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Culture, Profiles //
Justin Handisurya and Alex MacIntyre interrogate the popular stereotypes surrounding rave culture.
by Justin Handisurya and Alex MacIntyre
Every few months, Sydney Olympic Park and its stadia metamorphose into dark industrial warehouses for one night at a time. Having once bore witness to the soaring heights of human athleticism, these once-proud stadiums are temporarily brought under the brutal dominion of the athlete's abject and profoundly mediocre inbred cousin: the bro. On these nights, marauding packs of them flood the Park, tanked out on tonics of steroids, MDMA and toxic masculinity. All the while, an insistent bass pulse shakes the ground while grating, dissonant vocals snarl. DJs thrash behind an electric altar and hold these hulking masses in sonic captivity, each digital thud of the kick-drum commanding them to ever-greater heights of violent hedonism. Every pill swallowed, every "yeah the boys" uttered, every transgression committed — each and every one of these epitomises the sordid experience. Yet, while the blinding lasers illuminate every attendees' face, distended body and Nike TN sneakers, what they more starkly illuminate is the moral vacuity within their hearts and souls.
While clearly exaggerated, this tenor of description would not be altogether out of place within the pages of The Daily Telegraph or other publications of similar import. The stirring up of moral panic in response to the emergence of any alternative subculture is a tale as old as society, and the recent popularity surge of rave culture among the urban Australian youth mainstream has been met with similar hysteria. Although the scene itself has existed in various forms for decades, having originated shortly after the birth of EDM in the 1980s, only recently have raves begun to swell with the same attendance levels and exposure enjoyed by mainstream commercial music festivals.
Since its inception, raving has diversified into numerous motley subcultures, broadly divisible into the underground raves of the 'free party' scene, and the more commercialised raves of the distinctive 'Hardstyle' sub-genre of EDM. The former often features sub-genres such as techno and psytrance and typically inhabits Sydney's Inner West. The latter is exclusively electronic, with many of its disciples tending to originate from Sydney's Western Suburbs. In this way, the two scenes are also divided along geographic and ethnographic lines.
Yet, despite the fact that both scenes offer a largely similar experience, there is a marked disparity in the way they are treated and received, whether by the media or in popular conversation. Undeniably, the commercial hardstyle scene attracts a stigma that can be described at best as unfair, and at worst, prejudiced in some of the most ugly and insidious ways.
This stigma is a reality that Harrison Cox, known within the EDM community as 'Slendy', has to contend with. On a given weekend, Harrison might be found dancing to the music at a hardcore event in performance of one of the scene's recognisably animated dance styles — muzzing, hakking and shuffling, among others. By day, however, Harrison runs a popular Youtube channel called 'The Slendy Show'. He balances content production for his 50,000-strong YouTube audience with a full-time job in advertising, having graduated from USyd in Media/Law last year. Defying the stereotypes himself, he explains that raving and ravers are predominantly perceived to be "unintellectual and uncultured", and has often been met with the charge of being "too normal" to partake in the scene by those in university circles.
Third year Commerce student, Lisa* explains that she finds the distinctive dancing style among other things, to be "inane and cringeworthy" — a sentiment which reflects the broader consensus of rave culture as being intellectually vapid. Basil*, a third year English student, asserts that raves consist of "a bunch of dickheads on pingaz (sic) dancing around with their tops off." Moreover, he describes the music as "just noise" and "objectively tasteless". As with most stereotypes, these statements reductively present the EDM scene as culturally monolithic.
Harrison suggests that, while drug use is a problem, the media plays "a significant role" in exaggerating the prevalence and dangerousness of drugs at hardstyle raves, which in turn frames the dominant narrative and paradigm through which raving is perceived. In the aftermath of hardstyle raves, hysteria often erupts within the 24-hour news cycle, stirring moral concern about the depravity of young people. Headlines such as "PARTY POISON" and "DEATH AFTER DEFQON" are designed to arouse public obloquy through the association of raving with delinquency and destructiveness. Despite what one might assume from a cursory viewing of his videos, Harrison eschews drug use, instead preferring to actualise his love for the music, the warmth of the community and what he sees as the "inherent ridiculousness" of the experience, with sober eyes.
Tellingly, the underground rave scene, despite a similarly potent drug culture, does not attract the same stigmatisation. To some extent, this may be attributable to the conflation of political apathy with anti-intellectualism. Unlike the underground scene, which is unified by a palpable anti-capitalist, anti-establishment sentiment, the hardstyle rave scene is broadly apolitical. From Harrison's perspective, the underground scene has always been viewed as the more "enlightened scene", given its devotees' resistance to the more "homogenous popularity" of commercial raves and the snobbishness this resistance sometimes entails. Concerningly, there are potentially classist undertones to this dynamic. While devotees of the underground rave scene tend to have benefitted from relative socioeconomic privilege and higher levels of education, hardstyle ravers are often of working class origins, hailing from the eclectic melting pot of Western Sydney. In recent years however, the penetration of raving into mainstream youth culture has coincided with a noticeable change in the demography of the scene.
Previously the 'raver stereotype' saw overlap with the Australian 'eshay' or 'lad' culture — an identity broadly predicated on a sense of socioeconomic grievance with the establishment, urban disaffection and male bonding, sometimes expressed through crime. These were people who felt othered within their own cities, neglected by institutions such as the educational system and the welfare safety net. While this scene and others that preceded commercial raving embraced the capitalistic entrepreneurialism of the 'hustler' mentality, they lacked the institutional means — higher level education, support networks and material security — to achieve long-lasting socioeconomic mobility.
Today, by contrast, rave culture in Australia is increasingly populated by higher proportions of university students and people who aspire toward lifestyles viewed as attainable through corporate success. These days, the raver archetype has an increasingly Asian face, with many ravers emanating from immigrant-dense suburbs in Western Sydney such as Cabramatta, Fairfield and Bankstown. According to Harrison, this may be correlated with the fact that "much of the scene has its epicentre in the Western Suburbs", with major events being held in suburbs such as Penrith. Even prior to the 'Asianisation' of the scene, hardstyle raving has "never been perceived as a 'white thing to do'", as Harrison notes. Coming from a Greek background, he points out that 'wogs' — a derogatory term for people from Southern Europe and the Mediterranean — were one of the first demographics among which Australian commercial raving took hold.
Raving is not the only instantiation of the subculture in which a proportion of this Asianised demographic comes together. The subculture contains an entire lexicon of self-referential ethnocentric stereotypes, including an offshoot of the mythologised American 'ABG' ('Asian Baby Girl') persona, known colloquially in Sydney and Melbourne as 'LGs' (Little Girls) and 'LBs' (Little Boys). While used within these circles to parody one another, the labels coalesce around a shared identity — values, style and social conventions — propelled by the advent of social media. Facebook pages such as 'LGs of Sydney and Melbourne' and the 'Muzzing/Chopping Appreciation Society' are the virtual spaces in which these segments of the rave community interact and thrive, fostering a sense of solidarity through memes and symbols. Incredibly, in spite of a strong digital presence, this niche of the subculture has remained confined to a small subsection of Australian youth, remaining all but impenetrable to the mainstream. You will struggle to find someone outside the 11,000 followers of the 'LGs of Sydney and Melbourne' page who even understands the meaning of the term. However, for those that do, it is often a focal aspect of their identity, reinforced in each space — real or virtual — from a gathering at the widely-memed Sanctuary Hotel in Sydney right through to the the next hardstyle rave at Sydney Olympic Park.
A swarm of young faces floods Sydney Olympic Park. Groups decked out in activewear, others in intricate novelty costumes, and more in everyday attire — all converge on the park, united in the communal spirit of the night. While some buzz in anticipation, having pre-consumed substances of their choice, others flourish in total sobriety, subsisting off a deep passion for the music. They hail from all four corners of Sydney and exemplify the whole technicolour spectrum of Australian diversity. Some view the rave experience as a packaged production of short-lived ecstasy; others as a way to locate a shared social or cultural identity. Most are simply here for the music they know and love. Whatever your opinion of this growing scene, raving is — in Harrison's words — above all, "a licence to not care and enjoy oneself in an environment free of pretence and judgment."
slendy
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You are here: Home / NEET (AIPMT) / NEET AIPMT Biology Chapter Wise Solutions – Human Health and Diseases
NEET AIPMT Biology Chapter Wise Solutions – Human Health and Diseases
April 19, 2018 by Anthony Leave a Comment
1 NEET AIPMT Biology Chapter Wise Solutions – Human Health and Diseases
1.1 Explanation
NEET AIPMT Biology Chapter Wise SolutionsPhysicsChemistry
1. If you suspect major deficiency of antibodies in a person, to which of the following would you look for confirmatory evidence?
(a) Haemocytes
(b) Serum globulins
(c) Fibrinogen in plasma
(d) Serum albumins (AIPMT 2015)
2. Which of the following immunoglobulins does constitute the largest percentage in human milk?
(a) IgA
(b) IgG
(c) IgD
(d) IgM (AIPMT 2015)
3. Which of the following diseases is caused by a protozoan?
(a) Babesiosis
(b) Blastomycosis
(c) Syphilis
(d) Influenza (AIPMT 2015)
4. Grafted kidney may be rejected in a patient due to
(a) passive immune response
(b) innate immune response
(c) humoral immune response
(d) cell-mediated immune response. (AIPMT 2015)
5. Match each disease with its correct type of vaccine.
6. The active form of Entamoeba histolytica feeds upon
(a) food in intestine
(b) blood only
(c) erythrocytes, mucosa and submucosa of colon
(d) mucosa and submucosa of colon only. (AIPMT 2015, Cancelled)
7. HIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying
(a) helper T-lymphocytes
(b) thrombocytes
(c) B-lymphocytes
(d) leucocytes. (AIPMT 2015, Cancelled)
8. Which is the particular type of drug that is obtained from the plant whose one flowering branch is shown here?
(a)Hallucinogen
(b) Depressant
(c) Stimulant
(d) Pain-killer (AIPMT 2014)
9. At which stage of HIV infection does one usually show symptoms of AIDS?
(a) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an infected person
(b) When the infected retro virus enters host cells
(c) When HIV damages large number of helper T – Lymphocytes
(d) When the viral DNA is produced by reverse transcriptase (AIPMT 2014)
10. Infection of Ascaris usually occurs by
(a) Tse-tse fly
(b) mosquito bite
(c) drinking water containing eggs of Ascaris.
(d) eating imperfectly cooked pork. (NEET 2013)
11. Which one of the following statements is correct regarding sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
(a) A person may contact syphilis by sharing milk with one already suffering from the disease.
(b) Haemophilia is one of the STDs.
(c) Genital herpes and sickle-cell anaemia are both STDs
(d) The chances of a 5-years boy contacting a STD are very little. (Karnataka NEET 2013)
12. Identify the site where Wuchereria bancrofti is
normally found in human body.
(a) Muscles of the legs
(b) Blood vessels of the thigh region
(c) Skin between the fingers
(d) Lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs (Karnataka NEET 2013)
13. Which one of the following is a hallucinogenic drug?
(a) Caffeine
(b) Morphine
(c) Lysergic acid diethylamide
(d) Opium (Karnataka NEET 2013)
14. Motile zygote of Plasmodium occurs in
(a) gut of female Anopheles
(b) salivary glands of Anopheles
(c) human RBCs
(d) human liver. (Prelims 2012)
