text:
CAD/CAM Preparation Leads to Aerospace Opportunity
"Dynamic toolpaths give us constant radial engagement," said lead programmer Jesse Simmons. "Every time the tool goes into a corner, instead of plowing, it starts to loop. I no longer have to worry about setting my feedrate so that it does not blow up in the corners. Because the engagement is constant, I can use the chip thinning factor to reduce stepovers and increase speeds. With this approach to tool life, in many cases, cycles have improved by 50% or more."
The CAM system is the backbone of scrap-free manufacturing strategies. It is the digital environment where 95% of the work is accomplished before the workpiece is set up on the machine. Parts, such as this aluminum drone part for the missile defense industry, are programmed into the CAM software and machined on a series of 3-D and 4-axis mills, high speed mills, a 5-axis machining center and a pallet loading HMC.
Verisurf, a module integrated within Mastercam, is used to visually analyze MBD data and determine how to machine difficult part dimensions and meet difficult dimensional requirements. Simmons says Verisurf is particularly useful for aligning hole axes and analyzing the thickness of walls coming in at odd angles.
When the automotive market was in the doldrums in 2012, Jake Brackett left the job shop where he had been working for more than a decade and started his own parts manufacturing business. His big idea was to tap into what appeared to be a substantial amount of aerospace manufacturing that was being lured into the Carolinas.
Brackett established a business plan and leveraged everything he owned to obtain a $250,000 loan that enabled his start-up to acquire a respectable 3-axis mill, a lathe and a computer system equipped with seats of SolidWorks and Mastercam (from CNC Software, Inc.). He launched Jacob Grey, Inc. with himself and two others as employees. Brackett began taking on projects making perishable tools (jigs and fixtures) for OEMs and small parts subcontracted from second and third tier aerospace suppliers.
Jacob Grey, Inc. was working its way up from the bottom of the supply chain. This did not come as a surprise to Brackett; he knew from consulting with his Mastercam reseller (Jimmy Wakeford of Barefoot CNC) and other trusted suppliers that aerospace assignments came as the result of the job shop's demonstrated merit based on quality and on-time deliveries. Over time, good work would be rewarded with additional assignments involving greater manufacturing complexity, unforgiving materials and tighter delivery schedules.
While Jacob Grey, Inc. was cutting its teeth making tooling for a wide spectrum of companies in South Carolina, Brackett was working with Wakeford's guidance to develop robust manufacturing processes capable of a much higher level of manufacturing complexity within his CAD/CAM software.
This preparation led to the first major aerospace opportunity later in 2012, when Brackett met with a representative of a very large aircraft OEM and was given the opportunity to manufacture a number of small parts. That went so well that the local contact thought of Jacob Grey when an emergency arose that would cause the OEM to shut down a production operation unless a critical part were delivered over the weekend.
Brackett explained: "Our customer said they needed it by Sunday night and this was Friday afternoon. I got my guys together and told them what was needed and we agreed to do it on time. I did not think it was a difficult part for us, but it did have some complex features and tight tolerances. It also had to be cut from a large aluminum billet with a machining process that would relieve all of the stresses. We modeled the part in SolidWorks, analyzed it and used Mastercam to program the part and develop our workholding solutions. This was all done in just 12 hours. Then we went straight into set-up and machining. In all, we worked 48 hours straight and delivered the project on time."
Two weeks later, Brackett got a call from one of the OEM's supplier analysts. They were impressed by his company's crunch time performance. The OEM was willing to give Jacob Grey, Inc. more business if it could meet stringent aerospace model based definition (MBD) requirements. This took about six months and Jacob Grey, Inc. was set up as a secondary emergent offloading (EO) supplier and given a three-year contract.
"We were off and running," Brackett said. "Once you get inside the door, and you do a good job, OEMs will love you to death."
Jacob Grey, Inc.'s work volume began to increase steadily. So did the size, complexity and tolerances of what was being asked for. "Mastercam could do it, no problem," said Brackett, "but the machines were limited."
As a result, Brackett sold the shop's basic CNC mill and lathe and began acquiring a series of high-end CNC systems, including 3-D and 4-axis mills, high-speed mills, a 5-axis machining center and a pallet loading horizontal machining center (HMC). Four years into its start-up phase, Jacob Grey, Inc. was already knocking down walls and expanding into the next building.
Steadying Influence of CAM
Jacob Grey, Inc. is scrap averse. "Our attitude," said Brackett, "is no scrap parts. We machine 500-1,000 titanium parts a year and a lot are complicated. They cost $5-15,000 each. Our scrap rate is very low. We have had two scrap parts since January out of about 800. We check 100% of our parts. Even if it is 200 pieces, we check each of them completely. With that mind set, when a customer says that there is an issue, we are able to work with our customer and compare data to ensure our paperwork is right, our process is right and all of our SOPs are right. That sets us above some of the other shops as far as performance."
He indicated that the CAM system is the backbone of scrap-free manufacturing strategies. It is the digital environment where 95% of the work is accomplished before the workpiece is set up on the machine. To keep all of the digital work in a single environment he relies on a set of advanced tools that are part of the Mastercam software or that have been purchased from third party suppliers and integrated seamlessly within the CAD/CAM software via Mastercam's C-hook technology.
Lead programmer Jesse Simmons explained that this integration is vitally important because the two programmers are expected to begin programming within a few hours of the part arriving in their queue. He said, "The faster I can get the part programmed, the faster I can machine it. The part will come in, we analyze it, program it and start machining the same day."
These parts, which have been modeled in SolidWorks, are imported directly into Mastercam. A Mold-Plus software module is of use to all of the MBD data associated with the part. This saves a substantial amount of time because it eliminates the need to work back and forth between Mastercam and CATIA to access MBD.
Verisurf, another module integrated within Mastercam, is used to visually analyze MBD data and determine how to machine difficult part dimensions and meet difficult dimensional requirements. Simmons said Verisurf is particularly useful for aligning hole axes and analyzing the thickness of walls coming in at odd angles. Critical process variables identified with Verisurf trigger in-process gauging sessions on the shop floor using the machine's spindle probes.
The programmers also make extensive use of the X-Plus module within Mastercam. This allows them to design standalone set-up sheets for the operator. The operator can use the same sheet to send comments back to the program, where Simmons can take advantage of shop floor experience to further improve the CNC program.
Simmons also cited many features within Mastercam to improve workflow so that parts move from model to machine faster. These include model prep features that help him analyze the part and build workholding solutions faster; simulation to verify the accuracy of toolpaths; machine simulation to detect interferences within 5-axis toolpaths; and 5-axis toolpaths themselves, which Simmons believes have "come a long way" in terms of collision detection and tool control.
Unlocking Productivity
Shortly after Jacob Grey, Inc. acquired its 5-axis machining center, the company brought in a second Mastercam programmer with dedicated aerospace CNC machining experience. In addition to his 5-axis programming expertise, he was very adept at ferreting out "white time" in which the program was not operating as efficiently as it could. He could see that Mastercam was being used very effectively to achieve critical aerospace quality objectives, but as far as productivity was concerned, "it was all locked up." Brackett set his programmers out on a quest to reduce dead time so that machine cycles could be improved and lead times reduced.
A cornerstone of this initiative was to more fully implement Mastercam's Dynamic Motion Technology. Simmons explained that getting more speed is desirable, but it must come at the expense of smoothness, especially when working with materials like titanium. If higher speed means plowing into cuts and banging on the material, then you are introducing too much stress into the part. He said, "These toolpaths give us constant radial engagement. Every time the tool goes into a corner, instead of plowing, it starts to loop. I no longer have to worry about setting my feedrate so that it does not blow up in the corners." Because the engagement is constant, the programmers can use the chip thinning factor to reduce stepovers and increase speeds. With this approach to tool life, in many cases, cycles have improved by 50% or more.
The impact of introducing high-end equipment and systematically improving machining strategies has resulted in lead times that have gone from 15 weeks early in the company's history to four weeks five years later. On-time performance was an important factor in winning an additional 5-year OEM manufacturing contract. Expertise in complex super alloy manufacturing has attracted customers from other industries and has been instrumental in the launch of a successful custom firearms manufacturing business. In just five years, the company has grown from three to 10 employees, including two CAM programmers, and production output has grown more than 10-fold. The company continues to keep up with a steadily increasing flow of work.
Jacob Grey Precision Machining
125A Queen Parkway
www.jacob-grey.com
Michelle Nemeth
CNC Software, Inc.
Tolland, CT 06084
info@mastercam.com
www.mastercam.com
SE ONLY
NC, SC
James Wakeford
Barefoot CNC
333 Sanford Dr.
Holding Tight Tolerances and Improving Workflow


text:
Les carbapénèmes sont une classe d'antibiotiques naturels ou semi-synthétiques obtenus à partir de Streptomyces cattleya. Ils font partie de la famille des bêta-lactamines.

Action
Ils agissent en liant des protéines bactériennes, les  (PBP) et plus spécifiquement la PBP-2 et la PBP-3, des bacilles gram négatif. Ces PBP sont des transpeptidases, enzymes de synthèse du peptidoglycane qui est un des constituants de la paroi cellulaire de ces micro-organismes. En inhibant ce mécanisme, on entraîne un défaut de la paroi cellulaire qui provoque ensuite une lyse de la cellule bactérienne.

Le spectre d'activité des carbapénèmes est très large. ces molécules ont une haute affinité pour les PBP, pénètrent plus facilement à travers les bactéries gram négatif et offrent une résistance élevée aux bêta-lactamases. On peut voir qu'elles sont donc des agents plus forts que les pénicillines qui sont plus facilement dégradées par les β-lactamases.

