This course is required for students majoring in Biology, Chemistry, Geology, Physics, Forestry, Pharmacy, Veterinary Medicine, Dentistry, and Medicine. Chem 1A also meets the one semester chemistry requirement for all engineering majors. This course covers basic chemical principles: atomic structure, bonding, periodicity, nomenclature, chemical reactions, stoichiometry, thermochemistry, physical states of matter, solutions, acid-base, and dynamic equilibrium. The role that chemistry plays in everyday life, industry, and human welfare is emphasized.
Prerequisite: CHEM 015 and MATH 013 with C or better, or equivalent.
This course is a continuation of Chemistry 001A, the second semester of a one year college level general chemistry sequence. The content includes thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, chemical equilibrium, electrochemistry, coordination compounds, nuclear chemistry, and organic chemistry. The laboratory emphasizes qualitative and quantitative analyses of inorganic compounds and introduces electronic instrumentation. The course is required for students majoring in physical and biological sciences and pre-professional majors such as pre-medicine and dentistry. The course also completes the basic chemistry requirements for students majoring in chemical and materials engineering.
This is the first semester of a year-long comprehensive organic chemistry course with emphasis on structure, reaction mechanisms and their kinetics. Topics include nomenclature, stereochemistry, mechanisms, reactions, and spectroscopic studies of organic compounds. Problem-solving techniques will be used to elucidate mechanistic, structural and stereochemical features of reactions and molecules. Lecture and laboratory will cover synthesis, isolation, purification, elucidation and identification of organic structures, instrumental methods and data interpretation.
This is the second semester of a year-long organic chemistry course designed to follow Chemistry 012A. Topics include nomenclature, stereochemistry, mechanisms, reactions, and spectroscopic studies of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, and other classes of organic and biological compounds (such as amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids). Problem-solving techniques will be used to elucidate mechanistic, structural, and stereochemical features in chemical reactions. Lectures and laboratory methods will focus on synthesis, isolation, purification, elucidation and identification of organic structures as well as instrumental methods and data interpretation.
Chemistry 015 covers the fundamentals of modern inorganic chemistry with emphasis on atomic structure, chemical bonding, chemical formulas, nomenclature, equations, stoichiometry, gas laws, solutions, and related topics. Chemistry 015 is intended primarily as a preparation for the Chemistry 001A and 001B sequence. The central nature of chemistry among other branches of science is stressed, and examples of the important role that chemistry plays in our lives are presented. The course also meets the general education requirements for a laboratory science.
This course covers the basic principles of chemistry and tends to be more descriptive rather than quantitative. Content includes: measurements; matter and energy; atomic structure, periodicity; chemical bonding and nomenclature; chemical reactions and equations; gases, solutions and colloids; oxygen, hydrogen and water; and acids, bases and salts. CHEM 030A is a prerequisite for microbiology and physiology and is designed to meet the chemistry requirements for nursing and other allied health majors. The course meets the General Education requirements for a laboratory science.
This course covers the basic principles of introductory organic and biological chemistry. It is designed for allied health, and industrial technology majors. Content includes hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, esters and amines; and an introduction to structures and properties of carbohydrates, lipids, and other biopolymers.


Examples of this architecture in cities are Djenné's famous mosque-the largest adobe building in the world-and its decorated houses, as well as the mausoleums and medieval mosques of Timbuktu (Tombouctou).
Rural adobe architecture is remarkable for its impressive earthen shrines, mosques, and houses.
Stonemasonry is practiced in the Dogon country, and its architectural forms mix stone, clay, and wood for houses, shrines, and walled enclosures.
The aim is to establish IT Architecture as a well recognized discipline, in the same way as systems design, programming, and project management, practised by people who are knowledgeable and professional in the exercise of their discipline.
A key part of the updated Architecture Development Method in TOGAF Version 8 is an emphasis on the reuse of architecture assets, both internal (from previous IT Architecture work) and from the IT industry at large.
Encourage Architecture Forum members who are active in the federal arena to reference TOGAF, and recommend it for consideration for use in conjunction with any of the various federal architecture frameworks.
CRATerre-EAG, The Center for the Research of Earth Architecture, is part of the School of Architecture of Grenoble, France, which offers the only Masters Degree in Earth Architecture in the world.
Architecture for the Poor: An Experiment in Rural Egypt describes Hassan Fathy's plan for building the village of New Gourna, near Luxor, Egypt, without the use of more modern and expensive materials such as steel and concrete.
The 9th Conference on the study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture in Yazd, Iran from November 29 to December 2, 2003.
The architecture of old IT was shaped by expensive computers, obscure and time-consuming application development tools, application-specific data formats and vendor-specific communication protocols—all working within a closed environment in which anyone with access was trusted.
When the IT environment changes, an architecture that once made sense becomes an expensive monument to what used to be; that once-impressive IT monument may fail to accommodate fundamental changes.
An IT architecture need not adjust to every passing fad; there are such things as enduring, even classic, designs that work because they're right, even if they're old.
And from juror Jorge Silvetti, who chairs the Department of Architecture,Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, "Paradoxically,while the act of awarding in 2003 the Pritzker Prize to Jørn Utzon may be perceived as long overdue, it comes at such a particular moment in the development of architecture as to be timely and exemplary.
In a forty year practice, each commission displays a continuing development of ideas both subtle and bold, true to the teaching of early pioneers of a 'new' architecture, but that cohere in a prescient way, most visible now, to push the boundaries of architecture toward the present.
Further, Utzon had studied Chinese architecture which described their farm houses as being completely closed to the outside, but opening onto a central court.
This diversity extends to all aspects of our work, from means of representation combining traditional drawing and advanced digital projection – to ways of developing ideas using all manner of tools, from simple mat knives to CNC mills.
Yale is not an academy propounding a singular vision of what architecture is or should be.
In its diversity, the work of our studios does not represent a box of stylistic tricks, but is, instead, a reflection of some of the very many ways that each beginning architect can explore in order to find his or her own voice.
Describes storage area networks (SAN) and how server clusters can be deployed in a SAN, and how the Windows platform, regarding Windows clustering in particular, can take advantage of SAN technology.
Server clusters running on the Windows Server 2003 operating system provide failover support for back-end applications and services that require high availability and data integrity.
Architecture and features of server clusters terminology, concepts, design goals, key components, and planned future directions are described.
As the contents of each cell and their close inter-relationships are examined, the essential contribution of the matrix to overall architectural knowledge and the security of the enterprise will become clear.
The ZIFA Annual Forum is an opportunity to meet Enterprise Architecture experts - John Zachman, Sam Holcman, and representatives from organizations with enterprise architecture and Zachman Framework implementation experience-and bring new balance to your enterprise architecture efforts.
Through his presentations, audiences worldwide have gained insight into the concept of enterprise architecture as the means to establish a foundation and lend order to the process of investing resources in information systems.
Architecture faculty, preservationists, and local architects will teach the workshops.
In contrast to our previous architecture camps, college credit and housing will not be provided.
The completed application and activity fee must be received by the FAMU School of Architecture by May 15.
Northernmost tower of the Department of the Environment under demolition, January 30, 2003.
Taipei 101 is topped out to become the tallest building in the world.
The Bushwood Architecture Club will provide you with the opportunity to work with skilled artisans and craftsmen dedicated to tapping into the special vein of character within your project that make it your own.
Here at the Bushwood Architecture Club, or BAC as I like to call it, we strive to discover those special unique elements and characteristics about you and your building desires that will make your house special.
The BAC is a full-service Design/Build firm founded upon the age-old tradition of the 'Master Architect', who was responsible for the design and construction of building projects.
A pedestrian court to the north addresses the public parking area, and a glass-covered pergola connects this court to community and recreational facilities west of city hall.
Cascading water and extensive berming recall the sloughs and dykes on the flat terrain of this Fraser River delta.
This article is excerpted from Architecture Canada 2002 edited by Stephen Parcell, with permission of the publisher, Tuns Press, Dalhousie University.
The content is designed for leaders involved in transformative processes improving the built environment and the design professions.
The architecture school research was conducted with 148 firm owners, partners, and/or principals of private practice architecture and engineering firms who participated by answering the following question:"In your firm's hiring experience within the past five years, which schools do you feel have best prepared students for the architecture profession?
The surveys were targeted to those having direct experience with the hiring and performance of graduates: director of design, managing principals and human resource directors.
For the previous fourteen years, Allen Brooks' background in other architectural firms was virtually always focused on projects of an historical nature.
: AB Architecture has partnered with Lauer Design (forming ALB Architecture, PA) to bring an even broader set of skills to projects where historical preservation is the mandate.
The word "architecture" or "architectural" in this competition it is an open word.
The committee's conviction is that a major part of the future of architecture lies in a discourse that can be found mostly in "un-built and experimental" work from around the world.
The competition is organized as part of the Bienal Miami + Beach 2003 which is sponsored by The School of Architecture at Florida International University, AIA Miami Chapter, Miami, and the Federacion Panamericana de Arquitectos.
The AIA Architecture Firm Award is the highest honor the AIA bestows on an architecture firm, and is given annually to recognize a practice that has consistently produced distinguished architecture for at least 10 years.
The award will be presented at the American Architectural Foundation Accent on Architecture Gala, March 8, 2003, at the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C. Previous recipients include, Cesar Pelli and Associates, Skidmore Owings and Merrill, Herbert Lewis Kruse Blunck and the 2002 winner, Thompson Ventulett Stainback and Associates.
It has set precedence for architecture influenced by local climate, materials and culture and have demonstrated the applicability of these ideas for any region.
We are planning on holding a Performance Measurement Architecture Workshop on December 11-12, 2003 at the San Diego Supercomputer Center (immediately following the Bandwidth Estimation Workshop also at SDSC) to see how existing measurement projects geared towards performance issues fit together.
We believe that an overall architecture that can serve as a map for the end-to-end performance measurement area would be useful.
The resulting architecture from this workshop should help all the current measurement projects see where they fit, how they relate and support each other, and where there are overlaps.
When thinking about architecture (either physical or information), different aspects of the structure change at different rates.
He says that the "footnote paper" (an early work on the topic that everyone else refers to) he did on breadcrumbs was a waste.
Architectural metaphor should be used: Architecture is not about the skin of the building, but what is underneath -- what supports it.
Supporting services provided by computer systems which are not normally visible to the final consumer, but which form part of the composite service; although finer grained than the composite service, these supporting services may themselves be composed of their own program logic, still finer grained composite services, and atomic services.
Enterprise Architecture Consulting Services (EACS) is a proven source for research and best practices based EA measurement tools, EA development and implementation programs and strategic advisory services.
Enterprise Architecture Consulting Services is working close together with the research people from the Institute For Enterprise Architecture Developments (IFEAD).
His fl-and-white images emphasize an artistic fusion of architecture and sculpture and exalt the strength and beauty of a craft that eludes globalization.
The photos emphasize the grain and substance of clay smoothed by villagers' hands or cracked by erosion, and highlight the solidity of the masonry and the sensuality of the textures.
The texts that accompany these stunning pictures are by a leading expert on raw-earth architecture and by a major scholar on African vernacular architecture.
Those award projects are featured in an exhibition, "New American Architecture," which opened April 3, 2004 at The Chicago Athenaeum at Schaumburg (190 South Roselle Road, Schaumburg, Illinois) continues through summer 2004.
In July, 2003, a jury of distinguished Mexican architects and educators chose 24 unique designs for new corporate headquarters, skyscrapers, institutions, sports and transportation facilities, interiors, urban planning projects, commemorative monuments, and residences for awards.
Additionally, smaller scale residential architecture, which combined materials in a neat and orderly way and the superb aesthetic, if not sensational, Billboard House/Office by Office of Metropolitan Design, Inc., were the primary winners in this jury's opinion.
Software architecture began as a field of study with early observations by Parnas, Dijkstra, and others that how software is structured matters as much as its ability to compute the correct result.
In the 1990s, interest in software architecture blossomed as Perry and Wolf, Shaw and Garlan, Kruchten, and others wrote about large-scale structures, reusable styles and patterns, and multiple coordinated views.
bibliography on software architecture, keeping track of the growth of the field by cataloguing the journal papers, conference papers, technical reports, and books on or related to the subject.
306090 306090 is a non-profit arts stewardship organization founded by architecture students to publish, exhibit, and promote the work of students and young professionals in the fields of architecture and design.
Nexus Network Journal "Architecture and Mathematics Online" includes studies of geometry in architecture, proportional systems, number sequences and series, number symbolism, philosophy, fractals, symmetry, and much more.
The 2004 Architecture Web Site Awards had more of an international flair this year, as over half of the entries were submitted by European firms.
DLH Architecture's Sports Turf Design Division simplifies the synthetic turf system selection, design, and installation processes saving your organization time and money.
DLH Architecture, LLC is an independent design and consulting firm.
DLH Architecture specializes in the design and construction of all types of synthetic turf systems, athletic, playground and recreational.
The National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB), which is the sole agency authorized to accredit U.S. professional degree programs in architecture, recognizes three types of degrees: The Bachelor of Architecture, the Master of Architecture, and the Doctor of Architecture.
A program may be granted a 6-year, 3-year, or 2-year term of accreditation, depending on the extent of its conformance with established educational standards.
The Department of Architecture, established in 1865, is the oldest architecture department in the United States and is consistently ranked as one of the top programs in the U.S. It is a place where the individual creativity of a student can be cultivated and nurtured in a framework that is humanistically, socially, and environmentally responsible.
Architecture schools teach statics — the branch of structural analysis based on the principle that buildings should be stationary and motionless.
Civilization, too, teaches "statics" when it halts nomadic cultures, asserts the idea of living in one place, and attempts to freeze buildings in place and in time.
The sustainable strategies and materials of the portable house.
The goal of the workshop is to provide a forum for educators to discuss and share their experiences and teaching philosophy.
The goal is for participants to come away from the workshop with new ideas on delivering courses in computer architecture.
We encourage participation by book publishers, computer manufacturers, software vendors, or companies which develop or market products used in the delivery of computer architecture education.
Due to fires, floods and eventual great wealth, the early wood framed and clad structures used by the pioneering oil men were replaced by the large stone and brick Italianate commercial palaces symbolizing the institutional permanency of the developed oil industry.
Naturally, the tales of the fires and floods that swept over the Oil Creek flood plain will be recalled and the architectural development of the various later 19th century buildings will be pointed out.
Unlike the European derived Victorian architectures: Gothic Revival, Italianate — Italian Renaissance, and the Second Empire, the American Victorian styles reflect this young country's immediate past and the technology that shaped its fortunes in the 19th century.