15. Widal test is carried out to test
(a) malaria
(b) diabetes mellitus
(c) HIV/AIDS
(d) typhoid fever. (Prelims 2012)
16. Common cold differs from pneumonia in that
(a) pneumonia is a communicable disease whereas the common cold is a nutritional deficiency disease
(b) pneumonia can be prevented by a live attenuated bacterial vaccine whereas the common cold has no effective vaccine
(c) pneumonia is caused by a virus while the common cold is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae
(d) pneumonia pathogen infects alveoli whereas the common cold affects nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs. (Prelims 2012)
17. Which one of the following is not a property of cancerous cells whereas the remaining three are?
(a) They compete with normal cells for vital nutrients.
(b) They do not remain confined in the area of formation.
(c) They divide in an uncontrolled manner.
(d) They show contact inhibition. (Prelims 2012)
18. Cirrhosis of liver is caused by the chronic intake of
(a) opium
(b) alcohol
(c) tobacco (chewing)
(d) cocaine. (Prelims 2012)
19. Identify the molecules (A) and (B) shown below and select the right option giving their source and use.
20. Where will you look for the sporozoites of the malarial parasite?
(a) saliva of infected female Anopheles mosquito
(b) red blood corpuscles of human suffering from malaria
(c) spleen of infected humans
(d) salivary glands of freshy moulted female Anopheles mosquito. (Prelims 2011)
21. Which one of the following options gives the correct matching of a disease with its causative organism and mode of infection?
22. Common cold is not cured by antibiotics because it is
(a) caused by a virus
(b) caused by a Gram-positive bacterium
(c) caused by a Gram-negative bacterium
(d) not an infectious disease. (Mains 2011)
23. Ringworm in humans is caused by
(a) bacteria
(b) fungi
(c) nematodes
(d) viruses. (Prelims 2010)
24. Widal test is used for the diagnosis of
(b) pneumonia
(c) tuberculosis
(d) typhoid. (Prelims 2010)
25. Which one ofthe following statements is correct with respect to AIDS?
(a) the HIV can be transmitted through eating food together with an infected person
(b) drug addicts are least susceptible to HIV infection
(c) AIDS patients are being fully cured cent per cent with proper care and nutrition
(d) the causative HIV retrovirus enters helper T-lymphocytes thus reducing their numbers.(Prelims 2010)
26. Infectious proteins are present in
(a) gemini viruses
(b) prions
(c) viroids
(d) satellite viruses. (Prelims 2010)
27. Select the correct statement from the ones given below.
(a) barbiturates when give to criminals make them tell the truth
(b) morphine is often given to persons who have undergone surgery as a pain killer
(c) chewing tobacco lowers blood pressure and heart rate
(d) cocaine is given to patients after surgery as it stimulates recovery. (Prelims 2010)
28. Which one of the following techniques is safest for the detection of cancers?
(a) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
(b) radiography (X-ray)
(c) computed tomography (CT)
(d) histopathological studies (Mains 2010)
29. A person suffering from a disease caused by Plasmodium, experiences recurring chill and fever at the time when
(a) the sporozoites released from RBCs are being rapidly killed and broken down inside spleen
(b) the trophozoites reach maximum growth and give out certain toxins
(c) the parasite after its rapid multiplication inside RBCs ruptures them, releasing the stage to enter fresh RBCs
(d) the microgametocytes and megagametocytes are being destroyed by the WBCs (Mains 2010)
30. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) benign tumours show the property of metastasis
(b) heroin accelerates body functions
(c) malignant tumours may exhibit metastasis
(d) patients who have undergone surgery are given cannabinoids to relieve pain. (Prelims 2009)
31. Which of the following is a pair of viral diseases?
(a) common cold, AIDS
(b) dysentery, common cold
(c) typhoid, tuberculosis
(d) ringworm, AIDS (Prelims 2009)
32. Match the disease in column I with the appropriate items (pathogen/prevention/treatment) in columnII
(a) A – (i), B – (i), C – (iii), D – (iv)
(b) A – (ii), B – (iii), C – (iv), D – (i)
(c) A – (i), B – (ii), C – (iii), D – (iv)
(d) A – (ii), B – (iv), C – (i), D – (iii) (Prelims 2008)
33. Which one of the following is the correct statement regarding the particular psychotropic drug specified?
(a) morphine leads to delusions and disturbed emotions
(b) barbiturates cause relaxation and temporary euphoria
(c) hashish causes after thought perceptions and hallucinations
(d) opium stimulates nervous system and causes hallucinations (Prelims 2008)
34. Consider the following statements about biomedical technologies
(1) during open heart surgery blood is circulated in the heart-lung machine
(2) blockage in coronary arteries is removed by angiography
(3) computerised axial tomography (CAT) shows detailed internal structures as seen in a section of body
(4) X-ray provides clear and detailed images of organs like prostate glands and lungs.
Which two of the above statements are correct?
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 4
(d) 3 and 4 (Prelims 2008)
35. Increased asthmatics attacks in certain seasons are related to
(a) eating fruits preserved in tin containers
(b) inhalation of seasonal pollen
(c) low temperature
(d) hot and humid environment. (2007)
36. If you suspect major deficiency of antibodies in a person, to which of the following would you look for confirmatory evidence?
(a) serum globulins
(b) fibrinogen in the plasma
(c) haemocytes
(d) serum albumins. (2007)
37. Lysozyme that is present in perspiration, saliva and tears, destroys
(a) certain types ofbacteria
(b) all vimses
(c) most virus-infected cells
(d) certain fungi (2007)
38. The 'blue baby' syndrome results from
(a) excess ofTDS (total dissolved solids)
(b) excess of chloride
(c) methaemoglobin
(d) excess of dissolved oxygen (2006)
39. The causative agent of mad-cow disease is a
(a) vims
(b) bacterium
(c) prion
(d) worm (2006)
40. The bacterium (Clostridium botulinum) that causes botulism is
(a) an obligate aerobe
(b) a facultative anaerobe
(c) an obligate anaerobe
(d) a facultative aerobe (2006)
41. HIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying
(b) B-lymphocytes
(c) leucocytes
(d) thrombocytes (2006)
42. A person showing unpredictable moods, outbursts of emotion, quarrelsome behaviour and conflicts with others is suffering from
(a) addictive disorders
(b) schizophrenia
(c) borderline personality disorder (BPD)
(d) mood disorders (2006)
43. Antibodies in our body are complex
(a) glycoproteins
(b) lipoproteins
(c) steroids
(d) prostaglandins (2006)
44. Which one of the following depresses brain activity and produces feelings of calmness, relaxation and drowsiness?
(a) morphine
(b) valium
(c) amphetamines
(d) hashish. (2005)
45. Damage to thymus in a child may lead to
(a) a reduction in haemoglobin content of blood
(b) a reduction in stem cell production
(c) loss of antibody mediated immunity
(d) loss of cell mediated immunity. (2005)
46. Which one of the following is not correctly matched?
(a) Glossina palpalis – Sleeping sickness
(b) Culex pipiens – Filariasis
(c) Aedes aegypti – Dengue fever
(d) Anopheles culifacies – Leishmaniasis (2004)
47. Carcinoma refers to
(a) malignant tumours of the connective tissue
(b) malignant tumours of the skin or mucous membrane
(c) malignant tumours of the colon
(d) benign tumours of the connective tissue (2003)
48. Short-lived immunity acquired from mother to foetus across placenta or through mother's milk to the infant is categorised as
(a) active immunity
(b) passive immunity
(c) cellular immunity
(d) innate non-specific immunity (2003)
49. Christmas disease is another name for
(a) haemophilia B
(b) hepatitis B
(c) Down's syndrome
(d) sleeping sickness (2003)
50. Cancerous cells can easily be destroyed by radiations due to
(a) rapid cell division
(b) lack of nutrition
(c) fast mutation
(d) lack of oxygen. (2002)
51. Which of the following is an example of sex linked disease?
(a) AIDS
(b) colourblindness
(d) gonorrhoea. (2002)
52. Which one of the following is correct match?
(a) reserpine – tranquilliser
(b) cocaine – opiatic narcotic
(c) morphine – hallucinogenic
(d) bhang – analgesic (2001)
53. L.S.D. is
(a) hallucinogenic
(b) sedative
(d) tranquilliser. (2001)
54. Salmonella is related with
(a) typhoid
(b) polio
(c) T.B.
(d) tetanus. (2001)
55. Which is the most infectious disease?
(a) hepatitis-B
(b) AIDS
(c) cough and cold
(d) malaria. (2001)
56. Interferons are synthesized in response to
(a) mycoplasma
(b) bacteria
(c) viruses
(d) fungi. (2001)
57. Reason of lung cancer is
(a) coal mining
(b) calcium fluoride
(c) cement factory
(d) bauxite mining. (2001)
58. Which is showing accurate pairing?
(a) Syphilis – Treponema pallidum
(b) AIDS – Bacillus conjugalis
(c) Gonorrhoea – Leishmania donovani
(d) Typhoid – Mycobacterium leprae. (2000)
59. Which disease of man is similar with cattle's, bovine spongiform encephalopathy?
(a) encephalitis
(b) Jakob-cruetzfeldt disease
(c) spongiocitis of cerebrum
(d) spondylitis. (2000)
60. Saline solution is given to patients of cholera because
(a) Na+ prevents water loss from body
(b) NaCl function as regulatory material
(c) NaCl produces energy
(d) NaCl is antibacterial. (2000)
61. The antibodies are
(a) proteins
(b) carbohydrates
(c) lipids
(d) germs. (1999)
62. The term 'active immunity' means
(a) increasing rate of heart beat
(b) increasing quantity of blood
(c) resistance developed after disease
(d) resistance developed before disease. (1999)
63. Human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) has a protein coat and a genetic material which is
(a) double stranded RNA
(b) double stranded DNA
(c) single stranded DNA
(d) single stranded RNA. (1998)
64. Botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum affects the
(a) lymph glands
(b) central nervous system
(c) spleen
(d) intestine. (1998)
65. Typhoid fever is caused by
(a) Shigella
(b) Escherichia
(c) Giardia
(d) Salmonella. (1998)
66. Which of the following is an opiate narcotic?
(a) amphetamines
(b) LSD
(c) barbiturates
(d) morphine. (1997)
67. Which of the following will be curable in next two decades?
(a) tuberculosis
(b) cancer
(c) poliomyelitis
(d) none of these. (1997)
68. Diphtheria is caused by
(a) nematodes
(c) virus
69. Which of the following diseases is now considered completely eradicated from India?
(a) smallpox
(b) poliomyelitis
(c) plague
(d) kala-azar. (1997)
70. Which of the following symptoms indicate red sickness?
(a) nausea and loss of hair
(b) ulcerated skin, nausea and loss of hair
(c) red and ulcerated skin
(d) nausea and anaemia. (1997)
71. If a person shows production of interferons in his body, the chances are that he has got an infection of
(a) tetanus
(b) malaria
(c) typhoid
(d) measles. (1997)
72. Which of the following pair of diseases is caused by virus?
(a) rabies, mumps
(b) cholera, tuberculosis
(c) typhoid, tetanus
(d) AIDS, syphilis. (1996)
73. Antibodies are produced by
(a) leucocytes
(b) monocytes
(c) lymphocytes
(d) spleen. (1996)
74. The interferons are
(a) antigen proteins
(b) antiviral proteins
(c) antibiotic proteins
(d) all of these. (1996)
75. Which of the following is the false statement about "antibiotics"?
(a) some persons have allergy from antibiotics
(b) antibiotics are capable of curing any disease
(c) this term was given by Waksman in 1942
(d) antibiotics is produced by micro-organisms. (1996)
76. Nicotine acts as a stimulant, because it mimics the effect of
(a) testosterone
(b) dopamine
(c) thyroxine
(d) acetylcholine. (1995)
77. The blood cancer is known as
(a) haemolysis
(b) haemophilia
(c) leukaemia
(d) thrombosis. (1995)
78. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
(a) syphilis – Trichuris trichiura
(b) sleeping sickness – Trypanosoma gambiense
(c) dengue fever – arbovirus
(d) plague – Yersinia pestis. (1995)
79. Which one of the following diseases is due to an allergic reaction?
(a) enteric fever
(b) skin cancer
(c) goitre
(d) hay fever. (1995)
80. Which of the following causes plague?
(a) Trichinella spiralis
(b) Salmonella typhimurum
(c) Yersinia pestis
(d) Leishmania donovani. (1995)
81. Antigens are present
(a) inside the cytoplasm
(b) on nuclear membrane
(c) inside the nucleus
(d) on cell surface. (1995)
82. A cell-coded protein that is formed in response to infection, with most animal viruses, is called
(a) histone
(b) antibody
(c) interferon
(d) antigen. (1994)
83. Which one of the following does correctly match a sexually transmitted disease with its pathogen?
(b) Gonorrhoea – Entamoeba histolytica
(c) Urethritis – Bacillus anthracis
(d) Softsore – Bacillus brevis. (1994)
84. A metastatic cancerous tumour is termed 'sarcoma' if the disorder is in
(a) fibroblasts
(b) circulatory system
(c) immune system
(d) epithelial cells.(1994)
85. Rickettsia form a group under
(a) viruses
(c) fungi
(d) a category between viruses and bacteria. (1994)
86. The main reason why antibodies could not solve all the problems of bacteria mediated disease is
(a) decreased efficiency of the immune system
(b) insensitivity of the individual following prolonged exposure to antibiotics