Les indications de ces médicaments dépendent de l'agent choisi (il y en a cinq à ce jour, l'ertapénem, l'imipénem, le doripénem, le tébipénem et le méropénem).

Résistances
Une résistance des micro-organismes aux carbapénèmes est possible.
Entre 2009 et , 152 épisodes de résistances d'entérobactéries à cet antibiotique  ont été signalés par les établissements de santé et, ou le CNR Résistance aux antibiotiques ou d'autres laboratoires experts. Ces épisodes sont en nette augmentation de 2009 à 2012 (avec 6 épisodes signalés en 2009, 28 en 2010, 109 en 2011 et 1 sur les deux premières semaines de 2012). Les bactéries les plus souvent impliquées en France de 2009 à 2012 étaient (par ordre de fréquence) Klebsiella pneumoniae (dans 59 % des cas), Escherichia coli (22 % des cas) et Enterobacter cloacae(12 % des cas) et un séjour à l'étranger était en cause dans 72 % de ces 152 épisodes.

Cette « antibiorésistance » est permise par plusieurs mécanismes :
 L'imperméabilité de la paroi cellulaire des bacilles gram négatif. Ainsi, la molécule ne peut pénétrer à l'intérieur de la bactérie ;
 La modification des PBP rendant le site d'action non-reconnaissable pour le carbapénème ;
 Le développement de β-lactamases (« carbapénèmases » efficaces contre les carbapénèmes).

Récemment, un gène, le NDM-1 (New Delhi metallo-B-lactamase 1), porteur de résistances aux carbapénèmes, s'est développé. On l'a trouvé en Inde et au Pakistan et sur des voyageurs européens ou américains s'étant rendus dans ces pays pour des raisons de tourisme médical. Les conditions sanitaires médiocres de ces pays, liées à l'usage peu précautionneux des antibiotiques, seraient l'une des raisons d'apparition de ce gène, qui a poussé la presse et les spécialistes à parler de « super-bactéries » .

En 2016, pour la première fois, chez des animaux d'élevage, une bactérie (Enterobacteriaceae) a été trouvée porteuse d'un gène de résistance au carbapénème (aux États-Unis).

Effets secondaires

Les effets secondaires généraux de la classe comprennent :
 les troubles gastro-intestinaux : nausées, diarrhée, vomissements ;
 l'irritation au site d'injection ;
 rash cutané ;
 convulsions (surtout pour l'imipénem) ;
 les troubles hématologiques : la leucopénie, la neutropénie, l'éosinophilie ;
 l'élévation d'enzymes hépatiques (par lyse des hépatocytes) ;
la colite pseudo-membraneuse à Clostridium difficile.
Le risque d'allergie croisée avec les β-lactames (pénicillines, céphalosporines) était initialement estimé à 50 %, mais le risque réel est bien plus faible (inférieur à 10 %, voire de l'ordre de 1 %).

Synergie
 l'association aux aminoglycosides.

Interactions médicamenteuses
Ils diminueraient le taux sanguin d'un antiépileptique, l'acide valproïqueet augmenteraient l'efficacité des antivitamines K.

Tableau d'efficacité
Voici un tableau d'efficacité potentiel des Bêta-lactamines.

Légende :
 ;
 ;
 ;
CG+ : Cocci gram + ;
BGN : bacilles gram négatif ;
BG+ : Bacilles gram +.

Bactéries aérobies

Bactéries anaérobies

Autres bactéries

Voie d'administration

Tous les carbapénèmes sont administrés par injection, à l'exception du tébipénem qui existe sous forme de comprimés.