Success Story | Aggregate Management, Inc.
Aggregate Management, Inc. has a unique process for billing their clients and wrote a custom billing system to tailor their invoices to meet their client's needs. The custom billing system allows them to print out invoices but the capability to email invoices did not exist. Each month Aggregate Management, Inc. would have to print invoices on paper, fold, stuff into envelopes and mail to the clients. This process was time consuming and the postage, laser toner and paper was costly.
The custom billing system did not integrate to Outlook and was unable to allow the Aggregate Management, Inc. team to email invoices.
Customers were not getting invoices in a timely fashion. Staff were spending time printing, stuffing and affixing postage to snail mail the invoices.
The billing system invoices were edited to include the special Liaison Messenger tokens so they could be emailed directly from the client's customized billing program.
Reduction in mailing and printing costs. Customer's love getting the invoices by email and even respond quickly if there is an issue on an invoice. Aggregate Management, Inc. is saving approximately $1000 a month using this solution. The added benefit is the system took less than a month to get running and Aggregate Management, Inc. expects there will also be a possible positive effect on cash flow since the invoices are getting out quickly.


This post helps you "How to Clear Cookies" in Chrome, Safari, Mozilla, Firefox. Cookies are certainly not always bad because they can occasionally make your browsing experience a lot smoother. However, there are tons of suspicious cookies out there that deserve to go away – you don't want all of your personal information and browsing history to be stored and shared.
For those using Chrome, getting rid of cookies and your browsing history won't take long. Google's browser is good to remove cookies because it gives you plenty of options in terms of which information you are going to delete. I wrote a separate article on "How to Clear cookies on Chrome" You can check this out or read the steps below.
Open the Settings tab on the browser; typically it's in the top right list.
Click on the Clear Browsing Data button and then tick the box for Cookies.
You can delete the information rather selectively. Choose whether you want to delete cached images, passwords and browsing history and so on. Furthermore, you can also decide if you want to delete the data from the past hour, day, week, final four weeks, or all of the data.
If you use Safari to browse the Internet. Removing suspicious cookies from Safari is rather straightforward, although you won't have as many options in terms of the duration as in the other browsers.
Find your way to the Menu bar and click on Safari. There click the Reset Safari item and then you can select which parts of information you want to remove. Your options include things like all cookies, the cache, top sites, and names and passwords. Once you are done selecting the items, just click Reset and you're done. Note that Safari doesn't allow you to select the duration from which to delete the cookies; it automatically deletes all cookies.
Firefox is a rather popular Internet browser. It has also made deleting suspicious cookies rather straightforward. All you need to do is click on the drop-down menu on the top-left side of the main window. Click on History and there Clear Recent History. Select the items you want to delete, together with the duration from when to remove them and click the Clear Now button.
Firefox allows you to choose which information to delete and which to keep. This includes options such as cache, active logins, cookies, and form & search history. You can also change the duration and select from options like 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, today, or everything since you started using the browser.
Internet Explorer has had quite a bad reputation as a browser in the past. However, Microsoft is actively pushing it forward and it is making quite a comeback. When it comes to removing suspicious cookies from it, you can do so in a matter of minutes.
Go to your Tools section from the cog icon you'll see at the top-right of the browser. There click the Internet Options tab. You will then see a heading for Browsing History. When you click on Delete, you will see a window pop-up with all the information on cookies, history and form data, which you can then select to delete. You can also choose to delete the information automatically every time you exit the browser.
If you are using the latest version, you have an option for keeping some of your cookies and information. The Preserve Favourites won't delete data – such as passwords and other cached information – from your favourite sites. Handy for ensuring you don't lose it all.
The above four are all rather easy methods for keeping your browser and PC clean from harmful and suspicious cookies. Aside from these methods, you should also consider using proper anti-virus and malware protection software. These often come with a scan that will remove cookies automatically whenever they raise an alarm. You can find cheap malware and anti-virus protection from Amazon or Currys. To shop cheaper, check out HotUKSavings for voucher codes.
So, if you are concerned about your information being tracked and perhaps even used maliciously, remove your cookies regularly. This will ensure your information is not being tracked or used by websites that are not up to any good.
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STRIKE CONFIGURATION: Required FLUSH TO 11/16" OFFSET TO 1-1/4"
Polar Hardware 5031 Double Rod Lock is made from malleable powder coated iron and provides 2 latching points for taller doors. The specially designed lock body handles are connected with a 51" tube 3/4" diameter and secured using socket head set screws. The 5031 001 comes with two lock bodies, two strike assemblies (flush or offset) and one #5032 Exit Bar. Locks may be padlocked for added security.