(c) development of mutant strains resistant to antibodies
(d) inactivation of antibiotics by bacterial enzymes. (1994)
87. Opiate narcotic is
(a) bhang
(b) charas
(c) heroin
(d) nicotine. (1993)
88. Give the correct matching of causative agent/germ and disease
(a) Anopheles – Malaria
(b) Leishmania – Sleeping sickness
(c) Glossina – Kala-azar
(d) Wuchereria – Filariasis. (1993)
89. Analgesic drugs
(a) form tissues
(b) relieve pain
(c) relieve fatigue
(d) cause pain. (1990)
90. Which one engulfs pathogens rapidly?
(a) acidophils
(c) basophils
(d) neutrophils. (1989)
1. (b) :
Serum globulins are proteins that include gamma globulins (antibodies) and a variety of enzymes and carrier/ transport proteins.
The specific profile of the globulins is determined by protein electrophoresis (SPEP), which separates the proteins according to size and charge. There are four major groups that can be identified : alpha-1 globulins, alpha-2 globulins, beta globulins and gamma globulins. Once the abnormal group has been identified, further studies can determine the specific protein excess or deficit. Since the gamma fraction usually makes up the largest portion of the globulins, therefore antibody deficiency is mainly related with the low level of serum globulins.
2. (a) :
IgA immunoglobulins are the second most abundant class of immunoglobulins, which are mainly found in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, colostmm and gastrointestinal secretions.
Babesiosis is a malaria-like parasitic disease caused by infection with Babesia, a parasitic protozoan. Babesiosis has long been recognised as a disease of cattle and other domestic animals, until human forms of babesiosis had been discovered. Babesia parasites reproduce in red blood cells of mammals and cause haemolytic anaemia, quite similar to malaria. The parasite is transmitted by ticks.
4. (d) :
Cell-mediated immune response (CMIS) consists of T-lymphocytes. It reacts against transplants. Transplantation may result in the rejection of the transplanted organs. The immune system recognises the protein in the transplanted tissue or organ as foreign and initiates cellular immunity against it.
5. (a):
Disease Caused by Vaccine contains
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Harmless (attenuated) bacteria
Whooping cough Bordetella pertussis Killed bacteria
Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae Inactivated toxin
Polio Poliovirus Harmless virus
6. (c) :
Entamoeba histolytica (Gr., entos : within + amoeba : change + histos: tissue + lysis: dissolve) is the causative organism of amoebic dysentery or amoebiasis in man. It is a microscopic endoparasite of man. It is commonly found in the upper part of the large intestine (colon) and is very often lodged in the liver, lungs, brain and testes. In its life cycle, it occurs in three distinct forms (i) trophozoite or magna form, (ii) precystic or minuta form, and (iii) cystic form. Trophozoite is the most active, motile and feeding form which is pathogenic to man. It lives in the mucous and submucous layers of the colon and feeds on these layers and erythrocytes.
The AIDS retrovirus, called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), mounts a direct attack on CD4+ T cells because it recognizes the CD4 coreceptors associated with these cells.
HIV's attack on CD4+ T cells cripples the immune system in at least three ways. First, HIV-infected cells die only after releasing replicated viruses that infect other CD4+ T cells, until the entire population of CD4+ T cell is destroyed. Second, HIV causes infected CD4+ T cells, to secrete a soluble suppressing factor that blocks other T cells from responding to the HIV antigen. Finally, HIV may block transcription of MHC genes, hindering the recognition and destruction of infected CD4+ T cells, and thus protecting those cells from any remaining vestiges of the immune system. The combined effect of these responses to HIV infection is to wipe out the human immune defense.
The plant illustrated in the diagram is Datura.
Seeds of Datura stramonium are misused for their hallucinogenic properties because of the presence of anticholinergic alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine (= hyoscine). However, even in slight excess, they can cause death.
AIDS is a disorder of cell-mediated immune system of the body. Virus responsible for AIDS is HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus). There is a reduction in the number of helper T-cells which stimulate antibody production by B-cells. This results in the loss of natural defence against viral infection.
10. (c) :
Man acquires infection of As car is by directly ingesting Ascaris eggs, containing the infective second stage larva, with contaminated food or water. Life cycle of Ascaris is monogenetic. These is no vector or intermediate
11. (d) :
Syphilis is caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) which is transferred through sexual intercourse with infected person. Haemophilia is a X-linked genetic disorder of blood. It is not transmitted via any sexual practise. Genital herpes is an STD while sickle-cell anaemia is an autosomal hereditary disorder.
The chances of a 5 year boy contacting an STD are very little since he is unlikely to have sex at this age.
Wuchereria bancrofti is a dreaded human parasite. It is a digenetic parasite completing its life cycle in two hosts, the final host is man harbouring the adult worm.
The disease passes through four stages in human beings: In the first stage, the patient has increased eosinophils, enlarged lymph nodes. Second or carrier stage is symptomless.Third stage is characterised by filarial fever, inflammation of lymph nodes (lymphadenitis) and lymph vessels (lymphangiectasis) and reversible lymphoedema (excess fluid in tissues due to obstruction of lymph vessels) in various body parts. The fourth or final stage is manifestated by lymphoedema accompanied by thickening of subcutaneous tissues and skin so that there is permanent swelling mostly of feet, legs, thighs, scrotal sacs, breast etc. It is called elephantiasis.
13. (c):
LSD is a psychedelic drug since it causes optical and auditory hallucinations and induces behavioural abnormalities. Opium and morphine are opiate narcotics that suppress brain activity and relieve pain. Caffeine is a stimulant that temporarily stimulates the nervous system.
14. (a) :
Plasmodium, a tiny protozoan parasite causes malaria in humans, and is transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito. When female Anopheles sucks the blood of infected human it takes up gametocytes (sexual stages of parasite) with blood meal. The gametocytes come out of the RBCs into die lumen (cavity) of the stomach of the mosquito. In the stomach, the male gametocyte divides and forms 6 to 8 long, motile, whip-like microgametes (male gametes). The female gametocyte does not divide but undergoes a process of maturation to become the macrogamete (female gamete).
A microgamete penetrates a macrogamete and fertilization (syngamy) takes place, resulting in the formation of a zygote. The zygote elongates and becomes worm like motile organism called ookinete. Ookinete further changes into sporozoites (mature infective stage of Plasmodium).
Widal test (developed by G.F.I Widal) is an agglutination test for the presence of antibodies against the Salmonella organisms that cause typhoid fever. It is used to diagnose the presence of the disease in a patient.
Common cold or rhinitis is one of the most infectious diseases caused by Rhino viruses. It affects nose and respiratory passage but not lungs. It spreads by droplet infection or contaminated objects. Pneumonia, caused by bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae is a serious disease of lungs, in which fluid collects in the alveoli and bronchioles. The disease spreads by sputum of the patient.
Contact inhibition is a property of normal cells by virtue of which contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth. Cancerous cells lack this property.
18. (b) :
Cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver responds to injury or death of some of its cells by producing interlacing strands of fibrous tissue between which are nodules of regenerating cells. The liver becomes tawny and characteristically knobbly (due to the nodules). One of the causes include alcoholism (alcoholic cirrhosis).
The given chemical structures (A) and (B) are of morphine and cannabinoid respectively. Morphine is the principal opium alkaloid. It is a strong analgesic. It also has sedative and calming effect. Morphine depresses respiratory centre, it contributes to the fall in blood pressure. Morphine is a very effective sedative and painkiller. It is very useful in patients who have undergone surgery. Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescence of hemp plant Cannabis sativa, family cannabinaceae. They affect the cardiovascular system of the body.
Sporozoites represent the infective forms of malarial parasite. A healthy person acquires infection, when a female Anopheles mosquito, containing sporozoites, bites the person for sucking his blood. The mosquito punctures the host's skin by its proboscis and first introduces some saliva into the blood stream. Along with saliva, thousands of sporozoites are inoculated in the host also.
21. (b):
22. (a):
Common cold is caused by some 100 types of Rhino viruses. It is one of the most common infectious disease in human. Antibiotics are substances that destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, particularly disease-producing bacteria and fungi. Antibiotics are obtained from microorganisms (especially moulds) or synthesized. Many antibiotics interfere with the pathogen protein synthesis. Some (e.g. Penicillin) prevent cross – linking of the glycan chains of peptidoglycan molecules in bacterial cell walls. Since the viruses do not possess cell wall and their own protein synthesising apparatus, they are not attacked by antibiotics.
Ringworm (tinea) is a fungal infection of the skin, the scalp, or the nails. Ringworm is caused by the dermatophyte fungi-species ofmicrosporum, trichophyton, and epidermophyton and also affects animals, a source of infection for humans. It can be spread by direct contact or via infected materials. The lesions of ringworm may form partial or complete rings and may cause intense itching. The disease is treated with antifungal agents taken by mouth or applied locally.
24. (d):
Refer answer 15.
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) a syndrome, is caused by the retrovirus HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The virus destroys a subgroup of lymphocytes, the helper T-cells (or CD4 lymphocytes), resulting in suppression of the body's immune response. HIV is transmitted in blood, semen and vaginal fluid; the major routes of infection are unprotected vaginal and anal intercourse, intravenous drug abuse, and the administration of contaminated blood and blood products. A combination of antiviral drugs can delay the development of full-blown AIDS for many years but cannot fully care the disease.
Prions are named by Stanley Prusiner (got Nobel Prize in 1997). Prions are infectious agents which are made of proteins only (without nucleic acid). Prions are the causal agents of scrapie disease of sheep.
Morphine is an potent opioid analgesic used mainly to relieve severe and persistent pain, particularly in terminally ill patients or who have undergone surgery. It also induces feelings of euphoria. It is administered by mouth, injection, or in suppositories. Common side- effects are nausea and vomiting, constipation, and drowsiness. With regular use, tolerance develops and dependence may occur.
Histopathological study is the invasive technique. Radiography and CT involves X-rays which are harmful.
In MRI strong magnetic fields and non-ionising radiations are used to detect any physiological changes in the using tissue.
Plasmodium is a tiny protozoan which is responsible for malaria in the human. In malaria the patient experiences high fever which periodically rises and also experiences recurring chills with fever. Such symptoms are seen because when the RBCs carrying Plasmodium (one of the stage in the life cycle of the parasite) ruptures it releases a toxic substance called haemozoin which is chiefly responsible for the chill and high fever recurring every three to four days.
Tumour is of two types : benign and malign. Malign or malignant tumour exhibit metastasis. It is the phenomenon in which cancer cells spread to distant sites through body fluids to develop secondary tumour.
Common cold is a viral disease. It is caused by Rhino viruses. It causes fever & pains all over the body and affects the nose, throat and air passages. AIDS (Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome) is a disorder of cell mediated immune system of the body. It is caused by HIV (Human immunodeficency virus). HIV is a retrovirus that attacks helper T-cells.
Amoebiasis – Use only sterilized food and water
Diptheria – DPT Vaccine
Cholera – Use oral rehydration therapy
Syphilis – Treponema pallidum