Références

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Главная Журналы Популярное Audi - почему их так назвали? Как появилась марка Bmw? Откуда появился Lexus? Достижения и устремления Mercedes-Benz Первые модели Chevrolet Электромобиль Nissan Leaf Главная » Журналы » Transformer elementary form
transformer elementary form
Transformers are needed in electronic apparatus to provide the different values of plate, filament, and bias voltage required for proper tube operation, to insulate circuits from each other, to furnish high impedance to alternating but low impedance to direct current, and to maintain or modify wave shape and frequency response at different potentials. The very concept of impedance, so characteristic of electronics, almost necessarily presupposes a means of changing from one impedance level to another, and that means is commonly a transformer.
Impedance levels are usually higher in electronic, as compared with power, equipment. Consider the connected kva on an 11,000-volt power line; it may easily total 1,000,000. Compare this with a large broadcast transmitter operating at the same voltage and drawing 70 kva. The currents in the two cases are 90,000 amp and 6 amp, respectively. For the powder line, the load impedance is 11,000/90,000, or slightly more than 0.1 ohm; for the transmitter it is 11,000/6, or nearly 2,000 ohms. Source impedances are approximately proportional to these load impedances. In low-power electronic circuits the source impedance often exceeds the load impedance and influences the transformer performance even further.
Weight and space are usually at a premium in electronic equipment, and reliability is of paramount importance. Transformers account for a considerable portion of the weight and space, and form a prime component of the reliability.
These and other differences of application render many power transformers unsuitable for electronic circuit use. The design, construction, and testing of electronic transformers have become separate arts, directed toward the most effective use of materials for electronic applications.
3. New Materials. Like all electronic apparatus, transformers are subject to continual change. This is especially so since the introduction of new materials such as
(a) Grain-oriented core steel.
(b) Solventless impregnating varnish.
(c) Inorganic insulating tape.
(d) Improved wire enamel.
(e) Low-loss, powdered iron cores. (/) Ferrite cores.
Through the application of these materials, it has been possible to
(a) Reduce the size of audio and power transformers and reactors.
(b) Increase the usefulness of saturable reactors as magnetic amplifiers.
(c) Reduce the size of high-voltage units.
(d) Design filters and reactors having sharper cut-off and higher Q than previously was thought possible.
(e) Make efficient transformers for the non-sinusoidal wave shapes such as are encountered in pulse, video, and sweep amplifiers,
(/) Extend the upper operating frequency of transformers into the high-frequency r-f range.
Occasionally someone asks why electronic transformers cannot be designed according to curves or charts showing the relation between volts, turns, wire size, and power rating. Such curves are very useful in designing the simpler transformers. However, this idea has not been found universally practicable for the following reasons:
(a) Regulation. This property is rarely negligible in electronic circuits. It often requires care and thought to use the most advantageous winding arrangement in order to obtain the proper IX and IR voltage drops. Sometimes the size is dictated by such considerations.
(£ ) Frequency Range, The low-frequency end of a wideband transformer operating range in a given circuit is determined by the transformer open-circuit inductance. The high-frequency end is governed by the leakage inductance and distributed capacitance. Juggling the various factors, such as core size, number of turns, interleaving, and insulation, in order to obtain the optimum design constitutes a technical problem too complex to solve on charts.
(c) Voltage. It would be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to reduce to chart form the use of high voltages in the restricted space of a transformer. Circuit considerations are very important here, and the transformer designer must be thoroughly familiar with the functioning of the transformer to insure reliable operation, low cost, and small dimensions.
{d) Size. Much electronic equipment is cramped for space, and, since transformers often constitute the largest items in the equipment, it is imperative that they, too, be of small size. An open-minded attitude toward this condition and good judgment may make it possible to meet the requirements which otherwise might not be fulfilled. New materials, too, can be instrumental in reducing size, sometimes down to a small fraction of former size.
In succeeding chapters the foregoing considerations will be applied
coil form
primary winding
secondary winding
core laminations
core flux-Fig. 1. Transformer coil and core.
A simple transformer coil and core arrangement is shown in Fig. 1. The primary and secondary coils are wound one over the other on an insulating coil tube or form. The core is laminated to reduce losses. Flux flows in the core along the path indicated, so that all the core flux threads through or links both windings. In a circuit diagram
the transformer is represented by the circuit symbol of Fig. 2.
4. Transformer Fundamentals. The simple transformer of Fig. 2 has two windings. The left-hand winding is assumed to be connected to a voltage source and is called the primary winding. The right-hand winding is connected to a load and is called the secondary. The transformer merely delivers to the load a voltage similar to that impressed across its primary, except that it may be smaller or greater in amplitude.
In order for a transformer to perform this function, the voltage across it must vary with respect to time. A d-c voltage such as that of a storage battery produces no voltage in the secondary winding or power
Fig. 2. Simple transformer.
to the performance and design of several general types of electronic transformers. The remainder of this chapter is a brief review of fundamental transformer principles. Only iron-core transformers with closed magnetic paths are considered in this introduction. Air-core transformers, with or without slugs of powdered iron, are discussed in a later chapter on high-frequency transformers. Most transformers operate at power frequencies; it is therefore logical to begin with low-frequency principles. These principles are modified for other conditions in later chapters.
62 N2
where ei = primary voltage 62 = secondary voltage iVi = primary turns N2 = secondary turns.
in the load. If both varying and d-c voltages are impressed across the primary, only the varying part is delivered to the load. This comes about because the voltage e in the secondary is induced in that winding by the core flux ф according to the law
e= - lX 10- (1)
This law may be stated in words as follows: The voltage induced in a coil is proportional to the number of turns and to the time rate of change of magnetic flux in the coil. This rate of change of flux may be large or small. For a given voltage, if the rate of change of flux is small, many turns must be used. Conversely, if a small number of turns is used, a large rate of change of flux is necessary to produce a given voltage. The rate of change of flux can be made large in two ways, by increasing the maximum value of flux and by decreasing the period of time over which the flux change takes place. At low frequencies, the flux changes over a relatively large interval of time, and therefore a large number of turns is required for a given voltage, even though moderately large fluxes are used. As the frequency increases, the time interval between voltage changes is decreased, and for a given flux fewer turns are needed to produce a given voltage. And so it is that low-frequency transformers are characterized by the use of a large number of turns, whereas high-frequency transformers have but few turns.
If the flux Ф did not vary with time, the induced voltage would be zero. Equation 1 is thus the fundamental transformer equation. The voltage variation with time may be of any kind: sinusoidal, exponential, sawtooth, or impulse. The essential condition for inducing a voltage in the secondary is that there be a flux variation. Only that part of the flux which links both coils induces a secondary voltage.
In equation 1, if ф denotes maxwells of flux and t time in seconds, e denotes volts induced.
If all the flux links both windings, equation 1 shows that equal volts per turn are induced in the primary and secondary, or
ei Ni
5. Sinusoidal Voltage. If the flux variation is sinusoidal,
Ф = Фтах sin wt
where Фщах is the peak value of flux, со is angular frequency, and t is time. Equation I becomes
e = -ЛГФшахСо cos ot X 10~ (3)
or the induced voltage also is sinusoidal. This voltage has an effective value
E = 0.707 X 27г/ЛГф^ X 10
= 4.44/Л^Ф" X 10- (4)
where / is the frequency of the sine wave. Equation 4 is the relation between voltage and flux for sinusoidal voltage.
Sufficient current is drawn by the primary winding to produce the flux required to maintain the winding voltage. The primary induced voltage in an unloaded transformer is just enough lower than the impressed voltage to allow this current to flow into the primary winding. If a load is connected across the secondary terminals, the primary induced voltage decreases further, to allow more current to flow into the winding in order that there may be a load current. Thus the primary of a loaded transformer carries both an exciting current and a load current, but only the load part is transformed into secondary load current.
Primary induced voltage would exactly equal primary impressed voltage if there were no resistance and reactance in the winding. Primary current flowing through the winding causes a voltage drop IR, the product of primary current I and winding resistance R. The winding also presents a reactance X which causes an IX drop. Reactance X is caused by the leakage flux or flux which does not link both primary and secondary windings. There is at least a small percentage of the flux which is not common to both windings. Leakage flux flows in the air spaces adjacent to the windings. Because the primary turns link leakage flux an inductance is thereby introduced into the winding, producing leakage reactance X at the line frequency. The larger the primary current, the greater the leakage flux, and the greater the reactance drop IX. Thus the leakage reactance drop is a series effect, proportional to primary current.
6. Equivalent Circuit and Vector Diagram. For purposes of analysis the transformer may be represented by a 1:1 turns-ratio equivalent circuit. This circuit is based on the following assum tions:
(a) Primary and secondary turns are equal in number. One winding is chosen as the reference winding; the other is the referred winding. The voltage in the referred winding is multiplied by the actual turns ratio after it is computed from the equivalent circuit. The choice between primary and secondary for the reference winding is a matter of convenience.
(b) Core loss may be represented by a resistance across the terminals of the reference winding.
(c) Core flux reactance may be represented by a reactance across the terminals of the reference winding.
{d) Primary and secondary IR and IX voltage drops may be lumped together; the voltage drops in the referred winding are multiplied by a factor derived at the end of this section, to give them the correct equivalent value.
(e) Equivalent reactances and resistances are linear.
As will be shown later, some of these assumptions are approximate, and the analysis based on them is only accurate so far as the assumptions are justified. With proper attention to this fact, practical use can be made of the equivalent circuit.
With many sine-wave electronic transformers, the transformer load is resistive. A tube filament heating load, for example, has 100 per cent power factor. Under this condition the relations between voltages and currents become appreciably simplified in comparison with the same relations for reactive loads. In what follows, the secondary winding will be chosen as the reference winding. At low frequencies such a transformer may be represented by Fig. 3(a). The transformer equivalent circuit is approximated by Fig. 3(6), and its vector diagram for 100 per cent p-f load by Fig. 3(c). Secondary load voltage Ei, and load current I are in phase. Secondary induced voltage Es is greater than El because it must compensate for the winding resistances and leakage reactances. The winding resistance and leakage reactance voltage drops are shown in Fig. 3(c) as IR and IX, which are respectively in phase and in quadrature with II and El. These voltage drops are the sum of secondary and primary winding voltage drops, but the primary values are multiplied by a factor to be derived later. If voltage drops and losses are temporarily forgotten, the same power is delivered to the load as is taken from the line. Let subscripts 1 and 2 denote the respective primary and secondary quantities.
E,I, = E2I2 (5)
Es Xn 1
II El IR
Fig. 3. (a) Transformer with resistive load; (b) equivalent circuit; (c) vector
diagram.
so that the voltages are inversely proportional to the currents. Also, from equation 2, they are directly proportional to their respective turns.
Now the transformer may be replaced by an impedance Zi drawing the same current from the line, so that
Likewise
12 - E2/Z2
where Z2 is the secondary load impedance, in this case Rl. If these expressions for current are substituted in equation 6,
2 Ke.) ~ Wo/
Equation 7 is strictly true only for negligible voltage drops and losses. It is approximately true for voltage drops up to about 10 per cent of the winding voltage or for losses less than 20 per cent of the power delivered, but it is not true when the voltage drops approach in value the winding voltage or when the losses constitute most of the primary load.
Not onl does the load impedance bear the relation of equation 7
to the equivalent primary load impedance; the winding reactance and resistance may also be referred from one winding to the other by the same ratio. This can be seen if the secondary winding resistance and reactance are considered part of the load, across which the secondary induced voltage Es appears. Thus the factor by which the primary reactance and resistance are multiplied, to refer them to the secondary for addition to the secondary drops, is {Nz/N). If the primary had been the reference winding, the secondary reactance and resistance would have been multiplied by [Nt/N].
In Fig. 3(c) the IR voltage drop subtracts directly from the terminal voltage across the resistive load, but the IX drop makes virtually no difference. How much the IX drop may be before it becomes appreciable is shown in Fig, 4. If the IX drop is 30 per cent of the induced voltage, 4 per cent reduction in load voltage results; 15 per cent IX drop causes but 1 per cent reduction.
7. Magnetizing Current. In addition to the current entering the primary because of the secondary load, there is the core exciting current Jr which flows in the primary whether the secondary load is connected or not. This current is drawn by the primary core reactance and
equivalent core-loss resistance R and is multiplied by N/N2 when it is referred to the secondary side. It has two components: Im, the magnetizing component which flows 90°
lagging behind induced voltage Es] and Ie, the core-loss current which is in phase with Es. Ordinarily this current is small and produces negligible voltage drop in the winding.
Core-loss current is often divided into two components: eddy current and hysteresis. Eddy-current loss is caused by current circulating in the core laminations. Hysteresis loss is the power required to magnetize the core first in one direction and then in the other on alternating half-cycles. Hysteresis loss and magnetization are intimately connected, as can be seen from Fig. 5. Here induced voltage e is plotted against time, and core flux ф lags e by 90 , in accordance with equation 3. This flux is also plotted against magnetizing current in the loop at the right. This loop has the same shape as the B-H loop
Fig. 4. Relation between reactive voltage drop and load voltage.
ELECTRONIC TRANSFORMERS AND CIRCUITS I.4tE
Fig. 5. Transformer voltage, flux, and exciting current.
for the grade of iron used in the core, but the scales are changed so that
where В H
Ic =
Ф = BAc г = HIc/OAttN
core flux density in gauss core cross-sectional area in cm core magnetizing force in oersteds core flux path length in cm.
Current is projected from the -г loop to obtain the alternating current i at the bottom of Fig. 5. This current contains both the magnetizing and the hysteresis loss components of current. In core-material research it is important to separate these components, for it is mainly through reduction of the B-H loop area (and hence hysteresis loss) that core materials have been improved. Techniques have been developed to separate the exciting current components, but it is evident that these components cannot be separated by current measurement only. It is nevertheless convenient for analysis of measurements to add the loss components and call their sum Ie, and to regard the magnetizing component Im as a separate lagging current, as in Fig. 3. As long as the core reactance is large, the vector sum In of Im and Ib is
small, and the non-sinusoidal shape of 1 does not seriously affect the accuracy of Fig. 3.
Core flux reactance may be found by measuring the magnetizing current, i.e., the current component which lags the applied voltage 90° with the secondary circuit open. Because of the method of measurement, this is often called the open-circuit reactance, and this reactance divided by the angular frequency is called the open-circuit inductance. The secondary and primary winding leakage reactances are found by short-circuiting the secondary winding and measuring the primary voltage with rated current flowing. The component of primary voltage which leads the current by 90° is divided by the current; this is the sum of the leakage reactances, the secondary reactance being multiplied by the (turns ratio) , and is called the short-circuit reactance.
Practical cases sometimes arise where the magnetizing component becomes of the same order of magnitude as II. Because current Im flows only in the primary, a different equivalent circuit and vector diagram are necessary, as shown in Fig. 6. Note that the leakage react-
Re Es
Ч El
I,X,
Fig. 6. (a) Equivalent circuit and ib) vector diagram for transformer with high
magnetizing current.
ance voltage drop has a marked effect upon the load voltage, and this effect is larger as Im increases relative to II. Therefore, the statement that IX voltage drop causes negligible difference between secondary induced and terminal voltages in transformers with resistive loads is true only for small values of exciting current. Moreover, the total primary current Ii has a largely distorted shape, so that treating the IR and IX voltage drops as vectors is a rough approximation. For
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text:
Q: how to implement resize animation with jQuery? When the container is resized,everything inside(text) should also scale accordingly.
Is there a plugin that can achieve this?