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Il tabernacolo con Sant'Ambrogio benedicente si trova a Firenze su piazza Sant'Ambrogio, alla cantonata tra borgo La Croce e via de' Macci.

Storia e descrizione
Il tabernacolo in terracotta invetriata, fu realizzato da Giovanni della Robbia (1525 circa) ed è tipico del suo stile per la ricchezza di colori usati (blu, verde, giallo, rosa per l'incarnato, bianco). Ritrae il santo milanese in posizione benedicente, nel luogo secondo il quale sarebbe veramente passato in visita alla città di Firenze accompagnato dal suo amico, il vescovo, san Zanobi.

Fu commissionato dalla potenza della "Città Rossa", una delle più importanti fra le antiche brigate festeggianti, associazioni laiche risalenti al 1343. Questi gruppi che potremmo definire goliardici avevano lo scopo di organizzare festeggiamenti e manifestazioni nella città ed ogni rione aveva la sua brigata, la quale eleggiava un primo rappresentante che veniva titolato con un nome sempre altisonante (Gran Monarca, Imperatore, Gran Signore, ecc.). Similmente alle contrade senesi esistevano accese rivalità fra le brigate che non di rado sfociavano in risse e sassaiole, durante le quali spesso si avevano feriti e qualche volta anche dei morti sul campo.

A Sant'Ambrogio era presente una delle più antiche e vitali di queste istituzioni popolari, la Signoria del Gran Monarca della Città Rossa, così denominata perché simboleggiava tutto il quartiere detto della Mattonaia per le fornaci di mattoni. L'emblema (una fortezza rossa) si nota nella gocciola del tabernacolo, tra due cornucopie, e sulla cantonata della chiesa sul lato opposto, dove su due targhe in pietra datate 1577 compare anche la scritta del nome.

La targa sotto al tabernacolo ricorda il passaggio di Pio VII nel 1805, quando il Pontefice rientava a Roma dalla Francia, dopo essersi lasciato convincere, il 2 dicembre del 1804, a celebrare la cerimonia di auto - incoronazione di Napoleone nella cattedrale di Notre-Dame.

Bibliografia
 , p. 90;
 , I, 1977, p. 55;
Ennio Guarnieri, Le immagini di devozione nelle strade di Firenze, in Le strade di Firenze. I tabernacoli e le nuove strade, Bonechi, Firenze 1987, pp. 50–51.
Francesco Cesati, La grande guida delle strade di Firenze, Newton Compton Editori, Roma 2003.
 , p. 417.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
Claudio Paolini, scheda nel Repertorio delle architetture civili di Firenze di Palazzo Spinelli.

Sant'Ambrogio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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'I'm here to protect my kids': 'I have no choice'
The mother of a nine-year-old girl whose body was found in a shallow grave has been charged with murder and sentenced to life in prison.In her closing arguments, prosecutor Christine Sarno said the victim was raped in a "sickening and barbaric" act that was "cruel and inhumane".The court also heard the mother was the sole…
Published by admin inAugust 12, 2021
Tags: marx capital hardcover
The mother of a nine-year-old girl whose body was found in a shallow grave has been charged with murder and sentenced to life in prison.
In her closing arguments, prosecutor Christine Sarno said the victim was raped in a "sickening and barbaric" act that was "cruel and inhumane".
The court also heard the mother was the sole caretaker of the child.
Sarno called the mother a "very caring" and "intelligent" woman who was "truly and deeply disturbed".
The child was found with a head injury and bruising in a home on the outskirts of Melbourne's west on November 22, 2018.
The mother, who has been identified only as Jody, has pleaded not guilty to murdering the girl and is set to appear in the Melbourne Magistrates Court on Wednesday.
Sarnao said there was no evidence the girl had been raped or that she was sexually assaulted.
"The girl did not engage in any sexual activity or engage in physical contact with the father."
There was no sexual intercourse or any penetration of the father's genitalia," Sarnot said."
She was sexually penetrated by the father in a manner which was extremely cruel and inhuman and disgusting.
"The trial of the mother is the second major child-killing case to come to court in Australia in less than a month.
On October 17, a court heard how a five-year old boy was allegedly raped and beaten by his mother after she was found dead in a shed at her family's home in Port Macquarie.
Her five-day-old baby died later in the same week.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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We have puppies! Roxey had a litter on August 30, 2010. Click here to see Roxey's litter. There are three left! Please enquire if you are interested.
Companion and Show puppies occasionally. Feel free to inquire.
We request that each individual interested in acquiring a Boxer from Everlong Boxers fill out a questionnaire to determine their suitability for this breed. The puppy application can be found here and should be mailed to our address.
For a copy of our puppy purchase contract, click here.


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Botox After Bypass Surgery Evens Out Heart Rhythms, Study Says
Peter Dazeley—Getty Images
By Alice Park
It's a staple in any dermatologist's office for releasing wrinkles, but botox could one day become a routine part of heart bypass surgeries, the latest research suggests.
Researchers report in the journal Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology that shots of botox into the heart can keep its beating more regular and lower the risk of serious post-surgery complications like stroke, heart attack and kidney failure. Anywhere from 10% to 50% of patients who receive heart bypass surgery to circumvent blocked vessels in the heart can develop abnormal heart rhythms. Such arrhythmia can increase time in the intensive care unit and hamper recovery, even lowering five-year survival after the procedure.
Researchers led by Dr. Jonathan Steinberg, director of the arrhythmia institute at Valley Health System and adjunct professor at the University of Rochester, investigated what effect botox injections might have on stabilizing heart rhythms after surgery. In animals, botox, which comes from botulinum toxin, acted on the nerves feeding into the heart and changed the electrical signaling that regulated the beating patterns of the heart. But there were no studies looking at what effect botox might have on human patients.
Scientists Calculated How Much Longer You Can Live With a Healthy Lifestyle
Low-Dose Aspirin May Not Reduce Heart Risks for Black Americans, Study Finds
Steinberg and his colleagues collaborated with doctors in Russia to test the injections in a group of 60 patients who had irregular heart rhythms and were scheduled to have heart bypass operations. Half randomly received the botox shots into the fat surrounding the heart, while half received saline injections. Only 7% of the patients receiving botox developed arrhythmias in the 30 days following their surgery, compared to 30% of the placebo group. A year after their operations, none in the botox group showed abnormal heart rhythms, while 27% who got saline did.
The findings are especially encouraging, since current ways of treating arrhythmia using beta blockers and other medications after bypass aren't particularly effective.
Botox may work by paralyzing, in a way, some of the excitatory signals sent to the heart following the trauma of surgery. By suppressing some of this activity, the heart rhythm may have a chance to stabilize more quickly, says Steinberg.
He's also optimistic that the results may help other cases of irregular heart beating as well. "We believe this findings may be relevant to other forms of atrial fibrillation," he said in a written response to questions. "Our patients all had atrial fibrillation prior to surgery and demonstrated long-lived atrial fibrillation reduction…extending out to one year."
The study, however, involved a small number of patients, so the injections will have to be tested in a larger group of those undergoing open heart surgery. But the results are encouraging for addressing one of the major complications of bypass surgery and could reduce complications from the operation.