Hashish or charas is a pure resin obtained from female flowers and leaves of selected varieties of Cannabis sativa. It is the most potent hemp product (cannabinoids), and is usualy smoked with tobacco. Its use may lead to euphoria, hallucination, drowsiness and continuous laughing. The hallucinogens act mainly on CNS and greatly alter one's thought, feelings and perceptions.
It is almost impossible to repair intercardiac defects surgically while the heart is still pumping. Therefore many types of artificial heart-lung machines have been developed to take the place of the heart and lungs during the course of operation. The system consists principally of a pump and an oxygenating device. CAT is an invasive radiographic technique which passes short X- rays through the patient's body from various angles and the images are picked up by special X-ray detectors. Computer reconstructs the images. The scanner can produce tomograms or slices of organs at different points so that their internal structure can be known at any desired angle and depth. The technique is useful in diagnosis of disorders in any part of the body like abdomen, chest, spinal cord and brain, internal haemorrhages, tumours and their secondaries, abscesses, oedema, disc-diseases, etc.
Increased asthmatic attacks in certain seasons are related to inhalation of seasonal pollen. Pollens are microscopic grains produced by plants in order to reproduce. Pollen allergy is a hypersensitive reaction to pollen. Pollen induced reactions include extrinsic asthma, rhinitis and bronchitis.
Asthma can be defined clinically as a condition of intermittent, reversible airway constriction, due to a hyper-reactivity to certain substances producing inflammation. In an asthma attack the smooth muscles of the lungs go into spasm with the surrounding tissue inflammed and secreting mucus into the airways. Thus, the diameter of the airways is reduced causing the characteristic wheezing as the person affected breathes harder to get air into the lungs. Attacks can vary in intensity and frequency. An asthmatic attack may be triggered by environmental allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold spores, house dust, feather pillows, some foods, or any other sensitive substance. Asthmatic attacks may also result from infections, emotional stress, fatigue, endocrine changes and temperature and humidity changes. Cigarette smoking is a major factor in asthma.
Serum globulin are globulins occurring in blood serum and containing most of the antibodies of the blood. Serum globulin electrophoresis is a laboratory test that examines specific proteins in the blood called globulins. Globulins are roughly divided into alpha, beta, and gamma globulins. These can be separated and quantitated in the laboratory by electrophoresis and densitometry.
Fibrinogen (also called serum fibrinogen, plasma fibrinogen and factor I) is a protein produced by the liver. Fibrinogen helps to stop bleeding by helping in the formation of blood clots. Fibrinogen has been shown to be strongly predictive of both mortality and the onset of cardiovascular disease. Haemocytes is any blood or formed element especially in invertebrates. These are free floating cells within the haemolymph. It plays a role in insect immune responses, e.g. to parasitoid eggs. Serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein in humans and other mammals. Albumin is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure needed for proper distribution of body fluids between intravascular compartments and body tissues. Albumin is negatively charged. Low levels of serum albumin occur in people with malnutrition, inflammation, and serious liver and kidney disease.
Lysozyme is an antibacterial enzyme with natural antibiotic properties. Normally excreted in the tears, nasal mucus, milk, and saliva in most animals, lysozyme is part of the body's first natural defence against bacteria and viruses. Lysozyme is an enzyme that degrade the polysaccharide protective coating on the surface of many bacteria and viruses (glycoprotein covering) to allow other enzymes and antibodies to find their appropriate attachment sight. Most of the bacteria affected by lysozyme are not pathogenic.
Lysozyme serves as a non-specific innate opsonin by binding to the bacterial surface, reducing the negative charge and facilitating phagocytosis of the bacterium before opsonins from the acquired immune system arrive at the scene. In other words, lysozyme makes it easier for phagocytic white blood cells to engulf bacteria.
Blue baby syndrome is used to describe newborns with cyanotic conditions. It is a pathological condition in which blood's capacity for oxygen transport is reduced, resulting in bluish skin in infants. Blue baby syndrome begins when large amounts of nitrates in water are ingested by an infant and converted to nitrite by the digestive system. The nitrite then reacts with oxyhaemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying blood protein) to form methaemoglobin, which cannot carry oxygen. If a large enough amount of metheglobin is formed in the blood, body tissues may be deprived of oxygen, causing the infant to develop a blue coloration of their mucous membranes and possibly digestive and respiratory problems.
Methaemoglobin is a form of the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin, in which the iron in the haem group is in the Fe3+ state, not the Fe2+ of normal haemoglobin.
Mad cow disease is the common term for Bovine spongiform encepholopathy (BSE), a progressive neurological disorder of cattle. It is caused by prions. Symptoms include an excitable or nervous temperament to external stimuli such as touch to the skin. A prion (short for proteinaceous infectious particle) is a unique type of infectious agent, as it is made only of protein. . Prions are abnormally-structured forms of a host protein, which are able to convert normal molecules of the protein into the abnormal structure.
Clostridium is a genus of gram-positive bacteria. They are obligate anaerobes capable of producing endospores. Individual cells are rod-shaped. Foodbome disease caused by C. botulinum is referred to as botulism (a muscle-paralyzing disease). It is caused by the ingestion of a neurotoxin (botulin) produced by the microorganism in the food. Botulin blocks nerve function leading to respiratory and musculoskeletal paralysis. Symptoms of botulism include weakness, fatigue and dizziness, followed by blurred vision and progressive difficulty in speaking and swallowing. Weakening of the respiratory muscles is also observed and death may occur due to respiratory failure.
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental illness characterized by pervasive instability in moods, interpersonal relationships, self¬image, and behaviour. This instability often disrupts family and work life, long-term planning, and the individual's sense of self-identity. Originally thought to be at the "borderline" of psychosis, people with BPD suffer from a disorder of emotion regulation.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe mental disorders characterized by disturbances of language and communication; thought disturbances that may involve distortion of reality, misperceptions, delusions and hallucinations; mood changes and withdrawn, regressive, or bizarre behaviour, lasting longer than six months. A mood disorder is a condition where the prevailing emotional mood is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances. Addiction is a state of dependence produced by the habitual taking of drugs, alcohol etc.
Antibody are members of a class of proteins known as immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins in the immunoglobulin superfamily. The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. They are found in the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions. In structure, they are globulins (in the γ/-region of protein electrophoresis). They are synthesized and secreted by plasma cells that are derived from the B cells of the immune system. B cells are activated upon binding to their specific antigen and differentiate into plasma cells. In some cases, the interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is also necessary. They are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target. Production of antibodies is referred to as the humoral immune system.
Valium is a benzodiazephine (sedative) that gives a feeling of relaxation, calmness or drowsiness in the body. Morphine is the main opium alkaloid that depresses respiratory centre and contributes to the fall in blood pressure. Amphetamines are synthetic drugs and are stimulant in nature. Hashish is a hallucinogen.
The thymus is the major gland of our immune system. The thymus is responsible for many immune system functions including the production of T-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell responsible for cell mediated immunity. Cell mediated immunity is a type of immunity in which specialized cells carry out defensive activities. They protect the body against pathogens including the protists and fungi which have entered the host's cells. T-cells and B-cells are the type of lymphocytes that develop from bone marrow cells. Those lymphocytes that migrate to the thymus and differentiate are called T-cells and those cells that continue to be in the bone marrow for differentiation are known as B-cells. T-cells are responsible for cell mediated immunity, however, B- cells produce antibodies and take part in antibody mediated immunity.
All the options given are diseases with their associated vector which transmit the respective diseases.
Leishmaniasis, also called kala azar is caused by Leishmania donovani. It is spread by sand fly (Phlebotomus) and characterised by enlarged spleen and liver with high fever.
Sleeping sickness is caused by a protozoan Trypanosoma gambiense. Filarlisis is caused by worm Wuchereria bancrofti. Dengue fever is caused by arbo virus.
Carcinoma is a cancer that arises in epithelium, the tissue that lines the skin and internal organs of the body. It may occur in any tissue containing epithelial cells. It includes cervical cancer, breast cancer, skin canacer, stomach cancer etc.
Short-lived immunity acquired from mothers to foetus across placenta or through mother's milk to the infant is categorised as passive immunity. Passive immunity, an acquired immunity, is resistance based on antibodies performed in another host. In this case, the foetus is not directly responsible for its body immunity but it becomes immunised by mother's milk across placenta.
Haemophilia B, a type of haemophilia is also known as Christmas disease. It is due to deficiency of a blood coagulation factor, the Christmas factor (factor IX). Christmas was the person (20th century) in whom the factor was first identified. Haemophilia B is a defect of the blood which prevents its clotting.
Cancerous cells are the cells that undergo rapid cell division. These cells are destroyed by X-ray radiaton. During cell division, the DNA double helix opens up and undergo various other processes. Such processes are disrupted when exposed to radiation and the cancerous cells die selectively when radiated.
Some genetic disorders are produced by changes in the genes lying in the sex chromosomes.
These are called sex linked disorders. Colour blindness is produced by a recessive gene which lies on the X chromosomes. It occurs more common in men than in women. If a normal woman marries a colour blind man, they produce normal sons and carrier daughters. If a carrier woman marries a normal man, half of the sons will be colour blind and half of the daughters will be carriers.
Rest of the diseases mentioned in the question (AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhoea) are sexually transmitted diseases (i.e., STD). These are transmitted through sexual contact and are caused by pathogenic organisms.
Tranquillisers are drugs that have good effect in all types of psychosis, especially in schizophrenia. In a psychotic patient, these drugs reduce aggressiveness, thoughts and behaviour are gradually normalized and anxiety is relieved, e.g. reserpine which is an alkaloid extracted from the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina. Higher doses of it can cause sedation and mental depression. Cocaine is a stimulant. Morphine is an opiate narcotic. Bhang is a hallucinogenic.
Hallucinogens are drugs that change thoughts, feelings and perceptions of individuals. They cause hallucinations. LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is one such hallucinogen that causes horrible dreams, chronic psychosis and severe damage to the central nervous system. Sedatives give a feeling of calmness, relaxation or drowsiness in the body. Their high doses induce sleep. Tranquillisers lower tension and anxiety without inducing sleep. Stimulants are the drugs that stimulate the nervous system, make a person more wakeful, alert and active; and cause excitement.
Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhi. The organisms of the disease are present in the stool. They may be present in urine. They can, therefore, be carried by water and contaminated food. Their spread through water can give rise to severe epidemics. The temperature goes on rising during the first week and then gradually comes down. Rest, care about food and proper nursing are absolutely essential for some days, otherwise the disease may relapse.