A: html:

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Resize This

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text:
W turnieju wzięły udział 24 zespoły. Start w turnieju zapewniona miała jedna para chińska (jako gospodarz), pozostałe 23 pary zostały wyłonione na podstawie specjalnego rankingu FIVB. Turniej został rozegrany w dniach 9 - 22 sierpnia 2008 roku.

Eliminacje

Grupa A
 Tian-Wang (CHN) - Kuhn-Schwer (SUI) : 2-0 (21-12, 21-18)
 Maaseide-Glesnes (NOR) - Van Breedam-Mouha (BEL) : 2-0 (24-22, 21-18)
 Tian-Wang (CHN) - Van Breedam-Mouha (BEL) : 2-1 (18-21, 21-19, 15-13)
 Maaseide-Glesnes (NOR) - Kuhn-Schwer (SUI) : 2-0 (21-11, 21-17)
 Van Breedam-Mouha (BEL) - Kuhn-Schwer (SUI) : 2-0 (21-18, 21-17)
 Tian-Wang (CHN) - Maaseide-Glesnes (NOR)  : 2-1 (17-21, 21-14, 15-8)

 z grupy do 1/8 finału awansowały dwa pierwsze zespoły

Grupa B
 Walsh-May-Treanor (USA) - Teru Saiki-Kusuhara (JPN) : 2-0 (21-12, 21-15)
 Nila-Ingrid (NOR) - Fernandez Grasset-Larrea Peraza (CUB) : 0-2 (20-22, 19-21)
 Walsh-May-Treanor (USA) - Fernandez Grasset-Larrea Peraza (CUB) : 2-0 (21-15, 21-16)
 Nila-Ingrid (NOR) - Teru Saiki-Kusuhara (JPN) : 2-0 (21-8, 21-18)
 Fernandez Grasset-Larrea Peraza (CUB) - Teru Saiki-Kusuhara (JPN) : 2-0 (21-18, 21-17)
 Walsh-May-Treanor (USA) - Nila-Ingrid (NOR) : 2-0 (21-12, 21-15)

 z grupy do 1/8 finału awansowały dwa pierwsze zespoły

Grupa C
 Ana Paula-Larissa (BRA)  - Saka-Rtvelo (GEO) : 2-1 (23-25, 21-17, 15-5)
 Barnett-Cook (AUS) - Urjadowa-Szirajewa (RUS) : 2-1 (21-8, 19-21, 15-12)
 Ana Paula-Larissa (BRA) - Urjadowa-Szirajewa (RUS) : 2-1 (19-21, 21-12, 15-13)
 Barnett-Cook (AUS) - Saka-Rtvelo (GEO) : 2-0 (21-18, 21-12)
 Urjadowa-Szirajewa (RUS) - Saka-Rtvelo (GEO) : 1-2 (21-10, 20-22, 12-15)
 Ana Paula-Larissa (BRA) - Barnett-Cook (AUS) : 0-2 (21-23, 21-23)

 z grupy do 1/8 finału awansowały dwa pierwsze zespoły

Grupa D
 Xue-Zhang (CHN) - Augoustides-Nel (RSA) : 2-0 (21-13, 21-9)
 Goller-Ludwig (GER) - Koutroumanidou-Tsiartsiani (GRE) : 2-0 (24-22, 21-12)
 Xue-Zhang (CHN) - Koutroumanidou-Tsiartsiani (GRE) : 2-1 (21-18, 19-21, 15-12)
 Goller-Ludwig (GER) - Augoustides-Nel (RSA) : 2-0 (21-12, 21-14)
 Koutroumanidou-Tsiartsiani (GRE) - Augoustides-Nel (RSA) : 2-0 (21-12, 21-8)
 Xue-Zhang (CHN) - Goller-Ludwig (GER) : 2-0 (21-14, 21-18)

 z grupy do 1/8 finału awansowały trzy pierwsze zespoły

Grupa E
 Branagh-Youngs (USA) - Kadijk R.-Mooren (NED) : 2-0 (21-19, 27-25)
 Pohl-Rau (GER) - Esteves Ribalta-M. Crespo (CUB) : 2-0 (21-17, 21-19)
 Branagh-Youngs (USA) - Esteves Ribalta-M. Crespo (CUB) : 2-1 (21-19, 13-21, 15-12)
 Pohl-Rau (GER) - Kadijk R.-Mooren (NED) : 2-0 (21-19, 21-18)
 Esteves Ribalta-M. Crespo (CUB) - Kadijk R.-Mooren (NED) : 2-0 (21-11, 21-15)
 Branagh-Youngs (USA) - Pohl-Rau (GER) : 2-0 (21-17, 21-16)

 z grupy do 1/8 finału awansowały trzy pierwsze zespoły

Grupa F
 Talita-Renata (BRA) - Candelas-Garcia (MEX) : 2-1 (18-21, 21-16, 15-8)
 Karantasiou-Arvaniti (GRE) - Schwaiger-Schwaiger (AUT) : 0-2 (18-21, 18-21)
 Talita-Renata (BRA) - Schwaiger-Schwaiger (AUT) : 2-0 (21-18, 21-19)
 Karantasiou-Arvaniti (GRE) - Candelas-Garcia (MEX) : 1-2 (17-21, 21-16, 12-15)
 Schwaiger-Schwaiger (AUT) - Candelas-Garcia (MEX) : 2-0 (21-17, 21-10)
 Talita-Renata (BRA) - Karantasiou-Arvaniti (GRE) : 2-0 (22-20, 21-19)

 z grupy do 1/8 finału awansowały dwa pierwsze zespoły

"Szczęśliwy przegrany"
W tej fazie rozgrywek rywalizowały 4 zespoły, które zajęły 3 miejsca w swoich grupach z najgorszym dorobkiem punktowym (decydował stosunek punktów zdobyctych do starconych).

 Van Breedam-Mouha (BEL) - Saka-Rtvelo (GEO) : 2-0 (21-13, 21-19)
 Nila-Ingrid (NOR) - Candelas-Garcia (MEX) : 2-1 (20-22, 21-12, 15-11)

1/8 finału
Od tej fazy rozgrywek przegrywający odpadał z dalszej rywalizacji.

 Tian-Wang (CHN) - Nila-Ingrid (NOR) : 2-0 (21-13, 21-15)
 Goller-Ludwig (GER) - : Schwaiger-Schwaiger (AUT) : 1-2 (21-23, 21-11, 16-18)
 Branagh-Youngs (USA) - Fernandez Grasset-Larrea Peraza (CUB) : 2-0 (21-15, 21-13)
 Esteves Ribalta-M. Crespo (CUB) - Xue-Zhang (CHN) : 0-2 (19-21, 13-21)
 Barnett-Cook (AUS) - Koutroumanidou-Tsiartsiani (GRE) : 2-1 (22-20, 19-21, 15-12)
 Maaseide-Glesnes (NOR) - Talita-Renata (BRA) : 1-2 (21-12, 19-21, 13-15)
 Ana Paula-Larissa (BRA) - Pohl-Rau (GER) : 2-0 (21-18, 21-14)
 Van Breedam-Mouha (BEL) - Walsh-May-Treanor (USA) : 0-2 (22-24, 10-21)

1/4 finału
 Tian-Wang (CHN) - Schwaiger-Schwaiger (AUT) : 2-0 (21-12, 21-12)
 Branagh-Youngs (USA) - Xue-Zhang (CHN) : 0-2 (17-21, 13-21)
 Barnett-Cook (AUS) - Talita-Renata (BRA) : 0-2 (22-24, 14-21)
 Ana Paula-Larissa (BRA) - Walsh-May-Treanor (USA) : 0-2 (22-24, 10-21)

1/2 finału
 Tian-Wang (CHN) - Xue-Zhang (CHN) : 2-1 (22-24, 29-27, 15-8)
 Talita-Renata (BRA) - Walsh-May-Treanor (USA) : 0-2 (12-21, 14-21)

Mecz o 3 miejsce
 Xue-Zhang (CHN) - Talita-Renata (BRA) : 2-0 (21-19, 21-17)

Finał
 Tian-Wang (CHN) - Walsh-May-Treanor (USA) : 0-2 (18-21, 18-21)

Końcowa klasyfikacja

Bibliografia

Piłka siatkowa na Letnich Igrzyskach Olimpijskich 2008
2008
2008 w piłce siatkowej