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Kirklees students tackle primary engineer challenge
Posted on July 29, 2016 by chriskirklees	Leave a comment
Thousands of children have taken part in a new project called Primary Engineer.
The project puts engineering at the heart of their learning, by bringing schools and engineers together.
They then make science, maths and technology interesting – by using engineering as the 'wow factor'.
Over twenty Kirklees schools have taken part in Primary Engineer since the start of the year.
Primary Engineer also gives high-quality training to teachers, who then make learning come alive by using engineering in the classroom.
The schools work with engineers from local businesses who bring practical support to the classroom. They then help raise the profile of engineering as a future career path for young people.
Primary Engineer celebration event
At the end of the project a celebration event and competition was held.
Students raced model cars they had designed as part of the scheme. They also pitched their designs to real engineers and explained how they arrived at and built their cars.
The runners-up and winners in each category then went to the Northern Region Primary Engineer Celebration Event in Burnley on 12 July.
Lindley Junior School's entry "The Mystery Machine" was the runner-up in the Engineer Level 2 category. This is a fantastic achievement for the school and the staff and pupils who took part..
Cllr Peter McBride, Cabinet member for Skills and Jobs, said:
"Kirklees is a renowned centre of engineering and manufacturing and is home to many innovative and world class engineering businesses.
"We are delighted that our schools and businesses are coming together with the support of the Primary Engineer team to inspire a generation of young people and get them involved in real-life engineering projects."
Cllr Masood Ahmed, Cabinet member for Schools and Learning, said:
"I am delighted at the success of this scheme so far. Our schools already do a huge amount of great work in giving children the best possible start in life.
"This project makes science, maths, technology and engineering come alive for children and encourages them to gain the skills they need for their education and, ultimately, the world of work."
The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Engineering Employers Federation, Kirklees College and local businesses were all involved.
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Wind & Bradford are sister photographers and collaborators Abby Wind Ross and Lauren Bradford Ross. Together and separately their photo reportage and travel work has taken them to Somalia, Rwanda, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Brazil, Nicaragua, and Colombia. When not pursuing documentary photography, Wind & Bradford breathe fresh life into editorial portraiture, fashion, and lifestyle photography. Their work has been published in Interview, New York Magazine, Martha Stewart, Town & Country, Foam, C Magazine, and Nylon. Commercial clients include Patek Philippe, Apple, and Quincy Jones. Wind & Bradford make their home in Los Angeles.