Polio is caused by Enterovirus. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani.
Hepatitis B (serum hepatitis) occurs at any age and mode of transmission is through contact or blood. Infection is severe, often fatal and is accompanied by loss of appetite, nausea, whitish stool (due to lack of bile) and jaundice. 0.0002% of hepatitis B infected blood contact is enough to transmit hepatitis B.
Interferons are proteins that increase the resistance of a cell to attack by viruses by unmasking genes that synthesize antiviral proteins. In humans, three groups of interferons have been discovered: α- interferons from white blood cells; β-interferons from connective tissue fibroblasts; and γ-interferons from lymphocytes.
Lung cancer is a disease where tissue in the lung grows out of control. This may lead to metastasis, invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs. The vast majority of primary lung cancers are carcinomas of the lung, resulting from epithelial cells. One of the causes of lung cancer is exposure to coal dust. Exposure to coal dust can cause some coal mine workers to develop pneumoconiosis, or "black lung." This occurs when inhaled coal dust becomes embedded in the lungs, causing them to harden and making breathing difficult.
Syphilis is caused by a spirochete (spiral bacterium) Treponema pallidum. The symptoms of syphilis occur in three stages. The first stage usually consists of a painless lesion called a chancre at the organism's site of entry. The second stage begins as the organism enters the blood. Symptoms such as fever, a flu like illness, a skin rash, hair loss, and swollen joints may come and go over a period of several years. In the third stage permanent brain damage, heart disease, and blindness often occurs.
AIDS is a viral disease caused by Human Immuno deficiency virus. Gonorrhoea is a sexual disease and its causative organism is Neisseria gonorrhoea. Typhoid is caused by bacillus bacteria Salmonella typhai.
The common term for Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is mad cow disease, which is a progressive neurological disorobeder of cattle. In humans it is called Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, after the two doctors who first described the symptoms of the disease. It is caused by prions (proteinaceous infectious particles). It is characterized by rapidly progressive dementia associated with myoclonic jerks. The brains of affected individuals show a characteristic cystic degenerations.
Cholera is an acute infection of the small intestine by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which causes severe vomiting and diarrhoea (known as ricewater stools) leading to dehydration. The disease is contracted from food or drinking water contaminated by faeces from a patient. The resulting dehydration and the imbalance in the concentration of body fluids can cause death within 24 hours. Since, a large quantity of fluid and salts are rapidly lost through stools and vomit, therefore, the most important treatment is to replace the lost fluid and salts equally j rapidly. Rapid relacement of fluid and elecrolytes is needed by oral rehydration-therapy. The electrolytes consists of Na+ ions that prevents water loss from the body.
Active immunity is the immune response generated in an individual due to previous contact with disease or vaccination. In many cases, it is life long.
HIV is a retrovirus, which contains single stranded RNA, surrounded by protein coat (core shell) as genetic material. It causes AIDS. HIV is different in structure from other retroviruses. It is around 120 nm in diameter (120 billionths of a meter; around 60 times smaller than a red blood cell) and roughly spherical.
Opiates are derived from opium along with their synthetic relatives. Opiates have narcotic, analgesic, sedative and astringent effects. Narcotic is a drug that induces stupor and relieves pain. Morphine is the main opium alkaloid, which is a strong analgesic and also has sedative and calming effect. It depresses respiratory centre and contributes to the fall in blood pressure. It can cause release of ADH, reduction in urine output, constipation and mild hyperglycaemia etc. It causes addiction.
Barbiturates are substituted derivatives of barbituric acid. They reduce anxiety and induce sleep. Amphetamines are synthetic drugs which are strong stimulants. LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is the most powerful hallucinogens that causes severe damage to central nervous system.
Cancer may be curable in next two decades. The completion of the human genome is causing profound changes in thinking and direction of biomedical research. Cancer is caused by malfunctioning of genes, either through activation of cancer causing oncogens, or through inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. By comparing the active genes in the tumor to that of normal cells, the genes causing the cancer can be determined. Side by side there is a huge progress in the field of genetic engineering and biotechnology. All these aspects give us hope that cancer may be curable in next two decades. TB is curable by taking anti tubercular drugs and polio may be on the verge of eradication if the pulse polio programme succeeds.
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae (bacteria) usually affecting children upto five years of age. It may start as sore throat, chills with mild fever, sometimes vomiting and headache. Throat and or tonsils show a grey membrane which may spread down and cause hoarseness and difficulty in breathing. Nose may be affected giving rise to a blood-tinged nasal discharge from one nostril. If the disease is not treated early and properly the toxin produced by the germs affects the heart and the nervous system, and proves fatal. The germs are present in the discharges from the nose and throat of patients and also of healthy people who act as the "carriers". The patients and the carriers spread the disease through acts like kissing, talking, coughing and sneezing. Incubation period is of 2 – 5 days. The patient should be kept in a well- ventilated room if there is no isolation hospital in the town. The most important preventive measure-against this disease is that all babies should be immunised within the first six weeks of birth using DPT vaccine.
Small pox is an acute highly communicable disease. It is caused by virus named Variola virus. Now it is eradicated from world including India. It is highly infectious disease starting with high fever, chill, backache and headache, followed by appearance of rash on the third day of illness. The rash appears first on the face, then on the rest of the body. The rash starts as small reddish spots which change into papules. These in turn change into small vesicles containing clear fluid. Vesicles change into postules. Finally, a scab is formed and it falls off by the third week. These scabs leave deep pits or scars known as pock marks. The virus is present in the oral and nasal discharges of the patients and is ejected during the acts of coughing, sneezing, etc., and infects the healthy people.
The symptoms of red sickness are ulcerated skin, nausea and loss of hair.
Interferons are antiviral proteins that increase the resistance of a cell to attack by viruses. As measles is a viral disease, so body produces interferons. Measles is an acute infectious eruptive viral disease of childhood, caused by an RNA containing Rubeola virus/Polynosa morbillorum. Typhoid and tetanus are bacterial diseases caused by Salmonella typhi and Clostridium tetani respectively. Malaria is a protozoan disease caused by Plasmodium species.
Mumps is an infectious disease causing fever, difficulty in opening the mouth and painful swelling of the parotid glands which lie just below the lobe of the ears. It is caused by a Paramyxovirus, which comes out in the saliva of the infected person.
Rabies (Hydrophobia) is caused by a vims named as rabies virus. It is introduced in the body by the bite of rabid (mad) dogs usually. Fear of water is the most important characteristic symptom of this disease. Other symptoms are saliva from the mouth, severe headache, high fever, alternating periods, of excitement and depression, inability to swallow even fluids due to choked throat. The vims destroys the brain and spinal cord. Rabies is 100% fatal.
Cholera and tuberculosis are bacterial diseases caused by Vibrio cholerae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis respectively. Typhoid and tetanus are bacterial diseases caused by Salmonella typhi and Clostridium tetani respectively. AIDS is caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). Syphillis is caused by spirochaete Treponema pallidum.
Lymphocytes [type of leucocytes (WBCs)] secrete antibodies to destroy microbes and their toxins, reject grafts and kill tumor cells. Antibodies are protein in nature. Monocytes (type of WBC) is phagocytic in nature and engulf bacteria and cellular debris. Spleen is an organ that produces lymphocytes.
Antibiotics are not capable of curing any disease. Antibiotics are those substances that destroy or inhibit the growth of micro-organisms, particularly disease producing bacteria and fungi. The term antibiotic was introduced by Waksman in 1942. Antibiotics are obtained form micro-organisms (especially moulds) or synthesized. Common antibiotics include penicillins, streptomycin and tetracyclines. They are used to treat various infections but tend to weaken the body's natural defence mechanisms and can cause allergies. Ovemse of antibiotic can lead to the development of resistant strains of micro – organism.
Nicotine is the major stimulatory component of tobacco products including cigarettes. Nicotine has a number of effects on the human body similar to acetylcholine. It stimulates passage of nerve impulses, causes muscles to relax and causes the release of adrenaline, increasing both blood pressure and heart beat rate.
The normal count of WBCs is 5000 to 10000 per cubic millimeter of blood. Leukaemia is characterized by abnormal increase of WBCs count, 20000-1000000/mm3 due to their increased formations in the bone marrow. Haemolysis is breakdown of RBCs. Haemophilia is a disease in which blood clots slowly. Thrombosis is a clot formation inside the blood vessels.
Syphilis is caused by a spirochete (spiral bacterium) Treponema pallidum.
Sleeping sickness is a disease of tropical Africa caused by the presence in the blood of the parasitic protozoan, Trypanosoma gambiense. Plague is an epidemic disease of rats which is transmitted to humans by rat fleas. Dengue is a disease transmitted to humans by mosquito, Aedes aegypti.
Hay fever is a form of allergy due to the pollen of grasses, trees, and other plants, characterized by inflammation of the membrane lining the nose and sometimes of the conjunctiva. The symptoms of sneezing, running or blocked nose, and watering eyes are due to histamine released by the mast cells.
Plague is an acute epidemic disease of rats and other wild rodents caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is transmitted to humans by rat fleas. Headache, fever, weakness, aching limbs, and delirium develop and are followed by acute painful swellings of the lymph nodes. Bleeding under the skin, producing black patches, can lead to ulcers, which may prove fatal. Treatment with tetracycline, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol is effective.
Trichinosis is caused by Trichinella spiralis which lives as an endoparasite in human intestine. Salmonella typhimurum causes enteric fevers. Leishmania donovani causes kala-azar.
An antigen is any foreign substance like protein or polysaccaharide present on the external coating of pathogen, feathers, constituent of a vegetable, fruit, meat, drug, chemical, tissue or-organ transplant which induces the immune system to produce antibodies.
Syphilis is caused by a spirochete (spiral bacterium) Treponema pallidum. Gonorrhoea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Urethritis is inflammation of urethra.
Fibroblasts are the cells present in connective tissue. Sarcomas are cancers that are located in connective and muscular tissues derived from mesoderm. Thus, they include the cancers of bones, cartilages, tendons, adipose tissue, lymphoid tissue and muscles.
Rickettsia is a very small coccoid or rod – shaped gram-negative bacterium belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria. With one exception, rickettsias are obligate parasites, being unable to reproduce outside the cells of their hosts. Rickettsias can infect such arthropods as ticks, fleas, lice, and mites, through which they can be transmitted to vertebrates, including humans.
Bacteria develop mutant strains that become resistant to antibodies, so these antibodies become incapable of removing bacteria mediated diseases.
The drugs derived from opium alongwith their synthetic relatives are called opioids or opiates. Opiates have narcotic, analgesic, astringent (that causes contraction of body parts), and sedative effect.