text:
Autumn statement 2014: Osborne to introduce 'Google tax' for large companies that shift profits abroad to avoid UK tax
Date added: December 4, 2014
In the Autumn Statement the Chancellor proposed a 25% levy on profits "artificially" shifted abroad to avoid tax by multinational companies. This is nicknamed the "Google Tax" to tackle companies like Amazon, Apple and Starbucks. However, the measures also apply to Gatwick which has complicated arrangements to keep its tax burden low – it has not paid UK corporation tax for years. "We will make sure that big multinational businesses pay their fair share," Osborne said. The tax is intended to raise more than £1bn over the next 5 years by tackling aggressive avoidance. However, experts said the estimated £300m a year in extra revenues was just a fraction of the real profits multinationals are making in Britain. The rules for the Treasury's "diverted profits tax" will be published in draft legislation on 10th December and introduced in April 2015. They are designed to hit companies that use artificial structures to minimise UK profits and therefore lower their UK tax bills. The Chancellor hopes the Treasury will gain £25 million from the "diverted profits tax" in 2015/6 rising to £355 million on 2019/20.
Autumn statement 2014: Osborne to introduce 'Google tax'
Chancellor proposes 25% levy on profits shifted abroad to avoid tax by US multinationals such as Amazon, Apple and Starbucks
by Juliette Garside and Jill Treanor
3.12.2014 )Guardian)
George Osborne has launched a crackdown on tax avoidance by multinational technology firms such as Google and Amazon, by imposing a 25% levy on profits which are generated in Britain but "artificially shifted" abroad.
Dubbed "the Google tax", the new levy was announced in the chancellor's autumn statement alongside a move to punish banks for losses incurred during the global financial crisis.
Responding to outrage about the minimal contributions big corporations make to European governments, the Treasury is targeting Silicon Valley companies such as Google, Amazon and Apple, but the measures will reach beyond technology to high street chains such as Starbucks.
"We will make sure that big multinational businesses pay their fair share," Osborne said. The tax is intended to raise more than £1bn over the next five years by tackling aggressive avoidance, while an unexpected strike against banks will raise another £4bn over the same period by reducing their ability to use losses racked up during the crisis to reduce tax payments now.
Labour MP and tax campaigner Margaret Hodge welcomed the strike against Silicon Valley, but experts said the estimated £300m a year in extra revenues was just a fraction of the real profits multinationals are making in Britain.
The rules for the Treasury's "diverted profits tax" will be published in draft legislation on 10 December and introduced in April 2015. They are designed to hit companies that use artificial structures (video showing how it is done) to minimise UK profits and therefore lower their UK tax bills.
The rate is 5% higher than next year's UK corporation tax rate of 20%, suggesting the chancellor hopes companies will choose to dismantle complex structures that divert profits to low-tax nations such as Luxembourg and Ireland, and choose to pay HM Revenue and Customs instead.
"The chancellor said this will raise a billion over five years, but ultimately this is a tiny proportion of the profits the multinationals he has in mind are generating," said Toby Ryland, a partner at accountants HW Fisher & Company. "In reality, many of the UK's double tax treaties with other countries dictate where profits can be taxed. Sweeping measures like this often come to nothing. The chancellor has made the right noises, but most multinationals will be able to side-step these new rules without breaking into a sweat."
Google paid just £20m tax in the UK last year. But its actual British revenues were £5.6bn. The group as a whole has a profit margin of 20%, suggesting the company's real profits in the UK could have been as high as £1.2bn. Taxed at the proposed 25% rate, this would deliver £280m a year in revenues for the Treasury from just one company. But the government expects to collect no more than £360m a year from the diverted profits tax.
Hodge, who has grilled Google over its tax policies as chair of the public accounts committee, tweeted: "Welcome new measures to crack down on companies who move their profits offshore."
Osborne also said he wanted to increase the burden on banks bailed out at huge cost to the public purse in 2008. He is cutting in half the "carried-forward losses" used to defer tax. The government said it was unreasonable that these losses of roughly £17bn could be used to eliminate tax on current profits. Without the changes, some banks would not pay corporation tax for another 20 years.
Osborne said: "The banks got public support in the crisis and they should now support their public in the recovery." Bank shares wobbled following the announcement. Bailed-out Lloyds Banking Group was hardest hit, falling just over 1%.
Jonathan Richards, executive director in financial services at consultancy EY, said: "This is unexpected and significant news for banks. It is likely to represent a significant additional cash tax cost for the banking sector over the next few years. If it results in banks being required to revalue their deferred tax assets, banks' capital position and reported earnings could be affected."
The industry was digesting the detail, but it appeared the chancellor was only targeting losses incurred in the UK, which would limit the impact. Barclays lists more than £4bn of deferred tax, but just £499m of this relates to the UK. Royal Bank of Scotland, 81% taxpayer-owned, has £3.1bn of deferred tax assets, £2.1bn of which is UK-related.
Ian Gordon, banks analyst, at Investec said Lloyds appeared to be most affected with £5bn of deferred tax assets "which, in the absence of disclosure or guidance to the contrary, we assume to be primarily UK-related".
The banks are already paying a levy based on the value of their balance sheets which is supposed to be bringing in £2.5bn a year.
http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/dec/03/autumn-statement-2014-osborne-to-introduce-google-tax
The Autumn Statement at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/382327/44695_Accessible.pdf
Offshore tax evasion
1.255 The government is committed to fighting tax evasion, which increases the burden on
honest taxpayers. The UK has played a leading role, including through its Presidency of the
G8, in the development and early implementation of a new global standard to automatically
exchange financial information for tax purposes. Almost all financial centres have now agreed to begin exchange of information under the new standard in 2017 or 2018. The UK has already signed agreements to this effect with 50 other countries and jurisdictions which will lead to a step change in HMRC's ability to tackle tax evasion. In advance of these agreements coming into force from the end of 2015, the government will increase the amount and scope of civil penalties for tax evasion, and review how best to enhance the incentives for obtaining information on offshore tax evaders.
Tax evasion and fraud
2.155 Strengthening civil deterrents for offshore tax evasion – Following consultation,
the government will introduce legislation on enhanced civil penalties for offshore tax evasion.
This will amend the existing offshore penalties regime to:
• include IHT
• apply to domestic offences where the proceeds of non-compliance are hidden offshore
• update the territory classification system to reflect the jurisdictions that adopt the new global standard of automatic tax information exchange
• include a new aggravated penalty of up to a further 50% for moving hidden funds to
circumvent international tax transparency agreements
The changes will come into effect from April 2016, except for the aggravated penalty which will come into effect following Royal Assent. (Finance Bill 2015)
2.156 Enhancing financial incentives for offshore intelligence – HMRC will review its
existing framework for offering financial incentives for information on offshore tax evaders,
in particular those who remain outside the reach of international efforts to achieve tax
transparency.
1.243 The government will go further to ensure that multinational companies pay the right
amount of UK tax. Where multinationals use artificial arrangements to divert profits overseas
in order to avoid UK tax, the government will now act. Autumn Statement announces
the introduction of a new Diverted Profits Tax to counter the use of aggressive tax
planning to avoid paying tax in the UK. The Diverted Profits Tax will be applied at a rate of
25% from 1 April 2015.
Diverted profits tax
2014/5 £0
2015/16 +£25 million
2016/7 +£270
2019/20 +£355
Margaret Hodge: Gatwick runway appeal 'is hypocritical when it avoids corporation tax'
Gatwick has been accused of "hypocrisy" for avoiding corporation tax while campaigning to build a new runway, allegedly for the benefit of the UK economy. Margaret Hodge, head of Parliament's Public Accounts Committee, said the airport should pay its "fair share" if it wants its runway campaign to be credible. She also criticised Heathrow which has not paid corporation tax for several years. But she particularly criticised Gatwick. Its Guernsey-based parent company Ivy Mid Co LP has invested in a £437 million "Eurobond" which charges the airport 12% interest, thus avoiding tax. Gatwick says this sort of bond is often used by other infrastructure companies. Companies in the UK should pay 21% corporation tax on profits, but by spending £1 billion on upgrading the airport, Gatwick has made no profit recently. Despite pre-tax loses in recent years, it has paid dividends to its overseas shareholders of £436 million. Heathrow has also avoided profits by investing in new buildings etc. Mrs Hodge said the companies "made a fortune" from their UK activities, which relied on public services, adding: "For them to pretend they are only in it for the benefit of the UK economy is a touch hypocritical."
http://www.airportwatch.org.uk/2014/10/margaret-hodge-gatwick-runway-appeal-is-hypocritical-when-it-avoids-corporation-tax/
See earlier:
Gatwick airport announces first profits for years and returns for its investors … UK tax?
Gatwick airport has announced its results for the year to 31st March 2014. It has made a profit, for the first time in 4 years. Gatwick says its passenger numbers reached 35.9 million in 2013/14 (4.8% up on 2012/13). Their turnover is up 10.2% to £593.7 million and EBITDA is up 14.2% to £259.4 million, with a resulting profit of £57.5 million. This compared to a loss in the financial year ending 31 March 2013 of £29.1 million. The airport has spent a great deal improving the airport, and so made losses – and paid no tax to the UK government for years. Gatwick says their investments and more marketing is being effective in attracting more passengers. It now has more aircraft movements at peak times (a cause of the noise nuisance being caused from new flight paths). Gatwick now claims 20% are travelling on business, largely on EasyJet. The figure was 17.5% in 2012. Gatwick says it will now be paying dividends to its investors, though it has not in recent years. It expects to pay £125m to investors in the current financial year, £65m return in the 2015/16 financial year and £60m in 2016/17. [Maybe also pay some UK tax?
http://www.airportwatch.org.uk/gatwick-airport-announces-first-profits-for-years-and-returns-for-its-investors-uk-tax/
Gatwick Airport paid no Corporation Tax in three years
Gatwick Airport has a £1.2 billion capital investment programme to improve its infrastructure and facilities. But it paid no corporation tax for three consecutive years despite making £638m in profit before tax. Gatwick tried to defend this position, saying: "Whilst year on year we have lessened our financial losses we have yet to make a profit after tax. As a result the airport has not paid corporation tax …Our current £1.2bn capital investment programme and existing asset base, together with the associated debt structure, result in depreciation and interest costs which reduce our operating profits to a loss before tax." In the 2012/13 year, Gatwick Airport made £227.1m profit before tax, a 2.5% increase, as it benefited from flights to new destinations in China, Russia, Indonesia, and Turkey. Despite this, it reported a net financial loss of £29.1m, citing asset depreciation and £226.7m of capital investment in the year. Corporation tax is only levied on a company's net profit. In the UK the corporation tax rate is 23%. Under UK tax law, corporations can claim tax allowances on certain purchases or investments made on business assets. Campaign group UK Uncut estimates that clever accounting rules and complex tax avoidance schemes cost Britain £12bn annually.
Details at http://www.airportwatch.org.uk/?p=23002
IAG is to pay its first ever dividend and British Airways is due to return to profit
The parent group that owns British Airways, IAG, have said that they are now making profits and will give their first dividend, probably in November. This is their first dividend since they were created in 2011 through the merger of British Airways and Spain's Iberia. IAG has also bought bmi and Spanish budget carrier Vueling since its formation. Analysts believe shareholders will receive their first payment at the end of IAG's 2015 financial year at the latest, as the controversial turnaround at Iberia, which required the loss of some 4,500 jobs and sparked strikes and political outcry in Spain, has stemmed the losses. IAG posted a €96m pre-tax profit for the six months to June 30 this year, up from a €503m loss at the same time in 2013. IAG says it is on track to improve operating profit this year by "at least" €500m, from €770m in 2013. British Airways' CEO, Willie Walsh said in August that BA had now returned to profit for the first time since 2007, the start of the financial crisis. BA has barely paid any UK corporation tax for years – it may pay round £61 million for the 2013 financial year.
http://www.airportwatch.org.uk/iag-is-to-pay-its-first-ever-dividend-and-british-airways-is-due-to-return-to-profit/
Posted: Thursday, December 4th, 2014. Filed in General News, Recent News.


text:
James Watson Gerard, född 25 augusti 1867, död 6 september 1951, var en nordamerikansk diplomat.