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Year : 2022 | Volume : 25 | Issue : 12 | Page : 2046-2052
Effectiveness of selective laser trabeculoplasty and its safety on corneal endothelium in patients with primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension
Sansal Gedik1, Onur Gulseren2
1 Department of Ophtalmology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
2 Private Practice, Bolardus, Emden, Germany
Date of Acceptance 15-Nov-2022
Prof. Sansal Gedik
Professor of Ophtalmology, Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophtalmology, Konya
DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_560_22
Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT), and to assess its effects and safety on corneal endothelial cell morphology. Patients and Methods: Forty patients with POAG (15 cases, 23 eyes) and OHT (25 cases, 48 eyes) were prospectively evaluated. All cases underwent pachymetry, goniolens examination, Humphrey Visual Field Test, Optical Coherence Tomography, and Corneal Confocal Microscopy measurements. Patients whose intraocular pressure (IOP) was more than 21 mmHg in POAG and OHT, underwent SLT. SLT treatment was applied to the inferior 180° region of the trabecular meshwork. Central corneal thickness (CCT), IOP, and specular microscopy examinations were taken at the visits before and after the first day, first week, first month, third and sixth months of the SLT procedure. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements and visual field tests were performed before and six month post-SLT. Results of the pre-SLT and post-SLT measurements were compared and a P value of lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results of IOP measurements at first week, first month, third, and sixth month post-SLT were significantly lower than the results before and post-SLT first day. No significant difference was found between the results of initial and final measurements of CCT and specular microscopic corneal endothelial cell morphology evaluation. There was no statistically significant difference between the results of initial and final measurements for RNFL thickness and the results of the visual field tests. Conclusion: SLT is an effective treatment modality for reducing IOP in patients with POAG and OHT and is also a safe procedure in terms of the entirety of corneal endothelial cell morphology.
Keywords: Corneal endothelial morphology, ocular hypertension, primary open-angle glaucoma, selective laser trabeculoplasty
Gedik S, Gulseren O. Effectiveness of selective laser trabeculoplasty and its safety on corneal endothelium in patients with primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Niger J Clin Pract 2022;25:2046-52
Gedik S, Gulseren O. Effectiveness of selective laser trabeculoplasty and its safety on corneal endothelium in patients with primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Niger J Clin Pract [serial online] 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 28];25:2046-52. Available from: https://www.njcponline.com/text.asp?2022/25/12/2046/364205
Introductıon
Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy characterized by progressive damage to the optic nerve head and nerve fiber layer which results in visual field loss. In studies conducted in past years, the incidence of open-angle glaucoma has been shown to vary between 0.4% and 8.8% and is recognized as the second most common cause of blindness all over the world.[1]
POAG is associated with elevated IOP, cupping of the optic nerve head, and loss of the RNFL and visual field. It is the most common type of glaucoma, affecting approximately one out of every 100 people over the age of 40; presents insidiously, and progressively and causes anterior optic neuropathy.[2] One of the features that distinguish it from other types of glaucoma is the clear view of the iridocorneal angle.
OHT is defined as the presence of IOP above 21 mmHg in at least two measurements taken at different times and an open anterior chamber angle on gonioscopic examination, despite the absence of glaucoma-specific optic nerve head changes or visual field loss. People with OHT are suspected to have glaucoma or are considered early-stage POAG cases.[3] While the incidence of OHT is 10% over the age of 70, the incidence of POAG is 2% in the same age group. Several multicenter studies have been conducted to investigate the rate of conversion of to POAG without any treatment and have shown that the rate of conversion of OHT to POAG is 0.5% – 4% per year.[4]
High IOP is the most important treatable risk factor for glaucoma, which can be reduced by decreasing the production of aqueous humor and/or increasing its outflow with medical treatment, laser treatment, and different surgical methods. SLT has been shown to reduce IOP effectively in cases with high IOP[5] and its effectiveness is comparable to the most potent topical drug treatments without serious adverse events.[6] The success of SLT in terms of reducing IOP brought this modality into an area in which its usage is considered as a first treatment option.[7]
Although the efficacy of SLT in reducing IOP is well documented, data regarding the safety profile such as alterations in results of visual field and RNFL thicknesses after this therapy is scarce. Moreover, whether this therapy also has an effect on corneal endothelial cell morphology or not, remains unclear. In this study, our aim was to examine the effectiveness of SLT in patients with POAG and OHT and also its effect on the rate of disease progression and on the morphology of the corneal endothelium.
Forty cases diagnosed with POAG and OHT in Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology were included in this prospective study. Twenty of the cases were male and 20 were female. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of our faculty (decision number: 2012/14). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Patients with IOP above 21 mmHg in at least two separate measurements, typical glaucomatous optic nerve change (increased C/D ratio, cupping appearance), grade 3 and 4 anterior chamber angle on gonioscopic examination (open-angle), and patients with the criteria for the presence of glaucomatous visual field defects on Humphrey visual filed examination were included in the study with the diagnosis of POAG. For the diagnosis of OHT; the criteria were IOP value above 21 mmHg in at least two random measurements, normal visual field test results, the normal-appearing optic disc in optic disc photographs, absence of bleeding, cupping and RNFL thickness defects. Patients with neovascular glaucoma, congenital glaucoma, narrow-angle or closed-angle glaucoma and patients with corneal clouding that prevents the visualization of the anterior chamber angle, and patients who have previously undergone intraocular surgery other than uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery and laser trabeculoplasty were excluded from the study.
IOP measurements, Visual field testing, RNFL imaging, and Specular microscopy at baseline and follow-up.
In all patients, IOPs were measured with a Goldmann applanation tonometer. In all patients, IOP values were measured in the morning at baseline before SLT, and on the first day, first week, first, third, and sixth months after the application. All measured IOP values were obtained using the Ehlers CCT– IOP correction chart, and corrected IOP values for CCT were analyzed.[7] The iridocorneal angle was evaluated with a Goldmann triple-mirror goniolens. Corneal thickness were measured with ultrasonic pachymetry (Nidek, Echoscan US-4000, Japan) at the time of admission and at the first week, first month and sixth month follow-up after SLT. RNFL thickness measurement with OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Stratus OCT, Germany) and Humphrey 30-2 full threshold visual field test (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Humphrey Field). Analyzer 750i, Germany) were performed before the SLT procedure and repeated six months after the therapy.
Specular microscopic measurements of cases were performed with a Confoscan-4 device (Nidek Co., Japan). Specular microscopic assesements including analysis of mean corneal endothelial cell number, polymegethism, and pleomorphism rates were analyzed before and one day, one week, one month, three months, and six months after the SLT therapy.
SLT procedure
SLT procedure was performed with a laser (Lightmed Corp, USA, SeLecTor IEC60825) using Latina goniolens after topical anesthetic drops (proparacaine 0.5%) was instilled, accompanied by premedication with brimonidine drops (0.15%). Starting at the lower part of the angle at 180° with a power of 0.7 mj, the power was increased by 0.1 mj up to 1.2 mj until bubble formation was observed, and 50-60 laser shots were applied. After the SLT procedure, IOP was measured 2 h later and loteprednol drops QID was given for two days. Adverse events such as anterior chamber inflammation and an increase in IOP after SLT were noted during follow-up visits.
For comparing the results of pre-and post-SLT examinations, variance analysis tests in repeated measurements and paired sample t-tests were used. The results were evaluated at the 95% confidence interval and the significance level was taken as 0.05. Analyzes were carried out by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows version 15.0.
The outcome measure was defined as a reduction of IOP ≥20% from baseline in the third month with the pre-SLT IOP lowering medication drops in patients with POAG and without any medication in patients with OHT. Other outcome measures were the preservation of the RNFL thickness and MD, and PSD scores of visual field tests without observing corneal endothelial cell loss.
A total of 71 eyes of 40 patients who were followed up with POAG and OHT who underwent SLT treatment in Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, were included in the study. Fifteen of the patients had POAG (23 eyes) and 25 were suffering from OHT (48 eyes). The mean age of the patients in our study was 57.33 ± 13.99 years (range: 23-81 years). IOP levels of the cases ranged from 22 to 36 mm Hg in the POAG group, with a mean level of 26.66 mmHg ± 4.04. In the OHT group, IOP values were between 25 and 42 mmHg and the mean level was 30.11 mmHg ± 4.32. Demographic characteristics and baseline ocular parameters of the patients as also details of SLT therapy are summarized in [Table 1].
Table 1: Demographic characteristics and average ocular parameters of the patients
The cases with POAG were patients who used antiglaucomatous drugs before and had high IOP values despite current medical treatment. Seven of the 23 eyes (30%) were using dual drugs, while the rest were using triple drugs.
In both groups, IOP values were measured on the first day, first week, first month, third month, and sixth month after the SLT procedure in the morning. No statistically significant difference was observed between the results of IOPs of pre-SLT and post-SLT one day values in patients with POAG and OHT (P = 0.092 and P = 0.12 respectively, paired sample t-test). However, the decrease in IOP values between pre-SLT and post-SLT at the first week, first month, third month, and sixth month in POAG and OHT groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001, Variance analysis test in repeated measurements). The results of IOP value for pre-and post-SLT measurements are depicted in [Table 2].
Table 2: Results of IOP measurements in patients with POAG and OHT (mean mmHg±SD)
With SLT treatment, 12 (48%) of 25 eyes with POAG showed a decrease in the IOP of more than 30% at the first-week follow-up, and this decrease was observed to be maintained for six months. In the remaining 13 eyes (52%), a decrease in the IOP of 20% to 30% was observed in the same follow-up period, which lasted for six months. Considering the OHT group, 23 (48%) of 48 eyes showed more than a 30% decrease in IOP in the first week of follow-up, and it was observed that this decrease was maintained for six months. In the remaining 25 eyes (52%), a decrease in the IOP of between 20% and 30% was observed in the same follow-up period, which lasted for six months.
When the visual field results were analyzed, the initial MD values for the POAG case group were -14.66 ± 6.67 and -14.58 ± 6.67 dB before and after SLT, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between these two values (P = 0.60, paired sample t-test). Again for the same group, the PSD values obtained before and sixth month post-SLT were 6.67 ± 3.64 and 6.62 ± 3.65, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between them (P = 0.35, paired sample t-test). Similarly, the MD values for the OHT case group were -2.37 ± 0.90 and -2.34 ± 0.87 dB before and sixth month post-SLT, respectively and the difference between these values was not statistically significant (P = 0.41, paired sample t-test). In the same group, the PSD values obtained before and sixth post-SLT were 1.45 ± 0.78 and 1.39 ± 0.78, respectively, and again; no statistically significant difference was found between these two values (P = 0.29, paired sample t-test). The mean results of the visual field tests obtained before and after SLT in patients with POAG and OHT are shown in [Table 3].
Table 3: Mean results of visual field test in patients with POAG and OHT
In the POAG and OHT groups, the RNFL values obtained by OCT before SLT were 50.2 ± 5.1 and 89.4 ± 8.3 μm, respectively. In sixth month post SLT, the values were 51.1 ± 5.46 and 90.5 ± 9.1 μm, respectively, and no significant difference was found between the groups between the two periods (P = 0.22 and P = 0.35, paired sample t-test, respectively). The results of RNFL analysis obtained with OCT at pre-SLT and sixth post-SLT in patients with POAG and OHT are shown in [Table 4].
Table 4: Results of RNFL analysis obtained with OCT at pre-SLT and post-SLT 6th month in patients with POAG and OHT
The mean of the CCT measurements taken before and at first week, first and sixth month post-SLT were 540.2 ± 27.7, 539.3 ± 27, 540.1 ± 27.2, and 538.9 ± 26.9, respectively and no statistical significant difference was found between these results (P = 0.36, Variance analysis test in repeated measurements).
There was again no statistically significant difference between the results of corneal endothelial cell counts, polymegathism, and pleomorphism rates before and sixth month post SLT (P = 0.126, P = 0.159, P = 0.32 respectively; Variance analysis test in repeated measurements, [Figure 1]). The results of corneal endothelial cell number and morphology analysis of all cases at pre- and post-SLT periods are shown in [Table 5].
Figure 1: Specular microscopic findings of patient with POAG obtained at baseline and at follow-up visits. (a) pre SLT, (b) post SLT at first week, (c) post SLT at first month, (d) post SLT at third month (e) post SLT at sixth month
Table 5: Results of corneal endothelial cell number and morphology analysis of all cases at pre- and post-SLT periods
Mild (1 + cell) anterior chamber inflammation was observed in half of the cases in the second hour and there was no evidence of inflammation in any of the patients at first week post-SLT. In one patient with unilateral POAG, IOP decreased in first week post-SLT; however, 3+ cell reaction, posterior synechiae, and corneal clouding were detected in the chamber. Topical prednisolone, cyclopentolate HCl, and tropicamide drops were given to the patient, whose specular microscopic endothelial analysis showed dark spots and patch-like spots on the corneal endothelial layer in both eyes, and it was observed that the findings regressed in two weeks. No increase in the IOP of 5 mmHg or higher was observed in the second-hour measurements after SLT in any of the cases.
Dıscussıon
In recent years, reducing IOP by facilitating the outflow of aqueous fluid has become increasingly important in the treatment of glaucoma. The mechanism by which SLT lowers IOP is still unclear. Stein and Challa stated that mechanical effect, biochemical effect, and cellular effect play a role in the decrease of IOP after SLT.[8] SLT activates proliferation and remodeling in trabecular and endothelial cells. It stimulates macrophages and phagocytosis by causing the release of cytokines such as IL-1a, IL-1b, and TNF-α with damage to the pigmented trabecular meshwork cells. Increasing the migration and phagocytosis functions of macrophages removes debris from the trabecular meshwork and biologically stimulates the formation of healthy trabecular tissue which results in outflow increase and eventually reduced IOP.[8]
The first description of the reducing effect of SLT on IOP was reported by Latina et al.[9] In this study IOP reduction of ≥3 mmHg was reported in 70% of the eyes of patients who received and did not receive Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty (ALT) treatment before.[9] After this report, several studies were published about the clinical efficacy of SLT, and pooled results suggest that average IOP reduction following SLT is 21.8-29.4% at six months with a gradual decrease in this lowering effect with time reaching 7.7-27.8% at two years.[10] Besides, the effect of SLT on the reduction of IOP is more pronounced in patients with POAG showing resistance to medical therapy.[11] In our study, we interestingly demonstrated the continuous effect of SLT in terms of lowering IOP for six months and the patients with POAG in our study group were the ones showing resistance to medical therapy. Success rates also vary as time goes on; and >20% reduction of IOP from baseline occurs in 66.7-75% of eyes at six months and in 11.1-31% at five years.[10] We evaluated the effectiveness of SLT in a short time follow-up of six months and observed a more than 20% decrease in IOP in all eyes starting from the first week of the therapy that lasted during the follow-up period. Mansouri et al.,[12] who evaluated the lowering efficacy of SLT in a short-term follow-up period of six months like us, reported a percentage reduction in IOP of 18.5 at six months which is lower than our result. This may be secondary to the baseline IOP levels of our patients which were higher than the ones of their study and this was also suggested as an explanation for their finding of the relatively modest IOP-lowering effect of SLT compared to other studies in the literature. Wong et al.,[13] evaluated the efficacy and safety of SLT and compared it with pattern scanning laser trabeculoplasty and reported SLT as a safe procedure without observing any detectable difference in visual field tests and average RNFL thickness. The absence of significant difference between the results of RNFL measurements and Humphrey visual field tests at baseline and follow-up visits lasting for six months is also prominent in our study showing the effectiveness and continuity of SLT treatment.
Nagar and colleagues showed that 90° SLT results were less successful than 180° or 360° SLT results, but they reported no significant difference between 180° and 360° SLT results.[14] It is generally believed that there is a dose-response relationship between the extent of SLT application and the reduction of IOP. In this study, we applied SLT 180° to the cases. In this way, it was aimed to minimize the existing side effects with the lowest angle at which sufficient benefit can be achieved with SLT and the corresponding shot number.
SLT-induced inflammation which evolves secondary to biological changes including the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is transient and self-limiting. Up to 83% of eyes demonstrating some degree of inflammation is described in the literature. Concordant with the results of the literature, transient mild inflammation early after the therapy was observed in half of our patients which resolved one week later in all cases.
Latina et al.[9] found an IOP elevation of 5 mmHg at the 2nd h in 25% of eyes that underwent SLT. They showed that the pressure was lowered in 24 h with drug therapy that temporarily lowers IOP. It has also been observed that this elevation is not permanent and does not recur with the discontinuation of the drug. Similarly, Lai et al.[15] found a temporary IOP elevation of 5 mmHg or more at the second hour in 10.3% of patients who underwent 360° SLT treatment. However, in our study, no increase in the IOP of 5 mmHg or higher was observed in the second-hour measurements in any of the cases which may be secondary to the application of SLT only on the 180° lower half.
There are also studies on the effects of various laser applications on the corneal endothelium. In one study, it was shown that corneal endothelial cells decreased depending on the laser power after argon laser photocoagulation of the retina, while in another study it was reported that the number of corneal endothelial cells did not change with argon laser iridotomy.[16],[17] The etiology of corneal endothelial damage is thought to develop with laser blasts thrown at the Sampaolesi line, but it was stated that edema should start from the corneal periphery as a result of such damage, and central corneal edema developing after SLT could not be associated with direct laser effect. Paiva and Fonseca stated that SLT may increase vasoactive and chemotactic cytokines which may cause the destruction of collagen by fibroblasts and reported the increase of aqueous matrix metalloproteinases type 2 and free radicals resulting in inefficient corneal reepithelization and endothelial cell damage; respectively.[18] They suggested low-power laser therapy as an alternative approach in order to obviate the potential side effects of the SLT procedure. Again, corneal epithelial toxicities of alcohol and other disinfectants remaining in the SLT lens used in the etiology of corneal edema developing after SLT, the role of previous iritis or HSV keratitis, and the effects of brinzolamide used after SLT on the endothelium were discussed, but no definite opinion could be reached. Finally, it has been shared that topical steroid drugs may be beneficial to prevent the occurrence of this complication.[19] Ong et al.[20] reported 2 cases with pigment changes in the corneal endothelium and endothelial deposits on biomicroscopic examination after SLT. These deposits disappeared completely at the end of the first month and were emphasized that this may develop in patients undergoing repeated SLT and that the deposits may possibly lead to endothelial toxicity.
In this study, corneal endothelial cell count, endothelial pleomorphism and polymegethism rates, and CCT findings of POAG and OHT cases were evaluated before and after SLT, and no statistically significant difference was found during six-month follow-up. Without mentioning the effect of SLT on corneal cell morphology, Wong et al.[13] also reported no change in corneal endothelial cell count, at the baseline and 12-month-follow which was concordant with the results of our study. Although a short follow-up period of six months was used, observing in change on corneal cell morphology in terms of pleomorphism and polymegethism rates during follow-up can be underlined as an unusual point of our study. Other factors were tried to be kept constant in order to evaluate the effect of SLT on the corneal endothelium, and no change was made in drug treatments after SLT for six months. Taken together, in light of these findings, it can be concluded that SLT applied once has no side effects on the corneal endothelium. Prospective controlled studies are needed to evaluate the results of multiple applications.
The weakness of this study is the small number of patients who underwent SLT, the short follow-up period, and the fact that it was applied only at a 180° angle. We also could not evaluate the density of aqueous flare and cells after SLT application with a flare meter.
In conclusion, SLT treatment may control IOP strongly while protecting nerve fibers and the visual field at the same time, both in patients with POAG and OHT. It can be used safely without severe side effects and without any change in corneal cell morphology.
Kang JM, Tanna AP. Glaucoma. Med Clin North Am 2021;105:493-510.
Weinreb RN, Khaw PT. Primary open-angle glaucoma. Lancet 2004;363:1711-20.
Gordon MO, Kass MA. What we have learned from the ocular hypertension treatment study. Am J Ophthalmol 2018;189:xxiv-xxvii.
Lundberg L, Wettrell K, Linnér E. Ocular hypertension. A prospective twenty-year follow-up study. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1987;65:705-8.
Garg A, Gazzard G. Selective laser trabeculoplasty: Past, present, and future. Eye (Lond) 2018;32:863-76.
Nagar M, Ogunyomade A, O'Brart DP, Howes F, Marshall J. A randomised, prospective study comparing selective laser trabeculoplasty with latanoprost for the control of intraocular pressure in ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:1413-7.
McIIraith I, Strasfeld MColev G, Hutnik CML. Selective laser trabeculoplasty as initial and adjunctive treatment for open angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2006;15:124-30.
Stein JD, Challa P. Mechanisms of action and efficacy of argon laser trabeculoplasty and selective laser trabeculoplasty. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2007;18:140-5.
Latina MA, Sibayan SA, Shin DH, Noecker RJ, Marcellino G. Q-switched 532-nm Nd:YAG laser trabeculoplasty (selective laser trabeculoplasty): A multicenter, pilot, clinical study. Ophthalmology 1998;105:2082-8; discussion 2089-90.
Leahy KE, White AJ. Selective laser trabeculoplasty: Current perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol 2015;9:833-41.
Juzych MS, Chopra V, Banitt MR, Hughes BA, Kim C, Goulas MT, et al. Comparison of long-term outcomes of selective laser trabeculoplasty versus argon laser trabeculoplasty in open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2004;111:1853-9.
Mansouri K, Shaarawy T. Comparing pattern scanning laser trabeculoplasty to selective laser trabeculoplasty: A randomized controlled trial. Acta Ophthalmol 2017;95:e361-5.
Wong MOM, Lai IS, Chan PP, Chan NC, Chan AY, Lai GW, et al. Efficacy and safety of selective laser trabeculoplasty and pattern scanning laser trabeculoplasty: A randomised clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol 2021;105:514-20.
Nagar M, Luhishi E, Shah N. Intraocular pressure control and fluctuation: The effect of treatment with selective laser trabeculoplasty. Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93:497-501.
Lai JS, Chua JK, Tham CC, Lam DS. Five-year follow up of selective laser trabeculoplasty in Chinese eyes. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004;32:368-72.
Pardos GJ, Krachmer JH. Photocoagulation. Its effect on the corneal endothelial cell density of diabetics. Arch Ophthalmol 1981;99:84-6.
Smith J, Whitted P. Corneal endothelial changes after argon laser iridotomy. Am J Ophthalmol 1984;98:153-6.
Paiva ACM, da Fonseca AS. Could adverse effects and complications of selective laser trabeculoplasty be decreased by low-power laser therapy? Int Ophthalmol 2019;39:243-57.
Moubayed SP, Hamid M, Choremis J, Li G. An unusual finding of corneal edema complicating selective laser trabeculoplasty. Can J Ophthalmol 2009;44:337-8.
Ong K, Ong L. Selective laser trabeculoplasty may compromise corneas with pigment on endothelium. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013;41:109-10; question and answer 111-2.
[Figure 1]
Gedik S
Gulseren O
Corneal endothelial morphology
ocular hypertension
selective laser trabeculoplasty
© Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow