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic filarial nematode worm spread by a mosquito vector. It is one of the three parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis. Elephantiasis can result if the infection is left untreated. Limited treatment modalities exist and no vaccines have been developed. Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Malaria parasites are transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. Sleeping sickness or African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease in people and animals, caused by protozoa of genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly. Kala- azar is caused by Leishmania (protozoan) and is transmitted by sand fly.
A substance that reduces pain without causing unconsciousness, either by reducing the pain threshold or by increasing pain tolerance. There are several categories of analgesic drugs, including morphine and its derivatives which produce analgesia by acting on the central nervous system; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. aspirin); and local anaesthetics.
Neutrophils, are the most abundant type of white blood cells and form an integral part of the immune system. These phagocytes are normally found in the blood stream. However, during the acute phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, neutrophils leave the vasculature and migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis. They are the predominant cells in pus, accounting for its whitish/yellowish appearance. Neutrophils react within an hour of tissue injury and are the hallmark of acute inflammation. Monocytes are also phagocytes but take 7-8 hours to reach at the site of injury. Acidophils and basophils are not phagocytic in nature.
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Racial Healing
Curtis Bell II
Appointed to Kalamazoo County Probate Court, 2005 the Honorable Curtis Bell serves in the Family Division of the Circuit Court. He was managing partner in private practice at a law firm located in Kalamazoo, 1994-2005, an adjunct professor at Western Michigan University, Haworth College of Business, and a former Oshtemo Township Deputy Supervisor. Judge Bell served as president of the Kalamazoo County Bar Association, from 2008-2009, president of the Southwest Michigan Probate Judges Association, from 2007-2008, and secretary from 2006-2007.
Judge Bell became a member of the Board of the Southwest Michigan Black Heritage Society in 2007 and continues emeritus status with SHARE.
Edward Parham
Ed is a graduate of Western Michigan University where he earned his Bachelor of Science degree in Health Care Administration in 1977.
Ed has served as Technical Director of Cardiac Laboratory Studies and Administrator of Borgess Medical Center. Upon retirement in 1983 he established Physicians Planners Consulting where he served as medical consultant to numerous medical practices throughout southwest Michigan. Ed has served on the board of directors of several organizations, including the State Hospital, the Youth Advancement Academy, the Douglas Community Association, and Allen Chapel AME Church. In 1981 Ed co-founded the 100 Men of Kalamazoo, an organization devoted to serving as examples and mentors for young African American men.
Romeo Phillips, PhD
Dr. Phillips has been a member of the Kalamazoo/Portage community since 1968 when he accepted the position that led to his becoming the first tenured African American professor at Kalamazoo College. He has played an active role in community arts and political organizations, having served as the president of the Kalamazoo Chapter of the NAACP, as a member of the Portage City Council, and as a performer in the Kalamazoo Bach Festival, the Kalamazoo Singers, and other music ensembles.
Dr. Phillips was a founding member of the Southwest Michigan Black Heritage Society and continues his emeritus status with SHARE.
Christine Berro
Christine is retired director of the Portage District Library and a member of the Portage Rotary. Christine is involved with many local non-profits, including SHARE and Trauma Recovery Associates. She joined the Board of the Southwest Michigan Black Heritage Society in 2010 and continues to serve with SHARE.
Sue Ellen Christian-Isaksen
Sue Ellen Christian is the Presidential Innovation Professor at Western Michigan University for 2021-2023. She teaches journalism and media literacy, and has written books on both topics with a focus on representation of historically marginalized groups and on inclusive narrative. She co-created a book on oral histories of longtime Black residents of Kalamazoo for SHARE and has served on the SHARE board since 2019.
Joanna Donnelly Dales
Joanna joined the Kalamazoo Community Foundation staff in 2007 as a Donor Relations Officer before being appointed to Vice President, Donor Relations in 2012. Joanna is a member of the Community Foundation's Anti-Racism Transformation Team.
Prior to coming to the Community Foundation, she held development positions in Washington D.C., with the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the American Symphony Orchestra League. In New York State she held development posts at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy and with the Preservation League of New York State in Albany.
Joanna holds a BA in Economics from the University of Michigan and an MBA from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. She currently serves on the boards of KC Ready 4s and the Downtown Kiwanis Club. She served on the board of the YMCA of Greater Kalamazoo for 9 years, including two as chair, and recently completed her service on the board of the Association of Fundraising Professionals West Michigan.
Joanna lives in Kalamazoo with her husband and three sons.
Byron Foster
Retired & serving as trustee on several boards in Kalamazoo.
Trice Batson
Trice Batson is the Director of Diversity and Inclusion at Kalamazoo Valley Community College. He previously served as the Coordinator of Diversity and Inclusion and Training Specialist. Included with his experience in diversity training and programming, he has served on numerous committees and is currently the Chair for The Diversity and Inclusion Committee for Equity and Culture. Trice earned a Bachelors degree in marketing from Western Michigan University (1999) and a Masters degree, also form Western Michigan University in Organizational Change Leadership (2019).
Caitlin Hoag
Caitlin Hoag is the Lead Law Librarian at the Kalamazoo Public Library (KPL) and a founding member of KPL's Antiracism Transformation Team. She has been involved in social justice work and dismantling systemic racism in the library world since 2010 and has spoken at state and national library conferences regarding antiracism. She grauated from Wayne State University with a Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) in 2009. A lifelong Kalamazoo resident, Caitlin is glad to be a part of an organization like SHARE that makes our a community a better, more equitable place to live.
Sue McCrery
Sister Sue, a member of the Congregation of St. Joseph, has served many years in ministry as a teacher, a campus minister, and a hospital chaplain. She got to know the work of SHARE when she invited the Summit on Racism to Ascension Borgess Hospital. Since 2002, when Sisters of St. Joseph began their antiracism work, Sue has been passionate about racial justice and equity. She facilitated the Borgess Diversity Council during her time at the hospital and serves on the Committee Against Racism with the Catholic Diocese of Kalamazoo. She is currently serving as Treasurer on the SHARE Board of Directors
Candy McCorkle
Dr. Candy McCorkle currently serves as the Vice President of Diversity and Inclusion at Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI. Prior to joining the senior administration of WMU she served as the Assistant Vice President of Student Affairs and the Director of Diversity and Inclusion at Alma College, Alma, MI. She has served in higher education for over 20 years beginning her career as an Associate Professor of Psychology at Spring Arbor University, Spring Arbor, MI. She also served as the director of the Masters of Counseling program at Spring Arbor University and was an Assistant Professor of Counseling and Director of the Global Campus Counseling program at Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI. Prior to serving at Alma College, Dr. McCorkle served as the Adjunct Administrator and Assistant Dean of the Honors program at Jackson College, Jackson, MI. She has also taught at the Moscow Christian School of Psychology, Moscow, Russia. She earned her B.A. in Psychology at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, her M.S. in Clinical Psychology from Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI and her Ph.D. in Counselor Education and Supervision from Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI. Dr. McCorkle has facilitated several workshops on privilege and identity, creating inclusive learning environments, and introduction to the basics of diversity and inclusion. She has served as a keynote speaker on topics related to diversity, equity and inclusion in educational and mental health settings. She has contributed as a chapter author to a text on pre-college programs and their impact on college retention as well as a guidebook for diversity and inclusion practitioners. Dr. McCorkle is completed a year-long National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education's (NADOHE) fellowship focused on the work of Chief Diversity Officers. As an administrator, educator and counselor, Dr. McCorkle has always demonstrated her commitment to moving organizations toward inclusivity.
Michael L. Smith is a member of the Division of Student Affairs staff at Western Michigan University. Michael's extensive career includes healthcare communications, corporate communications and broadcasting. He was a member of the marketing and communications team at Ascension Borgess Hospital in Kalamazoo and supported social media, internal and external communication initiatives for the health ministry. His higher education career also includes a previous position at Central Michigan University in 2011 as Assistant Director, Executive Communications. In this role, he served as the chief speechwriter for the CMU administration. Michael has also worked in corporate communication departments at Haworth, Inc., and at Amway Corp., and held the position of Director of Public Affairs at WWMT-TV in Kalamazoo from 1996 until 2000, where he created the station's public service campaigns. Michael is a native of Murfreesboro, Tenn., attended Middle Tennessee State University, and worked at radio and television stations in the Nashville market. He holds bachelor's and master's degrees in management from Spring Arbor University, and he is a former adjunct instructor at SAU.
Tina Wade
Albertine Wade's childhood dream was to become a classroom teacher. After being accepted by Western Michigan University (WMU) in 1966, she moved to Kalamazoo and attended WMU from (1966-1969). She graduated from the University of Missouri with a Bachelor of Arts in Education and taught grades 5-6 for two years (1971-1973) in the Kansas City, Missouri Public Schools. Upon returning to Kalamazoo , she began teaching in the Kalamazoo Public Schools {1974}, grades 4-6. After receiving a Masters of Arts in Education from WMU (1979), she was hired as an Instructional Specialist (1992-1996). She began teaching Advanced English, Creative Writing and Social Studies, grades 7-8, at Hillside Middle School (1997-2006). Albertine retired (2007) from Kalamazoo Public Schools. Currently, she is a mentor to youth participating in Kalamazoo's Reading in Motion.
Chiante' Lymon
Executive Director - Staff
A Detroit native, Lymon moved to the Kalamazoo area to attend Western Michigan University. In 2018, she graduated as a full-time, first-generation college student with dreams of becoming an Attorney General and running her own non-profit. She has a Bachelor of Arts in Criminal Justice and a double minor in Communication and Sociology. She is a member of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Incorporated, has served as the former Student Body President of WMU, Homecoming Queen, and institutionalized voter registration at WMU for students to understand the importance of civic engagement. Lymon leaves her role as Social Media and Technology Specialist at the Kalamazoo Defender, where she was previously a legal assistant and the board liaison and facilitator for the office's Anti-Racism Team.
Patricia Davis
Attended Davenport Business College with a degree is Business Administration. Has worked as an Administrative assistant for 30 years. Works in the community promoting diversity and inclusion thru non profits. In her position as Office Manager she want to educate the community on the importance of racial equity and the rich history of african americans that Kalamazoo has.
S.H.A.R.E.
Society For History And Racial Equity
471 W. South Street, Suite 42A
Help SHARE in their efforts by donating to the cause today, using Pay Pal™.
Website by: www.campbellwebsitedesign.com