Gerard, som blev advokat i New York 1892, var en framträdande medlem av det demokratiska partiet och utsågs 1913 till USA:s ambassadör i Tyskland. Den 3 februari 1917 lämnade han landet då de diplomatiska förbindelserna mellan länderna avbröts, och blev därefter på nytt praktiserande advokat i New York. Gerard skrev två böcker om sin tid i Tyskland, My four years in Germany (1917, svensk översättning samma år), och Face to face with kaiserism (1918, svensk översättning samma år) om sina år i Tyskland - båda starkt tyskfientliga och tämligen vinklade.

Källor
 Svensk uppslagsbok. Malmö 1932

Externa länkar

USA:s ambassadörer i Tyskland
Födda 1867
Avlidna 1951
Män
Svensk uppslagsbok


Yellowstone National Park is nearly 3,500-sq.-mile in area. It serves as a wilderness recreation park and is situated on top of an active volcano. It is located in Wyoming, and the park also spreads to parts of Montana and Idaho too. There are many things to witness here such as canyons, alpine rivers, hot springs, and the famous Old Faithful. There are hundreds of animal species, and among them, you can find wolves, elk, and antelope.
Victoria Falls is situated in southern Africa on the Zambezi River, and it also borders Zambia and Zimbabwe. The waterfall measures one mile across and has a high of more than 350 miles.
Angkor Wat in Cambodia is one of the most significant religious monuments in the world, nearly 165 hectares in area. Originally constructed as a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Vishnu for the Khmer Empire, it was eventually transformed into a Buddhism temple sometime between the late 11th and early 12th century.
Machu Picchu, the Incan citadel situated in the Andes Mountains in Peru, lies above the Urubamba River valley. It was built in the 15th century. It was later abandoned. Machu Picchu is known for its dry-stone walls fused with huge blocks. Keep in mind that this was done without the use of mortar. Machu Picchu also features attractive buildings that play on astronomical alignments and panoramic views. Its correct former use remains a mystery.
Glacier National Park spans nearly 1,583 square miles and features mostly wilderness. It is located in Montana's Rocky Mountains and has carved glacial peaks. The mountainous Going-to-the-Sun Road crosses the Park. The park also has a route to photogenic Hidden Lake which is a hiking trail. The wildlife here ranges from mountain goats to grizzly bears.
Pamukkale town can be found in western Turkey. It is widely known for its thermal waters that are rich in minerals flowing down white travertine terraces. The city is near Hierapolis, an ancient Roman spa city. Here, you can find a well-preserved theater and a necropolis with sarcophagi that stretch for 2km. The Antique Pool is well-known for its submerged Roman columns.


In 1978, Dr. Larry Ellis purchased Abilene Veterinary Clinic from its original owner. With the goal of providing the best pet care in the Abilene area, Dr. Ellis has implemented needed equipment and service upgrades, such as digital x-ray, laser surgery and an in-house lab.
In addition to state-of-the-art equipment and the latest technological advances, Abilene Veterinary Clinic boasts highly tranined, hard-working and dedicated staff. Our team works together with pet owners to ensure every pet experiences the best possible quality of life.
We serve communities in the Abilene, Texas area including: Clyde, Baird, Sweetwater, Tye, Merkel, Anson, Potosi, Tuscola and Winters.
Please call (325) 692-4433 to schedule an appointment or request an appointment online. We look forward to seeing you and your pet soon!


Our light weight button up Cardigan in Granite is a must have for Fall layering. Made from soft Cotton Knit fabric. Wear it over a Leotard or throw it on over a Pinafore Suspender Skirt or pair it with our Pocket Skirt. A MUST-HAVE wardrobe piece for tying together the whole outfit.


text:
Q: Why deosn't this rewriterule work? The company I currently work for has a 3+ years live site based on symfony 2.8. Recently it was deployed for testing to a new customer. The images on the original are accessed in the html like "/bundles/bundlename/images/image.png".
On the customers server however the whole thing is under a subfolder, so image url's should be like "/d2s/bundles/bundlename/images/image.png".
We have a .htaccess file in the project's web dir like this:
DirectoryIndex app.php
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
    RewriteEngine On
    FollowSymLinks On

    RewriteRule /?bundles/(.*)$ /d2s/bundles/$1 [NC,R=301,L]

    # Determine the RewriteBase automatically and set it as environment variable.
    # If you are using Apache aliases to do mass virtual hosting or installed the
    # project in a subdirectory, the base path will be prepended to allow proper
    # resolution of the app.php file and to redirect to the correct URI. It will
    # work in environments without path prefix as well, providing a safe, one-size
    # fits all solution. But as you do not need it in this case, you can comment
    # the following 2 lines to eliminate the overhead.
    RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI}::$1 ^(/.+)/(.*)::\2$
    RewriteRule ^(.*) - [E=BASE:%1]

   [,,,]

All other parts work fine, in apache conf's virtualhost AllowOverride is set to All. But this url rewrite just doesn't work, like if it wasn't there at all.
Any idea what can be wrong?

A: Set a correct RewriteBase. Don't start your internal RewriteRule patterns or substitutions with a /. If you're going to stick with with the auto determination of a RewriteBase equivalent, it should precede all other rules.


text:
Nigeria's foreign trade rises 23.28% in second quarter
The country's trade balance stood at a deficit of N1.87 trillion.
Nigeria's total foreign trade rose to N12 trillion in the second quarter of 2021 as the country recorded increase in exports, the National Bureau of Statistics has said.
The figure represents a 23.28 per cent increase over the value (N9.8 trillion) recorded in the first quarter of 2021 and an 88.71 per cent increase compared to the second quarter of 2020.
"This increase resulted from the sharp increase in export value during the quarter under review," it said.
The bureau disclosed this in its "Foreign Trade Goods Statistics Q2 2021" published on Sunday.
The NBS said the export component of this trade was valued at N5.1 trillion or 42.22 per cent while import was valued at N6.95 trillion or 57.78 per cent while the trade balance stood at a deficit of N1.87 trillion.
"The crude oil which is the major component of export trade stood at N4,078.20 billion or 80.29 per cent of total export.
"This further shows a sharp increase of 111.32 per cent in Crude oil value in Q2, 2021 compared to (N1,929.83billion) recorded in Q1, 2021 while the Non-crude oil export recorded N1001.23 billion or 19.71 per cent of total export trade during the second quarter of 2021," it said.
Categorising the imported goods, the report said that the value of total imports rose by 1.45 per cent in Q2, 2021 compared to Q1, 2021 and 67.49 per cent compared to Q1, 2020.
READ ALSO: OAUSTECH Academic Calendar for 2020/2021 Session
"The value of imported agricultural products was 3.5 per cent more in q2,2021 than in q1,2021 and 56.9% more compared to Q2, 2020.
"The value of Raw material imports increased by 25.6 per cent in Q2, 2021 compared to Q1, 2021 and 47.3 per cent compared to Q2, 2020," it said.
The NBS said the value of Solid minerals imports was 21.4 per cent higher in Q2, 2021 than its value in Q1, 2021 and 68.3 per cent more than its value in Q2, 2020.
"The value of Energy goods imports decreased by 94.6 per cent in Q2, 2021 against the level recorded in Q1, 2021 and 88.7 per cent compared to the corresponding quarter of 2020," it said.
It added that the value of imported manufactured goods decreased by 5.1 per cent in Q2, 2021 against the value recorded in Q1, 2021 but increased 54.3 per cent compared to Q2, 2020.
"The value of other oil products imported in Q2, 2021 was 13.3 per cent more than its value in Q1, 2021 and 218.5 per cent higher than Q2, 2020," it said.
As for exports, the value of agricultural exports increased by 74.72 per cent against the level recorded in Q1, 2021 and 128.29 per cent compared to Q2,2020.
"This increase resulted mainly from the increase in export value of crude oil in Q2, 2021.
"The value of agricultural exports increased by 29.95% in Q2 2021 compared to Q1 2021 and 111.8% compared to Q2 2020," it said.
READ ALSO: Nigeria's capital importation decreases to $2.85 billion in Q3 – NBS
It added that the value of raw material goods exports in Q2, 2021 was 49.98 per cent more than the value in Q1, 2021 and 326.6 per cent more than the value recorded in Q2 2020.
"The exports of Energy goods increased in value by 18.44 per cent in Q2 2021 compared to Q1 2021 and
62.1 per cent compared to Q2,2020," the report said.
Also, the value of Solid minerals exports increased by 60.10 per cent in Q2,2021 against Q1 2021 and 852.9 per cent against the corresponding quarter in 2020.
"Manufactured goods exports decreased by 15.45 per cent in Q2 2021 compared to the value recorded in Q1 2021and 16.7 per cent compared to Q2, 2020.
"Crude oil exports in Q2 2021 increased by 111.32 per cent compared to Q1,2021 and 162.4 per cent compared to Q2,2020.
"The export value of Other oil products decreased by 0.66 per cent in Q2 2021 compared to Q1 2021, but increased significantly by 69.3 per cent compared to Q2 2020," it added.
Import by countries
According to the report, Nigeria's imports by country of origin showed that the majority of the goods imported during the quarter originated from China with a Value of N2,078.59 billion or 29.91 per cent.
"This was followed by India (N570.01 billion or 8.20 per cent), Netherlands (N557.16 billion or 8.02 per cent), United States (N526.92 billion or 7.58 per cent ) and others," it said.
READ ALSO: Yemi Kale gets fresh 5-year term as Nigeria's Statistician General
For export, during quarter 2, 2021 total export was valued at N5,079.44billion representing 42.22 per cent of the total merchandise trade.
ALSO READ: How lax regulation allows firms 'manipulate' Nigeria's stock market
"This value rose by 74.72 per cent in Q2, 2021 compared to Q1,2021 and 128.29 per cent compared to Q2, 2020.
Export by section revealed that mineral products accounted for N4,637.05 billion or 91.29 per cent of total export trade.
"This was followed by Vehicles, aircraft and parts; Vessels etc N141.73 billion or 2.79 per cent, Vegetable products N92.80 billion or 1.83 per cent among others.
In terms of regional trade, Nigeria exported most products to Asia (N1,842.95 billion or 36.28 per cent), Europe (N1,822.29 billion or 35.88 per cent) America (N806.81billion or 15.88 per cent) and Africa (N584.11 billion or 11.50 per cent) while Oceania totalled N23.28 billion or 0.46 per cent.
"During the quarter goods worth, N363.3billion was exported to ECOWAS.
"By Country export trade showed that most goods were exported to India (N949.05 billion or 18.7 per cent), Spain (N524.49 billion or 10.3 per cent), Canada (N355.60 billion or 7.0 per cent) and Netherlands (N298.29billion or 5,9 per cent) and United States N256.63 billion or 5.1 per cent," it said.