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This film will represent Lebanon at the Academy Awards
Lebanon has made its official selection.
Source: Facebook/TheInsultMovie
Lebanese filmmaker Ziad Douieri's latest feature film, The Insult, has now officially been selected to represent Lebanon at next year's Academy Awards, Annahar reported on Wednesday.
In his statement on the matter, the country's Minister of Culture, Ghattas Khoury said:
"A committee who handles the responsibility of selecting an annual entry to the Academy Awards voted in favor of Doueiri's feature and it deserves to represent our country abroad."
The film premiered at The Venice film festival last week and has been receiving rave reviews since.
Set in modern day Beirut, The Insult revolves around a minor argument that erupts between Toni, a Lebanese Christian, and Yasser, a Palestinian refugee, and eventually escalates into an intense legal battle that becomes a matter of public opinion.
Already hailed by critics "as a fascinating, parable-like exploration of the tension between two facets of Lebanon's Arab community," the film depicts the "effect of historical trauma on modern Lebanese society."
Lebanon chooses Ziad Doueiri's THE INSULT as Best Foreign Language Film entry at #Oscars2018 #ZiadDoueiri #TheInsult #Lebanon pic.twitter.com/bHz4tYR0uX
— The Oscar Predictor (@OscarPredictor) September 7, 2017
Prerelease success...
The film's cast attend its premiere Source: Facebook/DoueiriZiad
The film, which is set to begin screening in Lebanese cinemas on September 14, has become an international success even before its official release.
According to Variety, the feature "is turning out to be one of the early standout titles in the Venice Film Festival competition, with distribution deals now in place for the U.S. and several European markets."
Watch the film's trailer here:
Lebanese pay tribute to the fallen soldiers on a national day of mourning
National Geographic just honored this Saudi photographer's Kabaa photo
Men rob prostitute in Dubai ... they go to jail and she gets deported


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When a person with assets dies in Mississippi and they have made a will, the estate is said to be testate. If there is no will, the estate is intestate and that can complicate matters somewhat depending on the number of potential heirs and the size of the estate. In the case of a will being available, it must "proven".
What is the Alcohol Boating and Safety Act?


text:
Q: How to set the default typewriter font? I'd like to select a new font for the monospaced text such as those parts within a \texttt{} and code snippets in the minted context.  (As far as I can tell, minted just uses the document's default typewriter font, so I don't think I need to touch its settings.)  I just want to change to another monospaced font that looks all right and has a normal tilde character.  How do I do that?