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L'Association è una casa editrice francese che pubblica fumetti. È stata fondata nel maggio del 1990 da Jean-Christophe Menu, Lewis Trondheim, David B., Matt Konture, Patrice Killoffer, Stanislas e Mokeït.
Nel 2012, dei membri originali del gruppo, soltanto Konture continua ad essere affiliato al gruppo.

L'Association è una delle più importanti case editrici riguardanti la nuova ondata dei fumettisti franco-belgi, degli anni Novanta.
È stata la prima a pubblicare autori come Joann Sfar e Marjane Satrapi, oltre a tradurre in francese fumetti di autori nordamericani come Julie Doucet e Jim Woodring.

Lapin è la rivista del gruppo editoriale, che mette in mostra talenti provenienti dalle scene alternative d'Europa.

Storia
L'Association è stata fondata nel maggio del 1990 da sette giovani autori che volevano pubblicare i loro fumetti: Jean-Christophe Menu, Lewis Trondheim, David B., Mattt Konture, Patrice Killoffer, Stanislas e Mokeït.
Hanno chiamato la loro venture  "Atelier Nawak" (più tardi "Atelier des Vosges"), diventando poi in ambito editoriale L'Association.

Una delle principali pubblicazioni fu l'antologia di fumetti, caratterizzati dal tratto nero e bianco, Comix 2000: opera che includeva 300 autori provenienti da 29 paesi in un volume di quasi 2000 pagine. Oltre ai fondatori della casa editrice, altri autori presenti in questo volume sono Jessica Abel, Edmond Baudoin, Nick Bertozzi, Émile Bravo, Mike Diana, Julie Doucet, Renée French, Tom Hart, Dylan Horrocks, Megan Kelso, James Kochalka, Étienne Lécroart, Brian Ralph, Ron Regé, Jr., Joann Sfar, R. Sikoryak, Chris Ware, Skip Williamson e Aleksandar Zograf.