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Q: Node/Apollo/GraphQL - advice on using async/await in an Apollo Server plugin Any advice on using async/await in an apollo plugin? I'm attempting to await a twilio service promise and running into the Can not use keyword 'await' outside an async function babel parser error and unsure how to convert the parent function to be async. Here's the basic layout:
export const twilioVerification = async () => {
    return {
        requestDidStart () {
            return {
                willSendResponse ({ operationName, response, context }) {
                    if (['UpdateUser', 'CreateUser', 'SignInByPhone'].includes(operationName)) {
                        const user = response.data[operationName];
                        if (user != null) {
                            await sendVerificationText(user.phoneNumber);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        },
    }
};

The above code throws the BABEL_PARSE_ERROR. I've attempted a variety of ways to add async to willSendResponse and/or requestDidStart with mixed unsuccessful results. For reference, here's how I am instantiating ApolloServer as well:
const server = new ApolloServer({
  context: { driver, neo4jDatabase: process.env.NEO4J_DATABASE },
  schema: schema,
  introspection: process.env.APOLLO_SERVER_INTROSPECTION,
  playground: process.env.APOLLO_SERVER_PLAYGROUND,
  plugins: [
    pushNotifications(firebase),
    twilioVerification(),
  ]
})

A: The function that isn't async is your function. Just add async on your willSendResponse. Here is one way to do that:
export const twilioVerification = async () => {
    return {
        requestDidStart () {
            return {
                willSendResponse: async ({ operationName, response, context }) => {
                    if (['UpdateUser', 'CreateUser', 'SignInByPhone'].includes(operationName)) {
                        const user = response.data[operationName];
                        if (user != null) {
                            await sendVerificationText(user.phoneNumber);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        },
    }
};


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Toğanalı è un comune dell'Azerbaigian situato nel distretto di Göygöl. Conta una popolazione di 989 abitanti.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
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The National Archives is a state administration office as well as a central state archives directly controlled by the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic. Taking into consideration spheres of activities of the Archives, and owing to the fact that it is directly linked with the work of the central archive institutions of the Czech state (continuously from the early Middle Ages), the National Archives deserves a prominent position among public archives of the Czech Republic. The seat of the National Archives is in Prague.
It is in accordance with the valid legal norms, mainly Act No. 499/2004 Coll., on archives and records service, Regulation No. 645/2004 Coll., implementing special provisions of the Act on archives and records service, and in accordance with the amendments of several Acts and also Regulation No.646 / 2004 Coll. which deals with details concerning the execution of records service, the National Archives practices a great many administrative and specialized activities.
In 2011, all volumes of the Registers of Births, Marriages and Deaths of Jewish communities deposited in the National Archives (1784-1949) were digitized (for more information, see http://www.nacr.cz/english/registers_births.aspx).
Monday: 9am - 6pm; Tuesday: 9am - 4pm; Wednesday: 9am - 6pm; Thursday: 9am - 4pm; Friday: 9am - 12am The research room is closed every last Friday in month.
The fonds consists out of 4809,23 linear meters of processed and accessible documents. 4766,23 linear meters are inventoried and accessible documents. 84,34 linear meters are unprocessed and unaccessible.
The fonds consists out of 490 linear meters of processed and inventoried documents. 28 linear meters are unprocessed and inaccessible.
The Ministry of Public Works played a minor role in the persecution of the Jews in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Although it was responsible for the development of infrastructure also in the years of the German occupation during taht Jews were used for Forced labour in this field, it seems that no documents in the collection are referring to that. According to the finding only boxes 2599 and 1649 are dealing with "the Jewish question".
14,5 linear metres from which 14,5 linear metres of documents are processed and inventoried and accessible and 0,3 linear metres are unprocessed and not accessible.
15,8 linear metres of documents from which 15,5 linear metres are processed and inventoried and 0,3 linear metres unprocessed. The fonds is partially accessible.
The collection consists out of 25 linear meters of processed and inventoried documents. 1.9 linear meters are unprocessed and inaccessible.
6,2 linear metres of documents from which all are processed and inventoried. The fonds is fully accessible.
631,5 linear meters from which 566 linear meters of documents are processed and inventoried and 65,5 linear meters are unprocessed.
27 linear metres of documents are processed from which are 27 linear metres inventoried and accessible and 0,35 linear metres are unprocessed and not accessible.
The fonds consists out of 2147 linear meters of processed and inventoried documents. 214 linear meters are unprocessed and inaccessible.
49 linear metres of documents which are not processed and inventoried, however the fonds is accessible.
The fonds contains records, information and mailing of the commission, records of the commission meetings, administration files, documents copies, above all Nazi criminals extradition requests, documents about Nazi judges, war criminal lists etc.
441,62 linear metres from which 441,5 linear metres of documents are processed and inventoried and 0,12 linear metres are unprocessed. The fonds is partially accessible.
71 linear metres of documents, all are processed and inventoried and accessible.
1,3 linear metres of which 1,3 linear metres inventoried. The fonds is partially accessible.
The collection consist of originals and copies of the various documents, such as copies of identity documents, birth certificates, writing pads, textbooks, school certificates, photographs, messages from teachers to parents (or to the legal representatives of children), memoirs, school notes, presentations and newspapers. These materials also relate to more than 670 mostly Jewish children saved by the Kindertransporte organised by Nicolas Winton and other rescuers.
23 linear meters, all processed and inventoried and fully accessible.
28,5 linear metres from which 28,5 linear metres of documents are processed and inventoried and accessible.


How secure is Office 365 against cyber-threats?
One of the questions I get asked frequently is this. Even with Microsoft providing documentation, guidance and speaking at conference saying how secure it is, we still question it. To help understand this, we have put together a survey that will ask you about your Office 365 deployment with respect to the security controls and services that you are using now and what you may be using in the future. We would love to get your feedback, so if you have time, please take the anonymous survey and share your feedback with us.


With the music portion of the 2013 South By Southwest Festival well underway, now's the time where festival attendees have to make difficult decisions about which of the over 5,000 acts in town they're going to see. Fortunately for your friendly VH1 Tuner team, our decision about what to do last night was a no-brainer. We spent the night at the W Hotel in Downtown Austin for VH1's "Hello Austin!" party, which featured performances from Youngblood Hawke, St. Lucia and Mia Moretti & The Dolls.
The night started off on the right foot with an extraordinary set from DJ Mike Nouveau spinning on the lovely outdoor patio area at The W, which is set on the second floor of the building and overlooks lovely downtown Austin. After being trapped in the freezing New York City wintertime for the last few months, we have to admit that it felt incredibly wonderful to stand outside without being bundled up in winter weather wear!
His set was followed up by the synth-pop stalwarts of St. Lucia, a group whose very name conjures up images of tropical weather. Their six song, eponymous EP that came out last spring was named as one of VH1's Best Albums of 2012, and boy, did they ever deliver. Their shimmery, sunshine-y songs like "Closer Than This" and "Before The Dive" are filled with so much uplifting melody that your body is compelled to dance (even if your feet feel like they're going to fall off after standing all day).
The most unexpected moment of the night came courtesy of DJ Mia Moretti, the star of VH1's upcoming show Master Of The Mix. Of course, when you hear the name Mia Moretti, you know that you're in store for a set of straight-up high energy, rhythmically propulsive jams, but what we did NOT expect to see was a live string section accompanying them. Rather than try to describe what it was like, why don't we just show you what they did with Dr. Dre's "The Next Episode"?
The evening was headlined by our friends in Youngblood Hawke, VH1's current You Oughta Know artist. They had just made some serious waves the night before with an energetic set at MTV/VH1/CMT's Live In Austin, and just have an innate ability to win over crowds. Of course, their big single at the moment is "We Come Running," but other songs like "Stars (Hold On)" and "Rootless" prove that they've got the songwriting chops to be in this game for a long time.
Don't miss the 2013 mtvU Woodie Awards, Sunday, March 17 at 8/7c on MTV & mtvU, featuring performances from Zedd, Macklemore & Ryan Lewis and Twenty One Pilots, coming at you from SXSW!