A: \usepackage[scaled=0.8]{FiraMono}
Put the above line in the preamble of your document, i.e. immediately after
\documentclass. That's it!
Concerning the related question of what font to choose, see my answer at
Alternative monospace fonts.
Reference:
https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/typewriterfonts.html

A: Since this just got bumped back up to the front page, I'll add for completeness: in fontspec, use \setmonofont.

A: It's the \ttdefault command which normally takes care of this.
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\texttt{How to use a typewriter font}% CM default typewriter font
\par
\renewcommand\ttdefault{cmvtt} % selects CM typewriter proportional font
\texttt{How to use a typewriter font}
\par
\renewcommand{\ttdefault}{pcr} % selects Courier font
\texttt{How to use a typewriter font}
\end{document}

But indeed it's usually best to let dedicated packages as beramamono do this, since there can be a lot of subtleties behind fonts (of which I'm often not aware myself :-)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Gig Harbor home sales are up 47% year-to-year and 5% for the first seven months of the year.
While the median sales price is down 16% from last July to $332,000, it increased 2% in the May to July time period over the previous three months. There appears to be a slow stabilization in prices.
Gig Harbor's prices peaked May-July 2006 at $478,000, putting prices off 30% from the high. That figure is just slightly less than the Seattle/Tacoma/Everett area index reported by Zillow last week—down 32% from the peak.
Year-over-year prices for the county as a whole experienced only an 11% downturn from 2010. So Gig Harbor home sales are generally the same as the Puget Sound region in the long term but a little worse in the short run.
The short term cause is the high percentage of distressed Gig Harbor home sales in the past six months. July's distressed closings were 37% of all sales—slightly less than the all-time high of 42% in March and April. Included in these Gig Harbor home sales are homes priced at $800,000 and $1m.
It's easy to see why prices aren't picking up steam. Distressed home sales came later to Gig Harbor. Only 19% of the closings in January were distressed and less yet in 2010. While virtually no homes being offered for sale "short" closed during winter, the process has smoothed out and transactions being handled by negotiators often are working their way through the system within a few months.
August closings will be a good indicator of a market not fueled by the 2010 first-time homebuyer tax credit. Transactions had to close by June 2010 for the credit, resulting likely in the strong decrease of closings the following month. Pending sales are up 18% from a year ago and nearly 33% for the last three month period. This bears well for future closings. And inventory is running 12% less than a year ago.
Key Peninsula home prices are showing no sign of stabilizing. Sales are down slightly and prices are off 22.5% from last July. And the May-July quarter registered a huge drop of 16% over the previous three month period.
Key Peninsula's home prices peaked in February-April 2007 and prices are off 39% from that date—now selling at $156,000.
Carole Holmaas is a Broker at Windermere Real Estate/Gig Harbor, licensed since 1967. She may be reached at Carole@ISellGigHarbor.com or 253.549.6611.


We build subsidized food gardens for low income families. If you are not low income, but would like a garden, we can build a fundraising garden for you. Please contact stephanie@justgarden.org for that option.
As we re-launch the program, we are keeping the focus close to our home offices. However, as funds provide we will be fulfilling garden requests on a first come first serve basis.
A Just Garden includes: One to three raised beds, seeds, starts, a growing guide, and four education sessions.
Fill the form below to get your name on the list. A Just Garden representative will e-mail or call you to let you know if you qualify and whether you are in a garden area.
Following your orientation, the education begins. You will have 3 neighborhood workshops on organic gardening. During this time, a Just Garden builder will come to your home to fill out agreements, per-surveys, liability and media release forms, map the garden and set the build date.
Just Garden builds for 2018 have yet to be scheduled. However, during the build, Just Garden will bring 3+ volunteers to your home to help build the garden. Gardeners are asked to provide 2-3 volunteers as well.
Education Completion-The final Just Garden education session is about a week or two after the build. We answer any questions and provide additional resources at that time.
Plant Start Pick Up-You have starts available 1-3 additional times throughout the growing season. We send our e-mails to communicate pick up opportunities.


text:
The Big Screen: '12 Years A Slave'
by Stephen Becker 24 Oct 2013
This week, filmmaker and UT-Arlington film professor Ya'Ke Smith joins us to talk about what he says is, "the first film that I've seen that really authentically captures what it was like to be a slave in America."
This week, Dallas Morning News movie critic Chris Vognar and I talk about the film that was the toast of the Toronto International Film Festival: 12 Years a Slave. The latest from British director Steve McQueen is based on Solomon Northup's experience as a free black man who was kidnapped and sold into slavery in 1841. We asked UT-Arlington film professor Ya'Ke Smith to join our discussion. And he told us the reasons why he thinks the film is noteworthy:
"I think it's the first film that I've seen that really authentically captures what it was like to be a slave in America," he says. "These characters are so complex that they really show you what it was like to be a slave, but also what it was like to be a slave master and an oversear and all these things that were going on at the time. And I think what Steve McQueen did actually very brilliantly is show the brutality, the trauma and just how difficult it was to be a slave in this country."
Be sure to subscribe to The Big Screen on iTunes. Stream this week's episode below or download it.
http://artandseek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/10990_The-Big-ScreenFINAL.mp3
History or Science
ya'ke smith
About Stephen Becker
Stephen Becker produces the shows Think and Anything You Ever Wanted to Know for KERA. As part of the Art&Seek team, Stephen produces radio and digital stories, along with the podcast "The Big Screen," with Chris Vognar, movie critic of The Dallas Morning News. View more about Stephen Becker.
Magnolia at the Modern: Cézanne et Moi
@ Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth
This historical drama traces the lifelong friendship between two renowned 19...


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text:
Q: OpenGL - Asteroids clone - shooting bullets from spaceship I am having a bit of difficulty figuring out how to shoot bullets from the front of the spaceship. I can draw it to screen, but I can't properly figure out how to create bullets each time I press the space bar. The if statement for the bullet is located in the update() method near the bottom.
#include "Game.h"

Game::Game()
    : mUColorProgram(0)
    , mVColorProgram(0)
    , mAsteroid(NULL)
    , mSpaceship(NULL)
    , mManualRotation(glm::radians(0.0f))
    , mManualTranslation(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)
    , mSpinnerAngle(0.0f)
    , mSpinnerAngularVelocity(glm::radians(90.0f))
    , mMinX(-1.0f)
    , mMinY(-1.0f)
    , mMaxX(1.0f)
    , mMaxY(1.0f)
    , mBouncerPosition(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)
    , mBouncerVelocity(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)
    , mMinScale(0.5f)
    , mMaxScale(5.0f)
    , mCurrScale(mMinScale)
    , mScalingSpeed(2.0f)
    , mBlendColor1(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f)
    , mBlendColor2(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f)
    , mAlpha(1.0f)
    , mBlendSpeed(-0.5f)
    , mBlendedColor(mAlpha * mBlendColor1 + (1 - mAlpha) * mBlendColor2)
{
    glsh::InitRandom();  // initialize random number generator

    mBouncerPosition.x = glsh::Random(mMinX, mMaxX);
    mBouncerPosition.y = glsh::Random(mMinY, mMaxY);

    float angle = glm::radians(glsh::Random(-180.0f, 180.0f));
    float speed = 0.75f;
    mBouncerVelocity.x = speed * std::cos(angle);
    mBouncerVelocity.y = speed * std::sin(angle);
}

Game::~Game()
{
}

void Game::initialize(int w, int h)
{
    // set clearing (background) color
    glClearColor(0.25f, 0.25f, 0.25f, 1.0f);

    // import some symbols from glsh namespace
    using glsh::VertexPositionColor;

    VertexPositionColor asteroid[] = {
        VertexPositionColor(0.0f, 0.40, 0.0f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(0.0f, 0.4f, 0.0f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(-0.3f, 0.3f, 0.0f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(-0.4f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(-0.1f, -0.3f, 0.0f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(0.1f, -0.4f, 0.0f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(0.3f, -0.2f, 0.0f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(0.4f, 0.2f, 0.0f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(0.1f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f, 1.0f),
    };

    VertexPositionColor spaceship[] = {
        VertexPositionColor(0.3f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(-0.2f, 0.8f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(-0.2f, -0.8f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f),

