgebiet
Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Kap-Löffelente ist auf den Süden Afrikas begrenzt. Es reicht vom Kap bis ins südwestliche Angola, in den Norden Namibias, Botswana und dem Südwesten Simbabwes. Die Kap-Löffelente fehlt im Norden des Transvaals sowie in Mosambik. Sie ist ein Teilzieher. In Südafrika beringte Vögel sind 1680 Kilometer weiter nördlich in Namibia wiedergefunden worden. Irrgäste sind gelegentlich in Sambia, Tansania und Zaire zu beobachten.

Die Kap-Löffelente gilt im Südwesten Afrikas als häufig. Bestandszahlen sind bislang nicht zuverlässig ermittelt worden, da insbesondere die nomadische Lebensart dieser Ente im Landesinneren von Afrika eine Bestandserfassung erschwert. Die weltweite Population wird auf etwa 30.000 bis 50.000 Enten geschätzt. Es gibt keine Anzeichen, dass diese Entenart in ihrem Bestand bedroht ist.

Lebensraum und allgemeine Verhaltensmerkmale
Die Kap-Löffelente ist vor allem an flachen Süßgewässern und in Feuchtgebieten zu beobachten. Sie nutzt außerdem Überschwemmungsgebiete. Zur Nahrungssuche nutzt sie auch Flussmündungen und Brackwasser-Lagunen sowie Salzseen. Tiefe und schnell fließende Gewässer werden dagegen von ihr gemieden. Entscheidend für eine Besiedelung eines Gewässers ist das Nahrungsangebot und weniger die Beschaffenheit der Ufervegetation.

Außerhalb der Fortpflanzungszeit sind Kap-Löffelenten häufig in kleinen Trupps zu beobachten. Große Schwärme sind selten, auch wenn schon Ansammlungen von bis zu 600 Individuen beobachtet wurden. Ihre Nahrung findet die Kap-Löffelente, indem sie in flachen Gewässern das Wasser durchseiht. Häufig schwimmt sie dabei mit untergetauchtem Kopf. Nur sehr selten gründelt sie. Wie bei Löffelenten oft zu beobachten, sucht diese Entenart ihr Futter häufig gemeinsam mit anderen Löffelenten. Zwei bis sieben Kap-Löffelenten schwimmen dabei in einem Kreis und nehmen Wasserwirbellose und Kaulquappen auf. Über die Bedeutung der pflanzlichen Nahrung gibt es unterschiedliche Ansichten. Nach der Ornithologin Janet Kear spielt pflanzliche Nahrung nur eine geringe Rolle in der Ernährung dieser Entenart. Nach dem gleichfalls auf Enten spezialisierten Ornithologen Hartmut Kolbe machen Samen und Grünteile von Wasserpflanzen, und zwar insbesondere von Laichkräutern, 30 Prozent der Ernährung aus.

Fortpflanzung
Das Balzrepertoire der Kap-Löffelente unterscheidet sich nicht wesentlich von denen anderer Löffelenten. Die Männchen halten sich häufig auch während der Brutzeit und der Zeit der Jungenaufzucht in der Nähe der Weibchen auf und verteidigen diese energisch.

Gelege der Kap-Löffelenten wurden bisher in allen Monaten gefunden. In einigen Regionen wird die Fortpflanzungszeit wahrscheinlich durch den Beginn der Regenzeit ausgelöst. Im Transvaal fällt die Hauptfortpflanzungszeit in die Monate Juli bis September. In der südwestlichen Kapprovinz brüten die Kap-Löffelenten vor allem in den Monaten August bis Dezember. Außerhalb dieser Zeit werden hier nur wenige, einzelne Gelege festgestellt.

Die Nester werden in der Regel in der Ufervegetation errichtet. Die Eier sind oval mit einer glatten Oberfläche. Die Schale ist cremefarben und kann grünlich überhaucht sein. Das Vollgelege besteht im Durchschnitt aus 9,3 Eiern (Bandbreite 5 bis 12 Eier). Es brütet allein das Weibchen. Die Brutzeit beträgt 27 bis 28 Tage. Die Jungen sind nach 56 bis 63 Tagen flügge. Vermutlich wird nur ein Gelege pro Jahr großgezogen.

Haltung in menschlicher Obhut
Die Kap-Löffelente hat im Vergleich zu vielen anderen Entenarten ein eher unscheinbares Gefieder. Entsprechend wenig wird sie von Privatzüchtern gehalten oder in Zoos gezeigt. Der britische Wildfowl Trust importierte diese Entenart 1950 und züchtete sie erstmals im Jahr 1952 nach.

Belege

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Janet Kear (Hrsg.): Ducks, Geese and Swans. Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-854645-9
 Hartmut Kolbe; Die Entenvögel der Welt. Ulmer Verlag 1999, ISBN 3-8001-7442-1

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