At its spring 2011 meeting, the Council on Public Health and Regulatory Veterinary Medicine (CPHRVM), drafted a new policy against raw feeding.
The AVMA discourages the feeding to cats and dogs of any animal-source protein that has not first been subjected to a process to eliminate pathogens because of the risk of illness to cats and dogs as well as humans. Cooking or pasteurization through the application of heat until the protein reaches an internal temperature adequate to destroy pathogenic organisms has been the traditional method used to eliminate pathogens in animal-source protein, although the AVMA recognizes that newer technologies and other methods such as irradiation are constantly being developed and implemented.
In 2007 alone, thousands of pets were killed by the very food the AVMA touts as safe – and tens of thousands became ill from eating this food.
Don't think 2007 was an isolated incident: pets regularly become ill from contaminated commercial foods and the current chicken jerky non-recall fiasco has killed and sickened hundreds, if not thousands, more companion animals.
How can the veterinary community advocate these foods as safe with a straight face? How can they in good conscience warn us of the evils of raw diets yet most AVMA members sold and recommended foods that killed the dogs they claim they were protecting? In a staggering move, when all those dogs and cats were dying back in 2007 and their owners were looking for answers, the veterinary associations officially stated that it was unsafe to change to raw foods and the safest option was to keep feeding kibble. How many more dogs died because of that advice?
Vets must think we pet owners are idiots; it appears they don't believe we have the mental capacity to handle raw meats. Well, we've got news for the vets: most of us, except strict vegans, handle raw meats every day, regardless of what we feed our pets. Do you think we don't know that meats contain bacteria? Do you think we don't know to wash our hands and counter tops after handling raw meats? If kibble is so safe, then why do vets advocate washing hands before and after feeding pets, cleaning their dishes and disposing of uneaten food.
In fact, studies of pet dogs show that food borne pathogens are present in a surprisingly large proportion of dogs, not just raw fed dogs. Hackett and Lappin (2003) found infectious agents in the faeces of 26% of healthy Colorado dogs and Fukata et al (2002) found salmonella antibodies in 15% of apparently healthy dogs. A study conducted in Stockholm, Sweden by Dr. Kollath showed that young animals fed a cooked, processed diet initially appeared to be healthy, but once they reached maturity, they began to rapidly age and develop degenerative disease symptoms. The control group that was raised on a raw, uncooked diet did not age as fast and showed no degenerative disease symptoms but remained healthy.
It is inane to think that we can avoid bacteria – and short sighted to think it's a good idea. If there is no exposure to bacteria, immune systems won't build the antibodies they need to stay healthy. Humans and dogs have both good and bad bacteria in their bodies. When we are healthy, there is a balanced level of each. For instance, at any given time, we have traces of E.coli or Salmonella strains running through our systems, along with good bacteria. The body has an amazing health-regulating ability that combats a diverse amount of environmental factors. As bad bacteria are introduced, the immune system fights back with its own army of bacteria.
In dogs and cats, the colon is short and simple because meat can spoil quickly and produce toxins. The longer such food stays inside the body, the more toxins are produced. Therefore, the meat-eater's intestine is designed to take out this waste as quickly as possible so risk is negligible under normal conditions. The foods AVMA would have you feed contain grains and this means slower digestibility and the food remains in the digestive tract for a longer amount of time. This slow digestion is just the opportunity harmful bacteria need to ferment, enter the body and create food borne illness.
Each time that it's flushed, your toilet propels invisible bacterial and viral aerosols into the air that can float for up to 2 hours contaminating everything from hand towels to toothbrushes.
Microbiologists at the University of Arizona Environmental Research Laboratory found 21% of shopping carts tested contained bodily fluids. The handles can harbor staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, E coli and other bacteria from meat and poultry.
The University of Arizona found that almost a third of the railings in public transportation-on buses or subways-were infected with the same bacteria that is found in feces and that 25% of the seats in movie theatres were infected with E.coli bacteria, which is bacteria from feces. Another study by U.S. Air Force doctors in Ohio found that money harbors bacteria which can make both immuno-suppressed and healthy people very sick.
Bacteria from food, the body or other sources can survive a wash cycle and spread via our hands to other surfaces. Among them are staphylococcus aureus and klebsiella pneumoniae and E coli.
95 percent of people say they wash their hands after using a public bathroom, but only 67 percent actually wash their hands. Only 33 percent of those who do wash their hands use soap. And only 16 percent really wash their hands long enough.
Surely, vets can't know that kibbles are loaded with the above toxins and still advocate it (and it most cases, sell it in their lobbies)?
At this point, this is only a proposed amendment. If there is enough outcry, then perhaps we can have this policy proposal turned down. If you are a veterinary member of the AVMA, please weigh in on this. If you are a pet owner, encourage your AVMA member vet to speak out against this policy.
In the end, we get to make a decision on what we feed our pets. Or at least we get to choose today. Tomorrow may bring bylaws and regulations that declare raw feeding a public health hazard and, like unpasteurized milk, our right to feed raw food to our animals will be stripped from us, just like other freedoms including our right to choose homeopathy and other alternative forms of health care. Pet ownership isn't as simple as it used to be and it's becoming more and more difficult to find vets who both understand and advocate what is best for our dogs.


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Home » Biography » Sabre Norris
Sabre Norris
Skateboarder, Surfer, YouTube star
Posted on Oct 6, 2021, Aarya Maharjan
Sabre Norris is a pro skateboarder, surfer, and YouTube sensation. She rose to notoriety after becoming viral on YouTube as the first female Australian to land a 540 flip on a half-pipe. Keep scrolling down to know more about her.
Facts of Sabre Norris
Justin Norris
Brooke Norris
Find Sabre Norris on
Sabre Norris' Wiki/Bio
Sabre Norris was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, on January 3, 2005. She is a Capricorn who is 16 years old. Justin Norris is her father, and Brooke Norris is her mother. Her father is a swimming Olympic medalist. She is of Australian origin and practices Christianity.
Sabre Norris with her three sisters and brother.
The artist has three sisters, Naz, Sookie, Biggy, and one brother, Disco Norris. Sabre finished her primary education at a Local Newcastle School in Australia. She has yet to enroll at any of the universities. Norris has always been more interested in sports than in academics since she was a child. She competes in numerous tournaments and has put in a lot of effort.
Sabre Norris' Career Highlights and Net Worth as of 2021.
Sabre Norris was nine years old when a video of her landing a 540 flip on a half-pipe became popular on the YouTube channel "The Berrics." Sabre became the World Surf League's second-youngest surfer when he competed as a wildcard in the "Sydney International Pro." Sabre appears on her family's YouTube channel, "The Norris Nuts," and she is a regular on her parents' channel. In the YouTube videos, she appears alongside her brothers. They make challenge films, prank videos, fun videos, adventure videos, lifestyle videos, Vlogs, and many other things on their channel.
NORRIS NUTS DO STUFF is their second YouTube channel, with over 2M subscribers. For this channel, they create family-friendly challenges, games, and other entertaining videos. She came on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and met Maddie Ziegler, with whom she shared a brief Instagram dancing video. Sabre was also featured in Kid Mac's music video for "Higher."
Click to know: Jorrit Faassen's Net Worth, Career, Relationship Detail, Personal Information
One of the most viewed videos on the family channel starring her is titled "LETTING OUR KIDS TURN 21 YEARS OLD GONE WRONG," posted on January 15, 2019. This video has been viewed 28,664,847 times. Some of her notable channel uploads are 'Baby Gender Reveal "emotional" 4 Kids Eat Gender Reveal Cake,' 'Sick Kids Surprise "emotional surprise" – $100 Hollywood Style Breakfast,' and others. Norris has made a good living from her YouTube videos and Instagram posts. Furthermore, some sources estimate her net worth to be approximately $5 million, which she has not confirmed.
Sabre Norris' Personal Information
Sabre Norris is not currently dating anyone, and there is no information on any of her previous relationships. She is a very young child. It is only reasonable to suppose that she has not yet been involved in any relationships. Similarly, there are no rumors about her personal or professional life.
Sabre Norris is a pro skateboarder.
The Youtuber spends most of her time on Instagram and her family's YouTube channel. Similarly, she has over 578K Instagram followers and over 3.59 million subscribers to The Norris Nuts family channel. Furthermore, she is the most active member of her family's YouTube channel.
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A professional opinion of the estimated most probable price expressed in terms of cash in U.S. dollars which the subject equipment could typically realize at a properly advertised and conducted public auction sale, held under forced sale conditions and under present day economic trends, as of the effective date of the appraisal report. Conclusions taken into consideration are physical location, difficulty of removal, physical condition, adaptability, specialization, marketability, overall appearance and psychological appeal. Further, the ability of the asset group to draw sufficient prospective buyers to insure competitive offers is considered. All assets are to be sold on a piecemeal basis "as is" with purchasers responsible for removal of assets at their own risk and expense. Any deletions or additions to the total assets appraised could change the psychological and/or monetary appeal necessary to gain the price indicated.
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