        VertexPositionColor(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(-0.8f, 0.4f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(-0.3f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f),

        VertexPositionColor(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(-0.8f, -0.4f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(-0.3f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f),

    };

    VertexPositionColor bullet[] = {
        VertexPositionColor(0.2f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(-0.1f, 0.1f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f),
        VertexPositionColor(-0.1f, -0.1f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f),
    };

    // create meshes
    mAsteroid = glsh::CreateMesh(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, asteroid, 9);
    mSpaceship = glsh::CreateMesh(GL_TRIANGLES, spaceship, 9);
    mBullet = glsh::CreateMesh(GL_TRIANGLES, bullet, 3);

    // build shader programs
    mUColorProgram = glsh::BuildShaderProgram("ucolor-vs.glsl", "ucolor-fs.glsl");
    mVColorProgram = glsh::BuildShaderProgram("vcolor-vs.glsl", "vcolor-fs.glsl");

}

void Game::shutdown()
{
    delete mAsteroid;
    delete mSpaceship;
    delete mBullet;

    glUseProgram(0);
    glDeleteProgram(mUColorProgram);
    glDeleteProgram(mVColorProgram);
}

void Game::resize(int w, int h)
{
    glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
}

void Game::draw()
{
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

    // activate the per-vertex color shader program
    glUseProgram(mVColorProgram);

    T = glsh::CreateTranslation(mBouncerPosition);
    R = glsh::CreateRotationZ(mSpinnerAngle);
    S = glsh::CreateScale(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f);
    glsh::SetShaderUniform("u_Transform", T * R * S);
    mAsteroid->draw();

    T = glsh::CreateTranslation(mBulletTranslation);
    R = glsh::CreateRotationZ(glm::radians(0.0f));
    S = glsh::CreateScale(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f);
    glsh::SetShaderUniform("u_Transform", T * R * S);
    mBullet->draw();

    T = glsh::CreateTranslation(mManualTranslation);
    R = glsh::CreateRotationZ(mManualRotation);
    S = glsh::CreateScale(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f);
    glsh::SetShaderUniform("u_Transform", T * R * S);
    mSpaceship->draw();
}

bool Game::update(float dt)
{
    const glsh::Keyboard* kb = getKeyboard();

    if (kb->keyPressed(glsh::KC_ESCAPE)) {
        return false; // exit
    }

    // Rotation of spaceship
    if (kb->isKeyDown(glsh::KC_LEFT)) {
        mManualRotation += 3.0f * dt;
    }
    else if (kb->isKeyDown(glsh::KC_RIGHT)) {
        mManualRotation -= 3.0f * dt;
    }

    // Translation of spaceship
    if (kb->isKeyDown(glsh::KC_UP)) {
        mManualTranslation.x += std::cos(mManualRotation) * 0.5f * dt;
        mManualTranslation.y += std::sin(mManualRotation) * 0.5f * dt;
    }
    else if (kb->isKeyDown(glsh::KC_DOWN)) {
        mManualTranslation.x -= std::cos(mManualRotation) * 0.5f * dt;
        mManualTranslation.y -= std::sin(mManualRotation) * 0.5f * dt;
    }

    // Shoot bullet
    if (kb->keyPressed(glsh::KC_SPACE)) {
        // shoot bullet, modify mBulletTranslation

    }

    // update spinner angle
    mSpinnerAngle += dt * mSpinnerAngularVelocity;

    // keep the angle in standard range
    if (mSpinnerAngle > 180.0f) {
        mSpinnerAngle -= 360.0f;
    } else if (mSpinnerAngle < -180.0f) {
        mSpinnerAngle += 360.0f;
    }

    // update bouncer position
    mBouncerPosition += dt * mBouncerVelocity;

    // bounce off of the horizontal boundaries of the screen
    if ((mBouncerVelocity.x > 0 && mBouncerPosition.x > mMaxX) ||
        (mBouncerVelocity.x < 0 && mBouncerPosition.x < mMinX))
    {
        mBouncerVelocity.x *= -1;
    }

    // bounce off of the vertical boundaries of the screen
    if ((mBouncerVelocity.y > 0 && mBouncerPosition.y > mMaxY) ||
        (mBouncerVelocity.y < 0 && mBouncerPosition.y < mMinY))
    {
        mBouncerVelocity.y *= -1;
    }

    return true;
}


It might be useful for those who are unable or unlikely to be present at the AGM on 23rd February to have an opportunity to exchange views about the proposed amendments to the class Rules. This might be one such opportunity.
registration shall be evidenced by the issue of a Sail Measurement Certificate.
Resolution proposed by Richard Clark and Seconded by George Isted.
the rules in force on the date of registration.
Resolution proposed by Anthony Burdall and Seconded by Jeff Roberts."
As I understand it in 2011 the plan had been that the old rules would 'switch off' at the end of 2012.
My strong inclination would be towards encouraging the transition to the new one-design sail plan. Allowing old-rule sails to be ordered and registered throughout this season simply means that it will be 2016 at least before we start looking and racing like a one-design fleet again.
On present information I (therefore) think the Feb 2014 cutoff is too late. Is there good reason that I am wrong?
In light of the fact that indications seem to have been given that the legality of sails registered in 2012 would be preserved, it might be said that the Feb 2012 date was too early.
What about AGM 2013 as a cutoff?
I think that either proposal is good in that it allows those who have purchased sails already to continue using them for racing. I understood that one of the selling points of going to this new sail plan was to allow more people to be included in racing as cruisers would better be competing if the max sail size allowed could be put onto a furler. Either proposal means those who have purchased a new number one and rarely use it are not going to have a sail which is in a few years still almost as crisp as when they purchased it but it becomes nothing more than good for crew kit bags!!! Based on the price of Quba clothing and bags it may actually turn out to be a cheap way to get Quba equivalent kit!!
In terms of the differences between the two proposals, and it may be me just being cynical, the first proposal for allowing sails to be registered up until 2014 would mean that if I had the money I could go and buy a loft full of no.1's and register them all. If I purchased enough I could gradually go through my loft of sails already registered for many years to come. This means the class may never become one design as those who buy and register loads in the next year could have a lifetime supply of new sails.
Proposal 2 means that the point at which we knew a new size of sail was coming in, and it became legal to use, is the cut off point. Logically those who purchased new number ones after this point knew that they were purchasing a soon to be obsolete sail and thus would have either not bought one or at least bought one on the knowledge it would only be accepted for a season or two.
I am unsure why we should still be allowing people to buy sails which have a larger sail area as there must be an advantage if they do feel that there is some point in doing so. I see this addition as being a way of allowing more people to race who only decide to do so infrequently and are not wishing to buy new sails for these small number of occasions as opposed to a way of getting around the new rules for potentially a long time to come.
Does this mean that owners who can afford new sails to the new spec. will have a further option in light airs to sail with their old No. 1? If so it gives some owners an advantage for a few more years. Owners should not be allowed to shift to the new sail spec and change back at will. There was a lead in period and once exhausted the sail plan should be confirmed. The new plan does not prevent anyone from participating; it just means that those few who have sails made to the old spec will have to use their No.2. The Class should not have a rule that clearly gives an advantage to some..
The Class should also not pander to the few who do not want to adopt the new sail plan but who hope to race occasionally and clean up by using sails larger than the rest of the fleet.
I hope these comments help in the debate. I have no axe to grind as I am no longer an owner but in continuing as a member I hope that I can add something.
It looks like the AGM could be lively!
Whilst 'talking' sails I checked the current Rules on our Site & note that they say that a Number 4 must be carried when Racing - is that correct? John McCann was surprised when I mentioned it to him last night.
Yes Colin, I noticed that appeared a year or two ago. It didn't used to be the case.
Eldred/Colin. It has always been the case that a storm sail/jib should be carried on board and in anycase it is just good seamanship. The wording has just changed to fit in with IRC and ISAF Regs.
Just checked the ISAF Regs & Unless I am blind there is no mention of number 4 or Storm Jib.
Will check the IRC after breakfast!
By the way I too think its seaman like to carry a Storm Jib but not really necessary for an Inshore Series.
Colin, Our rules refer to ISAF rules, that are often changing, in respect of the No5, and our rules say that this sail may be required in accordance with the race category of any particular race/regatta.
You are probably referring to relatively sheltered waters, inshore in the Solent. I can think of many places that would be regarded as inshore where it would be prudent to and foolish not to carry a storm sail. The CO32 Class is international and not just based in the Solent.
The Rules as per currently available on this Site say a Number 4 must be carried!
Point taken about the International nature of the Class - I am going off to stick my wrist in a bucket of icy water!
Incidentally I think in my more than 30 years of Contessa racing I have never seen a Number 4 let alone set one. Might have been useful when we got caught out in the Cowes/Deauville great storm a few years back - being Polar Star I am not sure there was one on board!
Just checked IRC & no mention of what sails must be carried. Only how sails are to be measured and where they may be set from.
Keith mentions a No 5 whereas I was talking about a No 4.