Opere(per autore)

Antologie
 Comix 2000 (2000)
 Oubapo
 OuPus 1 (1997)
 OuPus 2 (2003)
 OuPus 3 (2004)
 OuPus 4 (2005)

Edmond Baudoin
 Le portrait (riedizione di 'Baudoin, originariamente pubblicata da Futuropolis nel 1990)
 coll. Eperluette
 Éloge de la poussière (1995)
 Terrains vagues (1996)
 coll. Patte de Mouche
 Made in U.S. (1995)
 Nam (1998)
 coll. Ciboulette
 Le voyage (1996)
 Salade niçoise (1999)
 Le chemin de Saint-Jean (2002)
 Araucaria, carnets du Chili (collezione Mimolette, 2004)
 Couma acò (2005; riedizione,  originariamente pubblicata da Futuropolis nel 1991)
 Crazyman (2005)
 L'Espignole (2006)

David B.
le Cheval blême (1992)
 le Cercueil de course (1993)
 L'Ascension du Haut Mal
 Vol. 1 (1996)
 Vol. 2 (1997)
 Vol. 3 (1998)
 Vol. 4 (1999)
 Vol. 5 (2000)
 Vol. 6 (2003)
 la Bombe familiale (1997, )
 L'Association en Égypte (con Golo, Edmond Baudoin, Jean-Christophe Menu) (1998)
 Maman a des problèmes (con Anne Baraou) (1999)
 les Incidents de la nuit
 Tome 1 (1999)
 les Traces du dieu Enn (2000)
 l'Embuscade (2002)

Guy Delisle
 Réflexion (ottobre 1996)
 Aline et les autres (Aprile 1999)
 Shenzhen (Aprile 2000)
 Albert et les autres (giugno 2001)
 Pyongyang (giugno 2003)

Julie Doucet
 Ciboire de criss

Patrice Killoffer
 Killoffer en la matière (1992)
 Billet SVP (1995)
 La Clef des champs (1997)
 Six cent soixante-seize apparitions de Killoffer (2002)
 Le Rock et si je ne m'abuse le roll (2006)
 Quand faut y aller (2006)

Matt Konture
 coll. Patte de Mouche
 Supra plus (1992)
 Glofluné Triblonto (1996)
 Galopinot (testo e disegni) (con Lewis Trondheim) (1998)
 coll. Mimolette
 Printemps, Automnes (1993)
 Krokrodile comix II (1999)
 Tombe (la veste ?) (1999)
 Head banger forever !? (2000)
 Barjouflasque (2000)
 Cinq heure du Mattt (2001)
 Sclérose en plaques (2006)
 Ivan Morve (coll. Éperluette, 1996)
 Les Contures (coll. Ciboulette, 2004)
 Galopu sauve la terre (Hors-Collection, 2005)
 Archives - Mattt Konture (coll. Archives, 2006)

Étienne Lécroart
 Pervenche et Victor (1994)
 Cercle vicieux (2000)
 Le Cycle (2003)
 Scroubabble (2005)
 L'élite à la portée de tous (2005)

Jean-Christophe Menu
 Moins d'un quart de seconde pour vivre (with Lewis Trondheim) (1991)
 Dinozor Apokalips (1991)
 Omelette (1995)
 Livret de Phamille (1995)
 Gnognottes (1999.
 Le Livre du Mont-Vérité (2002)
 Mini Mune Comix (2003)
 Meder (2005;  originariamente pubblicata da Futuropolis nel 1988)
 Plates-Bandes (2005)
 La Marraine des Moines (2008)
 Lock Groove Comix
 Lock Groove Comix N°1 (2008)
 Lock Groove Comix N°2 (2009)
 Lourdes coquilles (2009)
 Corr&spondance (con Christian Rosset) (2009)
 La Présidente with Blutch (2010;  originariamente pubblicata da Autrement nel 1995)
 La bande dessinée et son double (2011)

Riad Sattouf
 La vie secrète des jeunes (2007)

Marjane Satrapi
 Persepolis
Broderies (2003)

Joann Sfar
 Le petit monde du Golem (1998)

Lewis Trondheim
 Genèses apocalyptiques
 Non, non, non
 Le pays des trois sourires

Jim Woodring
 Frank
 Frank (1998)
 Frank, Tome 1 (2001)
 Frank, Tome 2 (2006)
 Frank's Real Pa: Suivi de Frank et la corde de luth (2007)
 Weathercraft (2010)
 Frank et le congrès des bêtes (2011)
 Fran (2014)

Note

Bibliografia
 Wivel, Matthias. "A House Divided: The Crisis at L'Association (Part 1 of 2)," The Comics Journal (Nov. 3, 2011).

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Case editrici francesi di fumetti

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Wolfgramm says the ocean is suffering under the burden of plastic waste, and if the trend continues there will be more plastic by weight in the ocean than fish.
The first installation, called "Forgotten Promises", features plastic fish, made from recycled bottles. It will be exhibited at Te Ara – the Cook Islands Museum of Cultural Enterprise, as a message of hope to the world. It aims create awareness and remove plastic bottles from the landfill and ocean. It is linked to the ancestral and cultural connection to the ocean and the gods especially Tangaroa, god of the sea, and will permanently hang in the Museum.
The second larger installation, nearly four metres tall, will be an outdoor statue of Tangaroa, made of plastic bottles and filled with ocean waste. It will be on permanent display at the front of the museum.
Donations are being sought to help make this project happen, promoting awareness, helping to remove plastic from the environment, and helping the creation of "up-cycled" plastic fish to be exported around the world to further increase awareness of the plastic waste problem.
Pledges of $10 and upwards are being sought and those who pledge a donation will receive a gift according to the amount they have pledged. The gifts include a "meitaki ma'ata", e-post card, instructions on how to make a plastic fish, a reusable drink bottle - and if you pledge over $49.50 a t-shirt. Pledge $165 or more and you will receive an original print depicting life in the Cook Islands. On offer will be a selection of A3-sized prints by two renowned contemporary Cook Islands artists who work with the project to protect the ocean.
More details are available, and for those wanted to pledge more are on the project's Facebook page.
"We have started working with schools and have developed a curriculum around this. We want to also make a booklet and a video to go with the sculptures," says Wolfgramm. Many schools have become involved and have started making fish for the first instalments and there has been foreign interest including one university in Monash, where this has become part of their online learning.
"It's really gone worldwide," says Wolfgramm.


Terry Victor Groce was born on March 21, 1943 in Woodward, Oklahoma to Victor Herman and Alline (Wood) Groce. Terry passed away on Sunday, November 11, 2018 at Villagio in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Funeral services are scheduled for Friday, November 16, 2018 at 2:00 p.m. at the First United Methodist Church of Woodward, Oklahoma. Burial will follow in the Elmwood Cemetery.
Terry graduated from Sharon High School. While in high school, he enjoyed and excelled at basketball and baseball. Many lifelong friendships were developed and maintained.
Terry was united in marriage to Kaye Lynn Drake. They were blessed with two children, Traci Lynn and Brian Drake.
They made their first home in Woodward and Terry was employed by Woodward Sandblasting Company. After moving to Weatherford, Oklahoma, Terry graduated with a BS Degree in Secondary Education in 1967 and masters Degree in 1973. Terry's work experience included teaching, counseling, and business. The highlight of his educational career was spent coaching basketball and baseball to junior high and high school students. Many lasting friendships were developed with students that he taught and coached. Terry was employed as Transportation Director for Woodward Public Schools retiring in 2006.
Terry was very involved with coaching Kids Inc teams during Traci and Brian's softball, basketball, T-Ball, baseball and soccer playing years. Several happy and fun years were spent following Traci as a member of The Eighteen's Softball Team as a coach and Dad. Equally enjoyable were Brian's tenure on Woodward's American Legion Baseball Team.
Terry was an avid golfer and spent many enjoyable hours with his friends golfing Boiling Springs, Woodward Golf Course, and golfing road trips. Terry was a member of the (Friends Garden Club). The Club consisted of a group of men noted for passing along wise advice, humorous stories, and "pertinent" information.
Terry's greatest joys were his children and grandchildren. He enjoyed spending time whenever possible and watching their various activities. Terry was a member of Methodist Men, the United coffee klatch, Woodward Elks, Oklahoma Retired Educators, and State of Oklahoma Employees.
Terry is survived by his wife, Kaye of the home; daughter Traci Lynn Meese and husband Clark of The Woodlands, Texas, grandchildren Cameron, Kalynn and her husband Christopher Hodgson, and Olivia Grace of Oklahoma City; son Brian Drake Groce and wife Staci and grandchildren Addison Clare and Conleigh Susan of Broomfield, Colorado; nieces Vickie Kenney of Weatherford and Kay Schoeppel of Fairview; many other relatives and friends.
Terry was preceded in death by his parents, sister Peggy Kenney, brother-in-law Melvin Kenney and sister-in-law Ann (Drake) Williams.
Memorial contributions may be made to the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Dementia/Alzheimer Research and to the First United Methodist Church of Woodward/Circle of Care with the funeral home accepting the contributions.
To send flowers or a remembrance gift to the family of Terry Groce, please visit our Tribute Store.
"Email Address" would like to share the life celebration of Terry Groce. Click on the "link" to go to share a favorite memory or leave a condolence message for the family.


New Jersey is a culinary paradise, and the dining wealth is spread all over the state, from woodsy Sussex County down to surf-splashed Cape May.
Yet let's be honest here. Some Jersey counties are created more equal than others when it comes to food; nobody but the most rabid Sussex, Warren or Salem County resident would argue they have a livelier food scene than, say, Essex or Union county.
Which bring us to this ranking of all 21 counties by food. Just because a county has the highest concentration of high-end restaurants - or burger joints, or whatever- didn't automatically earn it a high ranking.
We took many factors into consideration, not just the quantity of offerings in each county, but quality and diversity. We didn't just restrict ourselves to restaurants and diners, either. A robust food scene includes delis, markets, specialty food stores, even farms and farmers markets.
Many will be surprised by these rankings ("how come you ranked __ county so high (or so low)?) But that's part of the fun. So let the debate - and the good eating - begin.
Well, someone had to finish last. It doesn't help that Salem is the state's least populous county; more people live in Middletown than all of Salem County. The county does have one great thing going for it - farms; it's a close second in farm acreage to Hunterdon County, and no county has more acres devoted to vegetables than Salem.
There are several good diners in the county - the Salem Oak in Salem (shown in photo); the Woodstown Diner in Woodstown, and the Point 40 in Monroeville, which makes a standout Greek salad. Hudock's Custard Stand in Quinton and Cream Valley Custard in Woodstown are must-stops in the summer, and much-better-than-average food can be found at the Corner Bar in Pilesgrove, winner of our N.J,.'s best bar showdown. Most of New Jersey has never heard of Elsinboro, but Seagraves Steak & Submarine Shop makes damn good subs. Or hoagies.
I always get grief from Sussex County residents whenever we announce the semifinalists in one of our N.J.'s best showdowns. My answer is the same: next time, stop kvetching and nominate worthy places (they rarely do). Newton, the county seat, is home to Hayek's Market and Narin Thai, both recommended. Andre's in Sparta may be the county's most celebrated restaurant. And the Sunday brunches at Perona Farms in Andover are legendary.